DARBY'S 


UNIVERSAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CONTAINING  A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 


EMPIRES,  KINGDOMS,  STATES,  PROVINCES,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  FORTS,  SEAS, 
HARBORS,  RIVERS,  LAKES,  MOUNTAINS,  CAPES,  &c, 


THE  KNOWN  WORLD; 


THE  GOVERNMENT,  CUSTOMS,  AND  MANNERS  OF  THE  INHABITANTS; 


'EXTENT,  BOUNDARIES,  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTIONS  OF  EACH  COUNTRY;  AND  THE  TRADE,  MANU 
FACTURES,  AND  CURIOSITIES  OF  THE  CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 


THIRD  EDITION,  WITH  AMPLE  ADDITIONS  AND  IIIPRO VEM EN TS, 


BY  WILLIAM  DARBY 


WASHINGTON  : 

PKINTED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY  GALES  &  SEATON. 

1843. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2014 


https://archive.org/details/darbysuniversalg01broo 


PREFACE. 


IN  the  title  page  this  present  is  entitled  the  third  edition  of  the  work,  and  in 
many  respects  it  is  so,  but  with  very  essential  additions.  The  volume  now 
published  gives  a  new  character  to  the  Treatise.  Some  of  these  additions  may 
be  noticed. 

First :  Technical  terms  most  commonly  used  in  History  and  Geography  are 
introduced,  which,  in  particular  to  youthful  readers,  will  prompt  to  inquiry, 
and  enable  them,  by  easy  reference,  to  learn  the  meaning  of  terms  necessary 
to  a  correct  comprehension  of  the  two  connected  sciences. 

Second  :  In  the  main  geographical  articles,  such  as  Africa,  America,  Asia, 
Australia,  Earth,  &c,  general  facts  and  features  are  collected  under  the  prin- 
cipal heads,  and,  through  the  work,  reference  is,  reverse  to  usual  practice, 
made  from  the  minor  articles.  By  this  mode,  each  of  the  principal  articles  is 
a  condensed  treatise  in  itself,  enabling  the  reader,  by  aid  of  maps,  to  pursue  a 
survey  of  the  large  physical  divisions  of  our  planet. 

The  elements  of  the  population  of  the  United  States  oppose  great  difficulties 
to  a  brief  classification.  Reflecting  on  this  subject,  the  tabular  form  was 
adopted,  from  conviction  that  no  other  could  answer  to  render  the  volume  a 
work  of  facile  reference.  So  much  of  the  most  essential  legislation,  and  so 
many  of  the  most  vital  questions  in  general  and  special  policy,  demand  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  local  position  and  relative  increase  or  decrease  of 
population,  that  too  much  perspicuity  cannot  be  given  to  the  subject. 

Respecting  the  new  States  and  Territories,  I  have  deemed  it  not  only  justi- 
fiable, but  indeed  requisite,  to  be  more  ample  than  is  common  to  a  Geographical 
Dictionary  comprised  in  a  single  octavo  volume. 

It  was  very  desirable  that  more  precise  information  could  have  been  given 
on  South  America  ;  but  so  confused  and  indefinite  are  the  political  boundaries 
in  that  country,  that  much  uncertainty  prevails  respecting  the  extent  of  almost 
every  subdivision.  I  have,  nevertheless,  in  the  article  America,  and  in  the 
detached  articles,  inserted  a  general  view  of  that  portion  of  the  Earth,  with  all 
the  precision  that  the  state  of  our  information  renders  practicable. 

For  the  first  time,  it  is  probable,  in  any  similar  Treatise,  the  most  recent 
subdivisions  of  Mexico  into  States  and  Territories  are  incorporated  into  this 
Dictionary. 

It  cannot  be  deemed  presumption  to  say  that  much  has  been  added  to  Geo- 
graphy by  this  Treatise.  Whatever  may  be  its  character,  the  Editor  has 
devoted  a  not  very  brief  existence  to  his  subjects  ;  has,  as  far  as  the  United 
States  are  concerned,  travelled  extensively,  but  travelling  must  convince  iany 
reflecting  person,  that  of  all  pursuits,  there  is  no  other  demanding  more  accu- 
mulated labor,  than  Geography. 

When  the  compilation  of  this  edition  was  commenced,  it  was  the  intention 
of  the  Editor  to  give  a  head  to  each  of  the  Post  Offices  and  Counties,  but 
found  that  either  post  offices  or  counties  thus  arranged  would  swell  the  work 
far  beyond  any  practicable  limit.  Even  the  insertion  of  the  names  of  a 
majority  of  the  post  offices  was  precluded  by  the  difficulty  in  fixing  their  loca- 
tion. The  name  of  every  county  included  in  the  Census  of  1840,  with  the 
elements  of  their  population,  respectively,  will  be  found  in  the  Tables  under 
the  head  of  the  States. 

A  rather  singular  disposition  has  been  manifested  by  some  native  writers 


iv 


PREFACE. 


on  the  United  States,  indeed  on  America  generally,  that  is,  to  exaggerate  the  ex- 
tent of  natural  and  political  objects.  This  may  be  an  amiable  source  of  error — 
but  in  no  case  can  error  be  indulged  safely  at  the  expense  of  truth.  In  my 
comparative  estimates,  I  claim  no  exemption  from  error,  but  I  do  claim  honest 
and  sincere  desire  to  be  correct;  and  more,  to  have  omitted  no  attainable 
in  ans  to  secure  sound  information.  That  the  Central  Valley  or  United  States 
part  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  was  more  extensive  than  Europe,  has  resounded 
in  the  Halls  of  Congress.  In  this  edition,  at  page  294,  under  the  head  of 
Earth,  will  be  found  a  table  of  the  superficial  area  of  the  Zones  of  ten  degrees 
in  breadth,  by  the  aid  of  which,  it  may  be  seen  that  the  whole  zones  of  North 
America,  between  north  latitude  30°  and  50°,  comprise  not  quite  three  and  a 
half  millions  of  English  square  miles,  and  exceed  very  little  the  area  of  Eu- 
rope. Let  the  fate  of  my  labors  be  what  it  may,  I  have,  and  ever  will,  repu- 
diate means  having  no  one  claim  to  adoption.  If,  in  brief,  I  have  departed 
from  the  exact  rule  proper  to  a  general  treatise,  it  was  done  in  giving  a  more 
ample  space  to  the  Central  States  and  Territories  of  the  United  States  than  to 
those  of  the  Atlantic  border,  but  the  reasons  why  are  stated. 

With  all,  however,  that  observation  and  practicable  diligence  could  effect, 
it  cannot  be  rationally  expected  that  a  work  of  such  texture  and  magnitude 
can  be  free  from  error  and  omission;  such  exemption  is  not  in  the  nature  of 
things  possible  ;  but  it  has  bpen  the  sedulous  endeavor  of  the  Editor  to  render 
his  production  a  safe  and  commodious  book  of  reference,  and  as  free  from  either 
omission  or  mistake  as  the  present  state  of  the  science  would  admit. 

WILLIAM  DARBY. 

Washington,  November,  IS4  3. 


GEC  GRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ABA 

AA,  river  (f  Courland,  which  rises  in  Samogi- 

tia,  and  flows  into  the  bay  of  Riga.  River  of 

France,  rising  in  the  department  of  Sornme,  be- 
comes navigable  near  St.  Omer,  and,  flowing  on 

to  Gravelint-s,  falls  into  the  German  sea.  River 

of  Switzerland,  rising  in  the  valley  of  Engelberg, 
and,  passing  from  S.  to  N.  over  the  canton  of 
UnJerwalden,  falls  into  the  Waldstetter  sea. 

Aaln-Charin,  village  near  Jerusalem,  much  fre- 
quented by  pilgrims.  It  contains  a  spacious  convent. 

Aalborg,  or  Eeltown,  city  of  Denmark,  in  Jut- 
land, and  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name. 
The  city,  wiih  a  pop.  of  about  7,000  soul?,  stands 
on  the  very  remarkable  strait  called  Lym-Fiord, 
formerly  one  of  the  deep  gulfs  of  Jutland,  but  in 
1825  formed  into  a  strait,  extending  from  the  Ger- 
man sea  to  the  Cattegat.  Though  too  shallow  for 
large  vessels,  Aalborg  has  a  good  and  well-fre- 
quented port,  distant  15  ms.  from  the  Cattegat. 
N.  lat.  57°  3'. 

Aar,  river  of  Switz.  ;  rises  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  canton  of  Berne,  and,  with  a  general 
northern  course  over  that  canton,  receiving  the 
Reus  and  Limmat,  falls  into  the  Rhine  atWaldchuf. 

Aarhuus,  seaport  of  Denmark,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  Jutland;  its  port  is  small,  but  much  fre- 
quented. The  steeple  of  the  cathedral  of  Aarhuus 
is  considered  the  highest  in  Denmark,  and  the  city 
itself  the  third  in  the  kingdom.  Pop.  about  7,000. 
N.  lat.  56°  12',  E.  Ion.  10°  8'. 

Aamnsbicrg,  village  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pa. 

 Village  of  Centre  co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  E.  of  Belle- 

fonte,  and  40  W.  of  Sunbury, 

Aback,  or  Weltenburg,  a  market  town  of  lower 
Bavaria,  on  the  Danube,"7  ms.  from  Ratisbon.  It 
is  noted  for  its  mineral  waters.  N.  lat.  48°  53', 
Ion.  11°  56'  E. 

Abadan,  town  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris. 

Abakansk,  town  of  Russian  Asia,  on  the  Enisei 
river,  1 50  miles  above  Krasnoiarsk.  It  was  founded 
and  fortified  by  Peter  the  Great  in  1707,  amid  the 
Sayansk  mountains.  This  town  seems,  from  the 
numerous  remains  of  tombs,  coins,  rude  sculptures, 
and  other  memoria,  to  have  stood  on  or  near  the 
site  of  an  ancient  city.  N.  lat.  53°  5',  Ion.  94°  5'  E  . 

Abary,  river  of  English  Guiana. 

Abasia,  country  of  Russian  Asia,  composed  of  a 
narrow  slope,  falling  southwestward  from  the  Cau- 
casian mountains  to  the  Black  sea,  and  extending 
from  the  eastern  extremity  of  that  sea  to  Cape  Cador. 
The  Abasians  were  known  to  the  ancient  Greeks 
as  bold  and  dangerous  pirates,  under  the  name  of 
Ascha;i.  The  country  is  mountainous,  but  pro- 
ductive in  grain,  fruits,  and  wine.  Central  lat. 
about  47°  N. 

1* 


ABB 

Abassia,  the  modern  name  of  a  kingdom  in 
Ethiopia  proper ;  it  comprehends  the  provinces  of 
Bagemeder,  Gojam,  Wakka,  Shewa,  &c,  and  is 
very  mountainous;  in  some  parts  the  rocks  are  so 
steep  that  men  and  cattle  are  craned  up  by  help  of 
ropes  and  ladders,  yet  on  the  top  of  these  there  are 
woods,  meadows,  and  fish  ponds. 

Abba,  father  in  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac  lan- 
guages, and  also  congenerate  languages ;  hence  the 
following : 

Abbe,  Abbey,  Abbess,  Abbot.  The  terms 
are  generic,  and,  though  from  a  masculine  root,  ap- 
ply to  both  sexes.  An  abbey  is  a  monastery,  or 
society  of  persons,  of  either  sex,  who  live  in  com- 
munity and  celibacy,  secluded  from  worldly  affairs, 
and  devoted  to  religion.  Abbot  is  the  superior  of 
a  monastery,  as  abbess  is  that  of  a  nunnery.  The 
abbots  were  often,  though  not  necessarily,  clerical, 
and,  with  the  exception  that  the  abbots  may  and 
often  have  been  also  bishops,  the  official  character 
of  abbots  and  abbesses  were  identical.  Both  still 
exist,  though  differently  modified,  in  the  Catholic 
and  Greek  churches.  See  Monarch,  Monastery, 
and  Monk. 

Abbotsbury,  Eng.,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  7  ms. 
SW.  of  Dorchester,  and  127  W.  by  S.  from 
London.    Lon.  2°  42'  W.,  lat  50°  38'  N. 

Abbots,  town  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  70  ms. 
nearly  E.  from  Columbus,  and  355  from  Wash- 
ington City. 

Abboltstown,  town  in  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  24  ms. 
SW.  from  Harrisburg,  and  86  from  W.  C. 

Abbey  ville,  town  Mecklenburg  co.,  Va.,  143 
ms.  from  Richmond,  and  266  from  W.  C. 

Abb's  Head,  St.,  Scot.,  a  promontory,  forming 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  lying 
in  the  parish  of  Coldingham  and  county  of  Ber- 
wick, about  10  ms.  N.  of  Berwick,  and  the  same 
distance  S.  from  Dunbar.  Lon.  1°  56'  W.,  lat. 
55°  54'  N. 

Abberton,  Eng.,  near  Lexden,  Essex.  Abber- 

ton,  near  Parshore,  7  ms.  from  Worcester,  noted 
for  its  mineral  water. 

Abbenhall,  Eng.,  small  village  12  ms.  from 
Gloucester,  3  from  Newnham,  noted  for  a  mineral 
spring,  very  efficacious  in  the  cure  of  cutaneous 
eruptions. 

Abberwick,  Eng.,  large  village  near  Alnwick, 
Northumberland. 

Abbeville,  a  considerable  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
dep.  of  Somme,  and  late  province  of  Picardy, 
seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  where  the  river 
Somme  divides  into  several  branches,  and  sepa- 
rates the  town  into  two  parts.  It  is  pretty  well 
peopled  :  has  a  woollen  manufactory,  besides  rnan- 

1 


ABE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ABE 


ufactories  of  sail  cloth.  It  lies  15  ms.  E.  from  the 
British  Channel,  20  NW.  from, Amiens,  52  S. 
of  Calais,  and  80  NVV.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1°  55' 
E.,  lat.  50°  7'  N. 

Abbeville,  district  of  S.  C,  having  Pendleton 
district  NW.,  Laurens  NE.,  Edgefield  SE., 
and  the  Savannah  river  SW.  It  is  about  31  ms. 
in  length  and  breadth,  having  a  superfices  of 
about  1,000  sq.  ms.  The  surface  is  agreeably  va- 
riegated with  hill  and  dale,  and  a  considerable  part 
of  the  soil  is  rich  and  well  watered.  Central  lat. 
34°  10'  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5°  20'  W.  Pop.  in  1820, 
22,189;  in  1830,  28,149;  and  in  1840,  amounted 
to  29,351. 

Abbeville,  c.  h.,  Abbeville  district,  S.  C,  118 
ms.  SE.  from  Columbia,  and  625  ms.  from 
Washington. 

Abbey-Boyle,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Roscommon,  and  province  of  Connaugbt,  remarka- 
ble for  an  old  abbev.  It  lies  23  ms.  N.  of  Ros- 
common.   Lon.  8°  32'  W.,  lut.  53°  56'  N. 

Abbey-Green,  village  of  Scot.,  in  Lanarkshire, 
containing  about  430  inhabitants,  and  lies  12  ms. 
S.  of  Hamilton,  and  4  from  Lanark. 

Abbey -Holm,  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.,  on  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  and  is  295  ms.  from  London,  and 
16  SW.  from  Carlisle.  Lon.  3°  21'  W.,  lat. 
54°  53'  N. 

Abbey- Milton,  or  Abbey -Midd  let  on,  an  ancient 
but  mean  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.,  12  ms.  NE. 
of  Dorchester,  and  122  from  London.  Lon. 
2°  24'  W.,  lat.  50°  51'  N. 

Abbington,  Eng.,  near  Northampton.  Ab- 

bingtun,  near  Royston,  Cambridgeshire.  Ab- 

bingion,   Magna  and  Parca,  near  Linton 
Bournbridge,  Cambridgeshire. 

Abbyville,  town,  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  5  ms 
of  Medina  court-house,  and  25  ms.  SSY\ 
Cleveland. 

Abd-al-Curiu,  small  island  of  Africa,  between 
Socotora  and  Cape  Guardafui. 

Abdera,  ancient  city  ot  Thrace,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Nestus.  The  inhabitants  were  proverbially 
stupid,  though  it  was  the  birthplace  of  some  emi- 
nent men,  of  whom  were  Democrilus,  Protagoras, 
Anazarchus,  and  Hecatscus. 

Abenrade. — See  Aptnradc. 

Abensperg,  or  Abensberg,  town  of  Bavaria, 
seated  on  the  Abens,  near  the  Danube,  15  ms.  SW. 
of  Ratisbon.    Lon.   11°  55' E.,  lat,  41°  46'  N. 

Aberavon,  borough  town  of  Glamorganshire, 
Wales,  on  the  mouth  of  the  Avon,  19  ms.  N.  W. 
of  Cowbridge,  and  195  W.  from  London.  Lon. 
3°  48'  W.,  lat.  51°  35'  N. 

Aberbrulhwick,  or  Arbroath,  small  neat  town 


pleasantly  situated  on  the  river  Conway.  It  has  a 
good  harbor,  and  formerly  carried  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  corn.    Lon.  4°  1'  W.,  lat.  53°  20'  N. 

Abercom,  village  and  parish  of  West  Lothian, 
Scot.,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  12 
ms.  W.  from  Edinburgh.  The  Roman  wall  is 
said  to  have  begun  in  this  parish. 

Aberdeen,  Old,  formerly  Aberdeen,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  an  eminence  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Don,  and  about  1  m.  JN.  from  New  Aberdeen. 
The  town  consists  chiefly  of  one  long  street.  There 
is  a  neat  town-house,  a  new  building,  and  a  trades 
hospital,  for  decayed  freemen  and  their  widows, 
and  a  hospital  for  12  poor  men,  founded  by  Bishop 
William  Dunbar.  But  the  chief  ornament  of  Old 
Aberdeen  4s  the  large  and  stately  fabric  of  King's 
College,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  town.  Over 
the  Don,  at  Old  Aberdeen,  there  is  a  fine  Gothic 
bridge.   Pop.  of  town  and  parish,  about  10,000. 

Aberdeen,  New,  is  the  capital  of  Aberdeenshire, 
and  the  finest  town  in  North  Scotland.  It  is  built 
on  a  gentle  eminence,  rising  from  a  small  bay 
formed  by  the  river  Dee,  over  which  there  is  a  sub- 
stantial bridge  of  seven  arches.  The  town  is  about 
2  ms.  in  circumference,  and  contains  a  pop.  of 
20,000.  It  contains  an  elegant  college,  built  in 
1593.    Lat.  57°  6'  N.,  lon.  2°  W. 

Aberdeen,  town  on  Ohio  river,  opposite  Lime- 
stone or  Maysville,  in  Kentucky,  and  in  the  SE. 
angle  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  70  ms.  SW.  of  Chil- 
licothe.  The  situation  is  very  advantageous,  on 
the  great  leading  road  from  the  central  part  of  Ohio, 
to  Kentucky. 

Aberdeenshire,  co.  of  Scot.,  bounded  NW.  by 
and  i  Banffshire,  W.  by  Inverness,  SW.  by  Perth,  S, 
by  Forfar  and  Kincardiganshires,  and  E.  and  NE- 
N.  by  the  German  sea.    Length  from  NE.   to  SW. 
ol 


LOO  miles;  mean  breadth  25;  area  2,500  sq. 
ms.  ;  surface  varied,  and  pursuits  of  the  people 
agricultural  and  manufacturing. 

Aberdour,  small  town  or  village  of  Fifeshire, 
Scot.,  with  a  good  harbor  on  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
about  10  ms.  NW.  of  Edinburgh. 

Aberfraw,  village  of  North  Wales,  in  the  island 
of  Anglesey,  6  ms.  NW.  of  Newburg.  Lon 
4°  36'  W.,  lat.  53°  13'  N. 

Abergavenny,  weil-built  town  of  Eng.,  in  Mon 
mouthshire,  16  ms.  W.  of  Monmouth,  and  102 
ms.  W.  by  N.  from  London.  .Lon.  3°  5'  W\, 
lat.  51°  50'  N.    Pop.  2,500. 

Abtrgeldy,  village  of  N.  Wales,  in  Denbigh 
shire,  5  ms..W.  by  S.  of  St.  Asaph,  and  224  from 
London. 

Abtrnethy,  small  village  of  Perthshire,  Scot.,  af 


own  on  the  junction  of  the  Erne  with  the  Tay. 
the  east  coast  of  Angusshire,  Scot.,  15  ms.  NE.      Aberystwith,  town  of  S.  Wales,  'in  C 


of  St.  Andrew's,  and  40  NNE.  from  Edin- 
burgh. It  is  situated  on  the  mouth  of  the  small 
river  Brothick  ;  is  a  royal  burgh,  well  built,  and 
flourishing.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants  has 
greatly  increased  within  these  last  40  years,  and 
they  are  now  estimated  at  about  7,000.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  brown  linens,  or  osnaburgs, 
sail  cloths,  and  white  and  brown  thread.  There 
are  about  34  vessels  belonging  to  this  place,  each 
from  60  to  160  tons,  employed  in  the  Baltic  trade. 
The  foreign  imports  are  flax,  flaxseed,  timber, 
iron,  &c.  Lop.  2°  29'  W.,  lat.  56°  36'  N. 
Aberconway,  town  of  Caernarvonshire,  Wrales, 


Cardigan- 
shire, on  the  Istwith,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Riddall,  and  where  they  fall  into  the  sea,  distant 
30  ms.  NNE.  of  Cardigan,  and  203  a  little.  N.  of 
W.  from  London.  In  summer,  this  place  becomes 
a  fashionable  watering  place.  Lon.  4°  4'  W., 
lat.  52°  25'  N. 

Absecombe,  bay  and  village,  eastern  part  of  New 
Jersey.  The  bay  opens  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  by 
an  inlet  between  Brigamineand  Absecombe  islands. 
The  village  is  at  the  head  of  the  bay,  52  ms.  SE. 
from  Philadelphia. 

Abex,  or  Abesh,  a  country  of  Africa,  on  the  Red 
sea,  of  doubtful  extent. — See  Arkeeko. 


ABR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ACA 


Abingdon,  or  Abington,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berk- 
shire, on  the  Thames,  47  ms.  E.  of  Gloucester, 
and  56  W.  from  London. 

Abingdon,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Washington 
CO.,  Va.,  near  the  E.  side  of  Holston  river.    It  | 
is  306  ms.  WSW.   of  Richmond,  and  by  postj 
road  385  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  W.  C. 

Abin-ton,  village,  Phmouth  co.,  Mass.,  18  ms.  i 
SE.  of  Boston. 

Abington  Society,  town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.,  37  j 
ms.  a  little  X.  of  E.  from  Hartford. 

Abington,  township  and  village,  Luzerne  co.,  | 
Pa.,  23  ms.  NNE.  from  Wilkesbarre,  and  by  I 
post  road  245  ms.  NE.  from  W.  C. 

Abington,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  12  ms.  | 
from  Philadelphia. 

Abino,  point  and  creek  of  Bertie  tp.,  Lincoln  | 
district,  11.  Canada,  about  10  ms.  W.  of  Buffalo.  | 

Abklias,  one  of  the  Caucasian  nations,  residing 
on  the  slope  southward  of  the  Caucasian  moun- 
tains. They  were  formerly  subject  to  the  Turks, 
but  are  now  tributary  to  Russia.  Chief  towns, 
Anaeopir,  Sotchukale,  and  Soghumkale. 

Ablo,  town  of  Little  Tartary,  lying  between  the 
river  Dnieper  and  the  Black  sea,  Lon.  33°  16' 
E.,  lat.  46°  20^  N. 

Abo,  government  of,  in  Finland. — See  Biorne- 

boiir;.  City  of  Russia,  in  Finland,  formerly  the  | 

capital  of  the  country  of  the  same  name.  It  stands 
on  the  shores  of  a  good  seaport,  opposite  the  islands  ! 
of  Aland.  The  ancient  university  of  this  city,  I 
founded  by  Queen  Christiana  in  1640,  has  been 
removed  to  Helsingfors.  Fire  and  political  revo- 
lution have  borne  hard  on  Abo.  N.  lat.  60°-27/, 
lon.  22°  18'  E.  Peace  of  Abo,  Aug.  7th,  1743. 
— — A  town  supposed  to  exist  in  central  Africa, 
around  which  reside  the  negro  nation  of  Tilbos- 
Reschadeh,  or  of  the  rocks.    Situation  uncertain. 

Abomey,  city  of  Africa,  and  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Dahomey,  is  situated  about  100  ms.  in- 
land, atN.  lat.  7°  30',Ion.  1°  E. — See  Dahomey. 

Abookir,  or  Aboukir,  bay  and  city  of  Egypt. 
The  bay  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  western 
branch  of  the  Nile  to  the  basin  of  Alexandria.  The 
city  is  the  ancient  Canopus,  and  is  situated  on  a 
point  of  low  land,  and  on  the  western  extreme  of 
the  bay,  18  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Alexandria.  Abou- 
kir possesses  a  tolerably  good  harbor. 

Abou-Arieh,  a-  city  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen.  Situ- 
ation uncertain. 

Abou-Chehr,  or  Aucher,  city  of  Persia,  in  Far- 
sistan. 

Aboukir. — See  Abookir. 

Aboutige,  town  in  upper  Egypt,  near  the  Nile, 
where  great  quantities  of  poppies  grow,  of  which 
the  natives  make  the  best  opium  in  the  Levant. 
Lon.  49°  E.,  lat.  26°  30'  N. 

Abrcmates,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura, 
seated  on  the  Tajo,  and  belonging  to  a  marquis  of 
that  title.  It  is  situated  on  a  high  ground,  is  sur- 
rounded with  gardens  and  olive  trees,  contains 
35,000  inhabitants,  and  has  4  convents,  a  hospital, 
and  an  alms-house.  Lon.  7°  18'  W.,  lat.  39°  13' N. 

Abruzzo,  province  of  Naples,  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  N.  and  W.  by 
Ancona,  Umbria,  and  the  Campagna  di  Roma,  and 
on  the  S.  by  the  Terra  di  Lavora  and  Molise.  It 
is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river  Pescara,  called 
Ulteriore  and  Cileriore.    The  former  has  Aquilla, 


and  the  latter  Solomona,  for  its  capital.  The 
country,  though  cold,  is  fertile  in  corn,  rice,  fruits, 
saffron,  vines,  and  olives. 

Abs,  town  in  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardeche,  for- 
merly the  chief  town  of  Vivares,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  now  in  a  very  ruinous  state. 

Absyrtides,  ancient  name  for  the  group  of 
islands  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  to  the 
southward  of  Fiume,  of  which  the  principal  are 
Osero,  Cherso,  and  Veglia.  The  group  is  now 
called  the  islands  of  Lessini. 

Abydos,  ancient  city,  now  Nagara,  in  Asiatic 
Turkey.  It  is  situated  on  the  narrows  of  the 
Hellespont. 

Aby  Gherim,  town  of  Tartary,  capital  of  a  Kha- 
nat,  often  at  war  with  the  Khan  of  Hissar.  The 
Khanate  of  Aby-Gherim  is  stated  by  the  French 
geographers  to  contain  a  population  of  1,500,000, 
and  the  capital  10,000.  It  lies  between  Koulab 
and  Badakhchan. 

Abyla,  ancient  name  of  the  African  mountain 
opposite  Mount  Calpe,  now  Gibraltar,  in  Europe. 
The  strait  of  Gibraltar  extends  between  these 
two  mountains. — See  art.  Africa. 

Abyo,  or  Abuyo,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
in  the  Ea^t  Indies,  between  Mindanao  and  Luzon, 
Here  the  Spaniards  have  a  fort,  and  carry  on  a 
good  trade  with  their  American  territories.  Lon, 
122°  15'  E.,  lat.  10°  N. 

Abyssinia,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  800  ms.  long 
and  600  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Nubia,  E. 
by  the  Red  sea  and  Dancala,  W.  by  Gorham,  and 
S.  by  Gingia  and  Alaba.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
mountainous  and  precipitous  countries  in  the 
world  ;  but  in  a  few  vales  the  soil  is  black  and  fer- 
tile. The  rainy  season  continues  from  April  to 
September.  This  is  succeeded,  without  interval, 
by  a  cloudless  sky  and  a  vertical  sun.  Cold  nights 
as  instantly  follow  these  scorching  days.  The 
earth,  notwithstanding  the-e  days,  is  perpetually 
cold,  so  as  to  feel  disagreeable  to  the  soles  of  the 
feet.  The  low  temperature  of  the  air  in  Abyssinia 
is  doubtless  the  effect  of  elevation.  According  to 
Bruce,  the  region  which  he  visited  as  that  from 
which  the  Nile  has  its  sources,  is  elevated  more 
than  a  mile  above  Sennaar,  and  more  than  2  ms. 
above  the  Red  sea.  An  elevation  of  2  ms.  is  more 
than  an  equivalent  for  25°  of  lat.  ;  and  would  give 
a  temperature  to  upper  Abyssinia,  in  N.  lat.  10°, 
which  would  assimilate  with  that  of  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa  on  the  western  Mediterranean,  N. 
lat.  37°.  Gondar  is  nominally  the  capital  of  Abys- 
sinia, but  in  reality  there  is  at  present  no  town  in 
that  country  worthy  the  title  of  capital. — See 
Africa  and  Nile. 

Aca,  or  Aco,  most  ancient  known  name  of  Ptole- 
mais,  and  more  recently  St.  John  d'Acre ;  which  see, 

Acacia^s.  sectarians  named  from  their  founder 
as  a  sect,  Acacius,  bishop  of  Csesarea.  Their 
doctrines  were,  that  the  Son  was  not  of  the  same 
substance  with  the  Father. 

Academy,  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the 
Grecian  grove  where  Plato  taught,  near  Athens. 
In  language,  it  is  now  applied  to  a  seat  of  instruc- 
tion above  a  common  school,  and  below  a  college. 

Acambou,  kingdom  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  in 
Africa,  whose  king  is  absolute,  and  one  of  the  most 
powerful  on  the  coast;  his  subjects,  though  war- 
like and  brave,  are  haughtv,  rapacious,  and  cruel 

3 


ACH 


•GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ACR 


Acanny,  an  inland  country  on  the  Gold  Coast  the  island,  on  a  river,  and  two  miles  from  the  sea. 
of  Guinea,  which  affords  the  best  golJ,  and  in  great  The  port  admits  no  vessels  during  the  dry  mon- 


plenty  ;  also,  a  town  or  village  in  that  country. 
Lon.  30'  E.,  lat.  8°  30'  N. 


soon,  but  is  much  frequented  at  other  seasons. 
The  character  of  the  people  of  Acheen  is  that  of 


Acapulcu,  a  considerable  town  and  port  in  Mex-  the  nation,  or  rather,  race  to  which  they  belong — 


ico,  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  240  ins.  a  little  S.  of  W 
from  Mexico,  and  by  which  a  commercial  commu- 
nication is  effected  between  western  Mexico  and 
other  parts  of  the  world.    The  inland  trade  of  Aca- 


ferocious,  treacherous,  and  violent,  though  more 
civilized  than  other  Sumatrans.  Pop.  about 
40,000.    N.  lat.  5°  22',  lon.  95°  34'  E. 

Achtnrein,  village  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol,  fa- 


pulco  is  chiefly  performed  by  pack  mules  and  mous  for  its  foundries  and  iron  works. 


horses.  Acap'.ilco  itself  is  a  small  place,  consist- 
ing of  about  300  thatched  houses;  pop.  4,000. 
The  air  here  is  hot,  heavy,  and  unwholesome. 
Upon  the  arrival  of  the  galleons,  traders  flock  here 


Achlam,  village  of  England,  12  ms.  from  York. 
Achlieten,  village  of  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  12 
ms.  ESE.  of  Ens. 

Achmetchet,  town  of  the  former  Crim  Tartary, 


from  all  the  provinces  of  Mexico,  to  exchange  Eu-  now  Russian  province  of  Crimea,  or  peninsula  of 
ropean  toys,   their    own    cochineal,  and    about  I  Crimea,  and  about  35  ms.  NE.  of  Sevastopol. 


£437,500  sterling  of  silver,  for  spices,  muslins, 
printed  linens,  silk,  perfumes,  and  the  gold  works 
of  Asia.   Lon.  W.  C.  22°  40'  W.,  lat.  16°  50'  N. 

Acadia. — See  articles  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  ''  ward  of  Grand  Cairo. 
Scotia.  45'  E. 

Acarnania,  ancient  name  of  a  part  of  Epirus. 

Acasabastlan,  river  and  town  of  Guatemala,  in 


Lat.  45°  N.,  lon.  34°  E. 

Achmim,  or  Ekhmim,  town  of  Egypt,  near  the 
right  bank  of  the  Nile,  240  ms.  above  and  south- 
Lat.  26°  40'  N.,lon.  31° 


Acheron,  river  of  Epirus,  now  Calamis,  rising 
between  Macedonia  and  Albania,  interlocking 
the  province  of  Vera  Paz.  The  river  flows  into  j  sources  with  those  of  the  Celydmus,  Haliacmon, 
Dolce  bay.    The  town  stands  on  the  river  of  the  I  and  Aracthus  ;  general  course,  50  ms. ;  falls  into  the 


same  name,  about  50  ms.  SW.  of  Vera  Paz,  the 
capital. 

Acatulan,  village  of  Mexico,  in  Valladolid,  N. 
lat.  19°  20',  W.  lon.  100°  5'. 

Acadian  Coast,  or  Acadia,  co.  of  Lou.  ;  lies 
along  the  Mississippi  river,  below  Lafourche  river. 

Acayucam,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Vera  Cruz. 

Accomac,  co.  of  Va.,  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
the  Chesapeake  bay,  having  Northampton  S.,  the 
Atlantic  ocean  E.,  Worcester  co.  in  Md.  N.,  and 
the  Chesapeake  bay  W.  It  is  about  20  ms.  long 
and  10  wide,  area  240  sq.  ms.,  chief  town  Drum- 
mondstown.  The  surface  generally  flat  and  sandy. 
Pop.  1820,  15,969;  and  1840,  17,096.  Central 
lat.  37°  46'  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1°  30'  E. 

Accomac,  c.  h.,  town  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
Va.,  207  ms.  from  W.  C.  and  214  from  Richmond. 

Accord,  village  in  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y. 

Aceldema,  field  of  blood. 

Acerenza,  small  town  of  the  province  of  Basili- 
cata,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  formerly  the  see  of 
an  archbishop.    Lon.  16°  5'  E.,  lat.  40°  20'  N- 

Acerno,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Citeriore  principali- 
ty of  Naples,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Conza,  and  12  NE. 
of  Salermo.    Lon.  15°  5'  E.,  lat.  40°  45'  N. 

Acerra,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  province  of  Ter- 
ra di  Lavora,  on  the  river  Agno,  a  little  N.  of  E. 
from  Naples.    Pop.  6,000. 

Acham,  a  country  of  Asia,  to  the  northeastward 
of  Bengal. — See  Assam. 

Achantee. — See  Ashantee. 

Acheen,  inFr.  Achern,  a  kingdom  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Sumatra,  comprehending  all  that 
part  of  the  island  from  Cape  Acheen  to  Cape  Dia- 
mond, on  the  eastern  side,  and  on  the  west  to  the 
country  of  the  Battas.  The  inhabitants  are  sup- 
posed to  be  a  branch  of  the  Malay  family,  which 
language  they  speak,  and  write  in  Arabic  characters. 
Religion  Mahometan.  The  Achenese  have  made 
considerable  progress  in  the  arts  and  in  civilization. 
They  are  able  workmen  in  metals  and  in  ship 
building. 

Acheen,  capital  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Acheen. 
It  is  situated  on  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of 


Ionian  sea,  opposite  the  Paxi  islands. 

Achor,  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Columbiana 
co.,  O.,  308  ms.  by  post  road  northward  of  W. 
C,  and  178  NE.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

Achronny,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  southern  part 
of  county  Sligo,  16  ms.  WSW.  of  Sligo.  N.  lat. 
54°,  lon.  9°  10'  W. 

Achyr,  or  Achtyrka,  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Kharkoff,  situated  on  the  river 
Vorskla,  55  ms.  NW.  of  Kharkoff.    Pop.  12,000. 

Ackon,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  thedutchy  of 
Magdeburg,  and  on  the  Elbe  river,  below  Dessau. 

Ackworth,  tp.  and  town,  southern  part  of  Sul- 
livan co.,  N.  H. 

Acoma. — See  St.  Stephen  de  Acoma. 

Acoune  and  Acoutane,  two  of  the  Aleutian  is- 
lands. 

Acgui,  city  and  seat  of  a  bishop,  in  the  division 
of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  called  Alexandria,  sit- 
uated-^n  the  river  Tanana,  20  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W. 
of  Alexandria,  and  55  ms.  SE.  by  E.  of  Turin. 
Pop.  6,500. 

Acqs,  or  Dax,  city  of  Fr.,  on  the  river  Adour, 
dep.  of  Landes,  and  about  25  ms.   NE.  from 

Bayonne.  Acqs,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  southern 

part  of  the  dep.  of  Arriege,  about  22  ms.  SSE.  of 
Foix.  It  derives  its  name  from  warm  baths  in  its 
vicinity. 

Acqua,  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  deriving  its 
name  from  noted  warm  baths. 

Acquaria,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese,  de- 
riving its  name  from  its  noted  mineral  waters,  12 
ms.  S.  of  Modena. 

Acqnasco,  village  of  Prince  George's  co.,  Md., 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Patuxent  river, 
by  post  road  40  ms.  SE.  of  W.  C. 

Acre,  or  St.  Jean  d1  Acre,  the  ancient  Ptolemais, 
city  of  Asia,  in  Palestine,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the 
Mediterranean,  about  800  rns.  a  little  W.  of  N. 
from  Jerusalem.  This  is  amongst  the  most  an- 
cient towns  known  ;  it  was  the  Accho  of  the  tribe 
of  Asher,  afterwards  Ptolemais,  and  since  the  pe- 
riod of  the  crusades  St.  Jean  d'Acre.  The  har- 
bor is  perhaps  the  best  along  the  eastern  shores  of 


ADA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ADD 


the  Mediterranean.    The  modern  name  is  derived  in  1830,   14,919;  and  in  1840,  19,434.  A 

from  the  place  being  long  the  residence  of  the  grand  |  southern  and  Ohio  river  county  of  Ohio,  hounded 


master  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 
Acre,  pachalic  of,  extends  along  the  Mediterra- 


W.  by  Brown,  N.  by  Highland,  NE.  by  Pike,  E. 
by  Scioto,  and  S.  by  Ohio  river,  separating  it  from 


nean  from  Gaza  to  Tripoli,  about  200  ms  ,  but  Lewis  co.,  Ky.  It  is,  with  a  southern  indenting  on 
does  not  exceed  a  mean  breadth  inland  of  more  j  Ohio  river,  very  nearly  a  square  of  25  ms.  ;  area 
than  20  ms.,  lying  between  latitudes  31°  20' and  550  sq.  ms.  ;  slopes  towards  Ohio  river,  and  in 
34°  20'  N.  St.  Jean  d'Acre  is  the  capital.  The;  that  direction  drained  by  Brush  creek  and  some 
surface  is  composed  of  a  narrow  western  slope  j  smaller  streams.   Surface  very  hilly  and  soil  varied 


from  the  mountains  of  Palestine. 


from  the  best  to  the  moet  steril,  general  character 


Actopom,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  southern  part  rather  inclining  to  the  latter;  West  Union,  seat 
of  Queretar'o,  about  60  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  of  justice.  N.  lat.  39°  and  Ion.  W.'  C.  6°  10'  W. 
Mexico.                                                         (intersect  near  the  middle  of  this  county.  First 
Aczn,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia  ;  also,  settlement,  1791.  Pop.  in  1830,  12,278  ;  in  1840, 
a  town  and  province  of  Asiatic  Tartary,  to  the  N.  j  13,183.  One  of  the  western  counties  of  II- 


of  Cashgar. 


linois,  bounded  N.  by  Hancock,  E.  by  Sehuy- 


Ada,  Danish  fort  and  commercial  establishment  ler,  and  SE.  and  S.  by  Pike;  on  the  W.  it 
on  the  coast  of  Africa,  in  upper  Guinea,  nearly  is  separated  from  Marion  and  Lewis  counties, 


on  the  meridian  of  London,  and  N.  lat.  6 
stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Volta 
is 


It  Mo.,  hy  the  Mississippi  river.    Length  from  S.  to 
|N.  32  ms.,  mean  breadth  24,  and  area  768  sq. 


Adam's  Bridge  \s  a  long  and  sandy  shoal  ex-  ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from  39°  42'  to  40°  11', 
tending  from  the  northwestern  part  of  the  island  of  and  in  Ion.  from  13°  52'  to  14°  26'  W.  of  W.  C\ 
Ceylon,  towards  Indostan,  and  nearly  uniting  the  i  The  western  and  most  extensive  slope  declines 
island  to  the  continent.    This  barrier  forms  the  towards  the  Mississippi,  whilst  that  of  the  E. 


northern  limit  of  the  gulf  of  Manaar. 


gives  source  to  creeks  flowing  into  the  Illinois  riv- 


Adair,  county  of  Kentucky,  having  Barren  co.  j  er.    Chief  town,  Quincy.    Pop.  in  1830,  2,186  ; 

W.,  Greene  NW.,  Casey  NE.,  Wayne  and  Pu- I  and  in  1840,  14,476.  Cape,  the  Point  Ronde 

laski,  or  Cumberland  river  and  Wolf  river  SE.,  and  of  La  Peyrouse,  is  the  southern  point  at  the  mouth 
Cumberland  co.  S.  Adair  co.  has  a  mean  length  of  Columbia  river.  As  laid  down  by  Tanner,  it 
and  breadth  of  about  28  ms.,  area  800  sq.  ms.  is  at  N  lat.  46°  17',  and  Ion.  46°  50'  W,  of 
The  face  of  the  country  broken,  and  the  soil  much  Washington  City 


diversified.  Chief  town,  Columbia.  Pop.  in  1820, 
8,765  ;  in  1840,  8,466.  Central  lat.  37°  15'  N., 
Ion.  8°  W.  from  W.  C. 

Adamant,  Fr.,  diamant;  hence  diamond. 
Adams,  tp.  of  Coos  co.,  N.  H.   Pop.  in  1810, 


Adamshurg,  village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa., 
145  ms.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Adamsville,  village,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y., 

57  ms.  N.  from  Albany.  Village,  Marlborough 

district,  S.  C,  by  post  road  106  ms.  NE.  from 


244;  and  in  1820,  363.  Town  in  Berkshire,  !  Columbia.  Village,  Muskingum  co.,  O.,  12  ms. 

Mass.,  30  ms.  N.  from  Lenox.    Pop.  in  1810,  INE.  of  Zanesville,  and  20  W.  of  Cambridge.— 

1,763  ;  in  1820,  1,836.  Town  in  Jefferson  co.,  See  Mechanicsville,  or  name  of  post  office  at  Ad- 

N.  Y.,  166  ms.  N  W.  from  Albany,  and  457  from  ,amsville. 

"W.  C.  County  of  Pa.,  having  Frederick  co.,  |     Adana,  town  and  province  of  Turkey  in  Asia. 

in  Md.,  S.,  Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  W.,  Cumberland  The  province  is  nearly  commensurate  with  the  an- 
NW.  and  NE.  and  E.  It  is  about  20  ms.  in  cient  Cilicia,  and  comprises  the  extreme  eastern 
length  and  18  wide;  area  360  sq.  ms.  Chief  part  of  the  southern  slope  of  Asia  Minor.  The 
town,  Gettysburg.  The  surface  of  this  county  is  town  stands  and  occupies  a  strong  position  on  the 
extremely  diversified  with  hill  and  dale.  The  soil  ancient  Sarid,  now  Seihoun,  10  or  12  ms.  above  its 
is  also  of  the  different  qualities,  from  the  worst  to  mouth.  N.  lat.  36°  50',  Ion.  35°  5'  E.  of  London- 
the  best.  The  whole  county  is  well  watered.  Pop.  j  Adda,  river  of  Switzerland  and  Italy,  rises  in  the 
in  1820,  19,681  ;  in  1830,  21,379  ;  and  in  1840,  country  of  the  Grisons,  and,  flowing  over  Austrian 
23,044.    Central  lat.  39°  50'  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  ;  Lombardy,  falls  into  the  Po  near  Cremona. 

10'  W.  Township,  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in 

1820,  343.  Village,  Dauphin  co.,  Pa.  


Addison,  tp.  of  Washington  co.,  Me.,  W.  16 
ms.  fromMachias.    Pop.  in  1810,  399;  in  1820, 

Town,  Hyde  co.,  N.  C,  NE.  150  ms.  from  Ra-  519.  County  of  Vermont,  having  Lake  Cham- 

leigh.  Township,  Washington  co.,  O.,  E.  of  plain  W.,  Chittenden  N.,  Washington  and  Or- 


Muskingum  river.    Pop.  in  1810,  620  ;  in  1820, 

324.  Township  of  Washington  co.,  O.  Pop. 

in  1820,  174.  Town,  Seneca  co.,  O.,  11  ms. 

N.  of  Tiffin,  the  county  seat,  and  20  S.  of  Lower 

Sandusky.  County,  Miss.,  bounded  W.  by 

the  Mississippi  river,  S.  by  Homochitto  river,  or 
Wilkinson  co.,  E.  by  Franklin  co.,  and  N.  by 
Jefferson;  length  40  ms.,  mean  width  about  15; 
area  600  sq.  ms.  The  face  of  this  county  is  di- 
versified by  hill  and  dale ;  soil  fertile.  Vegetables 
generally  cultivated  ;  cotton,  maize,  potatoes,  &c. ; 
principal  staple,  cotton.  Fruits — peaches,  some  ap- 
ples, and  abundance  of  figs.  Chief  towns,  Nat- 
chez and  Wa  hington.  Central  lat.  31°  30'  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  14°  30'  W.    Pop.  in  1820,  12,073; 


ange  E.,  and  Rutland  S.  Mean  length  25  ms.  ; 
mean  breadth  20  ;  area  about  500  sq.  ms.  Though 
not  mountainous,  it  is  finely  variegated  by  hill  and 
dale.  Otter  river  flows  obliquely  through  this  coun- 
ty, and  by  its  numerous  branches  affords  much  fine 
land  and  excellent  mill  seats.  Chief  towns,  Ver- 
gennes  and  Middlebury.  Pop.  in  1820,  20,620. 
Central  lat.  44°  N.,  Ion.  4°  15'  E.  from  W.  C. 

 Township  and  village,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  about 

10  ms.  W.  from  Middlebury.    Pop.  of  the  tp. 

1,200.  Township  and  village,  Steuben  co.,  N. 

Y.    Pop.  in  1830,  652.  Southwestern  tp.  of 

Somerset  co.,  Pa.    It  is  traversed  by  the  U.  S. 

road.  Township  of  Gallia  co.,  O,    Pop.  in 

1820,  636, 

5 


a  dm 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFG 


Adelplii,  town  on  the  N.  fork  of  Salt  creek,  in 
the  NE.  angle  of  Ross  co.,  O.,  on  the  road  from 
Chillicothe  to  Athens  ;  18  ms.  from  the  former  and 
36  from  the  latter,  and  20  SSW.  from  Lancaster. 
Pop.  300.  N.  lat.  39°  30',  W.  Ion.  from  W.  C. 
5°  43'. 

Adel,  kingdom  of  Africa,  called  also  Zeila,  from 
a  rich  trading  town  of  that  name,  situated  near  its 
coast,  on  the  Red  sea.  It  seldom  rains  here,  but 
the  country  is  well  watered  by  rivers,  and  abounds 
with  wheat,  millet,  frankincense,  and  pepper.  The 
inhabitants  are  Mahometans.  It  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Abyssinia.    The  capital  is  Aucagurel. 

Adelfors,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smoland,  noted 
lor  its  gold  mines,  70  ms.  NW.  of  Calmar. 

Aden. — See  Adel. 

Adtrbielzan,  province  of  Persia,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Armenia,  W.  by  Ghilan,  S.  by  Irac-Agemi, 
und  W.  by  Curdistan.  Tauris  is  the  capital.  This 
country  of  mountains,  forming  the  northwestern 
province  of  Persia,  goes  by  numerous  inflections 
of  name — as  Aderbaidjan,  Aderbaidjian,  Azerbi- 
jan,  &c. 

Adiabene,  a  country  which,  by  the  ancients, 
hail  very  indefinite  boundaries.  It  was  held  by 
some  as  including  all  Syria, or  Assyria;  or,accord- 
ing  to  the  Chaldaic  language,  Aturia,  which  ap- 
pears to  have  been  a  common  name  for  all  those 
countries. 

Adige,  river  of  the  Tyrol  and  Italy,  rising  in  the 
Tyrol,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  Inn, 
Adda,  and  Drave,  and,  flowing  past  Trent,  enters 
Italy,  and,  gradually  inflecting  to  the  SE.  and  E., 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Venice  to  the  N.,  and  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Po,  after  a  course  of  200  ms. 

Adjemcre,  province,  or,  much  more  correctly,  a 
district  of  Indostan,  divided  into  three  sub-dis- 
tricts— Odeypoor  in  the  south,  Joodpoor  in  the 
middle,  and  Jeypoor  in  the  north.  It  is,  indeed, 
rather  a  general  name  or  title  than  a  provincial  di- 
vision with  definite  limits,  and  is  also  inhabited  by 
people  differing  from  each  other  in  language,  man- 
ners, customs,  and  religion,  such  as  Jants,  Raje- 
poots,  Bhattees,  &c. 

Adjemere,  lying  on  the  table  land  between  the 
sources  of  the  Jumna  and  those  having  their  in- 
flux into  the  run  and  gulf  of  Cutch,  has  gener- 
ally a  sandy  soil,  and  presents  a  dreary  appear- 
ance, with  scarcity  of  water.  The  state  of  hu- 
man industry  and  improvement  low,  with  some 
very  favorable  exceptions,  however,  in  both  re- 
spects. The  feudal  state  of  the  whole  country, 
politically,  is  a  greater  blight  to  human  prosperity 
than  either  soil  or  drought. — See  Jeypoor,  Jood- 
poor, and  Odeypoor. 

Adjemere,  city  of  Indostan,  formerly  of  great 
importance,  but  now  chiefly  in  ruins,  is  situated 
on  the  table  'and  between  the  sources  of  the  Chum- 
bull  branch  of  the  Jumna  and  those  of  the  Looney, 
flowing  into  the  run  of  Cutch.  N.  lat.  26°  30', 
Ion.  74°  50'  E.  About  250  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W. 
from  Agra,  and  nearly  a  like  distance  SW.  of 
Delhi. 

Admiral,  Fr.,  amiral,  highest  order  of  naval 
commanders,  evidently  derived  from  the  same 
primitive  root  as  emir,  mirza,  &c.  Under  this 
term  Webster  states  :  **  This  word  is  said  to  have 
been  introduced  into  Europe  by  the  Turks,  Gen- 
oese, or  Venetians,  in  the  12th  or  13th  century." 
6 


!  Mir,  is  a  suffix  to  many  imperial  and  royal  names 
I  in  the  Sclavonic  and  some  of  the  Asiatic  lan- 
guages. <  ' 

Admiralty  Islands,  a  cluster  of  islands  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  to  the  NW.  of  New  Ireland.  They 
were  discovered  in  1767,  and  are  between  20  and 
30  in  number  ;  some  of  them  appear  of  considera- 
ble extent ;  and  the  centre  one  is  supposed  to  be 
in  Ion.  146°  44'  E.,  lat.  15°  37'  N. 

Adon,  town  of  Hungary,  seated  in  a  fruitful 
country  near  the  Danube,  12  ms.  S.  of  Buda. 

Adour,  river  of  Fr.,  which  rises  in  the  dep.  of 
Upper  Pyrenees,  flows  by  Tarbes  and  Dax,  and 
enters  the  bay  of  Biscay  below  Bayonne.  It  is 
the  SW.  river  of  Fr.  of  any  note;  the  basin  it 
drains  is  about  100  ms.  long  and  50  wide,  though 
the  stream  is  large  for  so  confined  an  extent,  as  the 
principal  sources  are  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Adra,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  47  ms.  SE, 
of  Granada.    Lon.  3°  7'  W.,  lat.  36°  45' N. 

Adramiti,  ancient  Adramyiiium.  It  is  now  a 
miserable  village,  inhabited  by  a  few  fishermen, 
This  place  either  gave  to  or  received  its  name 
from  the  gulf  of  Adramyttium,  at  the  head  of  which 
it  stands.  N.  lat.  39^'°,  E.  lon.  26°  50'.  70  ms, 
N.  by  W.  from  Smyrna. 

Adria,  town  of  Italy,  in  Polesino  di  Rovigo, 
which  gives  name  to  the  Adriatic  sea,  and  was 
formerly  of  great  note,  but  has  been  much  reduced 
by  frequent  inundations.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tar- 
taro,  25  ms.  SSW.  of  Venice. 

Adriano,  mountain  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  over 
which  is  a  very  difficult  road  to  Alba  and  Old  Cas- 
tile. It  is  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of  the  Py- 
renees, and  is  only  inhabited  by  a  few  shepherds. 

Adrianople,  second  city  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Roumelia,  situated  on  the  Marizzo  river,  at  the 
junction  of  its  four  branches.  Before  changed  by 
Adrian,  this  city  was  named  Oresta ;  by  the  Turks 
it  is  called  Edrineh.  "  The  numerous  minarets  of 
this  second  city  of  the  Turkish  empire  rise  above 
gardens  of  roses  and  groves  of  cypress."  Pop. 
about  100,000.  Distant  from  Constantinople 
about  150  ms.  NW.  by  W.  N.  lat.  42°,  lon,  26° 
30'  E. 

Adriatic  Sea. — See  Venice,  Gulf  of. 
Adventure,  bay  of  the  SE.  end  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land. 

Mgates,  or  Mgades,  or  Egates,  group  of  islands 
lying  off  the  extreme  western  point  of  Sicily,  an- 
ciently called  the  promontory  of  Lilybseum.  The 
treaty  of  Agates,  B.  C.  341  years,  terminated  the 
first  Punic  war  between  the  Romans  and  Cartha- 
ginians. Their  modern  names  are  Levenzo,  Pa- 
vignano,  and  Maretima. 

JElia  Capifolena,  name  given  to  Jerusalem  by 
the  Roman  Emperor  Adrian,  and  by  which  the 
place  was  designated  for  some  centuries. 

Molise,  or  Hephestiades,  (now  Lip ari  ,•)  which 
see. 

JEtna.— See  Etna. 

Afghanistan,  the  country  so  denominated  has 
been  generally,  but  erroneously,  included  in  Per- 
sia. The  two  countries  differ  in  their  civil,  physi- 
cal, and  political  characters.  Following  an  Asi- 
atic custom  of  naming  a  country  from  a  predomi- 
nant city  or  province,  this  country  has  been  suc- 
cessively called  Ghuznee,  or  Ghiznee  ;  Cabulistan, 
from  Cabul,  or  Candahar,  &c. 


AFG  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Taken  in  its  utmost  extent,  Afghanistan  ex- 
tends from  the  western  hounds  of  Herat,  E.  Ion. 
56',  to  the  eastward  of  Cashmere,  Ion.  77°,  and 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Indus,  N.  lat.  24°,  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  Oxus,  in  N.  lat.  37°.  These 
limits  would  give  a  length  from  W.  toE.  of  1,200 
ms.,  and  about  800  ms.  from  S.  to  N.,  or  an  area 
of  960,000  sq.  ms. 

The  empire  comprehends  Afghanistan  proper, 
Seistan,  part  of  Khorasan,  and  of  Mekran,  Balk, 
Cutch,  Candahar,  Sind,  and  Cashmere,  together 
with  a  portion  of  Lahore,  and  the  greater  part  of 


cients  Gedrosia,  more  recently  Beloochistan,  or 
country  of  the  Belooches,  extending  from  Cabu- 
listan  and  Seistan  southward  to  the  Indian  ocean. 
In  the  northern  side  it  is  mountainous,  but  be- 
comes gradually  more  level  approaching  the  ocean  ; 
the  whole  forming  an  inclined  plane,  600  ms. 
from  E.  to  W.,  and  lying  between  N.  lat.  26°  and 
30°  ;  has  a  mean  breadth  of  200  ms.  ;  area  120,000 
sq.  ms. — See  art.  Asia. 

AFRICA,  one  of  the  great  physical  sections  of  the 
earth  ;  it  is  bounded  N.  by  the  Mediterranean  sea  ; 
W.  and  SW.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  ;  S.  by  the 


Moultan.    In    these   countries  the  Khootba,  or  j  Southern  ocean  ;  SE.  and  E.  by  the  Indian  ocean 
church  service,  is  used,  in  which  the  king  of  Af-jNE.  by  the  gulf  of  Aden,  Red  sea,  and  the  isth- 
ghan  is  prayed  for,  although  the  degrees  of  subjec- 
tion of  the  different  provinces  are  various. 

The  whole  population  is  estimated  at  14,000,- [  12°  W.  to  52°  E.,  with  the  equator  very  nearly  a 


mus  of  Suez.  This  immense  continent,  in  lati- 
tude, extends  from  37°  N.  to  35°  S.,  and  from 


000,  consisting  of  the  following  nations  : 


Afghans 
Belooches  - 
Tartars 

Persians  and  Tanjeks 
Indians  of  different  races 
Miscellaneous  tribes 

Amount 


4,300,000 
1,000,000 
1,200,000 
1,500,000 
5,700,000 
300,000 


14,000,000 


The  origin  of  the  name  Afghan  is  uncertain.  It 
is  only  through  the  Persian  that  it  is  known  to  the 
people  themselves,  and  it  is  probably  modern. 
Their  own  name  for  their  nation  is  Poochtoon,  or 
so  says  Malte  Brun,  and  then  contradicts  himself 
in  a  few  sentences  after,  by  observing  that  the  Af- 
ghans consider  themselves  as  descended  from  Af- 
ghaun,  the  son  of  Junia. 

The  language  of  the  Afghans  is  called  Poostoo, 
of  unknown  origin,  but  with  some  affinity  to  some 
of  the  dialects  of  ancient  Persia.  They  use  the 
Persian  alphabet,  and  the  Persian  is  their  learned 
language. 

In  an  extent  of  country  so  large,  and  inhabited 
by  nations  differing  in  language,  customs,  man 


middle  line,  though  not  much,  if  any,  less  than 
two-thirds  of  the  surface  lies  northward  of  that 
line.  Within  the  outlines  of  Africa  are  included 
something  about  11,000,000  of  sq.  ms.,  or  about 
the  one-fourth  part  of  the  land  surface  of  the  earth- 
As  a  physical  section,  Africa  must  be  taken 
alone,  as  its  internal  features  give  it  a  distinct  char- 
acter. Of  all  the  large  land  sections,  it  is  the  least 
indented  with  bays  and  inland  seas  or  lakes.  It 
has  also,  comparatively  speaking,  the  fewest  great 
systems  of  mountains,  having  in  fact  but  two  which 
materially  modify  its  geography  ;  those  are  the 
Atlas  on  the  N.,  and  the  Kong,  or  mountains  of 
the  Moon,  in  the  centre.  Detached  groups  of 
mountains  do  indeed  exist  in  southern  Africa, 
having  no  connexion  with  either  the  Kong  or  At- 
las systems,  but  these  isolated  and  confined  moun- 
tains have  but  a  local  and  very  restricted  influence 
on  the  soil  or  climate  of  a  continent  spreading  over 
so  wide  a  surface. 

The  Atlas,  rising  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  op- 
posite to  the  Canary  islands,  extends  thence  in  a 
NE.  by  E.  direction  1,400  ms.,  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean, between  Tunis  and  the  gulf  of  Cabes.  This 
system  is  the  backbone  of  an  arable  surface  of  at 


ners,  and  religion,  the  human  character  must  vary  ;  |  most  300  ms.  mean  breadth.  This  productive 
but,  from  all  accounts,  the  people  of  those  regions  tract  is  composed  of  two  slopes  :  one  to  the  north- 


are  hardy,  bold,  and  daring,  and  perhaps  the  freest 
of  all  PvTahometan  nations,  unless  we  except  the 
wandering  Arabs.  The  Afghans  proper  are,  as  to 
religion,  Mahometans  of  the  sect  of  Sonnites,  but 
remarkably  tolerant.  The  Hindoos  live  unmolest- 
ed amongst  them,  practising  their  religious  rites  in 
perfect  peace  and  safety. 

The  face  of  the  immense  country  known  under 
the  general  name  of  Afghanistan  is  in  great  part 
mountains.  In  the  north,  it  has  the  great  moun- 
tain nucleus,  the  Hindoo  Coosh,  in  part  covered  with 
perpetual  snow.  Advancing  southward,  the  moun  - 
tains depress,  but  both  the  Indus  and  Kaushgar 
rivers,  from  lat.  35°  to  33°,  flow  through  mountain 
gorges,  though  below  the  latter  limit  the  Indus 
has  plains  on  both  sides  to  the  sea.  The  higher 
branches  of  the  Oxus  river  rise  in  and  drain  the 
country  of  Balkh,  or  northwestern  Afghanistan, 
whilst  the  central  and  western  sections,  comprising 
Cabul  and  Seistan,  are  drained  by  the  various  con- 
fluents of  the  Hindmend,  flowing  westward  into 
the  sea  of  Durah. 

Beloochistan,  although  included  in  the  general 
sweep  of  Afghanistan,  is,  physically  at  least,  a  very 
distinct  country ;  what  was   called  by  the  an- 


ward,  drained  by  streams  falling  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  or  Mediterranean  sea;  the  opposite  slope 
drained  by  rivers  falling  towards  and  lost  in  the 
Sahara,  or  great  desert.  At  the  utmost,  the  arable 
and  habitable  region  of  the  Atlas  cannot  exceed 
420,000  sq.  ms. 

Beyond  the  northwestern  extreme  of  the  Atlas 
region,  northern  Africa  extends  about  1,200  ms. 
to  the  delta  of  the  Nile.  Part  of  this  latter  region 
is  arable,  but  extremely  narrow,  and  in  some  pla- 
ces the  desert  reaches  the  sea.  A  breadth  of  50 
ms.,  and  area  60,000,  would  be  a  full  allowance, 
which,  added  to  the  region  of  Atlas,  yields  for 
northern  Africa,  westward  of  the  Nile,  an  arable 
superfices  of  480,000  sq.  ms. 

The  system  of  Kong  rises  from  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  between  N.  lat.  8°  and  12°,  forming  a 
nucleus  about  the  sources  of  the  Senegal,  Gam- 
bia, and  Niger  rivers,  but  thence,  by  an  inflected 
course  between  latitudes  8°  and  10°,  crosses  the 
continent,  including  the  region  from  which  issue 
the  higher  fountains  of  the  Nile,  and  terminating 
in  Cape  Guardafui.  It  is,  however,  evident  that 
the  Cape  Verd  islands  in  the  Atlantic,  and  the 
islands  of  Abd-el-Curia  and  Socotra,  are  extensions 

7 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


of  the  Kong.  But,  restricting  the  system  to  the 
continent,  it  extends  through  64°  of  Ion.  along 
the  mean  lat.  of  8°  N.,  or  through  4,350  ms. 
The  mean  productive  breadth  would  be  fully  esti- 
mated at  1,000  ms.,  and  area  at  4,350,000  sq. 
ms.  This  region  of  Kong  and  western  coast  of 
Africa,  to  about  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  or  south 
em  polar  tropic,  is  the  true  Negroland. 

The  lower  ba»in  of  the  Nile,  from  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Atbara,  or  Tigre,  in  N.  lat.  18°,  to  the 
efflux  of  the  main  river  into  the  Mediterranean,  in 
lat.  32°  N.,  ranges  about  1,000  ms.  ;  the  produc- 
tive tract  narrowing,  advancing  from  S.  to  N.,  from 
300  ms.  to,  in  many  places,  not  more  than  20  ms., 
and  folly  estimated  at  100,000  sq.  jus. 

Western  Africa,  from  the  mouih  of  the  Quorra, 
or  Niger,  in  a  distance  of  2,000  ms.,  to  the  south- 
ern tropic,  is  to  a  certain,  indeed,  uncertain  dis- 
tance inland,  productive,  and  in  part  extremely  so 
but  from  the 

than  underrated  at  1,000,000  of  sq.  ms. 

Beyond  the  southern  tropic,  to  N.  lat.  28°,  or 
mouth  of  Orange  river,  the  desert  reaches  the  coast. 
Thence,  following  the  coast,  and  including  the  re- 
gion of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  to  the  equator  on 
the  eastern  side,  in  a  distance  of  3,500  ms.,  with 
a  mean  breadth  of  100  ms.  inland,  we  have  an 
area  of  350,000  sq.  ms.  With  these  exceptions, 
the  residue  of  Africa  is,  as  far  as  known,  steril 
and  unproductive  deserts. 

Sq.  ms. 

Northern  coast,  from  Canary  islands  to 

the  delta  of  the  Nile  -  -  480,000 

Western  tropical  coast,  from  the  mouth 


The  great  expanse  of  interior  desert  southward 
of  the  Kong  is  less  known  to  civilized  nations  , 
but,  according  to  all  that  is  known,  the  superfices 
falls  little  if  any  short  of  that  of  the  northern  Sa- 
hara, and,  if  taken  together,  can  he  safely  estimated 
at  4,500,000  sq.  ms.  ;  a  surface  exceeding  that  of 
all  Europe,  with  all  those  parts  of  Asia  N.  of 
Arabia  and  W.  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Euphrates  over  the  intermediate  country, 
through  the  Caspian  sea,  and  thence  to  the  foot  of 
the  Ural  mountains. 

Africa,  though  known  in  part,  to  the  civilized 
nations  of  antiquity  from  the  earliest  times,  con- 
tinues to  be  but  partially  known  to  those  who  have 
been  navigating  its  shores,  planting  colonies  on  its 
borders,  and  endeavoring  to  penetrate  its  interior 
regions,  to  the  present  age.  On  every  probability 
afforded  by  history,  southeastern  Europe  was  civil- 
ized from  northeastern  Africa;  and  yet,  notwith- 


best  accounts  would  be  rather'over  standing  its  proximity  to  Europe  and  Asia,  Africa 

in  great  part  remains  imperfectly  known  and  bar- 
barous. A  continent  extending  entirely  across  the 
torrid  into  both  temperate  zones,  and,  with  ex- 
tended deserts,  and  mountains  rising  in  some  places 
to  the  region  of  perpetual  snow,  must  present  great 
variety  of  climate  and  seasons.  The  general  climate 
is  that  of  the  torrid  zone.  In  Africa,  as  in  every 
other  section  of  the  earth,  three  things  must  in- 
fluence the  climate:  first,  relative  equatorial  dis- 
tance  ;  second,  inclination  of  the  face  of  any  given 
part;  and,  thirdly,  relative  elevation.  From  their 
much  greater  elevation,  some  parts  of  Guinea,  Ni- 
gritia,  and  particularly  Abyssinia,  enjoy  far  more 
temperate  climates,  or  far  less  exposed  to  excessive 
^  of  the  Qizorra  to  that  of  Orange  river  1,000,000  j  beats  and  droughts,  than  are  Barbary,  Egypt,  or 
System  ot  Kong  -  -  4,350,000  |  the  extreme  southern  part,  extending  towards  the 


Basin  of  the  Nile  below  N.  lat.  18°  - 
Southern  and  southeastern  coasts  united 


100,000 
350,000 

6,280,000 


In  this  estimate,  the  productive  surface  of  Africa 
is  so  extended  as  to  admit  us  to  assume  6,000,000 
of  sq.  ms.  as  an  ample  allowance  for  the  habitable 
sections  of  that  continent.  Viewed  physically, 
Africa  is,  in  fact,  as  far  as  human,  indeed,  animal 
life  is  concerned,  a  series  of  islands,  of  extremely 
difficult,  external  and  internal  approach,  either  from 
the  ocean  or  by  traversing  the  immense  intervening 


Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

In  every  section  of  Afiica,  where  vegetation  can 
exist  to  any  considerable  amount,  the  growth  is 
vigorous,  and  product  is  abundant.  Did  the  in- 
habitants enjoy  the  benefactions  of  civilization,  an 
immense  population  might  exist  in  Africa.  Wheat, 
and  indeed  the  cerealia  generally,  afford  the  most 
excessive  crops.  The  vine  succeeds  at  once  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  along  the  Mediterranean 
sea.  It  has  been  remarked  of  African  vegetation, 
that  its  development  is  in  an  especial  manner  rapid 
and  excessive.  Most  of  the  mountains  are  covered 
with  forests,  the  trees  of  which  cede  in  majesty  to 


leserts.    The  want  of  deep  bays  or  navigable  rivers  those  of  no  other  part  of  the  earth  :  those  of  Mount 


adds  to  the  isolation  of  interior  Africa.  These  are 
permanent  obstacles  opposed  to  mental,  moral, 
or  political  improvement.  The  great  and  durable 
superiority  of  Europe,  western  Asia,  southeastern 
Asia,  and  the  delta  of  the  Nile,  has  been  no  doubt 
correctly  attributed  to  deep  oceanic  indentings  or 
to  great  navigable  rivers.  Kven  in  Asia,  far  in- 
land, and  amid  deserts,  barbarism  has  prevailed  in 
all  ages.  Rigidly  measured  by  the  rhombs,  the 
whole  surface  of  Africa  comprises  an  area  of  about 
11,300,000  sq.  ms.,  and,  according  to  the  esti- 
mates recorded  in  this  article,  near  five-elevenths 
of  the  whole  is  steril,  arid,  and  uninhabitable  des- 
ert. The  great  northern  Sahara,  extending  be- 
tween Negroland  and  the  Mediterranean  region, 
and  between  the  basin  of  the  Nile  and  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  is  in  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  within  an  in- 
considerable fraction  of  3,000  ms.,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  at  least  800  ma.  ;  area  2,500,000  sq.  ms. 


Atlas  equal  the  finest  forests  of  Italy  and  Spain  ; 
those  of  Guinea,  Senegambia,  Congo,  and  Nigiitia, 
rival  the  dense  forests  of  South  America.  The 
baobal  or  adanssonia,  the  giant  amongst  vegetables, 
was  originally  from  tropical  Africa.  Leguminous 
vegetables  are  particularly  abundant  in  Africa;  as, 
for  example,  cassia,  tamarind,  and  thorny  mimossas. 
Palms,  and  in  particular  the  date  and  cocoa,  rise 
even  on  the  arid  borders  of  deserts ;  euphorbias  of 
different  species  and  of  gigantic  size,  and  also  ihe 
spiny  cactus,  spread  over  sandy  tracts  on  which 
few  other  vegetables  could  find  nourishment. 

In  so  brief  a  general  view  we  recognise  some  re- 
semblances in  charrcter  with  Asiatic  vegetation. 
The  animal  kingdom  presents  more  variety  and 
originality.  Africa  contains  most  of  the  animals 
of  the  old  continent,  and  with  also  superior  vigor. 
We  may  give,  as  examples,  the  horse  of  Barbary, 
the  Cape  buffalo,  and  the  mule  of  Senegal.  The 


AFR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  AFR 


African  dun  lion  is  the  only  one  which  deserves 
the  title.  The  African  elephant  and  rhinoceros 
are,  though  smaller,  greatly  more  active  than  those 
of  Asia,  and  evidently  much  more  ferocious.  Sev- 
eral remarkable  animals  are  peculiar  to  Africa.  On 
the  southern  regions  of  that  continent,  and  in 
Abyssinia,  are  found  the  only  known  species  of  the 
zebra.  A  similar  observation  might  be  repeated  as 
to  southern  Africa,  in  regard  to  the  quagga, 
another  species  of  the  genus  horse.  Immense  herds 
of  different  species  of  the  deer,  the  gnu,  two  species 
each  of  the  giraffe  and  antelope  bound  over  Africa ; 
and  its  rivers  and  lakes,  through  more  than  50°  of 
lat. ,  abound  with  the  ponderous  hippopotamus.  The 
largest  of  all  winged  animals,  the  ostrich,  skims 
over  the  immense  plains  of  this  great  continent. 

Little  as  is  known  of  Africa,  it  is,  however,  evi- 
dent that  its  mineral  wealth  is  immense.  The 
truly  prodigious  commerce  carried  on  in  gold  dust 
from  the  interior  announces  the  abundance  of  that 
metal.  One  of  the  branches  of  the  Lupata  moun- 
tains, towards  the  southern  extremity  of  that  con- 
tinent, has  received  and  deserves  the  name  of  the 
Mountain  of  Copper.  Iron  is  made  in  various 
parts  of  Africa,  especially  in  Abyssinia,  and  in  that 
mountain  nucleus  from  which  flow  the  Gambia 
and  Senegal.  The  ancients  brought  emeralds  from 
upper  Egypt;  and  the  yet  existing  monuments  of 
that  country  verify  the  immensity  in  quantity  of 
porphyry,  granite,  sienites,  and  other  rocks,  em- 
ployed in  architecture  and  statuary.  May  we  not 
reasonably  conclude,  that  all  that  is  revealed  of  the 
capabilities  of  Africa  are  mere  specimens  of  treas- 
ures to  be  revealed  to  and  developed  by  future  and 
civilized  generations  1 

The  following  general  view  of  Africa  was,  in 
most  part,  translated  from  the  French  geography 
of  Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot ;  Paris,  1831  : 

The  difficulty,  observes  Balbi,  of  following  a 
methodical  course  over  the  map  of  Africa,  induces 
me  to  divide  that  continent  into  five  grand  divis- 
ions. His  co-geographers  have  modified  that  idea, 
and  extend  the  physical  divisions  to  seven  :  as  that 
of  the  Nile,  on  the  NE. ;  Atlas,  NW. ;  Sahara, 
central;  Atlantic  or  western;  southern  or  Cape 
section ;  and  eastern. 

The  region  of  the  Nile  is  bounded  by  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  N. ;  E.  by  Arabia,  the  Red  sea, 
straits  of  Babelmandel,  and  a  small  part  of  the 
gulf  of  Aden  ;  to  the  S.  by  the  mountains  of  the 
Moon;  and  on  the  W.  by  Nigritia,  (Soudan  or 
Negroland,)  and  by  the  deserts  of  Lybia  and  Barca, 
which  depend  on  the  Sahara  and  Atlas.  This 
great  section  is  in  all  its  length  watered  by  the  Nile 
and  its  confluents.  The  real  Nile,  or  Bahr-el- 
Abiad,  White  river,  is  the  western  and  main  stream, 
rising  in  the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  in  about  lat. 
6°  or  7°  N.,  and  Ion.  30°  E.  of  London,  and  from 
thence,  flowing  over  Sennaar  a  little  E.  of  N.,  to 
lat,  16°,  receives  from  the  southeastward  the 
Bahr-el-Azrak,  or  Blue  river, from  Abyssinia;  and, 
continuing  the  original  course  of  NNE.  to  lat.  1 8°, 
into  Nubia,  receives  also  from  the  SE.  the  Atbara, 
and  from  thence,  known  as  the  Nile,  the  united 
waters,  by  a  course  very  little  W.  of  N.,  flow  over 
Nubia  and  Egypt,  to  their  final  efflux  into  the 
Mediterranean,  at  N.  lat.  31°  30'. 

If  we  include  in  the  region  of  the  Nile  all  the 
surface  from  the  Red  sea  to  the  interior  of  Sahara, 
2* 


we  would  then  have  a  space  of  about  1,700  ms., 
with  a  mean  width  of  400,  or  an  area  of  650,000 
sq.  ms.  The  most  remarkable  general  feature  of 
this  extensive  region  is,  that,  although  having  one 
extreme  within  6°  or  7°  of  the  equator,  and  the 
other  rather  more  than  8°  within  the  temperate 
zone,  the  extremes  of  tropical  heat  is  reverse  to  the 
lat.  This  effect  is  produced  by  relative  oceanic 
level.  Abyssinia,  entirely  within  the  torrid  zone, 
is  a  region  of  mountains  with  elevated  valleys  and 
table  lands,  with  a  rapid  general  slope  northwardly. 
Nubia  follows,  descending,  as  does  Egypt  in  turn, 
until  the  surface  depresses  to  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean.  The  general  elevation  of  Abys- 
sinia, and  the  still  more  southern  sections  of  the 
Nile  region,  remains  unknown;  but,  from  what  is 
learned  in  respect  to  these  tracts,  it  is  probable  that 
the  mountains  of  the  Moon  fall  little  short  of,  if 
they  do  not  rise  above,  the  region  of  perpetual  snow. 

Commencing  with  the  mountains  of  the  Moon, 
the  first  country  of  the  Nile  region  we  enter  may 
be  called  that  of  southwest,  but  which  is  still  very 
imperfectly  known;  the  inhabitants  are  negroes, 
and  independent.  The  country  from  which  rise 
the  sources  of  the  Bahr-el-Abiad  is  called  Donga, 
or  Dinka,  and  the  mountains  El-Kamar. 

Bertat,  or  Djebel-O'onin,  an  extensive  country 
southward  of  and  descending  the  White  river, 
Bahr-el-Abiad,  is  generally  covered  with  dense 
forests,  and  inhabited  by  numerous  and  barbarous 
negro  tribes.  One  of  its  districts,  called  Ganamyl, 
is  highly  productive  in  gold  dust,  collected  from 
the  sands  of  its  rivers  and  brooks.  Geographers 
give  the  names  of  Fazoql,  as  a  province  spreading 
between  the  White  and  Blue  rivers,  and  Ferdassi, 
as  a  town  and  entrepot  of  commerce  between 
Nubia,  Abyssinia,  and  all  Bertat.  They  also  give 
the  name,  without  much  else,  of  the  empire  of  the 
Chilouks.  On  the  small  map  of  Africa  attending 
the  geography  of  Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot, 
the  name  Shilouks  is  engraven  on  the  space  be- 
tween the  White  and  Blue  rivers.  Other  barba- 
rous names  are  given,  without  precise  location, 
therefore  of  even  doubtful  existence. 

Kordofan,  a  country  lying  contiguous  to,  and 
westward  of,  the  White  river,  and  inhabited,  though 
by  negroes,  by  a  people  far  advanced  in  the  arts  of 
civilized  life  above  the  barbarous  tribes  towards  the 
mountains  of  the  Moon.  On  a  map  of  Africa 
published  by  John  Senex,  (London,  1712,)  and 
where  now  exists  Kordofan,  is  represented  "the 
Kingdom  of  Gorhan" — the  two  names  evidently 
different  enunciations  of  the  same  word.  Tn  regard 
to  this  map  of  Senex,  published  half  a  century  be- 
fore the  journey  of  James  Bruce  to  the  sources  of 
the  Nile,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  on  it  the  general 
features,  particularly  those  of  the  rivers,  wiih  their 
relative  position  and  lat.,  are  laid  down  with^won- 
deful  similarity  to  what  appears  on  the  most  recent 
map.  Kordofan,  to  the  westward  and  northward, 
is  bounded  by  deserts.  To  the  southward  of  this 
country  rises  a  rather  low  chain  of  half  extinct  vol- 
canoes. Ibeit  and  Koldagi,  though  mere  irregular 
collections  of  huts,  are  capitals,  and  in  the  former 
an  extensive  commerce  is  carried  on  with  the 
neighboring  countries.  Kordofan  may,  in  some  re- 
spects, be  now  regarded  as  subject  to  the  pacha  of 
Egypt,  who  sends  there,  annually,  troops  to  col- 
lect and  carry  away  recruits. 

9 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL,  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


Abyssinia,  as  laid  down  on  our  most  modern  is,  however,  a  city  with  more  marks  of  civilization 
maps,  and  also  on  that  of  Senex,  includes  all  the  |  than  any  other  in  central  Africa.  Amhara  proper 
great'region  from  the  Red  sea  to  the  Bahr  el  Abiad  i  is  represented  as  a  small  State,  whose  chief,  resid- 
or  White  river,  E.  and  W.,  and  from  S.  to  N.,  Jing  at  Watho-Haimanot,  is  independent.  Gojam, 
from  the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  to  an  uncertain  tor  the  country  in  great  part  enclosed  by  the  bend  of 
boundary  between  it  and  Nubia.  Length  from  E.  j  the  Amhara  river  below  the  Lake  Dambea,  is,  from 
to  W.  about  800  ms.,  and  mean  breadth  400,  and  1  all  accounts,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  best  peo- 
area  320,000  sq.  ms.    Central  lat.  very  near  1 1°  |  pled  sections  of  Abyssinia.   Maitcha,  also  traversed 


N.  Though  anciently  entitled  Ethiopia,  and  in 
modern  ages  Abyssinia,  both  terms  may  be  re- 
garded as  general  and  generic,  as  there  exists  no 
evidence  of  the  regions  included  ever  having  been 
united  into  one  sovereignty.  It  is  now,  and  proba 
bly  has  been  in  all  past  ages,  inhabited  by  nations, 
not  alone  differing  in  language  and  religion,  but 


by  the  Amhara,  is  a  swampy  and  unhealthy  coun- 
try. Belesen,  whose  chief  town,  Emfras,  contains 
about  300  houses.  Damot,  a  province  rich  in  gold 
mines,  contains  a  town  called  Bame. 

The  kingdom  of  Ankober  spreading  southeast- 
ward of  Damot  and  of  the  river  of  Amhara,  towards 
the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  is  a  country  extremely 


also  of  very  different  races.  With  the  exception  j  fertile,  and  comparatively  well  peopled.  Ankobar, 
of  a  small  part  towards  the  Red  sea,  straits  of  I  the  capital,  is  the  residence  of  an  independent 
Babelmandel,  and  gulf  of  Aden,   the  slope  is  j  chief,  and  whose  estate,  in  1814,  was  composed 


northward,  and  in  that  direction  furrowed  by  deep 
valleys,  extending  between  high  mountain  chains, 
which  are  probably  spurs  from  the  great  central 
system,  the  mountains  of  the  Moon.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  of  Abyssinia  are  the  Bahr-el-Abiad  on 


of  the  two  large  provinces  of  Efat  and  Schoa. 

Ango,  a  kingdom  or  province  in  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  Abyssinia,  is  composed  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  that  of  Furfura  and  some  other  dis- 
tricts, and  has  in  it  the  towns  of  Agof,  Cotbenou, 


the  W.,  Bahr  el-Azrak,  Blue  river,  or  river  of  and  Combotche.  Narea,  in  the  same  region,  oc- 
Amhara,  in  the  centre,  and  the  Atbara,  or  Tigre,  |  cupies  one  of  the  most  elevated  tal-le  lands  of  Africa. 


or  Tacazze,  on  the  E. 


It  is  singular  that  Narea  is  noticed  in  the  French 


Tigre,  from  which  the  river  so  called  is  named,  geography,  from  which  our  own  notice  is  trans- 
is  the  eastern  kingdom  of  Abyssinia,  bounded  by  the  iated,  but  omitted  in  the  attending  map,  though 
Red  sea,  with  a  very  uncertain  extent  westward,  inserted  on  that  of  Senex,  1712,  and  on  Arrow- 
Andova  is  regarded  as  the  largest,  though  Axoum,  j  smith's  under  the  name  of  Enarea. 
or  Axum,  is  considered  the  capital.  The  former,  j  Samara,  along  the  low,  sandy,  and  burning  coast 
inhabited  by  8,000  or  10,000  inhabitants,  manufac- '  of  the  Red  sea,  counts  amongst  its  nomadic  or 
tures  a  species  of  cotton  cloth  which  circulates  over  i  wandering  tribes  the  Schihos  and  Hazortas,  who 
the  neighboring  countries  as  money.  Axoum,  are,  there  is  little  doubt,  the  descendants  of  the 
though  not  mentioned  by  either  Herodotus  or  >  ancient  as  they  are  the  modern  Troglodytes,  still 
Strabo,  and  now  in  ruins,  is  very  interesting,  from  \  inhabiting  the  hollows  and  natural  caves  amongst 
remains  which  attest  a  former  state  of  splendor.  !  rocks,  or  in  the  rudest  cabins,  constructed  of  reeds 
The  traveller  finds,  amidst  its  present  decay,  Greek  and  seaweed.  The  principal  village  of  Samara  is 
and  Ethiopian  inscriptions,  ruins  of  magnificent !  Duroro,  situated  on  the  bay  of  Amphila,  the  most 


temples,  and  upwards  of  fifty  obelisks. 


powerful  tribe  of  the  Danokils,  who  occupy  a 


Enderta  is  probably  a  part  of  Tigre,  extending  great  extent  of  country  inland  from  the  straits  of 
towards  the  gulf  of  Babelmandel,   and  contains  I  Babelmandel  to  the  bay  of  Houakel.    The  mis- 


the  towns  of  Antalo  and  Chilicout. 


erable  village  of  Zulla,  on  Amesley  bay,  is  the 


Lasta,  constituting  also  a  part  of  what  our  books  J  residence  of  the  chief  of  the  Hazortas.  Near  Zul- 
and  maps  represent  as  Tigre,  and  extending  to  the  la  are  still  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Red  sea.    It  is  a  mountainous  country,  divided  i  Adulis.    At  about  8  or  9  ms.  from  this  part  of 

the  coast  is  the  island  of  Dhalac,  the  largest  in 
the  Red  sea.  On  a  small  island  in  the  bay  of 
Masonah  is  a  town  of  about  2,000  inhabitants, 
and  very  commercial.  The  town  is  also  called 
Arkekoo,  and  is  the  common  seaport  from  which 


into  deep  valleys,  and  with  high  mountain  ridges, 
superinducing  political  subdivision,  the  names  of 
which  we  know  imperfectly.  In  it  are  found  a 
people  who  appear  to  be  the  descendants  of  exiled 
Jews,  and  who  are  called  in  the  country  Falachas. 

Dixan,  a  city  in  the  extreme  northern  part,  and  1  outlet  or  inlet  is  made  with  Abyssinia. 


not  far  inland  from  the  Red  sea,  is  well  peopled  and 
commercial.  Genaler,  Temben,  Adet,  Sire,  Wal- 
dubba,  and  some  other  towns,  are  named  as  existing 
in  Lasta. 

Amhara,  or  Gondar,  forms  central  Abyssinia, 
and  is  the  most  important  of  its  subdivisions;  ex- 
tent uncertain.  If  we  take  a  birdseye  view  of  this 
country,  we  behold  the  Lake  Dambea,  or  Dembea, 
near  its  centre,  and  we  see  issuing  from  it,  and 
flowing  southwardly,  the  river  of  Amhara.  This 
stream,  represented  by  Bruce  as  the  real  Nile, 
and  long  so  considered,  issues  as  we  have  stated, 
and  thence,  in  the  form  of  an  immense  semicircle, 
sweeps  round  to  the  northward.  Gondar,  the 
nominal  capital  of  Abyssinia,  stands  near  the 
northeastern  angle  of  Lake  Dambea,  and  by  some 
authors  represented  to  contain  50,000  inhabitants, 
10 


Closing  this  too  general  view  of  a  country  so 
extensive,  and,  in  many  respects,  interesting  as 
that  from  which  the  Nile  derives  its  numerous 
fountains,  we  cannot  but  regret  at  once  its  bar- 
barous condition  and  the  great  imperfection  of  our 
knowledge  of  its  various  subdivisions.  Politieally, 
it  may  be  remarked,  there  are  great  resemblances 
between  the  condition  of  much  of  Europe  for 
many  centuries  after  the  fall  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire and  that  of  Abyssinia  at  the  present  time. 
Magnificent  ruins  attested  in  Europe  and  in  west- 
ern Asia,  as  such  ruins  now  do  at  Axoum  and  other 
places,  the  existence  of  and  destruction  of  former 
grandeur  and  civilization. 

Descending  the  great  slope  of  the  Nile  region 
from  Abyssinia,  extends  an  immense  country, 
vaguely  known  under  the  general  and  complicated 


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i  names  of  Sennaar  and  Nubia.  It  is  something 
curious  that  on  the  map  of  Senex,  engraved  early 
in  the  last  century,  and  on  those  most  recent  of  Af- 
rica, the  political  extent,  relative  positions,  and 
geographical  complications,  in  regard  to  the  Nile 
region,  appear  with  a  resemblance  which  excites 
and  sustains  an  opinion  that  little  has  been  gained 
in  exact  knowledge  of  that  physical  section  during 
the  past  century.  From  the  dim  light  thrown  on 
the  two  countries  of  Abyssinia  and  Sennaar  or 
Nubia,  we  may  regard  them  as  not  only  politi- 
cally but  physically  distinct.  Indeed,  we  are  war- 
ranted in  concluding  that  the  former  permanent 
separation  arises  from  the  strong  prominence  of 
the  latter.  Abyssinia  in  its  widest  extent  is  a 
comparatively  high  table  land,  from  which  fall  rap 
idly  the  three  great  constituents  of  the  Nile.  Sen- 
naar proper,  following  Abyssinia,  is,  from  all  ac- 
counts, from  1,000  to  1,500  or  2,000  feet  de- 
pressed ;  therefore  the  rapid  increase  of  heat  ad- 
vancing northwardly. 

Nubia,  including  Sennaar,  according  to  the  ge- 
ography of  Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot,  is  350 
leagues  in  length  from  south  to  north,  and  200 
wide  from  east  to  west.  This  would  give  a  width 
of  550  and  length  of  about  900  ms.  ;  the  area  ex- 
ceeding 400,000  sq.  ms.  As  naturally  bounded,  it 
stretches  Irom  the  12th  to  the  24th  degree  of  north 
latitude,  and  from  the  Red  sea  to  the  Great  Sa- 
hara. 

Sennaar,  or  upper  Nubia,  occupies  the  space 
over  which  flow  the  two  rivers  of  Amhara  and 
Tigre,  and  westward  to  the  White  river.  On  the 
east  and  nortfi,  limits  uncertain.  This  coun- 
try, it  is  supposed,  is  the  same  assigned  by  the 
ancients  to  the  famous  empire,  or,  as  frequently 
designated,  island  of  Meroe.  Many  writers  of 
both  ancient  and  modern  times  have  considered  it 
as  the  cradle  of  the  civilization,  arts,  and  religious 
and  political  institutions  of  Egypt.  The  traces  of 
a  former  high  state  of  improvement  are  unequivo- 
cal. It  was  invaded  in  1822,  from  Egypt,  and  is 
now  in  some  respects  subject  to  the  Pacha  Me- 
hemet  Ali.  The  kingdom  of  Sennaar  was  found- 
ed in  the  commencement  of  the  16th  century. 
The  capital,  by  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the 
right  or  east  bank  of  the  Bahr-el-Azrak,  or  Blue 
river,  the  middle  Nile,  at  N.  lat.  13°  30'.  It  is  a 
mere  aggregation  of  mud  huts,  covered  with  straw. 

The  country  above  their  junction,  and  between 
the  White  and  Tacazze  rivers,  is  that  named  Hal- 
faya,  or  Chendi,  descending  from  Sennaar  proper. 
It  is  represented  as  tolerably  well  peopled.  The 
capitals  are  of  the  same  name,  and  in  fact  give 
name  to  the  provinces.  Damer,  whose  capital  is 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tacazze,  also  gives 
and  receives  a  name  for  the  adjacent  district. 
Barbar,  or  Berber,  is  marked  on  the  maps  as  a 
district  east  of  the  Nile,  and  below  the  Tacazze, 
and  north  of  the  Nubian  desert. 

Dongolah,  unless  the  maps  since  1712  have 
been  copies  of  each  other,  has  not  materially 
changed.  The  length,  as  given  by  the  French 
geographers,  is  upwards  of  500,  and  breadth  up- 
wards of  400  miles ;  but  the  limits  cannot  be 
otherwise  than  very  vague.  Between  N.  lat.  19° 
22',  the  Nile  makes  an  immense  sweep,  first  west- 
ward, then  northward,  and  finally  eastward,  pass 
ing  through  the  country  called  Dongola,  of  which, 


says  Make  Brun,  "  we  have  little  recent  informa- 
tion." Similar  to  so  many  other  places  in  Asia 
and  Africa,  the  capital  and  country  bear  the  same 
name.  The  town  of  Dongola,  on  the  Nile,  at  about 
19°  30'  N.,  is  comparatively  important.  Ruins 
here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  upper  Nile  region,  prove 
a  state  of  departed  civilization  and  grandeur,  and 
now  contrast  in  a  melancholy  manner  with  present 
barbarism  and  degradation. 

The  greatest  part,  indeed,  of  lower  Nubia,  called 
also  the  country  of  Barabras,  is  inhabited  by  a  true 
nomadic  people,  wandering  from  the  Red  sea  to  the 
interior  Sahara;  but  here  still  existing  monuments 
prove  an  approach  towards  ancient  Egypt.  The 
towns,  or  more  correctly  the  villages,  above  As- 
souan, or  Syene,  are  Deyr,  regarded  as  the  capital, 
and  near  to  which  exists  the  remains  of  a  temple 
cut  from  the  solid  rocks,  and  which  Belzoni  sup- 
posed a  temple  of  Osiris,  and  also  another  temple, 
in  great  part  buried  in  the  sands ;  Ouady-Halfa, 
near  the  cataract  of  the  same  name  ;  Ebsamboul, 
near  which  is  still  to  be  seen  the  remains  of  a 
magnificent  Egyptian  temple;  El-Calebcheh,  com- 
posed of  near  200  houses  constructed  from  stones 
torn  from  ancient  monuments,  the  most  important 
of  which  is  a  temple  which  appears  to  have  been 
erected  to  Serapis,  and  which,  to  judge  by  some 
paintings,  attest  that  it  was  changed  to  a  church 
during  the  early  ages  of  Christianity  ;  and,  finally, 
Ibrim,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile, 
whose  inud-built  and  palm-leaf  covered  house* 
rise  around  the  remains  of  a  mosque,  a  castle  in 
ruins,  and  some  other  antiquities. 

To  the  eastward  of  Dongola,  and  of  the  Ta- 
cazze, or  river  of  Tigre,  extends  a  large  country 
reaching  to  the  mountains  which  border  the  Red 
sea,  which  country,  in  great  part  desert,  is  trav- 
ersed by  nomadic  nations,  amongst  which  the  Bich- 
aryeh  form  several  large  and  warlike  tribes.  One 
of  their  principal  villages  is  Olba,  with  a  port  on 
the  Red  sea.  The  Hadendoa  is  a  tribe  at  once 
pastoral  and  agricultural,  who  inhabit  a  fertile  dis- 
trict called  Belad-el  Taka ;  the  Ahmmadab,  a  nu- 
merous tribe  who  abandon  their  mountains  dur- 
ing the  rainy  season,  to  cultivate  the  banks  of  the 
Tacazze ;  the  Halenquahs,  robbers,  who  pillage 
the  neighboring  tribes,  and  retire  to  the  mountains 
of  Fassala  and  Attnesse ;  the  Hessanyeh,  who 
roam  over  the  country  to  the  northeastward  of  the 
desert  of  Bahiouda  ;  and  also  the  Kababych,  who 
occupy  the  deserts  westward  of  the  Nile.  Com- 
paratively, Suakim,  a  city  and  seaport  on  the  Red 
sea,  and  within  the  Nubian  region,  at  N.  lat.  19° 
20',  is  of  great  importance.  It  is  a  commercial 
depot  on  the  main  caravan  route  from  interior  Nu 
bia,  Sennaar,  and  the  still  more  remole  regions  of 
central  Africa,  and  one  of  the  most  extensive  slave 
markets  between  Africa  and  Asia.  The  town  is 
built  on  a  small  island,  the  port  one  of  the  best 
and  most  frequented  on  the  Red  sea,  and  is  sit- 
uated about  900  miles  SSE.  from  Suez. 

Egypt  follows  Nubia,  passing  the  northern  tro- 
pic and  descending  the  Nile  ;  and  entering  Egypt, 
even  in  thought,  we  feel  as  if  our  feet  trod  on 
ground  cultivated  by  man  from  the  most  remote  an- 
tiquity ;  and  when  we  examine  its  history,  we  find 
in  those  primitive  ages,  as  at  present,  the  coun- 
try divided  into  three  natural  sub-regions — high- 
er, middle,  and  lower— which,  taken  together, 

11 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


has  a  mean  length,  from  south  to  north,  of  500, 
and  breadth,  from  east  to  west,  of  300  ms.  ;  area 
150,000  sq.  ms.  In  the  outlines,  however,  of  this 
space,  so  much  is  desert  that  the  real  cultivable, 
and,  of  course,  habitable  Egypt,  does  not  exceed, 
if  it  amounts  to,  13,000  sq.  ms. 

Before  noticing  the  political  features,  we  may 
take  a  hasty  sketch  of  those  natural  characters  more 
or  less  common  to  the  whole  of  Egypt.  Of  these 
characters,  the  most  important  is  the  river  Nile — 
this  very  remarkable  stream,  formed,  as  we  have 
seen,  by  innumerable  smaller  confluents  in  Abys- 
sinia and  adjacent  countries,  all  of  which  are  unit- 
ed into  one  channel  at  the  influx  of  the  Tacazze. 
Without  including  minute  windings,  but  by  com- 
parative courses,  the  Nile  channel  below  the  mouth 
of  Tacazze  is  in  length  1,200  ins.,  in  which  great 
distance  it  does  not  receive  a  single  confluent  which 
deserves  a  place  on  the  map  of  Africa.  Without 
fountains  or  brooks,  the  Nile  is  the  very  life  artery 
of  Egypt.  If,  by  any  convulsion  or  other  opera- 
tion of  nature  or  art,  the  course  of  the  Nile  within 
the  torrid  zone  was  turned  into  the  Red  sea,  the 
so  justly  interesting  Egypt  would  almost  instantly 
disappear  from  amongst  the  habitable  sections  of 
our  globe.  Watered  and  fructified  by  the  great 
river,  the  aspect  of  the  country  varies  with  its  pe- 
riodical swell  and  depression.  While  winter,  even 
in  southern  Europe,  has  chilled  vegetable  life, 
Nature  smiles  in  all  her  luxuriance  over  Egypt. 
The  verdure  of  the  meadows,  promise  of  abundance 
in  the  fields,  gardens,  and  orchards,  give  an  air  of 
enchantment  to  the  banks  of  the  Nile.  Then 
bloom  the  flowers  of  the  orange,  citron,  and  innu- 
merable others,  perfuming  the  air.  The  busy  hum 
of  human  life,  villages,  and  pastures  covered  with 
flocks  and  herds,  give  life  to  the  scenery.  Egypt, 
though  something  monotonous,  is  then  indeed  one 
immense  garden.  In  the  opposite  season  the  con- 
trast is  complete.  As  the  sun  approaches  the 
northern  tropic,  the  heats  become  excessive,  and 
gradually  Egypt  assumes  a  parched  aspect,  first  of 
mud,  and  then  of  penetrating  dust.  In  the  heaven 
above  the  earth  a  scorching  sun,  and  the  vault  un- 
clouded, with  winds  of  more  or  less  violence,  bear- 
ing the  dust  into  the  closest  dwellings,  the  heat 
and  dust  rendering  travelling  in  the  open  air  at 
once  dangerous  and  painful.  This  season  of  heat 
and  dust  is  followed,  as  the  river  continues  its  rit-e, 
until  the  whole  country  adjacent  to  the  main  chan- 
nel, particularly  in  lower  Egypt,  or  the  delta,  pre- 
sents immense  surfaces  inundated,  and  from  which 
the  clumps  of  trees,  houses,  and  villages,  seem  to 
float.  It  cannot  be  a  subject  of  rational  surprise 
that  different  travellers,  visiting  Egypt  at  different 
seasons,  should  give  contradictory  accounts. 

According  to  Malte  Brun,  "The  rise  of  the 
Nile  commences  with  the  summer  solstice.  The 
river  attains  its  greatest  height  at  the  autumnal 
equinox,  continues  stationary  for  some  days,  then 
diminishes  at  a  less  rapid  rate  than  it  rose.  At  the 
winter  solstice  it  is  very  low,  but  some  water  still 
remains  in  the  large  canals.  At  this  period  the 
lands  are  put  under  culture.  The  soil,  from  the 
previous  flood,  is  covered  with  a  fresh  layer  of  slime 
or  vegetable  mould." 

Descending  from  Nubia,  the  first  Egyptian  town 
reached  is  Assouan,  the  ancienl  Syene,  now  al- 
most in  Vuins  and  thinly  peopled.    It  stands  on 
12 


the  eastern  bank  of  the  river,  on  an  agreeable  site 
and  granitic  soil.  In  the  middle  ages  this  city  was 
still  one  of  the  most  important  of  Africa.  Few  re- 
mains of  its  ancient  monuments  exist;  those  which 
have  resisted  the  ravages  of  time  and  human  bar- 
barism appear  to  be  rather  the  works  of  Greeks  or 
Romans  than  of  Egyptians.  Below  Assouan,  the 
first  town,  now  in  ruins,  which  deserves  notice,  is 
Koum  Ombos.  Though  reduced  to  a  miserable 
village,  it  is  highly  interesting  by  the  ruins  of  two 
temples,  which  enclose  an  immense  area  in  brick. 
The  smallest  of  these  edifices  has  been  subjected  to 
great  degradations  from  the  floods  of  the  Nile.  At 
Edfou,  the  Atbo  of  the  Egyptians,  and  Apollino- 
polis  Magna  of  the  Greeks,  a  large  temple  of  Orus 
yet  so  far  exists  as  to  show  its  massy  corridors  and 
mysterious  passages.  This  place  is  situated  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Nile,  at  N.  lat.  25°.  Fifty 
miles  lower  down  the  river,  and  on  the  same  side, 
we  find  Esneh,  and  in  it  one  of  the  most  perfect 
monuments  of  ancient  Egyptian  architecture;  it  is 
a  portico  sustained  by  24  columns,  and  on  the  ceil- 
ing of  which  is  seen  sculptured  a  zodiac,  which  is 
supposed  to  have  been  formed  2,000  years  before 
that  of  Danderah.  This  once  splendid  edifice  at- 
tests that  the  place,  now  the  residence  of  a  simple 
Arab  Cheykh,  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Latopolis. 
At  no  great  distance  from  Esneh,  the  Cophtsshow 
a  Christian  church  which  they  contend  was  built 
as  early  as  the  reign  of  Dioclesian,  A.  D.  282-306. 

At  N.  lat.  25°  40',  and  on  both  banks  of  the 
Nile,  once  stood  Thebes,  the  capital  of  upper  Egypt. 
The  site  is  yet  attested  by  the  villages  on  the  right 
or  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  of  Luxor,  Karnak,  and 
Medinet-Amoud,  and  on  the  left  or  western  side  by 
Medinet-Abou,  Kourneh,  and  others  of  less  con- 
sequence. We  hazard  nothing  in  saying  that  there 
exists  no  other  known  ruins  of  the  earth  which 
combine  so  much  of  intense  interest  as  do  the  re- 
mains of  Thebes.  Over  a  distance  of  seven  or 
eight  miles  along  both  banks,  and  three  or  four  miles 
on  each  side  from  the  stream,  yet  exist  remains 
of  an  immense  capital  of  a  highly  civilized  nation, 
who  flourished  ages  before  the  hunter  nations  of 
Europe  were  other  than  savages. 

At  about  30  miles  below  the  ruins  of  Thebes, 
and  on  the  western  or  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  once 
stood  Tentyris,  now  Denderah,  a  wretched  village, 
deserving  little  notice  in  itself,  but  commandingdeep 
interest  from  the  traveller  and  geographer,  as  in  its 
environs  are  found  the  remains  of  a  temple  250 
feet  by  170  in  length  and  breadth.  From  one  of 
the  ceilings  of  its  halls  was  taken  the  planisphere 
now  forming  one  of  the  most  splendid  ornaments 
of  the  museum  of  Paris.  About  100  miles  below 
the  ancient  Thebes,  and  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Nile,  stands  Girgeh,  capital  of  the  province,  show- 
ing its  antiquity  by  its  ancient  monuments,  and  at 
present  containing  a  population  of  10,000.  On 
the  eastern  bank,  and  about  15  miles  below  Gir- 
geh, stands  El-Akmin,  supposed  on  the  same  site 
with  the  ancient  Chemnis,  bo  remarkable  for  its 
attributed  extreme  antiquity.  Still  descending  the 
Nile  from  El-Akmin,  about  60  miles,  we  reach 
Siout,  or  Suit,  on  the  western  bank,  and  regarded 
as  the  capital  of  upper  Egypt,  and  is  a  place  of 
meeting  and  passage  of  the  river  by  the  caravans 
from  Nubia,  Soudan,  and  Arabia.  This  place, 
containing  from  10,000  to  12,000  Inhabitants,  may 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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be  called  the  city  of  ruins,  as  from  the  fragments 
of  ancient  edifices  those  of  modern  times  are  in 
greater  or  less  part  built. 

Minyeh,  also  on  the  western  bank,  about  80  miles 
below  Siout,  brings  us  into  middle  Egypt,  or  Vos- 
tani,  and  into  accumulated  evidences  of  an  an- 
cient, powerful,  aud  highly  civilized  people.  Min- 
yeh is,  by  several  authors,  regarded  as  the  an- 
cient Cynopolis.  Unequivocal  monuments  of  mod- 
ern improvement  appear  at  this  city,  and,  amongst 
others,  we  may  notice  a  manufactory  for  spinning 
cotton  with  European  machinery.  Jars  for  filtrat- 
ing the  water  of  the  Nile  are  also  extensively  manu- 
factured here.  This  city,  named  on  some  maps 
Ashmunein,  stands  at  N.  lat.  28°  8'.  About  from 
75  to  80  miles  lower,  following  the  channel,  and 
on  the  western  bank,  stands  Beni-Souef,  or  Beny- 
Soueyf,  a  city  amongst  the  most  commercial,  best 
peopled,  and  most  industrious  of  middle  Egypt. 
It  is,  however,  more  particularly  remarkable,  as 
from  the  Nile  at  this  city  issues  the  canal  which 
leads  into  the  province  of  Faioum,  the  ancient  Ar- 
sinoe.  This  canal,  called  Bahr-Yoosef,  connects 
the  Nile  with  the  ancient  Lake  Moeris,  now  Birket- 
el-Oairoon.  Medinet-el-Fayoum,  or  the  city  of 
Fayoum,  near  which  are  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of 
Crocodilopolis,  after  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus  Arsina?,  is  yet  renowned  for  its  oil  of 
roses,  and  near  it  exist  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
pyramid  and  labyrinth.  Beni-Souef  stands  at  N. 
lat.  29°  12',  and,  following  the  channel  of  the 
river,  about  80  ms.  above  Grand  Cairo. 

In  the  lowest  part  of  lower  Egypt,  and  just  above 
N.  lat.  30°,  commences  the  district  of  El-Haram, 
or  that  of  the  pyramids.  The  limits  between  mid- 
dle and  lower  Egypt  are  strongly  physical.  The 
two  opposing  ranges  of  hills  or  mountains  which 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Tacazze,  at  a  greater  or  less 
distance  from  its  banks,  border  the  Nile,  form  be- 
tween them  what  may  be  called  the  valley  of  that 
river.  From  Syene  to  Cairo  the  river  flows  along 
this  valley,  which  averages  about  eight  miles  broad 
between  the  two  ranges  of  hills  or  mountains,  one 
of  which  separates  the  Nile  region  from  that  of  the 
Red  sea,  and  the  other  stretches  along  the  Sahara, 
and  is  finally  terminated  towards  the  Mediterra- 
nean. Some  travellers  of  credit  state  that  the  Nile 
mountains  are  intersected  by  denies,  on  one  side 
leading  to  the  Red  sea,  and  on  the  other  to  the 
oases  towards  the  Sahara.  It  was  no  doubt  an 
inspection  of  one  or  more  of  these  denies  which 
suggested  to  the  Portuguese  the  project  of  divert- 
ing the  whole  column  of  the  Nile  into  the  Red  sea, 
nor  do  the  general  features  of  the  intermediate 
country  at  all  tend  to  discredit  the  possibility  of 
such  a  work.  If  a  section  of  the  Nile  valley  is 
made  by  a  plane  perpendicular  or  at  right  angles 
to  its  direction,  the  surface  will  be  observed  to  de- 
cline from  the  margins  of  the  river  to  the  bottom  of 
the  hills — a  circumstance  common  with  it,  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  Po,  Borysthenes,  Ganges,  and  several 
other  rivers.  The  Nile  valley  contains  three  very 
different  kinds  of  land ;  that  immediately  at  the 
bottom  of  the  mountains  consists  of  s?nd  and  round 
pebbles-,  with  a  variety,  composed  of  light  drifting 
sand,  covering  ground  probably  at  former  limes  ara- 
ble ;  and  a  third,  the  productive  alluvial  banks  of 
the  river. 

Near  Beni-Souef,  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  already 


much  widened,  particularly  on  the  west,  opening, 
as  already  shown,  a  passage  by  the  Bahr-Yoosef  to 
the  interior  of  Faioum,  contracts  below  :  but  near 
and  above  Cairo,  the  chains  which  limit  the  valley 
of  the  Nile  diverge  on  both  sides ;  the  one  under 
the  uarae  of  Jebbel-al-Nairon,  extends  northwest- 
ward towards  the  Mediterranean  ;  the  other,  call- 
ed Jebbel-al-Attaka,  stretches  in  nearly  an  east- 
ern direction  towards  Suez.  Any  one  who  has 
examined  carefully  the  lower  Mississippi  region 
will  be  inclined  to  regard  what  is  counted  as  moun  - 
tains stretching  along  the  Nile  on  both  sides  as 
merely  buttresses,  or  the  termination  of  table  lands, 
into  which  a  deep  channel  has  been  scooped  by 
abrasion  of  water. 

Let,  however,  the  boundaries  of  high  land  be 
what  they  may,  in  their  front,  and  below  N.  lat. 
30°,  spreads  a  plain  cut  by  the  river  channels,  and 
evidently  composed  of  alluvion  borne  down  by  the 
waters  of  the  Nile,  and  which,  from  a  fancied  re- 
semblance to  the  Greek  letter  of  that  name,  has 
been  called  the  delta.  It  is,  and  has  in  all  histor- 
ical ages  been  designated  lower  Egypt.  The  ex- 
tent is  not  a  very  easy  calculation,  but  does  not 
perhaps  much  exceed  or  fall  short  of  7,000  sq.  ms. 
As  a  section  of  modern  Egypt,  the  delta  is  the 
Bahari,  from  the  now  Bahr,  a  body  of  water. — 
See  article  Egypt. 

We  now  resume  our  general  view.  Entering 
the  Bahari,  descending  the  Nile,  our  attention  is 
arrested  by  those  stupendous  monuments  of  the 
ancient  world,  the  pyramids,  those  majestic  mau- 
solea  in  which  are  buried  net  alone  the  founders, 
but  also  their  names.  They  are  in  number  11, 
ranged  almost  in  a  single  line,  at  a  short  distance 
from  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  and  on  the  road  to 
Gizeh.  Three  of  these  piles  greatly  surpass  the 
others  in  height  and  mass.  See  article  Pyramids. 
At  |  Sakhara,  at  or  near  where  Memphis,  the 
second  great  capital  of  ancient  Egypt,  stood,  is  a 
range  of  pyramids.  Mixed  with  the  pyramids  are 
those  colossal  representations  of  monsters  called 
sphinxes;  which  see,  under  its  proper  head. 

With  the  town  of  Gizeh,  Djizeh,  or  Gize,  or 
Geeza,  we  enter  lower  Egypt,  and  find  ourselves 
surrounded  by  the  admixture  of  the  most  ancient 
and  most  modern  monuments.  The  town  itself 
appears  sad  and  ill  built,  and  presenting  the  palace 
commenced  by  Ismael  Bey,  and  finished  by  Momad 
Bey.  Nearly  opposite  Gizeh,  but  some  little  dis- 
tance lower,  and  about  half  a  mile  from  the  Nile, 
commences  the  most  extensive  city  of  modern 
Egypt,  El-Kahirah,  or  Grand  Cairo,  constructed 
in  A.  D.  970,  or  in  the  360th  year  of  the  Hegira, 
by  the  first  of  the  Fatemite  Kalifs  who  reigned  in 
Egypt,  Al  Mansur.  Grand  Cairo  is,  after  Con- 
stantinople, the  largest  city  of  the  Mahometan 
world,  and  maintains  a  fully  equal,  if  not  superior, 
comparative  rank  by  commercial  importance.  Bou- 
lac,  along  the  Nile,  between  that  river  and  the  city, 
is  at  once  its  port,  and  most  important  suburb. 
Grand  Cairo,  or  the  tower  of  the  Janizaries,  in  that 
city,  stands  at  N.  lat.  30°  2' ;  or,  if  the  city  itself 
is  regarded,  it  stands  on  30°,  and  almost  exactly 
due  W.  from  Suez,  at  the  extreme  northern  bay  of 
the  Red  sea. 

About  10  or  11  ms.  below  Grand  Cairo  flows 
from  each  other  the  two  great  embranchments  of  the 
Nile;  and  we  may  remark  that,  from  all  the  most 

13 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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authentic  testimony  on  the  subject,  this  bifurcation 
has  existed,  not  materially  changed,  for  at  least 
2,500  years.  The  eastern,  or  the  one  which  con- 
tinues the  general  course  of  the  Nile  in  middle 
Egypt,  has  been,  from  the  principal  city  near  its 
mouth,  called  the  channel  of  Damietta,  and  is,  by 
general  or  comparative  courses,  about  100  ms.  in 
length.  The  other,  or  western  branch,  for  similar 
reasons,  has  been  called,  respectively,  the  chan- 
nel of  Rosetta,  or  of  Alexandria. 

Proceeding  by  the  branch  of  Damietta,  and  at 
about  30  ms.  below  Cairo,  on  the  outlet  of  a  for- 
merly navigable  canal,  stands  Meuouf;  and  still 
lower,  and  near  the  centre  of  the  delta,  though  not 
on  either,  but  between  the  two  channels,  is  situ- 
ated Tantah,  or  Demtar,  one  of  the  best  built  and 
peopled  cities  of  lower  Egypt*  Mansqora,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  main  channel,  and  above  an  outlet 
or  canal  leading  into  Lake  Menzaleh,  and  almost 
exactly  on  N.  lat.  31°,  and  a  very  little  N.  of  E. 
from  Cairo.  Few  cities  of  Egypt  have  gained 
more  celebrity  than  Mansoora,  Mansura,  Mansoura, 
or  Mansourah,  for  it  is  written  with  all  this  differ- 
ence of  orthography.  At  about  28  ms.  nearly  due 
E.  from  Mansoora  stands  San,  the  ancient  Sanis, 
now  only  a  fishing  village  near  the  border  of  Lake 
Menzaleh,  whose  huts  are  strangely  contrasted  with 
obelisks  and  other  splendid  ruins.  Following  the 
course  of  the  stream,  and  at  60  ms.  below  Man- 
soora, we  reach  Damietta,  a  city  near  the  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean,  and  the  most  northern  town  of 
any  great  consequence  in  Egypt.  Environed  by 
rice  fields,  and  on  an  almost  dead  plain,  Damietta 
contains,  at  the  lowest  estimate,  20,000  inhabit- 
ants. This  city  was  built  near  the  site  of,  and 
takes  name  from,  the  ancient  Thamiatis,  destroyed 
during  the  crusades. 

If  we  return  to  the  separation  of  the  two  main 
branches  of  the  Nile,  and  descend  that  of  the  W., 
after  passing  numerous  towns  and  villages,  you 
reach,  at  a  distance  of  about  80  ms.,  the  town  of 
Kahmanie,  or  Ramanyeh,  at  the  outlet  of  the  canal 
of  Alexandria ;  and  30  ms.  still  lower,  and  on  or 
near  the  Mediterranean  coast,  the  city  of  Rosetta. 
From  the  bay  of  Aboukir,  the  coast  eastward  is  no 
longer  composed  of  calcareous  rocks,  but  of  the 
alluvions  of  the  Nile.  On  this  alluvion  stands  Ro- 
setta, with  its  15,000  inhabitants,  amid  forests  of 
date  trees,  sycamores,  and  bananiers. 

Though  founded  by  Alexander  of  Macedonia, 
2, 170  years  past,  when  thinking  on  the  history  of 
Egypt,  Alexandria  strikes  the  mind  as  a  modern 
city  ;  but  when  connected  with  Greek,  Roman, 
Sarazin,  and  Turkish  history,  like  Rome  itself,  it 
appears  as  one  of  the  links  of  that  great  chain 
which  unites  distant  ages.  As  it  now  appears, 
Alexandria  shows  its  decadence  by  the  remains 
amongst  which,  and  partially  with  which,  it  is 
constructed.  To  the  southward  of  the  point  of 
land  on  which  this  city  stands,  and  nearly  enclosed 
from  the  sea  by  another  long  tongue  of  sandy 
beach,  but  based  on  rock  stretching  from  the  south- 
west, spreads  the  ancient  Mareotis  lake,  now 
Birket-el-Maritmt. 

At  12  or  13  ms.  northeastward  of  Alexandria, 
stands,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Canopis,  the  vil- 
lage of  Aboukir;  and  near  which  the  coast,  which 
thus  far  from  the  W.  is  generally  based  on  calca- 
reous rock,  now  becomes  alluvial. 
14 


The  enduring  celebrity  of  Egypt,  and  indeed  its 
intrinsic  physical  features,  justify,  in  a  general 
view,  more  than  usual  detail.  Returning  to  Vos- 
tani,  or  middle  Egypt,  and  ascending  the  Nile  as 
high  as  Diospolis  Parva,  or  very  near  N.  lat.  26°, 
we  find  on  most  maps  a  canal  delineated  along  the 
western  side  of  the  Nile  valley,  and  generally  par- 
allel to  that  river,  and  on  some  continued  into  the 
canal  of  Alexandria.  From  what  has  been  already 
observed  in  this  article,  the  reader  learns  that  the 
I  surface  on  both  sides  of  the  Nile  valley,  at  the  foot 
of  the  hills,  is  lower  than  the  river  banks,  or,  in 
other  words,  that  both  sides  from  the  river  to  the 
hills  are  inclined  planes.  The  consequence  of  such 
a  physical  structure  is,  that  when  the  Nile  is  at 
full  or  even  nearly  full  flood,  as  high  as  400  ms. 
above  the  head  of  the  delta,  near  Grand  Cairo, 
the  water  which  flows  from  the  main  stream  over 
its  banks,  particularly  on  the  western  side,  falls 
into  a  natural  recipient  towards  the  hills. 

It  is  a  very  mistaken  idea,  but  a  common  one 
out  of  Egypt,  that  the  Nile  inundations  are  of  uni- 
form or  even  near  uniform  annual  elevation.  "  In 
September,  1818,  M.  Belzoni  witnessed  a  de- 
plorable scene,  from  the  Nile  having  risen  three 
feet  and  a  half  above  the  highest  mark  left  by  the 
former  inundation.  It  was  productive  of  one  of 
the  greatest  calamities  that  had  occurred  in  the 
memory  of  any  one 'living." — Malte  Brun,  vol.  4, 
p.  25.  In  Egypt,  the  people  regard  as  equally  in- 
I  jurious  a  too  low  or  too  high  rise  of  water,  in  their 
!  river ;  and  what  is  remarkable,  if  a  Tery  low  rise 
takes  place  in  any  given  year,  a  corresponding  ex- 
cessive rise  is  looked  for  and  dreaded  as  a  coming 
calamity  the  ensuing  year.  These  injurious  phe- 
nomena had  such  sequence  in  1817  and  1818. 

Another,  and  very  interesting  fact  in  the  physi- 
cal structure  of  the  region  westward  of  the  Nile, 
and  to  the  northward  of  Beni-Souef  and  the  outlet 
to  Faioum,  is  the  existence  of  valleys  now  no 
longer  so,  but.  having  in  position,  direction,  and 
materials  in  their  deposition,  strong  evidence  of 
having  been,  at  some  remote  and  lengthened  period, 
outlets  of  the  Nile.  To  advance  from  S.  to  N., 
and  setting  out  ffom  Beni-Souef,  the  canal  of 
Joseph,  81  ms.  long,  leaving  that  place,  and  lead- 
ing into  the  district  of  Faioum,  has  all  the  appear- 
ance of  having  been  merely  an  outlet  of  the  river, 
artificially  improved,  as  no  doubt  was  also  Lake 
Moeris,  a  natural  basin  replenished  from  the  Nile. 
But  the  valley  of  which  the  district  of  Faioum  is  a 
part  does  not  appear  to  terminate  short  of  the 
Mediterranean.  Speaking  of  those  regions,  Malte 
Brun,  quoting  Andreossy,  observes.  "But  the 
most  curious  country,  undoubtedly,  is  that  which 
is  comprehended  in  the  Bahr  bela-Maiey,  (the 
river  without  water, )  and  the  basin  of  the  Natron 
lakes.  These  two  valleys  are  parallel  to  each 
other.  The  mountain  of  Natron  (range,  of  hills) 
skirts  the  whole  length  of  the  valley  of  that  name. 
That  mountain  contains  none  of  the  rocks  which 
are  found  scattered  about  in  the  valley,  such  as 
quartz,  jasper,  and  petrosilex. 
'  There  are  six  lakes,  forming  a  series,  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  valley.  Their  banks  and  their  wa- 
ters are  covered  with  crystallizations,  both  of  mu- 
riate of  soda,  or  common  salt,  and  of  natron,  or 
carbonate  of  soda. 

The  valley  parallel  to  that  of  Natron  i3  called 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


Bahr-bela-Maiey,  or  "the  dry  river."  Separated 
from  the  valley  of  Natron  by  a  small  range  of 
heights,  it  has,  for  the  most  part,  a  breadth  of  8  ms. 
In  the  sand  with  which  the  surface  is  every  where 
covered,  trunks  of  trees  have  been  found  in  a  state 
of  complete  petrifaction.  The  same  species  of 
stone  is  found  here  as  in  the  valley  of  Natron. 
Some  of  the  learned  have  thought,  with  much 
probability  of  being  correct,  that  the  stories  have 
been  brought  to  the  place  by  a  branch  of  the  Nile 
which  once  passed  in  this  direction."  The  valley 
of  Bahr-bela-Maiey  is  said  to  extend  to,  and  to  be 
continued  in,  that  of  Paioum,  southwardly,  and  to 
the  N.  to  be  only  terminated  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Distance  about  150  ms.  from  Beni-Souef,  into  Lake 
Mareotis. 

Eastward  of  the  lower  part  of  middle  Egypt,  and 
of  the  whole  of  lower  Egypt,  the  Bahari  or  delta, 
traces  of  immense  changes  previous  to  and  within 
the  historical  era  appear  over  the  isthmus  of  Suez, 
spreading  between  the  Bahr  Assuez,  or  western 
arm  of  the  Nile,  and  Mediterranean.  The  isthmus 
now  presents  itself  as  «  low-lying  land,  based  on 
shell,  limestone  rocks,  aad  sand,  covered,  but  in- 
terspersed with  small  lakes  and  saline  marshes. 
The  surface  of  the  isthmus  generally  declines  from 
the  shores  of  the  Red  sea  towards  those  of  the 
Mediterranean.  The  level  of  the  Red  sea  at  Suez 
exceeds  by  a  height  of  30  feet  that  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  plain  slopes  also  from  the  Red  sea 
towards  the  river  Nile  and  delta.  The  level  of  the 
Nile  near  Cairo,  at  the  lowest  stage,  by  a  mean  of 
three  years,  1798,  1799,  and  1800,  was  9  feet  lower 
than  the  surface  of  the  gulf  of  Suez.  But  the  Nile, 
rising  16  cubits,  is  9  feet  higher  than  the  Red  sea 
at  high  water,  and  14  feet  higher  than  the  same 
sea  at  low  water. 

These  elements  show  in  general  terms  the  pecu- 
liar structure  of  Egypt  and  adjacent  parts,  and 
show  also  the  high  probability  that  if  a  civilized 
and  permanent  government  was  formed,  and  its 
benefactions  shed  once  more  over  this  great  region, 
that  nature  itself  has  prepared  the  base  of  works 
which  may  unite  by  navigable  canals  the  Mediter- 
ranean, by  way  of  Egppt,  with  the  Red  sea,  and  by 
canals  of  irrigation  restore  to  cultivation  large  tracts 
of  country  once  productive  but  now  desolate.  It 
may  be  safely  said,  that  an  extensive  survey,  in- 
cluding the  levelling  of  the  Nile  and  its  outlets, 
and  also  the  relations  of  level  of  that  stream  at  ex- 
treme high  and  low  water,  with  the  Red  sea  and 
the  supposed  ancient  outlet  to  the  westward,  would 
be  one  of  the  most  interesting  works  ever  under- 
taken by  man. 

If,  as  a  summary,  we  include  in  the  Nile  region 
all  the  space  between  the  Red  sea  and  northern 
Sahara,  and  between  the  mountains  of  the  Moon 
and  the  Mediterranean,  we  have  a  space  of  1,700 
miles  in  length,  and  differing  in  width  from  800 
on  the  south  to  400  on  the  north,  and  with  an 
area  exceeding  650,000  square  miles.  If  we  al- 
low one-half  as  arable,  and  capable  of  supporting  a 
dense  population  equal  to  the  general  aggregate  of 
southern  Europe,  or  about  150  to  the  square  mile, 
then  ought  the  region  of  the  Nile  to  have  upon  its 
surface  upwards  of  43,000,000  souls. 

Region  of* Atlas. — In  the  outset  of  our  view  of 
this  great  region  of  northern  Africa,  we  may  oh- 
serve,  that  under  the  head  of  Atlas  are  included 


extensive  tracts  west  of  Egypt  and  eastward  of  the 
gulf  of  Cubes,  the  ancient  Syrtes  Minor,  beyond 
those  which  appertain  strictly  to  the  mountain 
system  which  gives  title  to  the  section  under  re- 
view. 

Setting  out  from  the  western  coast,  on  or  about 
N.  lat  30°,  we  find  a  system  of  mountains  rising 
from  the  ocean,  and,  pursuing  it,  discover  its  exten- 
sion to  be  in  a  direction  of  nearly  NE.  by  E., 
terminating  on  or  near  the  Mediterranean  coast,, 
between  Tunis  and  Tripoli.  The  general  length 
of  this  system  is  about  1,300  miles.  With  the 
minute  features  of  Atlas  we  are  but  partially  ac- 
quainted, such  as  its  lateral  chains,  bifurcations, 
height  of  its  peaks,  or  constituent  materials ;  nor 
could  we  in  an  article  necessarily  brief  go  into 
such  details,  had  we  the  documents ;  but,  from 
what  is  actually  known,  Atlas  may  be  ranked 
amongst  the  great  systems  of  our  globe.  In  lati- 
tude it  ranges  between  30°  and  37°  N.  About 
on  the  meridian  of  London,  and  N.  lat.  32°,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Morocco,  many  of  its  peaks  are 
covered  with  perpetual  snow,  demanding  a  height 
of  at  least  12,000  feet.  Still  farther  east,  in  Al- 
geria, the  mountains  are  covered  with  snow  from 
the  latter  end  of  September  to  the  beginning  of 
May ;  and  even  to  the  south  of  Tripoli,  where  the 
general  elevation  appears  to  diminish,  they  are 
snow  covered  three  months  of  the  year. 

Falling  from  this  elevated  region  are  two  slopes, 
drained  by  numerous  but  comparatively  small  riv- 
ers;  one,  declining  about  NNW.,  has  its  eastern 
termination  on  the  Mediterranean  and  western  on 
the  Atlantic  ocean  ;  the  other  and  opposing  slope 
inclines  towards  the  Sahara,  which  is  also  chan- 
nelled by  rivers,  but  their  waters  lost  in  sands  or 
evaporated  by  the  scorching  heats  over  the  des- 
erts. The  mean  width  of  this  northwestern  sec- 
tion of  Africa  is  about  250  ms.,  and  mean  length, 
in  N.  lat.  32°  30',  very  near  1,200  ms. ;  area, 
300,000  sq.  ms.  Of  this  extent,  according  to  all 
concurrent  testimony,  ancient  and  modern,  at  least 
two-thirds  is  equal  if  not  superior  to  any  similar 
continuous  tract  of  southern  Europe,  and  is  fully 
capable,  and  perhaps  in  ancient  times  did  sup- 
port a  population  of  between  40,000,000  and 
50,000,000  of  inhabitants.  It  is  productive  gen- 
erally, and  part  exuberantly,  of  the  grains  and 
fruits  usually  cultivated  in  Greece,  Italy,  and 
Spain  ;  and  also  produces  many  useful  vegetables 
not  at  all  or  with  difficulty  cultivated  in  southern 
Europe. 

In  regard  to  climate,  there  must  be  a  much 
more  marked  difference  and  rapid  transition  be- 
tween the  opposing  Atlas  slopes  than  could  arise 
from  difference  of  latitude ;  but  if  our  knowledge 
of  the  northern  slope  is  defective,  that  of  the 
southern  is  greatly  more  so ;  on  both,  human  bar- 
barism operates  as  a  blast  on  nature.  It  is  inhab- 
ited by  Moors,  Arabs,  Berbers,  and  an  intermix- 
ture of  Jews  and  Negroe3,  all  with  very  distinctive 
physical  and  moral  characters.  The  Moors  are 
supposed  to  be  a  mixed  people,  descended  from  the 
ancient  Mauritaneans,  Numidians,  Phoenicians, 
Romans,  and  Arabians.  The  nomade  Aabs  are 
distinguished  from  the  other  inhabitants  of  Bar- 
bary  by  a  more  masculine  physiognomy,  more 
lively  eyes,  and  almost  olive  complexions.  The 
Berbers,  who  are  totally  distinct  from  the  Arabs 

15 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


and  Moors,  are  probably  descended  from  the  an- 
cient Getula).  Their  complexion',  mixed  red  and 
black  ;  their  forms  tall  and  handsome,  spare  habits 
and  lean  body.  They  are  subdivided  into  four  na- 
tions. The  Amazirgh,  or,  as  called  by  the  Moors, 
Shilla,  or  Shulla,  in  the  mountains  of  Morocco ; 
the  Cabyls,  in  the  mountains  of  Algiers  and  Tu- 
nis ;  the  Tibboos,  between  Fezzan  and  Egypt; 
and,  fourth,  the  Tuariks,  in  the  great  desert. 
Their  identity  of  language  is  shown  by  their  origi- 
nal roots. 

The  other  nations,  such  as  Jews,  Negroes, 
Turks,  &c,  rather  reside  amongst  than  form  any 
considerable  part  of  the  population  of  northern 
Africa.  Spain  has  long  held  some  towns  on  the 
coast,  and  France  is  now  contending  for  the  mas- 
tery of  the  whole  country,  but  as  yet  the  great  in- 
terior surface  to  the  Sahara  is  possessed  by  the  dif- 
ferent Mahometan  tribes  or  nations. 

East  of  Barbary  and  west  of  Egypt,  having  the 
Mediterranean  north  and  the  Sahara  south,  ex- 
tends a  country  of  rather  contracted  breadth,  but 
with  a  length  of  about  1,000  miles  from  east  to 
west.  Advancing  from  Egypt,  we  first  enter  Bar- 
ca,  the  ancient  Lybia,  Marmarica,  and  Cvrenaica. 
Similar  to  all  northern  Africa,  Barca  presents  the 
contrast  of  ancient  magnificent  ruins  and  modern 
barbarism.  Except  a  narrow  and  irregular  strip 
along  the  Mediterranean  coast,  Barca  is  a  desert, 
affording  no  stream  worthy  of  notice.  In  it  and 
on  its  northern  extremity,  600  ms.  following  the 
coast  westward  of  Alexandria,  stands  the  wretched 
village  of  Carin,  marking  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Cyrene,  once  the  capital  of  a  flourishing  Greek 
colony,  and  where  were  born  Eratosthenes,  Aris- 
tippus,  and  Callimachus.  It  is  still  the  principal 
town  on  the  coast  between  Egypt  and  the  gulf  of 
Sidra,  the  ancient  Syrtes  Major.  This  gulf  pro- 
trudes a  bay  to  very  nearly  N.  lat.  30°,  and  to 
where  the  deserts  skirt  the  coast. 

A  distance  of  about  300  ms.  separales  the  gulf  of 
Sydra,  Syrtes  Major,  from  the  gulf  of  Cabes,  the  les- 
ser Syrtes,  and  this  stretch  of  coast,  the  ancient 
Syrtica,  now  the  State  of  Tripoli,  lying  between 
N.  lat.  30°  and  34°,  is  said  to  be  inhabited  by  a 
people  much  more  advanced  in  civilization  than 
are  any  other  of  northern  Africa  west  of  Egypt. 
Tripoli,  the  capital,  at  N.  lat.  32°  40',  is  sup- 
posed to  stand  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sabarta, 
and,  with  a  population  of  25,000  souls,  is  still  a 
place  of  great  commercial  importance  and  an  en- 
trepot between  the  interior  and  coast.  To  the 
south  of  Tripoli  the  face  of  the  country  does  not 
become  rapidly  a  desert.  In  that  direction  ex- 
tends an  immense  country,  tributary  to  the  Bey 
of  Tunis,  though  under  the  government  of  an  in- 
dependent chief  or  sultan.  It  appears  from  recent 
information  that  a  chain  of  mountains  stretches 
westward,  with  a  mean  latitude  of  29°  from  the 
Natron  lakes  of  Egypt,  and  taking  successively  ; 
the  names  of  Mokarra  and  Gulsdoba,  with  an  as- 
pect naked  and  precipitous,  and  calcareous  in  their 
element.  Leaving  Egypt,  and  proceeding  west- 
ward along  these  mountains,  we  first  arrive  at  the 
oasis  of  Siwah,  the  Ammon  of  the  ancients. 
The  ruins  of  Oummibida  seem  to  belong  to  a  forti- 
fied caravansera,  connected  with  the  temple  of  Ju- 
piter Ammon.  The  materials  of  the  ruins  consist 
of  a  limestone  brought  from  the  adjacent  moun- 
16 


tains,  and  contain  petrified  shells  and  other  ma- 
rine remains.  The  so  very  celebrated  temple  of 
Jupiter  Ammon  on  the  oasis  of  Siwah,  as  laid 
down  on  our  modern  maps,  stood  at  about  N.  lat. 
29°,  and  something  above  300  ms.  a  little  south 
of  west  from  Grand  Cairo. 

From  Siwah  to  Audjelah,  250  ms.,  the  moun- 
tains rise  in  peaks  from  the  midst  of  the  plain. 
The  naked  rocks  are  not  covered  with  a  particle  of 
soil,  or  even  with  sand.  Abundance  of  water, 
both  fresh  and  salt,  is  found,  the  fresh  water 
springs  being  mostly  warm.  The  oasis  of  Audje- 
lah, the  A  ugila  of  Herodotus,  contains  three  towns, 
ruled  by  a  bey  tributary  to  the  Bey  of  Tunis. 
Audjelah  lies  southward  from  Barca,  and  nearly 
on  N.  lat.  30°,  and  there  appears  to  terminate  the 
long  chain  of  mountains  bounding  the  desert  of 
Barca  on  the  south  ;  but  we  may  doubt  whether 
this  termination  is  other  than  a  mere  depression  or 
wide  gap,  as,  after  some  intervening  sandy  desert, 
mountains  rise,  and  along  about  the  mean  latitude 
of  27°  spreads  the  very  hilly  desert  of  Haroodjeh, 
or  Harutch,  probably  the  Mons-ates  of  Pliny.  It 
commences  nearly  south,  of  the  gulf  of  Sidra, 
and  is  prolonged  north  of  Fezzan,  and  separates 
that  country  from  Tripoli.  The  Haroodjeh  moun- 
tains present  a  volcanic  appearance,  and  an  as- 
pect wild  and  desolate.  The  broken  masses, 
mostly  bare  and  steril,  and  composed  of  black  ba- 
salt, though  the  basaltic  ranges  in  several  places 
alternate  with  others  of  limestone. 

To  the  southward  of  the  Haroodjeh  mountains, 
and  on  about  lat.  30°,  we  enter  from  Tripoli  the 
extensive  but  very  vaguely  limited  Fezzan,  which, 
according  to  the  French  geographers,  has  an  ex- 
tent north  and  south  of  about  500  ms.,  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  250,  or  an  area  of  137,500  ms. 
Such  an  extent  must,  however,  include  large  des- 
ert spaces.  The  soil  is,  like  that  of  the  great 
desert,  a  fine  and  reddish  sand,  covering  an  argll- 
lacous  or  calcareous  base.  The  really  cultiva- 
ble and  of  course  habitable  oases,  if  taken  in  the 
aggregate,  may  amount  to  about  45,000  sq.  ms. 
But,  thus  restricted,  the  population  is  not  in  any 
due  proportion  to  the  arable  surface,  as  at  the 
highest  estimate  the  inhabitants  are  given  at  about 
150,000.  Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  stands 
at  N.  lat.  27°  30/,  and  380  ms.  a  little  east  of 
south  from  Tripoli.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  in- 
terior entrepots  of  northern  Africa,  as  it  is  situated 
on  the  principal  caravan  route  from  Tunis  and 
Tripoli,  into  Soudan,  or  the  central  parts  of  that 
continent.  In  Fezzan  springs  are  numerous,  and 
yet,  unlike  the  region  of  Atias,  there  are  no  run- 
ning streams  worthy  of  notice.  Water  is  found 
in  abundance  at  a  moderate  depth  under  ground. 
Rains  are  scanty  and  infrequent.  Climate  exces- 
sively warm  in  summer,  but  in  winter  cold  and 
chilly,  from  the  very  frequent  and  strong  north- 
western winds.  Figs,  pomegranates,  and  lem- 
mons,  are  plentiful,  but  dates  form  the  staple  com- 
modity of  the  country.  '  Maize  and  barley  are 
cultivated.  The  country  abounds  in  pulse  and 
other  culinary  vegetables.  It  is  probable  tjiat  Fez- 
zan, like  most  other  African  countries,  suffers 
more  from  human  barbarism  than  from  the  asperi- 
ties of  its  soil  or  climate. 

The  State  of  Tripoli,  properly  so  called,  extends 
from  the  Great  to  the  Little  Syrtis,  or  from  the 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


gulf  of  Sidra  to  that  of  Gabes,  having  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  north  and  on  the  south,  separated 
from  Fezzan  !>y  the  mountains  of  Haroodjeh.  Trip- 
oli proper  is  a  long  narrow  slip,  600  ms.  along 
the  Mediterranean,  and  with  a  mean  width  of  not 
more  than  100  inland  ;  area  0,000  sq.  ms.  Trip- 
oli, the  capital,  stands  on  the  Mediterranean,  at  N. 
lat.  32°  40',  about  450  ms.,  following  the  interven- 
ing curve  of  the  coast,  SSE.  from  Tunis,  and  1,200 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Grand  Cairo.  There 
are,  indeed,  extensive  territories  more  or  less  de- 
pendent on  Tripoli ;  but  sterility  of  soil  and  bar- 
barism of  the  people  render  most  of  the  surface 
desolate.    The  best  parts  are  thinly  populated. 

Northwestward  of  the  State  of  Tripoli  extends 
that  of  Tunis.  With  the  gulf  of  Gabes  (he  Med- 
iterranean coast  turns  to  a  general  northern  course, 
in  a  direct  distance  of  200  ms.  to  Cape  Blanco. 
Along  this  coast,  and  inland  to  the  eastern  bound 
ary  of  Algeria,  extends  the  State  of  Tunis,  which, 
however,  also  protrudes  westward  of  Tripoli  to  the 
great  Sahara,  having  an  entire  length  of  500  ms., 
with  a  mean  breadth  inland  of  150  ms.  ;  area 
7,500  ms.  This  is  the  most  contracted  but  best 
peopled  State  nf  Barbary,  the  best  cultivated  and 
most  commercial.  It  is  the  original  Africa,  and 
the  country  which  gave  the  modern  name  to  the 
whole  continent,  and  was  the  ancient  centre  of 
Carthaginian  power.  The  sovereign  of  the  coun 
try  t^kes  the  title  of  bey. 

Tunis  the  capital,  stands  on  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Carthage,  at  N.  lat.  36°  40',  and  about  500 
ms.  eastward  of  Algiers.  The  surface  of  this 
Slate  belongs  properly  to  the  region  of  Atlas,  ol 
which  it  is  the  eastern  part,  and  in  it  terminates 
the  main  spine  of  the  system  of  Atlas  mountains. 
Differing  nearly  9°  of  lat.  from  the  extreme  north- 
ern part  to  the  Sahara,  the  climate  of  Tunis  is  va- 
ried from  relative  equatorial  distance,  and  again  by 
relative  height,  as  spurs  anil  tabie  lands  of  Atlas 
extend  to  near  the  Mediterranean.  With  snow- 
capped mountains  to  the  west,  the  sea  north  and 
east,  and  the  vast  Sahara  south,  the  atmosphere 
must  be  subject  to  excessive  and  rapid  changes. 
The  southern  part  is  sandy  and  barren.  The 
country  along  the  sea  coist  sustains  a  numerous 
population  ;  rich  in  olives  and  other  fruits,  grains, 
and  garden  vegetables.  The  western  part  is  full 
of  mountains  and  hills,  watered  by  numerous  riv- 
ulets, with  highly  fertile  banks,  yielding  the  most 
abundant  crops.  From  the  great  descent  of  the 
country  from  the  interior,  even  the  largest  river, 
the  iVlejerda,  is  not  navigable.  Tunis,  the  capital, 
holds  a  high  rank  amongst  African  cities,  and  by 
some  travellers  is  supposed  to  contain  100,000  in- 
habitants; and  if  so,  it  is,  next  to  Grand  Cairo, 
the  largest  Af  ican  city. 

To  the  westward  of  Tunis  extends  what  was 
formerly  called  the  State  of  Algiers,  but  since  its  cap- 
ital and  part  of  the  territory  has  been  taken  posses 
sion  of  by  France,  it  has  received  the  title  of  A I 
geria.  Having  Tunis  east,  the  Mediterranean  north, 
the  empire  of  Morocco  on  the  west,  and  the  Sahara 
south,  if  taktfn  in  its  greatest  extent,  Algeria  has 
a  length  of  600  miles  along  the  Mediterranean, 
with  a  mean  width  of  at  least  350  inland  ;  or  an 
area  of  210,000  sq.  ms.,  exceeding  rather  that  of 
France.  The  boundaries  are,  however,  vague,  as 
are  the  particular  features  of  its  geography.  The 
3* 


Atlas  mountains  pass  through  and  have  their 
highest  peaks  in  Algeria,  the  rivers  flowing  rap- 
idly down  the  opposing  slopes.  Though  we  are 
unable  to  give  minute  knowledge  of  this  country, 
we  may,  from  analogy,  regard  it  as  subject  to 
very  considerable  extremes  of  climate.  This  was 
in  remote  antiquity  the  Gsetulia,  and  under  the 
Carthaginians  and  Romans  the  Numidia  and 
Mauretania  Canadensis.  In  a  country  of  such 
extent  and  diversity  of  local  features  and  exposure, 
great  extremes  of  soil  and  temperature  must  exist; 
but  we  may  remark,  as  a  most  striking  instance  of 
the  slowness  of  development  of  the  topography  of 
Africa,  that  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  Atlas  region 
is  defectively  known  ;  that  the  Mediterranean  slope 
is  still  more  so;  and  that  the  slope  towards  the 
Sahara  may  be  regarded  as  a  terra  incognita. 
Before  me  now  lie  Senex's  ecclesiastical  map  of 
northern  Africa — London,  1712;  Arrowsmiih's 
large  map  of  the  same  region  ;  the  map  of  Africa 
attending  the  geography  of  Larenaudiere,  Balbi, 
and  Hunt — Paris,  1830;  and  Tanner's  maps  of 
Africa;  and,  from  comparison,  cannot  perceive 
that  any  very  serious  addition  had  been  made  to 
the  geography  of  the  Atlas  region  in  the  120  years 
previous  to  the  French  invasion.  Even  under  the 
Romans,  the  southern  slopes  of  the  African  moun- 
tains, from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  western  bor- 
ders of  Egypt,  were  never  probably  distinctly  or 
even  tolerably  well  explored.  We  may  therefore 
say  that  on  a  zone  of  2,500  ms.,  along  the  north- 
ern border  of  the  great  Sahara,  having  N.  lat.  30° 
as  its  mean  centre  line,  though  to  a  greater  or 
less  decree  habitable,  and  from  time  immemori- 
al inhabited,  the  sun  of  civilization  has  never 
shone  upon  it-  surface.  Its  inhabitants  were  the 
barbarous  GaBtulise  of  antiquity,  and  their  pos- 
terity, probably  never  displaced,  are  now  barbari- 
ans. The  strip  or  zone  we  are  now  surveying, 
advancing  from  the  Atlantic  ocean,  includes  Dara, 
Tafilet,  Sedgelmessa,  Tegorarin,  Zab,  Guargala, 
the  country  of  Tester,  Gadamis,  Fezzan,  Audje- 
lah,  and  Siwah.  The  term  Belad  el-Djerid,  or, 
as  commonly  written,  Bilcdulgerid,  means  "the 
country  of  dates,-'"  and  though  so  often  used 
by  European  geographers,  f<  there  is  in  reality," 
says  Malle  Brun,  "no  such  geographical  divis- 
ion." In  this  conclusion  that  author  could  not 
have  been  altogether  correct,  nor  when  he  ob- 
serve-, "the  country  of  Toster,  which  belongs 
to  Tunis,  and  to  which  Shaw  and  others  have 
given  the  special  name  of  Belad  el  Djerid."  The 
southern  part  of  Tunis,  on  Senex's  map,  1712,  is 
thus  designated:  "Biledulgerid,  or  country  of 
dates,"  and  its  capital  named  Tous-era.  The 
term  was  no  doubt  made  local  long  before  Shaw 
visited  Africa.  It  may  again  be  repeated,  that, 
with  some  diversity  of  orthography,  the  principal 
names  of  provinces  and  towns  marked  on  the  mod- 
ern maps  of  northern  Africa  are  also  on  the  map 
of  Senex,  and  their  relative  positions  the  same,  or 
nearly  so,  on  the  old  and  new  maps. — See,  more 
particularly,  Algiers,  under  its  proper  head. 

The  empire  of  Morocco  follows  Algeria  to  the 
westward,  and  derives  its  modern  name  from  Mau- 
retania, its  ancient  appellative.  Modern  Morocco 
is  perhaps  nearly  commensurate  with  the  Roman 
province  of  Mauretania  Tingitana.  The  bounda- 
ries are  natural,  except  in  common  with  Algeria, 

17 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


on  the  east,  about  350  ms.  from  the  Mediterra 
rean,  to  the  great  desert ;  it  is  bordered  by  the  des- 
ert on  its  southern  side  800  ms. ;  skirted  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean  from  Cape  Nun,  about  700  ms., 
to  the  straits  of  Gibraltar;  and  thence,  by  the 
Mediterranean,  250  ms.,  to  the  bay  of  Oran. 
From  the  northeast  to  southwest,  the  length  of  Mo- 
rocco is  about  1,000  ms.  The  surface  is  about 
equal  to  a  square  of  400  ms.  each  side,  or  an  area 
of  160,000  sq.  ms.  Similar  to  Algeria,  it  is  di- 
vided into  two  not  very  unequal  parts  by  the  sys- 
tem of  Atlas  mountains,  traversing  it  from  south- 
west to  northeast,  and  rising  within  it  to  summits 
covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  empire  of  Mo- 
rocco is  divided  into  five  provinces — Draha  and 
Tafilet,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Atlas,  towards 
the  Sahara;  Susa,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  At- 
las; and  Fez,  and  the  proper  Morocco,  towards  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  These  provincial  subdivisions  are, 
perhaps,  very  vague  in  themselves,  and  too  little 
of  their  extent  or  features  known  to  us  to  admit 
particular  notice;  what  is  known  and  necessary  to 
state  will  be  found  under  the  proper  head. 

When  we  become  acquainted  with  the  very 
great  difficulties  which  have  to  be  encountered  and 
overcome  in  any  successful  attempt  to  form  cor- 
rect population  tables  of  the  most  civilized  nations, 
and  who  are  under  the  most  regular  and  best  or- 
ganized Governments,  we  may  well  regard  as  ut- 
terly impracticable  the  formation  of  accurate  tabu- 
lar views  of  barbarous  tribes,  who  have  rarely,  and 
gome  never  have,  been  even  visited  by  enlightened 
travellers.  The  following  table  has  been  made  up 
from  those  of  M.  Balbi,  who  we  may  regard  as 
the  best  authority  on  the  subjects  of  which  it  is  a 
summary. 


Summary  table  of  the  population  of  northern 
Africa,  with  the  relative  extent  of  political  sub- 
divisions. 


Political  section. 

Sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Pop.  to  sq.  m. 

Abyssinia 
Sennaar  and  Nubia 
Egypt  - 
Tripoli  - 
Tunis  - 
Algeria  - 
Morocco 

Amount 

320,000 
400,1:00 
150,000 
269,000 
53,000 
210,000 
160,000 

3,200,000 
2,1.00,000 
2,500,000 
660,000 
1.800,000 
1,5011,000 
5,000,000 

10 

5 
16 

3 
34 

31 

1,562,0J0 

16.660,000 

10 

Allowing  for  the  portions  of  desert  included  in 
this  table,  and  supposing  a  deduction  of  one-third, 
then  wc  would  have  about  1,000,000  of  sq.  ms. 
as  the  habitable  northern  Africa,  and  on  it  a  distrib- 
utive pop.  of  near  17  to  the  sq.  m. — not,  it  is 
probable,  far  from  reality. 

In  closing  our  general  view  of  northern  Africa, 
we  may  observe,  that  from  inspection  of  numerous 
maps,  and  collating  different  accounts,  a  moun- 
tainous zone,  more  or  less  broken  or  ramified, 
extends  from  the  basin  of  the  Nile  to  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  along  the  Mediterranean  border,  and  through 
40°  of  longitude  on  the  mean  latitude  of  30°.  This 
immense  irregular  belt  admits  a  nearly  continuous, 
but,  except  between  the  lesser  Syrtes,  or  gulf  of 
Cabes,  and  the  Atlantic  ocean,  a  not  very  dense  or 
widely  extended  pop.  In  fact,  all  that  part  corn- 
18 


prising  western  Tripoli,  all  Tunis,  Algeria,  and 
Morocco,  may  be  regarded  as  an  island,  and  in- 
deed, except  being  on  three  sides  bounded  by 
water,  and  being  more  extensive,  it  differs  in  no 
other  essential  circumstance  from  the  smaller  oases 
which  border  and  checker  the  Sahara.  If  we  join 
the  northern  zone,  by  the  link  of  Egypt,  to  the 
Nile  region,  we  find  the  great  desert  bordered  from 
the  mountains  of  the  Moon  by  a  habitable  but 
very  irregular  zone,  exceeding  in  length  5,000  ms. 

The  Sahara,  or  Zahara,  "great  desert,"  the 
most  extensive  continuous  surface  of  the  earth, 
either  tropical,  temperate,  or  polar,  which,  bereft 
of  water  or  productive  soil,  forbids  the  existence  of 
organic  life.  With  the  exception  of  oases  of  no 
extent  which  seriously  encroach  on  this  ocean  of 
sand  and  rock,  it  has  Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Abys- 
sinia on  the  E.  ;  Tripoli,  Tunis,  Algeria,  and  Mo- 
rocco, on  the  N.  ;  the  Atlantic  ocean  W.  ;  and  the 
immense  Soudan,  Negroland,  or  central  Africa,  W. 
The  northern  tropic  is  not  very  distant  from  its 
middle  line,  and  along  which  it  extends  through 
45°  of  Ion.,  or  2,800  ms.  The  width  varies,  but 
the  whole  approaches  the  elliptic  form,  the  greatest 
breadth  about  1,000  ms.,  nearly  on  the  meridian 
of  London.  The  area  exceeds  2,200,000  sq.  ms.  ; 
of  which,  from  all  we  know  of  its  asperities,  it 
would  be  exaggeration  to  allow  as  habitable  the 
one-thousandth  part.  Greatly  more  difficult  to  pass 
than  an  ocean  of  water  of  equal  extent,  there  ex- 
ists no  doubt  a  far  greater  population  on  the  bosom 
of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  an  equal  surface,  than 
on  the  north  Sahara  of  Africa. 

We  may  therefore  regard  the  Sahara  as  a  region 
presenting  peculiar  features.  It  is  a  vast  table  land, 
slightly  raised  above  the  oceanic  level,  covered  with 
moving  sand,  and  surface  broken  by  some  rocky 
hills,  and  some  valleys,  in  which  a  scanty  moisture 
sustains  a  few  thorny  shrubs,  reeds,  and  grass. 
Towards  the  Atlantic  ocean  some  scattered  moun- 
tain peaks  rise  ;  and  on  this  coast  the  deserts  reach 
the  ocean  from  lat.  19°  to  28°  N.,  and  following 
the  coast  at  least  600  ms.  Tn  the  interior  the 
dreary  plains  are  frequently  found  covered  with 
white  and  sharp  rocks.  Waves  of  moving  sand 
are  agitated  by  violent  winds,  and  have  the  heaving, 
but  much  more  terrific  aspect  of  an  ocean  in  a 
storm.  At  Tagazza,  and  in  some  other  places,  is 
found  salt  gem  whiter  than  the  most  beautiful 
marble,  and  lying  in  vast  strata  under  beds  of  ar- 
gillaceous earth  or  gypsum.  During  the  greatest 
part  of  the  year,  the  dry  and  heated  air  presents  in 
these  deserts  the  aspect  of  a  reddish  vapor,  and 
towards  the  horizon  assuming  the  appearance  of 
several  volcanoes.  The  partial  showers  which  fall 
from  July  to  October  do  not  extend  their  uncertain 
benefactions  to  every  part  of  this  expanded  desert. 
Where  scanty  vegetation  does  exist,  it  is  composed 
of  an  aromatic  herb  similar  to  thyme,  acacias,  and 
other  thorny  shrubs,  with  nettles  and  briars.  At 
distant  and  scattered  places  are  seen  clumps  of  date 
trees  and  other  palms.  'J  he  forests  of  trees  which 
supply  the  gum  resin,  and  which  skirt  the  border, 
of  the  desert,  appear  to  be  colonies  from  the  vege- 
getable  kingdom  of  Senegambia.  Some  monkeys 
and  gazflles  exist  on  this  scanty  herbage.  In  nu- 
merous flocks  or  troops,  the  ostrich  is  seen  along 
this  border,  between  .sand  and  vegetation.  Lions, 
and  other  feline  animals,  serpents,  often  of  most 


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enormous  volume,  add  to  the  horrors  of  these  dis- 
mal and  frightful  solitudes.  The  riven,  vulture, 
and  other  carrion  animals,  hirds  and  beasts,  dispute 
over  dead  carcasses,  and  the  howl  of  the  wolf  and 
Moorish  dog  mingle  with  the  screams  of  the  pan- 
ther, breaking  the  awful  stillness  of  those  intenni- 
able  wastes.  Here,  as  on  so  much  of  Africa  and 
Asia,  the  camel  is  the  true  ship  of  the  desert.  That 
animal,  of  all  quadrupeds,  can  exist  longest  without 
water  whilst  exposed  to  excessive  heat  and  fatigue  ; 
and  the  goat,  in  some  measure  a  kindred  animal, 
forms  the  flocks  of  the  roaming  inhabitants  along 
the  desert  border  or  on  the  distant  oasis. 

On  the  Sahara,  the  wandering  inhabitant  on  the 
borders,  the  few  sedentary  tribes  on  the  limited  and 
scattered  oases,  and  the  caravan  toiling  through 
interminable  seas  of  sand,  all  tend  to  render  those 
regions  in  fancy  still  more  immense  than  they  are 
in  reality.  The  habitable  valleys,  or  the  dispersed 
oases,  are  peopled  by  nomades,  more  or  less  fe- 
rocious, but  all  independent.  The  Moors  occupy 
the  Atlantic  coast — cruel  when  they  have  the 
power,  faithless  and  disregardful  of  any  sentiment 
of  humanity.  Their  reddish  copper  tint,  in  many 
reddish  black,  and  their  wild  and  fierce  expression 
of  countenance,  render  their  aspect  truly  terrible. 
Mixed  with  the  other  tribes,  the  Moors  are  found 
from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  Nile  ;  but  towards  the 
ocean  inhabit  Moosselermis,  or  Monselmines,  from 
Cape  Nun  to  Cape  Juby  ;  southward  of  them  are  the 
Mongcarts.  The  Wadelims  and  Labdasebas  reside, 
to  the  terror  of  shipwrecked  mariners,  about  Cape 
Blanco.  The  Travzachs  are  the  most  southern  of 
those  ferocious  tribes  who  reside  near  the  ocean. 

Receding  from  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  E.  of  the 
Travzachs,  appear  the  Braknas,  or  Ebraknas,  di- 
vided into  numerous  tribes  independent  of  each 
other,  though  all  under  a  nominal  chief.  Their 
country  lies  to  the  northeast  of  the  French  settle- 
ments of  Senegal,  and  with  their  chief  the  French 
Governor  of  Senegal  traffics  for  the  gum  collected 
by  the  tribes.  Robbers,  and  less  known  nomades, 
under  different  barbarous  names,  as  Oulad-Leme, 
Lebos  or  Labos,  and  Ouactlins  or  Woled-Beleirn, 
with  others,  inhabit  the  oases  towards  Morocco. 
Three  Moorish  tribes  inhabit  separate  oases. 
Hoden,  imperfectly  known,  but  placed  on  the  maps 
at  about  N.  lat.  19°  W,  and  400  ms.  to  the  north- 
eastward of  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal ;  it  is  the 
Guaden  of  the  map  of  Senex.  El-Arouan,  with  a 
small  town,  represented  to  stand  very  near  the  me- 
ridian of  London,  and  upwards  of  700  ms.  east- 
ward from  Hoden.  Tandeyni  is  important  for  its 
salt  mines. 

But  the  two  most  numerous  and  wide-spread 
people  of  the  Sahara  are  the  Tuaricks  and  Tib- 
boos.  The  comparatively  numerous  and  warlike 
Tuaricks,  divided  into  several  independent  tribes, 
occupy  all  the  middle  part  of  the  Sahara,  from  the 
limits  of  the  country  inhabited  by  the  Berbers  of 
Morocco,  Algeria,  and  Tunis,  and  by  the  Arabs  of 
Tripoli,  over  the  wide  space  thence  to  Tombuctoo 
and  Bornou,  N.  and  S.,  and  from  W.  to  E.  from 
the  confines  of  the  western  Moors  to  the  country  of 
the  Tibboos.  From  ages  perhaps  long  preceding, 
but  certainly  from  the  times  of  the  Carthaginians 
and  Romans  to  the  present,  it  was  the  Tuaricks 
who  were  the  conductors  of  caravans  and  commer- 
cial factors  between  the  northern  and  central  re- 


gions of  Africa.  We  may  name  the  principal 
oases  which  they  occupy.  Grahaat,  laid  down  by 
the  French  geographers  at  N.  lat.  25°,  and  about 
600  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Tripoli,  and  1,000 
ms.  northeastward  of  Tombuctoo.  Ahir  contains 
Aeoudi,  a  commercial  city,  and  Agades,  inhabited 
by  Kollavis.  The  city  of  Agades  is  said  to  be 
little  if  any  less  than  Tripoli,  and  to  be  one  of  the 
most  extensive  entrepots  of  the  Sahara.  On  the 
French  map  Agades  is  laid  down  at  N.  lat.  1 6°  4  0', 
and  on  Ion.  7°  E.  of  Paris,  or  9°  20'  E.  of  London, 
and  about  800  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Tombuctoo. 
On  the  map  of  Senex,  Agdes,  or  Agades,  is  laid 
down  at  N.  lat.  19°  30',  and  on  Ion.  4°  E.  of 
London.  On  the  latter  map,  the  kingdom  of  Agdes, 
or  Agades,  is  made  to  extend  along  about  7°  E.  of 
London  to  an  internal  lake  called  Guarde,  evidently 
Lake  Tchad,  of  supposed  recent  discovery.  The 
geographical  positions  on  our  recent  maps  represent 
this  inland  lake  or  sea  more  easterly  than  on 
Senex's  map,  but  the  relative  positions  prove  that, 
when  and  by  whom  the  latter  map  was  delineated, 
a  far  more  accurate  knowledge  of  central  Africa 
was  possessed  than  is  commonly  now  allowed.  In 
truth,  the  discrepancy  in  nomenclature  and  in  rela- 
tive position  between  the  map  of  Africa  by  Senex, 
and  those  published  of  the  same  continent  within 
the  current  century,  is  not  greater  than  exists  in 
both  respects  between  the  latter  amongst  them- 
selves. 

On  the  direct  route  from  Tombuctoo  to  Tunis 
and  Tripoli,  and  about  N.  lat.  24,  spreads  what 
might  be  called  the  cluster  of  oases  called  Tuat. 

In  a  nearly  southern  direction  from  Tripoli  to 
Lake  Tchad,  there  appears  to  be  a  chain  of  small 
oases,  which,  similar  to  a  chain  of  islands,  divides 
the  great  desert  into  two  immense  though  unequal 
seas.  This  physical  limit  seems  also  to  form  the 
boundary  between  the  two  African  nations — the 
Tuaricks  on  the  W.,  and  the  Tibboos  on  the  E. 
The  Tibboos  occupy  almost  the  whole  eastern  part 
of  the  Sahara.  Their  principal  independent  tribes 
have  for  towns  Bilmab,  Aghaden,  Yeu,  and  Arno. 
Bilma  is  the  most  noted,  standing  on  the  southern 
route  from  Tripoli  to  eastern  Soudan,  about  COO 
ms.  southward  of  Mourzouk,  in  Fezzan,  and  about 
N.  lat.  18°.  Yeu  is  the  residence  of  the  chief  of 
ihe  Tibboos  of  Bourgoo,  an  oasis  E.  of  Fezzan. 
Arno,  as  laid  down  on  the  French  map  already  al- 
luded to,  lies  at  N.  lat.  26°  48',  and  about  600 
ms.  a  little  W.  of  SW.  from  Grand  Cairo. 

The  great  Sahara  or  desert  which  we  have  been 
describing,  is  it  not  the  dried  up  basin  of  a  former 
seal  Diodorus  Siculus  speaks  of  a  lake  or  sea  of 
the  Hesperides,  dried  by  an  earthquake.  Perhaps 
the  region  of  Atlas,  formerly  surrounded  by  a 
double  Mediterranean,  may  have  formed  the  cele- 
brated island  of  Atlantis,  sought  for  every  where, 
and  no  where  to  be  found.  On  the  borders  of  the 
great  desert  are  found  immense  remains  of  marine 
animals.  Whilst  Soudan  is  entirely  devoid  of 
common  salt,  it  abounds  in  numerous  parts  of  the 
deserts.  Pliny  and  Leo  the  African  are  of  accord, 
that  in  several  locations  of  the  Sahara  rock  salt  is 
quarried  like  marble,  and  that  it  is  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  houses.  All  known  circumstances  favor 
the  preceding  hypothesis,  but  it  cannot  be  demon- 
strated until  the  level  of  the  desert  is  ascertained. 

We  now  proceed  to  review,  as  far  as  tie  dim 

19 


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! 

It 


light  of  geographical  science  as  it  nowexists  will 
admit,  one  of  the  most  extensive  continuous  habit- 
able tracts  of  the  earth.  Central  Africa,  known 
unJer  different  sectional  terms,  such  as  Senegam- 
bia  on  the  west,  Soudan  northward  of  the  gulf 
of  Guinea,  Bornou  E.  of  Soudan,  Tacroor  be- 
tween Bornou  and  Abyssinia,  indeed  Abyssinia  it- 
self, belong  to  the  same  region,  as  does  Somanli  or 
Adel,  terminating  in  Cape  Guardafui.  The  ethno- 
graphical term  which  would  most  justly  designate 
this  immense  zone  would  be  Negroland.  A  line 
drawn  across  the  African  continent  along  N.  lat. 
12°  would  in  no  place  stretch  far  from  the  centre 
line  of  Negroland,  and  extends  very  neaily  4,700 
ms.,  or  through  70°  of  Ion.,  and  in  the  tropical  re- 
gions of  the  earth  spreads  about  7°  westward  of  all 
Europe,  and  E.  to  the  meridian  of  the  middle  of 
the  Caspian  sea.  The  breadth  cannot  fall  short  of 
a  mean  of  800  ms.  ;  area  3,760,000  sq.  ms. 

As  we  have  already  included  Abyssinia  in  the 
region  of  the  Nile,  we  may  now  assume  the  30th 
degree  east  of  London  as  on  that  side  the  limit  of 
Soudan,  which  will  still  leave  to  that  great  physi- 
cal section  a  length,  east  and  west,  of  48°  of  Ion., 
on. lat.  .12°  N.,  or  a  length  in  miles  of  upwards  of 
3,300,  which,  at  800  ms.  mean  width,  gives  an 
area  of  2,640,000  sq.  ms.  But  as  the  Galla  and 
other  Negro  nations  possess  the  country  southward 
of  Abyssinia,  and  as  all  the  residue  of  the  cen- 
tral zone  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  is  inhabited  by  the 
same  race,  the  whole  may  be  correctly  called  Ne- 
groland. Of  the  extent  included  within  the  spe- 
cified outlines,  in  regard  to  human  habitation,  one- 
third  at  least  may  be  retrenched  for  deserts  ;  but, 
with  such  diminution,  Soudan,  or  central  Africa, 
west  of  the  basin  of  the  Nile,  and  including  Senegam- 
bia,  with  upper  and  lower  Guinea,  would  comprise 
a  habitable  surface  rather  exceeding  that  of  all  Eu- 
rope westward  of  the  Borysthenesand  Vistula  rivers. 

As  usually  delineated,  a  continuous  system  of 
mountains  is  sketched  in  an  eastern  and  western 
direction  entirely  across  Africa,  along  the  mean 
lat.  of  10°  N.  That  the  ridges  of  this  system  are 
continuous,  even  with  the  exception  of  the  pas- 
sage through  it  of  the  Niger,  may  be  doubted.  It 
would  rather  seem  that,  as  along  the  northern 
border  of  that  continent,  the  central  part  of  Af- 
rica is  passed  by  a  mountainous  zone  with  more 
or  less  elevation  and  connexion,  and  that  on  and 
sloping  both  to  north  and  south  of  this  rocky  zone 
spreads  a  habitable  belt,  as  we  have  noticed.  The 
northern  slope  of  this  habitable  zone,  though  not 
very  minutely,  is  generally  known,  as  are  both 
slopes  westward  of  the  gulf  of  Guinea,  or  about  to 
10°  E.  of  the  meridian  of  London  ;  but  eastward 
of  the  gulf  of  Guinea  the  country  southward  of  the 
mountains  of  the  Moon  remains  a  terra,  incognita, 
and  far  the  largest  surface  yet  hid  from  science  on 
the  earth  between  the  polar  circles. 

As  to  the  physical  structure  of  central  Africa, 
our  terms  must  be  very  general.  The  country 
comprehended  under  the  general  name  of  Sene- 
gambia,  or  extreme  western  Africa,  is  composed  of 
a  slope  falling  from  the  interior  mountains,  and, 
besides  others  of  less  consequence,  is  drained  by 
Rio  Grande,  Gambia,  and  Senegal  rivers.  It  is  in 
the  eastern  part  of  this  section  that  the  Senegal  and 
Niger  rivers  interlock  sources,  but  flow  in  directly 
opposite  directions. 
20 


The  slope  of  Senegambia  is,  however,  not  ter- 
minated by  the  Rio  Grande,  but  is  continued  south 
eastward  700  ms.  to  Caye  Palmas,  and  south- 
ward of  the  Kong  mountains,  and  thence,  as  far  as 
known,  eastwanily  to  the  Indian  ocean.  But  it 
is  only  the  western  part,  and  that  imperfectly, 
which  is  really  at  all  known,  skirting  the  Atlantic 
ocean  1,400  ms.,  from  Cape  Palmas  to  some  little 
distance  northward  of  the  bight  of  Biafra. 

Eastward  of  the  sources  of  the  Senegal,  and 
northward  of  the  Kong  mountains,  commences  a 
valley  or  depression,  in  a  remarkable  manner  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  Danube  above  the  mountain  pass 
near  Orsova,  and  in  fact  very  similar  to  the  valley 
of  the  Caspian,  with  the  exception  that  the  latter 
has  no  oceanic  outlet.  This  great  African  depres- 
sion, long  a  subject,  of  mystery,  has,  as  is  now  sat- 
isfactorily ascertained,  its  outlet  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  by  the  Quorra  river,  forming  an  immense 
delta  between  the  bights  of  Benin  and  Biafra. — 
See  Niger  river. 

The  upper  and  great  basin  of  the  Quorra  or  Ni- 
ger, above  the  passage  of  its  volume  through  the 
Kong,  comprises  the  proper  Soudan,  and  is  in  re- 
ality in  an  easterly  direction,  continued  in  the  sub- 
basins  of  Tchad  and  Fitre,  which  would  give  an  en- 
tire extent,  from  west  to  east,  of  2,000  ms.,  with 
varying  breadth  between  the  Kong  mountains  and 
Sahara.    Mean  breadth  at  least  500,  and  area 
1,000,000  sq.  ms.  ;  mean  lat.  12°  N.,  and  cut 
nearly  centrically  by  Ion.  1 0°  E.  of  London.  From 
analogy,  as  from  concurrent  accounts,  the  vast 
central  depression  of  Africa  once  formed  an  inland  I 
sea  of  much  greater  extent  than  the  Black  sea  of 
Europe,  or  the  seas  of  Canada  in  America — those  j 
which  maintain  the  most  resemblance  in  their  ac- 
tual state.    The  breaking  through  of  this  prodi-  I 
gious  mass  of  water  formed  the  present  gorge  of  the 
Quorra,  or  Niger,  between  the  interior  basin  and 
the  comparatively  narrow  slope  southward  of  the  J 
Kong.    There  is  no  doubt  but  that  great  variations 
still  occur  over  large  spaces,  from  the  accumulation  j 
of  water  during  the  rainy  seasons,  and  its  diminu 
lion  during  the  dry  months. 

Over  all  the  central  region  of  Africa,  during 
eight  or  nine  months,  the  surface  is  exposed  to  the 
most  scorching  heat,  withering,  and  indeed  drying 
up  all  vegetation  except  on  places  supplied  by  pe- 
rennial streams  ;  but  from  June  to  September,  or 
the  rainy  season,  the  soil,  where  not  composed  of 
altogether  siliceous  sand,  is  covered  with  the  most 
abundant  herbage  and  growth  of  every  other  kind 
of  vegetable  found  in  those  regions.  The  plants  and 
animals,  however,  of  central  do  not  very  materially 
differ  from  those  of  northern  Africa.  Gold  is  the 
only  metal  found  in  any  great,  quantity  ;  and  why 
it  is  found  arises  probably  from  the  fact  that  it  ex- 
ists in  the  metallic  state,  admixed  with  the  sands  of 
watercourses.  It  is  probable  that,  were  the  coun- 
try in  possession  of  a  civilized  people,  iron,  cop- 
per, and  some  other  metals,  would  be  drawn  from 
the  earth. 

To  enable  us  to  more  clearly  comprehend  the  po- 
litical subdivisions  of  this  wide  region,  we  may 
regard  it  as  divided  into  three  large  sections,  or 
into  east,  central,  and  western — the  eastern  spread- 
ing westward  from  the  region  of  the  Nile.  In- 
deed, in  the  present  condition  of  geography,  we 
cannot  draw  definite  lines  between  any  of  the  Af- 


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rican  countries.  Towards  the  sources  of  the  Bahr- 
el-Abiad  is  a  kingdom  probably  deriving  its  name 
from  that  of  the  river,  or  Dar-el-Abid,  a  moun- 
tainous country,  and  well  watered  ;  indeed,  par- 
taking of  the  physical  character  of  Abyssinia.  To 
the  northward  of  Dar-el-Abid  is  the  kingdom  Dar- 
Four,  exhibiting  an  approach  to  the  Sahara,  as  it 
is  composed  of  a  group  of  oases  in  the  midst  of 
an  immense  desert.  Neither  lakes  nor  running 
streams  are  found  in  Dar-Four,  except  temporarily 
in  and  for  a  short  time  after  the  rainy  season. 
These  oases  present  the  alternations  according  to 
seasons  of  African  vegetation.  As  represented  on 
our  maps,  Dar-Four  appears  as  the  eastern  part  of 
the  great  central  basin,  which  we  have  noticed  in 
this  article.  The  river  Miselad,  discharged  into 
Lake  Fitre,  has  a  western  course  of  500  or  600  ms., 
and  appears  to  interlock  sources  with  the  Bahr-el- 
Abiad  ;  being,  however,  in  the  region  of  oases,  it 
is  probably  alternately  a  river  and  dry  valley. 
Cobbe,  the  capital  oi\  Dar-Four,  as  laid  down  in 
our  maps,  stands  at  N.l>  lat.  14°  20',  Ion.  27°  E. 
from  London;  pop.  6,000  ;  religion  Mahometan. 

To  the  west  of  Dar-Four  extends  a  country  call- 
ed Bergon  by  the  people  of  Bornou;  Dar-Szalek, 
by  the  Arabs  long  resident  in  it ;  Ouadey,  by  the 
merchants  of  Fezzan  and  Tripoli;  and  Mobba,  by 
the  Negroes.  It  has  been  represented  as  one  of 
the  principal  States  of  eastern  Soudan.  Ouara, 
its  capital,  stands  about  300  ms.  northwestward 
from  Cobbe. 

A  probably  extensive  but  very  imperfectly  known 
country,  under  the  namS  of  Bagherme,  extends 
westward  from  Dar-Four,  and  southward  from 
Bergon,  reaching,  probably,  Lake  Tchad.  The  in- 
habitants are  black,  though  less  barbarous  than 
most  of  the  Negro  nations  of  Africa. 

Bornou  is  a  name  applied  in  former  times  to  a 
much  larger  extent  than  at  present;  and  even  now, 
similar  to  every  other  section  of  inland  Africa,  the 
boundaries  are  altogether  vague.  It  is  generally 
supposed  to  comprehend  Bornou  proper,  and 
other  countries  west  of  Lake  Tchad  ;  Kanem  north 
and  east  of  that  lake  ;  Loggoum  to  the  south  of  the 
same  lake ;  and  a  part  of  Mandara,  and  other  pla- 
ces unknown.  According  to  Major  Denham,  its 
capital,  AngouroAi,  on  Lake  Tchad,  contains  30,000 
people,  and  he  states  it  as  a  place  of  great  commercial 
importance.  Birnie,  or  New  Bornou,  is  also  given 
as  a  large  and  trading  city.  In  the  confusion  of 
African  geography,  Kouka,  whose  capital  of  the 
same  name  is  laid  down  on  the  southwestern  side 
of  Lake  Tchad,  is  represented  as  a  nominal  fief  of 
the  Sultan  of  Bornou,  but  really  independent,  and 
with  a  disposable  military  force  of  50,0X)0men; 
and,  if  so,  the  terms  "empire  of  Bornou'1  must 
be  indeed  generic.  But,  in  our  views,  we  must 
use  the  best  evidence  at  our  disposal;  therefore 
proceed. 

Dagowa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Yeou  river, 
is  a  walled  town,  with  a  population  of  from  20,000 
to  30,000  souls.  The  Fellatahs,  a  powerful  nation 
westward  of  Bornou,  have  encroached  on  the  latter 
country,  and  forced  the  Sultan  or  chief  of  Man- 
dara to  remove  from  his  former  capital,  Delo,  and, 
in  1814,  found  Mora,  about  160  ms.  to  the  south- 
ward of  Kouka. 

The  inhabitants  of  Bornou  are  generally  mild 
and  peaceable,  and  are  mostly  Mahometan.  It 


is  said  that  under  the  generic  name  of  Bornou 
there  are  about  thirty  nations  or  tribes,  speak- 
ing different  languages.  The  Sultan  of  Bornou, 
regarded  as  the  most  powerful  of  central  Af- 
rica, is  elective,  and  maintains  a  numerous  army, 
composed  principally  of  cavalry,  defensively,  both 
men  and  horses,  with  iron  mailed  armor.  Fire  arms 
are  known,  but  in  little  use. 

Fellataks,  or  Fellafeens,  a  people  spreading 
westward  of  Bornou,  and,  with  a  Cheikh  at  their 
head,  possess  an  empire  equally,  if  not  more  pow- 
erful than  that  of  their  eastern  rival.  The  Foulahs, 
under  the  name  of  "  Foules  of  Cassair,,}  and  in 
the  position,  as  regards  Bornou,  assigned  to  them 
by  Clapperton  and  other  travellers,  appear  on  Se- 
nex's  map.  It  appears  that  the  Foulahs  are  the 
commanding  people  over  the  greatest  part  of  Haous- 
sa,  a  vast  country  visited  a  few  years  since  by 
the  English  travellers,  Captain  Clapperton  and  Dr. 
Oudney,  who,  however,  could  not,  as  is  common- 
ly supposed,  be  the  first  civilized  Europeans  who 
visited  the  country.  Though  distorted,  probably, 
and,  in  relative  positions  with  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
greatly  misplaced,  the  countries  and  towns,  as  laid 
down  by  Senex,  correspond  entirely  too  much  with 
the  more  modern  maps  to  be  delineated  otherwise 
than  from  actual  observation,  made  by  intelligent 
persons  ;  and,  indeed,  from  the  confused  texts  of 
modern  descriptions  of  the  same  countries,  it  is  yet 
to  be  determined  which  are  most  correct,  the  an- 
cient or  modern  maps.  Between  the  French  and 
English  maps  discrepancies  abound,  though  pre- 
I  tendedly  formed  from  the  same  documents. 

Before  proceeding  with  our  general  view,  and  in 
order  to  render  the  descriptions  more  clear,  we 
may  state,  as  far  as  the  maps  (English  and  French) 
will  admit,  the  geographical  and  relative  positions 
of  the  principal  cities  between  Lake  Tchad  and 
the  mountains  separating  the  sources  of  the  Sene- 
gal and  Niger  rivers,  and  the  provinces  or  king- 
doms of  Bambara  and  Senegambia  : 


N.  lat. 

Lon.  fm.  Lond. 

Kouka 

13° 

00' 

'14° 

30'  E. 

Bornou 

13 

20 

14 

00  E. 

Katagoum  - 

13 

00 

11 

30  E. 

Kano 

12 

20 

9 

30  E. 

Cosna 

13 

00 

8 

45  E. 

Yaoorie 

11 

20 

6 

20  E. 

Boussa 

10 

30 

6 

oe  E. 

Sackatoo 

13 

30 

6 

00  E. 

Tombuctoo 

IS 

00 

1 

00  w. 

Sego 

13 

00 

4 

00  w. 

Amongst  the  provinces  subject  to  the  Foulahs, 
are — Gouber,  or  Gober,  a  country  of  forests  west- 
ward of  Kouka  ;  Kano,  still  more  westward  ;  Zeg- 
Zeg,  chief  town  Zariya,  southward  from  Kano; 
Noufi,  or  Nyffey,  still  more  to  the  southwest,  and 
lying  between  the  Joliba,  or  Niger,  and  one  of  its 
confluents,  the  Me!;amey;  Caslna,  Cachina,  or  Cas- 
sina,  to  the  northward  of  Kano,  is  a  province 
named  from  its  capital,  which  is  represented  as 
constructed  of  stone,  as  commercial  and  populous. 

Sackatoo,  the  Fellatah  capital,  is  situated  in  the 
province  of  Ader,  and,  though  southwardly  of  a 
direct  line  between  them,  very  nearly  mid-dis- 
tant, or  about  600  ms.  from  Kouka  and  Tom- 
buctoo. According  to  Clapperton,  this  city  con- 
tains 80,000  inhabitants  ;  and  if  this  estimate  is 
even  tolerably  correct,  it  is  the  most  populous  city 

21 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


in  all  Nigritia,  or  Negroland.  Its  streets  are  reg- 
ular, and  not  in  groups,  as  is  the  case  in  most  of 
the  Negro  towns. 

Boussa  is  a  town  on  the  Niger,  and  near  where 
that  great  river  passes  one  of  the  chains  of  the 
mountains  of  the  Moon.  It  was  in  this  mountain 
cataract  that,  in  1805,  Mungo  Park  was  engulf- 
ed. The  existence  and  importance  of  Boussa  are 
better  known  than  its  position,  which,  as  we  have 
it  laid  down,  places  it  about  700  ms.  SW.  by  W. 
of  Kouka,  and,  by  air  line,  800  ms.  SE.  from 
Tombuctoo.  It  is  represented  as  the  capital  of 
western  Soudan,  and  of  a  confederation  of  small 
States.  The  country  westward  of  the  Niger,  and 
above  the  system  of  Kong,  or  mountains  of  the 
Moon,  is  called  Borgou. 

Tombuctoo,  so  long  one  of  the  mysteries  of 
geography,  we  reach,  ascending  the  Niger  from 
Boussa,  but  by  advancing  upwards  of  7°  lat.  and 
5°  Ion.  It  is  one  of  the  cities  which  most  dis- 
tinctly prove  that  many  discoveries  supposed  to 
have  been  made  in  the  current  century  had  been 
made  a  century  or  more  earlier.  Senex  places 
Tornbut,  or  Tombuctou,  about  20  ms.  northward 
of  the  Niger,  and  Cabra  to  the  southward  of  that 
city,  and  on  the  river.  Senex  places  Tombuctoo 
in  lat.  15°  40'  and  Ion.  1°  25'  E.  of  London ;  dif- 
fering from  its  position  as  placed  by  modern  trav- 
ellers, 2°  20'  in  lat.  and  2°  25'  in  Ion.— by  no 
means  as  great  a  difference  as  can  be  found  between 
different  modern  travellers.  Quoting  Rene  Caillie, 
the  French  geography  of  Larenaudiere,  13albi,  and 
Huot,  states  of  Tombuctoo:  "  Open  on  all  sides, 
and  built  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  it  may  have  a 
population  of  about  12,000.  The  house*  are  con- 
structed of  sun-dried  bricks,  and  the  streets  are 
clean  and  wide.  Tombuctoo  may  be  regarded  as 
the  principal  entrepot  of  the  commerce  of  Soudan. 
The  most  important  commercial  place,  after  the 
capital,  is  Cabra,  a  village  containing  nearly  1,000 
inhabitants,  and  built  on  an  eminence,  at  the  foot 
of  which  is  a  canal,  or  rather  an  arm  of  the  Diali- 
ba,  (Niger. }  This  village  is  in  some  respects  the 
port  of  Tombuctoo. 

This  description  is  altogether  as  suitable  to  and 
as  illustrative  of  Senex's  map  as  of  the  one  at- 
tending the  work  from  which  the  quotation  was 
taken.  We  cannot  give  a  distinct  idea  of  Tombuc- 
too, without  preceding  with  a  few  observations  on 
the  Niger  river.  It  appears  that  the  basins  of  Senegal 
and  the  Niger  a>e  separated  from  each  other  by  a 
counter  system  of  mountains  to  that  of  the  Kong. 
From  this  counter  system  the  streams  flow  ;  those 
which  compose  the  Senegal  by  a  general  north- 
western course  reach  and  are  discharged  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean  at  about  lat.  16°  N.  On  the  east- 
ern side  of  the  counter  chain  the  streams  rise,  as 
do  those  of  Senegal,  through  five  or  six  degrees  of 
latitude,  and  incline  towards  the  northeast ;  and, 
what  is  peculiarly  remarkable,  both  rivers  obliquely 
approach  towards  and  the  Niger  actually  continues 
its  course  into  the  great  Sahara.  The  French  trav- 
eller, Rene  Caillie,  speaking  of  Tombuctoo:  "It 
presents  at  the  first  aspect  only  a  mass  of  houses, 
built  of  earth,  and  badly  constructed.  On  all  sides 
we  see  naught  but  immense  plains  of  moving 
sand,  of  a  yellowish  white,  and  or  the  greatest 
aridity.  The  heaven,  to  the  horizon,  a  pale  red. 
All  nature  looks  sad  and  desolate.  The  most  pro- 
22 


found  silence  reigns  ;  we  do  not  hear  even  the 
song  of  a  bird.  Nevertheless,  there  is  something 
imposing  to  behold  a  great  city  rising  amidst  an 
ocean  of  sand,  and  we  must  admire  the  efforts 
made  by  its  founders." 

The  course  of  the  Senegal,  but  more  particu- 
larly that  of  the  Niger,  proves  that  an  inclination 
extends  from  the  mountains  of  the  Moon  of  five  or 
six  degrees  of  latitude  wide,  towards  the  Sahara. 
From  the  extreme  source  of  the  latter  stream  to  the 
city  of  Tombuctoo,  following  the  course  by  com- 
parative air  distances,  is  about  1,000  ms.  ;  but, 
here  encountering  more  elevated  land,  the  volume 
of  water  is  turned  eastward,  and  finally  southeast- 
ward another  thousand  miles  below  Tombuctoo, 
until  it  reaches  the  lower  depression  of  Soudan. 
Thence,  bearing  its  mass  of  waters  through  the 
Kong,  assumes  a  southern  course  of  about  400  ms. 
to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  nearly  equalling  the  Nile  in 
length  of  course.  This  great  central  river  is  known 
in  different  parts  of  its  course  by  different  names. 
Dialiba,  Joliba,  Niger,  or  river  of  the  Blacks,  and, 
in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  Quorra.  The  real 
native  name  is  Dialiba,  pronounced  probably  as  if 
written  Dhialiba,  hence  Joliba. 

Above  Tombuctoo,  the  country  to  a  great  ex- 
tent is  known  by  the  name  of  Bambara.  Lake 
Debo,  or  Dibbe,  a  few  miles  above  the  city,  ap- 
pears to  be  a  swell  or  dilatation  of  the  Niger,  from 
whence  extends  the  country  of  the  Dirimans,  along 
the  right  or  east  bank  of  the  river.  Bambara, 
from  all  our  accounts,  has,  in  regard  to  soil,  a 
great  resemblance  to  Egypt;  both  are  sandy  tracts, 
made  fertile  by  the  great  rivers  which  traverse  i 
their  surfaces.  Bambara,  like  Egypt,  is  divided 
into  three  parts  :  lower  Bambara,  or  Djenne  ;  mid- 
dle Bambara,  or  Massina ;  and  upper  Bambara,  or 
Sego.  Djenne,  or  Jenne,  is  the  capital  of  lower 
Bambara  ;  and  here,  as  at  Tombuctoo,  the  trav- 
eller is  gratified  by  seeing  the  aspect  of  increased 
civilization.  M.  Caillie  estimates  the  population 
of  Djenne  at  8,000  or  10,000  souls,  "comprising 
a  mixture  of  Foulahs,  Bambaras,  and  Mandin- 
goes,  and  also  Moors,  all  rivalling  each  other  in 
industry.  We  see  there  tailors,  shoemakers, 
smiths,  masons,  packers,  and  street  porters,  and 
many  other  trades  people,  evincive  of  a  great  state 
of  improvement  above  the  barbarians  who  inhabit 
the  more  central  regions  of  Africa."  About  60 
ms.  below  Djenne,  and  at  the  confluence  of  two 
branches  of  the  Niger,  stands  Isaca,  which  may  be 
regarded  as  the  port  of  the  capita!,  and  westward 
of  both  extends  the  country  of  Massina.  There 
are  several  other  provinces,  towns,  and  rivers, 
mentioned  by  geographers  as  appertaining  to  Bam- 
bara, but  of  too  little  note  and  too  little  known  to 
deserve  further  notice  in  this  article.  We  may 
observe,  however,  that  amongst  the  innumerable 
rivers  which  issue  from  the  mountains  separating 
Soudan  from  Senegambia,  the  country  is  inhab- 
ited by  small,  independent,  obscure,  and  barba- 
•rous  tribes,  whose  names,  even  when  heard,  cannot 
be  rendered  by  any  European  alphabet. 

Western  region  of  Africa. — In  our  view  of  the 
central  habitable  zone  of  Africa  we  noticed  the  fact 
that  the  slope  of  Senegambia,  drained  by  the  Sen- 
egal and  Gambia  and  some  smaller  rivers,  was  con- 
tinued southward  of  the  Kong  mountains;  we 
I  therefore  now  include  Senegambia  in  our  view  of 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


western  Africa.  Under  this  head  we  have,  there- 
fore, three  great  physical  as  well  as  political  sec- 
tions: Senegambia,  or  extreme  western  Africa; 
upper  Guinea,  along  the  northern  coast  of  the 
gulf  of  Guinea  ;  and  lower  Guinea,  extending  from 
the  bight  of  Biafra  to  about  S.  lat.  17°.  Fol- 
lowing the  gener.d  and  not  the  particular  indent- 
ing^ of  the  intermediate  coast  between  the  ex- 
tremes of  habitable  western  Africa,  we  have  an 
immense  distance  of  4,000  ms.— 1,000  in  front  of 
Senegambia,  1,400  in  front  of  upper  Guinea,  and 
1,600  in  front  of  lower  Guinea. 

To  commence  on  the  northwestern  extreme,  we 
have  the  naturally  fine  region  of  Senegambia, 
formed  by  a  slope  of  upwards  of  700  ms.,  fall- 
ing from  the  mountains  separating  the  sources  of 
the  Senegal  from  those  of  the  Niger  ;  mean  breadth 
about  400  ms.  from  the  Sahara  on  the  north  to  N. 
lat.  10°  ;  area  280,000  sq.  ms.  Toward  the  sources 
of  the  Senegal,  Gambia,  and  those  of  the  Niger, 
rises  a  mountain  nucleus,  with  projecting  ramifi 
cations.  These  mountains  appear  to  be  composed 
of  granitic  and  schistoso  rocks,  rich  in  iron,  and 
perhaps  in  gold,  which  is  found  admixed  in  the 
sands  of  rivers  flowing  from  their  deep  valleys. 
Mountains  rise  also  near  the  coast,  from  the  Gam- 
bia to  Cape  Verd,  and  at  other  places  more  south- 
wardly, giving  volcanic  indicia.  The  foot  of  the 
Cape  of  Sierre  Leona  {Lion  mountain)  is  formed 
of  a  chain  of  basaltic  rocks,  which  extend  to  a  con- 
siderable distance  along  the  coast.  The  Gambia 
forms  and  traverses  an  immense  alluvial  deposite, 
comparatively  to  the  size  and  length  of  that  river, 
perhaps  the  most  extensive  of  any  known. 

Senegambia  is  amongst  the  physical  sections  of 
Africa  which  abound  most  in  rivers.  The  Sene- 
gal, its  principal  river,  takes  its  source  in  the  coun- 
ter chain  of  mountains  already  alluded  to,  in  the 
Fouta  Dialou  country  and  of  the  Mandingoes, 
who  there  give  it.  the  name  of  Bating;  by  the 
Foulahs  it  is  called  Ba-Peo,  or  Black  river.  Form- 
ed by  numerous  confluents,  and  flowing  from  an 
elevated  tract,  this  river  rolls  over  several  cataracts, 
one  of  which  is  navigable  at  high  water. 

The  Gambia  basin  extends  to  the  southward  of 
that  of  Senegal — the  two  rivers  drawing  their  re- 
mote sources  from  the  same  mountain  chain. 
Though  the  Gambia  has  a  less  lengthy  course 
than  its  rival,  the  volumes  of  water  brought  down 
by  the  two  rivers,  it  is  probable,  do  not  differ  mate- 
rially. The  French  geographers  say,  that  "whilst, 
the  Senegal  is  only  navigable  at  high  water  during 
the  rainy  season,  the  Gambia  is  only  so  during 
the  season  of  drought,  the  rains  so  enormously 
increasing  its  volume  and  rapidity  that  it  cannot 
then  be  navigated  against  the  current.  In  the  dry 
season  it  can  be  ascended  by  a  40-gun  frigate  about 
150  ms. 

Rio  Grande,  to  southward  of  the  Gambia,  has  its 
source  in  the  same  mountains,  there  called  Badet. 
Brief  in  course,  when  compared  with  even  the 
Gambia,  Rio  Grande  discharges  into  the  gult 
containing  the  Bissagos  islands.  The  country 
around  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal  is  in  possession 
of  a  French  colony,  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia  by 
a  British,  and  that  of  St.  Paul's  by  one  appertain- 
ing to  Portugal.  The  British  colony  of  Sierra 
Leone  terminates  Senegambia  to  the  south,  and  is 
followed  by  the  United  States  colony  of  Liberia,  in 


the  extreme  western  part  of  upper  Guinea.  It  is 
something  remarkable  that  the  entire  territory  of 
Sierra  Leone,  as  now  claimed  and  held  by  Great 
Britain,  does  not  materially  differ  from  Sierra  Le- 
ona, as  .named  and  dotted  off  by  Senex,  on  whose 
map  the  whole  space  from  and  including  Sierra 
Leone,  to  Cape  Palmas,  is  named  coast  of  Mala- 
guetta. 

It  is  with  the  harbor  of  Sherbio  and  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  colony  of  Liberia  that  commences 
the  great  eastern  sweep  of  the  coast  of  western  Af- 
rica, extending  through  22°  of  Ion.,  along  the  mean 
lat.  of  6°  N.,  equal  to  about  1,500  English  ms.  The 
whole  of  this  coast,  under  the  general  name  of  up- 
per or  northern  Guinea,  is  the  front  of  a  narrow  in- 
clined plane  of  about  250  ms.  wide,  falling  from 
the  Kong  mountains.  The  rivers  are  numerous, 
but  all  of  brief  course,  nor  is  the  interior  well 
known  to  geography.  As  far  as  known,  the  soil 
is  generally  productive.  Its  rich  and  active  vege- 
tation and  immensity  of  its  forests  has  been  remark- 
ed by  all  who  have  visited  and  described  its  charac- 
ter. Much  of  the  soil  is  composed  of  a  fine  red- 
dish alluvion,  in  which  not  a  pebble  is  to  be 
found.  On  the  coast,  some  parts  are  gravelly  and 
some  swampy.  Were  we  to  allow  but  100  ms. 
inland,  here  extends  a  country  of  300,000  sq.  ms. — 
room  for  nations — but,  as  yet,  in  the  far  greater  part 
abandoned  to  barbarism.  Liberia  we  have  alluded 
to,  and  may  observe  that  400  ms.  more  eastward 
brings  us  to  a  small  colony  belonging  to  Holland, 
chief  town  Elmina  ;  adjoining  to  which  is  one 
not  much  more  extensive,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain,  which  is  again  joined  to  another  directly 
cut  by  the  meridian  of  London,  appertaining  to 
Denmark,  called,  from  its  principal  town,  Chris- 
tiansburg.  With  a  short  interval  beyond  the 
Danish  again  appears  Badagry,  another  small 
British  colony.  In  the  extreme  bottom  of  the  gulf 
of  Guinea  and  of  the  bight  of  Biafra,  the  Dutch 
hold  another  small  settlement,  opposite  to  which 
Spain  possesses  the  island  of  Fernando  Po.  With 
these  very  limited  exceptions,  barbarism  reigns 
over  a  country  capable  of  sustaining  50,000,000 
of  human  beings. 

Southern  or  lower  Guinea  presents  a  very 
similar  aspect  with  the  preceding.  Its  mountains 
appear  to  be  in  part  granitic,  and  in  part  compos- 
ed of  marble  and  porphyry.  These  mountains  ap- 
pear to  belong  to  a  great  system,  extending  from 
north  to  south,  and  which  are  known  in  lower 
Guinea  under  the  Portuguese  names  of  Serra  de 
Sal,  Serra  de  Salnitre,  and  Serra  de  Crista!.  To- 
wards the  north,  a  chain  is  found,  and  known  as 
the  Serra  Complida.  To  the  east  of  these  moun- 
tains spread,  as  some  state,  the  great  table  land  of 
Dembo,  which  appears  to  have  a  height  of  from 
6,000  to  7,000  feet.  The  general  range  of  lower 
Guinea  is  about  SSE.,  and,  if  extended  to  the 
Kong,  reaches  from  7°  of  north  to  20°  of  south 
latitude,  or  through  nearly  1,900  ms.  The  breadth, 
inland,  is  arbitrary,  in  our  stale  of  knowledge;  but 
if  assumed  at  300  ms.  for  a  mean,  the  area  would 
then  be  567,000  sq.  ms. — a  surface  rather  more 
than  equalling  that  of  the  united  area  of  France, 
Spain,  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  and  divided  into  two 
nearly  equal  parts  by  souch  latitude,  reaching  the 
Atlantic  coast  about  the  mouth  of  the  great  river  of 
Congo. 

23 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


Beyond  the  mountains  of  lower  Guinea,  as  al- 
ready stated,  extends  an  immense  and  elevated  ta- 
ble land,  as  yet  unexplored  to  an  extent  scarcely 
credible.  Along  the  equator,  through  nearly  30° 
of  longitude,  or  we  may  say  2,000  ms.,  ami  north- 
wardly to  the  Kong  mountains,  or  N.  lat.  7°, 
nothing  is  known  which  deserves  the  name  of  sci- 
ence. There  spreads  1,000,000  of  sq.  ms.  a  blank 
to  human  knowledge.  Passing  the  equator,  the 
unknown  regions  narrow,  as  does  the  continent 
advancing  southwardly.  Enough  is  however 
known  to  decide  us  to  regard  the  desert  as  extend- 
ing to  S.  lat.  25°,  or  upwards  of  1,700  ms.  ;  the 
breadth  varies  from  2,000  ms.  along  the  equator  to 
about  500  on  S.  lat.  25°  ;  the  mean  breadth  un- 
derrated at  1,000  ms.  Thus  we  discover  the  fear- 
ful fact,  that  of  southern  Africa  at  least  1,700,000 
is  arid  desert,  or,  including  the  desert  region  be- 
tween the  equator  am)  Kong  mountains,  (507,000 
sq.  ms.,)  the  southern  Sahara  of  Africa,  amounts  to 
2,317,000  sq.  ms. ;  and,  again,  if  to  this  amount 
we  add  2,200,000  sq.  ms.  included  in  the  north- 
ern Sahara,  we  find  that  of  Africa  the  prodigious 
surface  of  upwards  of  4, 500, 000  sq.  ms.  are  desert 
wastes  of  sand  and  rock.  But  to  return  towards 
the  Atlantic  coast,  and  into  lower  Guinea. 

The  interior  mountain  system  alluded  to  above 
gives  source  from  its  western  valleys  and  flanks  to 
several  rivers,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Zaire 
and  Coenza.  The  Zaire,  or  river  of  Congo,  call- 
ed by  the  natives  along  its  banks  near  the  ocean, 
"  Moianzi-Enzaddi,"  or  the  river  which  stvallows 
all  others,  or  "Zembere,"  or  the  mother  of  wa- 
ters. Of  this  river,  having  every  appearance  of 
great  length  of  course,  and  of  draining  a  very  ex 
tensive  region,  only  the  lower  part  of  its  course  is 
known,  and  that  not  very  accurately.  From  the 
configuration  of  that  part  of  Africa,  it  would  ap- 
pear that,  as  in  North  America,  along  the  western 
slope,  two  lateral  systems  of  mountain!  range  in 
some  degree  in  conformity  to  the  ocean  coast;  and 
we  miy  indulge  the  conjecture  that  the  Zaire,  sim- 
ilar to  the  Columbia,  is  formed  by  rivers  flowing 
along  mountain  valleys  towards  each  other  until 
uniting,  when  the  collected  waters  turn  towards 
the  ocean,  traversing  the  intermediate  mountain 
chains.  The  source  of  the  Coanza  is,also  unknown, 
but,  as  far  as  explored,  is  known  to  traverse  the 
mountain  chains  and  fall  into  the  Atlantic  ocean 
about  250  ms.  southward  of  the  mouth  of  the  Zaire., 
and  into  the  bay  beyond  Point  Palmeirinha,  and  at 
S.  lat.  9«  30'. 

The  Atlantic  coast  of  lower  Guinea  is  channelled 
by  innumerable  other  rivers,  some,  indeed,  of  no 
small  size  and  course,  but  their  imperfect  hydrog- 
raphy and  our  limits  proscribe  their  particular  no 
lice.  Near  the  coast,  the  surface  is  generally 
marshy,  but,  ascending  the  rivers,  the  land  rises, 
and  is  of  exuberant  fertility.  The  productions  are 
nearly  all  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  suitable  to  tropi- 
cal climates.  Metallic  matter  also  abounds— iron 
and  copper  in  particular;  but  there,  as  in  all  other 
parts  of  Africa,  Egypt  excepted,  the  wealth  pro- 
vided by  nature  is  in  great  part  dead  toman.  But 
the  immense  extent  and  capabilities  of  western  Af 
rica  are  of  too  high  importance  to  be  passed  over 
slightly  ;  we  therefore  return  to  a  general  view  in 
regard  to  the  political  condition  of  the  three  sections 
we  have  been  reviewing  physically. 
24 


Senegambia,  the  section  nearest  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  first  demands  our  attention.  This 
country  is  divided  into  numerous  States,  of  more  or 
less  consequence.  Of  these,  two  are  remarkable 
by  their  form  of  government,  which  we  may  call 
theoerafico-oligarchic.  These  are  Foula-Dialo,  or 
[  Foeta-Jallou,  and  Fouta-Toro.  The  former,  at  least 
j  nominally,  crosses  the  whole  breadth  of  Senegambia 
j  from  the  Sahara,  over  the  sources  of  the  Senegal, 
;  Gambia,  and  Rio  Grande.  Timbo,  Tembo,  orTeem- 
bo,  situated  near  N.  lat.  10°,  and  10°  W.  of  Lon- 
don, is  the  principal  capital  of  this  State,  and  stands 
about  300  ms.  very  nearly  due  north  from  Monro- 
via, in  Liberia.  The  present  Fouta-Jallo  was  an- 
ciently inhabited  by  the  Dialonkes,  who  were  con- 
quered by  the  Foulahs,  from  which,  no  doubt,  the 
compound  name  Fouta-Diato.  The  mixture  has 
formed  one  of  the  most  industrious  and  otherwise 
advanced  of  the  African  central  nations.  The  re- 
ligion of  the  country  is  Mahometan,  and  the  Gov- 
ernment a  mixed  monarchy  and  democratic  the- 
ocracy. On  Senex's  map  of  Africa,  and  occupy- 
ing the  space  now  marked  as  Bambara,  is  sketched 
at  great  extent  a  kingdom  thus  entitled  :  "  Foufe- 
Guaillou,  or  the  original  country  of  the  Foules." 
Query  :  Did  not  the  two  names  Foulahs  and  Fella- 
tahs  come  from  the  same  root! 

Fouta-Toro  is  in  great  part  bounded  to  the  north- 
ward by  the  Seneg  d,  though  some  of  its  dependen- 
cies are  beyond  that  river,  towards  the  Sahara. 
Tjiloga,  Sedo,  and  Canel,  are  its  chief  towns. 
Sedo  stands  at  N.  lat.  15°  20',  and  about  250  ms. 
SE.  by  E.  of  St.  Louis,  in  Senegal.  That  part  of 
Fouta  culled  Seratik  is  inhabited  by  Foulahs.  The 
Mahometan  is  the  general  religion  of  the  whole 
country. 

Bundou  is  a  kingdom  to  the  southeastward  of 
Fouta-Toro,  having  Fattcconda,  on  the  Faleme 
river,  for  capital.  "It  is,"  say  the  French  geo- 
graphers, "only  a  lengthened  forest,  with  small 
openings  and  villages,  from  distance  to  distance." 
Fatteconda  is  situated  about  500  ms.  SE.  by  E. 
from  St.  Louis,  in  Senegal. 

The  Yolofs,  as  written  by  the  French,  Jaloffs,  on 
the  English  maps,  spread  westward  from  Fouta- 
Toro  to  Cape  V'erd,  and  are  so  placed,  and  under 
nearly  the  same  names,  by  Senex.  The  range  of 
this  people  is  northward  from  the  Gambia,  and  they 
are  politically  divided  into  several  petty  States. 
Immediately  west  of  Fouta-Toro  comes  Ouaiioi, 
or  Ouarkhokh,  or  Quamcorre,  named  from  its  chief 
town. 

Cayor,  or  Darnel,  spreading  eastward  from  and 
including  Cape  Verd,  is  perhaps  the  most  import- 
ant of  the  Negro  kingdoms  of  Senegambia.  The 
inhabitants  are  Jaloffs  and  Mahometans ;  capital, 
Cayor,  or  Embohl. 

Salourn  on  the  Gambia,  Barrah  on  the  same 
river,  Galam  on  the  Senegal  and  Faleme  rivers, 
and  from  the  latter  northwardly  towards  the  Saha- 
ra, Kouniakary,  and,  still  more  eastward,  Kaarta, 
are  small  States  of  Senegambia,  too  little  known 
and  otherwise  of  too  little  importance  to  deserve 
further  notice.  But  the  States  of  Ludemar,  or  Lu- 
damar,  Bambouk,  Dentilia,or  Medina,  and  Achanti, 
deserve  seme  attention. 

Ludamar,  bounded  north  by  the  great  desert,  and 
south  by  Bambara  and  Kaarta,  is  the  northeastern 
section  of  Senegambia.    The  people  are  a  mixture 


AFR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  AFR 


of  Foulahs  and  savage  Moors.  The  Foulahs  have 
the  art  of  forging  and  fabricating  iron  ;  the  Moors 
|  are  robbers.  The  primary  importance  of  Ludamar 
arises  from  its  position  on  a  caravan  route  from 
Senegal  to  Tombuctoo. 

Bambouk  spreads  between  the  Senegal  and  Fa- 
leme  rivers,  and  inhabitants  Mandingoes.  The 
country  is  mountainous,  and  rich  in  auriferous  al- 
luvion. Staple  commodity  gold  dust.  The  prin- 
cipal depots  of  that  metal  are,  Bambouk,  (the  capi- 
tal,) Rakkon,  Hambia,  Hombadyria,  and  Semayla. 
Bambouk  stands  at  about  N.  lat.  14°  30',  Ion. 
11°  W.  of  London,  and  about  500  ms.  NNE. 
from  Sierra  Leone. 

Dentilia  is  comprised  between  the  Faleme  and 
Gambia.  Its  industrious  inhabitants  are  employed 
in  the  collection  of  gold  dust  and  forging  and  work- 
ing of  iron.  Medina,  or  Houilli,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Gambia,  presents  a  great  variety  of  plains 
and  fertile  hills  and  dales,  with  fine  forests.  The 
kingdom  of  Zani,  to  the  west  of  the  preceding,  ex- 
tends along  the  Gambia.  At  Pisania,  on  that 
river,  the  English  have  a  factory. 

Our  range  has  now  brought  us  to  the  common 
borders  of  Senegambia  and  Sierra  Leone.  An  im- 
mense but  imperfectly  known  country  comprises 
the  extreme  southern  Senegambia,  and  possesses 
different  provincial  subdivisions — as  Timani,  Kam- 
ba,  Kouranko,  Soulima,  or  Soulimana,  and  others 
still  more  obscure.  Kouranko,  watered  by  the  Ro- 
kelle  river,  spreads  northeastward  towards  the  west- 
ern nucleus  of  the  Kong  mountains.  The  Kou- 
rankonians,  though  reputed  less  advanced  in  civil- 
ization than  the  Mandingoes,  inhabit,  neverthe- 
less, numerous  not  inelegant  villages,  and  exhibit 
no  mean  share  of  talent  in  the  manufacture  of  iron. 
The  Kourankonians  and  Mandingoes  are  evidently, 
from  similarity  of  manners  and  language,  the  same 
people.  The  Mahometan  religion  prevails  in  Kou- 
ranko. 

The  kingdom  of  Soulima,  or  Soulimana,  is  one 
of  the  most  polished  in  the  vicinity  of  Sierra  Le- 
one. Falaba,  situated  150  ms.  from  the  coast,  is 
the  capital,  the  population  of  which,  according  to 
Major  Laing,  amounts  to  6,000  souls. 

Cape  Mount,  in  Liberia,  brings  us  into  upper 
Guinea,  as  does  Ganguin,  both  ranked  as  Negro 
kingdoms  of  considerable  extent ;  but  the  limits  of 
which,  inland,  are  as  yet  undiscovered  by  civilized 
nations. 

Achantee,  or  Ashantee,  is,  however,  entering 
upper  Guinea,  the  first  State,  and  far  the  most  im- 
portant. It  is  not  one  of  recent  formation.  In 
our  most  modern  maps,  English  and  French, 
Ashantee  is  laid  down  south  of  the  Kong  moun- 
tains and  of  N.  lat.  10°,  and  traversed  by  the  me- 
ridians of  London  and  Paris.  Exactly  in  the  same 
position  Senex  has  doited  off  and  named  the 
"  Kingdom  of  Asiante,  or  lnta"  Of  this  State, 
the  French  geographers  observe  :  "  Achanti  is  one 
of  the  most  powerful  kingdoms  of  the  western  re- 
gion of  Africa ;  they  count  on  about  20  tributary 
States,  from  which  the  paramount  State  has  receiv- 
ed the  title  of  empire ;  superficial  extent  near 
1,800  sq.  leagues,  (14,000  sq.  Eng.  ms.  ;)  pop. 
1,060,000.  According  to  some  travellers,  the 
number  of  women  douoles  that  of  men.  If  some 
traditions  are  to  be  relied  on,  as  reported  by  Bow- 
ditch,  the  Ashantees  derived  their  origin  from  an- 
4* 


cient  migratory  colonies  from  Abyssinia  and 
Egypt.  Their  physical  character,  in  fact,  ap- 
proaches much  nearer  the  race  of  Ethiopian  than 
that  of  the  Negro,  properly  so  called.  Their  re- 
ligion is  a  mixture  of  Mahometanism  and  gross  idol- 
atry, to  Fetichism.  Notwithstanding  the  influence 
gained  over  them  by  their  Mahometan  mollahsand 
Christian  missionaries,  they  still  practise  human 
sacrifices.  The  people  of  this  country  are  indus- 
trious, and  make  cotton  cloth  their  staple.  The 
Government  a  military  monarchy,  controlled  by  aris- 
tocratic institutions."  Coomassie,  or  Coumassie, 
the  capital,  is  situated  at  N.  lat.  7°,  and  2°  20' 
W.  of  London.  Population  estimated  at  18,000, 
but,  according  to  Bowditch,  at  certain  times,  de- 
voted to  great  feasts,  more  than  100,000  persons 
are  collected.  This  city,  about  150  ms.  inland 
from  Christiansburg,  the  capital  of  the  Danish  col- 
ony', is  the  entrepot  of  an  extensive  commerce, 
and,  of  course,  rendezvous  of  a  great  number  of 
merchants  and  travellers.  Without  any  very  pre- 
cise limits  east  or  west,  the  Ashantee  country  ex- 
tends from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  Kong  moun- 
tains, and  in  longitude  from  about  the  meridian  to 
7°  or  8°  W.  of  London. 

Yarriba,  a  powerful  kingdom,  follows  Ashantee 
eastward,  and  extends  inland  from  the  slave  coast 
of  Guinea,  towards  Soudan,  and  far  into  the  intri- 
cate chains  of  the  Kong  system.  Katunga,  the  cap- 
ital, is  laid  down  by  both  French  and  English  geog- 
raphers near  the  Niger,  but  westward  of  that  river, 
300  ms.  northeastward  of  the  British  settlement  of 
Badagry,  at  N.  lat.  9°,  Ion.  6°  E.  of  London.  Of 
this  kingdom  little  is  known,  though,  with  Da- 
homey, its  tributary,  it  extends  eastward  from  the 
Ashantee  country,  or  river  Volta,  to  the  Lagos  or 
western  side  of  the  delta  of  the  Quorra  or  Niger. 
The  physical  character  of  the  coast  already  noticed 
is  continued  low  along  the  sea  or  ocean  shore,  but 
rising  gradually  inland. 

To  the  eastward  of  Dahomey  and  of  the  Quorra 
extends  the  kingdom  of  Benin,  but  with  limits  very 
imperfectly  ascertained.  Benin,  the  capital,  and 
from  which  the  country  is  named,  is  situated  on 
the  Formosa  river,  or  western  outlet  of  the  Quorra, 
at;  about  N.  lat.  5°  30',  and  5°  E.  of  London. 
This  kingdom  includes  the  delta  of  the  Quorra,  and 
perhaps  far  inland  towards  the  Kong  mountains, 
and  with  it  terminates  the  long  eastern  range  of 
coast  from  Cape  Palmas,  and  brings  us  into  the 
northern  part  of  lower  Guinea,  or  Congo.  With 
the  bight  of  Biafra,  or  extreme  eastern  bay  of  the 
gulf  of  Guinea,  the  African  coast  turns  to  a  direc- 
tion so  nearly  southward  as  to  gain  but  4°  ofE.  Ion. 
in  22°  of  lat.  This  lengthened  region  is  divided 
into  four  large  sections — Loango  on  the  N.,  and 
extending  to  the  Zaire  river;  Congo  proper,  ex- 
tending to  the  Coanza  river;  Angola,  between  the 
Coanza  and  Benguela  rivers  ;  and  on  the  southward, 
Benguela. 

Loango  proper  commences  at  Cape  Lopez,  about 
S.  lat.  1°,  and  reaches  to  the  mouth  of  the  Zaire, 
or  nearly  500  ms.  As  in  the  case  of  all  the  polit- 
ical sections  of  Africa  from  the  Sahara,  clouds  and 
darkness  hang  over  the  interior.  From  Loango 
proper  may  be  distinguished  the  tributary  States  of 
Mayomba,  Caconga,  and  En-Goyo.  Loango  proper 
and  tributary  States  are  supposed  to  sustain  a 
pop,  of  600,000  souls.    Boualia,  or,  as  more  com- 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


monly  called,  Banza-Loango,  or  as  still-  more  fre- 
quently Loango,  is  the  capital,  and  is  situated 
about  3  ms.  from  the  Atlantic  coast,  at  S.  lat.  4°  30', 
Ion.  12°  E.  of  London.  The  province  of  Mayomba 
extends  northwestward  of  Loango,  whilst  En-Goyo 
lies  to  the  southward,  extending  to  the  Zaire. 

Passing  the  Zaire  brings  us  into  Congo,  bounded 
on  the  S.  by  the  river  Danda,  and  inland  by  the 
sandy  deserts  and  high  mountains  of  Angola:  and 
eastward  by  the  mountains  of  the  Sun,  and  by  a 
country  scarcely  known,  inhabited  by  savage  tribes. 
Congo  extends  along  the  coast  about  200  ms.  ; 
and  what  m;iy  be  regarded  as  its  more  civilized 
breadth  inland  about  the  same.  Within  these 
limits,  the  soil  is  of  surpassing  feitility.  St.  Salva- 
dor, by  the  Portuguese,  Banza,  by  tbe  natives,  is 
the  capital,  and  is  situated  about  200  ms.  inland, 
and  NE.  by  E.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Zaire.  Lat. 
5°  30'  S.,  Ion.  15°  E.  of  London.  The  position  of 
this  city  is  on  a  mountain,  and  boasted  of  as  one  of 
the  most  healthy  in  the  universe.  Congo  is  divided 
into  the  provinces  of  Bamba,  Batta,  Sandi,  Pango, 
Pemba,  and  a  part  of  Sogno.  Sogno,  or  Sonho, 
to  the  west  of  St.  Salvador,  between  the  Zaire, 
Ambriz,  and  the  ocean  ;  Bamba,  on  the  coast  be- 
tween the  rivers  Ambriz  and  Loz,  to  the  S.  ofj 
Sogno  and  E.  of  Pemba;  Pemba,  in  the  centre,  is 
drained  and  fertilized  by  the  rivers  Lelunda,  Kai, 
and  Ambriz;  Batta  spreads  eastward  of  Pemba; 
Panga  has  Batta  to  the  W.,  and  the  mountains  of 
the  Sun  on  the  S. ;  on  the  E.  by  the  river  Barbeli ; 
and  on  the  N.  by  Sardi ;  and  finally  Sardi,  north- 
eastward of  St.  Salvador,  is  bounded  N.  by  the 
Zaire,  on  the  southeast  by  the  provinces  cf  Batta 
and  Panga,  and  northeast  by  the  kingdom  of  Ma- 
coco  and  the  Crystalline  Hills.  It  ought  to  be 
noted  that  these  positions,  given  hy  Malte  Brun, 
are  illustrated  much  more  correctly,  or  at  least  they 
answer  more  consistently  to  the  map  of  Senex  than 
they  do  to  any  modern  map  we  have  seen. 

Between  the  mouth  of  Danda  river  and  the  bay 
of  Longa  extends  the  coast  of  Angola,  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  Mutemba,  the  Matamba  of  Senex,  and 
on  the  S.  by  Benguela.  This  country  is  very 
mountainous,  and  defectively  cultivated.  In  lat.  it 
extends  from  8°  to  11°  S.,  and  on  it  little  rain  fairs 
from  May  to  October,  and  its  dry  and  stony  moun- 
tains are  very  deficient  in  springs.  Salt,  wax,  and 
honey,  are  its  principal  productions.  To  general 
sterility  there  are  some  exceptions.  The  chief  city, 
Loando-San-Paolo,  is  also  the  capital  of  the  Portu- 
guese territories  in  Western  Africa.  It  is  situated 
at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf,  and  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Bengo,  and  opposite  to  the 
island  of  Loando.  Nearly  in  the  middle  of  the 
seaeoast  of  Angola  disembogues  the  large  volume 
of  the  Coanza  river;  a  stream  which,  like  the 
Zaire,  has,  except  near  its  mouth,  yet  to  be  ex- 
plored. The  city  of  St.  Paul's  stands  at  9°  40'  S., 
Ion.  14°  30'  E. 

Benguela  is  the  last  and  most  southern  of  the 
great  political  sections  of  Western  Africa,  and 
along  the  coast  extends  from  the  river  Cubegi  to 
Cape  Negro,  or  from  11°  to  16°  30'  S.  ;  its  eastern 
limit,  the  river  of  Cumani,  or  Cunhinga,  a  branch 
if  not  the  main  stream  of  the  Coanza.  On  the  S. 
the  boundaries  of  Benguela  are  the  mountains  and 
deserts  of  Caffraria.  Its  hilly  and  rugged  interior 
abounds  with,  and  feeds  and  conceals  innumerable 
26 


elephants,  rhinoceroses,  zebras,  antelopes,  gnus, 
and  other  less  ferocious  animals,  whilst  the  feline 
and  canine  species  abound,  and  the  rivers  swarm 
with  the  hippopotami.  St.  Philip,  of  Benguela,  is 
the  Portuguese  capital,  and  stands  on  or  near  the 
coast,  at  S.  lat.  12°  20' 

Lubolo,  Quissama,  Rimba,  Sccla,  upper  and 
lower  Bemba,  Tainba,  Bamba,  and  some  others, 
are  named  as  provincial  divisions  of  Benguela. 
Lubolo  is  an  eastern  province  between  the  rivers 
Gango  and  Dos  Ramos  ;  upper  and  lower  Bemba 
are  also  eastern,  and  traversed  by  the  river  Gua- 
voro;  Quissama  is  northern,  having  Rimba  S.  and 
Lubolo  E. 

In  our  view  of  central  Africa,  or  Negroland, 
westward  of  Abyssinia,  with  all  due  allowance  for 
protrusions  of  desert,  we  found  the  habitable  surface 
to  amount  to  1,760,000  sq.  ms.,  including  Sene- 
gambia.  In  upper  Guinea  our  estimate  was 
300,000  sq.  ms.  as  capable  of  dense  population. 
Lower  Guinea,  including  Loango,  Congo,  Angola, 
and  Benguela,  comprises  a  distance,  from  the 
mountains  of  the  Moon  to  Cape  Negro,  of  about 
1,600  ms  ;  the  breadth  inland  at  a  mean  of  200  ras_ 
would  therefore  include  an  area  of  320,000  sq.  ms_ 


Sq.  ms. 

-  1,760,000 

300,000 
320,000 

-  2,380,000 

-  1,562,000 

-  3,942,000 


Soudan  and  Senegambia 
Upper  Guinea 
Lower  Guinea 

Amount 

Add  Nile  and  Atlas  regions  - 
Amount 


Thus  we  find,  that  in  northern,  central,  and 
Western  Africa,  there  exists  a  habitable  surface 
more  extensive  than  in  all  Europe. 

Southern  Africa,  or  Cape  region. — The  region 
designated  by  this  head  is  bounded  on  the  north- 
west by  Congo,  or  southern  Guinea;  north  by  cen- 
tral deserts  or  countries  very  imperfectly  known  ; 
northeast  by  the  Portuguese  colonies  on  that  coast; 
and  west,  south,  and  east,  by  the  Atlantic,  South- 
ern, and  Indian  oceans.  It  is  or  may  be  divided 
into  three  sections :  Caffraria,  or  the  country  of  the 
Caffres ;  the  Hottentot  country;  and  the  once 
Dutch,  now  English  Cape  colony.  In  lat.  these 
three  regions  extend  from  15°  to  35°  S.,  and  in 
Ion.  from  13°  30'  to  35°  E.  The  form  approaches 
to  a  triangle.  Greatest  length  from  the  north- 
western angle  on  Benguela,  1,400  ms.,  to  the 
southeastern  coast,'  at  Cape  Natal ;  area  about 
1,200,000  sq.  ms.  But  of  this  large  space,  from 
all  credible  accounts,  more  than  three-fourths  is 
arid  desert.  Along  the  Atlantic  coast,  from  the 
southern  border  of  Benguela,  lat.  17°,  to  the 
mouth  of  Orange  river,  lat.  28°  S.,  or  through  11° 
of  lat.,  a  sandy  and  rocky  desert  extends  to  the 
ocean,  which  is  only  the  boundary  on  that  side  of 
the  immense  interior  deserts  of  Caffraria.  "The 
whole  of  this  coast  was  visited  in  detail,"  says 
Malte  Brun,  vol.  4,  p.  338,  "more  than  twenty 
years  ago,  by  an  English  expedition,  with  a  view 
of  selecting  a  place  for  transportation  ;  they  did  not 
find  one  spot  favorable  for  cultivation,  or  which  did 
not  appear  too  wretched  even  for  criminals.  Water 
that  can  be  drank  is  very  scarce ;  the  rivers  (bays?) 


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GEOGRAPHIC  A  L  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


have  at  their  mouths  only  brackish  water.  Ver- 
dure to  be  seen  only  in  partial  situations." 

The  eastern  coast  of  CafYraria,  along  the  Indian 
ocean,  is  of  a  very  different  character,  deeply  and 
frequently  indented  by  promontories  and  bays;  into 
the  latter,  also,  numerous  rivers  are  poured.  One 
of  these  streams,  the  Espiritu  Santo,  pouring  its 
waters  into  the  Bay  de  la  Goa,  at  S.  lat.  25°,  is  of 
considerable  magnitude.  A  chain  of  mountains, 
probably  a  continuation  northeastwardly  of  the 
Hnow  mountains  of  the  Cape,  appears  to  extend 
through  CafTraria  at  a  distance  of  from  100  to  200 
ins.  from  the  coast  of  the  Indian  ocean.  From 
this  chain  issue  the  rivers  flowing  eastward,  and  to 
one  stream  of  comparative  great  magnitude  and 
length  of  course,  the  Orange  river  flowing  west 
w^rd,  and  finally  discharged  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  after  having  passed  over  by  general  coiirse 
along  the  mean  lat.  of  30°,  11°  of  Ion.,  or  about 
700  ms. 

Northwardly,  however,  of  the  basin  of  Orange 
river,  and  westward  of  the  mountains  already  al- 
luded to,  as  far  as  discovered  by  civilized  men, 
Caffraria  is  a  lonely  desert,  with  all  the  common 
features  of  the  northern  Sahara.  The  entire  sur- 
face of  Caffraria  amounts  to  at  least  980,000  sq.  ms., 
of  which  it  is  probable  not  one-sixth  part  will  ad- 
mit dense  population,  and  most  part  must  forever 
remain  desolate  wastes. 

Though  in  our  geographical  works  a  difference 
is  made  and  marked  on  maps  as  well  as  described 
in  words,  between  the  countries  inhabited  by  the 
Hottentots  and  Caffres,  we  have  no  definite  limits 
placed  before  us  to  point  out  their  respective 
boundaries.    When  discovered,  and  when  coloniz- 
ed by  Europeans,  the  Hottentots  were  the  general  if 
not  the  only  inhabitants  of  extreme  southern  Afri- 
ca.   Under  their  respective  heads  the  reader  will 
see  the  particular  notice  of  each.    In  this  place 
we  can  only  observe,  that  ever  since  European 
colonization  was  established  on  southern  Africa, 
the  range  of  the  Hottentots  has  underwent  pro- 
gressive restriction,  and  the  numbers  of  that  peo- 
ple constant  diminution.    In  strictness,  there  now 
remains  no  country,  at  least  southward  of  S.  lat. 
30°,  or  about  the  mean  range  of  the  Snowy  moun- 
tains, which  can  be  assigned  to  the  Hottentots. 
Beyond  those  mountains,  towards  and  perhaps  in 
places  beyond  the  southern  tropic,  and  particularly 
along  or  near  Orange  river,  roam  or  reside  differ- 
ent tribes  of  that  nation,  such  as  the  great  and  little 
Namaquas,  Koranas,  or  Kora  Hottentots,  Gona- 
quas,  and  on  their  northern  extreme  the  Dammaras. 
The  Boschmen,  on  the  sources  of  the  Orange  river, 
evidently  a  separated  stem  from  the  parent  stock,  are 
a  still  more  brutish  and  degraded  people  than  the 
other  Hottentots.  Their  excessively  meager  frames 
render  the  genuine  Hottentot  physical  characteristics 
extremely  prominent  in  the  Boschmen,  or.  as  they 
are  termed  in  their  own  language,  Saabs.    It  is 
an  arbitrary  estimate,  but  as  correct  as  our  docu- 
ment will  admit,  to  state  the  separate  Hottentot 
country  at  about  200,000  sq.  ms.  along  the  mean 
latitude  of  27°  S.    The  population  it  is  vain  to 
give  at  any  amount.    In  some  places  their  kraals, 
or  villages,  appear  numerous ;  but  when  the  whole 
great  aggregate  area  of  their  country  is  brought 
into  view,  then,  indeed,  must  be  the  distributive 
population  of  a  people  barbarous  below  the  ordina 


ry  level  of  even  African  civilization,  and  occupying 
regions  presenting  all  the  stern  asperities  of  Afri- 
can geography. 

The  territories  of  the  Cape  Colony  comprise  an 
area  of  120,000  sq.  ms.,  between  latitudes  30° 
and  34°  50'  S.,  and  longitudes  18°  and  28°  E.  of 
London  ;  bounded  inland  by  the  Snowy  moun- 
tains, or  countries  of  Hottentots  and  Boschmen, 
west  by  the  A  tlantic  ocean,  south  by  the  Southern 
and  southeast  by  the  Indian  ocean.  Of  the  space, 
however,  it  is  probable  that  much  more  than  one- 
half  is  desert.  Under  the  Dutch,  it  was  divided 
into  three  large  provinces  or  districts :  Stellen- 
bosch  on  the  northwest,  Graaf-Reynet  northeast, 
and  Zwellendam  south.  There  were  still  smaller 
subdivisions.  The  Cape  Colony,  (now  British,) 
peopled  by  240,000  very  mixed  inhabitants,  is  a 
very  important  position. 

The  Cape  Colony  will  be  more  particularly  no- 
ticed under  its  proper  head  ;  we  may  here  merely 
observe,  that  it  is  physically  a  country  of  moun- 
tain chains,  extending  generally  east  and  west, 
though,  towards  the  extreme  east  and  west,  in- 
flecting with  the  opposing  coast.    The  rivers  rise 
within  and  flow  either  along  the  mountain  valleys, 
or  turn  abruptly,  and  rushing  through  mountain 
gorges,  are  lost  in  their  respective  recipients.  Oli- 
fant's  river  rises  in  Stellenbosch,  and,  by  a  general 
western  course,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The 
Berg,  or  Mountain  river,  southwardly  of.Olifant's 
and  northward  of  Table  bay,  falls  into  the  bay  of 
Saldanha.    The  principal  river  of  extreme  south- 
ern Africa  is  Gaurentz  river,  rising  in  eastern 
Stellenbosch  and  western  Graafreynet.    The  re- 
mote fountains  of  this  river  are  in  the  southern 
valleys  of  the  Snowy  mountains,  and,  by  a  general 
southern  course  directly  through  and  not  far  from 
right  angles  to  the  mountains,  falls  into  the  South- 
ern ocean,  a  little  west  of  Flesh  bay,  and  about  240 
ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Cape  Town.  From 
Flesh  bay,  the  coast,  with  no  deep  indentings,  pur- 
sues a  nearly  eastern  course  of  about  250  ms.,  in- 
to which  no  river  of  consequence  enters  until  we 
reach  the  mouth  of  Groot  or  Camtoos  river,  falling 
into  the  Southern  ocean  immediately  west  of  the 
southern  cape  of  Algoa  bay.    Groot  river  rises  in 
the  Snowy  mountains,  opposite  to  the  extreme 
sources  of  the  Orange  river,  and,  pursuing  a  gen- 
eral comparative  SSE.  course  of  about  300  ms., 
crosses  Graafreynet,  and  enters'  the  Southern  ocean 
about    700    ms.    almost   exactly   E.    of  Cape 
Town.    With  Algoa  bay  and  cape  the  African 
coast  inflects  to  NE.  by  E.,  and  continues  in  that 
direction  about  200  ms.,  to  Point  Natal.    In  this 
distance,  which  may  be  regarded  as  along  the  In- 
dian ocean,  two  rivers  of  considi  rable  length  and 
volume  have  their  outlets  :  these  are  Sunday  river 
and  Great  Fish  river,  both  having  their  most  remote 
sources  in  the  same  mountains  with  the  heads  of 
the  Orange.    The  general  course  is  a  very  little 
E.  of  S.,  and  comparative  length  of  course  600 
ms.    With  the  basin  of  Great  Fish  river  termi- 
nates the  Cape  Colony.    This  stream  has  its  most 
distant  source  in  S.  lat.  31°,  and,  flowing  thence 
by  a  comparative  course  of  700  ms.  nearly  paral- 
lel to  the  course  of  Sunday  river,  falls  into  the  In- 
dian ocean  about  9°  of  Ion.,  or,  by  intermediate  road, 
600  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Cape  Town.    It  is 
in  the  valleys  of  these  rivers  and  along  their  main 

21 


APR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


branches  that  have  been  formed  the  principal  set- 
tlements of  the  Cape  Colony. 

With  the  basin  of  Great  Fish  river  passed  over, 
we  enter  Caffraria,  by  some  geographers,  though  the 
limits  here,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  are  very  indefi- 
nite. "Caffraria,"  say  the  French  geographers, 
"  comprise  the  most  extended  region  of  southern 
Africa.  They  give  to  it  a  length  of  1,200  and 
breadth  of  600  ms.,  and  divide  it  into  four  sec- 
tions: Caffraria  proper,  country  of  Betjouanas,  of 
the  Barrolous,  and  Monomotapa." 

Caffraria  proper,  or  the  Natal  toast  of  the  Por- 
tuguese, extends  along  and  between  the  Snowy 
mountains  and  the  Indian  ocean,  from  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Kieskamma,  S.  lat.  33°,  to  the  bay  of 
Lourenzo,  Marquez,  or  Lagoa  ;  St.  Esprit  of  the 
Portuguese,  S.  lat.  26°,  by  a  general  ocean  dis- 
tance of  700  ms.  It  is  a  coast  affording  no  deep 
harbors.  It  is  inhabited  by  several  tribes,  as  the 
Kousas  on  the  southwest,  Hambounas,  Tambou- 
quis,  or  Ma-Thimba,  Abbatouanas,  and  Madou- 
anas.  These  tribes  are  followed  by  the  Betjou- 
anas, who  are  also  divided  into  numerous  tribes, 
differing  amongst  each  other  in  language,  cus- 
toms, and  manners.  In  fact,  it  is  rather  a  load  on 
a  page  to  name  these  obscure,  barbarous,  and  of 
course  unimportant  tribes;  we  therefore  proceed 
to  eastern  Africa,  and  close  our  view  of  that  con- 
tinent. 

Eastern  region  of  Africa. — Here,  again,  wc  are 
left  to  adopt  an  arbitrary  limit,  as  in  fact,  if  guided 
altogether  by  relative  position,  eastern  Caffraria 
ought  to  fall  under  the  preceding  head.  In  the 
names  and  political  boundaries,  the  maps  and  ver- 
bal descriptions  are  excessively  discrepant.  But 
commencing  eastern  Africa  with  Delagoa  bay,  S. 
lat.  26°,  we  have  before  us  a  stretch  of  coast  ex- 
tending, without  including  bays,  of  3,000  ms.  to 
the  gulf  of  Aden.  Politically,  this  greatly  extended 
coast  is  divided  into  Mozambique,  or  Portuguese 
territory,  extending  1,300  ms.  from  the  bay  of 
Lagoa  to  Cape  Delgado,  S.  lat.  10°  ;  and  thence 
the  territories  of  the  Iroaum  of  Muscat,  extending 
1,700  ms.  to  the  gulf  of  Aden  and  Cape  Guar- 
dafui.  Inland,  the  coeinlry  is  very  little  known, 
even  in  the  rear  of  the  Portuguese  settlements,  dat- 


westem  coast,  the  remote  sources  are  yet  involved 
in  doubt.  As  laid  down  on  our  best  maps,  it  rises 
in  a  country  named  Cazemba,  near  the  middle  of 
the  continent,  on  the  mean  lat.  of  15°  S.  and  25° 
E.  of  London  ;  flowing  first  northwardly,  but 
curving  round  by  an  immense  sweep  of  800  ms., 
it  assumes  a  general  eastern  course  of  700  ms., 
and  falls  into  the  Mozambique  channel.  The  wide 
delta,  numerous  mouths,  and  annual  overflowings, 
all  prove  that  the  Zambezi  belongs  to  the  first 
class  of  rivers.  About  300  ms.  above  its  mouth, 
this  river,  by  enormous  cataracts,  breaks  through 
the  Lupata  mountains.  The  height  of  its  inun- 
dations are  in  April.  This  great  river  drains  the 
still  in  some  measure  shadowy  countries  of  Ca- 
zemba, Changamera,  Mocaranga,  and  Maravi. 
Monomotapa,  or  Beni-Motapa,  lies  behind  Sofala, 
and  drained  also  by  Zambezi,  but  too  little  known 
to  admit  specific  description.  The  city  of  Mozam- 
bique, from  which  the  country  derives  its  name, 
is  situated  at  S.  lat.  15°  9',  Ion.  40°  46'  E.  of 
London. 

The  coast  of  Mozambique  presents  every  where 
dangerous  reefs  and  shoals,  with  innumerable  small 
islands.  The  rivers,  as  they,  with  the  exception 
of  Zambezi,  rise  in  the  Lupata,  or  Picos  Fragosos 
mountains,  nor  far  inland,  have  wide  and  shallow 
mouths.  The  port  of  Mozambique,  though  diffi- 
cult of  entrance,  is  safe  for  such  vessels  as  suit 
with  its  depth. 

Cape  Delgado,  S.  lat.  10°  9',  is  a  very  impor- 
tant political  as  well  as  geographical  point,  and 
seems  to  have  been  so  in  the  former  intent  long 
previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  Portuguese  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  15th  century.  It  determines  the 
northern  limit  of  Mozambique  and  southern  of  Zan- 
guebar,  Zangues,  Zingues,  or  Zindges,  for  the  Ar- 
abic name  is  thus  variously  written.  The  same 
point  now  separates  the  Portuguese  territories  from 
those  of  the  Imaum  of  Muscat;  therefore,  we  may 
regard  the  residue  of  eastern  iU'rica  as  appertain- 
ing to  one  sovereignty  ;  and,  advancing  from  south 
to  north,  first  comes  Quiloa,  and  thence  Zanzibar 
proper,  Mombaze,  Melinda,  Brava,  Magadoxa,  and 
Ajan,  or  Azania. 

Quiloa  is  a  limited  territory,  of  about  170  ms., 
ing  backwards  upwards  of  430  years.  As  far  as '  between  Mozambique  and  Zanzibar.  Quiloa,  the 
known,  "north  of  Orange  river  lies  the  country  { capital,  is  situated  on  an  island  at  S.  lat.  8°  27', 


of  the  great  Namaquas,  which,  to  about  lat.  26°  I  and  Ion.  39°  40'  E.  of  London. 
S.  and  Ion.  19°  E.,  is  watered  by  the  tributary  a  country  of  forests. 


The  interior  is 


streams  of  Fish  and  Orange  rivers;  but  north- 
wards of  the  confluents  of  the  Orange  lies  the 
great  southern  Sahara,  extending  probably  to  the 
equator,"  or,  as  likely,  to  near  the  mountains  of 
the  Moon.  As  far  as  explored,  the  southern  has 
all  the  general  features  of  the  northern  desert.  In 
our  descriptions,  we  shall  be  restricted  to  the  coast 
countries. 

Inhambane  u  the  name  given  to  the  country 
between  Lagoa  bay  and  Cape  Corrientes,  and 
brings  us  into  Portuguese  east  Africa.  Sena,  or 
Mozambique,  includes  the  whole  coast  to  Cape 
Delgado,  but  is  divided  into  several  provincial 
sections.  The  extreme  southern  of  these  prov- 
inces is  Botorgo,  or  Sofala.  Sofala,  in  Arabic, 
signifies  low  country,  and  extends  northward  to 
the  Zambezi  river.  This  river,  from  all  we  have 
yet  h  arned,  is  the  third  in  volume  of  the  African 
rivers,  but,  like  the  Congo  and  Coanza  on  the 
28 


Zanzibar  follows  Quiloa,  and  has  either  derived 
its  name  from  or  has  given  it  to  the  finest  and 
largest  of  the  small  coast  islands  of  Africa.  This 
island  is  about  50  ms.  long  and  14  or  15  wide, 
and  lies  in  lat.  S.,  between  5°  40'  and  6°  26'.  It. 
is  fruitful,, well  cultivated,  and,  from  very  recent 
information,  excessively  inhabited.  It  has  a  good 
and  much  frequented  port.  To  the  northward  of 
Zanzibar,  and  50  or  60  ms.  distant,  is  the  island  of 
Pemba,  of  about  half  the  extent,  but  said  to  be  still 
more  productive  than  the  former. 

"  Here  ends  altogther  modern  information," 
says  Malte  Brun,  speaking  of  the  eastern  coast  of 
Africa,  from  Pemba  to  Cape  Guardafui.  "  Is  the 
city  of  Mombaza,"  asks  the  same  author,  "sit- 
uated on  an  island  formed  by  two  branches  of  a 
river,  still  in  possession  of  the  Arabs  of  Muscat, 
who,  in  1698,  drove  out  the  Portuguese !"  We 
can  answer,  that  on  Senex's  map  it  is  thus  placed; 


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AFR 


and  whether  or  not  the  Arabs  of  Muscat  have  or 
have  not  held  that  city  through  all  the  intermediate 
time,  they  do  so  at  present.  The  latitude  of  Mom- 
baza,  as  given  by  Malte  Brun,  is  4°  4'  8.,  Ion. 
38°  12'  E.  of  Paris,  or  40°  32'  E.  of  London. 

"The  cities  of  Melinda,  Lamo,  and  Pate,  ap- 
pear to  be  situated  on  the  delta  of  a  great  river, 
called  Quilimancy,  which  appears  to  be  the  same 
as  that,  which,  under  the  name  of  Zebee,  descends 
from  the  mountains  of  Abyssinia." — Malte  Brun, 
vol.  4,  p.  407. 

Here  I  have  a  remark  to  repeat,  which  was  made 
in  another  place,  that  the  preceding  answers  much 
more  exactly  to  the  map  of  Senex,  than  to  any 
modern  map  which  I  have  seen.  The  river  men- 
tioned in  the  preceding  is  represented  by  Senex  as 
issuing  from  the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  in  the 
mean  lat.  of  7°  N.,  and  thence  named  Zebee,  north 
of  the  equator,  and  Quillimancy  southward  of  that 
line,  is  brought  into  the  Indian  ocean  at  nearly  4° 
S.  lat.  The  modern  maps  throw  doubt  upon  the 
course  of  this  stream,  by  representing  it  by  dots, 
northward  of  the  equator.  There  is,  however,  not 
much  reason  to  doubt  its  continuous  existence  and 
restoration  to  science,  by  means  of  future  discov- 
ery. Along  this  coast,  when  first  visited  by  the 
Portuguese,  the  people  were  found  civilized,  man- 
ufacturing, and  commercial ;  so  they  remain  ;  and 
their  monarch,  the  Imaum  of  Muscat,  has  sent 
over  to  the  United  States  the  first  Mahometan 
merchant  vessel  which  has  ever  crossed  the  At- 
lantic ocean. 

But  behind  these  maritime  and  civilized  people 
roam  the  almost  savage  tribes  of  Mosegueyos,  Mara- 
cates,  and  others  still  more  remote.  Directly  west- 
wards of  Quilimancy,  and  of  the  river  of  that  name, 
Senex  places  a  people  whom  he  names  and  charac- 
terizes "  t he  Mosse-Guales,  Kafres,  very  barbar- 
()us.,'  To  the  north,  again,  of  the  river  Quili- 
mancy, the  same  geographer  places  and  names  j 
another  interior  nation  thus  :  "People  called  Mar- 
acates,  who  possess  a  great  extent  in  this  country, 
till  within  two  days  journey  of  the  sea — Mahom- 
etans." 

With  the  mouth  of  Quilimancy  river  passed,  the 
African  coast,  which  extends  in  a  general  northern 
direction  from  Mozambique,  now  turns  to  a  near 
northeasterly  course,  and,  though  under  other  sec- 
tional names,  is  known  as  the  coast  of  Magadoxa. 
The  city  of  that  name  is  situated  near  the  sea,  and 
is  the  capital,  and,  following  the  general  oriental 
custom,  gives  name  to  the  country  to  an  extent 
rather  vaguely  limited.  It  stands  at  lat.  2°  6'  N., 
and  in  Ion.  45°  30'  E.  of  London. 

It  appears  from  recent  information  that  the  coun- 
try in  the  vicinity  at  least  of  the  capital  is  watered 
by  a  large  river,  and  abounds  in  grain,  fruits,  and 
cattle.  This  again  corresponds  with  Senex,  who 
has  placed  the  city  of  Magadoxa  at  the  mouth  and 
to  the  westward  of  a  river  which  he  derives  from 
the  interior  mountains  400  or  500  ms.  to  the  north 
westward  of  its  outlet ;  and  along  which  is  noted, 
"the  river  Magadoxa,  called  by  the  Arabs  '  the 
Nile  of  Mocadesson,1  because  of  its  annual  over- 
flowing.'''' 

The  name  of  Magadoxa  appears  to  be  derived 
from  the  name  Machidas,  mentioned  by  Abyssinian 
writers.  Malte  Brun  calls  the  country  "kingdom 
of  Magadoxa,  or  Makadscou,"  and  closes  his  brief 


account  of  it  by  observing:  "It  is  probable  that 
the  Machidas,  mentioned  by  the  Abyssinian  histo- 
ries, are  no  others  than  the  Makadscou." 

Senex,  on  his  map,  has  placed  northward  of  the 
Maracates,  and  westward  of  his  river  Magadoxo, 
the  "  kingdom  of  Machida,  a  powerful  nation,  the 
king  of  which  is  of  the  line  of  the  Ethiopian  kings, 
with  whom  he  is  always  at  war.  They  are  Ma- 
hometans." 

From  the  tenor  of  both  ancient  and  modern  maps 
and  records,  it  appears  certain  that  the  productive, 
region  of  the*Nile  extends  to  and  is  continued  to 
the  southward  of  the  Kong  mountains,  in  a  direc- 
tion a  little  east  of  south,  to  the  Indian  ocean. 
Down  this  southern  slope  of  the  Kong,  two  large 
and  some  smaller  rivers  have  their  courses.  The 
two  main  streams  are  the  Zebee  and  Magadoxo  of 
Senex.  The  western  of  these,  the  Zebee  of  Se- 
nex, is  the  Quilimancy,  or  Melinda,  or  Ozee,  of 
modern  geography,  and  the  eastern  the  Webbei, 
or  Webbe,  of  modern  geography.  Senex  repre- 
sents a  river  by  name  Jubo,  between  the  two  for- 
mer, and  entering  the  Indian  ocean  directly  under 
the  equator.  The  French  geographers,  with  anal- 
ogy in  favor  of  their  representation,  draw  the 
Jubo  also  from  the  Kong,  and  all  the  maps  before 
me  have  its  mouth  laid  down  under  the  equator. 

In  latitude,  this  slope,  which  might  be  called 
that  of  Magadoxa,  extends  through  11°,  or  from 
3°  S.  to  8°  N.,  equal  to  about  750  ms.  ;  the  mean 
breadth  cannot  fall  short  of  350  ms.,  exceeding  an 
area  of  260,000  sq.  ms.  ;  very  considerably  ex- 
ceeding the  superfices  of  the  Pyrenean  or  Spanish 
peninsula.  What  a  field  for  future  discovery  !  The 
coast  alone,  from  Melinda  to  Magadoxa,  upwards 
of  600  ms.,  general  course,  would  well  deserve  an 
exploring  expedition. 

Ajan,  Azania,  or  Adel,  are  all  general  names  of 
the  African  coast,  from  that  of  Magadoxa  to  Cape 
Guardafui,  distance  by  general  course  about  700 
ms.,  and  is  thus  described  by  Malte  Brun  :  "The 
coast  of  Ajan  presents  to  the  eye  of  the  navigator 
only  a  desolate  mass  of  rocks  and  sand,  where  oc- 
casionally ma}r  be  seen  a  wandering  ostrich.  In 
proceeding  round  Cape  Guardafui,  the  eastern 
point  of  Africa,  the  coast  puts  on  a  less  barren  ap- 
pearance." 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  habitable 
sections  of  southern  and  eastern  Africa: 

Sq.  ms. 

Cape  Colony,  (pop.  240,000,)  area  -  120,000 
Caffraria,  area         -  -  -  1,080,000 

Mozambique,  Changamera,  &c,  area  450,000 
Zanguebar,  Melinda,  &c,  area  -  200,000 
Magadoxa,  Adel,  Ajan,  &c,  area     -  360,000 


*  2, 2 10, 000 


African  islands — Madagascar,  Comoro  group, 
Zanzibar,  Pemba,  Socotra,  Seychelle  group,  Masca- 
renhas  group,  &c,  on  the  eastern  side ;  St.  Helena, 
Ascension,  St.  Thomas,  Fernando  Po,  Cape  Verd, 
Canary  group,  and  the  group  of  Madeira,  west. — 
In  pursuing  our  specific  description*  we  commence 
on  the  extreme  northeastward  with  Socotora,  orSo- 


*  It  would  be  vain  to  attempt  even  an  approximate  esti" 
mate  of  the  population  of  these  regions.  We  may  observe' 
however,  that  if  supposed  to  be  over  the  whole  surface  even 
one  person  to  the  square  mile,  the  aggregate  would  then  be 


2,-210,(X>0,  and  they  can  hardly  be  less". 


29 


AFR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY,  AFR 


cotra.  This  island  lies  about  150  ms.  NE.  by  E. 
of  Cape  Guardal'ui,  with  the  small  island  of  Curia 
in  the  intervening  channel;  lat.  12°  30',  Ion.  54° 
E.  of  London.  It  is  about  100  ms.  long  from  SE. 
to  NW.,  mean  width  20  ms.,  and  area  2,000  sq. 
ms.  A  chain  of  naked  and  rugged  mountains 
composes  its  eastern  border,  whilst  another  still 
more  elevated  extends  along  its  centre,' giving  to 
the  whole  island  a  stern  and  arid  aspect,  without 
running  water  or  vegetation.  Concealed  by  these 
asperities  lie  some  fertile  valleys,  abounding  in 
dales,  aloes,  and  other  plants.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Arabs,  with  their  Mussulman  subjects  or  slaves  ; 
the  Bediognes,  ancient  inhabitants,  who  are  Jacob- 
ite Christians  ;  and  by  mountain  savages.  Tam- 
arida,  on  the  eastern  shore,  is  its  capital. 

It  is  very  remarkable,  that,  spreading  between 
that  part  of  the  coast  of  Indostan  northward  of  the 
Laccadive  islands,  and  the  coast  of  Africa  from 
Zanzibar  to  Soeotra,  and  thence  continued  north- 
eastward to  the  coast  of  Mekran,  or  Beloochistan, 
extends  a  sea  of  13,000  ms.  in  length,  from  SW. 
toJ\E.,  and  exceeding  a  mean  breadth  of  1,000 
ms.,  the  aiea  exceeding  3,000,000  of  sq.  ms. 
This  sea  comprises  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
Indian  ocean,  and  with  the  Red  sea,  or  Ara- 
bian gulf,  and  the  Persian  gulf,  as  embranch- 
ments. Except  the  inlets  to  these  gulfs,  this  sea 
is  bounded  on  the  NW.  by  the  African  coast,  N. 
by  the  southern  coast  of  Arabia  and  that  of 
Makran,  NE.  by  Indostan,  and  SE.  by  irregu- 
lar groups  of  islands,  such  as  Comoro,  Seychelles, 
Chagos,  Maldives,  and  Laccadives.  Independent 
of  innumerable  small  islands  along  and  near  the 
coasts,  the  sea  we  have  specified  is  remarkable  for 
its  depth  and  destitution  of  islands.  It  was  the 
Erythraean  sea  of  antiquity,  and  its  northern  part 
the  Arabian  sea  of  modern  geography.  The  two 
small  though  important  islands  of  Pemba  and  Zan- 
zibar have  been  already  noticed,  and  may  be  found 
also  under  their  proper  heads. 

At  an  interval  of  16°  of  lat.,  or  about  1,100  ms. 
nearly  due  south  of  Soeotra,  rises  from  the  ocean 
an  extensive  archipelago  of  small  islands  and  reefs, 
called  by  the  general  name  of  Seychelie  islands,  but 
divided  by  nature  into  sub-groups.  Seychelie  prop- 
er, or  Mahe  islands,  totheNE.  ;  Admiralty  islands 
in  the  middle,  and  Providence  SW.  These  groups, 
.says  Make  Brun,  "discovered  by  the  Portuguese, 
are  even  at  this  period  far  from  well  defined." 
Such  is  the  case,  no  doubt,  as  to  these  islands  in- 
dividually, but  it  i3  only  necessary  to  cast  a  glance 
on  a  general  map  of  the  Indian  ocean,  to  be  con- 
vinced that  the  Seychelie  archipelago  is  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  same  ridge  of  which  the  superior 
height  forms  Madagascar;  the  whole* extending 
with  a  general  conformity  to  the  opposing  coast  of 
Africa. 

"Many  small  islands  little  known,  amongst 
which  arc  the  Seven  Brothers,  Diego,  Garcia, 
Adu,  and  Candu,  reaching  from  the  Seychelles  to- 
the  Maldives,  and  evon  beyond  the  meridian  of 
Ceylon,  in  the  direction  of  Sumatra.  They  are  all 
inhabited.  To  the  SW.  of  the  Seychelles  are  ma- 
ny small  islands  and  extensive  reefs  of  rock  uniting- 
this  archipelago  to  Madagascar  and  Africa.  Thus, 
that  part  of  the  Indian  ocean  that  extends  from  the 
coast  of  Zanguebar  to  that  of  Malabar,  and  from 
Arabia  to  the  Seychelles  and  Maldives,  forms  a 
30 


kind  of  separate  sea,  or,  it  may  be  so  called,  a 
Mediterranean  sea." — Matte  Bruli,  vol.  4,  p.  421. 

This  Mediterranean  is  closed  on  the  southwest 
between  Cape  Delgado,  in  Africa,  and  Cape  Am- 
bro,  the  northern  point  of  Madagascar,  by  the  fine 
archipelago  of  Comoro.  With  this  group  com- 
mences the  Mozambique  channel ;  they  are  four  in 
number:  Anjuan,  or  Joanna,  but  more  properly 
Hinzouan,  Angaziga,  or  Great  Comora,  Mouhilly, 
Mohilla,  or  Molale,  and  Mayotte,  or  Mayotta.  The 
most  frequented  and  most  important  is  Hinzouan, 
having  commodious  havens  and  watering  places ; 
its  aspect  highly  picturesque,  with  hills  and  moun-  ! 
tains  shaded  by  lofty  trees,  and  painted  as  a  car- 
pet of  green.  Matchedon,  on  the  north  side,  is  its 
capital  and  best  port,  and  is  situated  at  S.  lat.  1 1° 
18',  Ion.  43°  16'  E.  of  London,  and  about  300  \ 
ms.  SE.  of  Cape  Delgado. 

Angazija,  or  Great  Comoro,  lies  about  70  rns. 
northwesterly  of  Anjuan,  and  is  the  nearest  to  the 
continent  of  Africa.  It  is  composed  of  a  vast  as- 
semblage of  mountains,  with  bases  near  the  sea 
shore,  but  uniting  in  a  common  summit  towards 
the  centre,  rising  from  6,000  to  7,000  feet  above 
the  ocean.  It  has  no  road,  but  many  villages. 
The  centre  of  Great  Comoro  is  about  in  lat.  11° 
30'  S.,  Ion.  43°  E.  of  London. 

Mouhilly  lies  about  15  rns.  SW.  of  Anjuan, 
and  is  encompassed  by  a  chain  of  rocky  shelves.  It 
has  two  small  towns. 

Mayotte,  or  Mayotta,  is  the  smallest  and  most 
southeastern  of  the  whole  four,  and  distant  from 
Hinzonan  about  20  ms.  It  is  very  difficult  of  ac- 
cess. Valentine  peak,  in  this  island,  is  in  S.  lat. 
12°  54',  Ion.  45°  E.  of  London. 

"Situated  under  a  fine  sky,"  says  Malte  Brun, 
"  the  Comoro  islands  enjoy  a  very  healthy  climate. 
The  champaign  country  every  where  exhibits  the  I 
appearance  of  a  luxurious  vegetation." 

Madagascar,  or,  as  it  is  supposed,  more  properly 
Madecasse,  one  amongst  the  largest  islands  of  the 
earth,  next  rises  before  us  in  passing  southeasterly 
from  the  Comoros.  Madagascar  lies  between  lati- 
tudes 12°  and  25°  S.,  and  in  longitude  between  43° 
40',  and  51°  10' E.  of  Lontfcn.  The  range  of  Mada- 
gascar is  from  SSW.  to  NNE.  A  direct  line  from 
its  southern  point,  Cape  St.  Mary,  to  Cape  Ambro, 
on  the  extreme  north,  is  within  an  unimportant 
fraction  of  900  ms.  It  is  very  near  300  ms.  wide 
where  broadest,  the  whole  having  a  rude  approach 
to  an  ellipsis,  which,  were  it  such,  would  yield 
214,400  sq.  rns.  ;  but,  allowing  for  entering  curves, 
this  immense  island  still  contains  at  least  a  superfices 
of  200,000  sq.  ms.,  and  rendering  its  surface  little,  if 
any,  under  that  of  the  Spanish,  peninsula.  As  this 
island  will  be  particularly  mentioned  under  its  own 
head,  we  refer  to  that  article. 

Mascarenhas  group  is  traversed  by  S.  lat.  20°, 
and  the  westernmost,  the  island  of  Bourbon,  lies 
about  450  ms.  from  the  eastern  coast  of  Madagas- 
car. The  group  comprises  three  islands — Bour- 
bon, or  Reunion,  on  the  SW.  ;  at  the  distance  of 
100  ms.  northeasterly  from  Bourbon,  Mauritius,  or 
Isle  of  France  ;  and,  lastly,  Rodeiique,  nearly  east' 
from  the  Isle  of  France  400  ms. 

The  whole  island  of  Bourbon  bears  traces  too 
strong  to  doubt  its  volcanic  origin.  It  is  compos- 
ed of  two  volcanic  mountains  and  mere  selvedges 
of  arable  land.    The  southern  mountain  still  emits 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AFR 


smoke,  though  no  destructive  volcanic  eruptions 
have  marked  its  history  since  inhabited  by  civilized 
man.  St.  Denis,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  island, 
is  the  capital,  and  stands  at  S.  lat.  20°  51',  and 
Ion.  55°  27'  E.  of  London. 

The  Isle  of  Fiance,  less  extensive  or  fertile  than 
is  that  of  Bourbon,  is  indebted  to  its  better  harbors 
and  roads  for  a  greater  importance.  The  form  of 
this  island  approaches  towards  an  oval  of  30  by  22 
ms.  The  shoals  render  disembarkation-  dangerous 
irt  foul  weather.  The  interior  is  mountainous. 
Port  St.  Louis,  on  the  western  side  of  the  island, 
is  the  capital,  and  is  situated  at  S.  lat.  19°  41', 
and  in  ion.  57°  E.  of  London. 

The  island  of  Diego  Rodriguez  has  only  recent- 
ly been  colonized.  It  lies  in  S.  lat.  19°  40',  Ion. 
63°  20'  E. 

Advancing  from  the  eastern  or  Indian  ocean  side 
of  Africa  to  the  western  or  side  of  the  Atlantic,  one 
remark  intrudes  itself :  that  is,  the  numerous,  or,  it 
might  be  said,  innumerable  small  coast  islands, 
which  border  eastern  Africa,  are  singularly  contrast- 
ed with  the  very  reverse  character  along  the  Afri- 
can shores  on  the  Atlantic.  The  islands  in  the 
Atlantic  ocean  enumerated  as  African  islands  are, 
from  relative  position,  distinct  from  what  are  prop- 
erly called  coast  islands.  These  are  the  group  of 
Tristan  d'Acunha,  the  solitary  islands  of  St.  He- 
lena and  Ascension  ;  the  chain  of  St.  Thomas, 
Prince's  island,  and  Fernando  Po ;  the  archipelagoes 
of  Cape  Verd,  Canaries,  Madeiras,  and  Azores, 
or  Western  islands. 

Tristan,  d'Acunha,  of  these  groups  and  islands, 
comes  first,  if  we  advance  from  south  to  north.  This 
group,  four  in  number,  is  set  down  as  African  by 
a  severe  stretch  of  system,  as  it  lies  a  little  S.  of 
W.  upwards  of  1,800  ms.  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  at  S.  lat.  37°  20',  and  Ion.  12°  W.  of  Lon- 
don. The  distance,  indeed,  from  the  Tristan  d'- 
Acunha islands  to  the  southeastern  coast  of  South 
America  is  only  about  150  ms.  farther  than  to 
southwestern  Africa.  These  islands  are  evidently 
the  peaks  of  mountains  ;  the  principal  island  rising, 
to  the  height  of  8,326  feet,  with  verdure  halfway 
up,  but  covered  with  snow  many  months  of  the 
year.  They  are  mere  specks  in  the  vast  oceanic 
desert  around.  An  American,  some  years  since, 
chose  one  of  them  for  his  abode,  and  found  the  soil 
productive. 

St.  Helena  is,  in  proportion  to  its  celebrity,  the 
most  isolated  spot  on  the  earth.  Standing  in  a 
fearful  waste  of  waters,  at  S.  lat.  15°  40',  and 
Ion.  6°  W.  of  London,  the  still  smaller  island  of 
Ascension,  800  ms.  to  the  northwestward,  is  the 
nearest  land  ;  it  is  distant  1,200  ms.  from  the  coast 
of  Benguela,  in  Africa,  and  upwards  of  2,200  ms. 
from  the  Brazil  coast  of  America.  It  is  curious 
that  radii  from  St.  Helena  of  no  very  unequal 
length  will  reach  the  African  coast  from  Cape  Pal- 
mas,  lying  from  it  nearly  due  north,  to  Cape  Frio, 
bearing  from  it  only  a  little  S.  of  E.,  embracing  a 
stretch  of  African  coast  of  about  3,000  ms.  See 
art.  St.  Helena. 

Ascension,  "  a  rock  without  water,  except  one 
fountain,  and  nearly  without  vegetation,  rises 
above  the  waves  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  at  lat.  7° 
30'  S.,  and  Ion.  14  W.  of  London.  It  is  visited 
by  mariners  for  the  innumerable  sea  turtles  which 
are  found  reposing  amongst  its  rocks,  lavas,  and 


volcanic  scoria  ;  -and  also  an  established  point  by  ' 
which  to  regulate  their  reckoning. 

The  few  islands  appearing  at  such  wide  spaces 
on  its  surface,  and  so  minute  in  themselves,  ren- 
der the  destitution  of  land  over  the  great  southern 
Atlantic  striking  in  a  supreme  degree. 

At  the  great  interval  of  1,400  miles  northeast- 
ward from  St.  Helena,  and  towards  the  recesses  of 
the  gulf  of  Guinea,  we  reach  St.  Thomas,  the  most 
southwesterly  of  a  chain  which  would  seem  to  con- 
sist of  a  continuation  of  a  mountain  range  of  the 
continent  of  Africa.  This  insular  chain  consists  of 
the  islands  of  St.  Thomas,  Prince's,  and  Fernan- 
do Po. 

St.  Thomas,  or  its  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  island,  at  N.  lat.  27',  Ion.  6° 
48'  E.  of  London.  It  is  about  33  ms.  by  19,  and 
lies  150  ms.  W.  of  the  continent  of  Africa.  Its 
northern  part  is  composed  of  high  mountains,  ter- 
minating in  peaks. 

Advancing  from  St.  Thomas  in  a  NNE.  direc- 
tion, towards  the  bight  of  Biafra,  brings  us  to 
Prince's  island,  with  a  length  of  20  ms.  and  breadth 
of  12  ms.  N.  lat.  1°  37',  Ion.  7°  40'  E.  of  London. 
Air  healthy  and  agreeable ;  water  excellent ;  and 
harbors  best  in  the  chain. 

Still  advancing  NNE.  upwards  of  100  ms., 
we  reach  the  island  of  Fernando  Po,  or  Fernao-do- 
Po,  within  50  ms.  of  the  African  coast.  It  derives 
its  name  from  that  of  a  Portuguese  gentleman  in 
the  service  of  Alphonsus  V,  king  of  Portugal,  who 
discovered  it  in  1472,  and  named  it  Formosa,  or 
the  beautiful.  It  is  about  22  ms.  from  E.  to  W., 
with  a  breadth  of  8  ms.  ;  surface  high  and  woody. 
Watering  place  or  anchorage,  N.  lat.  3°  28',  Ion. 
E.  from  London  7°  26'.  It  belongs  to  Spain, 
while  the  two  former  appertain  to  Portugal.  Fer- 
nando Po  lies  directly  W.  of  the  Dutch  settlement, 
around  the  extreme  bottom  of  the  bight  of  Biafra. 

Cape  Verd,  at  the  wide  interval  of  2,500  ms. 
from  Fernando -Po,  next  claims  our  attention 
amongst  the  insular  African  groups.  Along  the 
intermediate  coast,  it  is  true  there  are  a  few  small 
islands,  and  but  a  few,  and  those  are  of  the  class 
of  coast  islands.  The  archipelago  of  Cape  Verd 
commences  about  300  ms.  very  nearly  W.  of  the 
cape  of  the  same  name.  A  careful  comparison  of 
relative  range  and  position  leaves  little  doubt  but 
that  the  Cape  Verd  islands  are  prominences  of  a 
continuation  of  the  great  central  mountain  system 
of  Africa.  The  islands,  beside  mere  rocks,  are  ten 
in  number:  St.  Jago,  Mayo,  Fuego,  Bravo,  or  St. 
John,  Bonavista,  Sel,  or  do  Sal,  St.  Nicholas, 
Santa  Lucia,  San  Vincenta,  and  San  Antonio. — 
See  article  Cape  Verd  Islands.  Porto  Praya,  in 
St.  Jago,  lat.  15°  N.,  Ion.  23°  30'  W.  of  London, 

Passing  northwardly  along  the  African  coast, 
and  doubling  Cape  Bajador  N.  lat.  26°  12',  and 
Cape  Juby,  we  feel  as  if  in  the  neighborhood  of 
those  fortunate  islands,  so  long  the  empire  of  fable, 
and  amongst  the  first  and  most  interesting  modern 
discoveries,  or  rather  re-discoveries?.  "The  cele- 
brated archipelago  of  the  Canary  islands,"  says 
Malte  Brun,  "  conducts  us  towards  the  empire  of 
civilization  ;  it  forms  almost  a  part  of  Europe.  Ap- 
proaching from  theS.,  the  first  island  of  this  justly 
celebrated  group  which  comes  in  view  is  Forteven- 
tura,  to  the  N.  of  which  rises  Lanzarota,  and  to 
the  southwestward  of  these  two  comes  in  succes- 

31 


AFR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AGD 


*sion  Grand  Canary,  Teneriffe,  or  Santa  Cruz,  Go- 
mera,  Ferro,  and  Palma.  The  Canaries,  extend- 
ing in  a  general  direction  from  E.  to  W.  along  the 
mean'  lat.  of  28°  30',  are  evidently  a  continuation  of 
the  Atlas  mountains.  Lon.  15°  VV.  of  London 
passes  between  Grand  Canary  and  Forteventura. 
See  article  Canary  Islands. 

The  same  meridian  which  we  have  noticed  as- 
passing  the  Canaries,  if  extended  about  300  ms. 
northward,  reaches  the  Madeiras,  or  rather  Madeira, 
as  the  group  contains  only  one  comparatively  large 
island,  Madeira  proper,  and  one  small,  Puerto  Santo 
Funchal,  situated  on  its  southern  side,  is  the  capi- 
tal of  Madeira.  Lat.  32°  28',  N.  lon.  17°  6'  W.  of 
London. — See  article  Madeiras. 

Five  hundred  and  fifty  miles  northwestwardly  of 
Madeira  rises  St.  Mary,  the  most  southeastern  of 
an  archipelago  amid  the  wide  waste  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  These  islands  are  known  under  the  general 
names  of  Azores,  {Hawk  islands,)  Tcrceiras,  after 
the  largest  among  them,  or  Flamandes,  or  Fla 
mengas,  from  a  colony  of  Flemings,  from  whom  a 
part  of  the  inhabitants  are  descended,  the  English 
often  designate  them  relatively  the  Western  islands. 
As  was  remarked  of  Tristan  d'Acunha  islands,  we 
may  say  of  the  Azores,  that  system  only  could  in- 
clude the  latter  under  the  head  of  Africa;  and 
again,  hardly  as  far  distant  from  the  coast  of  Por- 
tugal, to  whom  they  both  nationally  and  politically 
belong,  as  they  are  from  Africa,  the  Azores  are  es- 
sentially islands  of  Europe.  They  are,  not  in- 
cluding mere  rocks  or  banks,  nine  in  number; 
which,  ranging  from  southeast  to  northwestward, 
and  commencing  with  St.  Mary,  are  St.  Mary,  St. 
Michael,  Terceira,  St.  George,  Graciosa,  Fayal, 
Pico,  Flores,  and  Corvo.  The  whole  archipelago 
is  divided  into  three  groups :  St.  Mary's  and  St. 
Michael's,  about  100  ms.  separated  to  the  south- 
eastward, and  Flores  and  Corvo,  near  200  ms.  to 
the  northwestward  of  the  middle  and  main  group. 
N.  lat.  40°  passes  a  very  little  northward  of  Corvo, 
the  most  northerly  and  also  the  most  northwe-terly 
of  the  Azores,  and  lon.  30°  W.  of  London,  passes 
the  wide  strait  between  the  middle  and  most  west- 
ern groups.  The  extreme  length  of  the  Azore 
archipelago  is  about  500  ms.  from  the  eastern 
point  of  St.  Mary's  to  the  western  of  Flores.  These 
islands  form  the  prominences  of  an  immense  vol- 
canic  range.  The  coasts  are  generally  high  and 
steep,  and  surfaces  covered  with  volcanic  matter. — 
See  article  Azores. 

In  the  previous  article,  under  the  general  head  of 
Africa,  we  have  engrouped  the  principal  features 
and  natural  subdivisions  of  ^hat  great  continent, 
and  connected  with  it  those  insular  groups  usual- 
ly regarded  as  appertaining  to  it,  and  have  left  the 
political  sections,  cities,  towns,  &c,  to  be  treated 
under  their  own  heads,  respectively. 

Summary  of  the  physical  geography  of  Africa. 

Set.  ms. 

Abyssinia-  -  -  -  320,000 

Sennaar  and  Nubia  -  -  400,000 

Egypt  r  150,000 

Tripoli  -  269,000 
Tunis      ...  .  53,000 

Algeria     -  -  -  -  210,000 

Morocco  -  -  -  -  160,000 

Sahara,  northern  desert     -  -  2,200,000 

Soudan,  Guinea,  upper  and  lower  -  2,380,000 
32 


Cape  Colony        -          -  -  120,000 

Caffraria              -           -  -  1,080,000 

Mozambique,  Changamera,  &c.  -  450,000 

Zanguebar,  Melinda,  &c.  -  -  200,000 

Magadoxo            -           -  -  360,000 

Sahara,  Southern  -           -  -  2,200,000 

Madagascar  and  other  islands  -  250,000 

Total  area  -  10,802,000 

We  may  observe,  that  of  the  preceding  aggre- 
gate 4,400,000  sq.  ms.  are  included  in  the  two 
immense  deserts,  leaving  6,402,000  as  habitable. 
But,  of  the  habitable  sections,  at  least  one  third 
ought  again  to  be  abstracted  for  re-entering  deserts, 
leaving  for  the  really  productive  parts,  capable  of 
any  considerable  density  of  population,  an  aggre- 
gate of  4,268,000  sq.  ms.  Unless  Africa  is  re- 
garded as  a  congeries  of  islands,  separated  on  the 
land  sides  by  seas,  indeed  oceans,  of  barren  sand 
and  rock,  no  rational  idea  can  be  formed  of  its  real 
physical  geography.  The  Nile,  and  still  more 
northern  sections,  can  far  more  easily  communicate, 
by  the  Mediterranean,  with  Europe  and  Western 
Asia,  than  they  can  with  Soudan  or  Nigritia,  over 
the  interior  deserts.  Still,  however,  with  all  de- 
ductions, the  insular  sections  of  Africa,  under  the 
terms  stated,  comprise  considerably  more  arable 
surface  than  does  Europe  ;  and  therefore,  were  the 
former  regions  possessed  of  the  moral  and  political 
advantages  of  Europe,  in  due  proportion  the  re- 
spective masses  would  be  very  nearly  as  43  to  35. 
Therefore,  allowing  to  Europe  an  existing  popula- 
tion of  230,000,000,  Africa  ought  to  have 
282,000,000.  .  It  may  be,  however,  doubted 
whether  it  contains  one-fifth  of  such  an  amount. 
Egypt  is  probably  the  most  densely  inhabited  of 
any  African  section,  and  there,  according  to  the 
best  accounts,  the  distributive  population  on 
150,000  sq.  ms.  is  only  about  17  to  the  sq.  m. 
Were  the  whole  habitable  surface  populated  in  pro- 
portion, there  would  then  be  only  an  aggregate  of 
72,576,000  persons. 

Africa,  seaport  town  of  Tunis,  70  ms.  SSE. 
of  Tunis.  Tt  was  taken  by  Charles  V,  who  de- 
molished the  fortifications.  Lon.  11  10  E.,  lat. 
35  36  N. 

Afrique,  St.,  small  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Averion,  6  ms.  E.  of  Vabres. 

Aga,  Turkish  title  of  distinction,  applied  as 
the  English  term  Lord,  ratherindefinitely,  to  high 
officers,  military  or  civil. 

Agades,  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Negroland,  about 
500  ms.  eastward  of  Toinbuctoo.  It  is  also  called 
Agdass,  and  Aghades.  It  borders  on  the  great 
desert.  N.  lat.  19°  and  Ion.  13°  E.  of  London, 
intersect  in  this  kingdom. 

Agadir,  or  Santo-  Cruz,  a  town  of  Morocco  near 
the  Atlantic  coast,  about  100  ms.  southward  of 
Mogadore,  N.  lat.  30  30. 

Agatha,  St.,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Ulteriore 
principality,  with  a  bishop's  see,  20  ms.  NE.  of 
Naples.    Lon.  14  36  E.,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Agatton,  town  near  the  mouth  of  the  Formosa, 
on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  80  ms.  S.  of  Benin.  Lon. 
7  6  E.,  lat.  7  20  N. 

Agawam,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  362  ms. 
from  W.  C.  and  89  from  Boston. 

Agde,  town  of  Fr-,  in  the  dep.  of  Herault,  and 


AIA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AIR 


late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Herault,  lg  m.  from  its  mouth  in  the  gulf  of 
Lyons,  where  there  is  a  small  fort  to  defend  the 
entrance.  It  is  17  ms.  NE.  of  Narbonne.  Lon. 
3  28  E.,  lat.  43  19  N. 

Agen,  city  of  Fr.,  the  ancient  Aglnum,  in  the 
now  dep.  of  Lot  and  Garonne.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Garonne.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  manu- 
factures. Agen  stands  108  ms.  SE.  of  Bordeaux 
and  70  NW.  of  Toulouse.  N.  lat.  44  12,  lon.  0 
40  E.  of  London. 

Agenabat,  town  of  Transylvania,  10  ms.  NE. 
of  Hermenstadt.    Lon.  24  50  E.,  lat.  46  32  N. 

Ager,  small  town  of  Catalonia,  in  Spain.  Lon. 
1  50  E.,  lat.  41  50  N. 

Agga,  or  Aggona,  town  and  district  on  the  coast 
of  Guinea,  in  which  the  English  have  a  fort*.  Lon. 
0  5  B.f  lat.  6  0  N. 

Aggerhuys,  town  of  Norway,  and  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  which  is  full  of  moun- 
tains. It  is  30  ms.  N  W.  of  Frederickshall.  Lon. 
10  20  E.,  lat.  59  30.— See  Christiana. 

Aghrim,  village  in  the  co.  of  Galway,  Ireland. 

Aghrin,  town  in  the  co.  of  Wicklow,  Ireland, 
13  ms.  SW.  of  Wicklow.  Lon.  6  21  W.,  lat.  52 
45  N. 

Agincourf,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
straits  of  Calais,  and  late  co.  of  Artois,  7  ms.  N. 
of  Hesden. 

Agmat,  town  of  Morocco,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  and  on  the  declivity  of  one  of  the 
mountains  of  Atlas,  where  the  soil  is  fertile.  It  is 
16  ms.  S.  of  Morocco.  Lon.  7  15  W.,  lat.  30 
56  N. 

Agimere. — See  Adj  ern.tr  e. 

Agosto,  Lagusto,  or  Agusla,  island  in  the  Ad- 
riatic, 70  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Ragusa,  and 
10  ms.  S.  of  the  island  of  Curzola. 

Agram,  capital  of  Croatia,  situated  on  a  hill  near 
the  northern  side  of  the  Save  river.  It  is  known 
also  by  the  Italian  names  of  Zagrab  and  Sagabria, 
and,  at  an  earlier  period,  called  Gretz,  or  Graetz. 
Population  17,000.  About  150  ms.  a  very  little 
W.  of  S.  of  Vienna,  75  ms.  down  the  Save  from 
Laybacb.,  in  Carniola,  and  120  ms.  nearly  E. 
from  Trieste.  N.  lat.  44  55,  lon.  16  E.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Ahuys,  town  of  Sweden,  strong  by  situation, 
in  the  province  of  Gothland,  with  a  good  harbor, 
15  ms.  SE.  of  Christianstadt.  Lon.  14  15  E., 
lat.  56  15  N. 

Ahwas,  ancient  Gyndes,  Zeindel  of  Danville, 
river  of  Persia,  in  Khoristan.  This  stream  rises 
in  the  Elvvend  mountains,  N.  lat.  37°,  interlock- 
ing sources  with  the  Kizilozein  and  Zab,  and,  flow- 
ing thence  nearly  due  south,  falls  into  the  Schatel 
Arab,  or  lower  Euphrates,  by  several  mouths,  some 
above  and  some  below  Bassorah.  The  Ulai  of 
Daniel  was  most  probably  a  small  eastern  branch 
of  the  Ahwas.  It  is  a  mountain  stream  of  about 
400  ms.  in  length,  and  next  to  the  Tigris  in  size, 
amongst  the  confluents  of  the  Euphrates. 

Aiagha-Tug,  mountains  of  Asia,  between  Tur- 
key and  Persia,  a  chain  of  the  ancient  Parthiene, 
and  is  the  Zagros  of  antiquity,  and  a  part  of  that 
vast  congeries  of  mountains  which,  extending  to 
the  SE.,  gives  source  to  the  numerous  confluents 
of  the  Tigris,  and  known  in  Persia  as  Elwend. 
These  chains  have  in  all  ages  been  possessed  by 
5* 


the  Koords,  and  is  the  country  now  called  Koor- 
distan. — See  Elwend. 

Aichstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  Alt  Muhl  river,  45  Eng- 
lish ms.  SW.  by  W.  of  Ratisbon,  and  60  NNW. 
of  Munich.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  bishopric  of  the 
same  name. 

Aiello,  small  town  in  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulte- 
riore,  belonging  to  the  hereditary  prince  of  Modena. 
Lon.  15  20  E.,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Aigle,  town  in  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  6  ms.  from  its  en- 
trance into  the  lake  of  Geneva.  All  the  houses, 
even  the  meanest,  are  built  of  white  marble,  found 

in  the  neighborhood.  Small  town  of  Fr.,  in 

the  dep.  of  Orne,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
47  ms.  SW.  of  Rouen.  Lon.  1  0  E.,  lat.48  45  N. 

Aignan,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loire 
and  Cher,  and  late  province  of  Blascis.  It  is 
in  the  shape  of  an  amphitheatre,  at  the  foot  of 
which  runs  the  river  Cher,  at  the  distance  of  60 
ms.  from  Bourges. 

Aigue-Morte,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
guedoc. It  is  very  strong,  on  account  of  its  situa- 
tion among  the  morasses,  though  at  some  distance 
from  the  sea.  It  had  a  harbor  which  is  now  chok- 
ed up.    Lon.  4  3  E.,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Aigue-Perse,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy 
de  Dome,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne,  18  ms. 
N.  of  Clermont,  and  261  S.  of  Paris.  It  has  a 
fountain,  once  regarded  as  a  prodigy,  its  cold  wa- 
ter having  the  appearance  of  boiling.  The  water 
of  this  spring  is  said  to  be  fatal  to  the  animals  that 
drink  it.    Lon.  2  30  E.,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Allah,  town  of  Arabia  Petrea,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Ked  sea,  near  the  road  which  the  pilgrims  take 
from  Egypt  to  Mecca.  Lon.  36  40*  E.,  lat.  29 
10  N. 

Ailesbury,  largest  and  most  populous  town  in 
Buckinghamshire,  Eng.  It  is  the  centre  of  the 
business  of  the  vale  of  Ailesbury,  which  occupies 
the  centre  of  the  county,  and  is  one  of  the  most  fer- 
tile tracts  in  England.  The  inhabitants  of  this  town 
and  its  neighborhood  supply  the  London  market 
with  early  ducklings.  They  carry  this  trade  to 
such  an  extent  that  it  is  said  £3,000  have  been  re- 
ceived at  Ailesbury,  from  London,  in  six  weeks, 
for  that  article.  This  town  is  16  ms.  SE.  of 
Buckingham,  and  41  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  0 
42  W.,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Ailsa,  great  insulated  rock,  to  the  S.  of  the  isle 
of  Arran,  in  Scotland.  Its  ba-e  is  2  ms.  in  cir- 
cumference. It  consists  of  a  stupendous  assem- 
blage of  precipitous  cliffs,  rising  in  a  wild  series, 
forming  a  pyramidal  mountain  900  feet  high,  ac- 
cessible only  to  the  NE. 

Aime,  or  Axima,  small  town  in  Savoy,  on  the 
river  lsere. 

Aii i,  dep.  of  Fr.,  lately  the  province  of  Bresse. 

Ainsa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  seated  in  a 
plain,  on  the  river  Ara. 

Aintal,  city  of  Asia,  in  Turkey.  It  is  situated 
on  the  southern  slope  of  Mount  Taurus,  about  50 
ms.  NNE.  from  Aleppo,  near  the  sources  of  the 
river  Kowaik.  N.  lat.  37  5,  lon.  37  35  E.  of 
London.  Aintal  stands  about  100  ms.  NE.  from 
Scanderoon. 

Aire,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Landes,  and 

33 


A  KM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALA 


late  province  of  Gascony,  seated  on  the  river  Adour, 
on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain,  65  ms.  S.  of 

Bordeaux.     Lon.  0  16  E.,  lat.  43  42  N.  

Strong  town  in  the  dep.  of  the  straits  of  Calais,  and 
late  province  of  Artois.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Lis,  22  ms.  S.  of  Dunkirk,  and  communicates  with 
St.  Omer  by  a  canal  from  the  river  Aa.  Lon.  2 
29  E.,  lat.  30  42  N. 

Aisne,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  iate  provinces  of 
Soissannois  and  Vermandois. 

Aix,  ancient  city  of  Fr.,  now  capital  of  the  dep. 
ofBouchedu  Rhone.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
late  province  of  Provence,  when  it  had  a  Parlia- 
ment. It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  where  there  are  hot 
baths,  near  the  river  Arc.  It  is  75  ms.  E.  of  Mont- 
pellier.  Lon.  5  31  E.,  lat.  43  32  N.  An- 
cient town  of  Savoy,  on  the  lake  of  Bourget.  Here 
are  mineral  waters,  much  frequented.  It  is  8  ms. 
N.  of  Chamberry.    Lon.  6  10  E.,  lat.  45  42  N. 

 Small  island  on  the  coast  of  Fr.,  between 

the  isle  of  Oleron  and  the  continent,  12  ms.  NW. 
of  Kochefort.    Lon.  1  50  W.,  lat.  46  5  N. 

Aix-la-Chapelk,  free  and  imperial  city  of  West- 
phalia, now  capital  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
lower  Rhine.  The  Emperor  Charlemagne  chose 
this  place  for  his  residence,  on  account  of  its  beau- 
ty. He  is  interred  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame, 
where  they  keep  his  sword  and  belt,  and  the  Four 
Evangelists,  written  in  letters  of  gold,  which  are 
made  use  of  at  the  coronation  of  emperors.  lis 
famous  mineral  waters  draw  a  great  number  of 
persons  every  year.  It  is  seated  in  a  bottom,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Liege. 
Lon.  6  3  E.,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Ajan,  a  general  and  not  very  definite  name,  ap- 
plied to  that  part  of  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa, 
from  Cape  Guardafui  to  the  equator,  or  upwards 
of  1,000  ms.  It  is  also  called  Adel. — See  general 
art.  Africa,  head  of  Magadoxa. 

Ajazzo,  seaport  of  Natolia,  in  the  province  of 
Caramania,  anciently  Silesia,  seated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, 30  ms.  N.  of  Antioch,  and  40  W.  of 
Aleppo,  where  stood  the  city  of  Issus,  and  where 
Alexander  fought  his  second  battle  with  Darius. 
Lon.  33  10  E.,  lat.  37  0  N. 

Akalzike,  northeastern  pachalic  of  European 
Turkey,  in  great  part  ceded  to  Russia.  This 
country,  formerly  called  Tsheldir,  extends  along 
and  from  the  northeastern  part  of  the  Black  sea,  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  Escharuk.  It  is  very  moun- 
tainous, and  to  European  geographers  but  little 
known.  Central  lat.  40  30  N.,  lon.  from  London 
41  30  E.  It  lies  northward  from  eastern  Ar- 
menia. 

Akhissar,  ancient  Thyatyra.  It  is  also  called 
Akissai  ,•  which  see. 

Akissal,  ancient  Thyatyra,  a  town  of  Natolia, 
built  in  a  fine  plain  18  ms.  broad,  which  produces 
plenty  of  corn  and  cotton.  It  is  inhabited  by  about 
500  Mahometans,  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Her- 
mits, 50  ms.  SE.  of  Pergamo.  Lon.  28  30  E., 
lat.  38  48  N. 

Akmetchet,  cape  of  Russia,  in  Crimea.    It  is 

the  most  western  point  of  that  peninsula.  

The  Sympheropol,  or  Simferopol  of  the  Rus- 
sian town  of  the  Crimea,  and  ancient  capital  of 
Crim  Tartary.  It  stands  inland  about  50  ms. 
NE.  from  Sevastopol,  and  almost  on  lat.  45  0 
N.,  lon.  34  20  E.  of  London. 
34 


Akron,  town  of  Portage  co.,  O.,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  canal,  at  its  highest  elevation.  The  site  of 
the  town  is  about  500  feet  above  Ohio  river  at 
Portsmouth,  406  ms.  above  Lake  Erie,  and  070 
above  the  Atlantic  ocean.  N.  lat.  41  6,  lon.  W. 
C.  4  32  ;  distant  32  ms.  SSE.  of  Cleveland,  38 
by  canal;  16  SW.  of  Ravenna.  It  is  a  very  flour- 
ishing manufacturing  and  commercial  place,  with 
a  population,  in  1837,  of  about  1,600.  In  the 
vicinity  there  is  an  extensive  stratum  of  bitumin- 
ous coal,  and  water  power  to  any  desirable  amount. 

Alaba,  or  Alava,  one  of  the  three  smallest  dis- 
tricts of  Biscay,  in  Spain,  but  pretty  fertile  in  rye, 
barley,  and  fruits.  There  are  in  it  very  good  mines 
of  iron.    Vitoria  is  the  capital. 

Aktau  Mountains,  between  the  basins  of  the  Gi- 
hoon  and  Sihoon,  or  Syr-Daria.  Th*>  chain  of  Ak- 
tau, or  "the  White  mountain,"  is  extended,  being 
a  branch  detached  from  the  Beloor  system. 

Alabama,  one  of  the  United  States,  having  Ten- 
nessee N.,  Georgia  E\,  Florida  and  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  S.,  and  the  Mississippi  W.  This  Stateex- 
tends  from  N.  lat.  30  12  mN.  lat  35  0,  or  334 
ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  155  ms.,  extending  over 
51,770  sq.  ms.— 33,132,800  acres.  The  face  of 
Alabama  is  much  variegated  ;  the  soil  also  differs 
in  quality  from  the  worst  to  the  best.  That  sec- 
tion of  the  State  which  lies  along  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico is  low  and  sandy  ;  but  this  character  of  coun- 
try rapidly  changes:  within  10  or  12  ms.  from  the 
coast,  the  hills  commence,  and  gradually  gain  ele- 
vation, advancing  N.  The  bay  of  Mobile  pene- 
trates this  section  30  ms.,  and  is  followed  by  an 
overflowed  tract,  which  extends  again  32  ms.,  to 
the  junction  of  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rivers. 
Between  the  head  of  Mobile  bay  and  the  union  of 
the  two  latter  streams,  a  number  of  channels  wind 
through  the  alluvial  tract,  the  principal  of  which 
are  those  of  the  Mobile  and  Tensau.  The  bay  and 
the  alluvial  bottoms  above  are  limited  on  each  side 
by  hills  of  moderate  elevation,  covered  with  pine 
timber.  The  pine  region  extends  into  the  centre 
of  the  State,  and  forms  much  the  largest  portion  of 
its  soil.  The  Tombigbee,  Black  Warrior,  Cataw- 
ba, Coosa,  Tallapoosa,  Alabama,  and  some  minor 
streams,  peninsulate  the  pine  section  of  Alabama. 
Extensive  bodies  of  river  alluvion  skirt  those  riv- 
ers, and  much  interval  land,  of  second-rate  quali- 
ty, is  spread  between  the  river  bottoms  and  the 
open  pine  woods  ;  but,  as  a  whole,  the  productive 
soil  of  Alabama  does  not  in  surface  equal  that  which 
may  be  regarded  of  a  contrary  character.  This  State, 
with  the  exception  of  the  southeastern  angle  and 
a  very  small  section  on  the  southwest,  is  compris- 
ed in  the  valley  of  Tennessee  and  basin  of  Mobile. 
Under  a  general  view,  Alabama  is  divided  into  two 
unequal  physical  sections,  which  may  be  called, 
relatively,  northern  and  southern. 

That  of  the  south,  by  far  the  most  extensive,  has 
i  its  slope  very  nearly  due  south,  and  is,  in  that  di- 
rection, drained  by  the  main  streams,  and  numer- 
ous confluents,  of  Tombigbee,  Black  Warrior,  Al- 
abama, Mobile,  Conecuh,  Choctawhatchie,  and 
Chattahooche  rivers. 

Northern,  or  the  Tennessee  river  section,  com- 
prises about  150  ms.  of  the  valley  of  Tennessee — 
the  main  channel  of  that  river  entering  the  State 
very  near  the  northeastern  angle,  and  quilting  ii 
almost  as  near  the  northwestern  angle,  with  a  rather 


ALA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ALA 


large  intermediate  southern  curve.  This  Tennes- 
see section  has  a  mean  length,  from  east  to  west, 
of  145  ms.,  with  a  general  breadth  of  50  ins. — area 
about  7,000  sq.  ms. 

The  southern  and  much  most  extensive  zone  or 
inclined  plane  falls,  by  a  very  gentle  declivity,  from 
N.  lat.  34  20  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  over  some- 
thing more  than  four  degrees  of  latitude.  This 
slope  is  drained  and  finely  variegated  by  the  streams 
already  mentioned.  Over  both  physical  sections 
the  State  is  well  supplied  with  navigable  channels, 
though  possessing  within  its  own  limits  but  one 
outlet — that  is,  by  Mobile  bay  to  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. The  tides  in  the  Mexican  gulf  being  so  very 
moderate,  (not  exceeding  a  mean  of  more  than  2| 
feet,)  I  he  passage  of  sea  vessels  of  any  draught  is 
arretted  at  Claiborne,  in  the  Alabama  river,  and  at 
St.  Stephen's,  in  Tombigbee  river — both  places 
being  about  100  ms.  above  Mobile  bar.  Though 
sometimes  the  navigation  of  the  northern  rivers  of 
Alabama  is  impeded  by  ice,  yet  they  are  not  so  fre- 
quently. The  excessive  summer  droughts  occur, 
with  more  or  less  intensity,  annually,  and  are  pro- 
ductive of  a  far  more  abiding  cause  of  impeding 
navigation  than  any  arising  from  ice. 

The  seasons  at  the  extremes  of  Alabama,  in  re- 
gard to  mean  and  extreme  temperature,  differ 
greatly.    The  border  along  the  gulf  of  Mexico  may  I 
be  called,  tropical,  when  compared  with  the  valley  j 
of  Tennessee.    Between  lat.  30  10  and  31  30,  or  | 
below  tide  water,  excessive  frosts  or  lying  snow  is  j 
rare ;  but  the  temperature  changes  sensibly,  advanc- 1 
ing  towards  and  into  the  valley  of  Tennessee,  par- 
ticularly in  the,  northeastern  sections  of  the  State,  j 
No  part,  however,  of  Alabama  admits  the  profita- ' 
ble  culture  of  sugar  cane.     Cotton  is  the  general 1 
staple  of  the  State  ;  Indian  corn,  or  maize,  the 
usual  crop  for  subsistence,  though,  in  the  middle 
and  northern  parts,  smaller  grain  (wheat,  rye,  oats, 
&c.)  succeed  very  well. 

PROGRESSIVE  POPULATION  OF  ALABAMA,  BY  COUNTIES. 


County. 


Perry  - 
Pickens 
Pike  - 
Randolph 
Russell 
St.  Clair 
Shelby  - 
Sumter  - 
Tallapoosa  - 
Talladega  - 
Tuscaloosa  • 
Walker 
Washington  - 
Wilcox  - 


Total 


1320. 


4,166 
2,116 


8,229 

2,9i; 


127,901  309,52 


1830.   |  1840. 


11,490 
6,622 
7,108 


5,975 
5,704 


19,086 
17,118 
10,108 
4,973 
13,513 
5,638 
6,112 
29,937 
6,444 
12,587 
16,583 
4,032 
5,300 
15,278 

590,756 


ALABAMA,  NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 


Whites. 


Ages. 


Otoo 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  SO 
80  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwa 


xds 


Total  whites  - 


Ages. 


County. 


1820. 


Autauga 

Baldwin 

Barbour 

Bibb  • 

Bentou  - 

Blount  - 

Butler  - 

Chambers  • 

Cherokee 

Clarke 

Conecuh 

Coosa  - 

Covington  - 

Dale  • 

Dallas  - 

De  Kalb 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Greene  - 

Henry  - 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lauderdale  • 

Lawrence 

Limestone 

Lowndes 

Macon  - 

Madison 

Marengo 

Marion  - 

Marshall 

Mobile  - 

Monroe 

Morgan 

Montgomery 

35 


3,853 
1,713 

3,676 

2,415 
1,405 


5,713 
6,003 
1,554 


2,933 


2,672 
8,838 

6,604 


1830. 


11,874 
2,324 


6,306 


4,233 
5,630 


1,522 
2,031 
14,017 

3,547 

15,026 
4,020 

6,855 


9,410 


7,700 
4,058 

6,267 
8,782 

12,695 


1810. 


14,342 
2,951 
152,024 
8,284 
14,260 
5,570 
8,685 
17,333 
8,773 
8,640 
8,197 
6,995 
2,435 
7,397 
25,199 
5,929 
6,942 
14,270 
24,024 
5,787 
15,715 
7,131 
14,485 
13,313 
14,374 
19,539 
11,247 
25,706 
17,264 
5,847 
7,553 
18,741 
10,680 
9,841 
24,574 


OtolO  - 
10  to  24  - 

24  to  36 

36  to  55 

55  to  100  - 

100  ami  upwards 


Total  free  colored  and 
slaves 


Free  colored. 


Males.  Females 


243 
216 


459 
56,070 
56,52~9 


Males.  Females. 


14,394 
11,122 
9,042 
6,575 
10,327 
6,529 
4,227 
2,352 
1,181 
463 
125 
18 


13,256 
10,737 
8,690 
7,286 
9,935 
6,024 
3,549 
1,959 
994 
3^4 
82 
16 


66,060  S 
62,887  ! 


62,887 


129,247 


Slaves. 


Males.  Females. 


10,225 
8,965 
5,140 
2;?95 
355 


28,000 
28,070 
56,0711 


10,107 
8,936 
5,511 
2,711 
791 
14 


28,070 


Aggregate  northern  Alabama,  185,776. 


White  persons  in  Northern  Alabama  deaf  and  dumb, 

under  14  years  of  age  -  -  -  -  36 

Do.  deaf  and  dumb,  14  to  25         -  -  -18 

Do.      do.      do.     over  25         -  •  -28 


Total  deaf  and  dumb  in  Northern  Alabama  -  '  ■ 

Total  blind  in  iMorthern  Alabama  - 
Total  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge     •        I  - 

Do.  do.        at  private  charge  - 

Slaves  and  free  colored,  insane  and  idiots,  at  private 
charge  ..... 
Do.  at  public  charge  .... 
Do.  deaf  and  dumb  .... 
Do.  blind  - 

Whole  number  of  persons  in  Northern  Alabama  em- 
ployed in- 
Mining  ..... 
Agriculture  ----- 
Commerce  - 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 

Do.      on  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions  .... 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  and  military  services 
Universities  or  colleges  - 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools  - 
Do.  scholars  in  " 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in  - 
Scholars  at  public  charge 

White  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who  cannot  read 
and  write    ....  -11,396 


63 
52,656 
430 
2,178 
10 
65 
379 
101 

90 
28 
1,055 
268 

-  7,544 

-  1,993 


ALA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALA 


ALABAMA,  SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 


Whites. 


Ages. 

Males. 

Females. ; 

0  to  5 

5  to  10  - 
10  to  15  - 
15  to  20  - 
20  to  30  - 
30  to  40  - 
40  to  50  - 
50  to  60  - 
60  to  70  • 
70  to  80  - 
80  to  90  - 
90  lo  100  - 
100  and  upwards 

* 
- 

22,219 
17,093 
13,777 
9,G47 
21,128 
12,811 
7,556 
3.672 
1,705 
534 
148 
29 
15 

20,661 
16,067 
13,096 
10,625 
15.639 
9,128 
5,635 
2,688 
1,41? 
493 
123 
29 
9 

1 10,332 
95,606 

95,606 

Total  whites 

205,938 

Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Females. 

i  Males. 

Females. 

0  to  10  - 
10  to  24  - 
24  to  36  - 
36  t'>  55 
55  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 

228 
238 
135 
107 
76 
3 

215 

253 
142 
97 
79 

33,542 
32,328 
20,672 
10,007 
2,771 
40 

33,556 
31,883 
20,980 
9,312 
2,339 
33 

Total  free  colored  and 
slaves 

787" 
793 

1,5~0 
197,462 
799,042 

793~ 

99.360 
98,102 
197,4bT 

98,102 

Ages. 

1 

Males. 

Females-. 

60  to  70  - 
70  to  80 
80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 

2,886 
997 
273 
47 
20 

2,407 
847 
205 
45 
14 

176,692 
158;493 

158,493 

Total  whites 

335,185 

Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

0  to  10  - 

1U  10  -4 

24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 

301 
296 
170 
152 
107 
4 

271 
313 
188 
124 
104 
9 

43,767 
41,293 
25,812 
12,802 
3,626 
60 

43,663 
40,818 
26,491 
12,023 
3,130 
4? 

1,030 
1,009 

1,009 

127,360 
126,172 

126,172 

Total  free  colored  and 
slaves 

2,039 
253,532 

253,532 

255,571 

-  335,185 

-  2,039 
•  253,532 

-  590,756 


Aggregate  southern  Alabama,  404,980. 


White  persons  in  Southern  Alabama  who  are  deaf 

and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25  -  - 

Do.  over  25 

Total  whites  in  Southern  Alabama  deaf  and  dumb  - 
"White  persons  in  Southern  Alabama  blind 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge 
Do-       do.       do.   at  private  charge 
Slaves  and  free  colored  persons  in  Southern  Alabama 

who  are  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  who  are  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  private  charge 
Do.        do.       do.   at  public  cliarse  - 
Total  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining 
Agriculture  • 
Commerce     -  . 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 

Do.      on  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  and  military 
Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Do.  scholars  or  students  in 
Primary  or  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in 
Scholars  at  public  charge 
Total  number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  a<*e. 
who  cannot  read  or  write 


36 
35 
20 

91 

68 
16 
107 


65 
65 
8 

33 

121,783  I 
1,782] 
5/'i7  I 
245  ! 
693  ! 
1,135 
91 

•I 

86 
3,953 
371 
8,699 
1.200 


Whites. 


Ages. 


0  to  5 
5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  t\0 


Males. 

36,611 
28,215 
22,819 
16,222 
31,455 
19,340 
11,783 
6,0-24 


Females. 

33,017 
26,804 
21,786 
17,911 
25,574 
15,152 
9,184 
4,647 


Total  whites 
Total  free  colored 
Total  slaves  - 

Total  population  - 

Wh  i'.e  persons  in  Alabama  who  are  deaf  and  dumD, 

under  14  years  of  age            -             -            -  72 

Do.  from  14  to  25                    -             -            -  53 

Do.  from  25  upwards  -  48 

Total  deaf  and  dumb  -                         -  -  173 

White  persons  in  Alabama  who  are  blind  •  •  113 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge     •  -  39 

Do.      do.         do.  at  private  charge    -  -  193 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are  deaf  and 

dumb       ...  53 

Do.  blind     -            -           -             -  % 

Do.  idiots  or  insane,  private  charge     '     -            -  100 

Do.     do.       do.     public  charge           -  25 

Number  of  persons  in  Alabama  employed  in- 
Mining  -  96 
Agriculture  ...  .  177,439 
Commerce  ...  .  2,212 
Manufactures  and  trades  -  .  -  7,195 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  -  -  -  256 
Do.  on  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  -  -  758 
Learned  professions  -  -  -  1,514 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  -  192 

Universities  and  colleges  -  2 

Do.  students  in  -  -  -  152 

Academies  and  schools  •  -  -  114 

Do.  students  in  •  5,018 

Primary  and  common  schools  -  -  639 

Do.  scholars  in  -  16,243 

Scholars  at  public  charge  *  -  -  3,213 
While  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who  cannot  read 

and  write  -  -  -  -  22,592 

Alabama  river,  from  which  the  Slate  of  Alaba- 
ma derives  its  name,  is  formed  by  the  confluent 
streams  of  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  both  rising  in 
Georgia,  and,  'flowing  SSW.,  enter  the  State  of 
Alabama,  in  which  they  unite,  and  form  the  river 
of  that  name,  atN.  lat.  32  28,  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  9  22  ; 
thence,  by  a  very  sinuous  channel,  but  compara- 
tive course  of  about  50  ms.,  to  the  influx  of  Ca- 
haba  river  from  the  north  ;  thence,  curving  to  the 
SSW.,  by  comparative  course  of  100  ms.,  to  its 
junction  with  Tombigbee,  to  form  Mobile  river. 
There  are  few,  if  any,  other  rivers  of  the  world 
whose  general  and  winding  courses  differ  more 
than  those  of  the  Mobile.  It  is  navigable  for  light 
sea  vessels  about  60  ms.,  following  the  channel 


36 


ALA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALB 


from  the  mouth,  to  Claiborne,  in  Monroe  co. — See 
Mobile  river. 

Alacranes,  rocks  or  islets  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
off  the  northern  coast  of  Yucatan,  and  about  60 
ins.  from  the  shore,  N.  lat.  22  15,  Ion.  W.  C. 
13  W. 

Aladulia,  province  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  some 
extent  commensurate  with  the  ancient  Cilicia.  It 
as  the  Mediterranean  S.,  Caramania  W.,  and 
Syria  SE.  This  province  is  otherwise  called  Ada- 
na — which  see. 

Alagoa,  a  town  in  St.  ?tlichael's,  one  of  the 
Azores. — See  article  A fuic a,  head  Azores. 

Alagon,  small  river  of  Spain,  rising  in  Salaman-  \ 
ca,  near  the  Escurial,  and  about  30  ms.,  NE.  by 
E.,  from  Ciudad  Rodrigo.  It  first  flows  south- 1 
ward,  about  70  ms.,  to  a  little  above  Coria,  from  j 
whence  it  turns  SW.  50  ms.,  and  is  lost  in  the 
Tagus,  a  few  miles  above  and  on  the  opposite  side  j 
from  Alcantara. 

Alms,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard, 
35  ms.  NNW.  from  Nismes,  and  45  ms.  NW. 
by  W.  of  Avignon.  N.  lat.  44  12,  Ion.  4  8  from 
London.  This  town  carries  on  an  extensive  trade 
in  olives,  olive  oil,  wine,  grain,  and  silk. 

Aland,  the  most  considerable  of  a  group  of  is- 
lands rising  between  Finland  and  Sweden,  and  in 
the  mouth  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  This  group 
lies  about  80  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Abo,  in  Fin- 
land, and  is  separated  from  Sweden  by  the  strait 
of  Alands-Hof.  '  The  islands  beside  Aland,  the 
largest,  are  Zemland,  Kunhnge,  Wardoe,  Bran- 
doe,  and  Lumperland,  on  the  ea-t,  and  Ekeroe  on 
the  west.  Pop.  13,000.  N.  lat.  60°,  Ion.  20°  E. 
of  London.  The  Aland  islands  were  ceded  by 
Sweden  to  Russia,  1809. 

Alasey  or  Alazia,  mountains  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
extending  northwardly  from  the  Stanovoi  moun- 
tains, between  the  sources  of  the  Indighirca  and 
Kolimy  or  Kovyma  rivers,  from  lat.  61°  to  70°  N. 

AlasS)  strait  between  the  islands  of  Sumbawa 
and  Lomboe,  lat  8°  S.,  long.  116°  E.  of  London. 

Alaska,  cape  or  peninsula  of  Russian  America, 
frequently  spelled  Oonalaska.  It  extends  in  form 
of  a  crescent  from  N.  lat.  55°  to  60°,  and  in  Ion. 
from  W.  G.  75°  to  86°  W.  The  Aleutian  islands 
are  evidently  a  continuation  of  the  globular  swell 
which  forms  the  Alaska  promontory. 

Alava,  province  of  Spain,  southward  of  the 
Biscayan  mountains,  bounded  N.  by  Biscay  and 
Guipuzcoa,  E.  by  Navarre,  S.  by  Soria,  and  W. 
by  Burgos.  Victoria  is  the  capital.  Length,  E. 
and  W.,  50  ms.  ;  mean  breadth  20.  The  surface 
is  drained  by  some  of  the  higher  confluents  of  the 
Ebro,  towards  which  river  it  slopes  from  the  Bis- 
cayan mountains. 

Alatamaha,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  in  Georgia. 
Advancing  along  the  Atlantic  ocean  from  Cape 
Florida,  the  Alatamaha  is  the  first  river  whose 
sources  are  in  the  spurs  or  valleys  of  the  Appalach- 
ian mountains.  It  is  formed  by  two  great  branches, 
the  Ockmulgee  and  Oconee,  with  many  lesser  trib- 
utaries. Both  the  main  branches  have  their  most 
remote  fountains  in  a  minor  chain  of  the  Appa- 
lachian system,  and  its  entire  basin  comprises 
7,500  sq.  ms.,  between  lat.  31  30  and  34  40  N. 
Boats  of  30  tons  can  be  navigated  up  the  Alata- 
maha to  the  junction  of  the  Oconee  and  Ockmul- 
gee, and  thence,  up  the  Oconee,  to  Milledgeville, 


following  the  windings  of  the  channel  300  ms. 
from  the  ocean,  and  also  up  the  Ockmulgee  about 
an  equal  distance.  This  fine  basin  is  altogether 
in  Georgia,  and  discharges  between  the  islands  of 
St.  Simon's  and  Sapelo,  at  N.  lat.  31  50,  Ion.  W. 
C.  4  37  W. 

Alatri,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  States  of  the 
Church,  40  ms.  ESE.  from  Rome,  at  N.  lat.  41  43. 

Alatyre,  town  of  European  Russia,  government 
of  Senibrisk,  situated  on  the  Alatyre  river,  at  or 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Sura,  150  ms.  SE. 
from  Nishnei  Novgorod,  lat.  54  45  N.  Ion.  46  15 
E.  of  London. 

Alava,  southern  point  of  the  island  of  Revilla- 
gigedo,in  the  Pacific  ocean,  N.  lat.  35  8,  Ion.  W. 
C.  54  1  W. 

Alageia,  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  mouth  of  at 
N.  lat.  72  40,  Ion.  142  14  E.  of  London. 

Alaziershei,  settlement  of  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the 
Alazeia  or  Alapsey  river,  and  on  or  near  the  Fro- 
zen ocean,  and  about  90  ms.  WNW.  of  Nishnei 
Kovinskoi.  It  was  near  this  place  that  the  remains 
of  a  mammoth  were  discovered  a  few  years  past. 
N.  lat.  69  40,  Ion.  144  15  E.  of  London. 

Alb,  mountain  of  southern  Germany,  thus  no- 
ticed by  Malte  Brun:  "A  high  country,  inter- 
sected by  ravines  or  deep  valleys,  in  which  the 
s  Steiger-Wald  extends  to  the  west,  joins  the  Fich- 
jtelberg,  from  which  the  Maine  takes  its  source, 
with  the  Alb,  or  Rauke-Alb,  that  rises  to  the 
height  of  2,500  feet,  winds  along  the  basin  of  the 
'upper  Danube,  and  unites  with  the  more  exten- 
:sive  chain  of  the  Schwartz-Wald,  or  Black  For- 
rest. It  is  from  the  mountains  of  the  Black  Forest 
[  that  the  Danube  takes  it  rise.  Their  elevation  is 
j  supposed  to  be  about  4,600  feet." — See  articles 
Europe  and  Hyrcanian  Mountains. 

Albania,  province  of  European  Turkey,  occu- 
pying the  space  comprised  from  cast  to  west  be- 
tween the  Grammes  and  Metzovo  mountains  and 
the  Adriatic  sea,  and  from  north  to  south  from  the 
southern  side  of  the  mountains  of  Montenegro,  to 
!  the  gulf  of  Arta  or  Prevesa.  Enclosed  on  all  the 
land  sides  by  inaccessible  mountains,  it  is  a  coun- 
j  try  very  little  known.  The  warlike  population  ap- 
pears to  have  been  descended  from  the  ancient  II- 
lyrians.  It  is  naturally  divided  into  upper  and 
lower  Albania,  and  comprises  three  sanjiaks — Scu- 
tari, Avlona,  and  Janina.  It  is  about  300  ms. 
in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  about  80  ms. 
mean  width.  Scutari,  or  Scodra,  is  the  capital  of 
upper  Albania,  and  is  situated  on  the  point  above 
I  the 'junction  of  the  Bocana  and  Drivastro  rivers. 
This  city  is  called  by  the  Turks  Iskenderiah,  or 
j  Alexandria.  It  is  large,  well  paved,  and.  agreea- 
ble, and  contains  extensive  manufactories  of  arms. 
Durazzo,  the  ancient  Dyrrachium,  still  retains 
some  importance,  from  its  position  on  the  sea  coast 
opposite  Brindisi,  in  Italy.  Upper  Albania  is  drain- 
ed by  the  Bocana,  Drino,  and  other  mountain  tor- 
rents, flowing  rapidly  westward  from  the  Mezzovo 
mountains. 

Lower  Albania  is  nearly  commensurate  with  the 
ancient  Epirus.  Janina,  or,  more  correctly,  Jo- 
anina,  is  the  capital.  This  city  has  gained  con- 
siderable celebrity  from  its  misfortunes;  but  its 
position  saves  it  from  permanent  decay,  and  pros- 
perity must  return  with  the  jre-establishment  of 
commercial  and  friendly  relations  with  the  princi- 

37 


ALB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALB 


pal  cities  of  Italy. — See  article  Joanina.  Lower  Al- 
bania is  a  continuation  of  the  same  plain  of  upper 
Albania,  though  narrowing  advancing  southward, 
as  the  sea  shore  and  Mezzovo  mountains  gradually 
incline  towards  each  other.  These  mountains,  the 
Pindns  of  antiquity,  give  source  to  many  torrents, 
which,  though  of  brief  course,  unite  and  form 
three  rivers  celebrated  from  remote  antiquitv  ; 
these  are  the  Aous,  now  Vaioutza ;  Arethon,  now 
Arta;  and  Achelous,  now  Aspro-Potamos.  Bu- 
trinto,  ancient  Buthrotum  ;  Arta,  on  the  river  of  the 
same  name;  Salagoro,  on  the  gulf  of  Arta;  Preve- 
sa,  Parga,  Philates,  Delvino,  Conitza  or  Heca- 
tompedon,  Presnithi  or  Paramythia,  Tepelene  or 
Tripoli,  Avlone  or  Peloros,  Berat  or  Arnout-Bel- 
grade,  founded  by  and  named  Pulcheriopolis,  after 
Pulchcria,  the  sister  of  Theodosius  the  younger, 
and  El-Bassan,  on  the  Scombi  river,  are  all  towns 
of  lower  Albania.  In  lat.,  Albania  lies  between  39 
and  43  N. 

Albanian,  nation,  are  a  people  tall,  well-formed,  I 
and  vigorous.    Their  eyes  are  lively,  and  color  of 
the  skin  rather  dark.    They  are  brave,  active,  and  j 
indefatigable.    Love  of  glory  and  of  their  country 
never  animates,  however,  their  breasts  ;  a  country 
they  regard  not,  those  who  pay  best  secures  the  ' 
Albanian  sword.   Similar  to  the  old  Scottish  clans  J 
in  manners  and  grade  of  civilization,  they  are  di- 
vided into  clans,  and  follow  the  richest,  bravest,  ' 
and  most  successful  leader.   The  women  partake 
of  all  the  qualities  of  the  men.    Frugal  and  active, 
and  inhabiting  a  broken  mountainous  country,  this  j 
people  are  generally  healthy. 

Alba?io,  town  of  Italy,  14  ms.  SE.  of  Rome. 

Albany,  town  in  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  18  ms.  I 

NW.  from  Paris.    Pop.  about  400.  Town  in 

Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  40  ms.  NE.  from  Montpelier.  ' 

River  of  North  America,  in  the  British  territories,  J 
has  its  sources  between  Lake  Superior  and  Hud-  j 
son's  bay,  and  between  lat.  50°  and  53°  N.  ;  and  j 
thence  flowing  by  comparative  courses  about  400 

ins.,  falls  into  James's  bay  at  N.  lat.  52  30.  | 

District  of  British  North  America,  drained  chiefly 
by  Albany  river  and  its  confluents;  it  lies  west- j 
ward  of  James's  hay,  and  between  Severn  and  i 
Moose  districts.    Central  lat.  52  30  N. 

Albany,  co.  of  N.,  Y.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Hud- 
son river,  having  Greene  co.  S.,  Schoharie  W., 
Scheneetady  N.,  Mohawk  river  NE.,  and  Hud- 
son river  E.  This  county  is  hilly,  though  much 
of  its  soil  fertile.  It  is  about  20  ms.  sq.,  or  area 
400  sq.  ms.  Central  lat.  42  39,  Ion.  W.  C. 
3  15  E.  Pop.,  1820,  38,1 16  ;  in  1830,  53,560; 
and  in  1840,  68,593. 

Albany,  city  and  capital  of  Albany  co.,  and 
seat  of  government  for  the  State  of  New  York, 
stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  143  ms. 
above  the  city  of  N.  Y.  Its  advance  in  commerce 
and  wealth  may  in  some  degree  be  estimated  by 
its  progressive  pop.,  which,  in  1820,  amounted  to 
12,867,  and  in  1840  to  33,021,  or  262  per  cent,  in 
20  years.  The  ocean  tides  reach  Troy  5  ms. 
above  Albany,  affording  a  tide  water  navigation 
near  170  miles  inland.  The  Erie  and  Champlain 
canals,  meeting  the  tide,  operate  as  immense  ar- 
teries to  extend  commerce  and  social  intercourse 
into  the  still  more  remote  and  wide  spread  interior. 
A  railroad  connects  Albany  and  Schenectady. 
Albany  is  one  of  throe  positions  which  must,  under 
38 


all  ordinary  changes,  sustain  its  advantages.  It  is 
a  point  of  union  between  land- and  water,  means 
of  travel  and  commercial  intercourse  which  cannot 
be  superseded.  Except  the  lower  streets  near  the 
Hudson  the  site  of  the  city  is  high,  dry,  and,  of 
consequence,  airy  and  healthy.  The  valleys  of 
the  Hudson,  above  and  below,  and  that  of  the 
Mohawk,  have  been,  and  ever  must  be,  channels 
through  which  millions  on  increasing  millions 
must  pass  and  pause  at  Albany. 

Albarazin,  mountains  of  Spain,  between  Aragon 
and  New  Castile,  and  from  which  flow  westward 
the  extreme  higher  sources  of  the  Tagus ;  south- 
ward those  of  the  Jucar;  and  northward  the 
higher  sources  of  the  Xalon  or  Jalon  branch  of  the 
Ebro.  The  point  of  junction  between  the  Sierras 
of  Molina  and  Abarazin  is  a  real  mountain  nu- 
cleus, from  which  extend  several  chains;  one 
towards,  perhaps  beyond,  the  Ebro;  another  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Segura  river;  and  a  third  west- 
ward, first  between  the  sources  of  the  Tagus  and 
Xucar,  and  thence  between  those  of  the  Guadiana 
and  Tagus.  Town  of  Spain,  in  Arag.tn,  situ- 
ated on  the  higher  part  of  the  river  Guadalaviar, 
and  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  de  Albarazin. — See- 
article  Sierra.  The  town  of  Albarazin  stands 
about  100  ms.  to  the  SSW.  of  Saragossa. 

Albay,  province  and  town  of  the  island  of  Luzon, 
in  the  Philippines. 

Albazin,  town  of  Russia  in  Asia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Irkoutsk.    Position  uncertain. 

Albemarle,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  lower 

Seine. — See    An  male.  Albemarle    Sound,  a 

deep  bay  of  N.  C,  is  the  estuary  of  the  Roanoke 
and  Chowan  livers,  extending  60  ms.  in  length 
from  E.  to  W.  along  N.  lat.  36°,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  8  ms.,  but  protruding  from  both  sides 
deep  minor  bays.  The  Roanoke  enters  from  the 
W.  and  the  Chowan  from  the  northwest,  at  the 
extreme  interior  of  Albemarle,  which  spreads  below 
the  entrance  of  these  rivers  in  a  shallow  expanse  of 
water,  with  a  level  or  rather  flat  country  along  each 
shore.  Every  small  inlet  has  its  own  comparative 
broad  bay,  by  one  of  which,  the  Pasquotank,  a 
navigable  inland  communication,  by  the  Dismal 
Swamp  canal,  has  been  formed  between  Albemarle 
sound  and  Chesapeake  biy.  Albemarle  sound  is 
separated  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  long,  low,  and 
narrow  reefs  of  sand,  but  having  two  channels  of 
connexion  southward  with  Pamlico  sound,  one  on 
each  side  of  Roanoke  island,  and  on  the  northward 
an  opening  to  the  ocean  by  Currituck  sound  and 
inlet.  Albemarle  sound  has  Bertie  co.  W.  ; 
Washington  and  Tyrrell  S.  ;  and  Chowan,  Per- 
quimans, Camden,  and  Currituck,  on  the  N.  This 
sheet  of  water  is  shallow,  and  of  course  only  small 
vessels  can  be  navigated  from  the  ocean  into  any 

of  its  rivers.  One  of  the  central  counties  of 

Virginia,  bounded  on  the  NW.  by  Blue  Ridge, 
separating  it  from  Augusta  and  Rockingham  ;  on 
the  NE.  by  the  western  part  of  Orange;  on  the 
E.  by  Louisa  and  Fluvanna ;  on  the  S.  by  James 
river,  separating  it  from  Buckingham ;  and  on  the 
W.,  or  rather  SW.,  by  Nelson.  Length  from 
SW.  to  NE.  35  ms.  ;  mean  width  20;  and  area 
700  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  38,  and  W.  Ion.  1  30  W.  C, 
intersect  very  near  the  centre.  The  body  of 
this  county  is  drained  by  the  constituent  creeks  of 
Rivanna  river  and  Hardware  river — the  whole 


ALB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALC 


surface  sloping  SE.  towards  James  river.  The 
southeastern  side  traversed  by  a  minor  Appalachian 
chain,  and  the  face  of  the  whole  county  very 
beautifully  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  whilst  the 
Blue  Ridge  affords  a  fine  northwestern  border,  and 
the  more  humble  ridges  of  the  southwest  mountain 
decorate  the  eastern  part.  The  soil,  of  course, 
partakes  of  the  variety  of  feature,  from  mountain, 
rocky  and  steril,  to  productive  river  alluvion. 
Productive  soil  predominates.  Chief  towns,  Char- 
lottesville, Scottsville,  and  Warren.  Population  in 
1820,  19,750  ;  and  in  1830,  22,618. 

Albengua,  an  ancient  strong  seaport  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa.  It  is  surrounded  with  olive 
trees,  but  the  air  is  unwholesome.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Mediterranean,  37  ms.  SW.  of  Genoa.  Lon. 
8  3  E.,  lat.  44  4  N. 

Albinen,  a  very  remarkable  village  of  Switz.,  in 
the  canton  of  Valais.  It  is  situated  near  the  baths 
of  Leuk,  between  Sion  and  Brieg.  It  is  only  ac- 
cessible by  means  of  ladders. 

Albertson's,  town  in  Duplin  co.,  N.  C,  369 
ms.  from  W.  C,  and  90  from  Raleigh. 

Albigknses,  or  Albigeois,  so  called  from  the 
province  of  Abigeois  in  Fr.,  a  sect  of  reformers  or 
opposers  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church  in  the  12th 
century.  The  Albigeois,  though  most  intensely 
hated  and  persecuted  by  the  dominant  church,  sur- 
vived as  a  distinct  sect  until  the  reformation  in  the 
16th  century,  and  joined  the  Swiss  and  Genevan 
Protestants.  Though  often  historically  confounded, 
the  Albigeois  preceded  and  remained  distinct  from 
the  Waldenses. — See  Waldenses. 

Albion,  village  in  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  645  ms. 
from  W.  C,  and  92  NE.  from  Portland.  Vil- 
lage in  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.  Village  in  Edward 

co.,  III.,  87  ms.  SE.  from  Vandalia and  22  NNW. 
from  Harmony,  in  la.  This  is  the  principal  village 
of  Birkbeck's  settlement,  and  has  risen  since  1817. 
In  August,  1822,  Albion  contained  about  30 
houses,  one  good  inn,  two  stores,  some  mechanics' 
shops,  and  was  rapidly  improving. — National  In- 
telligencer, Sept.  13,  1822.  N.  lat.  38  22  W., 
lon.  W.  C.  1 1  5. 

Albisola,  a  small  town  belonging  to  Genoa. 
Lon.  8  20  E.,  lat.  44  15  N. 

Albret,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Landes,  and 
late  province  of  Gascony,  37  ms.  S.  of  Bordeaux. 
Lon,  30'  W.,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Albreda,  large  village  of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gambia,  where  the  French  have  a  commercial 
establishment. 

Albright's,  town  in  Orange  co.,  N.  C,  320  ms. 
from  W.  C,  and  70  from  Raleigh. 

Albufera,  a  salt  water  lake,  or  rather  bay,  of 
Valencia,  in  Spain,  lying  between  the  city  of  Va- 
lencia and  the  mouth  of  the  river  Xucar. 

Albuquerque,  village  near  Mexico.  Town 

of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  defended  by  an  almost 
impregnable  castle.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade  in 
wool  and  cloth,  and  is  22  ms.  SW.  of  Alcantara. 

Lon.  7  3  W.,  lat.  38  50  N.  Town  in  Santa 

Fe,>  or  New  Mexico,  about  50  ms.  SSW.  from 
Santa  Fe.  Pop.  6,000.  It  is  situated  on  or  near  the 
Rio  Grande.    N.  lat.  35  40,  lon.  W.  28  27  W.  C. 

Alburg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland,  with 
a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  canal  10  ms.  from  the 
sea,  and  30  N.  of  Wiburgh.  It  has  a  considerable 
ti  ide  iu  herrings  and  corn,  and  a  manufacture  of 


guns,  pistols,  saddles,  and  gloves.  A  great  num- 
ber of  eels  are  likewise  taken  here.    Lon.  9  46  E., 

lat.  56  50  N.  Town  and  port  of  entry,  Grand 

Isle  co.,  Vt.,  with  Lower  Canada  line  N.,  Mis- 
sissque  bay  E.,  and  Lake  Champlain  W.  Pop. 
in  1830,  1,239. 

Alby,  ancient  Albiga,  town  of  Fr.,  on  the  river 
Tarn,  and  in  the  dep.  of  Tarn.  It  was  the  prin- 
cipal city  of  the  Albigi,  afterwards  the  capital  of 
Albigeois,  or  the  country  of  the  Albigenses.  The 
town  is  42  ins.  NE.  by  E.  of  the  city  of  Toulouse, 
N.  lat.  43  56,  and  almost  diiectly  S.  of  Paris. 

Alcala  de  Guadaiva,  town  of  Andalusia,  if) 
Spain,  seated  on  the  river  Guadaira,  5  ms.  SE.  of 
Seville.    Lon.  5  16  W.,  lat.  37  28  N. 

Alcala- de-Henarez,  large  handsome  town  of 
Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with  a  famous  university, 
a  fine  library,  and  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Henarez,  15  ms.  ENE.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  6 
W.,  lat.  40  26  N. 

Alcala-de-Real,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  famous  monastery;  seated  near  the  river 
Salado,  6  ms.  S.  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  22  W.,  lat. 
37  38  N. 

Alcama,  handsome  town  in  New  Holland.  In 
the  environs,  they  make  the  best  butter  and  cheese 
in  Holland,  and  have  the  finest  tulips.  It  is  17 
ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  44  E.,  lat. 
52  40  N. 

Alcaniz,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Aragon  ;  the  name  Moorish,  and  signifies  a  treas- 
ury, 70  ms.  SE.  of  Saragossa.    N.  lat.  41  3. 

Alcamo,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of  Mazaro, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Bonifati.  Lon.  13  52  E., 
lat.  38  2  N. 

Alcantara,  small  but  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estramadura,  and  the  chief  pface  of  the  knights  of 
that  name.  It  has  a  magnificent  bridge  over  the 
Tajo,  built  by  Trajan.  It  is  42  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Seville.  It  gives  name  to  one  of  the  three  great 
orders  of  Spanish  knighthood.    Lon.  6  7  W.,  lat. 

39  20  N.  Town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of 

Maranham.  Town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia. 

Lon  5  10  W.,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Alcaraz,  Sierra  de,  mountain  of  SpaiA,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  La  Mancha,  separating  the  sources 
of  the  Guadalquiver  from  those  of  the  Segura. 

Alcaraz,  town  of  Spain,  on  the  river  Guadamena, 
or  main  constituent  of  the  Guadalquiver,  and  west- 
ward of  the  Sierra  de  Alcaraz.  It  is  situated  about 
130  ms.  SSE.  of  Madrid,  N.  lat.  38  45. 

Alcassar,  city  of  Barbary,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Fez.    Lon.  12  35  W.,  lat.  35  15  N. 

Alcazar,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  on  the 
river  Guadarmena.  It  has  a  fortress  on  a  high  hill, 
and  lies  in  a  very  fruitful  country,  100  ms.  NW. 
of  Carthagena.    Lon.  4  20  W.,  lat.  38  15  N. 

Alcazer  Leguer,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
seated  on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar.  Lon.  5  30  W., 
lat.  35°  N. 

Alcazar  de  Sal,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrama- 
dura, with  a  castle  reckoned  impregnable.  They 
make  fine  white  salt  here,  whence  the  town  takes 
its  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Cadoan,  15  ms. 
from  the  sea,  and  35  SE.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  9°  W., 
lat.  8  18  N. 

Alcmaer,  city  in  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
about  4  ms.  from  the  sea,  15  from  Haerlem,  and 
18  from  Amsterdam. 

39 


ALE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALE 


Alconchon,  castle  of  Spain,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Estramadura,  seated  on  the  river  Alcaraque,  that 
falls  into  the  Guadiana,  20  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Bada- 
joz.    Lon.  6  58  W.,  lat.  38  12  N. 

Alcudia,  a  town  of  Majorca,  consisting  of  about 
1,000  houses,  between  two  large  harbors.  Lon. 
3°  E.,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Aid  borough,  borough  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  Eng.,  on  the  Ouse  river,  15  ms.  NW. 
of  York,  and  205  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Aldborough,  borough  and  seaport  of  Suffolk, 
Eng.,  pleasantly  seated  in  a  dale,  between  a  high 
hill  and  the  sea.  A  river  runs  on  the  SW.,  and 
the  harbor  is  tolerably  good,  but  small.  It  is  40 
ms.  E.  of  Bury,  and  94  NE.  of  London. 

Aldan,  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the  province  of 
Irkoutsk.  It  is  the  great  southeastern  confluent  of 
the  Lena,  having  its  sources  in  vales  of  the  Stan- 
avoi  mountains  ;  and,  though  flowing  directly  from 
that  system  into  the  continent,  these  fountains  are, 
for  upwards  of  400  ms.,  within  less  than  60 
from  the  sea  of  Ochotsk.  The  Aldan  falls  into  the 
Lena  about  70  ms.  below  the  city  of  Yakoutsk. 

Aldea,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  10 
ms.  SE.  of  Lisbon,  in  lat.  38  36  N. 

Aldeade  Tapacyas,  town  of  South  America,  in 
Brazil. 

Aldtn,  town,  Erie  county,  N.  Y. 

Alderbury,  village  of  England,  in  Wiltshire,  2 
ms.  from  Salisbury,  near  the  Avon,  and  to  the 
Avon  and  Salisbury  canal. 

Alderney,  island  in  the  English  channel,  18  ms. 
NE.  from  Guernsey.  It  is  8  ms.  in  compass,  and 
separated  from  the  French  coast  by  a  very  danger- 
ous strait,  called  the  Race  of  Alderney.  This  little 
island  is  healthful  and  fruitful.  Central  lat.  49  45 
N.  Ion.  2  7  W.  • 

Alderet/e,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  7  ms. 
SE.  of  Portulegre. 

Aldie,  town,  in  the  southern  part  of  Loudoun 
co.,  Va.,  12  ms.  southward  of  Leesburg,  and  by 
post  road  37  ms.,  SW.  by  W.,  from  W.  C. 

Alentejo,  or  Alem-Tejo,  which  name  is  derived 
from  its  position,  "  io  the  south  of  the  Tagus." 
It  is  bounded  E.  by  the  Spanish  provinces  or  king- 
doms of  Sevilla  and  Estramadura,  N.  by  the  Ta- 
gus, N  W.  by  Portuguese  Estramadura,  SW.  by 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  S.  by  the  province  of  Al- 
garva.  Length  from  S.  to  N.  150  ms.,  mean 
breadth  about  60,  and  area  9,000  sq.  ms.  In  lat. 
it  extends  from  37  25  to  39  40  N.  ;  lon.  between 
7  and  9°  W.  of  London.  The  Guadiana  river  en- 
ters this  province  between  Badajoz  and  Elvas,  and, 
winding  along  its  eastern  border  about  100  ms., 
becomes,  thence  to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  a  limit  be- 
tween Sevilla  and  Algarva.  Nearly  parallel  to  the 
general  course  of  the  Gaudiana,  a  range  of  hills 
traverses  Alentejo.  westward  of  which  rise  two  mi- 
nor rivets — the  Sado,  flowing  northwestward  into 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  the  Zalas,  into  the  Tagus. 
Nearly  the  whole  surface  of  Alemtejo  is  therefore 
composed  of  three  river  valleys,  all  hilly  or  moun- 
tainous. It  is  regarded  as  the  least  fertile  and  pop- 
ulated of  the  Portuguese  provinces.  Evora  (the 
capital)  and  Beja  are  its  chief  towns. 

Alengon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  hie  province  of 
Normandy,  now  in  the  southern  part  of  the  dep. 
of  Orne.    It  is  situated  on  one  of  the  higher  bran- 
ches of  Sarthe  river,  30  ms,  N.  of  Man*,  and  97 
40 


a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Paris.  The  adjacent  coun- 
try is  picturesque,  and  productive  in  grain,  fruit,  and 
pasturage.  Lat.  48  30  N.,  lon.  0  10  E.  of  London. 

Aleppo,  modern  capital  of  Syria,  inhabited  by  a 
mixture  of  Mahometans  and  Christians.  Popula- 
tion uncertain,  because  very  differently  stated  from 
100,000  to  three  or  four-fold  that  number.  It  is, 
however,  one  of  the  most  important  Turkish  cities 
in  their  Asiatic  provinces.  Similar  to  Damascus 
and  Jerusalem,  Aleppo  is  situated  in  a  valley, 
having  no  outlet  to  the  sea.  Its  site,  indeed,  com- 
prises part  of  that  remarkable  valley  or  depression 
which  extends  from  the  Euphrates,  nearly  parallel 
to  the  Eastern  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  and 
including  the  Bahr-el-Ahaba,  or  eastern  arm  of  the 
Red  sea. — See  art.  Euphrates.  Aleppo  derives 
its  importance  from  being  an  emporium  between 
the  basin  of  the  Euphrates,  eastward,  and  the 
Mediterranean,  west.  Caravans  arrive  at  and  de- 
part from  it,  conveying  the  merchandise  of  Arme- 
nia, Diarbekar,  and  other  Eastern  countries,  as  well 
as  of  the  West.  By  means  of  these  caravans, 
Aleppo  communicates  with  Bagdad  and  Persia  by 
Balsora,  with  Egypt  arid  Mecca  by  Damascus,  and 
with  Europe  by  Alexandretta  and  Latakia.  This 
city  stands  70  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Alexandretta, 
about  80  NE.  from  Latakia,  and  170  ms.  a  little 
E.  of  N.  from  Damascus.  Aleppo,  in  modern 
times,  has  taken  the  place  of  Palmyra. 

Alessandria. — See  Alexandria,  city  of  Italy. 

Alcssio,  town  of  Albania,  near  the  mouth  of  the 

Drino.    N.  lat.  42  8,  lon.  20  6  E.  Town 

of  Turkish  Dalmatia,  25  ms.  from  Spalatro. 

Alet,  town  of  France,  dep.  of  A  tide,  late  prov- 
ince ofLanguedoc,  15  ms.  south  of  Carcassone. 

Aleutian  islands,  a  chain  extending  from  the 
peninsula  of  Alaska,  in  North  America,  curving 
something  southwardly,  but  by  a  general  western 
course,  towards  Kamschatka,  in  Asia,  through 
about  30°  of  lon.,  along  the  mean  lat.  of  52°  N., 
or  1,100  ms.  "These  islands  are  divided  into 
several  groups,  of  which  the  indigenous  names  are 
Chao,  or  the  Aleutian,  properly  denominated  by 
the  Russian  Negho,  or  the  Andreanovskoi,  and 
Kawalang,  or  the  Fox  islands."  They  are  now, 
however,  by  custom,  comprised  under  a  general 
term,  Aleutian  islands.  This  chain  is  evidently 
the  higher  parts  of  a  mountain  system.  Almost 
all  the  islands  contain  very  lofty  mountains.  There 
are  also  volcanoes,  some  of  which  are  extinguished, 
others  in  activity.  These  latier  are  found  in  the 
islands  of  Takawangha,  Kanaghi,  Atchan,  and 
Oonamak.  In  this  latter  island,  in  that  of  Kana- 
ghi, boiling  springs  issue  from  their  frozen  soil,  in 
which  the  natives  cook  their  meat  and  fish.  The 
climate  of  the  Aleutian*  is  more  disagreeable  from 
moisture  than  cold.  Those  nearest  America  pro- 
duce some  pines,  larches,  and  oaks.  On  the  west- 
ern islands,  no  wood  larger  than  stunted  willows 
appear,  though  the  verdure  presents  considerable 
richness.  Population  about  1,100,  and  decreas- 
ing— the  native  language  differing  from  that  of  the 
Kamschadales,  but  with  some  analogy  to  that  spo- 
ken in  the  Kurile  islands. 

Alexander,  town,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y.,  8  ms. 
SSW.  Batavia.  It  is  crossed  by  Tonewanta  creek, 
with  several  [tranches  ;  surface  varied,  soil  yielding 
grain,  pasturage,  and  fruits,  with  indigenous  tim- 
ber— such  as  bea'  h,  maple,  ash,  &c,   The  village 


ALE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALE 


is  on  Tonewanta  creek.     Pop.  of  tp.  in  1830 

2,331.  Tp.,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  30  ms.  N. 

ofMachias.  Pop.  in  1830,334.  VilK,  south- 
ern part  of  Athens  co.,  0.,  7  ms.  SSE.  of  Athens, 
the  co.  seat,  and  13  NW.  of  Chester,  the  co.  seat 

of  Meigs  county.  Town,  southern   part  of 

Montgomery  co.,  O.  ;  by  post  road  73  ms.  SW.  by 
W.  from  Columbus,  and  6  ms.  below  and  S.  of  Day- 
ton. Extreme  southern  co.  of  111.,  occupying 

the  point  or  peninsula  above  their  junction,  and 
between  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers.  Length 
from  8.  to  N.  23  ms.,  mean  width  about  17,  and 
area  390  sq.  ms.  The  surface  near  the  rivers  is 
generally  low,  and  annually  inundated,  though 
rising  above  flood  in  the  interior.  Soil  productive. 
Some  cotton  has  been  cultivated;  but  the  summers 
are  too  brief  to  admit  that  vegetable  as  a  profitable 
staple  in  any  part  of  Illinois.  Maize,  wheat,  rye, 
and  oats,  are  produced  in  abundance,  as  are  or- 
chard fruits  and  garden  vegetables.  In  lat.  this 
co.  extends  from  37  00  to  37  21,  and  in  Ion.  from 
12  8  to  12  32  W.  W.  C.  Pop.  in  1830 
1,390;  in  1840,  3,313.— See  West  Alexander. 

Alexandersville,  town  on  Miami  river,  eastern 
side,  7  ms.  below  Dayton,  and  18  W.  of  Xenia. 
The  Ohio  canal  passes  through  this  village,  as  do 
daily  lines  of  stages  to  and  from  Cincinnati  to 
Dayton. 

Alexandretia. — See  Scanderoon. 

Alexandria,  or  Scanderia,  city  of  Egypt,  found- 
ed by  Alexander  the  Great  about  B.  C.  330.  Its 
ancient  splendor  and  extent  are  in  a  considerable 
degree  still  attested  by  its  remains,  which  are  con- 
•  cealed,  however,  to  a  great  extent,  by  the  modern 
buildings.  The  modern  city  occupies  a  sandy  strip 
of  land,  formed  by  the  sea,  along  the  ancient  mole 
which  once  connected  Pharos  with  the  continent. 
Of  its  two  former  harbors,  the  eastern  has  lost  its 
advantages  by  the  changes  which  the  coast  has  un- 
dergone. The  famous  Pharos,  built  on  an  island 
now  a  peninsula,  serves  as  a  lighthouse.  The 
present  harbor  is  little  else  than  a  roadstead,  in 
which  vessels  are  frequently  lost.  To  the  south  of 
the  modern  city  and  of  the  two  harbors  is  the  site 
of  old  Alexandria.  Reduced  to  a  population  of 
16,000  souls,  Alexandria  still  enjoys  many  advan- 
tages; and,  should  a  regular  and  at  once  enlight- 
ened and  permanent  government  be  established  in 
Egypt,  it  may  again  become  a  place  of  commercial 
importance.  Its  ancient  rank  it  can  never  again 
reach.  The  changes  of  every  kind  in  the  affairs 
of  the  world,  the  improvements  in  navigation,  and 
finally  even  the  natural  mutations  effected  on  the 
earth,  forbid  the  restoration  of  a  great  and  exclu- 
sive route  by  the  Red  sea,  the  crowning  cause 
which  conferred  so  much  magnitude  to  ancient  Al- 
exandria. This  city  is  situated  at  N.  lat  31  11 
E.,  Ion.  London  29  50  E. 

Alexandria,  strong  and  considerable  town  of 
Italy,  belonging  to  the  duchy  of  Milan,  seated  on 
the  Tanaro,  40  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Milan.    Lon.  8 

43  E.,  lat  44  55  N.  Tp.  of  Grafton  co.,  N. 

H.,  30  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Concord,  72  NW.  of 
Portsmouth.  It  lies  between  the  townships  of  New 
Chester  and  Orange.  Part  of  the  soil  produces 
wheat  and  maize ;  but  other  parts  are  rocky  and 
sterile.  Pop.  in  1830  1,083.  Town,  Jeffer- 
son co.,  N.  Y.,  opposite  The  Thousand  islands 
in  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  in  part  belong  to  it. 
6* 


The  shore,  extending  9  miles,  is  bold,  rocky,  and 
varied.  It  contains  a  part  of  the  channel  of  In- 
dian river,  with  Mullet,  Otter,  Hyde,  Plessis,  and 
Crooked  creeks.  Timber:  maple,  elm,  beach, 
bass,  red  and  white  oak,  black  and  white  ash, 
hemlock,  pine,  &c.  It  is  crossed  by  the  military 
road  from  Plattsburg  to  Sackett's  Harbor.  Pop. 

in  1830  1,523.  Town  and  tp.  of  Hunterdon 

co.,  N.  J.,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Trenton,  and  bounded 

W.  by  Delaware  river.  Pop.  in  1830  3,042.  

Vill.,  Porter  tp.,  Huntingdon  co  ,  Pa.  City 

and  port  of  entry  in  the  D.  C,  on  the  south  bank 
of  the  river  Potomac,  about  180  ms.  from  the  ocean. 
It  is  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  and 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  particularly  in 
flour.  It  has  some  public  buildings — such  as  an 
Episcopal  church,  bank,  academy,  court  house, 
&c.  The  original  settlers  laid  out  the  streets  on 
the  plan  of  Philadelphia.  Eight  ms.  below  the 
town,  on  the  Virginia  bank  of  the  Potomac,  where 
it  is  nearly  2  ms.  wide,  is  Mount  Vernon,  the  cel- 
ebrated seat  of  General  Washington.  Alexandria 
is  7  ms.  S.  from  Washington,  and  100  ms.  N. 
of  Richmond.  N.  lat.  38  46,  lon.  W.  W.  C. 
0  3  W. 

Population  in  1810  : 
Free  white  males  -  2,525 

Do      females  -  -  -  2,378 

All  other  persons  except  Indians,  not  taxed  836 
Slaves    -----  1,488 


Total  pop.  1810  -  -  7,227 


In  1820  : 

Free  white  males            -  2,667 

Do      females  -           -  2,948 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -          -  153 

Total  white  pop.  -          -  5,768 

Free  colored  males          -  -           -  461 

Do        females       -  707 

Slaves,  male       -  606 

Do    female     -  829 


Total  pop.  1820  -  -  8,371 

Engaged  in  agriculture    -  -  -  22 

Do       commerce     -  331 

Do       manufactures  -  -  699 


In  1830  there  were  in  Alexandria:  white  males, 
2,656;  females,  2,953;  colored  persons  free, 
1,371  ;  slaves,  1,261.— Total,  8,241.  Pop.  in 
1840:  white  males  2,748,  white  females  3,010, 
free  colored  males  664,  free  colored  females  963, 
male  slaves  444,  female  slaves  630.  Total  1840, 
8,459. 

Alexandria,  co.  of  District  of  Columbia,  com- 
prising that  part  of  the  District  ceded  by  Virginia, 
length  10  ms.  from  SE.  to  NW.,  widening  from 
below  the  city  of  Alexandria,  where  it  is  a  mere 
point,  to  4  ms.  opposite  the  Little  Falls,  in  Poto- 
mac river ;  area  about  36  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly, 
and  soil  thin.  It  is  connected  with  the  city  of 
Washington  by  a  bridge.  By  the  census  of  1840, 
exclusive  of  the  city  of  Alexandria,  the  population 
was:  males  490, females  483,  free  colored  males  and 
females  235,  slaves  300.— Total  pop.  1,508. 

Alexandria,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Rapide 

41 


ALG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALG 


parish,  Louisiana.  Situated  on  the  right  hank  of 
Red  river,  about  half  a  mile  below  the  lower  rapids 
in  that  stream,  and  by  water  350  ms  above  New 
Orleans,  and  by  similar  means  of  conveyance  65 
ms.  below  Natchitoches.  This  town  is  mostly 
composed  of  a  single  row  of  houses  along  the  river. 
Lat.  31  18  N.,  Ion.  W.  15  39  W.  C.  Pop. 
about  1,000.  Town  in  Smith  co.,  Tenn.,  situ- 
ated on  a  branch  of  Caney  Fork  river,  45  ms.  E. 

of  Nashville,  and  12  SSW.  of  Carthage.  Town 

in  Campbell  co.,  Ky.,  75  ms.  NNE.  of  Frankfort. 

Alexandrian  a,  town  in  Mecklenberg  co.,  N.  C, 
151  ms.  SW.  by  W.  of  Raleigh. 

Alexandrofsskaia,  fortified  town  of  Rus>ia,  in 
the  Government  of  Catharinoslas,  and  situated  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Dnieper,  about  150  ms.  by  the 
river  channel  above  Cherson.  N.  lat.  47  37,  Ion. 
E.  London  34  50. 

Alfacs,  the  name  of  certain  islands  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Ebro,  in  the  principality  of  Catalonia, 
in  Spain. 

Alfeizerao,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura, 
on  the  sea  side.    Lon.  9  10  W.,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Alfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Hildersheim,  15  ms.  SSW.  of  Hildersheim.  Lon. 
10  4  E.,  lat.  51  38  N. 

Alfeo,  anciently  Alpheus,  river  of  Greece,  in  the 
Morea.  This  stream  is  large  when  compared  with 
the  country  in  which  it  flows ;  rises  above  the 
ruins  of  Megalopolis,  near  where  Tripolizza  now 
stands,  and  flowing  NW.  about  40  ms.  along  the 
Lapithac  mountains,  receives  many  accessary 
streams  from  the  NE.  Suddenly  winding  to  the 
W.  and  piercing  the  mountains,  quits  the  valley 
of  Arcadia,  and,  traversing  Elis  15  ins.,  falls  into 
the  Ionian  sea  opposite  the  ancient  Strophades,  N. 
lat.  37  40.  The  Alpheus  might  be  strictly  called 
the  river  of  Arcadia,  as  it  drains  that  mountain- 
enclosed  valley  in  all  its  extent. — See  Morea. 

Alfidena,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ceteriore.    Lon.  14  20  E.,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Alftoum  karahissar,  which  signifies  "The  black 
fortress  of  opium,"  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  fa- 
mous for  the  manufacture  of  that  narcotic  drug, 
which  forms  the  principal  part  of  its  commerce.  It 
is  one  of  the  principal  entrepots  between  Constan- 
tinople and  Smyrna. 

Alford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  on  a 
small  brook  6  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  20  N.  of  Bos- 
ton. Lon.  13'  E.,  lat.  53  16  N.  Tp.  of  Berk- 
shire co.,  Mass.,  bounded  W.  by  N.  Y.,  and  by 
Egremont  tp.  S. ,  and  West  Stockbridge  N.  ;  wa- 
tered by  some  of  the  higher  branches  of  Housaton- 
nick  river,  12  ms.  SSW.  of  Lenox.  Pop.  in 
1830,  512. 

Alfred,  tp.  and  vill.,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.,  10 
ms.  C.  of  Angelica.    Pop.  in  1830,  1,416. 

Alfordville,  town  of  Robeson  co.,  N.  C,  109 
ms.  SSW.  from  Raleigh. 

Alfred,  tp.  of  U.  C,  in  the  co.  of  Glengary, 
and  is  the  third  tp.  in  ascending  the  Ottawa  river. 

 Tp.  and  town,  York  co.,  Maine,  on  Mousam 

river.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1800,  900  ;  in  1820,  1271. 

Algarva,  southern  province  of  Portugal,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  a  minor  chain  of  mountains,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Alentejo  on  the  E.,  by  the  river  Gua- 
diana,  separating  it  from  the  Spanish  province  of 
Sevilla,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
The  mountains,  which  form  the  northern  limit  of 
42 


Algarva,  are  severally  called  Sierra  de  Monchique, 
and  that  of  Calderona  or  Calderao.  The  name  Al- 
garva is  Arabic,  and  signifies  "the  Western  coun- 
try," relative  to  Sevilla.  In  from  it  approaches  an 
oblong,  85  ms.  from  E.  to  W.,  and  25  broad  from 
N.  to  S.  ;  area  about  2,100  sq.  ms.  ;  chief  towns, 
Tavira,  Faro,  Silves,  and  Lago.  Cape  St.  Vincent, 
the  S  W.  angle  of  Algarva,  is  almost  touched  by,  and 
Cape  Santa  Maria,  its  most  southern  point,  is  just 
traversed  by,  N.  lat.  37°  ;  the  most  northern  part 
is  in  lat.  37  25.  In  lon.  from  London,  it  lies  be- 
tween 7  20  and  9°  W.  The  climate  is  much 
more  temperate  than  that  of  the  bordering  province 
of  Alentejo.  Vines,  figs,  almonds,  and  olives, 
abound.    Pop.  in  1830,  113,000. 

Algezira,  a  strong  town  of  ^pain,  in  Andalusia, 
on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar;  but  at  present  in  a  mean 
condition,  the  harbor  being  decayed.  It  is  10  ms. 
NW.  of  Gibraltar.    Lon.  5  22  W.,  lat.  36  14  N. 

Alghtr,  or  Alccri,  town  of  Sardinia,  on  the 
NW.  coast,  with  a  bishop's  see  Lon.  8  40  E., 
lat.  40  40  N. 

Algiers,  recently  a  State  of  Barbary,  now  in 
possession  of  Fr.  For  general  view  of,  we  refer  to 
article  Africa,  head  Algeria. 

Algeria,  name  now  given  by  the  French  to  their 
recent  conquests  in  Africa.  The  city  of  Algiers 
was  taken  by  the  French  on  July  26th,  1830,  after 
18  days  of  siege.  On  the  21st  of  January,  1837, 
the  subjoined  appeared  in  the  Philadelphia  Gazette  : 
"Algiers. — The  European  population  of  Algiers, 
and  the  other  places  on  the  coast  of  Africa  in  the 
possession  of  the  French,  has  increased  between 
the  1st  of  January  and  the  1st  of  July,  1836,  from  • 
11,565  to  12,903.  Of  this  number  the  men  are 
reckoned  at  6,949;  the  women  at  2,633;  and 
children  at  3,321.  The  population  of  Algiers  by 
natives  is  as  follows:  French,  3,434;  English, 
824;  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  2,757;  Italians, 
741 ;  and  Germans,  506.  The  proportions  are 
different  in  other  places.  Thu?,  at  Oran  the  num- 
ber of  Spaniards  and  Italians  is  increased,  whilst 
that  of  the  English  is  diminished.  At  Bona  the 
English  preponderate.  In  no  part  does  the  French 
population  yet  equal  that  of  all  the  other  Europeans. 
The  troops  and  natives  are  not  included  in  these 
returns."  The  city  of  Algiers  stands  at  N.  lat. 
36  48,  Ion.  3  1  E.  of  London,  and  almost  exactly 
S.  of  Santani,  in  the  island  of  Majorca,  and  of  the 
extreme  northeastern  angle  of  Spain.  The  city 
rises  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  fortified  anchoring  ground,  unsafe 
during  a  northern  wind.  The  vicinity  is  diversi- 
fied with  hills  and  dales.  According  to  some  au- 
thors, the  territory  of  Algiers  is  less  sandy  and 
more  fertile  than  that  of  Tunis,  but  in  fact  the  in- 
terior countrv  is  very  imperfectly  known.  Pop.  of 
the  city,  80,000. 

Algheri,  gulf  of,  in  the  western  coast  of  the 

island  of  Sardinia,  N.  lat.  40  30.  Town  and 

seaport  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  on  the  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  carries  on  a  greater  trade  in  corn  than 
any  other  place  of  the  island  of  Sardinia.  Pop. 
7,000.  Its  port  cannot  admit  large  vessels,  but 
the  spacious  and  fortified  harbor  of  Porto-Conte,  at 
2  ms.  to  the  E.,  might  contain  several  fleets. 

Algonquins,  nations  of  Indians,  W.  and  N  W. 
from  Lake  Supeiior,  and  around  the  heads  of  the 
Mississippi,  Winnipeg,  and  Assiniboin  rivers. 


ALT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALL 


Alguazil,  literally  "the  minister  of  justice," 
Spanish,  from  the  Arabic.  In  English,  consiable 
comes  nearest  amongst  executive  officers  to  Algua- 
zil. The  word  pronounced  as  if  written  Algua- 
zile. 

Algydim  Shalo,  mountains  of  Asia.  The  Ural 
system  terminates  between  the  sources  of  the  Tobol 
and  the  Russian  post  of  Orskaia.  From  that 
point  it  gives  off  two  chains  of  elevated  land  ;  one 
to  the  E.,  which,  traversing  the  steppe  of  the  Kir- 
guis,  is  known  by  the  Kirguissan,  name  Ula-Tau, 
or  the  "Great  Mountains,"  as  far  as  the  river 
Ishim,  and  from  Ishim  to  Irtysh  is  called,  in  Rus- 
sian, "Alginsky,"  and  in  Kalmuc,  "Algydim- 
Shalo."  Another  chain,  also,  of  moderate  height, 
takes  a  direction,  under  the  name  of  Moguldshar, 
towards  the  lake  Aral,  passing  between  it  and  the 
Caspian  sea,  and  is  supposed  to  be  continued,  un- 
der the  name  of  the  mountains  of  Mangislek,  or 
Turcomania,  as  far  as  Khorassan.  It  is  the  Algy- 
dim-Shalo,  and  its  continuation  northwestward  by 
the  Ulatan,  which  unites  the  Uralian  and  Altaian 
systems  in  a  distance  of  about  700  ms.,  in  a  direc- 
tion of  NW.  and  SE.  From  the  northeastern  slope 
of  these  connecting  mountains,  rise  the  numerous 
sources  of  Tobol,  Ishim,  and  Irtysh  rivers.  On 
the  opposite  side  the  mountains  flank  one  side  of 
the  basin  of  the  Aral  and  Caspian  seas. 

Albania,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada.  A  little 
below  it  are  hot  baths,  accounted  the  best  in  Spain. 
It  is  seated  on  a  valley,  surrounded  by  craggy 
mountains,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Granada.  Lon.  S  24 
W.,  lat.  36  56  N.  The  name  Alhama  is  Arabic, 
and  signifies  "hot  baths"  The  Spaniards  regard 
this  town  as  the  most  elevated  in  Europe.  One 
half  the  year  it  is  buried  in  snow,  and  the  other 
exposed  to  scorching  heat. 

Alhambra; — See  Grenada,  the  city. 

Alicant,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  remark- 
able for  its  excellent  wine,  and  the  fertility  of  its 
soil,  which  produces  excellent  fruits,  and  plenty  of 
rosemary  of  an  extraordinary  size.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Mediterranean,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  85 
ms.  S.  of  Valencia.    Lon.  5'  W.,  lat.  38  16  N. 

Alicaia,  town  and  port  of  Sicily,  on  the  Salso 
river,  7  or  8  ms.  from  the  sea.  It  is  situated 
on  the  SW.  side  of  the  island  75  ms.,  almost  di- 
rectly W.  of  Syracuse.  Lat.  37  4  N.,  lon.  14° 
E.  of  London.  The  harbor,  though  small,  is  much 
frequented.  The  town  is  famous  for  pastry  and 
macaroni. 

Alicudi,  a  small  and  westernmost  island  of  the 
Lipari  group.  It  is  sometimes  called  Alicuri. 
Pop.  250. 

Alien,  a  person  born  in  and  owing  allegiance 
to  one  country,  though  residing  in  another.  In 
the  United  States  the  regular  steps  necessary  for 
an  alien  resident  to  become  a  citizen,  are,  1st,  ac- 
tual residence  two  years  at  least  before  admission  ; 
2d,  declaration  made  before,  and  recorded  by, 
competent  authority,  of  renunciation  of  allegiance 
to  any  foreign  Stale  or  sovereign,  and  bona  fide 
intention  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States ; 
3d,  if  an  alien  applicant,  who,  in  any  foreign 
State,  held  any  hereditary  title  or  order  of  nobility, 
he  must,  in  his  declaration  of  intention  to  become 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  renounce  all  such 
titles,  &c.  These  rules  are  general,  and  many 
minor  rules  and  exceptions  stand  on  our  statutes. 


— See  Digest  Laws  U.  S.,  Book  7  of  Aliens,  pp. 
312,  317. 

Alkmaar,  town  of  North  Holland,  6  or  7  ms. 
inland  from  the  North  sea.  It  is  environed  by 
gardens,  orchards,  canals,  avenues,  and  meadows. 
About  16  ms.  N.  of  Harlem,  and  25  ms.  S.  of 
the  Helder,  and  on  the  great  canal  from  the  Hel- 
der  to  Amsterdam.    Pop.  9,000. 

Allahabad,  city  of  Oude,  in  Hindostan  proper, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  two  great  rivers  the 
Ganges  and  Jumna.  It  was  founded  by  the  em- 
peror Acbar,  who  intended  it  as  a  place  of  arms, 
but  its  fortifications  will  hardly  resist  the  battering 
of  a  field  piece.  It  is  470  ms.  NW  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  82  0  E.  lat.  24  45  N. 

Allah-Shehr,  ancient  Philadelphia,  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  Pachalic  of  Aidin,  about 
90  ms.  E.  of  Smyrna.  Pop.  12,000.  N.  lat. 
38  28. 

Allburg. — See  Alburg. 

Allchurch,  village  of  Worces'ershire,  Eng.  It 
has  an  almshouse  founded  in  1580,  and  the  Ro- 
man Ickneld  street  passes  through  it.  The  bishop 
of  Worcester  had  formerly  a  palace  here;  and  the 
church,  several  parts  of  which  are  of  Saxon  archi- 
tecture, contains  many  antique  monuments.  It  is 
5  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Bromsgrove. 

Allegan,  co.  of  Mich.,  having  Ottawa  and  Kent 
cos.  N.,  Barry  E.,  Kalamazoo  and  Van  Buren 
S.,  and  Lake  Michigan  W.,  area  about  600  sq. 
ms.  N.  lat.  42  36,  and  lon.  9  W.  of  W.  ft, 
intersect  in  it.  It  is  traversed  by  and  nearly  all 
drained  by  the  river  Kalamazoo.     Pop.  1840, 

1,783.  Town,  and  seat  of  justice,  Allegan  co., 

Mich  ,  situated  on  Kalamazoo  river;  by  postroad 
161  miles  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Detroit. 

Alleghany,  river  of  Pa.  and  N.  Y.,  the  main 
constituent  of  Ohio  liver.  In  strictness  of  the 
principles  of  physical  geography  the  Alleghany  is 
the  Ohio,  of  which  Monongahela  is  only  a  main 
branch.  By  the  Shawnees  the  Alleghany  was 
called  Palawa  Thepika.  The  remote  sources  of 
this  stream  are  in  Potter  and  McKean  cos.,  Pa., 
from  whence,  flowing  northward,  they  unite  in 
the  SE.  angle  of  Cattaraugus  co„  N.  Y.,  over 
which  it  curves  40  ms.,  and  re-enters  Pa.  on  the 
line  separating  McKean  and  Warren  cos.  In 
clining  to  a  general  course  of  SW.  over  Warren 
and  Venango,  receives  in  the  latter  a  large  con- 
fluent French  creek  from  the  NW.,  again  bends 
to  SE.,  which  latter  course  it  maintains  to  the 
mouth  of  Mahoning,  near  the  centre  of  Armstrong 
co.,  having,  in  the  intermediate  distance,  received 
from  the  eastward  Clarion  river  and  Red  Bank  creek. 
Once  more  inflecting  to  the  SW.,  and  receiving 
from  the  eastward,  with  several  creeks,  the  large 
confluent  Kiskirninitas,  flows  on  to  its  junction 
with  Monongahela  to  form  the  Ohio  at  Pittsburg. 
The  entire  length  of  the  basin  of  the  Alleghany  is 
173  ms.  along  very  near  lon.  2  0  W.  of  W.  C.  ; 
mean  breadth  70  ms.,  and  area  12,110  sq.  ms.,  or 
very  nearly  double  that  of  the  Monongahela. 
The  position  of  this  river  is  admirably  calculated 
to  render  it  a  great  navigable  chain  of  intercom- 
munication. The  main  volume  is  a  boatable 
stream  at  Hamilton,  in  the  State  of  N.  Y.,  within 
25  ms.  from  the  navigable  water  of  Genessee  river 
at  Angelica.  French  creek  becomes  navigable  at 
Waterford,  with  a  portage  of  only  14  ms.  between 

43 


ALL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALL 


that  point  to  the  navigable  waters  of  Lake  Erie, 
These  lines  are  too  obviously  available  to  be  over- 
looked. Already  the  great  line  of  Pa.  canal  and 
railroad  passes  down  the  Conemaugh  and  Ki^ki- 
minitas  to  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  there  crosses 
the  Alleghany  by  an  aqueduct,  goes  down  the 
right  bank  to  opposite  Pittsburg,  where  another 
aqueduct  introduces  the  line  of  canal  into  that 
city.  The  water  of  the  Alleghany  is  much  more 
pure  and  limpid  than  that  of  the  Monongahela. 
In  lat.  the  Alleghany  basin  lies  between  40  0  and 
42  26  N. 

Alleghany,  one  of  the  chains  of  the  Appalach- 
ian system.  It  is  an  unanswerable  objection  to 
giving  the  name  of  Alleghany  to  the  whole  system 
that  it  is  applied  to  a  particular  chain  in  Va.,  Md., 
and  Pa.  From  the  basin  of  the  Kenawha  to  that 
of  the  western  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  through 
four  degrees  of  latitude,  the  Alleghany  is  a  dividing 
ridge  between  the  waters  flowing  towards  the  Atlan- 
tic and  those  pursuing  an  opposite  course  into  the 
Ohio.  The  ridges  which,  as  links,  form  the  chain 
of  Alleghany  are  not  very  distinctly  defined,  though 
the  entire  chain  constitutes  so  remarkable  a  feature 
in  the  geography  of  the  U.  S.  The  length  of  the 
Alleghany  chain  of  mountains,  from  Monroe  co., 
Va.,  in  the  valley  of  Kenawha,  to  Centre  co.,  Pa., 
is  about  300  ms.  The  height  varies,  but  may  be 
safely  assumed  at  a  mean  of  2,00.0  feet.  Similar 
to  all  other  chains  of  the  Appalachian  system,  that 
of  Alleghany  does  not  rise  into  peaks,  but  stretches 
in  parallel  ridges,  which,  to  the  view  from  either 
side,  present  gently  rounded  or  swelling  knolls,  or 
elegantly  defined  lines,  which  bound  the  horizon. 
The  component  material  of  the  Alleghany  is  most- 
ly grauwacke,  although  limestone  and  other  rocks 
occasionally  occur.  This  chain  is  rich  in  iron 
and  bituminous  coal.  Some  ridges  have  naked 
summits,  but  this  feature  is  rare,  the  ridges  being 
generally  clothed  with  timber  in  all  their  height. 
A  few  mountain  plains,  table  lands  on  the  small 
scale,  with  good  arable  soil,  occur,  but  mostly  the 
soil  of  such  plateaus  are  rocky  and  barren,  some 
are  swampy.  Along  the  whole  chain  oaks,  pines, 
and  hemlock,  are  the  most  abundant  forest  trees. 

Alleghany,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  W.  by  Cattar- 
augus, NW.  by  Ganessee,  iNE.  by  Livingston,  E. 
by  Steuben,  and  S.  by  McKean  and  Potter  cos.,  Pa. 
Length  from  S.  to  N.  40  ms.  ;  mean  breadth  28, 
and  area  1,120  sq.  ms.  It  is  nearly  equally  di- 
vided by  Genessee  river,  which,  rising  in  Pa., 
winds  northwardly  through  Alleghany.  Much  of 
the  soil  is  alluvian,  and  the  residue  varied,  hill 
and  c]ale  ;  generally  more  adapted  to  grazing  than 
to  grain  crops.  Pop.,  1820,  9,330;  in  1830,26,218; 
In  1840,  40,975;  lat.  between  42  0  and  42  37. 

Alleghany,  co.  of  Pa.,  having  Washington  co. 
S.  and  S W\,  Beaver  NW.,  Butler  N.  and  West- 
moreland E.  Length  from  E.  to  W.  32  ms.  ; 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  575  sq.  ms.  The  face 
of  this  co.  is  in  a  peculiar  manner  diversified. 
The  Alleghany  river  enters  from  the  NE.,  and 
the  united  streams  of  the  Yough  and  Monongahe- 
la from  the  SE.,  and  the  whole  waters  uniting  at 
Pittsburg  form  the  Ohio.  The  latter,  winding  to 
NW.,  traverses  14  ins.  of  the  western  part  of  the 
county.  To  the  rivers  may  be  added  Chartiers 
and  some  smaller  creeks,  contributing  to  fertilize 
the  fine  vales,  which,  though  not  spreading  be- 
44 


tween  mountains,  are  the  depressions  of  swelling 
hills,  productive  to  their  highest  summits.  In  the 
bosom  of  these  hills  ire  inexhaustible  strata  of  the 
finest  bituminous  coal.  Excellent  building  stone 
and  limestone  abound.  In  fine,  it  may  be  doubt- 
ed whether  another  spot  of  the  globe  of  equal  ex- 
tent surpasses,  and  certainly  very  few  can  equal  in 
combined  advantages  Alleghany  co.,  of  Pa.  Pop., 
1820,  34,921,  and  in  1830,  50,552  ;  and  in  1840, 
81,235.  Chief  town  the  city  of  Pittsburg.  Lat. 
from  40  14  to  40  31  N.  Ion.  3  W.  of  W.  C. 
passes  about  1  m.  below  the  city. 

Alleghany,  extreme  western  co.  of  Md.,  bound- 
ed by  Washington  co.  of  Md.,  E.,  by  Poto- 
mac river,  separating  it  from  Va.,  S.,  by  a  N.  and 
S.  line  separating  it  from  Preston  co.,  Va.,  W., 
and  by  Somerset  and  Bedford  cos.,  Pa.,  N.  Ex- 
treme length  along  the  Pa.  line,  65  ms.  ;  the 
breadth  is  very  irregular ;  on  Randolph  and  Pres- 
ton cos.  of  Va.  it  is  about  35  ms.  ;  at  Cumberland 
about  7  ;  and  the  mean  may  be  assumed  at  12^  ;  su- 
perfices  800  sq.  ms.  This  co.  is  traversed  by  the 
main  chain  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  which 
discharges  the  higher  branches  of  the  Yough  to 
the  NW.,  and  those  of  the  N.  branch  of  the  Po- 
tomac southwardly  into  that  stream.  The  entire 
face  of  the  co.  excessively  broken  and  rocky,  but 
with  much  excellent  arable  valley  land,  and  some 
even  on  the  mountain  plains.  In  the  bowels  of 
the  mountains  of  this  county  bituminous  coal  of 
the  very  best  quality  abound  ;  which,  when  the 
improvements  on  both  roads  and  canals,  already 
in  progress,  are  completed,  must  become  of  im- 
mense value.  Iron  ore,  also,  is  found  in  great 
abundance.  The  national  road  commences  under 
that  title  at  Cumberland,  the  seat  of  justice  for  this 
county,  which  place,  on  the  completion  of  the 
Ohio  railroad  and  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal, 
must  become  a  great  interior  depot.  The  relative 
heights  may  in  part  be  seen  by  the  subjoined  ele- 
ment. Cumberland  stands  elevated  537  feet  above 
tide  level  in  lower  Potomac,  and  following  the 
national  road  westward  9  miles,  to  Frostburg,  the 
rise  is  1,255  feet,  and  at  the  highest  summit, 
where  the  road  passes,  2,278  feet  above  tide  level. 
In  lat.  this  co.  extends  from  39  16  to  39  44,  and 
in  Ion.  W.  of  W.  C.  from  1  18  to  2  30.  Pop., 
1820,  8,654;  in  1830,  risen  to  10,609;  and  in 
1840,  15,686. 

Alleghany,  co.  .of  Va.,  bounded  by  Bote- 
tourt SE.  and  S.,  Monroe  SW.,  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  separating  it  from  Greenbriar,  W.,  by 
Bath  N.,  and  Rockbridge  NE.  Length  from 
NE.  to  S W.  28  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area 
500  sq.  ms.  This  co.  occupies  a  high  mountain 
valley,  drained  by  several  of  the  higher  branches 
of  James  river,  lying  between  lat.  37  35  and  38  0 
N.,  and  central  Ion.  3  W.  of 'W.  C,  and  rising 
to  a  mean  level  exceeding  1,000  feet  above  the 
ocean  tides.  The  seasons  of  this  co.  are  essen- 
tially influenced  by  mountain  exposure  and  by  rel- 
ative height.     Chief  town,  Covington.  Pop., 

1830,  2,816.  Bridge,  town,  McKean  co.,  Pa., 

postroad  210  ms.  NW.  Harrisburg. 

Allegratfza,  one  of*  the  Canary  islands,  lying 
to  the  N.  of  Graciosa,  and  to  the  E.  of  St.  Clare. 
There  are  several  castles  that  defend  the  harbor. 

Alemance,  town,1  Guilford  co.,  N.  C,  77  ms. 
NW.  of  Raleigh. 


ALL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALM 


Allen,  town,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.,  postroad 

)    276  ras.  W.  Albany.  VUL,  Cumberland  co., 

Pa.,  16  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Allen,  a  southern  and  border  county  of  Ky.  ; 
■    bounded  W.  by  Simpson,  NW.  and  N.  by  War- 
ren, NE.  by  Barren,  E.  by  Monroe,  and  S.  by 
Smith  co.,  ten.    Length  from  N.  to  S.  23  ms.  ; 
mean  width  17,  and  area  about  400  sq.  ms.    Tt  is 
t    drained  in  a  northwestern  direction  by  Big  Bar- 
ren  branch  of  Green  river  ;  chief  town  Scottsville  ; 
!    N.  lat.  36  45,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  9  10  W.  intersect 
j    near  the  centre  of  this  county.    Pop.  in  1820, 

5,327,  in  1830,    12,970.  County  of  Ohio, 

bounded  by  Mercer  W.,  Vanwert  NW.,  Putnam 
N.,  Hardin  E.,  Logan  SE.,  and  Shelby  S.  This 
I    county  occupies  a  table  land,  from  which  flow, 
j    N  W.,  the  sources  of  Auglaize  river,  W.  those  of  St. 
i    Mary's  river,  and  S.  those  of  Miami  river.  Though 
flat,  the  soil  is  very  productive.    It  is  nearly  a 
square  of  .24  ms.  each  side,  and  contains  554  sq. 
ms.    The  Miami  canal  runs  the  whole  length  of 
this  county,  nearly  along  its  western  border.  Pop. 
in  1830,  578,  but  in  1837  was4estimated  at  4,000. 
N.  lat.  40  40,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  7  10,  intersect  in 

this  county.  County  of  Indiana,  bounded  by 

Adams  and  Wells  S.,  Huntington  and  Whiteley  W., 
Noble  and  De  Kalb  N.,  and  Paulding  and  Wil- 
liams, of  Ohio,  E.  ;  area  624  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  41, 
and  Ion.  8  W.  of  W.  C,  intersect  in  it.  Chief 
town  Fort  Wayne.    Pop.  in  1840,  5,942. 

Alt'endorf,  small  town  in  the  landgravate  of 
Hesse -Cassel,  remarkable  for  its  salt  works  and 
three  stone  bridges.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  15 
me.  E.  of  Cassel.    Lon.  9  59  E.,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Allensville,  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  76  ms.  NW.  from 
Harrisburo;. 

Allen's  Ferry  and^own,  Warren  co.,  Ten.,  by 
postroad  76  ms.  SE.  oy  E.  from  Nashville. 

Allen's  Fresh,  town  in  Charles  co.'Md.,  by  post- 
road 43  ms.  southward  of  W.  C. 

Aliens  Settlement,  town  in  Natchitoches  parish, 
La„  by  postroad  252  ms.  N.  W.  from  N.  Orleans. 

AJlentoicn,  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H.,  E.  of  Sun- 
cook  river,  11  ms.  SE.  of  Concord. 

Allensville,  town  in  Mifflin  co.  Pa.,  by  postroad 
76  ms.  northwestward  of  Harrisburg. 

Allenton,  town  in  Montgomery  co.,  N.  C,  by 

>     postroad  123  ms.  SW.  by  W.  of  Raleigh.  

Vill.  in  the  southern  part  of  Wilcox  co.,  Ala.,  19 
ms.  to  the  southward  of  Canton,  the  county  seat. 

 Vill.  in  the  northern  part  of  Green  co.,Ky., 

15  ms.  northwardly  from  Greensburg,  the  county 
seat. 

Allentown,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa. — See  Northampton, 
postown. 

Aller,  river  of  Germany,  and  principal  conflu- 
ent of  the  Rhine,  rises  in  Brunswick  and  Hanover, 
traverses  the  latter,  and  joins  the  Weser  near  Ver- 
den.  Its  western  branch  (the  Leine)  passes  the 
city  of  Hanover. 

Allier,  river  of  Fr. ,  and  one  of  the  main  and  ex- 
treme constituents  of  the  Loire  ;  rises  in  the  Ceven- 
nes  mountains,  and,  flowing  northwardly,  traverses 
the  ancient  Auvergne  and  Bourbonnais,  unites 
with  the  Loire  from  the  eastward,  near  Nevcrs. 

Length,  by  comparative  courses,  about  200  ms.  

Dep.  of  Fr.,  nearly  commensurate  with  the  ancient 
Bourbonnais.  It  is  traversed  from  S.  to  N.  by  the 
Allier  river,  and  extends  eastward  of  the  latter  to 


the  Loire.  Central  lat.  46  30.  Moulin?,  on  the 
Allier,  is  the  capital,  standing  about  180  ms.  a  lit- 
tle E.  of  S.  from  Paris.  Pop.  of  the  dep.  285,300, 
and  of  Monlins  14,500. 

Allmacarron,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadalantine, 
near  the  Mediterranean,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Cartha- 
gena.    Lon.  0  56  W.,  lat.  37  28  N. 

Alloa,  commercial  town  on  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
Scotland,  about  20  ms.  higher  up  the  river  than 
Leith,  and  5  ms.  E.  of  Stirling.  It  consists  of  one 
spacious  street,  well  paved,  and  shaded  with  rows 
of  lime  trees.  Here  is  a  custom-house  for  the  con- 
venience of  shipping  in  this  part  of  the  north,  and 
it  is  the  resort,  of  all  the  coal  vessels  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. It  has  a  glass-house  and  some  other  man- 
ufactures.   Lon.  3  45  W.,  lat.  56  10  N. 

Allodium,  landed  property  held  in  absolute  in- 
dependence of  any  superior,  and  is  the  contrast  of 
feudal  landed  property.  In  the  United  Slates,  it 
is  generally  supposed  that  lands  are  mostly  allo- 
dial ;  but  this  must  be  taken  with  much  restriction, 
as  all  lands  in  the  United  States  are  liable  to  tax- 
ation and  taxes  laid  by  the  Government — a  full  ac- 
knowledgment that  they  are,  if  not  by  words  of 
law,  yet  by  operation  of  law,  really  held  in  fee. 

Allonettes,  point  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay  river. 

Alloway  Creek,  and  two  townships  of  Salem  co., 
N.  J.  The  creek  falls  into  the  Delaware  river  6 
ms.  S.  of  Salem,  the  county  seat.  Alloway.  town 
situated  near  the  head  of  the  creek,  8  ms.  a  littie 
S.  of  E.  from  Salem. 

All-Saints  Parish,  Georgetown,  S.  C. 

Allum  Bank,  town  in  Bedford  co.  Pa.,  131  ms. 
W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Almagro,  town  of  Spain,  in  La  Mancha,  15 
ms.  SE.  of  Ciudad  Real,  and  about  1 10  ms.  almost 
exactly  S.  of  Madrid. 

Almaguer,  city  of  Quito,  South  America,  20 
ms.  S.  from  Propayar.  N.  lat.  1  56,  W.  lon.  W. 
C.  0  6. 

Almanac,  from  the  Arabic,  and  literally  "The 
Calendar."  Amongst  modern  and  cultivated  Cau- 
cassian  nations,  «*  The  Almac"  is  a  real  treatise  of 
popular  astronomy,  and  one  of  the  most  precious 
fruits  of  printing. 

Almandrel,  town  of  South  America,  on  the 
coast  of  Chili. 

Almanza,  town  of  New  Castile,  50  ms.  SW.  of 
Valencia.    Lon.  0  56  W.,  lat.  38  54  N.  , 

Almeda,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura, 
seated  on  the  Tajo,' opposite  Lisbon.  Lon.  9  4 
W.,  lat.  38  33  N. 

Almedia,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of 
Tra-los-montes,  on  the  confines  of  Leon,  17  ms. 
NW.  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo.  Lon.  6  15  W.,  lat.  40 
45  N. 

Almeida,  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Beira,  on  the  river  Coa.  Lon.  8  15  W., 
lat.  40  38  N. 

Almendvalaio,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  . 
near  the  borders  of  Portugal.    Lon.  5  6  W.,  lat. 
38  36  N. 

Almeria,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  on  the  river  Almeria,  62  ms.  SE.  of 
Granada.    Lon.  2  0  W.,  lat.  36  51  N. 

Almirante,  town  in  Walton  co.,  Fa.,  60  or  70 
ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Pensacola. 

45 


ALP  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ALR 


Almond,  town  in  Alleghany  co.,JV.  Y.,  12  ms. 
NE.  of  Angelica.    Pop.  in  1830,  1804. 

Almoro,  town  of  Indostan,  capital  of  Kumaoon, 
and  situated  between  the  Kaleeand  another  branch 
of  the  Gogra,  and  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Hi- 
nialeh  mountains,  about  200  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of 
Delhi.  N.  lat.  29  30,  and  very  nearly  on  Ion.  80 
0  E.  of  London. 

Alna,  town  in  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  54  ms.-  NE. 
from  Portland. 

Alnwick,  the  county  town  of  Northumberland, 
Eng.,  on  the  river  Alne,  is  a  populous  well  bailt 
town,  with  a  town  house.  It  is  30  ms.  N.  of  New- 
castle 26  S.  of  Berwick,  and  305  N.  by  W.  of 

London,    Lon.  1  30  W.,  lat.  55  2%  N.  Tp. 

in  Northumberland  co.,  U.  0.,  lies  in  the  rear  and 
N.  of  Haldimand. 

Alnwick,  a  town  of  Wales,  on  the  NW.  coast 
of  Anglesea,  with  a  harbor  for  small  vessels.  In 
1768,  when  the  Tarys  mines  were  opened,  it  did 
not  contain  above  six  houses  ;  but  now  they 
amount  to  more  than  2,000.  It  is  25  ms.  W.  of 
Beaumaris,  and  275  NW.  of  London. --See  Parys. 

Alost,  town  of  Flanders,  on  the  river  Dender, 
in  the  midway  between  Brussels  and  Ghent.  Lon. 
4  12  E.,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Alpnach,  or  Alpnacht,  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Unterwalden,  20  ms.  SW.  by  W. 
®f  the  city  of  Schwitz,  and  5  ms.,  in  a  like  direc- 
tion, from  Stanz. 

Alps,  the  highest  mountains  in  Kurope,  sepa- 
rating Italy  from  France  and  Germany.  They 
begin  on  the  side  of  France  towards  the  Mediter- 
ranean, between  the  territory  of  Genoa  and  coun- 
try of  Nice,  and  terminate  at  the  Gulf  of  Carmero, 
which  is  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  They  con- 
sist of  lofty  chains  of  mountains,  ranging  one  upon 
another,  with  only  narrow  valleys  between.  They 
are  composed  of  stupendous  rocky  masses,  2,  4, 
and  even  6  being  piled  upon  each  other,  and  from 
4,000  to  15,600  feet  high.  There  are  few  passes 
over  them,  and  those  of  difficult  access.  Swisser- 
land  takes  up  a  good  part  of  these  mountains,  or 
rather  the  valleys  between  them. 
Table  of  the  heights  of  the  principal  separate  peaks 
and  elevated  valleys  of  the  Helvetian  Alps. 


Feet. 

Plain  of  St.  Gothard     -           -  -  6,816 

Feuda,  mountain  of  St.  Gothard  -  8,819 

Prosa,  do.  do.  ■  -  8,816 
Highest  part  of  the  pass  of  the  Grimsel 

towards  the  Vallais  -           -  -7,155 

Jungpanhorn    -           -           -  -  13,739 

Schreckhorn     -           -           -  -  13,397 

Finsteraarhorn  -           -          -  -  14,116 

Wetterhorn      -           -           -  -  12,217 

Eiger  -  13,086 

Pennine  Alps. 

Mount  Blanc    -  15,689 

Col  de  Balme   -  7,625 

Mount  Breven  -  8,358 

Mount  Buet     -  10, 106 

Priory  of  Chamouni     -           -  _  3,354 

Montanvert      -           -  6,106 

Convent  of  St.  Bernard  -  _  8,006 
Velan,  the  highest  peak  of  St.  Bernard  -  11,011 

Mount  Kossa    -           -           -  -    15  552 

Mount  Cervin  -           -           -  -     14  784 

Breit  Horn       -  12,813 
46 


Comparison  of  the  Alps,  the  Pyrenees,  and  the 
mountains  of  Scandiiiavia. — The  following  com- 
parison between  the  three  great  chains  of  Europe- 
an mountains,  the  Alps,  the  Pyrenees,  and  the 
mountains  of  Scandinavia,  has  been  made  by  Pro- 
fessor Schouw,  of  Copenhagen.  The  Pyrenees 
Jie  between  42  and  43|°  N.  lat.  ;  the  Alps  between 
434  and  48°;  the  mountains  of  Scandinavia  be- 
tween 58  and  71°.  The  Alps  and  Pyrenees  arc 
consequently  at  an  almost  equal  distance  between 
the  equator  and  the  north  pole;  the  Scandinavian 
chain  extends  to  the  polar  circle  ;  the  Pyrenees  are 
not  more  than  a  degree  of  latitude  in  breadth  ;  the 
Alps  occupy  four  degrees  and  a  half ;  the  Scanda- 
navian  mountains  thirteen.  It  is  clear  that  these 
last  must  present  a  greater  variety  of  temperature, 
and  have,  in  general,  a  much  colder  climate.  In 
longitude  the  Pyrenees  extend  from  16  to  21°,  the 
Alps  from  22^  to  35°,  and  the  Scandinavian  moun- 
tains from  22|  to  48°  from  the  meridian  of  Ferro. 
The  heights  are  well  known  of  the  Alps  and  Py- 
renees, but  those  of  the  more  remarkable  of  the 
Scandinavian  chain  never  having  before  appeared  in 
print,  we  insert  them  at  length. 


Feet. 

Sulitelma          -  5,800 

Areskutan          -  4,500 

Syltop               -  -           .  5,500 

Tronfield           -  -                      .  5,300 

Sneehsetten        -  -          -  -7,100 

Pikhsetten          -  6,400 

Lodalskaabe  -  6,200 
Loniseg            ....  6,200 

Norde  Skagestarlting  -           -  "7,100 

Soendre  Skagestarllmg  -           -           -  7,600 

Kobleting          -  -  6,800 

Magnafield  -  -  ^  -  6,800 
Justedelsbrcer     ....  5}500 

Subetind        I    -  -           -           -  5,500 

Hallingjockel     -  -                      .  5,400 

Aartrig              -  .           -           -  5,200 

Foigefond          -  5,000 

Gousta  -  5,800 
See  article  Mountains. 


Alps,  lower  dep.  of  Fr  ,  bordering  on  the  Mari- 
time Alps,  and  comprising  much  of  the  ancient 
province,  and  extending  between  the  rivers  Ubaye 
and  Verdon,  branches  of  Durance,  and  by  the 
smaller  confluents  of  these  streams  the  whole  de- 
partment is  watered.   The  slope  westward.  Digne 

is  the  capital.    Pop.  153,000.  Upper  dep.  of 

Fr.,  separated  from  lower  Alps  by  the  Ubaye  river. 
This  department  is  bordered  on  the  E.  by  the  Co- 
tian  Alps,  separating  it  from  Piedmont.  It  is  in 
some  measure  commensurate  with  the  late  prov- 
ince of  Dauphiny.  It  is  drained  by  the  higher 
sources  of  the  Isere  and  Durance  rivers.  Gap  is 
the  capital.    Pop.  125,329. 

Alpuxares,  high  mountains  of  Granada,  in  Spain, 
near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  inhabited  by 
the  Moriscoes,  who  carefully  cultivate  the  ground, 
which  produces  excellent  wines  and  fruits. 

The  mountains  known  in  Spain  by  the  Moorish 
term  Alpujarras,  or  Alpuxares,  is  the  same  known 
from  the  Spanish  language  "  Sierra  de  Nevada,'' 
or  mountains  covered  with  perpetual  snow. — See 
article  Sierra  de  Nevada. 

Abesford,  a  town -in  Hampshire,  Eng.  It  has 
about  200  houses,  two  principal  streets,  which  are 


ALT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ALT 


large  ami  broad,  and  a  small  manufacture  of  lin- 
seys.  It  is  18  ins.  ENE.  of  Southampton,  and  57 
WSW.  of  London.    Lon.  1  1  W.,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Alsace,  a  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Rhine,  on  the  S.  by  Switzerland  and 
Tranche  Comte,  on  the  W.  by  Lorrain,  and  on 
the  N.  by  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  now  includ- 
ed in  the  departments  of  the  Upper  and  Lower 

Rhine;  which  see.  Tp.  Berks  co.,  P.,  on  the 

E.  side  of  the  river  Schuylkill.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1,275,  in  1820,  1,640. 

Aken,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Little  Belt, 
or  entrance  into  the  Baltic,  between  Sleswick  and 
Funen.  It  has  nothing  remarkable  but  two  cas- 
tles, and  is  100  ms.  W.  of  Copenhagen.  Pop. 
16,000. 

Alsfeld,  an  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
landgravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Mar- 
burg. It  is  an  ancient  town,  and  its  inhabitants 
were  the  first  of  this  country  who  embraced  the 
Reformation.    Lon.  9  0  E.,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Ahheda,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Smoland,  near  which  a  gold  mine  was  discovered 
in  1738. 

Aliop's  Tavern,  post  town  in  Spottsylvania  co., 
Va.,  76  ms.  from  Richmond. 

Alstead,  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Cheshire 
co.,  Pf.  H.,  14  ms.  N,  of  Keene,  and  50  ms.  a  lit- 
tle S.  of  W.  from  Concord.  Pop.  in  1830,  1,559, 
and  in  1840,  1,454. 

Alston- Moor,  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  Near 
this  town  are  extensive  lead  mines.  It  is  20  ms. 
E.  by  S.  of  Carlisle,  and  303  NNW.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  14  W.,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Altaian,  mountains.  This  term  has  been  erro- 
neously  applied  to  the  whole  great  central  chain  of 
Asia,  which,  near  the  Aral  lake,  branches  north- 
eastward by  east,  and  reaches  the  sea  of  Ochotsk 
to  the  NW.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Amur  river,  at 
N,  lat.  56.  The  distinctive  name  of  Altai,  or  Al- 
tay,  is  properly  given  to  that  part  of  the  chain  W. 
from  the  Selenga  river.  Thus  restricted,  the  Al- 
taian mountains  form,  nevertheless,  an  immense 
range  of  upwards  of  1,400  m.-\  in  length,  rising  in 
some  places  to  10,000  feet.  This  chain  is  pierced 
by  the  southern  sources  of  the  Irtysh,  Oby,  and  Yen- 
isei rivers,  which  rise  on  the  elevated  valley  be- 
tween the  Altaian  mountains  and  those  of  Bogdo. 

Altai,  is  a  term  so  very  generic  it  is  with  diffi- 
culty clearly  understood.  Under  it  are  included, 
not  only  the  "greater  and  lesser  Altai,"  but  also 
those  of  Kolyvane,  Oorman,  Kutzneek,  the  Sya- 
nian  chain,  the  Baikal  chain,  with  those  of  Nert- 
chinsk,  Daooria,  Thian  Chan,  and  on  the  far  east 
the  chains  of  Iblanoi  and  Stanavoi.  "All  the 
mountains  of  the  south  of  Siberia,"  says  Malte 
Brun,  "from  the  Irtysh  river  to  the  W.  side  of 
Lake  Baikal,  belong  to  the  central  plateau,  and 
great  chains  with  which  it  is  connected  or  crown- 
ed." This  view  is  no  doubt  correct,  as  the  sour- 
ces of  the  Irtysh,  Oby,  and  Jeneisey,  all  rise  on 
the  central  plateau,  and  in  their  northern  course 
pierce  the  Altai. 

Aitamahah: — See  Alatamahah . 

Altamura,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  province  of 
Terra-di-Bairi,  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  about 
50  ms.  NW.  by  W.  of  Tarento,  and  150  ms.  a 
little  S.  of  E.  from  Naples.    Pop.  about  1,600. 

Altamira,  town  of  Mexico,  on  the  border  be- 


tween Vera  Cruz  and  San  Louis  Potosi,  on  trie  N. 
side  of  the  bay  of  Tampico,  and  near  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.    N.  lat.  22  26,  W.  lon.  W.  C.  21  11. 

Altamira,  river  of  Mexico,  rising  near  the  city 
of  San  Louis  Potosi,  and,  flowing  E.  150  m?., 
joins  the  Moctezuemo,  or  Tula,  and  forms  the  bay 
of  Tampico. 

Altamont,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cite- 
rior,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Basigniano.  Lon.  16  22 
E.,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Altamura,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  territory  of 
Bari,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines.  Lon.  16  58 
E.,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Altar,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Sonora,  on  the  river 
Ascension. 

Altena,  town  of  Germany,  belonging  to  Prussia, 
in  Westphalia,  on  a  branch  of  the  Roer  river.  It 
is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  iron-wire,  needles, 
pins,  and  thimbles.  Pop.  about  3,400.  Distant 
50  ms.  S.  of  Munster. 

Altenburg,  town  of  Geimany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Saxony,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Peleisse,  20  ms.  S.  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  12 
28  E.,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Altenbers,  town  of  Transylvania,  18  ms.  S.  of 
Weissemburg.    Lon.  23  15  E.,  lat.  46  0  N. 

Altmuhl,  river  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  rising 
between  the  rivers  Neckar  and  Rezat,  or  Regniiz, 
about  30  English  ms.  to  the  W.  of  Nuremberg, 
and  flowing  thence,  by  comparative  courses,  SE. 
about  100  English  ms.,  falls  into  the  left  bank  of 
the  Danube  at  Kelheim.  This  river  has  gained 
great  consequence  from  its  valley  having  along  it 
the  southern  part  of  the  Bamberg  canal. — See 
Bamberg. 

Altenburg,  or  Owar,  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
on  the  Danube,  15  ms.  S.  of  Presburgh,  and  40 
SE.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  17  13  E.,  lat.  48  0  N. 

Altenburg,  or  Oldenburg,  an  ancient  town  of 
Germany,  in  Holstein. 

Aliesson,  town  of  Piedmont,  between  the  rivers 
Dore  and  Slura,  near  Lauvenerie.  Lon.  7  20  E.} 
lat.  44  36  N. 

Altezey,  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in  the 
Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  8  12  E.,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Altkirch,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Upper 
Rhine,  on  the  river  Ille,  45  ms.  SSW.  of  Stras- 
burg.    Lon.  7  20  E.,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Altmore,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Tyrone, 
7  ms.  NW.  of  Dungannon.  Lon.  6  45  W.,  lat. 
55  43  N. 

Alton,  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.,  seated  on  the 
river  Wey.  It  has  a  famous  free-school,  a  large 
manufacture  of  plain  and  figured  baragons,  ribbed 
druggets,  and  serges  de  Nismes;  and  round  the 
town  are  plantations  of  hops.  It  is  18  ms.  ENE. 
of  Southampton,  and  48  WSW.  of  London.  Lon. 

0  56  W.,  lat.  51  22  N.  Tp.  in  Strafford  co., 

N.  H.    Pop.  about  1,000.  Incorporated  town 

of  Madison  co.,  111.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  about  2^  ms.  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri.  N.  lat.  38  55,  lon.  13  8  W.  of 
W.  C,  and  about  16  ms.  nearly  due  N.  from  St. 
Louis,  and  15  northwestward  from  Edwardsville, 
the  county  seat.  It  is  advantageously  placed  as  a 
commercial  depot,  and  has  already  assumed  much 
of  the  character  suitable  to  its  position.  There 
were  in  it,  as  early  as  1837,  three  printing  offices, 

47 


A  MA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.'  A  MA 


with  several  churches  and  schools,  wholesale  and 
retail  stores,  four  large  hotels,  &c.  Pop.  in  1840, 
including  Alton  city  and  Upper  Alton  town  and 
precincts,  4,450. 

Altona,  flourishing  seaport  of  Germany,  in  the 
Duchy  of  Holstein,  commodiously  seated  on  the 
Elhe,  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamburg.  The  Danes 
built  it  in  that  situation  that  it  might  rival  Ham- 
burg in  commerce.  Altona  is  separated  from  Ham- 
burg by  the  Alster,  a  creek  from  Stormaria.  Lon. 
9  52  E.,  lat.  53  37  N. 

Allorf,  town  of  Germany,  formerly  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Nuremburg,  with  a  famous  university,  a 
library,  and  a  physic  garden.    It  is  10  ms.  SE.  of 

Nuremburg.    Lon.  11  22  E.,  lat.  49  20  N.  

Town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  20  ms. 
NE.  of  Constance,  and  subject  to  the  house  of 

Austria.    Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat.  47  50  N.  Town 

of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the  canton  of  Uri,  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Kuss,  on  the  lake  of 
Lucerne,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Lucerne.  Lon.  8  25  E., 
lat.  46  55  N. 

Altringham,  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.,  10  ms.  E. 
of  Warrington,  and  180  NW.  of  London.  Lon. 
2  32  W.,  lat.  53  23  N. 

Alva  de-Tormes,  a  considerable  town  of  Spain, 
in  Leon,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  the  Tormes, 
12  ms.  SE.  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  5  4  W.,  lat. 
41  0  N. 

Alvarado,  large  river  of  Mexico,  with  a  town  of 
some  consequence  at  its  mouth,  <in  Vera  Cruz  ;  it 
is  formed  by  the  Alvarado  proper  and  Rio  Blanco, 
the  latter  rising  from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Peak 
D'Orizaba,  and  nearly  W.  of  the  city  of  Vera 
Cruz.  The  Alvarado  enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
at  N.  lat.  18  50  W.    Lon.  W.  C.  18  40. 

Alveston,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  On 
the  top  of  a  hill,  near  the  Severn,  is  a  large  round 
camp,  called  Oldbury,  where  several  antiquities 
have  been  dug  up.  It  is  8  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Bristol. 

Alumets,  les,  on  the  Ottowa  river,  above  the 
Rapids,  which  are  higher  than  riviere  du  Nord. 

Alured  Cape,  in  the  tp.  of  Clarke,  U.  C,  N. 
side  of  Lake  Ontario. 

Alzira,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  on  the 
river  Xucar,  17  ms.  S.  of  Valencia.  Lon.  0  10 
E.,  lat.  36  6  N. 

Amacusa,  small  island  of  Japan,  lying  to  the 
southwest  of  the  large  island  of  Kiusu,  or  Ximo. 

Amadan,  or  Hamadan,  town  of  Persia,  200  ms. 
NE.  of  Bagdad.  It  is  the  ancient  Ecbatana.  Lon. 
47  4  E.,  lat.  35  15  N. 

Amadia,  trading  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan, 
belonging  to  the  Turks  ;  seated  on  a  high  moun- 
tain, 40  ms.  SE.  of  Gezira.  Lon.  41  5  E.,  lat. 
36  5N. 

Amah,  island  in  the  Baltic,  near  Copenhagen, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  canal. 

Amal,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  Goth- 
land, with  a  good  harbor  on  Lake  Wenner,  175 
ms.  SW.  of  Upsal.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  limber,  deals,  and  tar.  Lon.  12  40  E.,  lat. 
59  0  N. 

Amalfi,  an  ancient  town  in  the  Citerior  Princi- 
pality of  Naples.  Flavio  Gioia,  who  is  said  to 
have  invented  the  mariner's  compass,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  14  th  century,  was  a  native  of  this 
town.  It  was  bere,  also,  that  in  1137,  the  Pan- 
dects of  Justinian  were  recovered.  It  is  seated  in 
48 


a  charming  country,  on  the  western  coast  of  the 
Gulf  of  Salerno,  13  ms.  SW.  of  Salerno.  Lon. 
14  45  E.,  lat.,  40  26  N. 

Amanbia,  river  of  South  America,  rising  be- 
tween the  Parana  and  Paraguay,  and  falling  into 
the  former  at  lat.  24°. 

Amanda,  tp.  in  Fairfield  co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,221. 

Amandasville,  village  in  Egbert  co.,  Ga. 
Amand,  St.  town  of  Fr.,  in  (he  dep.  of  Cher, 
and  late  territory  of  Bourbonnois,  seated  on  the 
river  Cher,  20  ms.  S.  of  Bourges.   Lon.  2  30  E., 

lat.  46  45  N.  St.  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 

the  North,  and  in  the  late  French  Flanders,  seated 
on  the  Scarpe,  7  ms.  N.  of  Valenciennes.  Lon. 
3  35  E.,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Amantea,  seaport  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citerior,  near  the  bay  of  Eufemia,  20  ms.  SW.  of 
Cosenza.    Lon.  16  10  E.,  lat.  39  12  N. 

Amarms,  mountain  of  Turkey,  in  Asia,  now  the 
Almadagh,  is  a  branch  of  the  Taurus,  separating 
Cilicia  from  Syria,  and  having  but  two  narrow 
passes,  one  towards  the  Euphrates,  and  the  other 
close  to  the  sea.  The  first  is  the  ancient  Amanian 
defile,  (Pyloe  Amanioe,)  the  other  the  defiles  of 
Syria, 

Amapalla,  seaport  of  North  America,  in  Gua- 
temala, seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  220 
ms.  SE.  of  Guatemala.  N.  lat.  12  50,  W.  lon. 
W.  C.  11  56. 

Amapalla,  or  Fonseca,  large  bay  or  gulf  of  N. 
America,  between  the  province  of  Guatemala  and 
Nicaragua.    N.  lat.  12  0,  lon.  W.  C.  11  0  W. 

Arnaro,  Juan,  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  Captain 
Generalship  of  Bahia,  on  the  Pannaco  river.  S. 
lat.  13  20,  E.  lon.  W.  C.  36  50. 

Amasia,  ancient  town  of  Natolia,  the  birthplace 
of  Strabe,  the  geographer.  It  is  the  residence  of  a 
bashaw,  and  gives  its  name  to  the  province  it 
stands  in,  where  there  are  the  best  wines  and  fruits 
of  Natolia.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Cassalmack, 
36  ms.  N.  of  Tocat.   Lon.  36  0  E.,  lat.  40  31  N. 

Amastro,  Amasscra,  or  ancient  Amaslris,  town 
of  Turkey,  in  Asia,  province  of  Anatolia,  situated 
on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  200  ms.  NE.  by 
E.  from  the.  northern  mouth  of  the  Bosphorus. 

Amasura,  Amazura,  or  Amaxura,  small  west- 
ern river  of  Fa.,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
St.  John's  and  Hillsborough  rivers,  and  falling  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  opposite  to  an  island  of  the 
same  name,  about  45  ms.  NNW.  from  Tampa 
Bay,  at  N.  lat.  28  25. 

Amathas,  now  Limasol ;  which  see. 
Amatiilan,  town  of  Central  America,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  4  or  5  ms.  NW.  of  Gua- 
temala. 

Amaxichi,  principal  town  of  the  island  of  Santa 
Maura,  ancient  Leucadia,  situated  on'theNE.  side 
of  the  island,  about  10  ms.  SW.  of  the  entrance 
into  the  Gulf  of  Arta.  N.  lat.  38  48,  lon.  20  45 
E.  of  London. 

Amazon,  or  Orellana,  a  great  river  of  South 
America,  which  has  its  source  in  Peru,  not  far 
from  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  principal  of  the  trib- 
utary streams  are  the  Napo,  Japura,  and  Negro, 
from  the  N.  ;  the  Tocantinas,  Xingua,  Tapajos, 
Madeira,  Jurus,  Intay,  Grand  Para,  Gualaga,  and 
Lauricocha,  from  the  S.  The  Amazon,  including 
all  its  confluents  and  their  tributaries,  drains  an 


AMF 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AME 


area  of  more  than  2,800,000  sq.  ms.  It  enters 
the  Atlantic  ocean  under  the  equator ;  Ion.  E.  W. 
C.  28°.  Very  erroneous  opinions  prevail  in  the 
FJ.  S.  respecting  the  relative  extent  of  the  basins 
of  the  Mississippi  and  Amazon,  and  also  upon  the 
comparative  length  of  the  two  streams.  Measured 
by  steps  of  100  ms.  along  its  valley,  the  Missis- 
sippi, by  either  the  Missouri  or  Yellow  Stone  riv- 
ers, is  about  2,500  ms.  in  length.  The  Amazon 
by  the  Madeira  is  2,300  ms.,  by  the  Tun'guragua 
2,600,  and  by  the  Grand  Para  2,900  ms.,  meas- 
ured also  by  comparative  scale.  In  respect  to  the 
area  drained,  the  rank  of  the  Amazon  is  still  more 
imposing.  The  Mississippi  basin  stretches  from 
the  sources  of  the  French  Broad  to  those  of  Ma- 
ria's river,  1,700  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  800 
ms;  superfices  about  1,300,000  sq.  ms.  The  ba- 
sin of  the  Amazon,  from  the  head  of  the  island  of 
Ioanna  to  the  sources  of  the  Lauricocha,  is  about 
2,100,  the  mean  width  exceeding  1,400  ms. ;  con- 
sequently, this  immense  basin  extends  to  near 
3,000,000  sq.  ms. 

Amazonia,  a  vague  term  to  designate  all  the 
interior  regions  of  South  America  watered  by  the 
Amazon  river,  and  yet  inhabited  only  by  the  na- 
tive tribes  of  savages.  It  was  discovered  in  1580 
by  Francisco  Oreilana,  who  sailed  down  the  river 
Amazon  to  the  Atlantic.  Observing  companies  of 
women  in  arms  on  its  banks,  he  called  the  country 
Amazonia,  and  gave  the  name  of  Amazon  to  the 
river.  But  this  was  probably  a  fiction,  for  M. 
Condamine  could  perceive  no  such  women. 

Ambassador,  the  highest  title  of  national 
representatives  which  one  sovereign  power  can 
send  to  another ;  ambassador  ordinary  when  per- 
manently resident  at  a  foreign  court,  or  extraordi- 
nary when  sent  on  a  special  mission.  The  most 
ample  title  given  to  these  ministers  is  ambassador 
extraordinary  or  minister  plenipotentiary.  Legates 
are  really  ambassadors,  as  the  term  legate  means 
messenger — .hence  delegate.  Legate,  as  a  title, 
has  been  especially  applied  to  the  ambassadors  of 
the  Pope  of  Rome  to  foreign  States.  Legates  a 
latere  are  counsellors  or  assistants  of  the  Pope, 
and  must  be  a  cardinal  or  bishop ;  legates  de  latere 
are  not  necessarily  cardinals.  The  persons  of  am 
bassadors  are  by  all  civilized  nations  held  sacred, 
and  necessarily,  as  they  are  the  links  to  reunite  as 
well  as  unite  nations,  and  as  their  mission  is  al- 
most invariably  that  of  peace.  The  three  terms, 
ambassador,  legate,  and  minister,  are  from  roots  sig- 
nifying messengers,  servants,  representatives,  &c. 

Ambelakia,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Thes- 
saly,  and  in  the  vale  of  Tempe. 

Amber,  village,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y. 

Amber  Bay,  of  Yucatan,  on  the  coast  of  Hon- 
duras.   N.  lat.  10  40,  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  11  50. 

Amberg,  handsome  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  the  Upper  Palatinate  of  Bavaria.  It  has  a  strong 
casde,  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Ills,  40  ms.  E.  of 
Nuremburg.    Lon.  12  7  E.,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Ambert,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Puy  de  Dome,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne, 
seated  on  a  beautiful  valley  on  the  river  Ore.  It  is 
21  ms.  E.  of  Issoire,  and  300  S.  by  E.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  50  E.,  lat.  45  25  N. 

Amber  grease  Key,  island  in  the  bay  of  Hondu- 
ras, on  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  N.  lat.  18  50,  W. 
Ion.  W.  C.  11  48. 

7* 


Ambleside,  town  of  Westmoreland,  Eng.,  on 
Winandermere,  13  ms.  NW.  of  Kendal,  and  271 
NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  6  W.,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Ambleteuse,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of 
Picardy,  8  ms.  N.  of  Boulogne,  defended  by  a 
battery  of  cannon.    Lon.  1  41  E.,  lat.  50  49  N. 

Amboise,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine,  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Loire  and  Massee.  It  is 
12  ms.  E.  of  Tours,  and  118  S.  by  W.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  54  E.,  lat.  47  25  N. 

Amboy,  or  Perth  Amboy,  city  and  po.  town,  Mid- 
dlesex co.,  N.  J.  ;  has  a  good  harbor,  and  finely 
situated  for  a  seaport,  lying  open  to  Sandy  Hook. 
It  stands  on  a  point  at  the  junction  of  Raritan  river 
and  Arthur  Kill  sound,  35  ms.  SW.  of  N.  Y. 
city,  and  74  NE.  of  Philadelphia.  A  railroad  con- 
nects it  with  Camden,  opposite  Philadelphia. 
Pop.  in  1810, 715,  in  1820,  898,  and  in  1840, 1,303, 

Amboy,  South,  tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J,, 
lying  S.  of  Amboy  bay.  Pop.  in  1810,  3,041,  in 
1820,  3,406. 

Amboy,  bay  between  South  Amboy  and  Staten 
Island,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Raritan  and 
Passaic  rivers. 

Amboyna,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  Indian 
ocean,  with  a  garrison  town  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  the  chief  of  the  Moluccas,  and  remarkable  for 
the  quantity  of  cloves  and  nutmegs  it  produces, 
The  English  and  Dutch  had  factories  here  at  the 
beginning  of  the  17th  century,  but  the  Dutch  ex- 
pelled the  English.    Lon.  127  0  E.,  lat.  4  0  S. 

Ambresbury,  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.,  6  ms. 
N.  of  Salisbury,  and  78  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1 
40  W.,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Ambry m,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  S, 
Pacific  ocean.    Lon.  168  12  E.,  lat.  16  10  N. 

Amedabad,  a  large  and  populous  city  of  Hin- 
do9tan,  and  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Guzerat, 
It  is  one  of  the  best  fortified  places  in  India,  but 
was  taken  by  General  Goddard,  in  1780,  from  the 
Poonah  Mahrattas,  to  whom  it  was  restored  in 
1783.  It  stands  in  a  beautiful  plain,  on  the  banks 
of  a  navigable  river  that  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
Cambray,  321  ms.  N.  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  37 
E.,  lat.  22  58  N. 

Amednagur,  city  of  Hindostan,  in  the  Deccan, 
once  the  capital  of  the  Soubah  of  the  same  name, 
which  now  is  better  known  by  that  of  Dowlatabad. 
This  city  was  the  residence  of  the  Emperor  Au- 
rungzebe,  during  his  conquest  of  the  Deccan  and 
the  Carnatic  It  is  181  ms.  by  Poonah  from 
Bombay.    Lon.  75  0  E.,  lat.  19  10  N. 

Ameland,  island  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
appertaining  to  and  lying  north  of  the  province  of 
Friesland.  It  lies  also  NE.  from  the  Zuyder  sea, 
and  20  ms.  N.  of  Lewarden.  N.  lat.  53  3,  and 
lon.  5  20  E.  of  London. 

Amelia,  an  episcopal  city  of  Italy,  in  the  State 
of  the  Church,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoletto,  20 
ms.  SW.  of  Spoletta,  and  45  N.  of  Rome, 
Lon.  12  30  E.,  lat.  41  33  N.  Co,  of  Vir- 
ginia, having  Cumberland  co.  or  the  Appomattox 
river  NW.,  the  Appomattox  or  Powhatan  N., 
the  Appomattox  or  Chesterfield  NE.,  Dinwiddie 
SE.,  Ncttaway  S.,  and  Prince  Edward  SW. 
Length  30  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  10  ;  area 
300  sq.  ms,    Pop.  in  1820,  11,106,  in  1830, 

49 


AME 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AME 


1 1,031,  and  in  1840,  10,320.  Court-house  and 

town,  Amelia  co.,  Ya.,  40  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 


Kichmoi 


N.  lat.  37  18,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  W 


island  in  ihe  Atlantic  ocean,  coast  of  E.  Florida, 
S.  from  Cumberland  island.  Lat.  30  35  N.,  ex- 
tending 13  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  Nassau  to  St. 
Mary's  rivers,  with  a  mean  width  exceeding  a  mile. 

Ameliasburgf  tp.  in  the  co.  of  Prince  Edward, 
U.  C.  ;  is  the  westernmost  tp.  of  that  co.,  bound- 
ed by  the  carrying  place,  which  leads  from  the 
head  of  the  bay  of  Quinte  to  Lake  Ontario,  and  is 
washed  by  the  waters  of  the  bay  and  the  lake. 

AMERICA. — This  continent,  with  Greenland 
and  intermediate  islands,  extends  from  Cape  Horn, 
S.  lat.  55°  ,  to  head  of  Baffin's  Bay,  77  0  N. ;  in- 
deed we  might  say  80  0  N.,  or  through  135  0  of 
lat.  With  the  use  of  maps,  the  only  means  we 
possess  to  effect  the  purpose,  it  is  not  practicable 
to  decide  to  any  gr<at  nicety  the  land  area  of  large 
surfaces  with  so  irregular  outline  ;  but  we  presume 
that  the  following  tabular  views  will  give  good 
general  knowledge  of  the  physical  and  political 
subdivisions  of  America. 

It  may  be  noted  in  advance  that,  in  regard  to 
latitude,  the  extreme  northern  part  of  South  Amer- 
ica is  very  near  the  middle,  north  and  south,  that 
sub-continent  extending  to  very  near  12  degrees  of 
N.  latitude.  The  relative  adjectives  of  North  and 
South,  to  distinguish  the  two  great  American  ex- 
passions,  give  very  erroneous  ideas  of  their  real 
comparative  positions,  which  are  more  correctly 
northwestern  and  southeastern. 

South.  America  has  area,  in  sq.  ms. — 
North  of  the  equator 


North  America,  including  most  of  the  islands 
of  the  West  Indies,  will  have  in  the  Torrid  zone, 
sq.  ms. — 

In  the  West  Indies  -           -          -  90,000 

On  the  Continent     -           -          -  1,710,000 

Area  of  North  America  in  the  Torrid 

zone                  -          -    .  1,800,000 

Area  in  the  N.  Temperate  zone       -  5,920,240 

Area  in  N.  Frigid  zone        -           -  1,049,760 


Total  of  North  America  as  above 


8,770,000 


Comparative  extent  of  America  with  the  other 

great  sections  of  the.  earth. 
Africa,  sq.  stat.  ms.  -  -  10,802,000 

Asia,  including  Insular  Asia,  Aus- 
tralia, including  Polynesia,  &c, 
Europe,  Continental  and  Insular 
America,  sq.  stat.  ms.      -  -  15,134,300 

North  America,  including  most  of  the  Archipel- 
ago of  the  WTest  Indies,  Les  Antilles  of  the  Fr-> 
has  area  in  the  Torrid  zone,  sq.  ms. — 
In  the  West  Indies         -  90,000 
On  the  Continent  -  1,710,000 


Total  land  area  of  N.  A. 
in  the  Torrid  zone 

On  the  Northern  Tem- 
perate zone     -           -  5,920,000 

On  the  Northern  Frigid 

zone  -           -          _  1,050,000 


1,800,000 


6,970,000 


Equator  to  S.  lat.  10  0 
South  lat.  10  0  to  20  0 
Do  20  0  to  30  0 
Do  30  0  to  40  0 
Do  40  0  to  50  0 
Do    beyond  50  0 

Total  area 


1,188,000 
1,892,000 
1,540,000 
1,079,000 
633,000 
239,000 
50,000 


Total  area  of  North  America,  as  above  8,770,000 
Area  of  South  America        -  -  6,621,000 


6,621,000 


Area  of  all  America,  as  above 


-  15,391,000 


Of  this   expanse  1,188,000   lie   north,  and 
5,433,000  sq.  ms.  lie  south  of  the  equator.  With- 
in the  Torrid  zone  spreads  within  a  small  fraction 
of  5,000,000  sq.  ms.  of  South  America,  and  be- 
yond the  southern  tropic  about  1,616,000  sq.  ms. 
It  may  be  remarked  that  South  America  stretches  j 
9  degrees  of  lat.,  or  upwards  of  600  ms.  further) 
S.  than  the  southern  island  of  New  Zealand,  and] 
that  this  austral  extension  of  South  America  is  the  I 
most  extended  habitable  region  of  the  Southern 
Hemisphere  of  the  earth. 

North  America  has  area,  in  sq,  ms.— - 
South  of  lat.  10  0  N.  -  -  35,000 

N.  lat.  10  0  to  20  0  -  -  460,500 

Do    20  0  to  30  0  -  -  593,300 

Do    30  0  to  40  0  -  -  1,655,000 

Do    40  0  to  50  0  -  .  1,937,200 

Do    50  0  to  60  0  -  1,777,000 

Do    60  0  to  70  0,  including  Green- 
land     -  2,009,000 
Do    above  70  0   -  -    -       -  303,000 

Total  of  N.  America  and  Greenland  8,770,000 
Add  area  of  South  America  -  -  6,621,000 

Total  area  of  America  -  -  15,391,000 


50 


General  physical  and  political  view  of  America 
Casting  a  comprehensive  view  over  America; 
from  the  extreme  S.  to  the  extreme  N.,  the  whole 
continent  has  the  aspect  of  being  divided  into  two 
very  unequal  slopes  or  inclined  planes;  the  most 
extensive  towards  the  Atlantic,  and  the  narrowest 
falling  towards  the  Pacific  ocean.  This  great  fea- 
ture is  particularly  striking  in  South  America.  In 
a  distance  of  upwards  of  5,000  ms.  from  Cape 
Froward,  or  western  mouth  of  the  straits  of  Magel- 
lan, to  the  Gulf  of  Panama,  the  greatest  breadth 
of  the  western  slope  between  S.  lat.  35  0  and  40  0, 
and  between  S.  lat.  4  0  and  6  0,  at  either  place 
very  little  exceeds  in  breadth  100  ms.  ;  nor  would 
the  entire  western  slope  average  above,  if  as  much, 
as  70  ms.  breadth  from  the  Andes  mountains  to 
the  Pacific  ocean.  From  these  elements,  it  is 
shown  that  the  two  slopes  of  South  America  are 
very  nearly  as  1 9  to  1 . 

Though  in  North  America  the  slopes  are  not  so 
very  unequal,  yet  even  in  the  latter  the  difference 
is  very  remarkable.  In  a  distance  of  1,200  ms., 
from  the  Bay  of  Panama  to  that  of  Tehuantepec, 
the  width  of  the  western  slope  in  the  broadest  part 
falls  under  100  ms.,  and  is  fully  estimated  at  50 
ms.  ;  mean  breadth  or  area  60,000  sq.  ms. 
Thence,  northwards,  the  western  slope  widens 
rapidly,  and  though  the  northwestern  part  of 
North  America  is  but  imperfectly  known,  we  may 
safely  assume  for  the  western  slope  one-third  of 


A  ME 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


the  whole  surface,  or  about  2,923,000  sq.  ms. 
Combining  both  sub-continents,  we  have  for  the 
slopes,  respectively — 

8.  A.,  western,  350,000;  eastern,  6,271,000 
N.  A.,  western,  2,923,000;  eastern,  5,847,000 


Summary 


3,273,000 


12,118,000 


In  this  tabular  view  we  are  shown  that  nearly 
•hree-fourths  of  all  America  has  an  inclination 
towards  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

The  tlirection  and  great  inequality,  in  regard 
to  area  of  the  American  slopes,  gives  a  character 
to  its  physical  geography  very  distinct  from  that  of 
any  of  the  great  sections  of  the  eastern  continent. 


ocean,  the  great  mountain  system  before  us  will 
reach  4,000  ms.  northward  of  the  Mexican  nucle- 
us, ami  taken  with  all  its  inflections  from  thR 
Straits  of  Magellan,  extends  in  continuity  10,200 
ms.,  and,  if  length  and  elevation  arc  combined,  is 
the  principal  mountain  system  of  the  earth.  The 
less  prominent  systems  will  be  noticed  in  their  re- 
spective places. 

Rivers  of  America. — The  very  peculiar  struc 
ture  of  the  whole  continent  of  America,  and  range 
of  its  primary  mountain  system  or  systems,  pro 
duces  a  not  less  remarkable  physical  law  of  its 
rivers.  The  inequality  in  the  two  opposing  slope.- 
has  a  corresponding  inequality  in  the  rivers.  The 
very  extreme  brevity  of  the  western  rivers  of  South 
America,  is  contrasted  in  those  of  the  eastern  slope 


Passing  over  the  features  of  Africa  which  are  pe 
culiar,  all  the  great  slopes  of  Europe  and  Asia  do  j  of  that  continent  by  one,  the  Amazon,  the  far  most 
not  materially  incline  from  N.  and  S.,  except  |  extensive  river  of  the  earth,  and  by  another,  the 
that  of  eastern  Asia.  The  latter,  as  particularly  |  Plate,  rivalling  the  Mississippi  of  N.  America, 
alluded  to  in  article  Climate,  presents  a  remarka-  and  the  Orinoco,  an  immense  river  in  itself,  were 
ble  resemblance  to  eastern  North  America  ;  and,  it  not  compared  to  the  two  former.  In  strictness, 
as  also  noticed,  the  respective  effects  on  meteorol-  America  has«but  two  systems  of  rivers,  having  re 
ogy  are  very  remarkably  similar.  I  spectiveiy  their  rise  in  the  great  system  of  its  moun- 

Mountains  of  America. — The  great  West-  j  tains,  but  such  a  latitude  would  be  rather  too 
ern  systems,  for  it   certainly  admits  of  doubt  J  generic,  and  for  precision  a  more  specific  classifi- 

cation  is  necessary.  We  have  in  S.  America  the 
minor  river  systems  of  the  WTest  or  Pacific;  the. 
southeast  from  the  straits  of  Magellan  to  St.  Roque  , 
the  northeast  from  Cape  St.  Roque  to  the  Orinoco 
river,  inclusive;  and  the  northern  from  the  gulf  of 
Dragonsmouth,  or  Cape  Paira,  to  the  gulf  of 
Darien. 

The  Pacific  system,  extending  the  whole  length 
of  S.  America,  presents  only  a  series  of  compara- 
tive brooks,  mere  torrents  from  the  Andes.  The 
southeastern  system,  commencing  with  the  straits 
of  Magellan,  and  having  thence,  in  a  distance  of 
1,200  ms.  to  the  outlet  of  the  Piute,  beside  many 
smaller  streams,  the  rivers  Desire,  Camaiones, 
Sicu  Leuvu,  Negro,  or  Cosu  Leuvu,  Colorado, 
and  Salado.  At  S.  (at.  35°  opens  the  wide  bay  or 
estuary  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plate.  This  bay  is  the 
oceanic  outlet  of,  in  some  respects,  the  most  re 


whether  the  mountains  of  North  and  South  Amer- 
ica are  really  one  system,  as  already  noticed,  range 
along  or  at  no  great  distance  from  the  western 
coasts  of  both  sub-continents.  It  is  probable  that 
many  peaks  of  the  mountain  systems  of  both  con- 
tinents remain  not  only  undetermined  as  to  height, 
but  also  unnamed.  That  this  is  the  case  in  regard 
to  the  southern  Andes  of  South  America  admits  of 
no  rational  doubt.  Those  mountains,  advancing 
from  S.  to  N.,  begin  to  appear  in  S.  lat.  52  0, 
and  ranging  not  greatly  E.  or  W.  of  70  W.  Ion. 
of  London,  and  rising  far  above  the  region  of  per- 
petual snow,  it  is  only  in  lat.  16  0  S.  we  find  the 
Sorata  rising  to  25,250,  and  in  17  0  S.  the  lllis- 
mani  to  24,450  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  or  a  mountain  system  extending 
'hrough  about  2,700  ms.  remains  imperfectly 
known.     Whereon   the   great   elevation,  from 

whence  issue  the  remote  southern  sources  of  the  j  markable  river  of  the  earth.  Directly  under  the 
Amazon  and  the  northwestern  of  Rio  de  la  Plata,  J  southern  tropic,  and  opposite  the  bay  of  St.  Sebas 
we  behold  in  the  Sorata  and  fllismani  the  highest  j  tian,  the  sources  of  the  river  Tiete,  a  confluent  of 


measured  summits  of  America  the  prominent  ele- 
vations of  a  mountain  nucleus. 

The  Andes  system,  though  less  elevated  north- 
wardly from  Sorata,  is  thence  in  continuity — in- 
flecting to  NNW.,  and  in  several  lateral  chains, 
stretches  over  upwards  of  1,300  miles  to  a  near 
approach  to  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  S.  lat.  3  0. 
Northward  of  the  latter  point  the  Andes  again 
present  an  immense  volcanic  nucleus,  approach- 
ing the  equator,  and  in  the  Chimborazo  and  neigh- 
boring peaks  rise  from  18,000  to  21,440  feet  above 
the  Pacific  ocean.  Again  the  Andes  depress  ;  but 
for  general  purposes  we  may  regard  the  system  as 
continuous  700  ms.  in  South  America,  and  1,500 
in  North  America,  or  2,200  ms.  from  Chimborazo 
to  the  great  nucleus  of  Mexico,  where  again  we 
find  peaks  rising  from  15,000  to  upwards  of 
17S  000  feet  above  either  ocean.  From  the  Mexi- 
can to  the  northern  extreme  of  the  system  the  ele- 
vations are  very  imperfectly  known,  but  are  per- 
haps sufficiently  so  to  justify  the  remark  that  it 
rises  no  more  to  the  vast  height  of  the  nuclei  we 
have  designated.    If  extended  to  the  Northern 


the  Parana,  and  of  course  one  of  the  higher  sources 
of  the  Plate,  rise  within  Jess  than  50  ms.  from  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  and  yet  flow  directly  inward 
towards  the  heart  of  the  continent  ;  and  what  en- 
hances the  interest  of  such  physical  structure,  al- 
most on  the  same  latitude  with  that  of  the  sources 
of  Tiete  river,  those  of  Pilcomayo,  a  western  con- 
fluent of  the  Parana,  rise  within  50  ms.  from  tho 
Pacific  ocean,  and  also  flow  inwards  towards  the 
heart  of  the  continent.  The  two  river  sources  in 
dicated  are,  however,  only  chosen  in  order  to  show 
more  distinctly  the  peculiar  features  of  the  Plat" 
basin  ;  but  it  may  be  observed  that,  on  the  side  of 
both  oceans,  and  between  the  20th  and  30th°  of 
S.  latitude,  the  respective  sources  of  the  Plate  flow 
inwards  towards  each  other,  having  their  lowest 
depression  in  the  deep  channel  of  Parana.  A  great 
error  as  to  the  relative  surface  drained  by  American 
rivers,  has  been  perpetuated  by  several  authors. 
The  extent  drained  by  the  Mississippi  and  its  con- 
fluents has  been  stated  as  the  greatest  of  all  rivers. 
The  respective  basins  of  the  Mississippi  and  Plate, 
measured  by  the  rhombs,  do  not  differ  essentially 

51 


AME 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AME 


from  1,100,000  sq..  ms.,  nor  from  each  other, 
whilst  the  basin  of  the  Amazon,  exclusive  of  the 
Tocantinas,  measured  in  the  same  manner,  amount 
to  2,600,000  sq.  ms.,  or  considerably  more  than 
the  Plate  and  Mississippi  taken  together. 

The  southeastern  slope  of  S.  America  contains, 
besides  many  of  less  note,  two  other  rivers  north- 
eastward from  the  basin  of  Plate  ;  these  are  the  St. 
Francisco  and  Parmaiba.  Indeed,  whilst  analysing 
the  natural  basins  of  S.  America,  in  strictness  an 
eastern  one  ought  to  have  a  place,  as  about  the 
southern  tropic,  and  on  the  margin  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  and  westward  of  Rio  Janeiro,  a  system  of 
mountains  rises  which,  in  broken  chains  and 
ridges,  follows  very  nearly  a  northern  direction  to 
within  less  than  a  degree  of  latitude  from  the  equa 
tor,  to  the  eastward  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tocan- 
tinas river.  Though  not  very  elevated  in  any  of 
its  parts,  this  system  is  very  distinct,  and  separates 
the  great  interior  valley  of  the  continent  from  what 
might  with  propriety  be  called  the  Brazilian  slope 
of  America.  The  physical  character  of  this  slope 
is  mountainous,  and  very  strongly  contrasted  with 
the  immense  interior  plains. 

Passing  the  eastern  slope  of  S.  America,  we  are 
led  into  the  most  extended  of  all  river  basins,  that 
which  might  be  called  by  pre-eminence  the  Ama- 
zonian. The  extreme  sources  of  the  Madeira  are 
S.  of  S.  lat.  20°,  and  those  of  the  Rio  Negro  N.  of 
N.  lat.  3°,  or  the  breadth  of  the  basin  amounts  to 
23°  of  lat.,  or  very  near  1,600  ms.,  and  along  S. 
lat.  5°,  the  greatest  breadth  from  the  Brazilian 
mountains;  Ion.  W.  of  London  46°  to  the  Andes 
at  the  extreme  western  sources  of  the  Lauricocha 
78  30  W.  of  London,  or  31£°  of  Ion.  and  about 
2,500  statute  ms.  In  form  and  outline  the  Ama- 
zonian basin  has  a  very  remarkable  approach  to  a 
circle  of  1,800  ms.  diameter.  The  area,  however, 
including  all  the  outline,  exceeds  the  vast  space  of 
within  very  near  2,600,000  sq.  ms.  If  we  allow  the 
whole  land  area  of  the  earth  to  amount  to,  in  round 
numbers,  45,000,000  sq.  ms.,  the  Amazonian  ba- 
sin will  embrace  rather  more  than  the  one-seven- 
teenth part.  Excluding  deserts  and  frozen  tracts, 
the  really  habitable  surface  by  man,  to  any  density 
worthy  of  notice,  is  fully  estimated  at  30,000,000 
sq.  ms.  ;  therefore,  as  the  Amazonian  basin  is  all 
habitable  in  a  high  degree,  it  embraces  the  one- 
eleventh  part  of  the  habitable  earth.  The  sub-basin 
of  Tocantinas  embraces  about  300,000  sq.  ms., 
which,  if  deducted  from  that  of  the  Amazon,  would 
still  leave  to  the  latter  2,300,000  sq.  ms.,  or  equal 
to  the  next  two  largest  river  basins,  those  of  Plate 
and  Mississippi  united.  In  brief,  there  is  no  other 
physical  feature  of  the  earth  which  so  far  exceeds 
in  magnitude  all  others  of  its  kind  as  does  the  basin 
of  Amazon. 

A  minor  system  of  mountains  or  elevated  table 
land  crosses  S.  America  about  the  mean  lat  of  2° 
N.,  giving  source  in  nearly  the  whole  breadth  of 
that  continent,  where  30°  of  Ion.  wide,  to  the  ex- 
treme northern  confluents  of  the  Amazon  on  one 
side,  and  on  the  other,  to  those  of  the  rivers  of 
Guyana,  the  Orinoco,  and  Magdalena.  The  gen- 
eral descent  of  the  northern  slope  of  S.  America, 
as  shown  by  its  rivers,  is  inclining  a  little  E.  of  N. 
The  rivers  of  Guyana  are  brief,  but  followed  by 
the  Orinoco,  a  river  which,  if  estimated  from  the 
extent  of  its  basin,  400,000  sq.  ms.,  would  rank 
52 


amongst  the  great  rivers  of  the  earth.  But,  be- 
sides the  extent  of  its  basin,  and  magnitude  of  its 
volume,  the  Orinoco  is  remarkable  from  the  pecu- 
liarities of  its  physical  features.  On  the  elevated 
region  between  Guiana  and  Venezuela,  and  in  the 
mountains  of  Juraguaca,  a  river  is  formed  from 
numerous  sources,  which,  pursuing  a  general  south- 
western course  of  about  400  ms.,  under  the  name 
of  Orinoco,  divides  into  two  streams,  one  of  which 
continues  the  name  of  Orinoco,  and  the  other  by 
the  name  of  Cassiquiare,  assuming  a  course  of  a 
little  W.  of  S.  200  ms.,  unites  with  the  Rio  Negro, 
and  is  of  course  one  of  the  constituents  of  the 
Amazon.  By  these  interlocutous  streams  there  is 
an  uninterrupted  water  channel  up  the  Amazon, 
and  rivers  Negro  and  Cassiquiare,  and  down  the 
Orinoco,  and  of  course  in  the  reverse  direction. 
This  very  remarkable  inland  river  connexion  was 
well  known  and  delineated  on  maps  long  after  dis- 
covery, but  from  such  departure  from  the  ordinary 
laws  of  rivers,  it  was  deemed  afterwards  erroneous, 
and  rejected.  Amongst  the  many  services  per- 
formed by  Alexander  Humboldt  to  the  science  of 
geography,  one  of  the  most  important  was  the  ver- 
ification, by  personal  observation,  of  the  connexion 
by  river  channel  between  the  basins  of  Orinoco  and 
Amazon.  Received  now  as  a  fact,  yet  the  various 
maps  before  me,  on  which  the  point  of  separation 
of  the  waters  is  laid  down,  are  very  far  from  near 
accord  as  to  the  geographical  position. 

Senex,  London,  1712,  1  30  N.  lat,  Ion.  63  30 
W.  London. 

Black,  Edinburgh,  1841,  2°  N.  lat.,  Ion.  64  30 
W.  London. 

Tanner,  Philadelphia,  1841,  3°  N.  lat.,  Ion. 
61  20  W.  London. 

Distance  inland  from  the  nearest  oceanic  coast, 
that  of  Cumana,  about  500  ms.,  and  from  the 
Guyana  coast,  600  ms. 

The  next,  and  the  only  large  river  except  the 
Orinoco,  which  drains  the  northern  slope  of  «S. 
America,  the  Magdalena,  has  its  sources  by  two 
great  branches,  the  Cauca  on  the  W  ,  and  the 
proper  Magdalena  E.,  in  the  great  mountain  nu- 
cleus within  1°  of  the  equator,  above  Popayan. 
The  sources  and  400  or  500  ms.  of  the  course  of 
the  Cauca,  are  from  50  to  100  ms.  of  the  Pacific 
coast,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  an  elevated 
chain  of  the  Andes.  The  Magdalena  is  a  more 
considerable  stream  than  the  Cauca,  but  the  chan- 
nels of  both  are  deep  mountain  ravines  of  between 
600  and  700  ms.  comparative  course  before  their 
union  in  the  province  of  Magdalena,  about  100 
ms.  above  the  influx  of  their  united  waters  by  sev 
eral  mouths  into  the  Caribbean,  between  the  cities 
of  Carthagena  and  Santa  Marta.  The  Magdalena 
closes  the  list  of  S.  American  rivers.  A  deep  gulf 
of  upwards  of  200  ms.,  which,  under  the  name 
outwards  of  the  gulf  of  Venezuela,  and  inwards  of 
the  Lake  of  Maracaybo,  indents  the  northern  coast 
of  S.  America,  but  which  appears  as  a  deep  basin 
surrounded  on  all  sides,  except  a  comparative  nar- 
row opening  into  the  Caribbean  sea,  by  a  moun- 
tainous rim,  leaving  a  circular  slope  of  from  50  to 
100  ms.  between  the  mountains  and  margin  of 
lake  and  gulf.  From  the  mountains  of  Maracaybo 
to  the  estuary  of  the  Orinoco,  in  a  distance  of  500 
ms.,  the  northern  coast  of  S.  America  is  composed 
of  a  rugged  mountainous  chain,  from  which  mere 


AME  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  A  ME 


creeks  rush  towards  the  Caribbean  sea,  and  inland 
flow  the  northern  confluents  of  Orinoco.    Such  are 
the  general  structure  of  this  sub-continertt,  and  we 
now  proceed  to  notice  its  political  divisions.  Here 
we  must  premise,  that  so  fluctuating  are  the  revo- 
lutions, and  uncertain,  either  the  outlines  or  inter- 
nal statistics  of  the  provinces,  that  the  subjoined 
tabular  view  cannot  be  vouched  for  beyond  mere 
estimates. 

empire  of  brazil— Continued. 

Provinces. 

Area, 
sq.  ms 

Pop. 

1  Two  small  provinces  ;Ala- 
1    goas  N,  and  Sergipe  S. 
Alasoas  '     of  St"  Francis'  Erectly 
ser0ipe       former  bounded  jnland 
|    by  Pernambuco,  and  1  he 
J     latter  by  Bahia. 
Bahia,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  E.  of 
Pernambuco  and  Minaes  Geraes  - 
MinaesGeraes,  large  inland  province, 
chiefly  on  the  branches  of  St.  Fran 
cis,  and  inland  from  Espiritu  Santo 
and  Bahia 
Goyas,  verv  large  province  on  the 

basin  of  Tocantinas 
Mattagrossos,  southwestern  part  of 
Brazil  - 

Espirito  Santo,  on  Atlantic,  north  of 

Rio  Janeiro 
Rio  Janeiro,  SE.  on  Atlantic 
San  Paulo,  S.,  between  Paraguay  and 

Atlantic 

San  Catharina,  southern,  on  Atlantic 
San  Pedro,  or  Rio  Grande,  extreme 
south  • 

( 

J  10,000 
j  8.000 

206,000 

177,000 

284,000 

514,000 

13,000 
23,000 

231,000 

23,000 

52,000 

200,000 
60,000 

520,000 

780,000 

80,000 

60,000 

30,000 
340,000 

350,000 
30,000 

130,000 

COLOMBIA. 

Provinces. 

Sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Isthmus  - 
Magdalena 

Cauca  .... 

Equator  - 

Guayaquil 

Tulia     •  . 

Cundinamarca 

Venezuela 

Boyaca  - 

Assuay  - 

Apure 

Orinoco  - 

20,400 
52,200 
47,700 
62,400 
.  13,300 
31,800 
73,000 
44,500 
197,000 
256,000 
31,200 
366,000 

90.000 
249;000 
192,000 
310,000 

80,000 
•  103,000 
375,000 
370,000 
444,000 
192,000 
158,000 
148,000 

1,195,500 

2,671,000 

3,060,000 

4,000,000 

PERU. 

ARGENTINE,  OR  BUENOS  AYREAN  PROVINCES. 

Provinces. 

Area, 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Provinces. 

• 

Area, 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Truxillo,  NW.  on  Pacific  ocean 
Janin  } 

Lima       >W.  along  Pacific  ocean  • 
Ayacucho  J 

Arequipa,  SW.  on  Pacific  ocean 
Cuzco  }  SE-  boundinS  on  Bolivia  • 
Nueva  Castilla,  NE.  inland,  on  both 

sides  of  the  Ucayale  river.   It  is 

yet  Indian  country 

70,000 
r  26,000 
\  35,000 
C  32,500 

31,000 
C  25,000 
I  59,000 

76,000 
354,500 

255,000 
210,000 
197,000 
170,000 
167,000 
390,000 
348,000 

90,000 
1,737,000 

Tarija,  extreme  north,  on  Potosi  and 
Charcas,  in  Bolivia 

Salta,  southward  of  Tarija,  on  the 
sources  of  Vemejo  river'  - 

Tucuman,  S.  aud  SW.  from  Salta 

Rioja,  south  of  Tucuman  and  east  of 
Chili   -  - 

Catamarca,  betwe  m  Rioja  and  San- 
tiago   ---  - 

Santiago,  southeast  of  Tucuman,  and 
east  of  Catamarca 

San  Juan,  east  of  Chili,  and  between 
Mendoza  aud  Rioja 

Cordova,  a  very  large  province, 
having  San  Juan  and  Mendoza  W., 
Catamarca  and  Santiago  N.,  Santa 
Fe  E.,  and  San  Louis  and  Buenos 
Ayres  S. 

Santa  Fe,  east  of  Cordova  and  west 

of  Paraguay  river 
Entre  Rios,  hetween  Paraguay,  and 

Uruguay  rivers  - 
Mendoza,  east  of  Chili,  and  south  of 

St.  Juan 

San  Louis,  between  Mendoza  and 

Buenos  Ayres  - 
Buenos  Ayres,  between  St.  Louis  and 

Santa  Fe  and  the  Atlantic  ocean, 

and  southwest  from  the  Rio  de  la 

Plata  - 

Corrientes,  between  Entre  Rios  and 
Parana  ri  ver,  and  bet  ween  Paraguay 
and  Uruguay  rivers 

Missiones 

Indian  country,  Grand  Chaco,  south- 
west from  Buenos  Ayres  and  San 
Louis,  and  south  of  Mendoza 

27,000 

82,000 
74,000 

17,000 

26,500 

25,000 

27,000 

83,500 
33,000 
30,009 
56,000 
27,000 

95,000 

34,000 
34,000 

105,000 

40,000 

50,000 
45,000 

20,000 

40,000 

60,000 

34,000 

75,000 
30,000 
15,000 
38,000 
16,000 

120,000 

30,000 
25,000 

BOLIVIA. 

Provinces. 

Area, 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Charcas,  S. 
Potosi,  W. 

Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  E. 
La  Paz,  NW. 
Cochabamba,  central 

26,000 
70,000 
321,000 
48,000 
17,000 

190,000 
330,000 
160,000 
300,000 
220,000 

482,600 

1,200,000 

EMPIRE  OF  BRAZIL. 

Provinces. 

Area, 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Para,  northern  part  of  Brazil 

Maranham,  NE.  on  Atlantic 

Piauhi,  NE.  between  Maranhain  and 
Pernambuco 

Ceara,  NE.,  on  the  Atlantic  between 
Piahui  and  Rio  Grande  do  None  - 

Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  on  the  Atlantic, 
NE.  from  Ceara 

Parahyba,  between  Pernambuco  and 
Rio  Grande  do  Norte 

Pernambuco,  an  immense  province, 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
between  Parahyba  and  Minaes  Ge 
aeu,  up  St.  Francis  river;  and  in 
all  its  length  860  ms.,  and  in  lat. 
from  7  30tol6dpgs. 

1,180,000 
98,000 

96,000 

58,000 

18,000 

23,000 

46,000 

120,000 

ho;ooo 

60,000 
300,000 

70,000 
190,000 

520,000 

780,000 

638,000 

CHILI. 

Chili,  a  narrow,  but  very  fertile  strip 
between  the  Andes  mountains  and 
Pacific  ocean,  extending  from  S. 
lat.  16  to  45  degrees ;  in  no  part 
quite  200  ms.  wide,  though  upwards 
of  1,300  in  length,  and  bordering 
eastward  on  the  Buenos  Ayrean 
provinces 

Sq.  ms. 
91,000 

Pop. 
800,000 

53 


AME 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AME 


BANDA  ORIENTAL,  OR    CISl'LATINE  REPUBLIC. 


This  country  is  bounded  W.  by  the 
Uruguay  river,  separating  it  from 
Entre  Rios  and  Corrientes,  in  the 
Transplatine  republic;  hy  the 
province  of  .San  Pedro  do  Rio 
Grande,  in  Brazil,  NE.;  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean  SE.;  and  by  the 
ereat  bay  of  Rio  de  la  Plata  S. 
Greatest  length  from  Monte  Video, 
on  the  south,  to  its  northern  angle, 
600  ms. ;  average  breadth,  130  ms.  - 


Sq.  ms. 


Pop. 


90,000 


50.000 


PARAGUAY. 


This  country,  remarkable  for  position 
and  political  condition,  is  bounded 
S.  by  Parana  river,  separating  it 
from  Corrientes,  in  the  Transpla- 
tine repul.lic;  E.  by  the  Parana 
river,  separating  it  from  San  Faulo. 
in  Brazil;  N.  by  Matto  Grosso,  in 
Brazil;  aud  W.  by  Paraguay  river, 
separating  it  from  Gran  Chaco. 
Greatest  length  from  N.  to  S.,  500 
ms. ;  mean  breadth,  200  ms.  :  area, 
100,000  sq.  ms.  Extends  in  lat. 
from  20  20  lo  27  30  S. 


Area, 
sq.  ms. 


Pop. 


summary  of  south  America— Continued. 


Political  section. 


100,000  I  200,0000 


Provinces. 


Area, 
I  sq.  ms. 


"|  British  Guyana,  bounded 
Fssenuibo  1  by  the  Atlantic  ocean 
SSSS  t  »'S  hy  Dutch  Guyana 
§5?b15  I  E. ;  and  Venezuela  W. 
BfuDICB       |      General  slope  tQ  lhe 

J  northwards. 

•Surinam,  between  the  Corantin  and 
Marowine  W.,  and  between  3  and 
5  degs.  and  20mins.  N.  Slope  al- 
most due  N.  Dutch  Guyana 

Cayenne,  or  Eastern  Guyana,  extend- 
ing on  the  Atlantic  ocean  from  the 
Marowine  to  the  Oyapok  river; 
bounded  W.  and  NW.  by  Dutch 
Guyana,  and  E.,  S.,  and  SW.  by 
Brazil,  French  Guyana  - 


Pop. 


16,000 


42,000 


103,000 


Guyana.— The  provinces,  three  in 
number,  French  E.,  Dutch  in  the 
middle,  and  English  W.,  occupy  a 
slope,  between  1  and  7  degs.  N.  lat.. 
and  having  a  very  near  due  north 
slope  to  the  Atlantic 

Patagonia  —This  general  term  desig- 
nates S.  America  to  the  southward 
of  S.  lat.  40  degs.  If  we  extend  lo 
Cape  Horn,  it  reaches  56  degs.  S. 
Beyond  S.  lat.  40  degs.,  the  "slope- 
forming  Chili,  becomes  broken  into 
islands  and  peninsular  points  ;  and 
on  the  Atlantic  side  the  coast  is 
characterized  by  extensive  ellipti- 
cal bays.  The  interior  country  is 
imperfectly  known,  but  probably 
not  so  barren  as  represented.  In 
one  respect,  Patagonia  is  very  re- 
markable; it  spreads  a  habitable 
Und  surface  many  degrees  nearer 
the  southern  pole  than  even  the 
southern  island  of  New  Zealand  • 


Area, 
sq.  ms. 


108,000 


Pop. 


173,0 


30,003 
6,560,000  11,504,000 


Remarks  on  the  preceding  synoptical  view  of 
South  America. 


108,000 


178,000 


.SUMMARY  OF   .SOUTH  AMERICA. 


Political  section. 


Colombia,  or  northern  S.  America  - 

Feru,  bordering  on  Pacific,  but  for  the 
greater  part  in  the  basin  of  Amazon. 
Lat.  from  3  to  20  degs.  S, 

Bolivia.— This  extensive  region  occu- 
pies the  counties  drained  by  the 
extreme  southwestern  sources  of 
the  Amazon,  and  northwestern  of 
the  Plate.   Lat.  12  to  *3  degs.  S.  - 

Brazil.— The  most  extensive  contin- 
uous surface  of  productive  soil  ever 
held  under  one  sovereignly.  In 
lat.  sweeping  from  3  degs.  N.  to 
33  degs.  S. 

Argentine  provinces.— Chiefly  in  the 
basin  of  Plate,  and  in  lat.  from  23 
to  41  d«ss.  S.   General  slope  SE.  - 

Chili.— This  fine  land,  stretching 
along  the  Pacific,  is  amongst  the 
mosi  delightful  portions  of  the 
earth.   Lat.  16  to  45  degs.  S. 

Banda  Oriental,  though  bordered  SE. 
by  the  Atlantic,  has  a  gen  ral  slope 
towards  the  Uruguay,  westward  - 

Paraguay  .--This  remarkable  country 
is  composed  oi  two  slopes;  one 
eastward  towards  the  Parana,  and 
the  other  westward  towards  the 
Paraguay.  It  is  represented  as  a 
country  of  surpassing  beauty  and 
fertility.   Lat.  20  20  to  26  degs.  S.  - 

54 


Area, 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

1,195,000 

2,671,000 

354^500 

1,737,000 

182,000 

1,200,000 

« 

3,oGo,ooo 

1,^00,000 

780,000 

6:38,ooo 

91,000 

800,000 

90,000 

50,000 

100,000 

200,000 

It  may  be  noticed  that  there  is  a  comparatively 
small  discrepancy  l>etween  the  aggregate  area  by 
the  zones  and  that  by  the  provinces  ;  but  as  both 
are  general,  we  may  assume  for  the  habitable  sur- 
Iface  6,000,000  of  sq.  ms.,  or  nearly  double  that  of 
all  Europe.  South  America,  in  proportion  to  ex- 
57,oco  'tent,  is  unquestionably  the  most  habitable  continu 
|  ous  section  of  the  earth,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
I  most  thinly  peopled.  It  is  true  the  numbers  of  in 
'  habitants  given  in  the  table  are  in  a  considerable 
18000;  degree  conjectural,  but  probably  rather  too  high 
than  exaggerated.  When  we  turn  from  the  aggre- 
gate to  the  provinces,  and  compare  surface  with 
.  population,  we  every  where  see  that  man  is  only 
beginning  to  appear,  and  the  aggregate  does  not 
amount  to  2  to  the  sq.  m.  The  already  organized 
and  inhabited  parts  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  on  1,000,000  of  sq.  ms.,  sustain  17,000.- 
000  of  people;  South  America,  with  a  like  den- 
sity, would  sustain  upwards  of  100,000,000.  Eu 
rope,  exclusive  of  Scandinavia  and  extreme  north- 
ern Russia,  on  about  3,000,000  of  hq.  ms.,  sus- 
tains 200,000,000  of  people,  or  66  to  the  sq. 
m.  If,  therefore,  South  America  was  peopled 
equal  to  the  aggregate  of  Europe,  wilh  the  exclu- 
sions stated,  the  former  would  possess  a  human 
mass  of  400,000,000.  There  is,  however,  no  risk 
of  overrating  its  capability  when  estimating  150  to 
the  sq.  in.  on  South  America.  Such  is  at  the 
same  time  the  madness  of  mankind,  that  on  that 
unequailed  continent  the  greatest  efforts  have  been 
made  on  reciprocal  destruction,  and  it  may  be 
doubted  whether  it  is  gaining  or  declining  in  ag- 
gregate population. 

North  America. — The  line  of  demarcation  be- 
tween North  and  South  America  has  never  been 
precisely  determined.  Politically,  the  two  small 
provinces  of  Panama  and  Veragua  are  included  in 
South  America,  though  physically  northward,  or 
rather  westward  of  the  narrowest  part  of  the  isth- 
mus of  Darien,  between  the  bays  of  Panama  and 


A  ME 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


am; 


Mandingo.  When,  however,  swept  into  a  gen- 
eral view  of  the  continent,  these  two  provinces  are 
of  very  minor  importance ;  we  therefore  commence 
our  particular  view  of  North  America  with  the 
province  of  Costa  Rica.  It  may  be  remarked  that 
the  meridian  of  Washington  City  strikes  South 
America  not  two  degrees  E.  of  Panama  gulf. 

The  term  isthmus  has  been  loosely  applied  to  the 
whole  or  a  part  of  the  remarkable  and  irregular 
band  which,  with  alternate  contractions  and  ex- 
pansions, extends  from  the  Gulf  of  Panama  to  that 
of  Tehuantepec,  in  NW.  by  W.  direction,  on  a 
direct  air  line  about  1,200  ms.  The  general  char- 
acter of  the  whole  continent  is  in  no  one  of  its  mi- 


peninsular  section  ;  along  which,  though  not  in  reg- 
ular systems  or  chains,  the  Pacific  coast  is  moun- 
tainous, giving  source  to  innumerable  rivers  and 
creeks  flowing  towards  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  con- 
tinent. Some  of  these  rivers  are  of  no  mean  length 
of  course  or  magnitude  of  volume,  and  amongst 
which  may  be  named  St.  Juan,  the  outlet  of  the 
Lakes  Leon  and  Nicaragua,  Bluefields,  separating 
the  province  of  Nicaragua  from  Honduras,  Gold 
river,  in  Honduras,  falling  into  the  Caribbean  sea 
by  several  mouths  near  Cape  Gracios  a  Dios,  the 
Roman,  Acasabastlan,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Dulce,  and  thence  into  that  of  Anatique,  Balize 
Main  and  Sumasinta  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Ter~ 
minos. 


nor  parts  more  strikingly  maintained  than  in  this 
Tabular  view  of  the  isthmus,  including  Central  America,  or  Guatimala,  and with  Chiapa,  Tabasco, 

and  Yucatan,  taken  provincially . 


Province. 


Verasua.— This  province,  though  in- 
cluded politically  in  S.  America,  is « 
physically  in  N.  America.  Its  gen 
eral  range  is  from  E.  to  W. ;  bound- 
ed W.  by  Costa  Rica  ;  E.  by  Pana- 
ma ;  S-  by  the  Pacific  ocean;  and 
N.  by  the  gulf  of  Nicaragua,  in  the 
Caribbean  sea.  Length  from  E.  to 
W.  150  ms. ;  mean  breadth  70  ms. ; 
area  10,500  sq.  ms.  Santiago,  the 
capital,  8  17  N.  Lon.  al  20  W.  Lon- 
don.  Surface  very  mountainous  - 

Costa  Rica.— Bounded  NE.  by  the 
Caribbean  sea ;  E.  by  the  province 
.if  Veragua;  S,  and  W.  by  the  Pa- 
cific ocean  ;  and  N.  by  a  chain  of 
mountains,  separating  it  from  the 
province  of  Nicaragua.  General 
range  NW.  by  W.,  and  SE.  by  E.; 
300  ms  ;  mean  breadth  80,  and  area 
2-1,000  sq.  ms.  Costa  Rica  is  re- 
markable amongst  the  Isthmian 
provinces,  as  having  its  entire  slope 
southwardly  towards  the  Pacific 
ocean.  It  is  crossed  nearly  centri- 
cally,  by  lat.  10  dees.  N.,  and  lon. 
6  30  W.  ofW.  C. 

Nicaragua.— Bounded  SE.  by  the  Ca- 
ribbean  sea;  S.  by  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains, separating  it  from  Costa 
Kica;  SW,  by  the  Pacific  ocean; 
NW".  by  the  province  of  Guate- 
mala ;  and  N.  by  a  chain  of  moun 
tains,  separating  it  from  Western 
Honduras;  and  NE.  by  Bluefield's 
river,  separating  it  from  Eastern 
Honduras.  The  western  part,  or 
about  10,000  sq.  ms-,  has  a  slope 
towards  the  Pacific  ocean  ;  but  the 
residue,  or  about  60,000  sq.  ms., 
chiefly  occupied  by  the  remarkable 
valley  of  Si.  John's,  inclines  south- 
eastwardly.  The  head  of  lake  Ni- 
caragua, near  the  centre  of  the 
province,  is  in  N.  lat,  18  degs.,  lon. 
6degs.  W  ofW.  C. 

Honduras. —Bounded  S.  by  Nicara- 
gua ;  W.  by  Vera  Paz  ;  and  N.  and 
E  by  the  Caribbean  sea.  This 
province  lies  in  a  form  approaching 
a  triangle;  base  500  ms.  from  the 
mouth  of  Bluefield's  river  to  the 
gulf  of  Anatique;  greatest  breadth, 
250 ;  area,  G2,500  sq.  ms.  The  slope 
is  towards  the  Caribbean  sea, 
and  the  rivers  flow,  like  radii, 
from  a  common  centre.  The  inte- 
rior border  of  this  large  province,  in 
a  distance  of  500  ms.  from  the  Ama- 
tique  gulf  to  Bluefield's  sound,  is 
but  little  known,  as  is  the  case,  in 
deed,  with  most  part  of  Honduras 
and  Nicaragua.  Honduras  extends 
in  lat.  from  12  to  16  degs.  N.,  and  in 
lon.  from  4  to  11  degs.  W.  of  Wash- 
ington City 

Guatemala. — The  province  so  speci- 
ally called,  is  a  long  narrow  strip 


Sq.  ms. 


10.500 


50,000 


Pop. 


80,000 


140,000 


62,500 


300,000 


Province. 


of  450  ms.  in  length,  along  the  Pa 
cific  ocean,  stretching  from  Hondu- 
ras to  Oaxaca,  of  Mexico ;  the 
breadth  inland  in  no  part  exceed- 
ing 60  ms. ;  mean  breadth  about  40 
degs.,  and  area  18,000  sq.  ms.  In- 
terior mountainous  and  volcanic ; 
extending  in  lat.  from  3  20  to  17 
degs.  N.,  and  in  lon.  from  11  to  17 
degs.  W.  ofW.  C. 

Vera  Paz,  has  Honduras  E.,  Nicara- 
gua SE.,  Guatemala  S.,  Chiapa  W., 
and  Yucatan  N.  In  form  it  has  a 
rude  approach  to  a  circle;  area, 
20,100  sq.  ms.  Its  lower  depression, 
and  the  recipient  of  its  rivers,  is 
the  gulf  of  Amatique.  The  slope  is 
eastward.  Lat.  15  degs.  traverses 
it  nearly  centrically ;  lon.  between 
11  and  14  degs.  W.  of  W.  C. 

Chiapa.— inland  province  Guatemala 
to  the  S.  and  SW. ;  Vera  Cruz  N. ; 
Tabasco  E. ;  and  the  river  Suma- 
sinta, separating  it.  from  Yucatan, 
S. ;  and  on  the  SW.  it  touches  Vera 
Paz  ;  slope  eastward,  and  drained 
by  the  sources  of  the  rivers  Suma- 
sinta, San  Pedro,  and  Tabasco. 
Greatest  length  from  SE.  to  NW., 
220  ms. ;  mean  breadth  75  ms.,  and 
area  16,500  sq.  ms.  Lat.  from  15 
degs.  to  17  40  N. ;  lon.  from  14  degs. 
to  1640  W.  of  W.  C. 

Tabasco.— Small  province  on  the 
same  slope  with  Chiapa,  having 
the  latter  S.,  Vera  Cruz  W„  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  N.,and  Yucatan  E 
Length  from  E.  to  W.  150  ms. ; 
mean  breadth  60  ms. ;  and  area 
9,000  sq.  ms.  Lat.  from  17  20  to 
Id  40  N.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
rivers  Tabasco  and  San  Pedro,  and 
separated  from  the  peninsula  of 
Yucatan  by  the  Sumasinta 

Yucatan  usually  called  the  penin- 
sula of  Yucatan,  though  such  a 
physical  adjective  name  is  rather 
fanciful,  as  the  country  lies  with  a 
not  very  rude  approach  to  a  paral- 
lelogram of  400  ms.  by  200  ms. ;  the 
area  amounts  to  at  least  70,000  sq. 
ms.,  extending  from  16  degs.  to  21 
25  N.,and  in  lon.  from  9  to  14  degs 
W.  ofW.  C.  An  accurate  survey 
of  this  very  peculiar  country  has 
never  probably  been  made.  Its  in- 
terior and  northern  parts  are  devoid 
of  rivers  of  any  considerable  size. 
It  would  appear  that  much  of  the 
surface  is  desert,  or  at  least  arid. 
The  Sumasinta,  a  considerable 
stream,  bounds  Yucatan  on  the 
SW. ;  and  on  the  SE.  the  Balize 
Main,  and  some  smaller  streams 
are  within  its  limits,  but  the  coun- 
try, with  upwards  of  1,000  ms.  of 
sea  coast,  is,  in  proportion  to  dis- 
tance, very  devoid  of  harbors 


Sq.  ms. 


Pop. 


18,000 


i  5,500 


9,000 


120,000 


130,000 


55,000 


o20,000 


55 


AME  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  AME 


SUMMARY  OF  ISTHMIAN  OR  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


Provinces. 


YTeragua  - 
Costa  Rica 
Nicaragua 
Honduras 
Guatemala 
Vera  Paz 
Chiapa  • 
Tabasco  - 
Yucatan 


Area, 


10,500 
•24,000 
80,000 
62,500 
18,000 
20,100 
10,500 
9,000 
70,000 


Pop. 


S0,000 
140,000 
400,000 
300,000 
200.000 
1-20',000 
130,000 

55,000 
520,000 


310,000  j  1,945,000 


Remarks. — We  must  premise  that  in  regard  to 
the  surface  of  these  provinces,  we  have  to  depend 
on  the  best  maps  ;  but  though  vague  as  to  outline, 
we  trust  that  the  general  summary  is  not  far  from 
accurate.  As  to  the  population  we  cannot  vouch, 
though  probably  rather  above  than  below  the  actual 
number  of  inhabitants.  Here  we  have  the  same 
sparseness  of  population  as  characteristic  of  most 
part,  and  comparatively  with  the  general  surface  of 
Europe  of  all  America.  On  a  surface  nearly  as 
extensive  as  France  and  the  British  islands  taken 
together,  we  have  6  persons  to  the  sq.  m.,  whilst 
twenty  fold  more,  on  a  like  surface,  would  be  far 
from  its  capability  of  support.  From  the  ruiias 
found  within  its  limits,  there  probably  was  a  time 
when  more  than  100,000,000  of  human  beings  ex- 
isted where  our  present  estimate  is  perhaps  over- 
charged. 


MEXICAN  REGION. 


Provinces. 


Oaxaca,  the  most  southern  Mexican 
province,  bounded  E.  by  Guate- 
mala, NE.  and  N.  by  Vera  Cruz, 
W.  by  Puebla,  and  S.  by  the  Pacific 
ocean.  Lat.  15  40  and  IS  40,  Ion. 
17  to  21  degs  W.  of  W.  C.  Sbpe 
towards  the  Pacific  ocean  j  surface 
mountainous ;  and  only  river,  the 
small  torrent  Rio  Verde  - 

Vera  Cruz,  the  most  southeastern 
Mexican  province,  bounded  SE.  by 
Guatemala,  E.  by  Chiapa  and  Ta- 
basco, E.  and  NE.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  on  the  extreme  N.  by  San 
Louis  Potosi,  NW.  by  Queretaro 
and  Puebla,  and  S.  by  Oaxaca.  It 
is  a  long  slip  of  5U0  ms.  along  the 
gulf,  with  a  width  in  no  part  more 
than  7u  ms.,  and  mean  width  about 
50  ms. ;  area  25,000  sq,  ms.  Lat. 
from  17  to  22  degs.  N,  and  Ion.  from 
15  10  to  22  degs.  W.  of  W  C. 
Though  numerous  torrents  rush  in 
the  rainy  season  from  the  interior 
mountains,  Vera  Cruz  has  no  river 
of  any  consequence;  the  principal 
ones  being  Huasacualco,  on  the  ex- 
treme E.,  and  on  the  extreme  N. 
the  Tula 

Puebla,  bounded  W.  by  Mexico,  N. 
and  NE.  by  Vera  Cruz,  E.  by  Oaxa- 
ca, and  S  by  the  Pacific  ocean.  It 
is  a  narrow  province,  rising  from 
the  Pacific  ocean  to  the  extreme 
table  land  which  it  crosses,  and 
reaches  to  within  30  or  40  ms.  of 
the  Gull  of  Mexico.  General  di- 
rection nearly  N.  and  S.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  16  to  20  30  N.,  and 
in  Ion.  from  20  to  22  degs.  W.  of 
W.C.  - 

Mexico.— This  province,  from  which 
the  whole  country  derives  its  gen- 
eral name,  liko  Puebla,  rises  from 
the  Pacific  ocean  to  the  interior 
table  land,   Mexico  includes  the 

56 


Area  in 
sq.  ms. 


33,600 


25,000 


600,000 


Mexican  region— Continued. 


250,000 


820,000 


Provinces. 


deep,  though  elevated  porphyritic 
mountain  valley  of  Tenochtitlan, 
and  the  most  elevated  mountain 
peaks  of  N.  America.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  16  30  to  20  10  N.,  and 
in  Ion.  from  16  20  to  20  30  W.  of 
W.  C.  The  valley  in  which  the 
city  of  Mexico  stands  gives  source 
to  the  Tula  river,  and  the  mountain 
rim  around  the  valley  to  the  rivers 
Zacatula  and  Tololotlan,  usually 
called  Rio  Grande  ;  the  former  fall- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
the  two  latter  into  the  Pacific  ocean. 
The  province  of  Mexico  ranges  260 
ms.  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  120  ms. :  area 
33,200  ms.  - 

Michoacan,  under  the  Spanish  po- 
litical nomenclature,  Valladolid  ; 
bounded  NW.  by  Xalisco,  or  Guad 
laxara,  N.  by  the  river  Tololotlan, 
separating  it  from  Guanaxuato  and 
Queretaro,  E-  and  SE.  by  Mexico, 
and  W.  by  the  Pacific  ocean.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  18  to  20  30  N., 
and  in  Ion.  from  22  30  to  27  degs. 
W.  of  W.  C .  Length  from  NW .  to 
SE.,  300  ms.;  mean  breadth,  85  ms.; 
area,  25,5U0  sq  ms.  '1  his  province, 
even  in  the  Mexican  region,  is  re- 
markably devoid  of  rivers.  The 
slope  is  towards  the  Pacific  ocean  - 

Queretaro  —Bounded  SE.  by  Puebla, 
by  Mexico  S.,  Michoacan  SW., 
Guanaxuato  W.,  Potosi  N,  and 
Vera  Cruz  NE.   In  lat.  from  20  to 

22  degs.  N,  and  in  Ion.  from  21  to 

23  degs.  W.  C.  This  province  is 
crossed  by  the  Tula  river,  the  only 
stream  it  contains  worthy  of  notice. 
Greatest  length  from  E.  to  W  ,  150 
ms. ;  mean  breadth,  about  loo  ms. ; 
and  area,  15,000  sq.  ms  - 

Guanaxuato  —This  small,  but  very 
important  section  of  the  Mexican 
region,  has  Jalisco  on  the  W.,  Potosi 
N.,  Queretaru  E.,  and  the  river  To- 
lolotlan S.,  separating  it  from  Me- 
choacan.  It  is  very  nearly  a  square 
of  80  ms.  each  side,  or  6,400  sq.  ms. 
The  city  oi  the  same  name  is  at  N. 
lat.  21  4,  and  Ion.  1 00  56  W.  of  Lon- 
don, 23  50  W  of  W.  C.  This  pro- 
vince is  on  the  table  land,  at  a  gen- 
eral elevation  of  about  6,000  Teet 
above  the  ocean  level 

San  Louis  Potosi,  Zacatecas,  New 
Leon,  and  all  that  part  of  Taumaul- 
ipas  lying  S.  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
forms  a  country  bounded  W.  by  Ja 
lisco  and  Durango,  S.  by  Guanax- 
uato, Queretaro,  and  Vera  Cruz,  E. 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  NE.  by 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte  river.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  21  40  to  27  40 
N.,  and  in  Ion.  from  21  to  26  degs. 
W  of  W.  C  In  length.  400  ms. 
from  N.  to  S.,  with  mean  breadth 
180,  area  71 ,600  sq.  ms.  • 

Jalisco,  the  Spanish  Guadalaxara,  has 
Michoacan  S..  Guanaxuata  SE., 
Zacatecas  E.,  Durango  N,  Cinaloa 
NW.,  and  the  Pacific  ocean  W. 
Extending  in  lat.^rom  19  to  23  40 
N.,  and  in  Ion.  from  24  to  29  degs. 
W.  ol  W.  C.  Length  320  ms.,  meaD 
220,  area  70,840  sq.  ms.  This  coun- 
try is  traversed  by  the  Tololotlan 
river,  and  contains  the  Chapala 
lake,  the  largest,  of  the  Mexican 
region,  but  otherwise  is  very  devoid 
of  water  courses 

Northern  provinces  of  Mexico,  an 
immense  thinly  peopled,  and  not 
very  accurately  known  country, 
lies  generally  northward  of  the 
provinces  named  in  this  synopsis, 
and  between  the  northern  tropic 
and  N.  lat.  40  degs.   This  great  re- 


Area  in 
sq.  ms. 


33,200 


25,500 


15,000 


6,400 


71,600 


70,840 


Pop. 


1,300,000 


450,000 


230,000 


450,000 


600.000 


800,000 


AME 


GEO  G  H  A  P  lire  A  L  DICTIONARY, 


AME 


Mexican  region— Continued. 


Provincp. 


gion,  under  the  names  of  New 
Mexico,  Cabahuila, Chihuahua,  Ci- 
naloa,  Sonora,  Upper  California, 
and  Lower  California.  This  region 
is  bounded  by  the  United  Stales 
Pacific  territory  on  the  N.,  Texas 
NE ,  other  Mexican  Territories 
SE.  and  S.,  and  hy  the  Pacific 
ocean  W.  The  length  from  S.  to 
N.  is  nearly  l,3oo  ms.  It  contains 
two  great  rivers,  Rio  del  None  K., 
flowing  into  (lie  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  a  much  more  extensive  and 
important  stream,  the  Colorado, 
(Red  river)  of  California.  Besides 
these  iwo  rivers,  Northern,  like 
Southern  Mexico,  is  in  a.  great  de 

:gree  void  of  watercourses.  On  so 
{:reat  an  extent,  the  area  being 
about  970,000  sq.  ms.,  no  general 

'character  can  be  otherwise  than 
deceptive 


Pop 


930,000 


SUMMARY  of  Mexican  region— Continued. 


Provinces. 


Oaxaca  - 

Vera  Cruz 

Puefla  - 

Mexico  - 

Mechoacan 

Queretaro 

<  3 uanaxuato 

San  Louis  Potosi,&c. 

Xalisco  • 

Northern  provinces  of  Mexio 
Total 

Add  isthmian  provinces  in  ag 


Amount  of  Spanish  North  America  -  1,591,700 


Area, 
sq.  ins. 


33,600 
25,000 
20,000 
33,5400 
25,500 
15,000 
6,400 
71,600 
70.800 
970,070 


1,281,100 
310,600 


Remarks  on  Spanish  North  America. 

Here  wc  have  ;t  space  on  the  western  and  most 
temperate  side  of  the  continent  of  very  nearly 
1 , 600,  ooo  Sq.  ms.,  on  which,  as  far  as  the  docu- 
ment is  correct,  there  exists  only  a  distributive  pop- 
ulation of  a  fraction  above  5  to  the  sq.  m.  If  we 
allow  the  estimate  to  he  one -half  too  low,  still  the 
void  is  fearful.  The  space  is  more  than  equal  to 
all  Europe  westward  of  the  Vistula  and  the  Dnie- 
per, and  on  which  now  exist  little,  if  any,  less  than 
100,000,000.  There  is  no  hazard  of  exaggeration 
in  allowing  for  Spanish  North  America  a  capabil- 
ity of  supporting  75,000,000  or  80,000,000  of  in- 
habitants. Wc  may  here  refer  to  our  remarks  on 
South  America,  which,  when  combined  with  what 
we  have  now  observed,  will  rail  the  reader's  atten- 
tion io  the  great  space  on  the  habitable  earth  now 
merely  commencing  to  be  inhabited  by  the  Spanish 
and  Portuguese  nations.  We  now  proceed  to  a 
synopsis  of  Anglo-Saxon  North  America. 

Texas. — This  name,  pronounced  according  to 
our  orthography,  1  need  not  explain,  but  as  the  x, 
in  Spanish,  has  the  power  of  our  aspirated  h,  the 
word  would  be  Tchas.  There  arc  but  three  sides 
of  T  exas,  the  boundaries  of  which  are  determined 
by  Nature  and  national  treaties.  On  the  south  it 
has  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  Sabine  river  and  a 
meridian  line  from  lat.  32°  to  33°  N.  on  the  east, 
8* 


and  continuing  that  line  to  Red  river;  thence,  up 
Red  river  about  400  ms.,  to  the  1 00th  deg.  of  Ion 
W.  of  London,  or  nearly  on  23°  W.  of  W.  C 
OntheNW.,  W.,  and  SW.,.the  limits  are  not 
simply  vague,  but  altogether  unfixed.    The  Tel 
ians  claim  to  the.  Rio  Grand,  which,  in  all  reason 
able  probability,  they  will  maintain,  and  there 
fore  assuming  that  boundary  and  a  southwestern 
imaginary  line  from  the  point,  on  Red  river  wher«* 
crossed  by  the  1 00th  deg.  W.  of  G reenwich  to  the 
I  Rio  Grande.    Thus  limited  is  the  country  we  shall 
regard  and  treat  as  Texas,  extending  in  lat.  from 
the  mouth  of  Rio  Grande  N.  lat.  26  0  to  33  30  on 
|  the  Red  river,  and  in  Ion.  from  16  30,  on  Sabine 
river,  to  27  30  on  Rio  Grande.    As  most  of  the 
outlines  are  tolerably  well  delineated,  the  area  can 
I  be  stated  with  considerable  approach  to  accuracy. 
(The  greatest  breadth,  in  a  N.  and  !S.  direction, 
j557  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  Rio  Grande  to  the 
|  northwestern  angle,  on  Red  river.    The  greatest 
length,  in  an  E.  and  W.  direction,  about  700  ms. 
the  area  not  differing  essentially  from  180,000  sq. 
ms. 

The  seneral  slope  of  Texas  is  to  the  S8E-, 
though  that  part  of  Red  river  binding  it  on  the  N. 
is  very  generally  to  the  E.,  whilst  Sabine  rivrr 
flows,  by  general  course,  from  N.  to  S.  Bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Rid  Grande,  N.  by  Red  river,  and 
$50000  E"  ,)y  t{lc  Sabine,  and  traversed  in  the  general  d1 
820'o0O  rection  of  its  slope  by  the  Trinity,  Brassos,  Golo- 
^•f^pOlrado,  Guadaloupe,  and  Nueces,  Texas  might  be 
well  called  "  The  Country  of  Rivers.1'  With  a 
country  not  much  less  extensive  than  France,  and 
with  much  soil  of  great  fertility,  and  a  climate  un- 
surpassed as  to  salubrity,  and  with  400  ms.  of  sca- 
coast,  abounding  in  harbors,  which,  if  not  of  grc;.; 
depth,  are  sufficiently  so  for  all  commercial  pur- 
poses, Texas  is  destined  to  become  a  flourishing 
State  amongst  civilized  nations. 

The  position  of  Texas  gives  it  great  commercial 
advantages,  as  its  climate  and  variety  of  soil  en- 
able its  inhabitants  to  produce  an  immense  variel) 
of  vegetable  staples.  The  prcvailiugVinds  being 
from  the  West  and  northwest,  the  climate  is  cold, 
when  compared  with  the  latitude,  but  coming  from 
a  dry,  and,  in  autumn,  an  arid  expanse,  it  bring?; 
health  and  vigor  on  its  wings. 

UNITED  STATES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA: 


■150.1X10 
•230,000 
1ol),000 
600,000 
800,000 
950,000 

6,47)0,000 
1,945,000 


8,005,000 


As  each  of  the  States  and  Territories  of  the 
United  Slates  will  be  particularly  noticed  under 
their  appropriate  heads,  only  a  general  synopsis 
will  be  given  here  in  connexion  with  other  parts  ot 
the  continent.  In  this  synopsis,  the  course  will 
be  from  South  to  North,  in  order  to  preserve  a 
view  of  the  relative  position  of  the  States  in  regard 
to  climate. 


EXTREME  SOUTHERN. 


Slates.  ' 

Area, 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 1840 

I^ouisiana             -      #  - 

Mississippi 

Alabama. 

Florida  - 

Gpor^ia.  - 

South  Carolina 

48,3-30 
46r500 

5- 2,000 
55,000 

6- 2.000 
33,000 

352,411 
375,65  i 
f>90,75* 
54,477 
691.39: 
594,395 



•296,820 

2,659,n8> 

AME 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AME 


CENTRAL  SOUTHERN. 


States. 


Arkansas 
Tennessee 
North  Carolina 


Area  in 

sq.  ms. 


52,000 
42,800 
51,000 


Pop. 


97,574 
829,219 
753,419 


Geographical  section. 


Area  in 

sq.  ms. 


145,800  1,680,212 


CENTRAL  NORTHERN 


States. 


Missouri 
Illinois  - 
Kentucky 
Indiana 
Ohio 

Virginia  - 

Columbia 

Maryland 

Delaware 

Pennsylvania 

New  Jersey 


Area  in 
sq.  ms. 


64,ooo 
53,480 
40,500 
36,670 
44,000 
68,600 
100 
9,356 
2,100 
47,000 
8,320 


374,120 


Pop. 


383,703 
476,183 
779,828 
685,866 
1,519,467 
1,239,847 
43.712 
469:239 
78^085 
1,724,033 


Northward  of  the  Red  river,  westward  of  the 
States  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  and  as  far 
northward  as  where  the  western  boundary  of 
the  United  States  comes  to  Arkansas  river  - 

Noithwardof  a  line  drawn  Iron i  the  mouth  of 
Peter's  river,  of  Mississippi,  that  of  Sioux 
river,  of  Missouri,  and  between  the  Missis- 
sippi  and  Missouri  rivers  - 

Northward  of  Arkansas  river,  westward  of  the 
Missouri  river,  eastward  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  southward  of  N.  lat.  49  degs. 

Great  Western,  Oregon  or  Columbian  Territory, 
bounded  by  treaty  on  N.  lat.  42  decs.,  and 
by  treaty  N.,  by  lat.  54  40  E.  by  the  "Rocky 
or  Chippewayan  mountains,  and  W.  by  the 
Pacific  ocean  .... 

Total  in  the  4  natural  sections  included  above 
To  which  add  the  space  allowed  for  the  future 
State  of  Iowa  .... 


7.773,268 


EXTREME  NORTHERN. 


States. 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Iowa  • 

Wisconsin 

Michigan 

New  York 

Connecticut 

Rhode  Island 

Massachusetts 

Vermont 

New  Hampshire 

Maine    .  • 

64,260 
72,000 
56,610 
46,100 
4,760 
1.200 
7,800 
8,000 
9,490 
33,220 

43,112 
30,945 
212,267 
2,428,921 
309,978 
10^,830 
737,699 
291,948 
2S4,575 
501,793 

303,440» 

4,950;068 

SUMMARY  OF  THAT  PART  OF  THE  U.  S.  TERRITORY  ALREADY 
(1842)  ORGANIZED  INTO  STATES  A.ND  TERRITORIES. 


Geographical  position 


Extreme  southern 
Central  southern 
Central  northern 
Extreme  northern 


Extent, 
sq.  ms. 


296,820 
145,800 
374,120 
303,440 


1,120,180 


Aggregate 
~  pop. 


2,639,085 
1,680,212 
7,773,268 
4,950,0$ 


17,062,633 


Pop.  to 


100,000 


315,000 


9  nearly 
11  do 
21  do 
16  do 


16  do 


Remarks. — The  order  pursued  in  the  foregoing 
synoptic  tables  in  adopting  the  ranges  from  W.  to 
E.,  has  the  advantage  of  showing  more  conclusive- 
ly relative  population,  as  the  more  densely  inhab- 
ited sections  on  the  Atlantic  side  are  combined 
with  the  ne  v  and  more  thinly  settled  interior. 
Under  the  head  of  the  United  Slates,  other  com- 
parative tables  are  given,  to  afford  means  of  com- 
parison in  reverse  order. 

United  States  Western  Territory. — We  arc  free 
o  express  an  opinion  that  very  few  persons  are 
aware  of  the  immensity  of  the  domain  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  between  the  already  organized  States  and 
Territories  and  the  Pacific  ocean  ;  we  therefore,  in 
order  to  give  means  of  clearer  conceptions  of  this 
most  highly  important  subject,  have  constructed 
the  subjoined  synopsis : 
58 


Remarks.  —It  is  not  the  least  remarkable  cir- 
cumstance in  our  statistics  that  the  entire  territory 
of  the  United  States,  from  ocean  to  ocean,  i?  di- 
vided into  two  not  very  unequal  great  sections  by 
a  line  drawn  as  follows :  commencing  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine  river,  and 
thence  along  the  western  border  of  the  States  of 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  what  probably 
will  be  Iowa,  to  the  rnouth  of  the  Yancton  Sioux 
river,  and  thence  due  north,  along  Ion.  20  0  W. 
of  W.  C.  to  our  northern  border.  Limiting  the 
western  section  to  1,000,000  sq.  ms.,  would  leave 
a  torritory  of  640,000,000  acres.  In  regard  to 
soil  the  western  is  not  equal  to  the  eastern,  but 
there  ia  no  space  of  the  former  which  would  not 
support  five  or  six  fold  more  than  the  mean  popu 
lation  of  the  eastern,  as  shown  by  our  general  sum- 
mary. If  we  assume  so  high  a  mean  as  60,000 
sq.  ms.  for  each  State,  still,  16  or  17  States  may, 
no  doubt  will,  be  formed  westward  of  the  dividing 
line  we  have  delineated.  By  actual  calculation  it 
is  IN.  76  W;s  and  within  a  very  small  fraction  of 
1,700  statute  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kanzas, 
on  the  western  bonier  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  to 
the  mouth  of  Columbia  river. 

As  another  illustration  of  the  immensity  of  the 
territory  of  the  United  States,  taken  in  its  utmost 
extent,  we  may  observe  that  the  bearing  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  from  W.  C,  is  a 
very  little  above  N.»  80  0  W.,  and  distance  2,500 
ms.,  and  the  mid-distance  is  near  the  Great  Bend 
of  Missouri  river,  and  by  air  distance  550  ms. 
above  St.  Louis. 

BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICA 


Area,  sq.  j  Popub 
ms.     i     tion . 


Upper  Canada 
Lower  Canada 
New  Brunswick  - 
Nova  Scotia 
Prince  Edward's  island 
Newfoundland 
Bermudas 

Total 


18,742 
2,131 

35,900 
19 


336,460 
549,000 
119,500 
142,600 
32,300 
61,000 
8,862 


434,492  I  1,219, 


These  seven  provinces  comprise  those  parts  of 
British  North  America  in  which  settlements  to 


A  ME 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AME 


any  extent  worthy  notice  have  been  made.  It  is 
true  there  are  scattering  posts,  forts,  and  factories, 
in  the  great  northern  regions  beyond  the  Canadas, 
but  are  so  few,  so  small,  and  so  far  scattered,  as 
to  render  the  expression  in  a  general  sense  correct 
that  New  Britain  is  yet,  as  to  whites,  uninhabited. 
As  to  the  soil  and  climate  of  those  regions,  both 
are  no  doubt  misrepresented.  If  we  were  to  sup- 
pose Northern  Europe  to  be  now  discovered,  by 
the  southern  nations,  from  the  shores  and  penin- 
sulas of  the  Mediterranean  and  Euxine  seas,  many 
extensive  tracts  now  densely  populated  would  be 
represented  as  unfit  for  human  habitation.  North- 
ern North  America,  however,  has  a  stronger  re- 
emblance  to  Northern  Asia  than  to  Northern  Eu- 
(ope;  and,  though  not  as  favorable  to  human  hab- 
itation as  the  latter,  it  is  more  so  than  the  former 
portion  of  our  earth.  The  extent,  on  the  land 
surface  of  the  sphere,  cannot  be  stated  with  any 
confident  accuracy,  as  much  of  the  extreme  north- 
ern parts  are  imperfect,  some  altogether  unknown, 
but  2,000,000  sq.  ms.  would  no  doubt  be  within 
the  actual  extent. 

Russian  America.-— If  British  North  America 
is  imperfectly  known,  Russian  America  is  still 
more  so.  Lying  between  55  0  and  72  0  N.,  and 
between  Ion.  64  0  and  92  0  W.  of  W.  C,  the 
area,  as  near  as  it  can  be  ascertained,  is  about 
525,000  sq.  ms.  ;  of  this  large  country  the  ex- 
treme northwestern  part  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, the  coasts,  and  they  imperfectly,  are  the 
only  parts  known  to  our  geography.  As  is  the 
case  in  regard  to  both  continents,  the  western  side 
of  America  is  of  much  milder  temperature  than  is 
the  eastern ;  therefore,  it  is  probable  that  Russian 
America  is  more  habitable  than  are  regions  in  the 
same  latitude  towards  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Danish  America,  Including  Iceland. —Under 
this  head  comes  the  desolate  Greenland,  spread- 
ing from  lat,  60  0  N.  to  an  unknown  extent 
towards  the  Pole.  It  is,  indeed,  far  from  de- 
termined whether  Greenland  is  a  body  of  land  or 
a  congeries  of  islands.  It  is  with  some  diffidence 
we  state  ita  extent  at  S00,000  sq.  ms. 


Geographical  section. 

Area  i  n  sq. 
ms. 

• 

Popula- 
tion. 

South  America 

6,560,000 

11,504,000 

Isthmian  America 

310,600 

1,945,000 

Mexican  Provinces 

1,591,700 

6,450,000 

Texas  - 

180,000 

250,000 

United  States  organized 

1,120,200 

18,158,766 

United  States  unorganized  - 

1,079,300 

200,000 

British  Provinces  organized 

,434,500 

1,249,000 

British  territory  unorganized 

2.500,000 

200,000 

Russian  America  - 

525,000 

20,000 

Danish  America  er  Greenland 

800,000 

10,000 

Iceland  - 

35,000 

51,000 

Total 

15.134.300 

40,037,766 

Remarks.— U  we  compare  all  America  with  all 
Asia,  we  find,  besides  the  very  near  equality  in 
regard  to  extent,  some  other  pojnts  of  resemblance 
which,  however,  apply  more  particularly  to  North 
America.  The  two  continents,  only  separated  by 
the  comparatively  narrow  Straits  of  Beering,  are 
under  the  Northern  polar  Circle,  spread  out  beyond 
that  circle  into  naked,  low,  and  desolate  plains, 
over  which  winter  reigns  10  months  in  the  year. 


The  really  habitable  parts  of  both  continents  are 
south  of  lat.  60  0,  and  to  a  great  degree  of  50  0. 
There  is  much  more  of  unproductive  steppes  or 
deserts  in  the  centre  of  Asia  than  in  that  of  Amer- 
ica, and  therefore  the  latter  is  capable  of  a  still 
I  more  dense  population.  By  reference  to  the  sum- 
mary table  of  Asiatic  population,  it  will  be  seen 
that  on  that  continent  there  are,  from  the  latest 
authorities,  upwards  of  600,000,000  of  inhabi- 
tants, showing  by  comparison  the  capabilities  of 
America. 

Some  may  be  startled  at  the  statement  that  Asia 
has,  with  15,000,000  sq.  ms.  of  surface,  a  distri 
butive  pop.  of  about  44  to  the  sq.  m.,  whilst 
America,  on  an  equal  surface,  and  in  aggregate 
soil  superior,  has  only  about  2  6-10.  Confining 
our  views  to  America,  there  are  some  extremely 
interesting  contrasts.  If  we  take  the  organized 
section  of  the  United  States  alone,  we  have  on  the 
one-fifteenth  part  of  the  surface  the  forty-five- 
hundredths  of  the  pop.  of  the  whole  continent. 
Were  we  to  limit  the  habitable  part  of  America  to 
12,000,000  sq.  ms.,  and  allow  each  a  surface 
populated  equal  to  the  organized  section  of  the 
United  States,  the  aggregate  would  be  nearly 
195,000,000;  but  taking  all  Anglo-Saxon  organ- 
ized  America,  we  would  have— 

Sq.  ms.  Inhabitants- 
Texas         -  -      180,000  250,000 

Organized  U.  S.  -  1,120,200  18,158,766 
Organized  Brit,  Am,      434,500  1,249,000 

Total  -  -    1,734,700        I9,6573  7  66 

Here  we  have  already  a  distributive  population 
of  a  fraction  above  11  to  the  square  mile;  which 
deneity,  on  12,000,000  sq.  ms.,  would  give  an 
aggregate  of  132,000,000;  an  amount  which, 
upon  the  data  of  former  increase,  the  Anglo-Sax- 
ons will  themselves  reach  a  few  years  after  the 
end  of  the  current  century.  This  productive  na* 
tion  has  now,  on  about  the  one-seventh  part  of  12,- 
000,000  sq.  ms.,  very  nearly  the  one-half  the  nu- 
merical pop.  of  the  continent ;  and,  if  we  superadd 
moral  to  physical  force,  the  disparity  is  still  great- 
ly more  in  favor  of  the  Saxon  family.  Great  must 
be  the  changes  in  the  course  of  things  to  prevent 
conquest  and  colonization  from  following  increased 
means  of  power,  and  therefore  it  is  no  hazard  to 
anticipate  a  still  further  comparative  inciease  of 
powers  in  the  hands  of  those  whose  moral  force 
is  so  decidedly  superior  to  the  other  sections  of  the 
pop,  of  America,  and  that  power  in  hands  whioh 
never  yet  has  suffered  their  means  to  remain  un- 
employed. 

'America,  pstv.,  Alexander  co.,  111.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  15  ms.  above  its  mouth, 

Amersfort,  town  of  Holland,  in  Utrecht.  It 
has  a  trade  in  beer  and  tobacco,  and  goods  from 
Germany  are  shipped  here  for  Amsterdam.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  river  Embs,  10 
ms.  ENE.  of  Utrecht. 

Amersham  or  Agmondesham,  borough  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, Eng.,  on  a  vale  between  woody 
hills,  26  ms.  NW.  of  London. 

Amesbury,  town  in  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  about  4 
ms.  from  Newburyport,  and  50  ms.  NE.from  Bos- 
ton. It  is  a  flourishing  place,  being  situated  on  a 
navigable  river, 

Amesbury  or  A?nbresbury,  a  town  in  Wilt- 

59 


A  M  I 


< i  EOORAPHICAL  DIC  T 10  N  A  R Y , 


A  MO 


shire,  Lng.,  6  ms.  N.  of  Salisbury  ami -77  W.  of 
London. 

Arruzctllt:,  town,  NE.  part  of  Athens  co,,  Ohio, 
L3  up.  northeasterly  ot  Alliens,  and  25  ms  nearly 
W.  from  Marietta. '  Township,  1841,  1431. 

Amewcll,  tp.  of  Hunterdon  co,  N.  J.,  about  34 
m  NE.  of  Philadelphia.  Pop,  1810,  5,777, 
in  1820,  6,749. 

Amhara,  town  and  province  of 'Abyssinia,  to 
the  south  of  Begamder,  and  vvatereil  by  the  higher 
Nile.    Lat.  18  30  N. 

Amherst,  town  andtp.  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mass., 
8  ms.  eastward  of  Northampton,  and  85  ms.  W. 
of  Boston.  Amherst  college  was  founded  in  1821 
and  incorporated  in  1825.  Expenses  of  students 
from  $93  to  $118  per  annum.  Tl^ere  are  two 
parallel  courses  of  study,  one  for  ancient  and  the 
•  ,fher  for  modem  languages.  The  Amherst  Acad- 
emy and  Mount  Pleasant  institutions  are  also  in 
this  tp.    Pop.   1810,    1,554  ;   in   1820,  1,622; 

and  in  1830,  2,631.  Tp.,  Erie  co.,  N.  YA,  7 

ms.  E.  of  Bufi'alo.  Town  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio, 

in  Amherst  tp.  It  is  situated  on  the  S.  Ridge 
road  8  ms.  westward  of  Elyria,  137  ms.  a  little 
E.  of  NNE.  from  Columbus.     In  1837  the  tp. 

pop.   about  1,000.  Town  of  Nova  Scotia, 

Cumberland  co.,  on  Chigneto  bay,  80  ms.  a  little 

W.  of  N.  from  Halifax.  Island,  in  the  co.  of 

Ontario,  U.  C,  formerly  called  Isle  Tonti,  con- 
tains about  16,000  acres;  it  lies  opposite  to  Er- 
nest town  and  part  of  Fredeiicksburg,  in  Lake 
Ontario,  towards  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Quinte. 
— — Tp.  and  post  of  N.  H.,  Hillsborough  co. 
The  Aurean  academy  was  founded  here  in  1790. 
It  is  situate  on  a  N.  branch  of  the  Southegan  53  ms. 
N\V.  of  Boston,  and  60  WSW.  of  Portsmouth. 
Lon.  71  33  W.  lat.  42  54  N.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1,554;  in  1820,  1,622;  in  1830,  1,655;  and  in 

1840,   1,565.  Co.  of  Va.,  having  the  Blue 

Ridge,  or  Rockbridge,  NW\,  Nelson  NE.,  James 
river,  or  Buckingham  and  Campbell,  SE.,  James 
river,  or  Bedford,  SW.,  being  22  ms.  in  length, 
with  19  ms.  in  breadth,  or  418  sq.  ms.  The  face 
of  the  country  is  agreeably  diversified  by  hill  and 
dale,  and  abounds  in  excellent  spring  water.  The 
soil,  like  the  features  of  the  country,  admits  of 
great  variety,  but  is  in  many  places  extremely  pro- 
ductive. Central  lat.  37  30  N.  ion.  W.  C.  2  10 
W.    This  city  lies  directly  W.  from  Richmond. 

Pop.  1820,  10,426.  C.  H.  and  town,  seat  of 

justice  Amherst  co.,  Va.  102  0  W.  from  Rich- 
mond, and  15  ms.  NNE.  of  Lynchburg.  N.  lat. 
27  31,  ion.  2  2  W.  of  W.  C. 

Amid,  ancient  Amida,  a  city  of  Upper  Messo- 
potamia,  called  "  Kara- Amid"  or  Black- Amid, 
by  the  Turks,  and  now  usually  denominated  Diar- 
bekr,  from  the  name  of  the  country  in  which  it  is 
situated  It  stands  amid  mountains,  near  the  Ti- 
gris, about  150  ms.  SW.  of  Arzroom,  and  150 
NE.  from  Aleppo.  Lat  37  5G  N.  lon.  40  0 
E  of  London. 

Amiens,  a  large  anil  populous  town  of  France, 
>n  the  department  of  Somme.  Three  branches  of 
the  river  Somme  pass  through  this  city,  and  after- 
wards unite.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and 
woolen  cloth,  which  employ  in  the  city  and  adja- 
cent country  30.000  people,  ft  is  20  ms.  SE,  of 
Abbeville5  and  75  N-  of  Paris,  Lon-  2  i8  E.  lat. 
49  54  N- 
60 


j  Arnikoues,  river  of  the,  runs  into  Lake  Huron 
i  from  the  N.  shore,  E.  of  the  Mistassaga  river. 

Amrssville,  village  and  po.  town,  Culpeper  co., 
Va.,  100  ms.  NNW.  from  Richmond,  and  80 
•SW.  from  Washington. 

Amite,  river  of  the  Stales  of  Miss,  and  Lou., 
rises  within  the  former,  in  Franklin  and  Amite 
cos.,  about  40  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Natchez, 
and  flowing  nearly  a  S.  course  30  ms.  in  Miss., 
.  enters  Lou.,  in  which  latter  the  general  southern 
course  If  maintained  35  ms.  to  the  influx  of  the 
Cornite  from  the  NW.  The  united  stream  thence 
curves  20  miles  to  the  influx  of  Iberville  from 'the 
W.,  from  whence  the  channel  is  continued  in  an 
easterly  direction  about  25  ms.  into  Lake  Maurepas 
,  after  an  entire  comparative  course  of  105  ms. 
Schooners  drawing  5  feet  water  are  navigated  from 
Lake  Pontchartrain  through  the  pass  of  Manchac, 
Lake  Maurepas,  and  Amite,  to  Galveston,  at  th 
mouth  of  Iberville. 

Amite,  co.  of  Miss.,  drained  by  and  named 
from  the  Amite  river,  bounded  by  Wilkinson  co., 
Miss.,  W.,  Franklin  N.,  Pike  E.,  and  the  par 
ishes  of  St.  Helena  .and  East  Feliciana  S.  Length 
,  from  E.  to  W.  30,  breadth  from  S.  to  N.  24,  and 
and  area  720  sq.  ms.  Surface  moderately  hilly, 
with  good  bottom  and  interval  land,  but  the  great 
body  of  the  co.  is  covered  with  a  pine  forest. 
Central  lat.  31  12  N.  lon.  14  0  W.  from  \V.  C. 
!Pop.,  1820,  6,859;  in  1830,  7,934,  1840,9,  511. 

Amity,  town,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  a 
|  little  S.  of  W.  from  Goshen,  and  28  ms.  SW. 

jfrom  Newburg.  Town  of   Washington  co., 

Pa.,  situated  on  Banes'  Fork  of  Ten  Mile  creek, 
10  ms.  S.  of  Washington,  the  co.  seat,  and  248 

westward  of  Harrisburg.  Town,  western  part 

of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  Town  of  Knox  co., 

Ohio,  in  Pike  tp.,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Mount  Vernon, 
the  couirty  seat,  and  53  ms.  NE.  of  Columbus. 
The  post  office  name  Democracy. 

Amlwich,  town  of  Wales — See  Almicick  and 
Pary's  cupper  mine. 

Ammercot,  fort  in  Hindoostan  proper,  in  a  very 
extensive  and  sandy  desert,  between  the  Indus,  the 
territories  of  Agimere  and  Moultan,  and  the  Pud- 
dar.    It  is  190  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Tatta. 

Amol,  a  town  of  Asia,  in  Lsbec  Tartaiy,  seated 
on  the  river  Gihon,  60  ms.  W.  of  Bokhara.  Lon. 
64  30  E.,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Amorgos,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  fertile 
in  wine,  oil,  and  corn.  It  is  30  ms.  in  circumfer 
ence,  and  67  ms.  N.  of  Candia.  It  is  the  ancient 
Amorgos,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  situated  about  mid- 
\  way  between  Stampalia  and  Naxos.  N.  lat,  36 
1 45,  lon.  26  0  E.  of  London. 

Ammo.v,  Jupiter  AJtmon,  an  ancient  temple  of 
Africa,  stood  on  a  oasis  supposed  the  modern  Si- 
wah.  The  name  is  derived  by  Hodgson  from 
A  man,  Berber  word  for  water. 

Amonoosuck,  Upper  and  Lower,  names  of  two 
rivers  of  N.  H.,  both  of  which  rise  in  the  White 
mountains,  and  fall  into  the  Connecticut  river, 
about  30  ms,  apart. 

Amoskeag  falls,  in  the  Merrimack,  1 5  ms.  below 
Concord.  A  canal  has  been  completed  around  these 
falls,  the  descent  48i  feet,  in  a  distance  of  half  a 
mile,— — Town  in  Hillsborough  co,,  N.  H.,  on 
Merrimack  river,  16  ms.  southward  and  below  Con- 
cord.   This  place  takes  name  from  a  fall  of  48 


AMP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


ANA 


feet  in  the  river,  round  which  there  is  a  navigable  j  Ampuriaus,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia 
<  anal  and  locks,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Flovia,  60  ms 

Amotape,  village  of  Peru,  near  the  GulfofGuay-  jNE.  of  Barcelona.    Lon.  3  6  E.,  lat.  42  5  N. 
aquil,  and  between  Tumbez  and  Piuru.    S.  lat.  40 
50,  W.  lon.  W.  C.  3  46. 

Amoyambo,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Tu> 
cuman. 

Amour,  river  of  Asia,  whose  source  is  in  Sibe- 
ria; it  runs  E.  through  Chinese  Tartary,  and  falls 
into  the  channel  of  Tartary,  or  La  Perouse's  strait. 


Antra.?,  very  strong  castle  in  Germany,  sealed 
in  the  Tyrol,  2  ms.  SE.  of  Inspruck-    It  is  re 
markable  for  a  rich  library  adorned  with  the  por- 
traits of  many  learned  men.     Lon.  11  29  E.,  lat. 
47  9  N. 

Amsterdam,  large,  rich,  and  populous  city  of 
Holland.  The  exchange  is  one  of  the  principal 
N!  lat.  53  30.  The  Amour  is  formed  by  two  great  ornaments  of  the  city,  and  the  harbor  is  one  of  the 
branches,  the  Amour  proper  and  the  Sangheri.  largest  and  finest  in  Europe,  where  a  vast  number 
The  Amour  is  ihe  northern  and  largest  branch,  and  |  of  merchant  ships  may  always  be  seen;  though 
rises  in  central  Asia,  interlocking  sources  with  the  there  is  a  bar  at  its  entrance,  which  ig,  however,  a 
Selenga  and  Lena.  Lon.  110  0  E.  lat.,  50  0  N.  ;  ;  great  security  against  foreign  enemies.  The  foun- 
flowing  a  little  S.  of  E.  about  1,000  ms.  It  re-  |  dation  of  this  town  is  laid  upon  piles,  driven  into  a 
ceives  the  Sangheri  from  the  SW.  The  united  morass,  and  under  the  stadthouse  alone  are  LS^OOO. 
stream  turns  to  NE.,  and,  after  flowing  in  that  di-  j  The  street's  are  spacious  and  well  paved,  and  most 
rection  400  ms.,  falls  into  the  channel  of  Tartary.  of  them  have  canals,  with  rows  of  trees  on  each 
The  basin  of  this  great  river  is  about  1,200  by  400  side.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  river* 
ms.,  and  comprises  an  area  of  480,000  sq.  ms.,  j  Amstel  and  Wye,  65  ms.  N.  of  Antwerp,  175  E. 
lying  between  N.  lat.  43°  and  56°.  It  is  entirely  '■  by  N.  of  London,  240  N.  by  E.  of  Paris,  and  560 
within  the  Chinese  empire.  NW.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  4  50  E.,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Amoy,  an  island  on  the  SW.  coast  of  China,  i  In  addition,  to  the  immense  canals  previously  ex- 
The  English  had  a  factory  here,  but  abandoned  it  j  ecuted  in  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  one  of 
on  account  of  the  impositions  of  the  inhabitants.  primary  importance  has  been  recently  formed  from 
Ampampetoca,  Bombetoc,  or  Bambatooka,  town  |  the  Helder  to  Amsterdam.  The  canal  from  the 
and  bay  of  Madagascar,  on  its  northwestern  coast  ;  '  Helder  to  Amsterdam  is  amongst  the  most  aston 
both  are  more  usually  called  Bambatooka.  The  j  ishing  works  ever  executed  by  man.  A  large  por- 
town  was  in  1791  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Se  j  tion  of  the  route  lies  over  a  tract  as  low  or  lower 
claves.    The  bay  and  town  lie  250  ms.  SE.  of  than  the  ocean  level  at  high  tide.    The  object  was 


.Vlayotta  isiand,  the  southern  Comoro,    S.  lat.  7 
0,  lon.  47  0  E.  of  London. 

Ampelaki,  village  of  Greece,  on  the  island  of 
Colouri,  the  ancient  Salamis ;  situated  near  the 
ferry  from  the  city  of  Athens,  and  contains  about 
80  houses,  inhabited  principally  by  Albanians.  N. 
lat.  37  55. 

Amphictxones,  from,  it  is  supposed,  the  personal 
name  of  Arnphyction,  King  of  Athens,  B.  C. 
1497-1487,  who  instituted  that  remarkable  Con- 
gress of.  Deputies,  representing  their  respective 
States  in  general  assembly,  which  remains  known 
in  history  under  the  title  of  "  Amphici ionic  Coun- 
cil." If  we  regard  the  probable  etymology  of  the 
term,  we  may  well  suspect  that  the  monarch  de- 
lived  his  own  name  from  the  assembly,  rather  than 
the  contrary. 

Amphipolis,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  now 
Jarnboli,  on  the  river  Strymon,  the  modern  Stru- 
mona,  70  ms.  NE.  ofSalonichi.  Lon.  24  16  E., 
lat.  41  38  N. 

Amplepuis,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Rhone 
and  Loire.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  wines,  and  is 
16  ms.  E.  of  Roanne. 

Ampsaga,  river  of  northern  Africa,  now  called 
by  the  Arabs  Wed-ei- Kibeer,  "  Great  river"  and 
from  the  same  source  comes  Guad-al-quivir.— -See 
Gaudalquivir.      "  Ampsaga,"    says  Hodgson, 

"appears  to  ha*e  been  derived  from  the  Berber  j  plies  London  with  water,  Tp=  in  Washington 

word  sagar,  wood,  with  the  particle  am,  or  woody  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,673,  in  1820,  1.825 
river"— Am-sagar '.    According  to  information  giv=  j     Ana.—  See  Annah. 


to  enable  vessels  of  burden  to  reach  Amsterdam, 
and  by  a  route  avoiding  the  embarrassment  of 
transshipment.  The  whole  length  of  the  canal, 
from  the  city  of  Amsterdam  to  the  Helder,  is  48 

ms.  Island  in  the  South  Indian  Ocean,  between 

the  Cape  of  Good  Hope-  and  New  Holland.  S. 
lat.  38  15  E.,  Ion.  London  153  30. 

Amsterdam,  New,  capital  of  Berbice,  in  Dutch 
Guyana.  N.  lat.  6  20,  E.  lon.  W.  C.  1£  45.  This 
town  stands  at  the  mouth  of  Berbice  river,  about 
150  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Paramaribo. 

Amsterdam,  vill.  and  tp.  in  Montgomery  co.,  N, 
Y.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1840,  5,333,  The  vill.  of 
Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  stands  on  a  rapid  declivity,  and 
the  Chuctenanda  creek,  which  passes  it,  falls  120 
feet  in  100  rods  from  the  Mohawk  river,    Pop.  of 

the  tp.  in  1830,  3,354.  Town  in  Botetourt 

co.,  Va.,  5  ms.  S.  of  Fincastle,  and  by  postroad 
204  ms.  W.  of  Richmond. 

Amyraldism,  from  Amyraldus,  or  Amyrault,  of 
Fr.,  who  taught  the  doctrine  of  universal  grace  in 
the  17th  century.  The  doctrine  of  Amyraldus 
was  not  that  all  would  be  saved,  but  that  God  gave 
power  to  all  persons  to  be  saved  by  belief  in  Christ, 
Amu,  river. — See  Jihon. 
Amur. — See  Amour. 

Amwell,  village  near  Ware,  in  Her tfordshiie, 
famous  for  giving  rise  to  the  New  river,  which  sup 


en  to  Mr.  Hodgson,  its  banks  abound  with  wood, 
especially  pine.  On  one  of  its  branches  (the  Hum- 
mel) stands  Constantine,  the  ancient  Cirta. 

Ampthill,  town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng.,  between 
two  hills,  but  in  a  barren  soil.  It  is  6  ms,  S,  of 
Bedford,  and  45  NW.  of  London,  Lon.  0  30  W., 
lat,  52  6  N. 


Anadir,  considerable  river  of  Siberia,  in  Asia, 
that  falls  into  the  sea  of  Kamschatka,  The  Ana- 
dir rises  in  the  country  of  the  Tchoutshi,  and  issues 
from  a  lake  at  N.  lat.  68  2  E,,  lon.  169  0,  and, 
pursuing  a  southeastern  course  of  about  400  ms., 
falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Anadyr,  or  the  Anadir  Skaia 
gulf,  N.  lat.  65  0,  E.  lon.  177  34.    The  Anadyr 

61 


a  m 


(GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


AND 


is  a  broail  but  shallow  river,  and  is  the  boundary  of 
two  different  climates  and  soils.  All  the  countrv 
to  the  N.  of  this  river  is  almost  completely  barren 
tnd  destitute  of  vegetation,  while  the  country  on 
the  S.  is  clothed  in  verdant  pasture,  or  crowned 
with  lofty  forest  trees. 

Anadoli,  or  Anatolia. — See  Natalia — Asia. 
Anagni,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Carapagna  di 
Roma  ;  a  bishop's  see,  32  ms.  E.  of  Rome.  Lon. 
13  25  E.,  lat.  41  56  N. 

Anahuac,  an  original  name  for  a  large  part  of 


ms.  S.  of  Lincoln.  It  was  anciently  a  Roman  vil- 
lage, on  a  Roman  highway,  and  lies  under  a  hill 
abounding  in  antiquities.  Tp.,  lies  to  the  south- 
ward of  Dundas  street,  and  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Barton  and  Glanford,  U.  C. 

Ance  Grand,  part  of  the  island  of  Martinico,  on 
northern  coast. 

Ance,  grand  bay,  name  of  several  bays  of  Gua^ 
daloupe,  and  some  other  islands  of  the  West  In- 
dies. Petite,  5  ms.  S.  from  Cape  Francois. 

Anchor  Point,  E.  side  of  Cooke's  inlet.  NW 


the  region  now  comprehended  under  the  general!  coast,  of  North  A 
name  of  Mexico.    Anahuac  designated  before  the      Ancenis,  town  ofFr.,  seated  on  the  Loire,  in 
Spanish  conquest  all  that  tract  of  country  contain- j  the  dep.  of  Lower  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bre^ 


rd  between  the  14th  and  21st  degrees  of  N.  lat 
Independent  of  the  Aztecan  empire  of  Montezuma, 
the  little  republics  of  Tlascala,  and  of  Cholollan, 
the  kingdom  of  Tezcuco,  or  of  Acolhoacan,  and 
that  of  Mehuacan,  which  comprised  a  part  of  Val- 
ladolid,  belonged  to  the  plateaus  or  table  lands  of 
Anahuac. 

An  am,  literally  "  Southern  country,"  in  rela- 
tion to  China.  This  term  has  been  placed  on  ma- 
ny of  our  maps  to  designate  eastern  Siam,  Tsiam- 
pa,  Camboja,  Cochin  China,  and  Tonquin. — See 
articles  Asia,  Siam,  Cochin  China,  dfe. 

Anamoaka,  or  Amsterdam,  one  of  the  Tonga 
islands,  in  Polynesia.  S.  lat.  20  30,  lon.  172  30 
W.  of  London. 

Anapa,  city  of  Russia,  in  Circassia,  situated  on 
the  NE.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  about  50  ms.  SE. 
from  the  outlet  of  the  straits  of  Taman,  or  Kaffa, 
into  the  Black  Sea.    N.  lat.  44  40.    This  place 


tagne,  20  ms.  E.  of  Nantes.  Lon,  1  5  W.s  lat 
47  15  N. 

Anclam,  town  of  Germany,  in  Pomerania,  on 
the  river  Pene,  20  ms.  S.  of  Grispwald.  Lon.  14 
2  E.,  lat.  53  52  N. 

Ancober,  territory  on  the  gold  coast  of  Guinea, 
having  a  river  of  the  same  name  flowing  through  it. 
the  banks  of  which  are  adorned  with  lofty  tree?. 
On  the  western  bank  is  a  populous  village. 
Ancocus,  creek  of  N.  J. — See  Rancocus. 
Ancona,  province  in  the  Ecclesiastical  State. 

 Ancient  town  and  citadel  of  Italy,  on  the 

Gulf  of  Venice,  in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona.  It 
is  I1G  ms.  NT.  by  E.  of  Rome.    Lon.  13  35  E 
lat.  43  38  N. 

Andalusia,  province  of  Spain,  250  ms.  in  length, 
and  150  in  breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by 
Granada,  on  the  W.  by  Algarva  and  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  N.  by  Estramadura,  and  on  theE.  by  Murcia; 


was  taken  possession  of  in  1784,  retaken  by  the)  the  Guadalquiver  runs  through  its  whole  length; 
Russians  in  1807,  and  given  up  by  treaty  in  1812  ' 
It  was  again  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1828,  and 
finally  ceded  to  Russia,  September,  1829.  It  was 
an  open  slave  market  for  the  Turks;  contains 
about  3,000  inhabitants,  one-third  Turks,  the  re 
sidue  Circassians,  Armenians,  and  Greeks. 

Anarghia,  town  of  Russia,  in  Mingrelia,  on  the 
eastern  border  of  the  Black  Sea.    Lat.  43  20,  Ion 
46  30  E.  of  London. 
Anas. — See  Guadiana. 

Anastacia,  or  Anastatia,  island  of  Fa.,  on  the 
Atlantic  3ide,  extending  18  ms.  SSE.  from  the 
harbor  of  St.  Augustine  to  Matanzns  inlet,  with  a 
breadth  not  exceeding  half  a  mile  at  a  mean,  tt 
is  a  low,  sandy,  and  ocean  beaten  reef,  separated 
from  the  main  land  by  one  of  the  rigolets  so  com- 
mon on  the  Atlantic  and  gulf  coasts  of  the  United 
States.  As  laid  down  on  Tanner's  United  States, 
the  signal  tower  on'the  northern  end  of  the  island 
is  at  N.  lat.  29  50,  W.  lon.  4  29  of  W.  O. 

Anatolia. —See  Natolia. 

Anauri  Pecu,  or  Arauni  Pecu,  river  of  Portu- 
guese Guayana,  falls  into  the  N.  side  of  the  estua- 
ry of  the  Amazon,  nearly  on  the  equator.  Lon. 
W,  C.  26  0  E. 

Anacopir,  the  capital  of  the  nation  of  the  Abk- 
has,  on  the  river  Makai,  which  falls  below  it  into 
the  Black  Sea. 

Anattom,  an  island,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean.  Lon.  170  9  E.,  lat.  20 
10  S. 

Ancuruno,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  5  ms.  N.  of  Ascolia,  and  82  NE,  of  Rome. 
Lon.  13  29  E.,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Ancaster,  small  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  15 

62 


nd  is  the  best,  most  fertile,  and  trading  part  in 

Spain.    The  capital  is  Seville.  Town  in  Bucks 

co.,  Pa.,  96  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Andaman  Islands,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance 
into  the  bay  of  Bengal.  This  group  extends  from 
N.  to  S.  between  latitudes  10  30  and  13  30,  and 
in  lon.  93  0  E.  of  London.  When  we  on  a  gen- 
eral map  connect  the  relative  position  of  the  Anda- 
man.? with  the  continent  of  Asia,  and  with  the  Ni- 
cobar  group  and  Sumatra,  it  seems  evident  that 
the  mountains  of  Anoupectomiou,  bounding  Bur- 
mau  on  the  W.,  the  Andamans,  Nicobar,  and 
Sumatra  are  all  parts  of  the  same  system  or  ridge. 
The  inhabitants  of  Andaman  are  negroes  in  the 
lowest  savage  state. 

Andaye,  fortified  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Lower  Pyrennees,  and  late  territory  of  Basques, 
famous  for  its  brandy .  It  is  situate  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Bidassoa,  opposite  Fontarabia,  Spain, 
18  ms.  SW,  of  Bayonne.  Lon.  1  45  W.,  lat.  43 
25  N. 

Ancram,  or  Gallatin,  tp.  in  Columbia  co.,  N. 
Y.,  remarkable  for  its  extensive  iron  works  ;  about 
20  ms.  SE.  from  Hudson.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,147. 
The  bar  iron  of  Ancrutn  is  in  great  demand  at 
$120  per  ton,  a  higher  price  than  is  at  present 
(1823)  paid  for  any  imported  iron.  No  other  pigs 
are  used  at.  the  West  Point  foundary  for  the  heavy 
guns  (32  and  42  pounders)  casting  for  the  U.  S. 
navy. — [Silliman's  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  vi.,  No. 
1,  p.  185.] 

Andely,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure,  and 
late  province  of  Normandy,  parted  by  a  paved 
causeway  into  little  towns  called  Great  and  Little 
Andely,  a  mile  from  each  other.    Great  Andely 


AND 


is  in  a  valley,  on  the  little  river  Garabons.  It  is 
20  ms.  SE.  of  Rouen,  and  60  N  W.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
1  30  E.,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Andernach,  ancient  city  of  Germany,  in  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  10  ins. 
NW.  of  Coblentz.    Lon.  7  22  E.,  lat.  50  29  N. 

Andero,  St.,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay. It  is  60  ms.  W.  of  Bilboa.  Eon.  4  30  E., 
lat.  43  25  N. 

Anderson,  a  western  district  of  South  Carolina, 
lying  between  the  Savannah  and  Saluda  rivers, 
having  Pickens  district  NW.,  Saluda  river  sepa- 
rating it  from  Greenville  NE.,  Abbeville,  SE.,  and 
the  Savannah  river  separating  it  from  Elbert  and 
Franklin  counties,  Ga.,  SW.,  in  form  of  a' rhomb 
of  28  ms.  each  side,  and  area  about  800  sq.  ms. ; 
slope  SSE.,  and  mostly  drained  into  Savannah 
river.    Central  lat.  34  30,  Ion.  5  40  W.  of  W.  C. 

Pop.  in  1830,  17,169,  and  in  1840,  18,493.  

Co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  N.  by  Franklin,  W.  by  Spen- 
cer, S.  by  Washington  and  Mercer,  and  E.  by 
Kentucky  river,  separating  it  from  Woodford. 
Though  bordered  on  one  side  by  Kentucky  river,  j 
the  greater  part  of  Anderson  is  drained  westward 
by  the  north  fork  of  Salt  river.  N.  lat.  38  0,  and 
lon,  8  0,W.  of  W.  C,  intersect  near  the  centre  of 
this  county  ;  chief  town  Lawrence.  Pop.  in  1840, 

5,452.  Co.  ofE.  Ten.,  having  Roane  co.  SW., 

Morgan  NW.,  Campbell  NE.,  and  Knox,  or 
Clinch  river  SE.  It  is  about  30  ms.  long,  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  25,  extending  over  750  sq.  ms. 
Cumberland  mountain  traverses  this  county,  and 
protrudes  several  spurs  from  the  main  ridge;  it  is, 
therefore,  mountainous,  broken,  and  rocky,  though 
possessing  much  good  soil ;  it  is  also  well  watered 
and  healthy.  Central  lat  36  10  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
7  30  W.     Pop.  in  1820,  4,674,  1840,  18,493. 

Andersonburg,  village  in  Perry  co.,  Pa,.,  37  ms. 
N.  from  Harrisburg 

Anderson's  Store,  village  in  Caswell  co.,  N.  C, 
56  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Anderson's  Creek,  la.,  separates  Perry  and 
•Spencer  counties,  and  falls  in  the  Ohio  at  and  be- 
low Troy. 

Andersontnwn,  village  in  Madison  co  ,  la.,  20 
ms-  from  Indianopolis. 

Andersonville,  town  in  Hancock  co.,  Miss;.,  43 

ms.  SE.  from  Monticcllo.  Village  in  Pendleton 

district,  S.  C,  by  the  pog;  route  152  ms.  NW. 
from  Columbia.  It  is  situated  at  the  efflux  of  the 
Seneca  river  into  the  Tugaloo,  or  upper  Savannah 
mer,    N.  lat.  34  30,  W.  lon.  W.  C.  5  45. 

Andes,  town  in  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  1 5  ms.  S. 
of  Delhi,  55  W.  of  Kingston.  Pop.  ot  tp.  in 
1830,  1,860. 

Andes,  or  Cordilleras,  chain  of  mountains  in 
^outh  America,  which,  running  from  the  most 
northern  part  of  Peru  to  the  straits  of  Magellan, 
are  the  longest  and  most  remarkable  in  the  world. 
They  divide  the  whole  southern  part  of  America, 
and  run  a  length  of  4,300  ms.  They  are  much 
superior  in  height  to  any  other  known  mountains, 
those  of  the  Gangetic  Hindoostan  excepted  ;  for 
the  plain  of  Quito,  which  may  be  considered  as  the 
base  of  the  Andes,  is  elevated  nearly  as  far  above 
the  sea  as  the  top  of  the  Pyrenees;  and  they  rise, 
in  different  places,  more  than  one-third  above  the 
Peak  of  Tcnerilfe,  once  thought  to  be  the  highest 


land  in  the  ancient  hemisphere.  The  Andes  may 
literally  be  said  to  hide  their  heads  in  the  clouds  ; 
the  storms  often  roll  and  the  thunder  burst*  below 
(heir  summits,  which,  though  exposed  to  the  rays 
of  the  sun  in  the  torrid  zone,  are  covered  with  ever- 
lasting snow.  The  Andes  are  not  composed  of  one 
continued,  but  of  many  collateral  ridges,  with,  in 
many  places,  very  wide  and  elevated  valleys. 
The  following  are  the  most  elevated  peaks  of  the 
Andes  of  which  we  possess  scientific  measure- 
ments : 

North  America. — See  general  article  America. 

Fee* 

Mount  St.  Elias  -  -  -  12,680 

Oregon  mountains        -  -  13,000 

Long  Peak  -  15.000 
Iztaccihuatl  •     -  -  -  15,700 

Orizaba  -  17,371 

Popocatapctl    -  -  -  -  17,710 

Volcano  of  Colima       -  -  -  9,18^ 

Mount  Fairweathet  -  8,340 
Toluca,  the  city  -  .-  -  8,818 

Isla  Huanca,  town  «>f  -  8,48). 
Perote,  the  town  -  -  7,723 

Mexico,  city  -  -  7,410 

Pueblo,  city     -  -  -  7,138 

Durango,  city  -  -  -  -  6,811 

South  America. 
Sorato  -  25,250 
Illimani  -  24,350 

Chimboraso     -  21,44 1 

Disca  Cassado  -  20,89'' 
Corcobado  -  -  -  20300O 

Cayainbe  Urcu  -  -  -  19,386 

Anlisana         -  -  -  19,149 

Tajora  -  18,898 

Cotopaxi  -  -  -  -  18,891 

Arequipo,  volcano  of    -  i  18,373 

Illini*si  ....  I7}238 

Sangui  -  -  -  -17,136 

Tunguragua     -  -  -  16,500 

Potosi,  Gerro  rje  -  16,037 

Pichincha  -  15,930 
Potosi,  Mines  of  -  -  -  15,91'', 

Carqnirazo  -  15,540 
Merida,  Nevada  of  '      -  .     1 5,20  J 

Tacorra,  village  of  -  14,250 
Potosi,  the  city  -  -  -  13,668 

Hucssos,  city  -  13,600 
Huancavelica,  Mines  of  -  13,600 

Assuay,  Plains  of  -  13,125 

Purio,  city  of  -  -  -  -  12,832 

Tiaguanaco      -  -  12,815 

Chiquito,  or  ritieaca,  Lake  of  -  -  12,703 

La  Paz,  city  of  -  -  -  12,200 

Caharapala  -  11,641 
Choto,  Mines  of  -  -  11,560 

Tupisa,  city  of  -  ;f  -  10,000 

Quito,  city      -  -  -  .  9,540 

Chuquisaca      -  -  -  -  9,331 

Bogata,  city     -  -  -  8,818 

Duido,  Volcano  of       -  -  -      8  467 

Cochabamba,  city         -  .  -      8  448 

Riobamba,  city  -  _  -      8,44 1 

Cuanaranca      -  -  .  -      6  420 

Tumiriquiri  -  6/250 
Popayan,  cily  -  -  _  -      5  825 

Venezuela,  chain  of  mountains  -  -  5,000 

63 


AN  D 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


AN  D 


South  America — Continued.  p>ct 
Hcrgaulin  mountains    -  ■    -  4,500 

Lunonzn,  natural  bridge  of       -  -  2,930 

Carracas,  city  -  2,860 

The  accuracy  of  the  commonly  received  opinion 
that  the  mountain  system  of  the  Andes  of  South 
America  and  the  Anahuac  of  Mexico  arc  only  con- 
tinuations of  each  other,  is  very  problematical. 

All  the  climates  of  the  earth  are  included  in  the 
a  i 'limits,  plateaus,  slopes,  and  planes  of  South 
America.  Indeed,  many  of  its  most  elevated  peaks 
arc  above  the  region  of  vapor,  and,  of  course, 
above  that  of  snow.  Vegetation  partakes  of  all 
these  extremes  of  temperature,  and  gives  all  the 
varieties,  from  the  most  tender  tropical  plant  to 
the  lichen  of  the  polar  regions.  The  highest 
points  yet  reached  by  man  in  South  America  were 
attained  in  the  Andes  by  Humboldt  and  Bomp- 
land-  By  their  own  calculation,  those  intelligent 
travellers  ascended  to  19.300  feet,  and  there  found 
the  summit  of  Chimborazo  towering  above  them 
'J,  140  feet.  The  limit,  according  to  Humboldt,  of 
perpetual  congelation  under  the  equator  is  15,700 
feel,  and  about  700  feet  lo  wer  than  at  lat.  20  0  N. 
Between  the  tropics,  and  below  an  elevation  of 
-r>,000  feet,  lies  the  region  of  plantains,  cassava, 
rocoa,  maize,  indigo,  sugar,  cotton,  coffee.  |  The 
cereal  gramiua,  such  as  wheat,  rye,  &c,  with 
the  apple  and  many  other  European  vegetables  ; 
but  above  that  elevation  large  trees  begin  to  dis 
appear.  Some  kinds  of  grasses  grow  as  high  as 
15,000  feet,  but  above  that  height  lichens  close  the 
last  vestige  of  vegetable  life,  and  leave  the  still 
higher  regions  to  eternal  frost. 

Andorra,  Republic  of,  comprised  in  a  valley  of 
the  Pvrenean  mountains,  and  lying  within  Span- 
ish Cerdagne.  The  capital,  Andorra  la  Bella,  is 
situated  at  N.  lat.  42  30,  long.  1  20  E.  from  Lon- 
don, and  almost  directly  between  Thoulouse,  in 
France,  and  Barcelona,  in  Spain,  SO  ms.  distant 
from  each.  The  republic  of  Andorra  occupies  a 
mountain  valley  or  basin  21  ms.  long  and  18 
wide,  drained  by  one  of  the  higher  branches  of  the 
^egre  river.  Beside  the  capital,  it  contains  about  20 
small  towns  or  hamlets,  and  a  population  of  10,000 
or  12,000.  Surrounded  by  rugged,  and,  in  many 
parts,  precipitous  mountains,  this  valley  is  seclud- 
ed from  the  adjacent  provinces  of  both  Spain  and 
Trance;  politically  presenting  the  singular  phc 
nomenbn  of  a  small  republic  existing  for  many  cen- 
turies between  two  great  kingdoms,  each  claiming 
it  nominally,  and  yet  permanently  independent  of 
both  In  a  religious  point  of  view,  Andorra  de- 
pends on  the  Sec  of  Urgel,  to  which  it  was  attach- 
ed in  A.  D.  «19  by  Louis  I,  (Louis  le Debonuairc 
of  France.)  Excessively  jealous  of  any  exercise 
of  power  on  the  part  of  Spain,  the  Andorresc, 
though  as  a  nation  Spaniards,  arc  governed  as  a 
republic,  ami,  by  a  curious  mixture  of  rights,  are 
admissible  to  office  under  the  Spanish  Government 
in  army,  church,  and  state.  Secluded  in  their  moun- 
tain rcre.->s,  these  primitive,  republicans  have  not 
even  a  name  in  most  geographical  works,  though 
claiming  individual  existence  before  the  dissolution 
of  the  Saxon  Heptarchy,  or  the  commencement  of 
Russia  at  Great  JSovogorod. 

Andovcr,  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng.,  a  man- 
utacture  of  shalloons,  and  having  a  considerable 
trade  in  malt.    A  navigable  canal  passes  hence  to 
64 


Southampton  water.  It  is  situated  near  the  nvot 
Ande,  10  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Winchester,  63  W. 
by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  120  W.,  lat.  51  14  N. 
 Town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  01  ms.  W.  of  Au- 
gusta.    Pop.  in  1830,  399  Town,  Merrimac 

co.,  N.  H.,  18  ms.  N.  W.  of  Concord.  J\  oyer's 
Academy  is  located  in  this  tp.   Pop.  1830,  1,324. 

 Town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.    Pop.  1830,  975. 

 Town  of  Mass.,  in  Essex  co.    Here  is  an 

excellent  academy,  called  Philips's  Academy,  with, 
in  1820,  about  140  students.  Its  funds  amount 
to  §50,000,  and  its  establishments  to  one  princi- 
pal and  three  assislants.  Also  manufactures  of 
paper  and  gunpowder.  It  is  situate  on  the  Shaw- 
sheen,  20  ms.  YVSYV.  id"  Newburyport,  and  22 

NN.W-.  of  Boston.  Town,  Tolland  co.,  Con., 

15  ms.  E  from  Hartford.     Pop.  1820,  100.  

Town  of  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  50  ms.  N.  from 
Trenton,  and  40  ms.  WN  VV.  from  I\.  Y.— — 
Town,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  V.,  285  rns.  W.  from 

Albany  Furnace  and  town,  Warren  co  ,  IN  . 

J.,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Newtown.  Town,  SE. 

corner  of  Ashtabula  co.,  0.,  about  25  ms.  NSE. 

i  from  Jefferson,  the  county  seat,  and  30  NINE. 

jfrom  Warren,  in  Trumbull  co. 

Andreanovskoic  islands  are  the  western,  pa  it  of 
the  Aleutian  isles,  towards  Asia.  The  principal 
islands  are  Attou,  Kiksa,  Atngatka,  Bokoovoi, 
Kanaga,  and  Andaschi.  They  belong  to  Russia. 
N»  lat.  52  30  passes  nearly  along  the  Andreanov- 
skoic group.    See  Aleutian. 

Andrewsbridge,  town,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  40 
ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Andrews,  St.,  city  in  Fileshirc,  Scotland,  with 

;  a  university  ;  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  on  the  level 

j  top  of  a  srnail  hill,  extending  E.  and  W.,  having 
an  open  prospect  of  the  German  ocean.    It  is  3Q 

;  ms.  ME.  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  45  W.,  lat.  56  1 S  IS' . 
Andreas,  town,  SYV.  part  of  Richland  co.,  O. 

:  At  this  point  ihe  State  roads  from  Mansfield  to 

|  Delaware  and  from  Sunbury  intersect,  2'Z  ms. 
from  Bucyrus,  and  16  from  Mansfield. 

Andria,  town  of  Naples,  in  Bari,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  4  ms.  S.  of  Barletla.  Lon.  16  32  E., 
lat.  41  25  N. 

I    Andrichou,  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  nsai 


Andnis,  island  and  town  in  the  Archipelago. 
The  inhabitants  are  q&  the  Greek  church,  and 
have  a  bishop  and  several  monasteues.  The  prin- 
cipal riches  of  this  island  consist  in  itffcSj  and  the 
fields  are  very  pleasant  and  fertile;  being  planted, 
grow  with  oranges,  citrons,  mulberries,  pomegran 
ales,  and  tigs.    Lon.  25  30  E.,  lat.  37  50  N. 

Androscoggin,  in  some  maps  called  the  A  mo 
riscoggin,  a  considerable  rive/  in  JV.  H.  ami 
Me.  It  rises  in  the  form-.T  in  Coos  co.,  and, 
flowing  ESE.,  enters  the  latter  in  Oxford  co., 
where  it  turns  S.  and  SE.,  and  unites  with  the 
Kennebec  river  about  18  ms.  from  the  ocean,  after 
passing  through  the  rjchest  part  of  Me. 

Anduxar,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the 
Guadalquiver.  Anduxar  is  amongst  the  most  in- 
dustrious, and  manufacturing  towns  of  Spain.  It 
is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  over 
which  is  a  bridge  of  fifteen  arches,  which  forms  so 
much  of  the  road  (rom  Anduxar  to  Jacn,  22  ms. 
distant.  This  town  stands  very  nearly  on  the  in- 
tersection of  N.  lat.  38°  and  lon.  4°  W.  London. 


ANG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ANN 


Anegada,  (drowned  island,)  one  of  the  Eng. 
Virginlslands.  Lat.  18  40 N.,  Ion.  64*7A  VV.  of 
London.    See  Virgin  is!a»ds. 

And,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure  and 
Loire,  8  ms.  N.  of  Dreux. 

Angara,  the  local  name  of  that  part  of  thegreat^ 
river  Yenisei,  below  the  Baikal  sea,  to  about  N.I 
lat.  60.     "  The  Angara  is  so  limpid  a  river,  that  j 
the  pebbles  at  the  bottom  are  seen  in  a  depth  of  I 
several  fathoms.    When  it  issues  from  the  Baikal  ! 
bike,  its  bed,  generally  from  two  to  four  hundred  i 
yards  in  breadth,  is,  for  the  space  of  a  mile,  so 
confined  amongst  the  rocks,  that  the  smallest  boats 
cannot  pass  along  safely  without  the  strictest  pre- 
caution;  and  its  waters,  dashing  against  the  stones, 
make  a  noise  like  the  ocean  in  a  storm." — Malle 
Brun.    See  Baikal,  Yenisei,  4-c. 

Angazija,  or  Great  Comora  island.  See  gen- 
eral art.  Africa,  under  the  particular  head  of  Af- 
rican islands. 

Angelica,  town  and  seat  of  justice  of  Alleghany 
co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  Angelica  creek.  N.  lat. 
42  18,  W.  Ion.  \V.  C.  1  3.    Pop.  1820,  1,510. 

Angela,  St.,  small  but  strong  town  of  Naples, 
in  Capitana,  5  ms.  N.  of  Manfredonia,  and  2  from 
the  sea.    Lon.  16  13  E.,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Angelos,  populous  and  trading  town  of  Mexico, 
with  a  bishop's  see.  The  air  is  excellent,  and  the 
land  abounds  in  corn.  It  is  62  ms.  SE.  of  Mex- 
ico.   Lon.  92  22  W.,  lat.  19  30  N. 

Angers,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Maine  and  Loire,  and  the  late  province  of  Anjou. 
It  is  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Sarte  and 
Loire,  and  is  divided  by  the  Maine  into  two  parts: 
the  western,  extending  into  the  plain,  and  the 
eastern,  which  rises  on  the  acclivity  of  a  hill.  It 
is  50  ms.  E.  of  Nantes,  and  175  SW.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  0  35  W.,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Anghitra,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Mi- 
lan, and  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  east  side  of  the  lake  Maggiore, 
30  ms.  NW.  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  40  E.,  lat.  45 
42  N. 

Anglesey,  island,  and  the  most  western  co.  of 
N.  Wales.  It  is  24  miles  in  length,  14  in  .breadth, 
and  sends  two  members  to  Parliament.  It  is  in 
the  diocese  of  Bangor,  is  divided  into  six  hundreds, 
containing  two  market  towns  and  74  parishes.  It 
is  separated  from  Caernarvonshire  by  a  long  and 
narrow  strait  called  the  Menai.  That  part  of  the 
island  which  borders  this  strait  is  finely  wooded, 
recalling  to  the  mind  its  ancient  state,  when  it  was 
the  celebrated  seat  of  the  Druids.  Vast  quantities 
of  copper  are  procured  from  a  famous  mine  in 
Parv's  mountain.  In  the  NW.  part  of  the  island 
is  a  quarry  of  green  marble,  intermixed  with  that 
curious  substance  called  asbestos. 

Angol,  town  of  S.  America,  in  Chili,  155  ms. 
N.  of  Valdivia.    Lon.  72  59  W.,  lat.  37  36  S. 

Angola,  kingdom  of  Africa.    See  art.  Africa. 

 Town,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  307  ms.  W.  from 

A lbany. 

Angoulesme,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Char- 
ente  and  late  province  of  Angoumois.  It  stands 
on  a  mountain  sunounded  by  rocks.  The  river 
Charente  runs  at  the  foot  of  it.  There  were  for- 
merly tine  paper  manufactories  in  its  environs.  It 
is  20  ms.  W.  of  Limoges,  and  250  S.  by  W.  of  \ 
Paris.  Lon.  0  14  E.,  lat.  45  39  N. 
9* 


Angostura,  town  of  S.  America,  in  Colombia 
on  the  Orinoco  river.  N.  lat.  8  E.,  lon.  W.  C 
13  5  W. 

Angoumois,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Poitou,  on  the  E.  by  Limosin  and 
Marche,  on  the  S.  by  Perigord,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Saintonge.  It  is  now  comprehended  in  the  dep. 
of  Charente. 

Angora,  city  of  Natolia,  in  the  territory  of 
Amasia,  formerly  Ancyra,  computed  to  contain 
100,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  Greek  archbishop's 
see,  and  remarkable  for  some  remains  of  antiquity. 
Here  they  breed  goats;  the  hair  is  of  a  fine  white, 
almost  like  silk,  which  they  work  into  the  finest 
stuffs,  particularly  camlets.  It  is  212  ms.  SE.  of 
Constantinople.'    Lon.  32  5  E.,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Angra,  the  capital  of  Terceira,  one  of  the  Azores. 
It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  the  residence  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  Azores.  Lon.  27  7  V\  .,  lat,  38  39  N- 
Angra  do  Il/ieo,  the  Walvrisch  of  the  Dutch, 
bay  of  SW.  Africa.    S.  lat.  23. 

Angra  de  St.  Ambrosia,  cape  of  SW.  Africa. 
S.  lat.  21. 

Angra  Frio,  cape  of  SW.  Africa.    S.  lat.  19. 
Angra  de  las  Reyes,  city  of  Brazil,  in  Rio  Jan- 
|  eiro.    Lon.  44  ll'W.,  lat.  23  4  S. 

Anguila,  the  most  northern  of  the  Caribbee,  30 
ms.  in  length  and  10  in  breadth.  Its  productions 
are  tobacco,  maize,  and  sugar.  Lat.  18  12  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  12  40  E. 

Anguilla,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands.  NW.  of 
the  island  is  the  Anguilla  Bank,  or  Cayos  de  los 
!  Paques.    Lat.  23  36  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  50  E. 
Anguille,  cane,  on  the  west  coast  of  Newfound- 
land.   Lat.  47*57  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  17  30  E. 

Anhalt,  house  of,  in  Germany,  divided  into 
three  branches,  each  giving  name  to  a  duchy. 
Anhalt  Dessau  consists  of  several  detached  territo- 
ries, on  the  banks  of  the  Elbe  and  the  Mulda.  It 
contained  in  1822  a  population,  according  to  Has- 
sel,  of  56,290  inhabitants.  Dessau  is  the  capital. 
Anhalt  Bemburg,  to  the  W.  of  Dessau,  and  much 
smaller  in  extent,  contains  a  pop.  of  about  40,000. 
Anhalt  Koethan,  detached  from  and  to  the  W.  of 
the  two  others.    Pop.  34,000. 

Anian,  straits  of  uncertain  of  existence,  though 
so  often  named  by  geographers. 

Anjenga,  or  Angengo,  seaport  of  Indostan,  in 
the  province  of  Travancore,  about  80  ms.  N  W.  * 
from  Cape  Comorin,  and  100  SSE.  from  Cochin. 

Annabuna,  or  Bonanno,  island  of  Africa,  in 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  S.  lat.  1  45,  lon.  15°  W.  of 
London,  and  about  230  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from 
Cape  Lopez  Gonsalvo.  It  is  about  20  ms.  in  cir- 
cumference, surface  high,  climate  healthy,  and  soil 
fertile. 

Ana  Arbor,  town  and  seat  of  justice  Washte- 
naw co.,  Mich.,  situated  on  Huron  river,  by  post 
road  42  ms.  W.  from  Detroit.  N.  lat.  42  18* 
lon.  W.  C.  6  45  W. 

Anttals,  from  annus  a  year,  a  species  of  history 
by  which  the  events  aie  arranged  under  the  year 
in  which  they  have  occurred. 

Annapolis,  river  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  runs  into  the 
bay  of  Fundy.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  any 
burden  10  ms.,  and  15  ms.  for  those  of  100  tons. 

 Co.  ot  Nova  Scotia,  on  Annapolis  river. 

Annapolis  Boyul,  seaport  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the 
river  and  bay  of  Annapolis.    The  port  is  one  of 

6.5 


ANS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ANT 


the  finest  in  the  world,  from  5  to  18  fathoms  deep, 
and  large  enough  to  contain  several  hundred  ships. 
This  city  was  the  Port  Royal  of  the  French,  and 
was  founded  as  early  as  1608,.  Lon.  W.  C.  10 
38  E.,  lat.  44  49  N. 

Annapolis,  city,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md.,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Severn,  30  ms.  S.  from  Balti- 
more, 40  ENE.  of  Washington.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  State  government.  Shipping  in  1815,  2,553 
tons.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,260.  Lat.  38  58  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  0  31  E.  Annapolis  was  first  called 
Providence  by  t  he  early  colonists,  but  by  act  of  As- 
sembly, April,  1650,  changed  to  the  name  it  bears — 
so  called  in  honor  of  the  lady  of  the  lord  proprie- 
tary. Pop.  1840,  2,792.  Annapolis  was  made 
a  city  by  charter  1708,  Aug.  16,  and  remains' the 
seat  of  government  of  Maryland  Vill.,  Jef- 
ferson co.,  O.,  152  ms.  ENE.  from  Columbus. 
This  place  was  formerly  called  New  Salem.  It  is 
on  the  road  from  Steubenville  to  New  Philadel- 
phia, 16  ms.  NW,  of  the  former. 

Anne  Arundel,  co.  of  Md.,  having  Patuxent 
river  SW.  and  W.,  the  Patapsco  river  NE., 
Chesapeake  bay  E.,  and  Calvert  co.  S.  It  is  60 
rns.  in  length  from  SE.  to  NW.,  with  a  mean 
width  of  12  ms.  ;  area  720  sq.  ms.  Face  of  coun- 
try in  general  rolling  rather  than  hilly.  Chief 
town  Annapolis.  Cent.  lat.  39°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0 
20  E.  Pop.  1820,  27,165;  in  1830,  28,295  ; 
and  in  1840,  29,532. 

Annobona. .  See  Annabona. 
Annecij,  town  of  Savoy,  in  the  duchy  of  Gene- 
vois,  seated  on  the  river  Sears,  and  on  a  lake  of 
its  own  name,  about  10  ms.  long,  and  4  broad. 
It  is  70  ms.  S.  of  Geneva,  and  22  NE.  of  Cham- 
berri.    Lon.  65  E.,  45  52  N. 

Ann  Harbor,  town,  Washtenaw,  Mich. 
Annonay,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardecey, 
and  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  formerly  a  fine  | 
manufactory  for  paper.    It  is  seated  on  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Cances  and  Deumes,  12  ms. 
SW.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  4  10  E.,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Ano-Capri,  principal  town  of  the  island  of  Ca- 
pri, in  the  bay  of  Naples,  about  1 5  ms.  a  little  W. 
of  S.  from  the  city  of  Naples. 

Anow-pec-too-?nion,  or  Yoomadong,  mountains 
of  Asia,  rising  from  the  Bay  of  Bengal  at  Cape 
Negrai,  extend  northwards  between  the  basins 
of  Inawaddy  and  Brahmacpootra  rivers,  and  be- 
yond our  accurate  geographical  knowledge,  no 
doubt  merges  into  the  great  central  system  of  Hi- 
malaya. 

Anson,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  on  the  Ken- 
nebec river,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Norridgewock.  Pop., 
1840,  1,941.  Co.  of  N.  C,  having  Chester- 
field district,  S.  C.  S.,  Mecklenburg  co.  W., 
Rocky  River,  or  Montgomery,  N.,  Yadkin  river, 
or  Richmond,  NE.  and  E.  It  is  about  33  ms. 
long,  with  a  mean  width  of  23,  extending  over  760 
sq.  ms.  The  face  of  the  country  is  broken,  and 
rather  mountainous.  The  river  lands  are  fertile, 
but  the  uplands  are  of  a  thin  and  unproductive 
soil.  Chief  town  Sneedsborough.  Central  lat. 
35  0  N.  lon.  W.  C.  3  15  W.  Pop.  1820, 
12,534;  in  1830,  14,085;  and  in  1840,  15,077. 

 Gold  mines  and  town,  Anson  co.,  N.  C, 

about  140  miles  SW.  by  W.  of  Raleigh. 

Anspach,  town  in  Garmany,  in  Franconia,  and 
capital  of  the  margravate  of  the  same  name.  The 
66 


palace  at  Anspach,  which  is  near  the  castle,  has  a 
remarkable  cabinet  of  curiosities.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name  25  ms.  SW.  of  Nurem- 
burg.    Lon.  10  47  E.  lat.  49  20  N. 

Anstruther,  borough  on  th%  SE.  coast  of  Fife- 
shire,  25  ms.  NE.  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  34  W. 
lat.  56  15  N. 

Antequiero,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  divided 
into  the  upper  and  the  lower.  The  upper  is  seat- 
ed on  a  hill  and  has  a  castle,  the  lower  stands  in 
a  fertile  plain,  and  is  watered  with  a  great  number 
of  brooks.  There  is  a  large  quantity  of  salt  in  the 
mountain,  and  5  ms.  from  the  town  a  spring  fa- 
mous for  the  cure  of  the  gravel.  It  is  25  ms.  N. 
of  Malaga.    Lon.  4  30  W.  lat.  37  1  N. 

Anlequiera,  town  of  North  America,  in  New 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Guaxaqua,  75  ms.  SE. 
of  Guaxaqua. 

Anthony's  Nose,  point  of  land  projecting  over 
the  Hudson  river,  above  50  ms.  N.  of  N.  Y.  It 
is  a  part  of  the  highlands  between  West  Point  and 
Fishkill. 

Anthony's  Kill,  river  of  N.  Y.,  empties  into 
the  Hudson,  from  the  W.  7  ms  above  the  Mo- 
hawk. 

A?itides,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  late  province 
of  Provence,  now  in  the  department  of  Van,  with 
a  strong  castle.  Lon.  7  13  E.  lat.  13  35  N.  Its 
territory  produces  excellent  fruit.  Seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  9  rns.  W.  of  Nice. 

Anticostt,  a  barren  island  of  North  America, 
lying  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence. 
Lon.  64  16  W.  lat.  from  49  0  to  52  0  N. 

Antietam,  small  river  in  Washington  co.,  Md., 
which  falls^into  the  Potomac  near  Shepherdstown. 

Antigua,  one  of  the  English  Leeward  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  about  20  ms-  in  length  and 
breadth.  This  island,  having  no  rivers  and  but 
few  springs,  or  such  as  are  brackish,  the  inhabi- 
tants are  obliged  to  preserve  the  rain  water  in  cis- 
terns. The  air  here  is  not  so  wholesome  as  in 
the  neighboring  islands,  and  it  is  more  subject  to 
hurricanes.  It  has  excellent  harbors.  The  chief 
produce  is  sugar.  The  capital  is  St.  John.  It  is 
60  ms.  E.  of  St.  Christopher's.  N.  lat.  17  17 
lon.  W.  C.  16°  E. 

Antilles,  the  name  which  the  French  give  to 
the  Carribee  islands,  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1492.    See  Indies  West. 

Such  is  the  general  opinion,  but  the  name  pre- 
ceded, curious  as  it  may  appear,  the  discovery  of 
the  West  Indies  by  Europeans,  and  was  applied, 
from  a  previously  conceived  idea,  to  that  archipel- 
lago.  On  the  rude  existing  maps  and  charts  of 
the  11th,  12th,  and  13th  centuries,  an  island  or 
group  of  islands  is  found  represented  by  name  Ax- 
tilia.  Such  representations  prove  that  long  be- 
fore the  age  of  Columbus  ideas  were  entertained  of 
lands  lying  westward  of  Europe  and  Africa,  and  a 
relative  name  given,  which,  when  those  lands 
were  really  disclosed,  was  naturally  applied  ;  hence 
[  the  origin  of  the  general  term  Antilles. 

Antio,  promontory  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
I  St.  Peter,  near  which  a  harbor  has  been  lately 
made.    It  takes  its  name  from  the  ancient  city  of 
'  Antium,  the  ruins  of  which  extend  over  a  long 
tract  of  land. 

Antiocha  or  Antioch,  an  island  in  the  Mediter- 
I  ranean  near  Sardinia,  taken  from  his  Sardinian 


ANT 


G EOGR  APHIC  A L  D ICTIO X AR V , 


APO 


majesty  by  the  French,  in  February,  1793,  but 
evacuated  soon  utter. 

Antioch,  now  Anthakia,  an  ancient  and  cele- 
brated town  of  Syria,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the 
capital.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Orontes,  now 
called  Assi,  15  ms.  E.  of  the  Mediterranean  and 
40  SW.  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  36  45  E.  lat.  35 
17  N. 

Antiochetta,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Cara- 
mania,  with  a  bishop's  see,  opposite  the  Island  of 
Cyprus.    Lon.  32  15  E.  Iat.  36  42  N. 

Antiparos,  the  ancient  Olearos,  an  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  2  ms.  W.  of  Paros.  It  is  only  a 
rock  16  miles  in  circuit,  yet  in  some  parts  it  is 
well  cultivated,  and  produces  as  much  barley  as 
serves  a  small  village.    It  has  a  grotto,  which  is 


ferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  35  ms.  NE.  from  Sackett's 
Harbor  and  40  SW.  from  Ogdensburg. 

Anville  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  on  the 
NW.  coast  of  America.  Lat.  49  30  N.  Ion.  W. 
C.  45  30  W. 

Anvil,  tp.  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,322.  '  This  tp.,  before  the  separation  of  Leba- 
non from  Dauphin,  belonged  to  the  latter,  and  in 
1810  contained  2,601  inhabitants. 

Anzerma.  town  and  province  of  Popayan,  South 
America,  where  there  are  mines  of  gold.  The 
town  is  seated  on  the  river  Coca.  Lon.  75  25  W. 
lat.  4  58  N. 

Anzko,Anzicana,  Anteca,  or  Great  Angeca,  in- 
terior country  of  Western  Africa.  Malte  Bran 
places  this  country  to  the  eastward  of  Loango  ;  and 


one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  in  nature;  it  ap- ! it  is  remarkable  that  on  Senex  s  map,  and  also  E. 
pears  to  he  about  80  yards  high  and  100  broad,  |  of  Loango,  a  country  is  laid  down  thus:  "  King- 
and  the  roof  forms  a  pretty  good  arch,  which  en-  dom  of  Macoco,  or  Anzico,"  and  placed  immedi- 
tertains  the  eye  with  a  vast  variety  of  figures  of  a  I  ately  S.  of  the  equator,  and  20  0  E.  of  London  ; 
white  transparent  crystalline  substance.    Lon.  25  I  on  some  of  the  branches  of  the  Congo  or  Zaire 


44  E.  lat.  37  8  N. 

Ant  is,  tp.  and  town,  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa.,  160 
ms.  W.  from  Harrisburg  and  222  from  W.  C. 

Antivari,  town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia,  with  a 
Greek  archbishop's  see,  10  ms.  N.  of  Dolcigno. 
Lon.  19  10  E.  lat.  42  19  N. 


river  from  700  to  800  ms.  inland. 

Anzin,  village  of  France,  near  the  Valencien- 
nes, remarkable  for  its  glass  works  and  the  most 
extensive  mines  of  mineral  ccal  in  France. 

Aousta,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a  duchy 
of  the  same  name,  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  on  the 


Antoina  dt  Bthar,  town  and  capital  of  Texas,  j  river  Doria,  50  ms.  NW.  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  30 
situated  on  the  St.  Antonia  river.    Lat  29  30  N.  |E.  lat.  45  48.  Duchy  of  Piedmont.    It  is  a 


lon.  W.  C.  21  30  W. 

Antoine,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  ih 
of  Isere,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  seated 
anong  the  mountains  13  ms.  E.  of  Lyons.    It  has 
a  celebrated  abbey.    It  is  5  ms.  NE.  of  St.  Mar- 

cellan.  One  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  15  river  Assi,  35  ms.  S.  of  Antioch 

ms.  from  St.  Vincent.    It  is  full  of  high  moun-  lat.  34  32  N. 
tains,  whence  proceed  streams  of  excellent  water. 


j  valley  30  ms.  in  length,  fertile  in  pastures  and  al 
department  j  sorts  of  fruits. 

Apalachian  mountains. — See  Appalachian. 
Apalachicola  river. — See  Appalachicola  river, 
Apamea,  or  Afamea,  town  of  Syria,  on  the 

Lon.  36  56  E. 


Apanomia,  town  o 


f  the  island  of  Santorii 


which  render  the  land  very  fruitful.  The  princi- 1  the  sea  of  Candia.  It  has  a  spacious  harbor  in 
pal  town  is  seated  among  the  mountains.    Lon.  i  the  shape  of  a  crescent,  which  is  so  deep  that  there 


25  0  W.  Iat.  17  0  N 

Aniin,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of  the 
North,  remarkable  for  having  in  its  vicinity  many 
manufactories  of  glass  and  the  most  extensive  coal 
mines  in  Fr.  # 

Antrim,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Ul- 
ster, bounded  on  the  E.  by  St.  George's  Channel, 
on  the  W.  by  Londonderry,  on  the  N.  by  the  j 
ocean,  and  on  the  SE.  by  Down.    It  is  46  ms.  in  j 


is  no  anchorage.    Lon.  25  59  E.  lat.  36  18  N. 

Apee,  one  of  the  new  Hebrides,  near  Mallicolla,  in 
the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  168  32  E.  lat.  16  46  S. 

Apenrade,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswick, 
with  a  citadel,  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  the 
Baltic  sea,  27  ms.  N.  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  38 
E.  iat.  55  6  N. 

Aphamea. — See  Apamta. 
Aphiom  Karrahissar,  town  of  Natolia,  called 


length  and  28  in  breadth,  and  is  pretty  fruitful,  j  Aphiom.  It  produces  a  great  deal  of  opium. 
It  contains  56  parishes.  Capital  of  the  co.  of  [Lon.  31  4S  E.  lat.  38  35  N. 


Antrim,  at  the  N.  end  of  the  lake  Lough-Neah. 
It  is  a  poor  place,  13  ms.  W.  of  Carrickfergus 


Api,  island  of  the  Sandwich  group. 
Apia,  harbor  in  Upolu,  one  of  the  Navigators' 


Lon.  6  6  W.  lat.  54  43  N.  Town  and  tp.  in  ! islands. — See  Navigators'  Islands. 

the  northwestern  part  of  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  Apiocliama,  river  of  Peru,  runs  N.  of  La  Paz 
30  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Concord.    Pop.,  into  the  Beni. 

1840,  1,225.  Town  in  the  northwestern  part      Apocrypha,  from  the  Greek,  literal  meaning  to 

of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  road  from  Cam- 
bridge to  Cadiz,  25  ms.  SW.  by  W.  of  the  latter, 
and  16  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  the  former.    It  is  the 


seat  of  a  literary  institution  entitled  "The  Philo- 
mathean  Literary  Institute." 

Antwerp,  city  of  Brabant,  capital  of  the  mar- 
-juisate  of  the  same  name.  It  lies  in  a  low, 
marshy  ground  on  the  Scheldt.  24  ms.  N.  of  Brus- 
sels- It  is  the  third  city  in  Brabant,  large  and 
well  built,  containing  22  squares,  and  above  200 
streets,  all  straight  and  broad.    It  is  22  ms.  N.  of  I 

Brussels,  22  NE.  of  Ghent,  and  65  S.  of  Amster- 1  called  Saxe  Weimar,  remarkable  chiefly  for  its 
dam.    Lon.  4  28  E.  lat.  51  13  N.  Town,  Jef- 1  cloth  manufactures.    Pop.  3,000. 

67 


conceal,  but  usually  applied  to  those  Jewish  books 
admitted  as  canonical  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  but  refused  that  rank  by  the  Protestants, 
though  by  the  latter  often  bound  in  the  same  vol- 
ume with  those  books  regarded  as  inspired. 

ApotiEE,  from  yn,  the  earth,  that  part  of  a  plan- 
et's orbit  the  most  distant  from  the  earth  ;  the 
term  is  mostly  applied  to  the  moon,  in  opposition 
to  Perigee,  or  nearest  the  earth. 

Apolima,  island. — See  art.  Navigators'  Islands. 
Apolda,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Saxony,  usually 


APP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


APU 


Apolabamba,  province  of  Peru,  in  La  Paz,  N. 
of  Larecaja.  Pop.  30,000,  chiefly  civilized  In 
dians.    Chief  town  St.  Antonia. 

Apostles,  the  Twelve,  lie  olf  the  southern  cape, 

which  makes  West  bay,  in  Lake  Superior.  

Group  of  islands  in  the  straits  of  Magellan.  Lat. 
52  34  S.  Ion.  W.  C.  1  54  E. 

Appalachee,  river  of  Georgia,  one  of  the  main 
sources  of  the  Oconee,  rising  in  Jackson  and  Gwin 
cos.,  and  flowing  SSS.  about  60  rns.,  falls  into 
the  Oconee  between  Morgan  and  Greene  cos. 

Appalachicola,  river  of  the  U.  S.  The  basin 
of  the  Appalachicola  is  remarkable,  as  forming  the 
connecting  link  between  the  waters  which  flow 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  those  which  enter  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  The- Appalachicola  is  formed  by 
two  streams,  the  Chattahoochee  and  the  Flint  riv- 
ers. The  former  rises  in  the  Appalachian  moun- 
tains at  N.  lat.  35  0,  interlocking  with  the  sources 
of  Tennessee,  Oakmulgee,  Oconee,  and  Savannah 
rivers  ;  and  flowing  SW.  by  S.  through  2  0  of  lat., 
turns  thence  nearly  due  S.  .to  N.  lat.  30  45,  where 
it  receives  the  Flint.  The  latter,  an  inferior 
stream  to  the  former,  has  its  sources  in  the  angle 
between  the  Oakmulgee  and  Chattahoochee  rivers 
at  N.  lat.  33  40,  flowing  SW.  by  S.  200  ms. 
unites  with  the  Chattahoochee  and  forms  the  Ap- 
palachicola. This  latter  fine  river  flows  a  little 
W.  of  S.  to  N.  lat.  29  50,  having  an  entire  course 
of  about  70  ms.  Its  mouth  is  into  St.  George's 
sound.  The  basin  of  the  Appalachicola  affords  an 
inland  navigable  expanse  of  400  ms.  in  length, 
with  a  mean  width  of  150  ms.,  and  having  an  area 
of  about  20.000  sq.  ms.  Though  interrupted  by 
some  falls  and  many  shoais,  the  rivers  Chattahoo- 
chee and  Flint  are  navigable  almost  to  their  sources  ; 
and  schooners  of  considerable  size  ascend  the  Ap- 
palachicola to  its  head.  Cotton,  tobacco,  grain, 
tar,  and  lumber,  are  the  common  staples  of  this 
basin. 

Appamaiiox,  river  of  Va.,  rising  in  Bucking- 
ham and  Prince  Edward  counties,  and  joining  the 
James  river  near  City  Point. 

Appance,  river  of  U.  C,  running  through  the 
front  of  the  tp.  of  Camden,  divides  Fredericks- 
burg from  Richmond,  and  empties  itself  into  the 
bay.  of  Quinte,  at  the  Mohawk  settlement. 

Appanage,  from panis  food,  estate  assigned  to 
younger  sons. 

Appennine,  mountains  of  Italy,  commence  in 
the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  where  the  Col.  de  Tende 
separates  them  from  the  Alps,  and  separates  also 
the  sources  of  the  Po  from  those  of  the  Var ;  thence 
the  Appennines  extend  NE.  by  E.  about  80  ms., 
leaving  a  very  narrow  slip  between  them  and  the 
Mediterranean,  to  immediately  north  of  Genoa, 
where  the  mountains  inflect  to  SE.  250  ms.,  and 
in  that  direction  continue  to  about  E.  from  Rome, 
giving  source  on  one  side  to  rivers,  such  as  the 
Santerno,  Tronto,  Pescara,  Sangro,  and  Ofanto, 
whose  waters  arc  discharged  into  the  Adriatic,  and 
on  the  other  discharging  from  their  flanks  the  Ar- 
no,  Ombrone,  Tiber,  and  Volturno,  towards  the 
Mediterranean.  Hence  the  Appennines  inflect  a 
little  more  to  the  S.,  and  extend  about  200  ms., 
where  they  embranch — one,  or  the  western,  grad  • 
ually  inflecting  to  SW.  200  ms.,  terminates  in 
Cape  Spartivento.  The  other,  or  eastern,  terminates 
in  Cape  Lcuca.  The  Appennines  in  all  their  length 
68 


divide  Italy  into  two  slopes.  The  Appennine  moun- 
tains are  evidently  continued  in  those  of  Sicily, 
including  Etna.  In  their  range,  and  though  com- 
pared with  the  Alps  of  moderate  height,  the  Ap» 
pennines  exert  a  marked  influence  on  the  climate 
or  rather  climates  of  Italy.    See  Italy. 

Appenzell,  canton  of  Switzerland,  entirely  en- 
closed within  that  of  St.  Gall  or  St.  Gallen.  This 
was  one  of  the  original  Thirteen  Cantons,  and 
the  last  which  united  itself  to  the  Swiss  Confeder- 
i  acy.  That  event  took  place  in  1513,  and  during 
285  years,  up  to  1798,  the  union  was  known  as 
"The  Thirteen  Cantons."  During  this  period 
Appenzell  comprised  the  territory  yet  so  called  and 
St.  Gall.  The  latter,  now  a  separate  and  inde- 
pendent canton,  entirely  surrounds  Appenzeil.  Seo 
Sf.  Gall.  Appenzell  in  its  present  limit  contains 
only  147  sq.  ms.  and  53,(00  inhabitants. 

Appenzel,  town  and  capital  of  the  canton  of  the 
same  name,  is  situated  on  an  Alpine  spur,  near 
the  extreme  sources  of  the  Thur  river,  25  ms.  a 
little  E.  of  S.  from  Constance,  and  50  ms.  a  little 
S.  of  E.  from  Zurich.  N.  lat.  47  20,  Ion.  9  16 
E.  of  Loudon. 

Apple  Creek,  town,  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Mo., 

50  ms.  S.  from  St.  Louis. 

Appleby,  co.  town,  Westmoreland,  Eng.,  on 
the  river  Eden,  by  which  it  is  almost  surrounded, 
and  is  10  ms.  SE.  of  Penrith,  and  266  NNW.  of 
London.    Lun.  2  34  W.,  lat.  54  34  N. 

Applet  on-,  plantation  and  tp.,  Lincoln  co.,  Me. 
Pop.  in  1810,  316;  in  1820,  510. 

Appling,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  W.  by  Irwin,  N. 
by  Tellfair  and  Tatnall,  E.  by  Wayne  and  Cam- 
den, and  S.  by  E.  Fa.  The  northern  part  is 
drained  by  Saltilla  and  the  southern  by  Suwannee 
rivers.  It  is  generally  level,  and  in  that  side  to- 
wards Fa.  swampy.  Cent.  lat.  31°  N.t  Ion.  5  30 
W.  from  W.  C.  Area  uncertain.  Pop.  1820, 
1,264;  1840,  2,052. 

Applington,  town  and  cap.,  Columbia  co.,  Ga. 
N.  lat.  33  35,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  35  W. 
Appomattox  river.  See  Appamaiiox. 
Appoquinimink,  creek,  Nflhvcastle  co.,  Del., 
runs  into  Delaware  bay,  2  ms.  below  Reedy  is- 
land. .It  rises  in  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  and,  flowing 
nearly  due  E.  15  ms.,  is  one  of  the  natural  chan- 
nels which  have  claimed  attention  as  affording  the 
means  of  opening  a  canal  between  Delaware  and 

Chesapeake  bay.  Tp.,  Del.    Pop.  in  1810, 

3,559  ;  in  1820,  3,388. 

Apsis,  to  connect,  in  astronomy,  that  line  which 
unites  the  greatest  and  least  distances  of  a  planet 
from  the  sun.    See  art.  Astronomy. 

Apt,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  Prov- 
ence. There  are  many  fine  Roman  antiquities, 
and  it  is  seated  on  the  Calaron,  20  ms.  N.  of  Aix, 
and  25  SE.  of  Orange.     Lon.  5  30  E.,  lat.  43 

51  i\. 

Apulia,  the  E.  side  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  divided  into  three 
provinces,  whose  modern  names  are  Capitana, 

Bari,  and  Otranto.  Town,  Fabius  tp.,  Onon - 

dago  co.,  N.  Y. 

Apure,  or  Apuri,  river  of  S.  America,  in  Co- 
lombia, the  great  northwestern  branch  of  the  Ori- 
noco. This  river  has  its  numerous  sources  in  the 
Venezuelian  Andes,  from  64  to  10°  N.'Iat.    It  is 


ARA 


very  remarkable  that  some  of  the  branches  of  the 
A  pure  rise  within  less  than  30  ins.  from  the  Gulf 
of  Maricaibo,  and  others  equally  near  the  Carib- 
bean sea,  at  the  Gulf  of  Triste,  and  flow  from  the 
ocean  inland.  The  valley  of  the  Apure  is  in  form 
of  a  triangle,  base  400  and  altitude  200,  and  com- 
prising 40,000  sq.  ms.  The  provinces  of  Vari- 
nas  and  Venezuela  are  chiefly  drained*  by  the  con- 
fluents of  the  Apure.  The  Apurirnac  is  the  great 
western  branch  of  the  Grand  Para.  It  rises  in  the 
Andes  at  S.  lat.  16,  and  5°  E.  from  W.  C.,  and 
within  80  ms.  from  the  Pacific  ocean.  With  a 
general  comparative  course  nearly  N.  of  about  500 
ius.,  it  joins  the  Grand  Para  at  S.  ht.  10  40.  The 
province  of  Guancauelica  is  chiefly  drained  by  this 
river. 

Apuremac,  Urubamba,  or  Aquillibamba,  river  j  the  Aral  and  Caspian  seas.  The  Aral  basin  is 
of.  S.  America,  is  thus  noticed  by  Malte  Brun  :  nearly  commensurate  with  Independent  Tartarv, 


E.  of  London,  at  the  head  of  a  small  gulf  extend- 
ing norlhward  from  the  bay  of  Bengal,  and  about 
400  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Calcutta. 

Aracan,  country  of  Asia,  SB.  from  Bengal. 
See  head  of  Asia,  art.  Aracan. 

Araguay,  river  of  Brazil,  the  S  VV.  branch  of 
the  Tocantinas. 

Aral,  basin  of,  is  the  SE.  part  of  the  greater 
basin  of  the  Caspian.  The  Aral  receives  from  the 
Belur  Dag  mountains  the  two  great  rivers  Amu 
and  Sihon.  The  sources  of  these  stieams  are 
scattered  from  N.  lat.  36  to  50,  or  through  14°  of 
lat.,  or  about  1,000  ms.  The  slope  from  the  Bclur 
Dag  towards  the  Aral  is  about  400  ms.  in  mean 
width  ;  therefore,  this  fine  arable  tract  comprises 
400,000  sq.  ms.    Sandy  deserts  prevail  between 


"  The  Ucayal,  both  under  the  latter  name  and  that 
of  the  Apurirnac,  traverses  mountain  ranges  almost 
inaccessible,  deserted  forests,  and  vast  solitudes." 
As  laid  down  on  our  maps,  the  Apurirnac  proper 
is  the  main  southwestern  constituent  of  the  Ucay- 
al, and  having  its  extreme  fountains  near  the  in- 
tersection of  S.  lat.  16  and  Ion.  72°  VV.  of  London, 
and  thence  upwards'of  400  ms.  along  the  interior 
gorges  of  the  main  spine  of  the  Andes,  the  whole 
uniting  at  S.  lat.  .13  and  Ion.  76°  W.  of  London  ; 
thence,  under  the  name  of  Apurirnac,  the  united 
waters  assume  a  northeastern  course  of  200  ms., 
to  its  union  with  the  Paro  or  Beni,  to  form  the 
Ucayal.  See  Beni.  Though  the  wafers  of  the 
Apurirnac  find  their  final  discharge  into  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  by  the  Amazon,  the  extreme  southern 
fountains  rise  within  less  than  50  ms.  from  the 
Pacific. 

Aqua  Negra,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  on  the  river  Chiesa,  12  ms.  W.  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  25  E.,  lat.  45  12  N. 

Aquanskicola,  creek,  Northampton  co.,  Pa. ; 
rises  in  Ross  tp.,  VV.  from  the  Wind  Gap  of  the 
Delaware,  flows  a  little  S.  of  VV.  about  25  ms., 
and  fulls  into  the  Lehigh,  immediately  above  the 
Lehigh  Water  Gap. 

Aquia,  small  town  upon  Aquia  creek,  Stafford 
co.,  Va.  It  is  about  45  ms.  below  the  city  of 
Washington. 

Aquila,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  Abruzzo 
Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see  and  a  castle.  An 
earthquake  happened  here  in  1700,  by  which 
24,000  persons  were  killed.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Poscara,  52  ms.  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  !3  39  E., 
lat.  42  20  N. 

Aquileiq,  formerly  a  trading  town  of  Italy,  in 
Venitiau  Friuli.  It  was  seated  near  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,  57  ms.  NE.  of  Venice.  Lon.  13  8  E., 
lat.  46°  N. 

Aquino,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  Roman  satirist  Juve- 
nal, and  is  30  ms.  NW.  qf  Capua.  Lon.  13  50 
E.,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Arabia,  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  ancient  Mesopotamia,  on  the  E.  by  the  gulfs 
of  Persia  and  Ormus,  on  the  S.  by  the  Indian 
ocean,  and  on  the  VV.  by  the  Red  sea  and  Egypt. 
See  head  of  Asiax  art.  Arabia. 

Arabian  Gulf.    See  Red  Sea. 

Aracan,  city  of,  and  capital  of  the  country  so 
called,  is  situated  at  lat.  21  10  N.  and  lon.  93  5 


 Lake  of  Asia,  200  ms.  E.  of  the  Caspian  sea. 

It  is  300  ms.  in  length,  and  in  some  places  150 
in  breadth.  It  lies  between  58  and  62  of  E.  Ion., 
and  between  42  and  47  N.  lat.  The  Aral  has  no 
ouilet,  and  its  water  is  salt. 

Arande  de  Duero,  handsome  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  on  the  Duero,  42  ms.  E.  of  Vallado- 
lid.    Lon.  3  30  VV.,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Ararat,  high  mountains  of  Asia,  in  Armenia. 
The  mountain,  or  rather  system  of  mountains, 
knowp  under  this  name,  forms  the  table  land  and 
prominences  from  which  flow  the  higher  sources 
of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  southwardly;  those 
of  the  Kur  towards  the  Caspian,  and  the  Escha- 
ruk  and  some  smaller  riyers  into  the  Euxine  sea. 
The  system,  very  imperfectly  known  as  a  whole, 
bears  numerous  local  names.  To  the  north,  the 
mountains  of  Tsheldir  and  Djanik  separate  Arme- 
nia from  the  Euxine  sea.  In  height,  many  of  the 
Ararat  chains  seem  to  equal  those  of  Caucasus. 
Snow  sometimes  falls,  even  tin  southern  declivi- 
ties, in  June,  near  Erzeroon.  The  chains  of  Tau- 
ris,  connected  with  those  of  Ararat,  protruding 
from  the  westward,  enter  Armenia  near  the  cata- 
racts of  the  Euphrates.  The  Niphates,  Zagros, 
and  Masius  mountains  of  the  ancients  are  all  ram- 
ifications of  the  great  Armenian  nucleus.  

Mountain  in  N.  C,  about  9  ms.  NW.  of  Betha- 
ny, in  Stokes  co.  This  is  a  very  lofty  mountain, 
which  affords  from  its  top  a  very  extensive  view  of 

the  adjacent  country.  Town,  Patrick  co.,  Va., 

by  post  road  200  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Aras,  ancient  Araxes,  is  the  great  southern 
branch  of  the  Kur,  rising  in  the  Caucasus  moun- 
tains, a  short  distance  E.  from  Arzroum,  and  in- 
terlocking sources  with  the  Euphrates  and  Kur, 
and  with  some  smaller  streams  flowing  into  the 
Black  sea,  pursues  a  course  nearly  E.  about  300 
ms., -/ailing  into  the  Kur  at  Dsehvat.  The  valley 
of  the  Aras  is  along  N.  lat.  40°,  but,  from  the  ele- 
vation of  its  sources,  the  country  is  cold.  Simi- 
lar to  the  Kur,  the  Aras,  being  a  mountain  stream, 
flows  with  great  rapidity,  and  affords  but  little  aid 
to  navigation. 

A?-assi,  maritime  and  populous  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  5  ms.  SW.  of  Alben- 
guay.    Lon.  7  56  E.,  lat  44  2  N. 

Arava,  fortress  of  Upper  Hungary,  situated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  72  ms.  NW.  of  Casso- 
via.    Lon.  20  E.,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Arau,  or  Aarau,  in  Swisserland,  derives  its 

69 


1 

ARC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ARE 


name  from  the  river  Aar,  on  which  it  is  seated. 
It  is  27  ms.  W.'of  Zurich.  Lon.  7  50  E.,  (at. 
47  25  N.  It  is  now  the  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Ar?  an. 

Arauco,  province  of  S.  America,  in  Chili,  lying 
between  the  rivers  Biobio  and  Calacalla  or  Val- 
divia,  extending  along  the  Pacific  ocean  from  S. 
lat  36  to  40°,  and  inland  indefinitely.  This  is 
the  original  Aracania,  which  produced  the  Araca- 
nians,  who  were  the  first  native  nation  of  America 
which  opposed  an  effective  resistance  to  the  Span- 
iards.   Valdivia  is  the  capital. 

Araza,  river  of  S.  America,  rising  at  S.  lat. 
1 1°,  flows  first  upwards  of  100  ms.  northward,  and 


cipal,  and  pelagos,  sea,  though  other  etymologies 
are  given  ;  but  all  agree  that  the  term  applies  to 
the  sea,  and  not  to  islands  in  that  sea.  In  ancient 
times,  and  in  general  in  modern  times  also,  Arch- 
ipelago designates  that  part  of  the  Mediterranean 
between  Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  having  to  the  E. 
Asia  Minor  ,Thrace  N.,  Macedonia  NW.  and  W., 
Thessaly  and  Greece  proper  W.,  and  the  Medi- 
terranean sea  S.  Length  400  ms.  from  the  island 
of  Rhodes  to  the  Thracian  coast,  and  breadth 
about  150  ms. 

Archville,  town,  Ohio  co.,  Va.,  407  ms.  NW. 
from  Richmond. 

Arcis-sur-Aube,  small  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep 


thence  NE.  300  ms.,  is  lost  in  the  Amazon,  S.  j  of  Aube,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  seated 
lat.  2  30,  and  is  the  next  great  confluent  above  J  on  the  river  Aube,  15  ms.  N.  of  Troyes.  Lon. 


the  Madeira.  Yurba,  Yutay,  and  Yavari,  regu- 
larly follow  the  Araza,  advancing  up  the  Amazon,  j 
These  four  rivers  rise  in  the  same  region,  and,  I 
curving  alike,  at  a  distance  of  30  or  40  ms.  from 
each  other,  have  each  a  course  of  about  400  ms. 


4  12  E.,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Arco,  town  and  castle  in  the  Trent  in,  on  the 
river  Sarca,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Trent.  Lon.  11  12 
E.,  lat.  46°  N. 

Arcole,  town  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  Gcau- 


In  some  maps,  they  are  all  made  to  flow  from  one  ga  co.,  O.,  half  a  mile  west  of  the  line  between 


common  source,  the  Roguaguada  lake ;  and,  again, 
the  latter  is  made  to  communicate  with  the  Para, 
a  branch  of  the  Ucayal.    It  may  be  doubted  whe- 


Geauga  and  Ashtabula  co.,  about  20  ms.  NW.  by 
VV.  of  Jefferson,  the  co.  seat  of  the  latter. 
Arcos,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  a  craggy 


ther  any  such  conformation  exists  in  nature.  That!  rock,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the  Gaudaleto,  28 
part  of  S.  America  is  yet  very  imperfectly  known.  I  ms.  NE.  of  Cadiz.   Lon.  5  46  W.,  lat.  36  52  N. 

Arbe,  episcopal  town  of  the  republic  of  Venice,  •  Arcol,  city  and  capital  of  the  Carnatic,  in  the 
in  an  island  of  the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  73  ms.  W.  by  S. 
Dalmatia,  from  which  it  is  five  miles  distant. 

Arbela,  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan,  where  Al- 
exander fought  the  last  battle  with  Darius.  Tt  is 
about  60  ms.  SE.  of  Mousul.    Lon.  42  25  E., 

lat.  35  5  N.  Town,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  47 

ms.  E.  from  Harrisburg 


of  Madras,  and  2  17  E.  by  N.  of  Seringapatam. 
Lon.  79  E.,  lat.  12  30  N. 

Arcuiel,  village  of  Fr.,  3  ms.  S.  of  Paris,  re- 
markable for  an  aqueduct,  which  is  thought  to 
equal  the  works  of  the  ancient  Romans.  It  was 
built  in  1624  by  Mary  de  Medicis;  its  water  is 


Arberg,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of !  distributed  into  different  parts  of  Paris. 


Bern,  on  a  kind  of  island  formed  by  the  two  bran- 
ches of  the  Aar.  Tt  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  Bern.  Lou. 
7  5  E,  lat.  47°  N. 

Arbois,  populous  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep. 


of  Jura,  lately  in  the  province  of  Franche-Comte,  j  of  Dauphiny. 


Ardtbil,  one  of  the  most  famous  and  ancient 
towns  of  Persia,  25  ms.  E.  of  Tauris.  Lon.  48 
20  E.,  lat.  38  15  N.  . 

Ardeche,  dep.  of  Fr.,  part  of  the  late  province 


famous  for  its  white  wines.  It  is  22  ms.  SW.  of 
Besancon.    Lon.  5  40  E.,  lat.  46  55  N, 

Arbon,  ancient  town  of  Swisserland,  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Lake  Constance,  in  Thurgau.  The 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Protestants.    It  is 


irdenburg,  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  10  ms. 
NE.  of  Bruges.    Lon.  3  30  E.,  iat.  51  16  N. 

Ardennes,  dep.  of  Fr.,  part  of  the  late  province 
of  Champagne,  so  named  from  the  famous  forest 
of  that  name. 


12  ms.  SE.  of  Constance.    Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat.  47 1     Ardennes,  forest  on  the  river  Mcuse,  between 


30  N. 

Arbroath.    See  Aberbrothwick. 


Thionville  and  Liege. 

Ardrah,  small  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  Guinea, 


Arbarg,  or  Aarburg,  town  of  Swis?erland,  in  I  extending  round  the  Gulf  of  St.  Thomas.  It  has 
Argau,  seated  on  the  Aar,  with  a  citadel  cut  out'  a  town  of  the  same  name.  N.  lat.  6  5,  lon.  3  5 
of  a  rock,  12  ms.  E.  of  Soleure.  j  E.  London. 

Arcadia,  town  of  the  Morea,  near  the  gulf  of  j  Ardres,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Straits 
the  same  name,  and  in  the  province  of  Belvedere, :  of  Calais.  It  is  8  ms.  S.  of  Calais.  Lon.  1  59 
22  ms.  N.  of  Navarin.    Lon.  21  42  E.,  lat.  37 1  E.,  lat.  50  50  N. 

24  N.  i     ArebOy  or  Arebon,  town  on  the  slave  coast  of 


Archangel,  seaport  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  the  same  name.  It  was  the  only 
seaport  of  Russia  for  many  years,  and  was  first 
resorted  to  by  the  English  in  1553.  Great  part 
of  the  city  was  burnt  to  the  ground  in  1793  ;  but 
it  is  now  rebuilding  with  neatness  and  even  ele- 
gance. Archangel  is  seated  on  the  Dwina,  4  ms. 
from  the  White  sea,  and  400  NE.  of  Petersburg. 
Lon.  39  E.,  lat.  64  34  N. 

Archer,  town  in  the  village  of  Hanover,  North 
tp.,  northern  part  of  Harrison  co.,  O.,  8  ms.  a 
little  W.  of  N.  of  Cadiz. 

Archipelago,  most  probably  from  garche,  prin- 

70 


Guinea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Formoso.  The 
English  had  once  a  factory  here,  as  the  Dutch 
have  still.    Lon.  5  5  E.,  lat.  6°  N. 

Arehea,  seaport  of  the  Red  sea,  55  ms.  from 
Suaquam. 

Aremburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a 
co.  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  22 
ms.  S.  of  Cologne.    Lon.  7  3  E.,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Arendahl,  a  small  but  neat  seaport  town  of  Nor- 
way, on  the  Seagerrac  sound,  50  ms.  NE.  of 
Christiansand. 

Arensburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  on  a  hill  in 
the  county  of  the  same  name,  by  the  river  Roer,  50 


ARG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ARH 


ms.  NE.-of  Cologne.    Lon.  8  20  E.  lat. 
25  N.  Seaport  in  the  isle  of  Oesel.    It  is  in- 
cluded in  the  Russian  government  of  Riga.  Lon. 
25  40  E.  lat.  50  15  N. 

Arenshard,  tract  in  the  duchy  of  Sleswick, 
containing  the  greatest  part  of  the  famous  rampart 
built  by  the  Danish  King  Gotric,  in  the  beginning 
of  the  ninth  century,  as  a  defence  against  the  ir- 
ruptions of  the  Saxons.  It  extends  across  the 
country  about  9  ms.  in  length. 

Arensicalde,  town  of  the  new  marche  of  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  lake  Slauin.  Lon.  15  52  E.  lat. 
53  13  N. 

Arcquipa,  episcopal  town  of  South  America,  in 
Peru,  seated  on  a  river  in  a  fertile  country  290  ms. 
S.  by  E.  of  Lima.  Near  it  is  a  dreadful  volcano. 
Lon.  75  30  VV.  lat.  16  40  S. 


51  jof  Ardeche  and  late  province  of  Provence,  5  ms. 
SW,  of  Aubenes,  and  17  0  W.  of  Viviers.  Lon. 
4  22  E.  lat.  44  30  N. 

Argetnoriy  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Indre  and  late  province  of  Berry,  divided  into 
two  parts  by  the  river  ('reuse.  It  is  37  ms.  SW. 
of  Bourges.    Lon.  1  38  E.  lat.  46  35  N. 

Argis-Dag,  mountain. — See  articles  Caucasus 
and  Tauris. 

Argos,  city  of  Greece.  This  is  amongst  the 
most  ancient  cities  in  the  world,  retaining  its 
primitive  name.  It  stands  on  a  plain  near  the 
Inachus,  now  Planitzai  river,  in  tho  Morea,  8  ms. 
NNE.  from  Napoli  di  Romania,  and  about  25 
SSW.  from  Corinth.  N.  lat.  37  45,  E.  lon. 
22  50. 

Argostol,  or  Argostoli,  of  the  isle  of  Cephalo- 


Arezzo,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany.  It ,  nia,  opposite  Albania  ;  it  is  the  best  harbor  in  all 
is  seated  on  a  mountain  15  ms.  W.  of  Citta  di- !  the  island,  and  the  proveditor  resides  in  the  fort- 


Castello.    Lon.  12  0  E.  lat.  43  27  N. 

Araau,  or  Aaargau,  from  Gerrffcn  :  signifying 


5S,  which  is  5  ms.  distant. 
Arguin,  island  and  fort  of  Africa,  on  the  coast 


District  of  the  Aar ;  in  Fr.,  Argovie.    It  was  a  of  Zahara,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Cape  Blanco.  Lc 


former  dependent  territory  on,  but  since  1798,  and 
more  especially  since  1814,  an  independent  can- 


17  5  W.  lat.  20  30  N. 

Argun,  river  of  Asia,  which  in  part  divides  the 


ton  of,  Switzerland,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Zu-  j  Russian  from  the  Chinese  empire.  The  Argoun 
rich,  NE.  by  Zug,  by  Lucerne  S.,  by  Berne,  So-; or  Argun,  as  usually  written,  is  the  same  river, 
leure,  and  Basil,  W.,  and  on  the  N.  separated  j  otherwise  called  the  Kerlon  Pira,  Kerton  Pira, 
from  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden  by  the  Rhine.  &c.  It  is  the  main  constituent  of  the  Amur,  ris- 
The  name  is  derived  from  the  river  Aaar,  which  ing  in  the  same  mountainous  region,  giving  source 
traverses  the  canton  from  SW.  to  NE.  See  Aaar.  i  to  the  Selenga  and  Schilka  rivers,  and  flowing  by 
Argau  contains  about  700  sq.  ms.  and  150,000  in- j  comparative  courses  northeasterly  about  1,000  ms. 
habitants.  The  surface  slopes  northwardly  to-  joins  the  Schilka  to  form  the  Amoor.  The  valley 
wards  the  Rhine.  Central  lat.  47  25  N.  Aran  j  of  this  river  lies  between  N.  lat.  42  0  and  48  0. 
is  the  capital.  In  a  distance,  following  its  channel,  of  450  or  500 

Argences,  town  of  France,  seated  on  the  river  ms.  it  constitutes  so  much  of  the  boundary  be- 


Meuse,  now  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  lately 
in  the  province  of  Normandy,  10  ms.  E.  of  Caen. 
Lon.  0  2  W.  lat.  49  12  N. 

Argens,  small  river  of  southern  Fr.,  which  rises 
in  the  southern  valleys  of  that  chain  of  mountains 
which  separates  the  departments  of  Var  and  lower 
Alps,  and  thence,  by  a  general  southeastern  course 
of  about  70  ms.  over  the  former  department,  falls 
into  the  Mediterranean  to  the  SW.  of  Frejus. 

Argentine  Republic  or  Buenos  Ayres,  the  pro- 
vinces of,  are:  Cordova,  Mendoza,  San  Juan, 
Santiago  del  Estero,  Salta,  Tucuman,  Rioja,  Cat- 
amarca,  San  Louis,  Corientes,  Buenos  Ayres, 
Santa  Fe,  Entre  Rios,  Missiones,  and  Provincia 
Oriental. — See  art.  America.  North  American 
Review  vol.  54,  p.  237. 

Argenian,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Orne,  and  late  province  of  Normandy.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  in  the  middle  of  a  fertile  plain, 
on  the  banks  of  the  river  Orne,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  lace.  It  is  12  ms.  NW.  of 
Seez,  and  110  VV.  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  5  E.  lat.  48 
45  N. 

Argenteuil,  town  of  the  Isle  of  France,  on  the 
Seine,  5  ms.  NW.  of  Paris.  It  is  a  very  beauti- 
ful place,  with  a  fine  vineyard ;  and  in  the  environs 
they  have  quarries  of  the  plaster  of  Paris.  Lon. 
2  22  E.  lat.  48  52  N. 

Argentiera,  barren  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
which  takes  its  name  from  the  silver  mines  in  it. 
There  is  bnt  «^village  in  the  island,  and  it  has 
no  water  but  Gratis  kept  in  cisterns.  Lon.  23 
10  E.  lat.  36  50  N. 

Argentiere,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 


tween  Russian  Asia  and  China.  See  article 
Amur. 

Argun,  town  of  East  Tartary,  on  the  frontiers 
of  the  Chinese  empire.  There  are  mines  of  silver 
and  lead  near  it,  and  a  pearl  fishery  in  the  river 
Argun.    Lon.  103  56  E.  lat.  42  30  N. 

Argyle,  tp.  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  river  Hudson,  S.  of  Kingsburg,  and 
contained  in  1820  2,811  inhabitants. 

Argyleskire,  co.  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Invernesshire,  on  the  E.  by  the  counties  of 
Perth  and  Dumbarton,  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  by  which  it  is  broken  into  islands 
and  peninsulas.  Its  extent  is  very  considerable, 
being  not  less  than  90  ms.  in  length,  and  70  in 
breadth.  This  county  affords  a  very  wild  pros- 
pect of  hills,  rocks,  and  huge  mountains,  piled  up- 
on each  other  in  dreadful  disorder,  bare,  bleak,  and 
barren  to  the  view  ;  or  covered  with  shagged  heath, 
which  in  summer  is  variegated  with  an  agreeable 
bloom  of  a  purple  color.  These  high  grounds, 
though  little  fitted  for  cultivation,  afford  excellent 
pasture. 

Argyro- Castro,  city  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Albania,  situated  in  a  very  mountainous  district, 
about  40  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Butrinto,  and  9  ms. 
N.  from  Libokavo,  According  to  Hobhouse,  it  con- 
tains 20,000  inhabitants,  chiefly  Turks.  Though 
environed  by  high  mountains,  Argyro-Castro  oc- 
cupies part  of  a  very  fruitful  vale,  watered  by  the 
ancient  Celydnus,  now  Voussa  river.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  Hadrianopolis  of  the  Romans. 

Arhusen,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
with  a  bishop's  sec.    It  is  seated  on  the  Baltic  Sea, 

71 


ARK 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ARK 


at  the  mouth  of  the  Guda,  and  surrounded  by  for- 
ests full  of  game.  It  is  25  ms.  S.  of  \\  iberg.  Lon. 
9  50  E.,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Auiax,  one  who  follows  the  doctrines  of  Ariu. 
of  the  Church  of  Alexandria,  in  the  4th  century; 
who  held  Christ  to  be  the  greatest  of  created  be- 
ings, though  infinitely  inferior  to  the  One  Self- 
Existent  Deity  ;  and  that  the  Holy  Ghost  was 
created  by  the  power  of  the  Son  or  Christ. 

Ariano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ulteri- 
ore,  with  a  bishop's  see  ;  15  ms.  E.  of  Benevento, 
and  10  0  NW.  of  Trevico.    Lon.  15  19  E.,  lat. 

418  N.  Town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrarese,  on  a 

branch  of  the  river  Po,  22  ms.  ISTE.  of  Ferrara. 
Lon.  12  8  E.,  lat.  45  0  N. 

Arica,  seaport  of  Peru,  550  ms.  SE.  of  Lima. 
Here  the  treasure  brought  from  Potosi  is  shipped  ; 
and  there  are  many  farms  employed  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  Guinea  pepper,  in  which  it  has  a  great  trade 
to  Lima.    Lon.  71  6  W.,  lat.  18  27  S. 

Aripo,  town  on  the  west  coast  of  Ceylon,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Sarunda.  To  the  east  of  it  is 
a  pearl  fishery.    Lon.  SO  25  E.,  lat.  8  42  N. 

Arkansas,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  which  rises  in  the 
Chippewan,  or  Rocky  mountains,  about  lat.  40  0 
!Sr.,  lon.  W.  C.  37  0  W.,  and  joins  the  Mississip- 
pi river  at  lat.  34  0  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  14  0  W. 
This  great  river  has  a  general  or  comparative  course 
of  more  than  1,300  ms.,  and  by  its  windings  ex 
ceeds  2,000  ms.  It  receives  numerous  branches, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Canadian  Fork, 
Negracky,  and  Poteau.  The  Arkansas  flows 
through,  and  gives  name  to  the  State  of  the  same 
name. 

In  the  present  state  of  geographical  science,  it  is 
impracticable  to  fix  with  adequate  precision  the 
area  of  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas,  but  an  approx- 
imation to  accuracy  may  not  be  entirely  unsatisfac- 
tory. From  the  month  to  a  distance  of  250  ms., 
the  valley  is  confined  very  nearly  to  the  mere  bed 
of  the  river.  It  then  widens,  and  embraces  a  re- 
gion of  about  600  by  300,  and  with  a  superficies 
of  180,000  sq.  ms.  The  far  greater  part  of  this 
immense  surface  is  open  grassy  plains.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Masserne  mountains  in  a  direction 
from  NE.  to  SW.  The  entire  length  of  the  Ar- 
kansas, by  comparative  courses,  is  about  1,200  ms. 

The  geographical  position  of  the  valley  of  Ar- 
kansas is  between  N.  latitudes  34°  and  42°.  By 
actual  calculation,  this  river  has  a  general  course 
S.  65°  E.  about  1,300  ms.  in  a  direct  line.  The 
river  of  Europe  having  the  greatest  analogy  as  to 
relative  physical  position  with  the  Arkansas  is  the 
Danube.  The  latter  has  a  general  course  82° 
E.  1,470  ms.  Though  of  nearly  double  the  length 
of  the  Ohio  valley,  that  of  Arkansas  com  [irises  a 
lesser  surface,  from  its  more  confined  width.  In 
regard  to  variety  of  feature,  Arkansas  valley  com- 
prises all  the  extremes  of  massive  mountains  near 
its  source  to  low  and  annually  overflown  alluvian 
around  its  efflux  into  the  Mi-sissippi. 

Arkansas,  State  of  the  U.  S.  ;  bounded' on  the 
N.  by  the  State  of  Missouri,  on  the  E.  it  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  States  of  Tennessee  and  Mississippi 
by  the  Mississippi  river,  on  the  S.  it  has  Louisi- 
ana, SW.  Texas,  and  W.  the  Indian  and  unap- 
propriated territory  of  the  U.  S.  Geographically, 
it  lies  between  33°  and  36±°  N.  lat.  Length 
from  S.  to  N.  243  statute  ms.  nearly  ;  mean  breadth 
72 


along  N.  lat.  35  0  230  ms.,  which  gives  an  area 
of  55,890  sq.  ms. 

Arkansas  is  naturally  divided  into  three  distinct 
sections.  The  east  section,  along  the  Mississippi, 
White,  St.  Francis,  and  Arkansas  rivers,  is  mostly 
level,  and  in  winter  and  spring,  except  the  margin 
of  the  streams,  liable  to  inundation.  With  some 
prairie,  this  east  section  is  covered  with  a  dense 
forest.  The  soil,  where  arable,  is  very  productive, 
The  middle  section,  watered  by  the  higher  branches 
of  White  river,  by  the  main  volume  of  Arkansas, 
the  higher  branches  of  Ouachitta,  and  by  Red  river, 
is  broken,  in  part,  rather  mountainous,  and  pre 
senting  extensive  prairies.  The  west  and  north 
west  section  is  mountainous,  with  extensive  prairies 
Though  an  interior  region,  Arkansas  is  in  a  higl 
degree  supplied  with  navigable  streams.  Besidi 
the  Mississippi,  which  forms  the  eastern  boundary 
St.  Francis  rises  in  Missouri,  and,  flowing  south 
enters  Arkansas,  over  which  it  flows  120  ms.,  falU 
into  the  Missiftippi  about  60  ms.  above  the  moutl 
of  While  river.  The  latter,  a  much  more  con- 
siderable stream,  rises  in  the  south  part  of  Missouri 
by  two  great  branches,  White  river  proper  and  Black 
river,  which,  uniting  in  Arkansas,  flows  below  the 
junction  120  ms.,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  15 
ms.  above  the  mou^h  of  Arkansas  river.  Though 
impeded  by  shoals,  the  Arkansas  is  a  navigable 
river  far  above  the  limits  of  the  State  to  which 
it  gives  name.  The  Ouachitta  rises,  by  numerous 
branches,  in  the  Masserne  mountains,  between 
Arkansas  and  Red  rivers,  and  is  navigable  at  high 
water  with  boats  of  considerable  size  ;  by  the  bends 
200  ms.  within  Arkansas.  Red  river  traverses  the 
extreme  southwest  angle  of  the  State.  It  may 
be  doubted  whether,  in  this  large  State,  there 
is  one  spot  100  ms.  from  a  navigable  water  course. 
The  St.  Francis,  White,  and  Arkansas  rivers  form 
navigable  channels  within  the  State  into  the 
Mississippi ;  whilst  the  Red  river  and  its  confluent, 
the  Ouachitta,  leave  the  State,  traverse  Loui- 
siana, and  finally  join  the  same  great  recipient.  • 
The  mineral  wealth  of  Arkansas  has  been  too  im- 
perfectly developed  to  admit  definite  notice.  The 
immense  salt  prairies  or  steppes  of  the  interior 
give  a  brackish  taste  to  the  water  of  Arkansas. 
Numerous  salt  springs  are  scattered  over  the  coun- 
try. Indications  of  lead  and  iron  are  numerous. 
Some  lead  has  been  smelted,  but  noi  in  large  quan- 
tity. As  a  whole,  Arkansas  may  be  regarded  as  a 
barren  country,  though,  scattered  over  the  entire 
extent,  tracts  of  exuberantly  fertile  soil  occur.  If  we 
compare  it  with  Louisiana,  and  from  what  I  have 
seen  of  both  these  two  regions  they  appear  re- 
markably similar  in  the  relative  extent  of  arable  to 
unproductive  soil  in  each,  respectively,  the  culti- 
vateable  surface  would  be  about  as  one  to  four. 
The  difference  of  latitude  and  elevation  give  to  the 
respective  sections  of  Arkansas  a  much  greater 
range  of  temperature  than  from  its  extent  could  be 
expected.  Cotton  can  be  cultivated  to  advantage  on 
the  south  and  southeast  sections  ;  but  advancing  up 
the  streams,  and  rising  to  a  much  higher  elevation, 
the  temperature  falls,  and  small  grain  succeeds 
well.  On  the  whole,  the  climate  of  Arkansas  may 
be  considered  as  excessively  vaMUe;  that  of  the 
south  resembles  Louisiana,  whilsWmvards  the  north 
and  west  the  seasons  approach  those  of  Missouri. 
Amongst  the  curiosities  of  Arkansas  may  be  par- 


ARK  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ARK 


ticularly  mentioned  the  hot  springs.    These  foun 
tains,  with  a  temperature  near  that,  of  boiling  water, 
are  47  ids.  SW.  by  W.  from  Little  Rock,  on  the 
Arkansas,  and  near  the  main  stream  of  Washitau. 
They  became  a  place,  of  resort  for  invalids  about 
1800,  and  have  increased  in  reputation.    The  ad 
jacent  country  is  rocky,  sterile,  and  mountainous, 
the  water  pure,  and  air  elastic,  affording  a  most 
delicious  retreat  from  the  summer  and  autumn  tern 
perature  of  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas.  The 
Washitau  is  navigable  with  steamboats  to  within 
30  ms.  of  the  springs. 

Population  in  1820. 
In  1820,  it  was  politically  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing counties,  which  had  the  number  of  inhab- 
itants annexed  to  each,  respectively  : 
Lawrence  - 


Phillips 
Arkansas 
Pulaski 
Clark  - 
Hempstead 
Miller  - 


This  population  is  composed  of — 
Free  whites,  males 
Do.     do.  females 


5,602 
1,201 
1,260 
1,923 
1,040 
2,248 
999 


By  the  census  of  1840,  the  population  of  Ark- 
ansas, as  stated  in  the  census  tables  for  that  year, 
stood  thus  : 


Whites. 


14,273 


6,971 
5,611 


Total  of  whites      -  -  12,582 

Free  people  of  color,  males  44 

Do.          do.    females     -  -  15 

Male  slaves      -  820 

Female  do.       -  797 

All  other  persons  except  Indians,  not 

taxed           -           -           -  _  18 

In  1830  the  classified  population  stood  as  fol- 
lows : 

Whites. 


Ages. 


Under  5  years  of  age 
5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

Total  - 


Males.  Females 


3,020 
2,021 
1,62(5 
1,272 
2,835 
1,820 
876 
434 
209 
69 
12 

0 


14,195 


2,782 
1,897 
1,494 
1,225 
2,012 
1,087 
528 
301 
107 
31 
9 
3 
0 


11,476 


Of  these,  10  were  deaf  and  dumb,  and  8  blind. 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Under  10  years  of  age 

27 

17 

846 

803 

10  to  24  - 

17 

13 

814 

836 

24  to  36  - 

23 

10 

395 

399 

36  t . 55  - 

17 

7 

192 

193 

55  to  100  - 

3 

6 

47 

51 

100  and  upwards 

1 

0 

0 

1 

Total 

88 

53 

2,293 

2,283 

Of  colored  persons,  4  were  deaf  and  dumb  and  2  blind. 
Recapitulation.— Whites,  25,671  ;  free  colored,  141 ;  slaves, 
4,576-,  total,  30,388. 

10* 


Ages. 


0  to  5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males.  Females. 


8,607 
6,?3l 
5,077 
3,863 
8,532 
5,129 
2,751 
1,194 
523 
162 
35 
4 
3 


42,211 

34,963 


r7,174 


8,108 
5,853 
4,869 
3,911 
5,881 
3,317 
1,715 
805 
357 
113 
30 
3 
1 


34,963 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Females- 

Males. 

Females. 

0  to  10  - 

77 

67 

3,450 

3,302 

10  to  24  - 

56 

60 

3,514 

3,558 

24  to  36  - 

62 

35 

2,069 

1,930 

36  to  55 

34 

32 

890 

849 

55  to  100  - 

16 

21 

182 

174 

100  and  upwards 

3 

2 

14 

3 

Total  free  colored  and 

slaves 

248 

217 

10,119 

9,816 

19,935 

9,816 

Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 


-77,174 
-  465 
-19,935 


Total  ....  -97,574 

White  persons  who  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years 

of  age        -  -  -  -  -  18 

Do.  deaf  and  dumb,  14  to  25        -  -  -11 

Do.      do.      do.     over  25        -  -  -  11 


Do.  whole  number  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  .... 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge 
Do.  do.      at  private  charge 

Slaves  and  colored  persons  who  are  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  - 

Idiots  and  insane  at  private  charge 
Do.  at  public  charge 
Whole  number  of  persons  employed  in : 
Mining         -  -  - 

Agriculture  - 
Commerce  • 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean         .  - 

Do.      on  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 
Universities  or  colleges. 
Do.  students  in. 

Academies  and  grammar  schools  - 
Do.  scholars  in  -  -  - 

Primary  and  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  and  military  services 
Total  number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age 
who  cannot,  read  and  write 


41 

26,355 
215 
1,173 
3 
39 
301 


8 
300 
113 
2,614 

24 

-'  6,567 


Population  of  Arkansas  in  1840,  by  counties. 


Free  white 

Free  col. 

persons. 

persons. 

Counties. 

H 

O) 

00 

ti 

<n 

as 

"3 

S 

s 

En 

L 

Arkansas 

571 

409 

3 

2 

Benton 

1,081 

969 

2 

8 

Chicot 

650 

455 

3 

6 

Slaves. 


SO 

oo 

a> 

a 

& 

fa 

174 

187 

79 

89 

227 

227 

73 

Total. 


1,346 

2,223 
3,806 


ARK 


ARM 


population  of  Arkansas— Continued. 


Free 

white 

Free  col- 

Slaves. 

Counties. 

persons. 

persons. 

Total. 

S 

s 

Or* 

m 

1 

Is 

£ 

iS 

£ 

• 

i 





q| 

f^rittpmlpn  • 

621 

47£ 

5 

— 

0 

227 

227 

1,561 

\_><li  1  Ul  l 

1  43f 

1  OKK 

~ 

61 

76 

2,844 

Oonway 

1  ,-i.JO 

1 ,24C 

4 

J 

92 

100 

2,892 

Cr&wford 

2  201 

1  413 

91 

10 

293 

325 

4,266 

Clarke 

/  or 

~ 

338 

349 

2,309 

Desha.  • 

66$ 

lo 

21 

211 

196 

1,598 

Franklin 

1  21? 

1  tlAA 

o 
0 

5 

191 

209 

2,665 

Vo; 

- 

~ 

2G 

24 

1,586 

Hot  Spring 

90S 

747 

1 

114 

135 

1,907 

Hempstead 

1  63-' 

1  28c 

OO 

27 

989 

947 

4,921 

1  1  '8( 

~ 

69 

72 

2,240 

Independence - 

1  Kd'l 
l,D4o 

1 ,50? 

c 

J 

257 

257 

3,669 

Jackson  - 

66r 

oyt. 

4 

S 

152 

124 

1,540 

Jefferson 

891 

66C 

? 

514 

496 

2,566 

Jolinson 

1  52( 

1  311 

i 

i 

e 

286 

305 

3,433 

Lafayette 

'34( 

2(  lc 

1 

861 

783 

2,200 

Lawrence 

1  ,ooo 

1  007 

3 

Q 

c 

124 

143 

2,835 

Madison 

1  41? 

1  27S 

35 

48 

2,775 

Marion  • 

r,72 

of 

18 

21 

1,325 

M.onroe 

/1Q7 

•34(J 

1 

1 

76 

72 

936 

Mississippi 

51? 

OO/ 

276 

234 

1,410 

Pike 

Hoi 

403 

7 

-  • 

61 

48 

969 

J  11 1 1 1 1 \to 

1,474 

1,151 

10 

7 

480 

425 

3.547 

Pulaski 

2,3S9 

1,572 

53 

52 

675 

609 

5,350 

Poinsett 

653 

598 

34 

33 

1 ,320 

1,406 

1,220 

6 

3 

109 

1  OR 

iuo 

2,850 

Randolph 

1,387 

936 

2 

114 

102 

2,196 

Sevier 

1,098 

978 

4 

5 

356 

369 

2,810 

Scott 

866 

676 

12 

9 

60 

71 

1,694 

Searcy 

474 

459 

3 

936 

St.  Francis 

1,145 

987 

2 

181 

184 

2,499 

Saline  , 

874 

788 

221 

178 

2,061 

Union 

1,059 

922 

1 

1 

438 

468 

2,889 

Van  Buren 

814 

645 

27 

32 

1,518 

White 

467 

374 

43 

45 

929 

Washington  - 

3,387 

2,859 

8 

11 

427 

456 

7,148 

Total  Ark.  - 

42,211 

34,963 

-8j 

21? 

10,119 

9,816 

97,574 

Arkansas,  co.  of  the  State  of  the  same  name, 
lying  on  both  sides  of  Arkansas  river,  having 
Chicot  co.  8.,  Clark  W.,  Pulaski  NW.,  "V\  hite 
river  or  Philips  co.  NE.,  and  the  Mississippi  river 
E.  Length  from  N.  to  S.  60  ms.,  mean  width 
40,  and  area  2,400  sq.  ms.  This  co  is  traversed 
obliquely  from  NW.  to  SE.  by  the  Arkansas  riv- 
er ;  and  the  White  river,  bounding  it  to  the  NE., 
renders  the  lower  part  subject  to  annual  overflows. 
The  Bayou  Barthelany,  and  Boeuf  rivers,  bran- 
ches of  the  Washita,  rise  in  the  S.  part,  flow  S. 
over  Chicot  co.,  and  enter  La.  The  W.  side 
rises  into  eminences,  but  the  body  of  the  country 
is  level.     (For  lat.  and  Ion.  see  next  art.) 

Arkansas,  town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Arkansas 
co.,  State  of  Ark.  This  is  the  same  village  form- 
erly called  "The  Post  of  Arkansas,"  and  was 
founded  by  the  French  in  1685.  It  stands  on  the 
N.  bank  of  Arkansas  river,  at  N.  Iat.  34°,  Ion.  W. 
from  W.  C.  14  25.  The  site  -is  a  high  narrow 
bluff  of  poor  soil,  with  the  inundated  flats  of 
White  river  in  the  rear.  Distant  about  100  ms. 
SE.  from  Little  Rock,  and  by  the  bends  of  the 
river  50  ms.  from  the  Mississippi. 

Arkiopolis,  vill.  and  seat  of  government  Ark. 
Ter.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Arkansas  river,  about 
100  ms.  above  its  mouth.  It  is  now  called  Little 
Rock ;  which  see. 

Arklow,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Wick- 
low,  13  ms.  S.  of  Wicklow.  Lon.  6  5  W.,  lat. 
52  42  N. 

Arks,  ancient  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
74 


mouths  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  Prov- 
ence. The  country  around  is  very  pleasant,  and 
produces  good  wine,  vermilion,  manna,  oil,  and 
fruits.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhone,  12  ms.  SE.  ul 
Nismes.    Lon.  4  42  E.,  lat.  43  41  N. 

Arlesheint,  handsome  town  of  Swisserland,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Basle,  where  the  canons  of  that 
city  reside. 

Arlington,  Bennington  co.,  Va.,  about  12  ms. 
N.  of  Bennington.    Pop.  2,000. 

Arlon,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands, now  dismantled.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain 10  ms.  N  W.  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  5  56  E., 
lat.  49  45  N. 

Armagh,  co.  of  Ireland,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Down,  on  the  W.  by  Tyrone  and  Monaghan,  on 
the  N.  by  Lough  Neagh,  and  on  the  S.  by  Louth. 
It  is  in  length  32  ms.,  and  in  breadth  17,  contains 
49  parishes,  and  sends  six  members  to  Parliament. 

Ciiy  of  Ireland,  once  a  considerable  town, 
now  a  small  village;  but  it  gives  name  to  a  co., 
and  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  who  is  the  pri- 
mate of  all  Ireland.  It  is  45  ms.  SE.  of  London- 
derry.   Lon.  6  34  W.,  lat.  54  27  N.  Town 

of  Centre  co.,  Pa.  Town,  Indiana  co.,  Pa., 

163  ms.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Armagnac,  late  province  of  Guienne,  in  Fr., 
55  ms.  in  length  and  40  in  breadth.  This  prov- 
ince, with  Gascony,  is  now  included  in  the  dep. 
of  Gers. 

Armenia,  a  large  country  in  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Euphrates,  on  the  S.  by  Diarbeker 
and  Curdistan,  on  the  E.  by  Schirvan,  and  on  the 
N.  by  Georgia.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  coun- 
tries in  Asia,  being  watered  by  several  large  riv- 
ers. Part  of  it  belongs  to  the  Persians,  and  part 
to  the  Turks.  The  inhabitants  are  much  attached 
to  commerce,  and  undertake  long  journeys  to  carry 
it  on.  They  are  Christians,  and  have  a  patriarch 
and  an  archbishop.  Polygamy  is  not  allowed 
among  them.  The  country  in  general  is  full  of 
mountains  and  valleys,  lakes  and  rivers,  and  pro- 
duces rice,  cotton,  flax,  melons,  and  grapes. 

Armenian,  similar  to  Jew,  is  a  national  term  of 
the  most  remote  antiquity,  and  still  continues  to 
designate  a  distinct  people,  who  have  for  many 
ages  lost  their  political  existence;  and,  what  is  re- 
markable, what  remains  of  them  in  their  original 
country,  and  those  scattered  over  much  of  the 
Eastern  continent,  generally  live  in  primitive  pa- 
triarchal society,  or  in  large  families,  under  the 
government  of  the  oldest  members,  and  in  a  state 
of  happy  concord.  Politically,  the  Armenians 
are  foreigners  in  that  country,  bearing  their  name. 
Scattered  over  Asia  and  Eastern  Europe,  addicted 
to  and  skilful  in  manufactures  and  commerce,  they 
have  prospered  in  every  country  from  Hungary  to 
China.  They  find  their  way  to  places  inacces- 
sible to  Europeans :  they  traverse  the  elevated 
plains  of  Tartary,  and  reach  those  watered  by  the 
Niger.  The  religion  of  the  Armenians  is  that  of 
the  ancient  Eastern  Church,  and,  like  the  Greeks, 
they  admit  the  marriage  of  their  clergy.  Two 
great  patriarchs  rule  the  Armenian  Church:  one 
resides  at  Esthmiazin,  in  the  province  of  Erivan, 
or  Persian  Armenia,  supposed  to  have  under  his 
spiritual  jurisdiction  150,000  families;  the  other 
patriarch  resides  at  Jis,  in  the  Lesser  Armenia  of 
antiquity,  having   under  his  spiritual  direction 


ARP 


ARR 


20,000  families.  The  whole  nation  supposed  still 
to  amount  to  1,700,000  persons. 

Arminians,  sect,  so  called  from  Hermansen,  or 
Arminius,  of  Holland,  who  flourished  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  16th  and  beginning  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, and  who^e  fundamental  doctrine  was,  that 
man  could  in  his  earthly  life  attain  to  and  fall  from 
a  state  of  grace. 

Armentiers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
North  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis,  8  ms.  NW.  of 
Lisle.    Lon.  3  3  E.,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Armiers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  North 
Hainault,  seated  on  the  Sambre,  20  ms.  S.  of 
Mons.    Lon.  4  3  E.,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Armiro,  town  of  Macedonia,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Vclo,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Larissa.  Lon.  23  22  E., 
lat.  39  30  N. 

Arms  Cross  Roads,  town,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y., 
184  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Armstrong,  co.  of  Pa.,  having  Westmoreland  I 
and  Allegany  SW.,  Butler  W.,  Venango  NW., 
Jefferson  NE.,  and  Indiana  E.  and  SE.  It  is 
about  35  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  20, 
extending  over  700  sq.  ms.  The  Allegany  river 
intersects  this  co.,  winding  from  the  NW.  angle 
in  an  elliptical  curve  to  the  SW.  The  face  of 
the  country  is  hilly,  rocky,  and  broken,  though 
much  of  the  soil,  particularly  that  of  the  river  bot- 
toms, is  composed  of  a  fertile  loam.  Chief  town, 
Kittaning.  N.  lat.  41°,  and  lon.  2  30  W.  from 
W.  C,  intersect  in  this  co.  Pop.  1820,  10,324; 
1S30,  17,695;  and  in  1840,  28,365. 

Armstrong's,  Montgomery  co.,  Ala.,  town,  95 
ms.  from  Cahaba. 

Armuyden,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
in  the  island  of  Walcheren,  now  inconsiderable, 
the  sea  having  stopped  up  the  harbor.  The  salt 
works  are  its  chief  resource.  It  is  3  ms.  E.  of 
Middleburg.    Lon.  3  42  E.,  lat.  5131  N. 

Arna,  seaport  of  Andros,  an  island  of  the  Ar- 
chipelago, with  a  good  port. 

Arnay-lc-Duc,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cote 
d'Or,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated 
in  a  valley,  near  the  river  Arraux,  25  ms.  N  W. 
of  Baune.    Lon.  4  26  E.,  lat.  47  7  N. 

Arneberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Brandenburg, 
on  the  Elbe,  3  ms.  from  Werbern,  taken  by  the 
Swedes  in  1631. 

Arnedo,  seaport  of  Peru,  25  ms.  N.  of  Lima. 

Arnheim,  strong  town  of  Holland,  in  Gelder- 
!and,  capital  of  the  quarter  or  co.  of  its  name,  on 
the  Rhine,  8  ms.  N.  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  5  54 
E.,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Arno,  river  of  Tuscany,  which  rises  in  the  Ap- 
pennines,  and,  passing  by  Florence  and  Pisa,  en- 
ters the  Gulf  of  Genoa  a  little  below  the  latter 
town.  The  valley  of  the  Arno  and  that  of  the 
Ombrone  drain  the  greatest  part  of  the  grand  duchy 
of  Tuscany. 

Arnsheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  8  ms.  from  Kreuzenach. 

Arnstadt,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
gia,  with  a  castle,  a  palace,  and  three  churches ; 
seated  on  the  Gera,  1 1  ms.  S.  of  Erfurt. 

Arpknt,  former  French  unit  of  land  measure, 
containing  a  square  of  100  Fr.  perches.  The  arpent 
differed,  as  did  the  foot,  in  different  provinces  of 
France  ;  but  the  arpent  of  Paris,  adopted  in  Lou- 
isiana, and  still  used  in  that  State  as  well  as  in 


Arkansas  and  Missouri,  is  to  the  U.  S.  statute 
acre  as  512  to  605.  The  arpent,  as  a  measure  of 
length,  is  29.10  Gunter's  chains,  or  192.06  Eng- 
lish feet. 

Arques,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Seine,  on  a  river  of  its  name,  4  ms.  S  E.  of  Dieppe. 

Aroostook,  river  of  Me.,  interlocking  source:* 
with  those  of  the  Penobscot,  about  N.  lat.  46  20, 
and  flowing  thence  by  a  very  winding  channel,  but 
general  comparative  NE.  course  of  from  90  to  100 
ms.,  falls  into  the  western  side  of  St.  John's  riv- 
er, and  a  few  ms.  within  New  Brunswick,  at  N. 
lat.  46  45.  Co.  of  Me.,  called  from  and  in- 
cluding the  river  of  same  name;  boundaries  un- 
known ;  had,  by  the  census  of  1840,  a  population 
of  9,413,  of  whom  1,876  were  residents  N.  of  St. 
John's  river. 

Arraciffe,  seaport  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of 
Pernambuco.  It  is  built  on  a  narrow  channel, 
with  a  castle  to  defend  the  entrance,  and  is  es- 
teemed the  strongest  place  in  all  Brazil.  Lon.  36 
10  W.,  lat.  8  20  S. 

Arracan,  "called  by  the  natives,"  says  Mal- 
colm, "Rekhein,"  from  which  evidently  comes 
the  name  in  our  books,  is  a  province  of  Asia, 
which,  according  to  the  author  above  quoted,  "  is 
bounded  N.  by  the  river  Naaf,  and  by  a  line  from 
near  its  sources  eastward  to  the  A  nou-pec  too- 
miou  mountains,  which  divide  it  from  Burmah, 
down  to  Cape  Negiais;  on  the  W.  is  the  bay  of 
Bengal.  Length  about  470  ms.  Breadth  never 
exceeds  100,  and  in  places  only  10;  average  about 
60  ms.  Tt  is  estimated  to  contain  about  17,000 
sq.  ms.  The  population  is  usually  given  in  books 
at  300,000,  but  by  the  last  official  returns  is  only 
237,000.  It  is  divided  into  four  districts,  viz  : 
Akyab,  Ramree,  Sandoway,  and  Aeng.  About, 
1783  Arracan  was  conquered  by  the  Burmans; 
but  in  the  last,  indeed  only  war  yet  waged  between 
the  British  and  Burmans,  this  country  was  con- 
quered, and  at  the  peace  ceded  to  the  British.  If 
extended  to  Cape  Negrais,  Arracan  stretches  from 
N.  lat.  16°  to  near  the  northern  tropic. 

Arragon,  province  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Pyrenees,  W.  by  Navarre  and  the  Two 
Castiles,  S.  by  Valencia,  and  E.  by  Valencia  and 
Catalonia.  The  country,  though  abounding  in 
rivers,  is  in  want  of  good  water.  It  is  fertile  in 
corn,  wine,  flax,  and  fruit,  near  the  rivers,  but  in 
other  places  dry  and  sandy.  It  produces  saffron, 
and  there  are  many  mines  of  salt.  Saragossa  is 
the  capital. 

Arrali,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bahar,  33  ms. 
W.  by  S.  of  Patna. 

irran,  island  of  Scotland,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
to  the  S.  of  the  isle  of  Bute.  Among  the  rocks  are 
found  iron  ore,  spar,  and  great  variety  of  beauti- 
ful pebbles.  On  the  coast  are  many  wonderful 
caverns,  which  often  afford  shelter  to  smugglers. 
The  principal  place  is  Lamlash. 

Arras,  fortified  city  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the  dep. 
of  Pas  de  Calais,  and  an  episcopal  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Scarpe,  22  ms.  WNW.  of  Cambray.  Lon. 
2  46  E.,lat.  50  17  N. 

Arriege,  dep.  of  France,  containing  the  late 
provinces  of  Couserans  and  Foix.  Foix  is  the 
capital. 

Arriere  Bar,  answering  to  (( Levy  en  Mass," 
the  calling  out  of  the  whole  military  force  from 

75 


ASC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASH 


Ban,  a  proclamation,  and  rear,  or  whole  from 
front  to  rear. 

Arroe,  small  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic, 
between  the  islands  of  Funen  and  Alsen.  Lon. 
10  20  E.  lat.  55  10  N. 

Arrojo-de-St.  Servan,  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tramadura,  8  ms.  S.  of  Merida  and  25  E.  of  Ba- 
dajoz.    Lon.  6  20  W.  lat.  38  36  N. 

Aria,  ancient  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Albania,  with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  car- 
ries on  a  considerable  trade,  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Asdhas,  70  ms.  NNW.  of  Lepanto.  Lon. 
21  20  E.  lat.  30  28  N. 

Artois,  late  province  of  the  French  Nether- 
lands. It  now  forms  part  of  the  department  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais. 

Aruba,  island  near  Terra  Firma,  in  South 
America,  subject  to  the  Dutch.  Lon.  67  45  W. 
lat.  12  30  N. 

Arve,  rapid  river  of  Savoy,  which  rises  in  Fau- 
cigny,  and  joins  the  Rhone  below  Geneva.  It  has 
a  cataract  near  Salenche,  in  Savoy.  Its  full  is 
said  to  be  above  1,100  feet,  rushing  with  great 
noise  nnd  violence  from  a  prodigious  impending 
rock.    See  Arpenas. 

Arun,  river  of  Sussex,  Eng.,  which,  meander- 
ing through  a  beautiful  country,  falls  into  the 
English  Channel,  below  Arundel. 

Arundel,  borough  in  Sussex,  Eng.,  on  the  side 
of  a  hill  on  the  Arun,  where  small  ships  may  ride  ; 
68  ms.  SSW.  of  London.    Lon.  0  29  W.  lat.  50 

55  N.  Tp.  of  York  co.,  Me.,  along  the  Saco 

river,  about  20  ms.  from  York.  Pop.  in  1810 
2,731  ;  in  1820,  2,478. 

Ancangen,  castle  and  village  of  Swisserland, 
on  the  river  Aar,  over  which  it  has  a  covered 
bridge. 

Arzilla-  ancient  seaport  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez.  It  is  50  ms.  SSW.  of  Tangier. 
Lon.  6  3  W.  lat.  35  30  N. 

Arzina,  river  of  Russian  Lapland,  into  a  bay  of 
which,  in  1553,  two  English  ships  (which  had 
penetrated  as  high  as  72  0  N.  lat.  to  Spitsbergen) 
were  forced  by  stress  of  weather,  and  their  crews 
were  frozen  to  death. 

Arzroum,  usually  called  Erzerum.  See  Erze- 
rum.  Mr.  Morier,  in  his  travels,  spells  this  name 
Arzroum,  no  doubt  with  more  propriety  than  the 
common  orthography. 

Asaph,  St.,  city  of  Flintshire,  Eng.,  on  the 
river  Elway,  where  it  unites  with  the  Clyde  ;  and 
over  both  is  a  bridge.  It  is  a  poor  place,  of  note 
only  for  its  cathedral.  It  is  24  ms.  W.  of  Ches- 
ter and  203  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  3  36  W.  lat. 
53  12  N. 

Asbury,  town  Warren  co.,  N.  J.,  35  ms. 
NNW.  of  T  renion. 

Ascension,  barren  uninhabited  island  in  the  At- 
lantic, 600  ms.  NW.  of  St.  Helena.    Lon.  14  18 

W.  lat.  7  40  N  Parish  of  Lou.,  lying  along 

both  banks  of  the  Mississippi  river,  having  As- 
sumption and  St.  James  SE.,  the  Atchafalaya 
river  SW.,  Iberville  NW.,  and  the  Amite  river 
NE.  It  is  40  ms.  long  from  NE.  to  SW.,  with 
a  mean  breadth  of  10  ;  area  400  sq.  ms.  The  face 
of  this  parish  is  an  almost  undeviating  plain.  The 
soil  is  exuberantly  productive,  though,  the  mar- 
gins of  the  rivers  excepted,  liable  t®  annual  sub- 
mersion. Staples,  sugar  and  cotton.  Chief  town 
76 


Donaldsonville.  Central  lat.  36  6  N.  W.  Ion 
14  0  W.  C.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,728,  and  in  1840 
6,951. 

Aschffenburg,  town  in  Germany,  40  ms.  E.  o 
Mentz.    Lon.^9  5  E.  lat.  50  40  N. 

Aschraff,  town  of  Per.-ia,  of  Nazanderan,  and  or 
the  Caspian  sea,  about  80  ms.  W.  of  Astrabad. 

Ascoli,  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marqui 
sate  of  Ancona,  on  a  mountain,  at  the  bottom  o 
which  runs  the  Fronto,  80  ms.  NE.  of  Rome 
Lon.  13  29  E.  lat.  42  44  N. 

Ascoli- di-  Satriano,  episcopal  city  of  Italy, 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  on  a  mountain  70  ms.  E 
of  Naples.    Lon.  15  50  E.  lat.  41  1  N. 

Aseer,  or  Aseergur,  strong  fortress  of  the  Sou 
bah  of  Candish,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostor 
20  ms.  NE.  of  Burhanpour.  Lon.  76  E.  lat.  2 
35  N. 

Ashantee,  nation  and  country  of  Africa,  in  Uf 
per  Guinea,  and  traversed  by  the  meridian  of  Lon 
don.  It  lies  between  the  mountains  of  the  Moor 
and  Atlantic  ocean.  The  limits  or  political  subdi 
visions  of  Ashantee  are  very  imperfectly  knowi 
In  the  geography  of  Larenaudiere,  Ralbi,  anc 
Huot,  it  is  thus  noticed.  °it  is  one  of  the  mos 
powerful  kingdoms  of  the  western  region  of  Africa 
About  twenty  States  pay  tribute  to  the  supreme 
head,  which  gives  to  the  country  the  title  of  em 
pire.  Extent  1,800  sq.  leagues,  (14,000  sq.  ms. 
The  physical  character  of  the  Ashantins  approach 
much  more  nearly  to  the  Ethiopian  than  to  the 
pure  negro  ;  number  about  1,000,000.  Coumas- 
sie,  or  Coomassie,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  N. 
lat.  6  40  lon.  2  0  W.  of  London,  and  about  140 
ms.  inland  from  the  Cape  Coast  Castle.  See  Africa. 

Ashborn,  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng,  seated  be- 
tween the  rivers  Dove  and  Compton,  10  ms.  NE. 
of  Utoxeter  and  130  NNW.  of  London.  Lon. 
1  44  W.  lat.  53  3  N. 

Ashborougk,  village  Randolph  co.,  N.  C,  about 
80  ms.  W.  of  Raleigh. 

Ashburnham.,  tp.  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  about 
50  ms.  WNW.  of  Boston.    Pop.  1,000. 

Ashburlon,  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  It  is 
seated  among  the  hills  (which  are  remarkable  for 
tin  and  copper)  near  the  river  Dart,  19  ms.  SW. 
of  Exeter,  and  193  W.  by.  S.  of  London.  It  has 
a  handsome  church.    Lon.  3  50  W.  lat.  50  30  N. 

Ashby,  town  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.  It  is  in  the 
NW.  tp.  of  the  co.,  on  the  N.  H.  line,  47  ms. 
NW.  from  Boston- 

Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  town  in  Leicestershire, 
Eng.  A  canal  is  now  made  from  this  town,  which 
communicates  with  the  Coventry  canal.  Ashby  is 
13  ms.  S.  of  Derby,  and  115  NNW.  of  London. 
Lon.  3  50  W.  lat.  50  80  N. 

Ashden,  village  in  Essex,  Eng.,  3  ms.  NW.  of 
Saffron  Walden. 

Ash/ield,  town  in  the  SW.  part  of  Franklin  co., 
Mass.,  113  ms.  W.  from  Boston. 

Askford,  tp.  of  Windham  co.,  Conn.,  lying 
principally  between  Bridgelows  and.  Mounthope 

rivers.  Town  in  Kent,  Eng.,   has  a.  large 

church  that  was  formerly  collegiate.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Ash  or  Esh,  24  ms.  ^E.  of  Maidstone 
and  57  of  London.    Lon.  0  52  E.  lat.  51  4  N. 

 Windham  co.,  Conn.,  town,  on  the  heads  of 

Shetucket  river,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Hartford. 

Ashe,  co.  of  N.  C,  forming  the  NW.  angle  of 


ASI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASI 


that  State,  having  Buncombe  SW.,  Burke  S.,  more  natural  is,  however,  coming  into  use.  On 
Wilkes  SE.  by  E.,  and  part  of  Va.  N.,  and  part  of  Black's  General  Atlas,  Edinburg,  1841,  from  the 
Tenn.  W.    It  is  64  ms.  long,  from  SW.  to  NE.,  southern  extreme,  or  rather  bifercation  of  the  Ura- 


with  a  mean  width  of  12  ms.,  area  708  sq.  ms. 
The  surface  of  the  co.  is  hilly,  and  even  moun- 
tainous. The  air  is  pure  and  healthy,  and  the 
soil  in  part  productive.  Chief  town  Jefferson. 
Central  lat.  36  20  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  4  40.  Pop. 
1820,  4,335,  and  in  1840,  7,467. 

Ashland,  posttown  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  14  ms. 
NE.  from  Mansfield,  the  county  seat,  intersecting 
at  this  point,  a  road  from  Paris,  Huron  co.,  to 


lian  mountains,  or  head  of  Ural  river,  the  latter  is 
made  the  boundary  to  efflux  into  the  Caspian  sea 
near  Gurief,  thence  along  the  western  shores  of 
the  latter  sea  to  the  extension  of  the  Caucasian 
mountains,  in  Cape  Apsheron,  and  thence  along 
these  mountains  to  the  Euxine.  The  residue  by 
the  Euxine,  Bosphorus,  Marmora  sea,  and  Helles- 
pont, into  the  Mediterranean,  is  natural  and  com- 
mon to  most,  if  not  all  systems  of  geography. 


Wooster,  Wayne  co.,  21  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  the  Adopting  the  separating  demarcation  traced  on 
former  and  20  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  the  latter  Black's  map  of  Asia,  the  latter  loses  about  300,000 
place.  .  !  sq.  ms.,  or  a  strip  of  1,200  ms.  in  length,  by  a 

Ashruff.    See  Aschraf.  j  mean  of  250  ms.  in  breadth. 

The  diminution  stated  above  detracts  little,  com- 
paratively, from  Asia,  as  that  continent  still  con- 
tains an  area  of  rather  above  15,000,000  of  sq.  ms., 


Ashtabula,  small  river  or  Creek  of  Ohio,  in  the 
co.  of  Ashtabula,  about  30  ms.  in  length,  and 

flows  into  Lake  Erie.  Co.  of  Ohio,  forming 

the  NE.  angle  of  that  State,  having  Trumbull  S., 
Geauga  W.,  Lake  Erie  NW.,  and  part  of  Perm. 
E.    It  is  28  ms.  in  length,  and  25  in  breadth,  ex- 


or  very  nearly  the  one  third  of  the  land  area  of  the 
earth.  The  longest  line  that  can  he  drawn  over  it 
would  be  extended  from  the  Straits  of  Bab-ei-Mau- 


tending  over  an  area  of  700  sq.  ms.    The  face  of,  deb  to  those  of  Beering,  and,  by  actual  calcula- 
tes country  is  hilly ;  the  soil  is,  however,  fertile, 
and  well  wooded  and  watered.    Jefferson  is  the 
chief  town.    N.  lat.  41  45  and  Ion.  from  W.  C. 
4  0  W.  intersect  in  the  western  part  of  this  co. 

Pop.  1820,  7,382,  and  in  1840,  23,724.  

Town,  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.  The  village  is  on 
Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Ashtabula  creek,  40 
ms.  SSW.  from  Erie,  Pa. 

Ashton  under-  Line,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Lan- 
cashire, 7  ms.  E.  of  Manchester,  with  a  manufac- 
tory of  cotton  and  an  iron  foundry. 

Ashville,   town  Buncombe  co.,  N, 
village  stands  on  French  Broad,  40 


from  Rutherfordton  and  273  W.  from  Raleigh. 
Village,  St.  Clair  co.  Ala.,  about  70  ms.  a 
E.  of  S.  from  Huntsville. 


tion,  would  measure  8, 125  ms.  N.  66  32  E.  In 
breadth,  Asia  extends  in  a  direction  very  nearly 
N.  and  S.  5,212  ms.  from  the  Point  of  Malacca, 
N.  lat.  1  0  to  Cape  Severo  Vostoehnoi,  N.lat.  76. 

Separated  in  a  distance  of  1,400  ms.  from  Af- 
rica by  the  Red  Sea,  and  only  connected  with  that 
continent  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  Asia  has  this 
great  peninsula  to  the  southwest,  and  Europe  north- 
west. On  all  other  sides  Asia  spreads  its  im- 
mense extent  unconnected  with  other  continents. 
On  the  extreme  northeast,  the  narrow  straits  of 
C.  The  j  Beering  is  followed  by  America  ;  from  which  lat- 
ins. NW.  ter  protrudes  the  peninsula  of  Alaska,  and  which 


latter  is  evidently  prolonged  in  the  chain  of  Aleu- 
liitle  tian  islands.    Southwardly  from  the  Aleutians,  the 
i  two  continents  seem  to  retire  from  each  other,  Asia 


Ashwell,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hertfordshire,  on  southwestward  and  America  southeastward.  By 
the  river  Rhee,  which  issues  from  a  rock  at  the  south  a  curious  resemblance,  both  continents  branch  into 
end  of  the  town.  Near  the  church  are  the  re-  peninsulas  approaching  the  torrid  zone  ;  the  form- 
mains  of  a  Roman  camp,  which  consists  of  12  acres  er,  however,  altogether  terminating  before  reach- 
of  land,  enclosed  by  a  deep  ditch,  and  formerly  a  ing  the  equator,  whilst  the  latter,  after  shrinking 
rampart.    It  is  4  ms.  N.  of  Baldock.  j  at  N.  lat.  8  0  to  an  isthmus  little  more  than  20  ms. 

ASIA,  the  cradle  of  human  society  and  of  civil-  i  wide,  again  spreads  into  a  continent  containing  up- 
ization,  has  an  extent  very  nearly  equal  to  that  of,  wards  of  6,000,000  of  sq.  ms.,  but,  gradually  nar- 
America,  though  contrary  to  the  latter  in  regard  to  |  rowing  beyond  S.  lat.  6  0,  finally  terminates  at  S. 
outline.    America  having  a  length  great  in  pro- !  lat.  53  30. 

portion  to  breadth,  whilst  Asia  has  a  rude  advance]  Advancing  southwardly  from  the  Aleutian  is- 
towards  a  rhomboidal  outline.    The  origin  of  the  [lands,  Asia  is  bounded  by  the  Pacific  ocean,  but 


name  is  now  matter  of  conjecture.  In  antiquity, 
a  small  province  of  Lydia,  inhabited  by  a  people 
called  Asiones,  is  supposed  to  have  by  extension 
been  adopted  for  the  entire  continent.  It  is  evi- 
dent that,  physically  speaking,  Europe  is  only 


l  indented  by  deep  gulfs  and  peninsular  protrusions, 
j  and  covered  from  the  main  ocean  by  numerous 
|  islands.  The  sea  of  Ochotsk,  enclosed  on  the  east 
by  Kamschatka,  southeast  by  the  Kurile  islands, 
|  and  south  by  the  island  of  Saghalian  ;  sea  of  Corea, 


mere  extension  of  Asia.    The  Ural  system  of  moun- j  or  Japan, having  Manasthuria,  or  Corea  on  the  west) 


tains,  which  conventionally  separates  the  two  con- 
tinents is  only  the  spine  of  two  slopes,  one  drained 
eastward  into  the  basin  of  the  Oby,  and  the  other 
westward  into  the  basins  of  the  Wolga  and  Pct- 
chora ;  of  course,  the  system  of  mountains  is  com- 
mon, and  its  strongly  marked  features  and  direc- 
tion nearly  north  and  south  render  it  a  convenient 
limit,  but  has  no  natural  claim  to  such  distinction. 
As  usually  traced  on  our  maps,  the  residue  of  the 
limits  between  Europe  and  Asia  are  still  less  found- 
ed on  any  physical  principle,  such  as  by  the  rivers 
Kama,  Wolga,  Don,  and  sea  of  Aeoph.  One 


and  on  the  ocean  side  the  insular  chain  of  Japan. 
The  Yellow  sea,  or  Whang-hai,  (Eastern  sea,) 
has  China  west,  and  the  Loochoo  chain  and  great 
island  of  Formosa  as  ocean  barriers.  Southward 
from  Formosa  extends  the  comparatively  immense 
Chinese  sea,  filling  the  space  from  the  northern 
tropic  to  the  equator,  1,600  ms.,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  at  least  600  ms.,  and  with  its  two  gulfs 
of  Tonquiri  and  Siam  spreading  over  rather  more 
than  a  million  of  sq.  ms.,  and  having  the  Philip- 
pine group  east,  Borneo  southeast,  and  the  extreme 
southern  protrusion  of  Africa  southwest. 

77 


AS! 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASi 


Passing  the  peninsula  of  Malacca  and  the  island 
of  Sumatra,  we  enter  the  wide  triangular  Gulf  of 
Bengal,  having  on  N.  lat.  8  0a  breadth  of  1,400 
ins.,  1jut  gradually  narrowing  northwardly,  ter- 
minates at  N.  [at.  22  0,  and  at  the  common  estua- 
avv  of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmapootra.  Into  this 
gulf  protrudes  the  northwestern  part  of  the  island 
of  Sumatra,  which  is  again  followed  by  the  Nico- 
bar  and  Andaman  islands.  On  the  southwestern 
side  of  the  Gulf  of  Bengal  the  tine  island  of  Ceylon 
seems  a  continuation  of  Indostan.  The  Arabian 
^ea  follows  Indostan,  opening  into  the  Indian  ocean 
between  Cape  Comorin  and  the  African  coast  hy 
a  mouth  2,000  ms.  wide,  and  extending  north- 
wards from  N.  lat.  8  0,  having  Indostan  N.  E., 
Africa  and  Arabia  SW.,  the  coast  of  Beloochis- 
tau  N.,  Arabia,  NW.,  and  the  extreme  eastern  Af- 
rica W.  From  the  Arabian  sea  protrudes,  northeast- 
ward of  Arabia  the  deep  Persian  Gulf,  terminating 
on  N,  lat.  30  0  by  the  estuary  of  the  Euphrates; 
from  the  western  side  opens  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  nar- 
rowing to  the  Straits  of  Babel  Mandeb,  and  then 
again  opening  into  the  long  and  narrow  Red  sea, 
which,  stretching  1,400  ms.  to  N.  lat.  30  0,  and 
within  60  ms.  of  the  Mediterranean,  completes, 
with  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  our  survey  of  the  great 
outlines  of  Asia  from  the  straits  of  Beering  to  the 
sea  of  Kara,  or  its  eastern,  southern,  and  western 
boundaries. 

On  the  northern  side,  though  Asia  has  no  inland 


seas  to  compare  with  those  connected  with  the 
Pacific  and  Indian  oceans,  still  its  shore  along  the 
i  Frozen  ocean  is  much  indented.    The  sea  of  Kara 
I  separates  both  Europe  and  Asia  from  the  island 
J  of  Nova  Zcmbla,  and  is  rather  more  European  than 
j  Asiatic.    By  a  long  peninsular  elongation  of  the 
Uralian  system,  the  sea  of  Kara  is  separated  from 
I  the  gulf  of  Oby  ;  the  latter,  truly  Asiatic,  is  the  re 
[  cipient  of  the  immense  volume  brought  down  from 
j  the  Altoian  mountains  by  the  Irtish  and  Oby  unit 
|  ed.    With  another  narrow  intervening  peninsula 
the  gulf  of  Oby  is  followed  by  that  of  the  Yenisei, 
or  Jenisey,  receiving  from  the  same  remote  regions 
of  Altai  a  mass  of  water  little,  if  any,  inferior  to 
that  of  the  Oby. 

The  sea  of  Kara  antl  gulfs  of  Oby  and  Jenisey 
|  with  their  intervening  peninsulas,  are  all  crossed  by 
j  N.  lat.  70  0.    With  the  latter  gulf,  the  coast  of 
Asia  assumes  a  course  rather  N.  of  NE.,  about 
I  600  ms.  to  the  Cape  Cevero  Vostochnoi,  or  Tai- 
I  mura,  N.  lat.  78  0,  the  most  northern  extreme  o 
the  eastern  continent.    Eastward  of  Cape  Taimu- 
ra,  the  coast  of  Asia  inclines  to  SE.  by  E.  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Anabara,  and  thence  eastward 
|  to  the  mouth  of  the  large  river  Lena,  and  thence  to 
Beering's  strait,  with  a  slight  inclination  south- 
wardly, the  general  course  is  eastward. 

It  is  an  interesting  problem  to  compare  the  out- 
line of  Asia  with  that  of  America. 


The  following  tabular  view  was  taken  by  steps  of  200  ms.,  of  course  rejecting  the  minute  indtniings 
of  small  bays  and  the  projections  of  minor  capes  or  head,  lands. 


Beering's  straits  to  Cape  Lopatka,  or  southern  part  of  Kamschatka 

Around  sea  of  OchoUk  to  mouth  of  Amur  river 

From  mouth  of  Amur  river  to  the  southern  point  of  Corea  - 

Around  the  Whang-hai,  or  Eastern  sea,  to  mouth  of  Yellow  river 

From  mouth  of  Yellow  river  to  point  of  Cambodia 

Point  of  Cambodia,  around  Gulf  of  Siam,  to  point  of  Malacca 

Point  of  Malacca  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ganges 
Mou'h  of  the  Ganges  to  Cape  Comorin      -  - 
Cape  Comorin  to  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  - 
From  mouth  of  the  Indus  to  that  of  Euphrates 
Mouth  of  Euphrates  to  straits  of  Ba-bel-Mandcb 

From  straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb  to  head  of  Red  sea  - 
Head  of  Red  sea  to  NE.  angle  or  bay  of  the  Mediterranean 
Bosphorus,  at  Constantinople  - 

Along  southern  and  eastern  shore  of  Black,  or  Euxine  sea  - 
Along  Caucasian  mountains  to  the  Caspian 

chores  of  the  Caspian  to  mouth  of  the  Ural  river  at  or  near  Guricf 
Along  Ural  river  and  Uralian  mountains  to  the  sea  of  Kara 

Sea  of  Kara  to  Cape  Cevero- Vostochnoi,  or  Taimura 
From  Cape  Taiinura  to  Beering's  strait  - 

Entire  outline  of  Asia 


Miles. 
1,400 
2,200 
1,600 
1,600 
2,400 
1,400 

2,000 
1,500 
1,400 
1,400 
2,400 

1,500 
500 
800 
800 
600 
700 

1,800 

J,000 
2,600 

29,600 


Eastern  Asia,  from  Beering's  strait  to  point  of  Malacca 
Southern  Asia,  from  point  of  Malacca  to  straits  ot  Bab-cl-Maudcb  - 
Western  Asia,  from  straits  of  Bab  el-Mandeb  to  sea  of  Kara 
Northern  Asia,  from  sea  of  Kara  to  straits  of  Beering 


10,600 
8,700 
6,700 
3,600 


29,600 


78 


ASI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASI 


In  order  to  preserve  connexion  and  to  facilitate  comparison,  we  here  insert  the  outlines  of  America, 


commencing  at  the  same  point  and  measuring  from  the  same  method  of  200  ms. 

step,  and  avoiding 

minute  entering  and  re-entering  angles. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

Rnorino*  G   C  t  »*  *3  1 1    ♦  r\  r>Ai  n  f   f\  i    Ali-l^uil                     —                      m     ■                 m                       —                •       «  — 

JjUcllIJt^  c>  fcllall  IU  jJUlill  \)l  xilaoiva.                                   *                                     —                  —  — 

1,300 

L,90Q 

Point  of  Alaska  to  mouth  of  Columbia  river  - 

2,500 

3,800 

Cape  San  Lucas  from  mouth  of  Columbia  river  - 

2,000 

5,800 

Around  Gulf  of  California  river  to  mouth  of  Santiago  river  - 

1,800 

7,600 

S^anti^oTi  n't'Pr  t.\  lintfnm  nf*  tY\P  frlllF  ni  PntlflmJl   —                 —                 -                 —  _ 

iJUi  1  Li  a  11  if   Il>CI    tU    UUllLMH   Ul    till.    V-Jllli   W 1    x  uiiainu 

2,200 

9,800 

Gulf  of  Panama  to  mouth  of  Guayaquil  river  - 



800 

10,600 

Guayaquil  river  to  straits  of  Magellan     -  ...    ..  -..         .-   .  *• 

4,000 

14,600 

Through  straits  of  Magellan  into  Atlantic  ocean  - 

400 

15,000 

J^triifa  r>f  A/Tirrpll;in  tr»  month  nf  tlip  Platp  rivpr  - 

1,400 

•16,400 

Mouth*  of  Plate  river  to  Cape  St.  Roque  ------ 

2,700 

19,100 

Cape  St.  Roque  to  mouth  of  the  Amazon  - 

1,200 

20,300 

Mouth  of  Amazon  to  that  of  Orinoco 

1,100 

21,800 

Mouth  of  Orinoco  , to  bottom  of  the  Gulf  of  Darien  .... 

1,400 

22,800 

Gulf  of  Darien  to  mouth  of  Guasacualco  river  ----- 



2,200 

25,000 

frit n co/MiA \nf\  tr\  Rir^  fnrrarwlp  rlpl  TVnrtp  _ 

600 

25,600 

Rio  Grande  del  Norte  to  mouth  of  Mississippi  - 

800 

26,400 

Mouth  of  Mississippi  to  Florida  point  ------ 

700 

27,100 

Eastern  coast  of  North  America  from  Florida  point  to  St.  Lawrence  river 

2,600 

29,700 

Mouth  of  St.  Lawrence,  around  Labrador,  to  bottom  of  James's  bay 

2,400 

32,100 

Bottom  of  James's  bay  to  "Bothier  gulf  ------ 



1,600 

33,700 

Northern  coast  of  North  America  to  McKenzie's  river  - 

1,200 

34,900 

McKenzie's  river  to  Beering's  strait  ------ 

1,200 

36,100 

SUMMARY. 

WpQtprn  r»nnct  nf  TVnrtn  A  mpriffi                •               —               .  — 

TV                11   l^LHlol;  KJl   11  UI  111   IXIIJCI  1V>C4  — 

_ 

9,800 

Western  coast  of  South  America  ------ 

5,200 

Eastern  coast  of  South  America 

7,800 

Eastern  coast  of  North  America 

9,300 

Northern  coast  of  North  America 

4,000 

36,100 

•  Thus  we  find  that  America,  with  very  nearly 
equal  area,  from  its  great  length  compared  with 
its  breadth,  has  a  much  greater  perimeter  than  Asia. 
At  a  hasty  glance,  no  strong  general  resemblance 
would  appear  between  the  two  continents,  but  the 
more  closely  they  are  examined  the  more  strongly 
do  their  analogies  appear.  Both  continents  spread 
fan-shaped  to  the  north,  and  terminate  in  sharp 
angular  points  south.  If  with  Asia  we  connect 
the  islands  of  Austral  Asia  and  the  insular  conti- 
nent of  Australia,  (New  Holland,)  a  general  phy- 
sical arrangement  common  to  both  becomes  not 
only  apparent  but  demonstrative.  It  is  true  the 
land  connexion  of  Asia  with  Australia  is  broken 
into  islands,  but  the  insular  chain  of  Sumatra, 
Java,  Bali,  Lombock,  Flores,  the  Lamblem  group, 
and  Timor,  in  their  range  supply  the  place  of  the 
irregular  isthmus  between  North  and  South  Amer- 
ica. It  is  also  peculiarly  remarkable  that  the 
insular  range,  connecting  Asia  and  Australia,  is 
almost  exactly  parallel  to  the  isthmian  connexion 
of  America.  Again :  a  line  drawn  from  North 
Cape  of  Europe  to  Cape  Howe,  the  southeastern 
point  of  Australia,  is  exactly  parallel  to  one  drawn 
from  Icy  cape,  in  North  America,  ranging  along 
the  western  side  of  that  continent,  and  with  its 
general  course- passing  along  the  American  isthmus 
over  the  Gulf  of  Panama,  and  thence  over  South 
America  to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  near  the  ishnd  of 


St.  Catharine.  Were  we  not  restricted  by  the  ne- 
cessary brevity  of  our  articles,  the  list  of  these 
analogies  could  be  greatly  enlarged,  but  we  may 
observe  that  the  two  latter  lines  deflect  from  the 
meridians  39  40. 

When  sketching  the  outlines  of  Asia,  we  might, 
without  any  severe  stretch  of  system,  have  traced 
ano  her  limit  by  the  Caspian  sea  and  Elwend 
mountains,  and  thence  to  the  common  mouth  of  the 
Euphrates  and  Tigris,  at  the  head  of  the  Persian 
gulf,  as  the  Caucassian  countries  westward  from 
the  Caspian  sea,  Armenia,  Asia  Minor,  Syria, 
Palestine,  and  Arabia,  have  as  much  natural  con- 
nexion with  Africa  and  Europe  as  with  Asia.  In 
reality,  geographical  science  is  entangled  by  con- 
ventional subdivisions  at  variance  with  those  of 
nature.  Though  compelled  to  speak  of  them  as 
Asiatic,  in  what  may  be  called  an  artificial  sys- 
tem, we  shall  treat  the  regions  of  Caucasus,  El- 
wend, and  Arabia,  as  physically  distinct. 

Arabia,  African  in  character,  is  detached  from 
the  residue  of  Asia  by  the  Arabian  or  Persian  gulf 
and  Euphrates  river,  and  from  Africa  by  the  Red 
sea.  On  the  NW.  it  protrudes  its  deserts  towards 
the  Mediterranean.  Though  inhabited  by  people 
more  or  less  civilized  from  the  earliest  ages,  the  in- 
terior of  Arabia  remains  but  partially  known. 
Having  no  deep  bays  or  rivers  of  any  consequence, 
and  in  great  part  composed  of  arid  deserts,  the  usual 

79 


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inciting  causes  of  exploring  a  country  is  here  want- 
ing, whilst  its  forbidding  asperities  contribute  to  re- 
pulse enterprises  of  war,  commerce,  or  travelling. 
The  extent  has  been  estimated  at  1,000,000  sq. 
ms.  ;  and,  by  inspection  of  good  maps,  this  area 
appears  to  approach  correctness.  Arabian  popu- 
lation must  be  a  matter  of  excessively  vague  con- 
jecture. 

The  name  by  which  this  large  land  section  of 
thf.  earth  is  known  in  our  books  is  found  in  the 
Jewish  Scriptures.    It  may  be  doubted,  however, 
whether  it  was  ever  general  among  its  own  inhab 
itants,  many  of  whom  call  Beni  Kitrim,  or  Son  of 
the  East;  and  they  also  call  it  adjectively  Djezey- 
ret-el-Arab,  or  the  peninsula  of  the  Arabs.  Turks, 
Persians,  and  some  other  neighboring  nations,  call  it 
Arab-estan,  or  country  of  the  Arabs.  From  the  very 
dawn  of  history  to  the  present  time  the  people  ofthis 
region  have  been  divided  into  tribes  moreor  less  mu- 
tually hostile.    Mahoinetanism  rose  in  one  of  these 
tribes  A.  D.  622,  and  for  a  brief  period  united 
them  into  one  sovereignty,  but  the  nature  of  the 
country  and  manners  of  the  people  were  adverse! 
to   permanent   union,  and   therefore,  politically 
speaking,  it  is  very  probable  Arabia  differs  little' 
at  present  from  its  aspect  during  the  reigns  of  Da-j 
vid  and  Solomon,  (B.  C.  1,056  to  975,)  and 
for   ages  still  earlier.     The  sectarian  divisions' 
which  rose  in  the  first  age  of  Islamism  remain  in  I 
existence,  such  as  the  Zeidites  in  Yemen,  the 
Abadates  in  Oman,  Schiites  on  the  Persian  gulf,  | 
and  the  Messekhilites  in  Hedjaz. 

One  general  character  seems  to  be  inherent  in  I 
the  government  of  Arabian  society — a  kind  of 
mingled  patriarchal  and  military  subjection  to 
Imans  and  Scheriffs.  Innumerable  tribes,  partial- 
ly sedentary  and  partly  nomadic,  as  described  in 
the  Book  of  Genesis,  still  exist  in  primitive  sim- 
plicity. These  tribes  occasionally  unite  in  a 
kind  of  republic,  but  except  under  the  imme- 
diate successors  of  Mahomet  no  other  instance 
has  occuired  of  a  union  in  one  body  politic  of  all 
Arabia. 

From  Ptolemy  down  to  the  present  time  the  ac-  j 
credited  division  of  Arabia  has  been  in  European 
works,  into  three  parts:  Arabia  the  Stony  N W., 
Arabia  the  Desert  NE.,  and  Arabia  the  Happy  SE. 
These  divisions,  founded  on  very  vague  data, 
serve  to  confuse  instead  of  to  instruct.  From 
Balbi  we  give  the  following  political  divisions,  de- 
rived by  that  author  from  those  in  use  by  the  na- 
tives of  the  Hedjaz,  or  the  country  of  pilgrimage, 
comprising  the  whole  southwestern  part  ot  the  pen- 
insula, the  same  as  Arabia  Petrea,  or  The  Stony,  of 
our  maps  to  the  frontiers  of  Yemen.  Oman  com- 
poses the  eastern  Arabia.  Hesse,  or  El-Aca,  ex- 
tends northwestward  from  Oman  from  the  bottom 
of  the  Persian  gulf,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Euphrates; 
and,  lastly,  Bahya,  or  Bar-Arab,  as  named  by  the 
Arabians  themselves,  comprises  the  immense  inte- 
rior desert.  These  divisions  are,  of  course,  very 
general  and  indefinite  as  to  their  interior  lines  of 
separation.  Their  origin  is  a  loose  application  of 
physical  feature--,  and  unsanctioned  by  any  ac- 
knowledged political  boundaries. 

The  great  general  sameness  of  this  country,  its 
as  general  sterdity,  and  destitution  of  rivers,  strip 
it  of  that  interest  excited  by  nature  where  clothed 
in  a  more  attractive  garb.    Over  a  space  so  large 
SO 


as  Arabia,  and  admitting  a  considerable  popula- 
tion, it  is  curious,  indeed,  to  find  not  a  stream  de- 
serving the  title  of  river.  The  great  outlet  of  the 
Euphrates  and  its  confluent  rivers  touch  as  under 
the  name  of  Scat-el-Arab,  but  cannot  be  regarded 
an  Arabian  river.  • 

The  mountains  of  Arabia  are  moderate  in  ele- 
vation, nor  can  much  of  the  country  be  called 
mountainous.  The  chains  towards  the  western 
coast  appear  to  be  granitic.  Those  in  the  SW., 
in  the  opinion  of  Niebuhr,  have  a  volcanic 
character.  If  metallic  matter,  to  any  great 
amount,  exist  in  these  mountains  it  is  neglected, 
perhaps  unknown  to  a  people  nomadic  and  pas- 
toral. 

Mecca  and  Medina,  cities  made  famous  by  on 
of  those  men  whose  footsteps  on  the  earth  are  to 
deep  to  be  effaced,  will  receive  a  brief  notice  i 
their  places.    Mascate  or  Muscat,  in  the  south 
eastern  part  of  Arabia,  capital  of  Oman  and  of 
Mahometan  sovereignty  of  considerable  political 
power,  is  now  the  most  important  city  of  that  pen 
insula.    It  would  answer  no  useful  purpose  t 
swell  our  articles  by  giving  names  which  most 
probably  the  natives  themselves  never  heard  pro- 
nounced;  we  therefore  proceed  to  give  Balbi's 
tabular  statements,  rendered  doubtful  in  many  re- 
spects by  himself.    If  on  1,000,000  sq.  ms.  there 
are  12,000,000  of  people,  the  asperity  of  the  coun- 
try must  be  most  palpably  exaggerated  in  most  ge- 
ographical works,  and  which  we  believe  to  be  the 
case. 

Tabular  view  of  the  population  and  political  di- 
visions of  the  Arabian  peninsula,  changing  sq. 
leagues  to  sq.  ms. 

All  Arabia  1,000,000  sq.  ms.,  pop.  12,000,000. 

Hedjaz,  including  Djeidah  (Ujudah)  and  Com- 
lida,  pop.  47,000,  with  the  cities  of  Jermbo,  pop. 
3,000;  Medina  8,000,  and  Moileh  2,000. 

Yemen,  comprising  Sama,  Beit  el-Fakih,  and 
Abon-Arich,  with  aggregate  pop.  of  37,000,  Da- 
mar  20,000,  Moku  7,000,  and  Aden  3,000. 

Hadramaout,  or  Hadramut,  containing  cities  of 
Makalla,  pop.  1,500,  Sahar  1,500,  Kechi  n  3,000, 
Morebat  3,000,  Terim  15,000,  Chhibam  20,000, 
and  Doan  2,000. 

Oman,  containing  the  cities  of  Mascate,  60,000, 
Sohar  or  Oman,  10,000. 

Hcse  Hadjar,  or  El  Haca,  with  the  cities  of 
Bahr  al-Khyma,  pop.  4,000,  El-Katyf  6,000,  El- 
Fouf  or  El-Hoghouf  15,000,  El-Koneyt  or  Grain 
10,000,  and  Lahsa  or  Hadjar  15,000. 

Bahia,  or  Bahr  Aral,  or  Nedjed,  cities  Aneseh, 
pop.  2,000,  and  El-Derreych  5,000. 

El-Dahna,  the  desert,  with  the  principal  noma- 
dic tribes;  Anasehs,  pop.  200,000,  Ohararats 
10,000,  Wahabites  300,000,  Beni-Szahhers  30,- 
000,  Mahoualy  30,000,  and  Amasehs  10,000. 

Bahrein  islands,  in  the  Persian  gulf;  Bahrein, 
pop.  15,000,  Arad  5,000,  Menaina  5,000,  and 
Maharay  2,000. 

Syria  and  Palestine,  forming  one  physical  re- 
gion, and  that  amongst  the  most  remarkable  of  the 
eirth.  A  chain  of  distinct  though  moderately  el- 
evated mountains  embranch  at  N.  lat.  33  0  from 
the  great  Caucasian  system ;  and  assuming  a 
course  of  S3  W.,  very  nearly  parallel  to  the  eastern 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  within  from  10  to 
*40  ms.  from  that  sea,  terminates  in  Mount  Sinai. 
The  Orontes  of  the  ancients,  now  the  Aazyr,  is 
the  only  stream  of  much  consequence  which  flows 
from  the  western  flanks  of  this  mountain  chain, 
the  Lebanon  of  the  Scriptures,  and  discharged 
into  the  Mediterranean.     On  the  eastern  side  the 
small  streams  around  Damascus  and  the  Jordan  of 
Palestine,  though  as  rivers  scarcely  deserving  names 
in  a  general  view,  deserve  most  serious  attention 
from  the  causes  which  have  given  them  celebrity, 
and  from  their  being  so  highly  characteristic  of  the 
physical  section  to  which  they  belong.    Of  these 
interior  rivers,  the  Jordan  is  discharged  in  the 
Lake  of  Asphahiles  or  Dead  sea;  which,  if  recent 
measurements  are  correct,  is  the  deepest  water 
surface  of  the  earth.     Besides  the  Dead  sea  there  I 
are  numerous  smaller  lakes  in  the  same  region 
without  issue  to  the  sea.    The  whole  of  Syria  and 
Palestine,  being  an  embranchment  of  the  arable 
physical  section  of  Caucasus,  a  part  of  the  former  j 
stretches  eastward  of  the  Jordan  and  Dead  sea,  but  j 
is  followed  to  the  eastward  by  the  extension  of  the  j 
Arabian  deserts,  as  is  Palestine  towards  Egypt. 
About  N.  lat.  31  30  terminates  the  arable  land  of! 
both  sides  of  the  Dead  sea. 

In  length  Syria  and  Palestine  comprise  about  i 
9  U  lat.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  at  most  100  ms.,  j 
area  35,000  sq.  ms.  More  space  is  usually  as- 
signed to  Syria,  but  is  only  gained  by  including 
uncultivateable  deserts  towards  the  Euphrates. 
The  eastern  and  southern  parts  are  on  every 
physical  principle  confounded  with  the  Arabian 
sands. 

The  Arabs,  some  few,  are  sedentary  and  agricul-  j 
tural,  but  most  of  them  are  now  as  they  were  from  the  1 
dawn  of  history,  robbers.  The  inhabitants  are  mixed. 
The  Turcomans  and  Koords  congregate  around 
Aleppo,  and  wander  over  Diarbeker.     More  south-  i 
wardly  the  Druses,  Metualis,  Ansaries,  Maronites,  ! 
and  others  of  lesser  note,  form  independent  tribes,  j 
continually  more  or  less  mutually  hostile.     Pales- 1 
tine  is  occupied  by  Arabs,  Turks.  Jews,  and  a  1 
few  Europeans.    All  these  semi -barbarous  tribes,  j 
diverse  in  language,  manners,  and  religion,  and  j 
without  any  political  tie,  are  in  a  state  of  anarchy,  I 
which  appears  from  past  history  to  be  irremedia- 
ble.   Yet  this  same  singular  country  has  at  all 
times  sustained  an  intrepid,  intellectual,  and  most 
influential  people.    The  parents  of  our  arts,  and 
still  more  of  our  religions,  lived  and  died  there,  j 
and  their  dust  mingles  with  its  soil.    Include  j 
with  it  Arabia,   and  on  it  rose,  and  on  it  still 
exist,  the  Jewish,  Christian,  and  Mahometan  re- ! 
ligions. 

Turning  our  view  to  the  north,  we  discover  Scan- 
deroon,  or  Alexandretta,  subjected  to  earthquakes, 
one  of  which,  as  late  as  1822,  laid  it  in  ruins. 
Antakiah,  or  Antioch,  once  the  capital  of  the  em- 
pire of  the  Seleucdae,  and  in  aftertimes  of  Roman 
Asia,  rivalling  Rome  itself  in  population  and 
wealth,  scarce  now  preserves  the  skeleton  of  former 
grandeur.  About  60  ms.  eastward  from  Antakiah 
brings  us  to  Aleppo,  the  entrepot  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  Euphrates,  still  rich  and  flour- 
ishing, though  severely  visited  in  1822  by  the 
same  earthquake  which  ruined  Antakiah.  Hamer, 
higher  up  the  Orontes,  and  100  ms.  from  Antakiah, 
maintains  the  rank  of  a  commercial  city.  This 
11* 


place  was  the  birth  place  of  Abul-Feda,  Arabian 
prince  and  geographer.  One  hundred  ms.  S W. 
from  Hama,  and  on  the  Mediterranean,  we  find 
Tripoli,  the  Tarabolk  of  the  Orientals;  a  city  with 
a  defective  port,  unhealthy  vicinity,  and  popula- 
tion of  16,000. 

At  the  eastern  foot  of  Mount  Libanus,  amidst  a 
fertile  plain,  and  watered  by  the  Barady  (Pharphar 
of  the  Scriptures)  and  numerous  other  gushing 
channels,  stands,  if  not  the  most,  surely  amongst 
the  most,  interesting  cities  of  the  earth,  Damas,  or 
Damascus,  the  El  Cham  of  the  Orientals.  Damas 
was  a  city  before  Jerusalem,  and  through  all  the 
changes  of  thirty  centuries,  has  remained  a  city. 
Very  different  from  other  cities  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
it  is  clean,  well  built,  streets  paved,  with  paved 
side  walk*.  Houses,  streets,  and  walks  occupied 
by  200,000  industrious,  manufacturing,  and  com- 
mercial people.  It  is  an  immense  entrepot,  with 
monuments  of  architectural  grandeur  and  im- 
posing construction,  to  give  it  rank  with  the  finest 
cities  of  Europe.  N.  lat.  33  29,  Ion.  36  25  E,  of 
London. 

Sidon,  which  preceded  Tyre,  has  also  survived 
the  once  commercial  queen  ;  the  former  still  a  town 
of  7  or  8,000  souls,  the  latter  a  poor  fishing  village. 
Of  the  maritime  towns  of  Syria,  the  most  impoi 
tant  at  present  is  St.  John  D'Acre,  formerly 
Ptolemais,  about  100  ms.  SW.  from  Damascus, 
and  80  NNW.  from  Jerusalem.  This  place,  so 
famous  in  the  Crusades,  has  gained  recent  celebrity 
from  the  calamities  of  war. 

We  have  already  named  the  people  of  Syria,  but 
may  add  a  few  observations  more  in  detail.  The 
Maronites,  formed  into  a  Christian  sect  in  the 
seventh  century  of  our  era,  named  from  the  con- 
vent  of  Saint  Maron.  Their  doctrines  partake  of 
both  the  Roman  and  Greek  churches,  and  is  proba 
bly  more  primitive  than  either.  Their  priests  are 
permitted  to  marry.  They  inhabit  the  district  of 
Libanus,  called  Kesraoun,  about  lat.  34°  N.,  and 
between  Mount  Lebanon  and  the  Mediterranean 
sea. 

Southwardly  from  the  Druses,  and  also  between 
Mount  Lebanon  and  the  Mediterranean,  reside  the 
Druses,  Mahometans,  usually  regarded,  though  in 
fact  professors  of  no  particular  religion,  and  equally 
opposed  to  both  Mahometans  and  Christians,  The 
number  of  the  Maronites  and  Druses  have  been 
each  estimated  at  120,000. 

The  two  chains  of  Libanus  and  Anti-Libanus, 
advancing  from  N.  to  S.,  gradually  incline  to  the 
westward,  and  both  terminate  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea,  a  little  above  N.  lat.  33°,  leaving  a  long 
narrow  intervening  valley,  inhabited  by  the  Metu- 
alis, Mahometans  of  the  sect  of  AM,  and  violently 
opposed  to  the  Turks,  from  the  combined  motives 
of  religion  and  politics. 

Passing  Anti-Libanus  in  a  southern  direction, 
we  enter  Palestine,  and  find  ourselves  on  the  foun^ 
tains  of  the  Jordan,  the  Charia  of  the  Arabs,  and 
in  the  ancient  and  fertile  Galilee,  now  Saphat,  ot 
Szaffad,  from  its  principal  city,  the  ancient  Bethu 
lia.  We  are  now  on  ground  where  every  name  is 
the  text  for  a  history.  Crossing  the  Lake  Gene- 
saret,  or  sea  of  Galilee,  on  our  right  we  see  Zaba- 
nia,  once  Tiberias ;  and  still  farther  in  the  same 
direction  rises  Mount  Tabor,  and  behind  it,  con- 
cealed in  sycamores  and  olive  trees,  Nazarethj  now 

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Xassa,  still  containing  a  population  of  2,000. 
From  this  village  the  Saviour  of  mankind  derives 
one  of  his  titles.  Mount  Carmel  lies  behind,  and 
befjre  spreads  the  smiling  plain  of  Esdrelon. 

From  the  Lake  of  Tiberias  to  the  Dead  sea,  the 
Jordan  pursues  a^general  course  very  nearly  S., 
having  on  its  ri^ht  one  of  tho"  most  fertile  tracts  of 
Palestine,  and  the  Scriptural  Sichem,  Neapolis, 
now  Naplous  or  Sychar.  Here  every  name  calls 
us  back  to  patriarchal  days.  Advancing  still  south- 
ward, and  leaving  the  fertile  plains,  we  are  led  into 
the  gorges  of  arid  mountains,  and  to  Jerusalem, 
the  El-Kouds,  or  Beit-el-Mukaddes  of  the  Arabians, 
and,  along  some  of  the  gorges,  to  a  distant  view  of 
the  Dead  sea  and  mountains  of  Moab. — See  article 
Jerusalem, 

At  6  ms.  S.  of  Jerusalem,  on  a  mountain  covered 
with  olive  trees  and  vines,  stands  Bethlehem,  and 
to  the  E-  of  both  of  those  cities,  so  deeply  engraven 
on  the  history  of  the  world,  and  in  the  deep  vale 
between  the  mountains  of  J  adea  and  Moab,  extends 
the  Dead  or  Asphaltic  sea. — See  Dead  sea. 

About  lat.  31°  the  mountainous  range,  which 
in  its  ramifications  forms  the  region  comprising 
Syria  and  Palestine,  terminates  in  deserts  inhabited 
by  Bedouins 

Retracing  ouj  steps  from  the  Arabian  deserts, 
and  once  more  gaining  the  ranges  of  Mount  Liba- 
nus,  we  enter  into  one  of  the  favored  by  nature  of 
the  physical  sections  of  the  earth;  which,  taken  in 
its  full  extent,  reaches  from  the  mouth  of  the  Eu- 
phrates to  the  Caspian  sea,  Caucassian  mountains, 
and  Euxine  sea,  and  westward  to  the  Bo.sphorus, 
Marmora,  Hellespont,  and  Mediterranean.  In  lat. 
this  region  extends  from  36°  to  42°  N.,  and  in  Ion. 
from  26°  to  50°  E.  of  London,  and  containing  at 
least  400,000  sq.  ms. 

One  of  the  ramifications  of  the  great  mountain 
range  of  southern  Europe,  interrupted  by  the 
Hellespont,  rises  in  Asia,  and  extending  SE.  by  E. 
600  ms.,  partially  ranging  with  the  opposite  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean,  approaches  within  50  ms.  of 
that  sea,  in  the  ancient  Cilicia.  From  this  range 
declines  two  slopes;  one,  the  smallest  and  nar- 
rowest, towards  the  Mediterranean,  drained  by 
numerous  short  but  rapid  rivers,  of  which  the  only 
ones  of  much  note  are  the  Sarabat,  ancient  Her- 
mus,  and  Meander,  now  Minder.  The  Euxine, 
or  northern  slope  of  Asia  Minor,  does  not,  in  all  its 
extent,  fall  directly  from  the  Caucassian  mountains, 
as  the  centre  of  that  peninsula  is  one  of  those  ele- 
vated basins  without  outlet,  comprising  much  of 
the  ancient  Lycia  and  Phrygia.  Though  spreading 
over  more  than  two-thirds  of  what  is  properly  Asia 
Minor,  and  containing,  with  many  lesser  streams, 
the  comparatively  large  rivers,  ancient  Sangaria, 
now  Sacaria,  and  ancient  Halys,  now  Kizil  Irmak, 
it  is  less  celebrated,  and  perhaps  less  favored  by 
nature,  than  is  that  descending  in  a  lower  latitude 
towards  the  Mediterranean. 

The  mountain  system  we  have  noticed  reaches 
and  is  traversed  by  the  Euphrates  river  almost  ex- 
actly  at  N.  lat.  38°.  Before  reaching  the  Euphra- 
tes, the  mountain  system  has  commenced  to  incline 
to  E.  and  NE.  by  E.,  and  following  the  latter 
course  400  ms.  eastward  of'the  Euphrates,  and  sep- 
arating the  higher  sources  of  that  great  river  from 
those  of  the  Tigris,  reaches  the  high  ciown  of  Ar- 
menia in  the  celebrated  local  summit  of  Ararat. 
82 


Traversed  by  numerous  lateral  chains,  the  c  ountry 
containiiig  the  higher  sources  of  the  Euphrates, 
Tigris,  Aras,  or  Kur,  and  some  small  but  rapid 
rivers  flowing  into  the  Euxine,  is  the  most  elevated 
part  of  the  great  region  under  review. 

As  regards  human  residence,  in  an  excursive 
view  of  the  whole  surface,  we  find  the  rivers  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris  issuing  from  mountains  and  fer- 
tile tales.  One  of  the  most  important  cities  of 
this  great  country,  rich  in  metals,  and  exhibiting 
traces  of  extinct  volcanoes,  is  Diarbeker,  flourish 
ing  by  its  manufactures  of  morocco  and  silk,  and 
containing  a  population  ^of  70,000  or  80,000. 
Mardin,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Diarbeker,  equally  in- 
dustrious, though  with  not  more  than  one  third  of 
the  population.  Orfa,  by  some  authors  supposed 
the  Ur  of  the  Chaldees  and  the  Greek  Edessa,  stiil 
a  city  of  40,000  or  50,000  inhabitants,  industrious 
and  commercial.  Mousol,  at  N.  iat.  36  20,  and 
250  ms.  lower  down  the  Tigris  than  Diarbeker, 
and  which  gave  name  to  one  of  its  fabrics,  muslin, 
occupies  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  is  united  by  a 
bridge  of  16  arches;  pop.  about  16,000.  It  is  the 
entrepot  of  the  adjacent  region.  Carsten  Nie- 
buhr  regarded  the  eastern  side  of  this  city  as  the 
site  of  ancient  Nineveh.  If  so,  and  probability  is 
in  favor  of  its  being  so,  it  is  one  of  the  most  an- 
cifcnt.  of  cities.  In  its  environs,  on  the  mountain 
El-Kosh,  rises  the  monastery  of  St.  Mathew,  the 
apostolic  seat  of  the  Catholic  Nestorian  patriarch, 
on  whom  depends  (he  Christian  population  of  300 
villages. 

If  we  cross  the  Tigris,  we  find  ourselves  in  that 
country  between  that  river  and  the  Elwend  (ancient 
Zagros)  mountains,  which  derives  its  name  from  its 
inhabitants,  the  Kurds,  Coords,  or  Curds,  a  nation 
who  claim  descent  from  the  Uzbecs,  and  perhaps  are 
descended  from  a  mixture  of  Parthians,  Tartars, 
and  Persians.  The  Koords  are  peculiarly  warlike. 
Those  of  them  who  are  within  the  Ottoman  empire 
and  west  of  the  Elwend,  are  more  sedentary  than 
those  in  Persia,  and  though  nominally  subject  to 
Turkey,  are  ruled  by  their  own  chiefs  and  laws  or 
customs.  Their  country,  peculiarly  fertile,  is  pro- 
ductive in  rice,  wheat,  barley,  ses^amum,  various 
fruits  and  gall  nuts,  as  also  tobacco.  On  the  fron- 
tiers of  Persia  roam  predatory  and  ferocious  tribes. 
The  only  towns  of  note  are  Djezireh,  on  a  sandy 
island  of  the  Tigris,  in  very  near  mid-distance  be- 
tween Mousol  and  Diarbeker;  Djoulamerk,  or  Gi- 
alamerk,  on  the  Zab,  80  ms.  eastward  of  Djezireh  ; 
Amadiah,  about  100  ms.  N.  of  Mousol,  the  capital 
of  a  principality  which  it  is  said  can  bring  to  the 
field  40,000  men,  and  in  which  stands  upwards  of 
100  strong  castles.  There  is,  indeed,  good  reason 
to  regard  all  Turkish  Asia,  including  Koordistan, 
as  offering,  in  a  social  and  political  condition,  a 
very  strong  resemblance  to  most  of  Europe  about 
from  500  to  700  years  pas:,  if  not  to  a  much  later 
period. 

Descending  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  below  ]\r. 
lat.  36  0,  we  behold  them  spreading  from  each 
other,  and  then  gradually  reapproaching,  leaving 
between  them  as  low  down  as  lat.  34  0  an  expan- 
sion  of  the  Arabian  desert.  The  former  river,  in- 
deed, below  its  great  southeastern  inflection  near 
lat.  36  0,  has  the  deserts  along  or  near  its  banks 
through  upwards  of  700  ms.  of  the  lower  part  of 
its  course.     About  300  ms.  above  their  junction, 


A  SI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASI 


these  two  noble  rivers  leave  the  hilly  region?,  and, 
winding  through  alluvial  plains,  and  opposite  Bag- 
dad, the  intermediate  space  not  exceeding  20  ms., 
is  cut  by  natural  and  artificial  channels.  Bagdad, 
the  great  and  mysterious  Bagdad,  founded  in  A.  D. 
762  by  Abu  Jaafar  al-Mansoor,  the  second  Abas- 
side  Khalif,  stands  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Ti- 
gris, at  N.  lat.  33  20,  long.  44  24,  E.  of  London 
about  70  ms.,  N.  of  Hillah,  on  the  Euphrates,  and 
300  ms.  NW.  of  Bassa,  on  the  Shat-efArab.  I 
Bagdad  was,  from  its  foundation  until  taken  by  the 
Mongols  in  1258,  the  seat  of  the  most  powerful; 
empire  then  in  western  Asia,  rich,  flourishing,  and  ! 
commercial,  and  the  seat  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  j 
which  still  retains  a  population  of  80,000  or  100,-  i 
000,  and  is  still  the  principal  entrepot  of  these  re- ! 
gions. 

Hillah,  on  the  Euphrates,  contended  for  by  many 
writers  as  occupying  the  site  of  Babylon,  is  a  city  I 
of  some  15,000  or  20,000  inhabitants,  and  con- I 
siderable  commerce.     We  are  here  on  ground 
wbich,  it  is  probable,  in  the  long  course  of  agesj 
has  been  every  part  occupied  by  towns  and  cities,  i 
and  was  no  doubt  more  flourishing  3,000  years  past : 
than  at  present.  •  Below  the  junction  of  the  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris,  the  united  stream  is  called  by 
the  people  of  the  country  Shat-el-Arab,  and  re-  j 
ceives  from  the  Elwend  and  Louristan  mountains  i 
two  considerable  confluents,  the  Haweeza  Ahwas, 
(U/ai  of  the  Prophet  Daniel,)  and  the  Karoon.  j 
On  the  right  bank  of  the  Shat-el  Arab,  and  about! 
60  ms.  above  the  Persian  gulf,  stands  the  import- 1 
ant  city  of  Bassora,  Bassa,  or  Bussorah,  with  a 
■population  of  60,000. 

Before  leaving  the  important  region  we  have, 
been  reviewing,  we  cannot  repress  some  reflections 
r>n  the  now  barbarous  condition  of  its  people,  and 
how  much  natural  advantages  may  be  vainly  and 
profusely  spread  when  man  is  not  prepared  to  ren- 
der them  available.    Here  are  connected  countries 
containing  more  area  than  do  all  the  British  islands, 
France,  and  Spain,  which  latter,  taken  together, 
contain  a  population  of  75,000,000  to  78,000,000. 
Were  this  great  physical  section  of  western  Asia 
as  well  peopled,  at  least  80,000,000  of  inhabitants 
would  exist  upon  its  surface.    It  ought,  from  its  I 
soil,  climate,  fine  rivers,  and  admirable  position 
between  Asia,  Europe,  and  Africa,  to  command 
the  eastern  continent.    But  blasted  by  war,  reli-i 
gious  fury,  and  misgovernment  of  every  kind,  mis- 1 
**ry  and  barbarism  reigns  from  age  to  age.  Stupid 
tyranny  in  the  Turkish  rulers;  excursions  of  bar-1 
barous,  ferocious,  and  even  savage  bands,  maintain  j 
enduring  uncertainty  of  the  present  and  future, 
Which  we  may  regard  as"  an  insuperable  obstacle  to  j 
even  incipient  prosperity.     Disorder  and  weakness 
for  good,  but  powerful  for  evil,  characterises  every 
branch  of  administration.    Oppression  and  fer- 
mentation in  the  provinces;  bands  of  robbers  on 
-very  road;  insurrection  on  every  quarter ;  ambi- 
tious and  powerful  neighbors;  disunion  of  society 
every  where  prevailing;  and,  finally,  no  power  of 
repressing  wrong  in  existence — such  is  the  politi- 
cal condition»of  one  of  the  tracts  most  abundantly 
supplied  by  nature  which  exists  on  our  planet. 

Though  we  cannot  make  ourselves  accountable 
for  its  entire  accuracy,  we  give,  as  the  best  at- 
tainable, the  following  tabular  view  of  Asiatic 
Turkev  : 


Turkey  in  Ada — area,'  480,000  sq.  ms. 
lation,  12,000,000. 


popu 


ANATOLIA  OR  ASIA  MINOR. 


Provinces  or  PacUal'ics. 


ANATOLIA 


ADANA 
CARAMANIA 


MAR  AC  II 


SIVAS 


TREBIZON  P 


Chief  towns. 


Koutaiah 
Brusa 

Ghuzel-Hissar 

AntaJia  or  Satalieli 

Afioum-Kara-Hissar 
.  Angora 

Kastamouni  - 
j  Boli 
j  Adana 
i  Alaya 

Konieli 
.  Ak-Shehr 
'  Ak  Serai 

Nikde 

Eir  Shehr 

Kaisarieh 

Marach 

Ain  tab 

Kara  -  • 

Malaria 

Sivas 

Juzghat 

Amasiah 

Tocat 

Tsourouin 

Trcbisond 

Iriseh 

Gonnia 


Pop 


TURKISH    ARM  1'.  vi  A. 


Provinces. 


Chief  towns. 


ERZEROUM 


VAN 
KAJRS 


Erzeroum 

Kara  Hissar 

Ipsera 

Keifi 

Khenes 

Mavrevan 

Meginghird 

MeTezghird 

Passin 

Tehman 

Tortoum 

Van 

Eetlis 

Bayezid 

Kars 

fcrdehan 

Ketchik 

Kughizinan 

Khodjevan 

Ketch  van 

Sarsuchad 


SVKIA  OR  CHAM,  WITH  PALESTINE 


Provinces. 


Chief  towns. 


ALEPPO 

TRIPOLI 

ACRE 


DA  MAS 


Aleppo 
KuTia 

Scanderoon  - 
j  Atuakiah  (Antioch) 
!  Tripoli 
!  Latakia 
:  St.  Jean  D'Acre 
;  Bairout 

Caiffa 
]  Saide 

Dahariah 

Nasra,  or  Nazareth 
Damascus  • 

I  Hamah 

:  Napaloosa 

;  Gaza 

;  Jerusalem  - 

Tadnior 
.  Rami  a 

Jaffa 


ASI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASI 


TURKISH  KOORDISTAN. 


Province. 

Chief  town. 

Pop. 

CHICHREZOUK 

Caratcheolan 

30,000 

MESOPATAMIA,  OR  ALGEZIRA,  WITH  IRAC  ARABIA. 

Provioces. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

MARBEKER - 
KACCA 


3IOSSOCL 
BAGDAD 


BASSOEA 


Kara- Amid  - 

Raka 

Orfa 

Bir  - 

Mossoul 

Batljevanln  - 

Harounaja 

Bag.iad 

Meched-Ali  - 

Mesched  Hossein 

Ana 

Nissil  iti 
Mardin 
Bassorah 
Coma 


70,000 
3,000 

30,000 
3:000 

1,200 

1,500 
80.000 

7;ooo 

8,000 
3,000 
1,000 

27,000 
60,000 
5,000 


ISLANDS   USUALLY  CONSIDERED  AS  APPERTAINING  TO  Tt'R 
KISH  ASIA. 


Islands. 


To,,. 


Tenedos 

Metelin  (Lesbos) 
Scio 

Ipsara  or  P^ara 
Samoa 
Stank  io 

Nicarier       -  " 
Patmoa 
Rhode? 
Cyprus 


7.000 
50,000 
-.'0,000 

2,000 
20.000 

4,000 

1,500 
500 
30,000 
80,000 


General  view  of  the  Persic  region,  Beloochidan, 
Cabulistan,  Herat,  Boukhara,  Kkiw,  Khohan, 
and  Turcomania. 

Bounded  W.  by  Turkish  Asia,  NVV.  by  the 
Caucassian  countries,  and  northward  by  (he  Cas- j 
pian  sea  and  Russian  Asia;  E.   by  .Mongolia,' 
Thibet,  and  Indostan,  and  S.  by  the  Indian  ocean  | 
and  Persian  Gulf,  extends  regions  of  Immense  cx  j 
tent,  and  presenting  great  variety  of  climate,  with 
the  extremes  of  soil,  from  sandy  deserts  !o  tracts  of  j 
unsurpassed  fertility.    Extending  in  lot.  from  25; 
to  40°  N.,  and  in  Ion.  from  44  to  72  E.  of  Lon- 
don.   Greatest  length  1,700  ms.,  in  a  direction  of 
SE.  and  NW.,  between  Cape  Monge,  on  theSE., 
to  Mount  Ararat,  on  the  NW.     Measured  by  the 
rhombs,  the  area  of  this  great  region  amounts  to 
about  1,100,000  sq.  ms.    In  regard  to  its  physical 
and  political  sub-divisions,  tbe  description  cannot 
be  other  than  very  general ;  there  are,  however, 
features  in  its  physiognomy  too  strong  and  distinct 
to  be  mistaken.    Though 'bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  noble  volume  of  the  Indus  river,  and  on  the  W. 
actually  giving  source  to  numerous  confluents  of 
the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  the  Persic  region  is  in  a 
very  remarkable  degree  devoid  of  rivers.    The  cen- 
tral part,  indeed,  including  full  the  one-half  of  the 
whole  surface,  is  a  desert  of  rock  and  sand,  ele- 
vated, dreary,  and  desolate. 

Beloochistan,   the  ancient  Gedrosia,   and  the 
Makran  of  the  Arabians,  extends  altftigthe  Arabian 
84 


sea  about  600  ms.,  aud  fills  the  southern  part  of 
the  space  between  the  basin  of  the  Indus  river  and 
the  Persian  Gulf,  and  mountains  of  Kerman.  Pro- 
vincially,  as  laid  down  on  Black's  Atlas,  Beloo- 
chistan contains  Lus  on  the  extreme  SE.,  Jhala- 
wan,  Sarawan,  and  Cutch  Gundava,  northeast- 
wards towards  the  Indus,  Mukran,  or  Makran,  in 
the  centre,  and  on  the  W.,  Bushkurd  and  Kohes- 
tan.  Traversed  on  the  eastern  side  by  the  Hala 
mountains,  a  ridge  of  the  Suleiman  system,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Bushkurd  ridge,  this  country,  similar 
to  most  other  parts  of  the  physical  section  to  which 
it  belongs,  is  very  devoid  of  permanent  river.-, 
though  generally  composed  of  an  inclined  plain, 
sloping  towards  the  Indian  ocean.  Soil  in  most 
part  sterile,  if  not  desert,  but  meliorates  toward 
tbc  north,  where  it  is  bounded  by  the  more  eleva- 
ted Cabul  or  Afghanistan.  Such  streams  as  tra 
verse  this  country  are  mere  torrents  in  the  rainy 
season,  dived  up  in  summer  and  autumn.  Tbc 
physical  character  of  the  country  is  Arabian,  as 
though  in  most  part  sterile,  many  of  its  valley 
smile  in  the  richest  verdure.  The  scorching  heat 
of  summer  warded  ofi"  the  inhabitants  by  the  shade 
of  date,  orange,  and  other  trees,  affording  at  once 
shelter  and  nourishment.  Like  all  other  countries 
inhabited  by  civilized  people,  and  where  water  is 
scarce,  irrigation  supplies  partially  natural  fertility 
Lying  between  N.  lat.  25^  and  30°,  and  declining 
southwardly,  and  without  stagnant  water,  Beloo- 
chistan is  amongst  the  most  salubrious  sections  of 
Asia. 

Nationally,  it  presents  its  connexion  with  Persia 
and  Indostan.  The  name  is  Persian,  and  means 
"  The  country  of  the  Beloochia,1'  a  people  speak- 
ing a  dialect  of  the  Persian  language.  The  Bcloo- 
chis  are,  however,  only  the  principal,  and  not  by 
any  means  tbe  exclusive  inhabitants.  Another 
people,  who  use  a  Hindoo  dialect,  the  Brahouis, 
occupy  a  part  of  the  country.  Both  nations  are 
Mahometans,  of  the  sect  of  Omar,  and  both  arc 
represented  by  travellers  as  stout,  tall,  robust, 
well-proportioned,  intelligent,  and  hospitable ;  also 
amongst  tbc  most  warlike  of  Asiatic  nations. 
Government  a  limited  monarchy. 

Caboul,  or  Afghanistan;  extends  northwards 
from  Beloochistan,  and  westward  from  Indostan. 
Tins  elevated,  and  in  great  part  mountainous  coun- 
try, lying  between  N.  lat.  28  and  38°,  is  composed 
of  three  inclined  plains.  The  west  side,  drained 
by  the  Hindmend,  or  Helmund  river,  forming  a 
basin  of  1 16,000  sq.  ms.,  without  oceanic  outlet. 
Though  on  European  maps  outlines  are  traced  de- 
fining the  political  sections  of  this,  as  of  other  parts 
of  Asia,  it  is  probable,  from  all  testimony,  that  the 
inhabitants  themselves  have  little  respect  for  boun- 
daries not  preserved  by  military  force.  As  limited 
on  Black's  Atlas,  1841,  Afghanistan  or  Caboul  is 
bounded  S.  by  Beloochistan,  W.  by  the  Great 
Persian  desert,  NW,  by  the  mountains  of  Khora- 
san,  N.  by  Toorkmania  (Turkestan)  and  Tartar}, 
and  E.  by  the  great  river  Indus.  The  area  about 
250,000  sq.  ms.  The  outlines,  except  on  the 
Indus,  vaiiuc.  The  southwestern  side,  embracing 
full  one-fourth  part,  is  desert,  with  very  partial  ex  - 
ceptions. Near  the  mouth  of  the  Indus,  a  system 
of  mountains  rises,  and,  following  tbe  general 
course  of  the  Indus  northwardly  by  different  chains 
under  the  general  title  of  Suleiman  mountains, 


ASl 


G  EGG  RAP  HI  C  A  L  DICTIONARY 


ASl 


traverses  Beloochistan  and  Afghanistan  through 
10°  of  lat.  26  36,  until,  mingling  with  and  con- 
founded with  the  Hindo  Koosh  mountains;  the 
latter  forming  part  of  the  great  southern  mountain 
hand  which,  under  numerous  local  names,  crosses 
the  whole  eastern  continent  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific  ocean.  That  part  of  this  immense  sys- 
tem, the  aneient  Paropamisus,  and  Hindoo  Koosh 
of  modern  geography,  which  is  comprised  in  north- 
ern Afghanistan,  is  composed  of  lateral  chains, 
which,  at  about  N.  lat.  35  and  68°  E.  of  London, 
form  a  nucleus  of  mountain  ridges  and  gorges,  from 
which  issue  and  flow  southwestwardly  the  sources 
of  the  Hindmend,  northwardly  those  of  the  Amou 
Uena,  or  Jihoon,  and  eastwardly  those  of  the  Ca- 
bool,  or  Peshawur  branch  of  the  Indus.  Inde- 
pendent of  its  mountains,  this  part  of  Afghanistan 
is  elevated  and  exposed  to  severe  winter  cold,  a 
character  which  it  partakes  with  northern  Persia 
and  Khorasan.  Over  the  whole,  summer  heat  is 
as  excessive  as  winter  cold.  These  countries  have, 
in  all  historical  ages,  been  inhabited  by  warlike 
nations,  and  have  shared  in  the  mighty  political 
revolutions.  Invaded  and  traversed  by  the  Mace- 
donians under  Alexander,  possessed  in  turn  by 
Greeks,  Syrians,  Tartars,  or  Turks,  Persians,  and 
Mongols,  and  recently  invaded  by  the  British, 
it  is  possessed  by  a  people  we  call  Afghans,  who, 
however,  are  its  ruling,  but  not  exclusive  people. 
Beloochis,  Uzbecs,  Tadjics,  Hindoos,  Persians, 
ind  others,  trade  with  and  mingle  with  the  Afghans. 

Afghan  is  one  of  those  foreign  and  imposed 
terms  unknown,  except  through  other  languages,  to 
the  people  to  whom  it  is  applied.  The  term  is  Per- 
sian ;  the  people  call  themselves  Pooshtoon,  and  plu- 
rallv  Pooshtaunch.  They  are  Mahometans  of  the 
Sonnite  sect,  but  lax  in  discipline,  and  tolerant  to 
other  religious  professions.  In  regard  to  society 
and  government,  not  only  the  Afghans,  but  those 
over  the  whole  Persic  region,  have  strong  resem- 
blance to  the  condition  of  European  nations  during 
the  dark  ages;  an  observation  which  may  be  ex- 
tended with  the  utmost  propriety  to  respective  civ- 
ilization. 

Provincially,  Afghanistan  is  divided  into.  Seis- 
tan  on  the  SW.,  Sewistan  SE.,  Caboul  in  the  cen- 
tre, Damaun  towards  the  Indus,  or  between  that 
river  and  Suleiman  mountains,  Kohestan  and 
Ghoraut  on  the  north  side,  and  Herat  or  Eastern 
Khorasan  NW.  All  the  northern  part,  from  the 
Indus  to  the  borders  of  Toorkmania,  in  a  distance 
of  above  600  ins.,  is  an  immense  congeries  of 
mountains.  In  brief,  Afghanistan,  were  its  inhab- 
itants united  under  one  Efficient  Government, 
would  be  amongst  the  most  defensible  sections  of 
the  earth  ;  and,  divided  as  they  arc  into  tribes, 
such  is  the  nature  of  their  country  that  its  con- 
quest is  in  reality  hopeless. 

Persia  is  another  of  those  national  terms  be- 
stowed by  foreigners,  and  loosely  applied  to  re- 
gions physically  different,  and  in  regard  to  inhabi- 
tants in  manners,  language,  and  government,  and 
never,  except  by  momentary  conquest,  even  nom- 
inally united  into  one  sovereignty,  rendered  vague 
politically  by  the  permanent  features  of  nature, 
which  opposed  irremovable  obstacles  to  national 
union.  If  under  the  name  of  Persia  we  embrace 
the  regions  to  which  the  term  is  usually  applied, 
we  have  before  us  a  country,  or  rather  countries, 


of  great  extent,  between  two  deserts.  The  great 
system  of  mountains  so  often  already  mentioned, 
forming  a  massive  nucleus  between  the  Caspian, 
Euxine,  and  Mediterranean  seas,  and  from  which 
extend  westward  the  mountains  of  Armenia  and 
I  Asia  Minor,  northwestward  those  particularly  des- 
ignated Caucasus,  southeastward  the  Elvvend,  (an- 
|  cient  Zagros,)  and  eastward  chains  which  extend 
(between  the  Caspian  and  great  salt  desert  of  Yc- 
1  zed,  forms  the  already  noticed  Hindoo-Kosh.  The 
I  Elwend  in  various  chains  extends  from  Tauris  and 
i  Ararat  southeastward,  discharging  from  its  south- 
western flanks  the  numerous  confluents  of  the  Ti- 
gris and  Lower  Euphrates,  and  thence,  continuing 
the  same  direction,  between  the  Persian  gulf  and 
i  desert  of  Yezed,  to  the  Indian  ocean  and  western 
(borders  of  Beloochistan,  and  slightly  inflecting 
j  eastward,  is  continued  to  its  junction  with  the 
:  Suleiman  system,  near  the  delta  of  the  Indus.  The 
distance  from  the  mouth  or  delta  of  the  Indus  to 
i  Mount  Ararat  is  about  1,800  ms.,  of  which  600 
'  are  over  Beloochistan,  and  the  residue  in  Persia. 
|  The  norther rn  ramification,  from  the  nucleus  of 
j  Ararat  to  the  western  border  of  Beloochistan, 
j  1,200  ms.,  forms  Persia  into  a  rude  approach  to 
la  semi-ellipse,  with  a  wide  central  desert. 

Provincially,  Persia  contains  on  the  extreme 
|NW-  Azerbijan,  Ghilan,  and  Persian  Koordistan  . 
!  in  the  central,  West  Irak  Adjerni,  (ancient  Mc- 
I  dia  ;)  between  Elwend  proper  and  mountains  ol 
j  Louristan,  the  province  of  Lonristan;  and  to- 
wards the  common  mouth  of  the  Euphrates  and 
Tigris,  Khusistan,  (the  ancient  Susiana  ;)  north- 
eastwards from  the  Persian  Gulf,  Ears,  or  Earsis- 
i  tan,  (ancient  Persia  proper,)  from  which  comes 
our  common  name  for  the  whole  region,  and  which 


i>  followed  towards  Beloochistan 


by  the  province.^ 


of  Laristan,  along  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  Kirman, 
between  Larist.m  and  the  internal  desert. 

On  the  northern  side  of  the  desert,  and  east 
ward  from  Ghilan,  extends  the  low  and  unhealthy 
province  of  Mazanderan,  followed  eastward  by 
Khorasan,  the  ancient  Hyrcania,  and  Parthia. 

To  exhibit  one  feature  illustrative  of  the  real 
physiognomy  and  physical  character  of  Persia,  it 
may  l)o  noted  that  the  desert  spreads  from  IST.  lat. 
30°,  or  extreme  northern  border  of  Farsistan  and 
Kirman,  to  N.  lat.  36°,  or  southern  border  ot 
Khorasan.  In  brief,  a  general  name  could  not 
easily  be  given  to  any  other  equal  continuous  sec- 
tion of  the  earth  so  completely  dissevered,  as  to 
its  minor  parts  and  in  regard  to  human  associa- 
tion, as  Persia.  Confining  the  term,  however,  to 
the  really  habitable  sections,  we  have  in  the  native 
Iran  an  extensive  and  very  diversified  country,  on 
which  great  empires  have  risen  and  fallen — a  conn 
try  on  which  nations  have  always  existed  who 
have  greatly  influenced  the  history  of  Asia.  With 
mountains  of  no  slight  elevation,  valleys  present 
ing  the  most  enchanting  scenery  and  most  abun- 
dant fertility,  and  saline  deserts  of  vast  extent,  no 
general  description  will  apply.  In  the  northwest- 
!ern  provinces,  the  winters  are  long  and  severe  ;  in 
the  southern,  the  elevation  of  the  surface  com- 
pensating low  latitude,  the  seasons  are  mild  and 
:  uniform,  and  native  poets  have  employed  one  of 
|  the  finest  of  languages  in  its  praise.  Ispahan,  in 
I  the  centre,  and  Shiraz,  in  the  south,  were  long  the 
capitals  of  modern  Persia  ;  but  for  nearlv  a  century 

85 


ASI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


ASI 


past,  Teheran,  at  lat.  35  42  N.,  Ion.  51  21  E.,  in 
the  mountains  of  Demavend,  has  possessed  the 
palace  and  presence  of  the  Schah. 

Similar  to  Beloochistan  and  Afghanistan,  Persia 


vulgar  error  of  our  books  more  gross  than  confound- 
ing the  real  Tartar,  or  more  properly  Turk,  with  the 
Monguls.  The  Tartars  differ  as  much  from  thf 
Monguls,  by  form,  feature,  structure  of  body  ant 


is  inhabited  by  various  tribes  ;  and  the  nature  of  i  head,  as  the  Caucasian  Moor  from  the  negro, 
the  country  has  produced  two  clashes,  the  seden-  jThe  Tartar,  tall,  well- formed,  with  features  ant 
tary  and  nomade  or  roving.  The  settled  people,  j head  on  the  European  model,  hair  curled,  and, 
under  the  name  or  title  of  Tadjiks,  cultivate  the  j  like  the.  beard,  long  and  abundant,  is  remarkabh 
fields,  and  reside  in  the  cities.  The  Afthars  and  'distinguished  from  the  misshapen,  stoop-shoulder- 
Cadjars  are  nomades  who  rove  over  the  intermc-  Jed  Mongul,  with  his  square  vissage,  projecting 
diate  country  between  the  Caspian  and  northwest-  : cheekbones,  coarse  and  thinly  scattered  hair,  anr 
ern  Persia,  towards  and  in  the  recesses  of  the  | chin  nearly  deprived  of  beard.  Though  only  sep- 
mountains  Elwend  and  Ararat.  The  famed  Tur  jarated  by  the  Beloor  mountains,  the  respective 
romans  range  over  northern  and  northeastern  Per-  countries  inhabited  by  the  two  races,  compose  two 
sia  as  far  as  the  river  Amou  Dcria.  The  Koords  J  great  physical  regions  as  contrasted  as  are  the  two 
give  name  to  Koordistan,  and,   mingling  with  j  people.    The  great  table  land  of  Mongolia,  thp 


prob-jreal  centre  of  Asia,  has  been  already  noticed, 


others,  who,  under  different  names,  are 
ably  different  only  in  name,  as  in  America,  the 
same  savage  or  barbarous  people  are  thus  rather 
confused  than  designated.  Persia  is  peculiarly 
remarkable,  as  inhabited  by  people  in  almost  every 
stage  of  civilization.  The  proper  Persian  have 
been,  and  not  inappropriately,  called  the  French 
of  Asia,  particularly  as  to  manners. 

The  government,  such  as  it  is,  of  these  regions 
is  feudal,  in  the  worst  sense.  Military  despotism 
is  the  main  principle;  and,  truly  Asiatic,  the  land 
and  people  are  regarded  as  the  property  of  the  sov- 
ereign. This  accounts  in  part  for  the  choice  of  lor  sea.  Here  we  have  the  Sogdiana,  and  Margi- 
nomadic  life,  as  it  is  only  the  sedentary  population  tana  of  the  Greek  writers,  the  Mawaralnahr  of  the 
who  are  crushed  by  the  sovereign  power.  Without  ]  Arabians,  and,  crossing  the  Amou,  we  are  in  the 
regular  laws,  fixed  tribunals,  internal  industry  pro- '  modern  Bokhara,  and,  despite  of  war  and  revolu- 
tected  by  legal  authority,  roads  or  means  of  safe  tion,  and  over  the  sea  of  ages,  a  country  still  well 


stretching  from  the  Palcati  lake  to  the  great  wall 
of  China,  Kinghan  mountains,  and  sources  of  the 
Argoun.  Tartary  or  Turkestan,  sloping  from  the 
Beloor  mountains  westward,  seems,  as  it  does  in 
fact,  in  the  double  regard  of  features  and  inhabi- 
tants, physically  speaking,  commences  Europe^and 
the  more  by  its  numerous  rivers  and  fertile  soil. 
The  two  noble  streams  of  Gihoon,  now  Amou 
Deria  and  the  Sihoon  or  Sir-Deria,  deriving  their 
sources  from  the  ancient  Imaus,  now  Beloor 
mountains,  pour  their  volumes  into  the  Aral  lake 


transportation,  or  commerce  which  would  deserve 
the  name,  or  indeed  any  institution  respected  by 
on  enlightened  and  united  people,  Persia,  as  a  na- 
tion or  general  government,  exists  rather  in  name 
than  fact.  Lying  between  two  great  Powers, 
Ureal  Britain  and  Russia,  it  is  protected  from  both 
rather  by  deserts,  craggy  mountains,  and  great  ex- 
tent of  territory,  than  by  any  internal  moral  or 
physical  force. 

Khorasan,  or,  as  often  named  from  its  strong 
capital  Herat,  comprises  northeastern  Persia  and, 
in  most  part,  the  ancient  Hyrcania  and  Parthia. 
The  most  formidable  armies  of  Central  A^ia  have 
'  ome  from  these  provinces.    Sometimes  connect* 


peopled,  rich,  and  the  most  powerful  of  those 
States,  included  under  the  title  of  Independent 
Tartary.  Here,  coming  from  the  east,  is  the  first 
country  in  a  distance  of  2,000  ms.,  where  tho 
traveller  can  be  cheered  by  cultivated  fields,  flow- 
ing rivers,  canals  of  irrigation,  and  cities  exhibit- 
ing the  creations  of  a  civilized  society.  Two 
travellers  habituated,  one  to  the  life  of  man  in 
Eastern  Asia,  ami  the  other  to  that  of  Western 
Europe,  and  meeting  on  their  way  from  their  re- 
spective native  countries,  in  the  city  of  Bokhara, 
if  they  spoke  a  common  language,  would  express 
widely  different  opinions  on  the  social  and  intel- 
lectual condition  of  Tartary.    The  European,  if 


«d  with  Persia,  but  much  more  frequently  >epa-ihe  formed  his  judgment  on  what  Europe  is,  wouio 
rate  and  hostile,  Herat  now  claims  independence  : regard  Tartary  as  barbarous;  but  if  he  judged 
from  both  Persia  and  Afghanistan.  from  what  Europe  was,  from  the  5th  to  the  10th 

,„     .  .      century  of  the  Christian  era,  would  pronounce 

Independent  Tartary    Uorkmama,  or  Turkis-  Bokfcdra,  Samarcand,  Balk,  Khiva,  and  Urghenz. 
fan,  Bokhara,  Khansm,  Kirgms,  flourishing  cities.    The  Asiatic,  after  traversing 

To  the  NE.  from  Persia  and  N.  of  Afghanistan  Ithe  desolate  Mongolia,  would  have  the  most  exalt- 
extends  a  country  of  vast  extent,  having  the  Cas-jed  ideas  of  the  regions  westward  from  the  Beloor 
pian  sea  W.,  the  Beloor  mountains  E.,  and  the  '  mountains.  It  is  .not  without  melancholy  reflec- 
Russian  steppes  N.,  reaching  from  N.  lat.  35  0  tojtions  that  we  con,  even  in  imagination,  scan  a 
55  0,  and  with  a  mean  breadth  of  at  least  600  ms.  :  country  which  has  struggled  in  all  ages  against 
and  area  of  upwards  of  1,000,000  sq.  ms.  To  j  barbarian  conquerors,  a  country  which,  from  its 
this  region  we  have  bestowed  the  title  of  In  depend-  (position  and  natural  advantages,  would  seem  des- 


*  ni  Tartary,  and  that  not  incorrectly,  as,  except  by 
'he  Monguis,  it  never  has  been  held  subject  to 
foreign  conquerors.  It  made  the  centre  of  the 
empire,  as  it  was  the  native  country  ofTamerlane. 
Russia  is  now  pressing  on  Tartary,  but  only  as 
a  reflux  of  time:  for  mo.c  than  "two  centuries 
Russia  was  tributary  to  the  Khans  of  Tartarv,  and 
her  grand  dukes  bowed  their  necks  and  crouched 
at  the  feet  of  the  gran  !  Khan.  There  is  no  other 
86 


tined  to  enjoy  in  itself  prosperous  civilization,  am! 
prolong  towards  Europe  the  connexion  between 
the  eastern  and  western  sides  of  the  Eastern  conti- 
nent. 

The  following  tabular  view  of  the  Persic  region 
is  given  on  the  authority  of  the  geography  of  Lar- 
enaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot,  but  without  guaran- 
teeing i»s  entiie  accuracy,  as  there  does  not  exist 
in  any  such  countries  statistical  element  to  enable 


AS1  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


even  the  natives  to  form  satisfactory  statements  of 
numbers  in  regard  to  population  or  extent  of  ter- 
ritory. 


INDEPENDENT  TARTARY. 


Provincial  section. 


PERSIC  REGION. 


Provincial  section. 


ADERBIDGIAN 

GHILAN 
MAZANDERAN 

IRAC-ADJEMI 


KURDISTERN 

KHUZISTAN,  including 
LOURiSJ'AN. 


FARSTSTAN  or  FARS 
and  LAR1STAN. 


Principal  cities. 


KIR  MAN 


KHORASAN 


Tauris 

Maragha 

Ardebvl 

Klroi  ' 

Recht 
I  Rudbar 
I  Sari 

!  Aster-Abad 
j  Tar  a  bad. 
j  Balfouch 
!  Teheran 
!  Ispahan 
;  Kachan 
j  Hamadan 
i  Casbin 
\  Zenghian 
,  Sulianieh 
|  Bourcugherd  - 
j  liennanschah 
Senna 

Shuster,  (ancient  Susa) 

Khorremabad 

Diffijul 

Enenan 

Schiras 

Lar  - 

Fesa 

Djaroun  or  Kazeroon  - 

Djerd 

Daragherd 

Firouz-Abad  - 

Bushec  r  or  Aboucher  - 

Kirman 

Krook  or  Krouk 
Minal 

Gunroum  or  Raym 
Meshed  or  Mushed 
Nishapoor 


Pop. 


100,000 
15,000 

4,000 
25,000 
60,000 

3,000 
20,000 

1,500 

25,000 
140,000 
V:00,000 
cS0,000 
30,000 
40,000 
15,000 
2,000 
l2,coo 

15.000 
10,000 
15,0o0 

2,000 
15,000 

3,500 
52,000 
12,000 
18,000 

4,000 
35,000 

4,000 

2,000 
10,000 
30,000 

6,000 

1,500 

20,000 
80,000 
10,000 


BELO0CHISTAN. 


BOKHARA,  GREAT 


CHERSABES  or  CHE- 

Rl  SEBZ. 
KHOKHAN  - 


HISSAR 

RAM  ID 

KOULAB 

ABIGHERM  - 

BADAKSHAN 

UER  WAZEH 

KHIVrA  or  KHRISHMA 


OUZBECS  ARALTANS 
KIRGHIZ  or  KIRGEES 
KAFIRISTAN 


Chief  cities. 


Bokhara 

Karchi  or  Nakhcheb  - 
Samarchand  or  Saniar- 
sand. 

Kara-Koul  or  Karakool 
Chehri-Sebz  • 


Khokhan 

Tachkend 

Khodjend 

Hissar 

Ramid 

Koulab 

Abigherm  ' 

Badakshan 

Derwazeh 

Khiva 

Ghurulen 

Ourgheadz 

Konrat 

Do 

Do 


Pop. 


60,000 
40,000 
60,000 

30,000 
4,000 

50,000 
20,000 
40.000 
20,000 
25,000 
15,000 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 
16,000 
3,000 
8,000 
8,000 

8,000 
8,000 


Summary  of  the  Persic  Region  and  Independent 
Tartary. 


Region. 


Persic  Region  proper 
Beloochistan  • 
Afghanistan  - 
Herat 

Independent  Tariary 


Sq.Eng.  ms.!  Pop. 


470,000  j 
150,000 

232,000 
85,000  | 

800,000 


9,000,000 
7,000.000 
7,000,000 
1 ,800,000 
2,500,000 


1,797,000  I  27,300,000 


Provincial  section. 

Chief  cities. 

Pop. 

SARAVAN  - 

Kelat 

20,000 

CUTcH  GUNDAWA  - 

Gundava 

S,000 

DJHALA  WAN 

Khozdar 

3,000 

LUZorLUS  - 

Beila. 

MEKKAN  orMUKRAN 

Kedje 

15,000 

KOHISTAN  - 

Bun  poor. 

AFGHANISTAN  OR  CABOOL. 

Provincial  section. 

Chief  cities. 

Pop. 

CABOOL 

Cabool 

80,000 

LOUGHMAN 

Dir  and  Batchaour. 

JULALABAD  or  DJELAL 

A"bad-Julalabad  or  Dje- 

10,000 

lal-Abad. 

GHIZNIE  orGAZNA  • 

Ghiznee 

7,000 

Sournioul. 

CANDAHAR  or  KAN- 

Candahar 

100,000 

DAHAR. 

PECHAWUR 

Peshawur 

100,000 

Altock 

6,000 

BALK 

Balk  or  Balch 

7,000 

JMimana 

2.000 

Koundouz 

10,000 

Khooloom 

40,000 

Andkhoo  or  Andkhou  - 

l,5o0 

Talikhan. 

SESTAN,  Western  Af- 

Jullalabad  or  Dooshak 

10,000 

ehanistan. 

Mt)ULTAN,  part  W.  of 

Dera  Ismael  Khan 

5,000 

Indus  river. 

'Dera  Ghazee  Khan 

20,000 

HERAT  or  EASTERN 

Herat 

100,000 

KHORASAN. 

We  have  now  taken  a  cursory  survey  of  a  re- 
gion, nominally  a  part  of  Asia,  which,  however, 
were  our  artificial  subdivisions  made  with  due  re- 
gard to  physical  limit?,  would  be  considered  and 
named  as  a  whole  in  itself.  The  only  land  sur- 
face which  unites  the  Caucassian  region  to  Asia 
is  that  between  the  southern  shore  of  the  Caspian 
and  the  head  of  the  Persian  gulf,  about  500  ms., 
whilst  the  land  space  is  upwards  of  1,500  between 
the  northern  shore  of  the  Caspian  sea  and  that  ot 
Karia.  Thus  we  discover  Europe,  as  far  as  land 
is  concerned,  threefold  more  directly  connected 
with  the  great  body  of  Asia  than  is  the  Caucas- 
sian region. 

Independent,  therefore,  of  the  countries  we  have 
reviewed  under  the  names  of  Arabia,  Palestine,  &c, 
Asia  rises  from  the  Frozen  ocean,  Pacific  ocean,  In- 
dian ocean,  and  the  Persian  gulf  and  Caspian  sea, 
to  a  great  central  table  land.  From  this  immense 
plateau  falls  four  slopes :  one  northwards,  towards 
the  Frozen  ocean,  the  second  to  the  eastward,  into 
the  Pacific  ocean,  the  third  southwardly,  into  the 
Indian  ocean,  and  the  fourth  westward,  towards 
the  Caspian. 

The  great  table  land  of  Mongolia  is  bounded 
northwards  by  the  Thian  Chan  system  of  moun- 
tains, westward  by  the  Beloor,  (ancient  Imaus,) 
and  S.  by  the  Kuen  Luen  system.  To  the  E.  it 
is  open  to  the  seas  of  China  and  Japan.  From  it 
no  stream  of  water  issues  to  the  N.,  VV. ,  or  S.  Pla- 
cing ourselves  mentally  on  the  verge  of  the  Thian 
Chan,  very  near  mid  distance  from  the  Gulf  of  Fe- 
tehellee  and  the  sources  of  Ural  river  in  the  Ural 
mountains,  and  also  very  near  mid-distance  from 
the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bengal  and  that  of  Obey, 
and  you  have  a  central  spot  upwards  of  1,400  ms. 
distant  from  any  sea.     Within  this  radius  of 

S7 


ASI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASI 


1,400  ms.  the  Baikal  sea,  comparatively  only  a 
large  lake,  covers  more  area  than  do  all  the  residue 
of  water  surface  within  its  sweep. 

Thus  placing  ourselves,  we  have  around  us  the 
most  expended  continuous  land  of  the  earth,  and 
we  may  regard  ourselves  amid  the  most  stupendous 
natural  scenes.  Towards  the  northern  pole  de- 
scends the  great  slope  of  Northern  Asia  ;  on  every 
side  mountains,  stretching  away  towards  the  far 
distant  recipients  of  their  rivers,  except  to  the 
south  and  eastward,  whence  spreads  the  frozen 
deserts  of  Shamo  or  Cohi,  perhaps  the  highest 
plateau  of  the  glohe.  At  great  distances  from 
each  other  on  these  wastes  spread  small  saline  or 
brackish  lakes,  into  which  flow  small  rivers,  along 
which  the  few  fertile  spots  and  shrubby' appear- 
ance of  the  only  trees  which  rise  near  their  banks 
render  desolation  more  gloomy.  This  is,  howev- 
er, the  character  of  the  central  table  land  of  Asia, 
through  upwards  of  2,000  ms.  fjom  the  Kuen 
Luen  to  the  Siolki  mountains,  or  from  the  sources 
of  the  Indus  and  Amou  Deria  rivers  to  those  of  the 
Argoun  or  upper  Amur,  with  a  varying  width 
from  3  0  to  10  0  I  at. 

Towards  the  north  the  central  plateau  is  in  some 
degree,  but  with  less  sterility,  extended  beyond 
the  Titian  Chan  mountains  to  the  lower  Altai, 
and  on  the  W.  giving  source  to  the  Irtysh,  in  the 
centre  to  the  Oby,  and  E.  to  those  of  the  Selinga 
and  Argoun  and  Kirton  Pira  branches  of  Amur. 
The  wide  space  between  the  Thian  Chan  and 
Lower  Altai  mountains,  and  in  E.  and  W.  direc- 
tion between  the  Beloor  and  Siolki,  over  50  0  Ion. 
on  the  mean  N.  lat.  47  0,  or  through  2,000  miles, 
is  traversed  by  branches  of  the  two  bounding 
mountain  systems,  dividing  it  into  extensive  natu- 
ral basins.  Of  these  basins  is  Soongarie  on  the 
W.,  and,  though  as  large  as  France,  is  without 
river  outlet.  Soongarie  is  followed  eastward  by 
the  country  of  the  Eluths,  of  little  less  extent,  but 
drained  by  the  upper  Irtysh  and  upper  Oby.  The 
Eluths  are,  with  an  intervening  mountain  chain, 
followed  by  the  Kalkas  Mongols,  who  roam  over 
the  immense  regions  drained  by  the  Selinga  and 
higher  confluents  of  the  Amur.  Those  three  great 
sections  comprise  the  "Thian  Chan  Pelou,"  or 
44  Country  beyond  the  Thian  Chan,"  of  the  Chi- 
nese. 

Advancing  eastward  of  Mongolia  and  'J  hian 
Chan-pe-Lou,  the  central  table  land  terminates, 
and  the  Altaian  system,  cut  through,  as  it  is  in  the 
Russian  province  of  Nertchinsk,  or  rather  in  pass- 
ing from  the  country  of  Kalkas  Mongolia  into 
Nertchinsk,  by  the  Selinga  river,  is  continued  by 
the  names  of  Stanovoy  and  Yablonoy,  or  by  other 
local  names  as  the  mountains  of  Daouria,  Khinig- 
gan,  and  the  Lamoertes,  until  the  system  is  ter- 
minated, or  more  probably  only  interrupted  by 
Beering's  strait.  These  chains  limit,  and,  by  their 
ramifications,  indicate,  and  in  part  separate  the 
great  northern  river  basins  of  Asia;  that  of  the 
Oby  on  the  W.,  Jenisey  in  the  centre,  and  that  of 
the  Lena  on  the  E.  All  these  basins  and  many 
smaller  ones,  terminating  beyond  the  Arctic  circle 
in  level,  and  in  the  short  summer  marshy,  and 
winter  frozen  and  naked  plains,  make  the  indefi- 
nite, vast,  and  desolate  Siberia.  If  we  include 
with  Siberia  Mongolia  and  the  intervening  coun- 
tries, this  part  of  the  earth  is  distinguished  by 
88 


one  physical  fact  from  all  others  :  that  is,  from  th 
great  elevation  of  Mongolia  from  lat.  40  0  to  50 
N.,  the  temperature  of  winter  is  little,  if  any,  L 
rigorous  than  is  the  same  season  along  the  Arcti 
ocean  above  lat.  65  0.  The  favorable  climate  is 
from  these  circumstances,  above  lat  50  0  N.,  an 
from  thence  to  60  0  N. 

Great  attention  has  been  paid  by  geographers 
the  mountain  systems  of  Asia,  which  range  east 
wardly  and  westwardly,  whilst  the  systems  whic 
have  their  direction  from  SW.  to  NE.  have  bee 
neglected,  though  the  latter  is  little,  if  any,  le 
prominent. 

Amongst  the  men  who  have  contributed  most  t 
bring  order  out  of  confusion,  as  regards  physic- 
geography,   by  elevated,  expanded,  and  correc 
views,  Alexander  Humboldt  stands  at  the  hea  * 
After  his  return  from  America,  for  the  geograph 
of  which  he  performed  the  most  profound  services 
he  turned  his  attention  towards  Asia,  that  mo 
extended  and  most  elevated  continent  of  the  earth 
and  to  which  Europe  is  only  a  peninsula.  Th 
view  is  here  drawn  to  the  cradle  of  mankind,  a 
cording  to  all  our  records,  sacred  and  profan 
The  animated  movement  recently  assumed  by  a 
the  sciences  since  their  mutual  aid  and  dependenc 
have  been  'discovered  and  made  available,  hav 
produced  the  most  happy  results  on  geography 
Comparing  the  great  features  of  nature  with  thefac 
of  general  history,  the  great  mountain  systems,  en 
closing  between  their  regions,  inhabited  by  diffe 
ent  nations,  have  served  to  determine  the  origi 
and  direction  of  the  intervening  valleys,  painful 
access  from  one  to  the  other,  have  had  on  natio 
by  enchaining  society  into  groups,  a  greater  infi 
ence  than  horizontal  distance.     Routes  open  t 
either,  or  both  commerce  and  invasion,  by  rive 
and  arms  of  the  sea,  have  been  so  long  discuss" 
as  to  admit  them  as  elements  in  history  ;  and  y 
systems  of  mountains,  equal  in  all  cases,  and  mnc 
more  so  in  some  instances,  have  been  slrangel 
overlooked.    The  movements  of  emigrations,  th 
mutations  of  political  power,  operating  in  direc- 
tions and  with  subdivisions  apparently  capriciou 
have  strong  light  reflected  on  them  by  the  develop 
ment  of  mountain  geography. 

Again  :  to  obtain  any  knowledge  of  climate  d 
serving-  the  name  of  science,  it  has  always  bee 
requisite  to  study  prevailing  winds,  the  relations 
land  and  water,  the  slopes  and  inclinations  of  lan 
surface,  the  range  of  the  great  continental  coast 
the  mass  and  direction  of  mountain  systems,  wit 
their  elevation  and  that  of  their  intervening  valley 
Recently,  and  only  recently,  has  it  been  acknow 
ledged  that  the  surface  of  the  earth  is  only  hal 
defined  by  any  spherical  projection,  globular  o 
plane,  if  the  vertical  relations  of  height  are  n 
glected. 

Geology  comes  forward  in  aid  of  geography  i 
uniting  into  the  same  system  and  formation  thos 
parallel  chains  which,  until  the  present  age,  ap 
peared  as  unconnected  with  each  other.  Regard 
ing  the  chains  as  the  merely  most  prominent  par 
of  the  wrinkles  of  the  earth  which,  with  varyin 
elevation  above  the  surface,  we  may  consider  » 
giving  the  aspect  without  reality  of  interruption. 
This  law  is  manifested  by  mountain  elevation  i 
the  same  direction,  when  we  apply  scientific  prin 
ciples.  to  their  investigation.    Thus  by  method 


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truly  founded  on  the  phenomena  of  our  globe,  we 
subdivide  continents  into  sections  endowed  with 
precise  characters  illustrative  of  both  geography 
and  history,  and  order  produced  where  confusion 
long  reigned. 

The  surface  of  Central  and  Eastern  Asia  has 
remained  in  a  similar  state  of  uncertainty  with  the 
history  of  its  inhabitants.  An  accurate  knowledge  of 

'  the  great  features  of  nature  in  those  immense  regions 
must  precede,  and  then  direct,  the  study  of  events 
attending  the  progress  of  humanity.    The  rise, 

:  progress,  and  decline  of  nations,  present  the  vast 
image  of  a  protracted  battle,  which,  to  follow  and 

i  comprehend  the  detail,  demands  profound  know 

I  ledge  of  the  field  of  contention. 

We  now  proceed  to  give  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
classifications  of  the  features  of  natural  physiog- 

,  my,  established  by  Humboldt  on  the  general  sur- 
face of  Eastern  and  Central  Asia. 

We  may  premise  that,  on  a  connected  view  of 
both,  that  on  the  southern  side  the  mountainous 
character  of  Asia  is  extended  into  Europe,  whilst 
along  the  northern  side  of  the  former  spreads  an 
immense  plain,  which,  only  interrupted  by  the 
Uralian  mountains,  is/ stretched  into  Europe  even 
to  the  NE.  of  France.  The  prodigious  groups 
and  chains  of  the  enormous  mountains  of  Asia  and 

|  Europe,  stretching  over  the  eastern  continent  in  j 
nearly  its  greatest  length,  may  be  classed  and  ex- 
amined in  four  systems,  which,  proceeding  from  | 
N.  to  S.,  are  the  Altaian,  Thian  Chan,  Kuen 
Luen,  and  Himalaya. 

The  Altaian  system,  commencing  about  60  0 
ion.  E.  of  London,  and  lat.  47  0  in  the  steppes  of 
the  Kirguis,  ranges,  with  inflections  and  under 
different  names,  to  the  straits  of  Beering.  Its  first 
range  of  about  300  ms.,  SE.  by  E.,  is  over  the  steppe 
to  where  it  merges  into  the  Beloor  Dagh,  (ancient 
Imaus.)  Then  assuming  a  nearly  eastern  course 
of  600  ms.  along  the  mean  lat.  of  49  0,  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Irtysh,  or  outlet  of  Lake  Zaizan, 
thence  200  ms  in  a  like  direction  to  the  passage  of 
upper  Oby,  and  still  with  the  same  general  course, 
but  with  a  semicircular  curve  northwards,  under  the 
local  name  of  the  Syansk,  or  Sayamen  mountains, 
is  at  200  ms.  traversed  by  the  Sayansk  or  upper 
Jenesei  river,  and  again  at  a  distance  of  800  ms. 
from  the  Oby,  traversed  by  the  Selinga  river,  near 
Kiachta  and  Selinghrnsk.  From  its  first  rise  in 
the  steppes  of  Kirguis,  this  system  is  known  as 
the  Urgan  Daba,  and  evidently  united  to  the  Ural- 
ian by  the  Algydim  chain,  thence  towards  the  In- 
tysh,  as  the  Resha,  and  between  the  Oby  and  Se- 
linga, as  the  lesser  Altai,  or,  as  already  stated,  the 
Sayamen  mountains,  eastward  of  the  Selinga,  at 
a  distance  of  1,800  ms.  from  the  steppes  of  Kir- 
gui,  the  Altaian,  assuming  the  name  of  Yablonoy, 
and  in  a  direction  of  NE.  by  E.  1,500  ms.,  sepa- 
rat  ng  the  sources  of  the  Lena  from  those  of  the 
Amur,  reaches  the  sea  of  Ochotsk  ;  thence,  in  a 
NE.  direction,  under  the  name  of  Stanovoy,  in 
different  fragments,  and  distance  of  2,000  ms.,  is 
terminated,  or  more  probably,  only  interrupted,  by 
Beering's  straits,  having  a  range  on  the  sphere  of 
upwards  of  5,000  ms.,  and  stands  amongst  the 
greatest  mountain  systems  of  the  earth. 

The  Thian  Chan,  from  a  Chinese  term,  mean- 
ing ««  The  mountains  of  Heaven"  branches  from 
the  Beloor  system,  at  about  69  0  or  70  0  E.  Ion. 
1  8* 


London,  and  thence,  pursuing  the  mean  lat.  of  42 
0  towards  Hami  1,000  ms.,  apparently  sinks  to 
the  level  of  the  desert,  but,  as  probable  from  the 
aspect  of  the  country,  it  is  the  desert  which  rises 
to  the  height  of  the  mountains.  This  conclusion 
receives  great  force  from  the  circumstance  that,  in 
the  same  general  direction,  the  distinct  mountain 
character  again  appears,  and  continues  1,500  ms.  to 
the  sea  of  Japan,  passing  to  the  north  of  Pekin  and 
of  the  great  wall  of  China,  rising  in  many  places  to 
peaks  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  find  the  Caucasus  system,  westward  of 
the  Caspian,  stretching  in  the  same  direction 
and  on  near  the  same  latitude.  It  remains  to  be 
decided  their  disjunction  or  connexion. 

The  very  elongated  basin  between  the  Thian - 
Chan  and  Altai  is  open,  or  nearly  so,  on  the  west, 
but  is  traversed  partially  by  ramifications  of  both 
bounding  systems  in  many  places,  and  NE.  of 
Pekin  is  crossed  by  a  transversal  chain,  the  Siolki 
of  our  old  maps,  but  the  King-han  of  the  Chinese. 
The  Thian -Chan  system  passes  over  60  0  of  Ion. 
on  the  mean  lat^  of  42  0  N.,  or  above  3,000  ms. 
This  system  is  the  real  northern  buttress  of  Mon- 
golia, as  from  its  northern  flanks  lise  the  Irtysh, 
Oby,  Jenisei,  and  Kerton  Pira,  or  Upper  Amur, 
all  flowing  northwardly,  and  passing  the  Altai  at 
very  distant  parts,  except  the  Amur,  find  their  far- 
way  recipients  in  the  Frozen  ocean. 

The  Kuen  Luen  system  of  mountains  emerges 
from  the  nucleus  above  Cashmir.  With  its  ele- 
vated summits  and  peaks,  under  the  mean  lat.  of 
35  0,  to  Khoukou  Nor  lake,  and  to  the  sources  of 
the  Blue  and  Yellow  rivers,  and  thence  eastward, 
enclosing  between  it  and  Thian -Chan  the  great 
desert  of  Shami  or  Cobi.  The  desert  of  Gobi  and 
all  the  residue  of  the  wide-spread  table  land  of 
Mongolia  is  directly  contrary  to  the  Thian  Chan - 
pelou,  open  to  the  east,  as  the  latter  is  to  the  west. 
The  Kuen  Luen,  indeed,  expires  in  central  China, 
leaving  the  space  open  along  the  Pacific  ocean 
from  the  Thian  Chan  to  the  Himalaya.  On  the 
western  extreme  Mongolia  and  Little  Thibet  are 
closed  by  the  Beloor  system,  which,  emerging  from 
the  nucleus  of  Cashmir,  extends  northwardly,  and, 
passing  the  Thian-Chan,  separates  the  sources  of 
the  Yarkand  river  from  those  of  the  Amou  Deria 
(Oxus)  and  the  Sihoon  rivers. 

These  are  the  mountains  which  separate  the  an- 
cient Khotan  from  Thibet.  Khotan,  where,  from 
good  authority,  the  worship  of  Boodh  was  in  oper- 
ation at  the  earliest  dawn  of  history,  and  from 
whence,  at  a  more  recent  period,  it  slowly  pene- 
trated Thibet  and  Indostan. 

Himalaya  system  of  mountains  is,  from  all  anal- 
ogy, the  continuation  of  tn.e  mountains  of  southern 
Europe,  as  the  Pyrenees,  Alps,  and  Balcan,  and 
also  those  of  Asia  Minor,  Persia,  and  Afghanis- 
tan. Speaking  of  this  prodigious  system,  Make 
Brun  observes:  "That  part  which  forms  the 
northern  boundary  of  India  is  a  continuation  of  the 
same  range  with  that  west  of  the  Indus,  known 
among  the  Afghans  by  the  name  of  Hindoo  Koosh. 
To  the  east  of  the  Indus  it  increases  in  height,  and 
assumes  a  character  of  additional  grandeur  from 
that  circumstance  and  from  its  great  extent  in  both 
directions.  It  forms,  in  fact,  one  of  the  most  sub- 
lime features  in  the  structure  of  the  old  continent, 
and,  in  fine,  of  the  globe.    Here  a  long  range  of 

89 


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summits,  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  presents] 
itself  to  the  Hindoo,  who  has  in  all  ages  raised  to 
it  an  eye  of  religious  veneration.  All  the  names 
by  which  it  is  distinguished  fire  derived  from  the 
Sanscrit  term  Hem,  signifying  snow.  Hence 
have  ri^en  Imaus,  and  E modus  among  the  an- 
cients, and  the  Himalah,  Himadri,  Himachal,  and 
Himalaya  of  the  moderns.  The  old  Hindoo  root, 
Hem,  brings  also  to  mind  the  Hemus  of  Thrace, 
Hymettusi  of  Attica,  the  Mons  Imanus  of  Italy, 
and  the  Saxon  Himmel." 

"All  the  mountains  of  these  regions,  and  the 
masses  of  elevated  land  betweeen  them,  are,  in 
Hindoo  mythology,  called  Meroo-Soo  or  Soo-Me- 
roo,  and  Kailasam,  names  so  renowned  in  the  E. 
that  they  reached,  and  were,  with  some  difficulty 
in  regard  to  orthography,  introduced  into  Euro- 
pean works  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  These 
names  designate  the  Indian  Olympus,  the  native 
dwelling  of  gods  and  men.  These  mountains  ?knd 
elevated  plains,  rich  in  the  precious  metals,  fur- 
nished in  the  time  of  Herodotus  and  of  Ctjesias, 
that  quantity  of  native  gold  and  of  auriferous  sand, 
which  gave  rise  to  the  fables  of  ants,  which  amass- 
ed stores  of  this  precious  metal  and  of  fountains 
from  which  it  flowed  or  bubbled  up.  These  gold- 
en mountains  of  the  Indians  obtained  names  of 
similar  meaning  among  the  Mongols  and  the  Chi- 
nese, such  as  Altai-Alin-Tepa  and  Kin  Shan." 

Malte  Brun  expressed  a  dnubt  whether  the  Hi- 
milaya  did  or  did  not  extend  eastward  of  the  Brama- 
pootra,  but  Humboldt  removed  that  doubt,  and 
gave  the  following  brief  delineation  of  the  Himalaya : 

"The  Himalaya  separates  Thibet  from  the  val- 
ley of  the  Indus.  It  approaches  so  near  the  Kuen 
Luen,  between  Kashmir  and  Ladak,  that  the  two 
systems  seemed  blended  into  one  body.  To  the 
west  of  Djawahir  (N.  lat.  30  0  Ion.  84  0  E., 
and  about  250  ms.  NW.  from  Catmandu,)  it  at- 
tains the  elevation  of  8,000  metres,  or  26,240 
Eng.  feet ;  and,  further  to  the  E.,  near  Dhawala- 
ghiri,  it  rises  to  8,700  metres,  or  28,536  Eng. 
feet.  The  table  land  of  Thibet,  comprised  be- 
tween this  enormous  mass  and  the  Kuen  Luen,  is 
very  elevated  and  traversed  in  various  directions 
by  the  various  mountain  ribs  protruded  from  both 
systems." 

Though  of  much  greater  occasional,  if  not  gen- 
eral elevation,  the  Himalaya  is  not  the  southern 
buttress  of  Mongolia,  hut  yields  that  rank  in  ge 
ography  to  the  Kuen  Luen.  Rising  in  the  latter, 
and  flowing  towards  and  through  the  mighty 
gorges  of  the  former,  advancing  from  th?  VV.  to 
E.,  we  are  successively  led  to  the  Indus,  Sutledge, 
Brahmapootra,  Irraw&ddy,  Sahwen,  and  the  Hcw- 
lung  Kiang,  or  river  &f  Cambod'a,  to  where  its 
northern  foot  is  bathed  by  the  Pechu  or  Upper 
Blue  river,  all  rising  in  and  flowing  southwardly 
from  the  Kuen  Luen,  and  having  their  recipients 
either  in  the  Arabian  sea,  Gulf  of  Bengal,  or  Chi- 
nese sea.  Thus  far,  in  a  distance  of  1,300  ms. 
from  its  embranchment  out  of  the  mountain  nucle- 
us of  Little  Thibet  or  Kashgur,  the  Himalaya,  cut 
into  fragments  by  the  rivers  of  Southern  Asia,  ex- 
tends along  the  southern  slope  of  that  continent, 
but  in  reaching  China  in  the  province  of  Yunan, 
and  rising  eastward  of  the  Hew-lung-Kiang,  it 
becomes  a  dividing  ridge  between  the  sources  of 
the  southern  confluents  of  the  Blue  river,  and 
90 


those  of  the  Lisein-Kiang  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Tonquin  and  those  of  the  Hong-Kiang  or  river  of 
Canton.  With  some,  though  comparatively  slight, 
inflections  and  numerous. peaks  rising  to  perpetual 
snow,  this  system  crosses  China  in  a  distance  of 
1,200  ms.,  and  along  the  mean  lat.  of  25  N.  to  its 
final  termination  on  the  channel  of  Formosa. 

To  the  west  of  Little  Thibet,  the  Hindoo  Koosh 
or  ancient  Paropamisus  continues  the  Himalaya 
into  Persia,  and  thence,  under  local  names,  such 
as  Elvvend  and  Caucasus,  Ararat  and  others, 
reaches  the  Hellespont,  and,  if  followed  in  Eu- 
rope, it  extends  to  ihe  Atlantic  ocean.  This  im- 
mense system  of  mountains  is  the  most  important 
of  the  earth,  crossing  the  eastern  continent  through 
128°  of  Ion.,  or  upwards  of  7,000  statute  ms., 
and  in  length  vieing  with  the  Andes  of  America, 
but  exceeding  the  latter  in  extreme  elevation.  The 
Himalayas,  with  all  that  we  have  included  under 
the  term,  is  in  one  respect  a  physical  limit  of  re- 
markable character.  The  observation  has  been  al- 
ready recorded  in  this  article,  that  Asia  was  ter- 
minated by  peninsular  projections  to  the  south  ; 
but  we  now  extend  it  to  the  whole  system  of  Hi- 
malaya. If  we  set  out  from  the  channel  of  For- 
mosa, and  extend  our  views  to  the  bay  of  Biscay, 
we  would  have,  sloping  from  the  Himalaya,  India, 
east  and  west  of  the  Ganges,  Arabia,  a  large  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  with  all  Greece,  Italy,  and  Spain, 
countries  also  in  a  remarkable  manner  devoid  of 
lakes.  The  range  of  these  peninsulas  and  their 
bounding  seas  correspond  to  a  great  exactness  with 
that  of  the  mountain  system  from  which  they 
decline. 

These  general  sketches,  however,  on  the  great 
mountains  and  intervening  valleys  of  Asia  cannot 
be  regarded  other  than  an  approach  towards  the 
true  configuration  df  that  continent.  To  arrive  at 
any  positive  conclusion,  in  detail,  on  the  concord- 
ance of  different  parts  of  the  same  system,  it  would 
be  requisite  to  examine  each  by  itself.  But,  his- 
torically speaking,  such  minuteness  of  geological 
analysis  is  unnecessary;  the  mountains  exert  their 
influence  on  society,  independent  of  their  constit- 
uent material.  In  an  investigation  of  the  united 
geographical  and  geological  structure  of  Asia,  an- 
other great  fact  comes  forward.  The  very  elevated 
and  extended  regions  of  central  Asia  must  be  con- 
trasted on  the  western  side  -  by  a  depression  still 
more  remarkable,  since  at  its  lowest  level,  the  sur- 
face of  the  Caspian  sea,  it  is  some  hundred  feet 
below  the  level  of  the  general  ocean.  Similar  to 
the  table  land  of  Mongolia,  the  Caspian  depression 
has  no  river  or  any  other  aquatic  outlet.  These 
two  physical  sections  have  a  common  limit  in  the 
Belour  (Imaus)  mountains,  through  15° of  latitude, 
or  about  1,000  miles.  In  their  combined  length, 
they  reach  from  the  Siolki*  mountains,  in  Asia,  to 
the  sources  of  the  Wolga,  in  Europe,  or  through 
90°  of  Ion.  The  basin  of  the  depression,  including 
the  confluents  of  the  Aral  with  those  of  the  Cas- 
pian, comprises  an  area  of  1,400,000  sq.  ms.  ; 
and  the  plateau  of  Mongolia,  at  the  lowest  esti- 
mate, yields  a  continuous  surface  of  2,500,000  sq. 
ms.  of  land,  without  oceanic  connexion,  with  a 
length  from  the  sources  of  the  Wolga  to  the  Siolki 
mountains  uf  4,500  ms.  The  rivers  rising  in  and 
flowing  westward  from  the  Beloor  mountains,  such 
as  the  Oxu*  or  Arnoo,  the  Jihoon  and  Sarasoo, 


ASI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  A  Si 


with  several  others,  are  either  discharged  into  the 
Aral  or  lost  in  snndy  plains  or  smaller  lakes.  This 
generally  fine  slope,  falling  westward  from  the 
Beloor  mountains  towards  the  Caspian  and  Aral, 
is  the  Scythia  Intra  Imaum  of  the  ancient  Greeks 
and  Romans,  and  the  (it  is  prohahle)  far  more  an- 
cient Turkestan  of  its  own  inhabitants,  the  Maw- 
aralnahr  of  the  Arabians,  and  the  Independent 
Tartary  of  modern  European  geographers. 

Passing  eastward  of  the  Beloor  mountains,  we 
are  on  the  great  central  plateau  of  Asia.  Along 
the  western  regions  of  this  table  land,  from  fat. 
38  to  48°  N.,  or  700  ms.  from  S.  to  N.,  and  be- 
tween the  Kuen  Luen  and  Urgan  Daba  mount- 
ains, with  a  breadth,  east  and  west,  varying  from 
300  to  500  ms.,  spreads  Chinese  Turkestan,  or, 
as  known  to  us,  Little  Bucharia,  on  the  S.,  and 
Soongaria  N. — a  country  of  mountain,  plain,  and 
valley,  and  supplied  with  numerous  streams,  lost 
in  interior  lakes  of  brackish  water.  Of  the  rivers, 
the  Yarkand,  flowing  eastward  about  600  ms. 
comparative  course,  is  the  principal.  Elevated 
and  bleak  as  it  is,  this  region,  with  a  tolerably 
fertile  soil,  possesses  in  some  degree  a  settled  pop- 
ulation, with  whom,  under  the  name  of  Kalmucs, 
commences  the  Mongolic  race.  The  Chamern- 
Daban  mountains,  a  chain  extending  to  the  south- 
eastwards,  from  the  Altaian  to  the  Thian  Chan, 
separating  Soonjraria  and  Little  Bucharia  from  the 
country  of  the  Eluths  and  sources  of  the  lrtysh 
and  Oby  rivers,  is  one  of  those  lateral  chains 
which  contribute  to  form  the  basins  of  central  Asia. 

Bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Thian  Chan,  and 
S.  by  the  Kuen  Luen,  and  spreading  about  ENE. 
over  40°  of  Ion.,  on  the  mean  lat.  of  44°,  extends 
the  great  and  desolate  expanse  of  Mongolia,  to 
which,  if  we  add  Little  Bucharia,  we  have  a  dis- 
tance of  2,500  ms.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  500, 
from  which  no  stream  flows,  and  on  the  much 
most  extensive  part  none  deserving  the  name  of  a 
river  exists.  One-third,  at  least,  is  utter  desert. 
On  this  region,  houses,  fields,  cities,  or  roads,  in 
the  form  we  possess  these  objects,  never  did  nor 
ever  can  exist.  On  this  expansive  plateau, 
where  human  beings  appear,  they  are  nomades, 
living  on  horseback,  or  in  movable  tents.  They 
are  not  savages,  but  they  are  barbarians:  so  they 
are  now,  and  so  must  they  remain  ;  and  the  ob- 
servations made  in  the  article  Africa  may  be  re- 
peated, as  respects  Mongolia;  and  both  ought  to 
be  regarded  as  composed  of  islands  separated  from 
each  other  by  deserts. 

Dzoungaria,  or  Soongaria  is  a  general  name  in 
our  books  for  more  than  one  country  of  central 
Asia,  and  is  also  a  name,  with  several  others,  for 
the  southwestern  branch  of  the  Amur  river.  Great 
Dzoungaria  is  a  natural  section— a  mountain  basin 
already  noticed. 

Crossing  the  Kinghan  or  Siolki  mountains,  we 
are  on  the  remote  sources  of  the  Amur,  and  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  Asia.  Still,  however,  in  pass* 
ing  from  Mongolia,  properly  so  called,  we  find  its 
physical  features  continued  into  Mandshuria  and 
the  neighboring  province  of  Nertchinsk,  and  in 
some  degree,  northwards,  into  Irkoutsk  and  Koly- 
vane.  As  a  summary,  we  may  regard  central 
Asia  as  a  series  of  basins  enclosed  by  mountainous 
rims,  as,  though  on  very  reduced  scales,  we  may 
instance  Bohemia  in  Europe,  and  in  America  that 


in  which  the  city  of  Mexico  standi.  Similar  to 
the  continent  of  which  they  form  a  part,  the 
mountain  basins  of  Asia  are  of  immense  extent; 
some  have  river  outlets,  but,  as  we  have  already 
shown,  others  have  not.  As  it  has  been  observed 
that  all  these  sections  of  Asia  have  a  very  strong 
resemblance  to  the  features  revealed  to  us  by  the 
telescope  on  the  face  of  the  moon,  again  we  may 
observe  that  from  the  immense  mountain  rims  of 
central  Asia  flow  the  fountains  of  rivers,  as  radii 
from  a  common  centre.  From  the  Thian  issue 
northwardly  the  higher  sources  of  the  lrtysh,  Oby, 
and  Jenisei,  which,  carrying  their  volumes  through 
the  Altaian,  carry  their  far  winding  streams  to 
the  Northern  ocean.  From  the  Imaus  or  Beloor 
issue  the  fountains  of  the  Oxus,  Jihon,  and  Sa- 
rasoo,  and,  though  finding  their  recipient  in  the 
Aral,  flow  down  that  great  slope  terminated  by  the 
Caspian. 

The  most  remarkable,  however,  of  the  basins 
around  Mongolia,  which  have  an  oceanic  recipi- 
ent, is  that  between  the  Kuen  Luen  and  Hima- 
laya, extending  from  west  to  east,  along  the  mean 
lat.  of  34°  N.,  through  34°  of  Ion.,  or  about  2,000 
ms.  This  great  physical  section  has  a  strong  re- 
semblance to  many  of  the  mountain  basins  of 
America.  It  is  divided  by  transversal  mountains 
into  many  sub-basins,  but  all  having  a  southern 
inclination.  Kafferistan  is  the  western  of  these 
sub-basins,  giving  source  to  the  river  Kashgur,  or 
northwestern  branch  of  the  Indus.  The  main 
Indus  and  its  southern  branch,  the  Sutledge,  rise 
north  of  and  pierce  the  Himalaya.  Flowing  in 
directly  opposite  directions,  the  Indus  and  Brama- 
pootra  rise  in  Great  Thibet,  their  fountains  only 
separated  by  the  Koorum  ridge.  The  higher 
branches  of  the  Indus  and  Little  Thibet  are  nearly 
commensurate.  That  already  great  river  above 
the  Himalaya,  swelled  by  numerous  streams  from 
the  Kuen  Luen,  Koorum,  and  Himalaya,  pierces 
the  latter  about  100  ms.  above  Attock,  assumes  a 
SS  W.  direction,  and  in  a  course  of  about  1,000 
ms.,  separating  Afghanistan  and  Beloochistan 
from  Indostan,  enters  the  Indian  ocean  very  nearly 
under  the  northern  tropic,  having  received  the 
Sutledge  about  mid-distance  from  the  Himalaya  to 
to  its  mouth. 

Great  Thibet,  stretching  between  the  Kuen 
Luen  and  Himalaya,  northwards  of  Indostan  and 
Nepaul,  separated  from  Setchuen,  in  China,  by 
the  Yong-Ling  mountains,  and,  beside  the  Brah- 
mapootra, giving  source  to  the  rivers  Irrawaddy, 
Salawen,  Hew-lung,  Kiang,  and  Blue  river  ;  on  the 
mean  lat.  of  33°  N.,  through  28°  degrees  of  Ion., 
or  about  1,600  ms.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  400 
ms.  ;  area  640,000  sq.  ms.  The  minute  geog- 
raphy of  this  extensive  and  rather  well  peopled 
country  is  defectively  known  to  us,  and  of  course 
defectively  delineated  on  our  maps.  The  inhabit- 
ants belong  to  the  yellow  or  Mongolic  race,  and 
are  subject  to  China. 

The  great  southern  slope  of  Asia,  between  the 
Kuen  Luen  and  Himalaya,  terminates  with  Thibet. 
The  Yung-ling  chain,  which  separates  China  from 
Thibet,  is  evidently  only  a  part  of  a  great  trans- 
versal system,  continued  along  western  China, 
and  thence  by  the  Siolki  until  combined  with  the 
Stanovoy.  In  the  opposite  direction,  there  is  as 
little  doubt  but  that  the  same  system  is  continued 

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to  Cape  Negrais,  as  in  the  mountains  of  Anoupec- 
tomiou,  of  Arracan.  Taken  as  a  whole,  this 
counter  system,  ranging  with  the  general  course 
of  the  Pacific  coast  of  Asia,  is  in  length  upwards 
of  3,000  ms.  To  the  north  of  the  Himalaya,  it  is 
a  divisionary  boundary  between  the  plateau  of 
Mongolia  and  the  immense  slopes  of  China  and 
Mandshuria.  It  also  separates  two  grand  divis- 
ions of  the  yellow  race — the  roving  Mongol  from 
the  sedentary  Chinese  and  Mandshoo.  It  is  there- 
fore not  only  a  physical  but  a  political  and  national 
limit.  The  Chinese,  from  all  concurrent  testi- 
mony, have  been  sedentary  beyond  the  credible 
limits  of  their  own  history.  The  same  case  is 
probable  in  the  history  of  the  Mandshoo;  whilst 
on  the  opposite  or  western  side  of  the  Siolki  the 
nomadic  state  of  society  has  prevailed-  through  all 
historical  periods. 

It  is  remarkable  that  if  we  extend  our  view  from 
the  continent  to  the  islands  of  eastern  Asia,  we 
must  be  struck  with  the  parallelism  of  Kamschat- 
ka,  the  Kurile  chain  of  islands,  the  chains  of  Japan, 
Loochoo,  and  Philippines,  with  the  Siolki  system 
of  mountains.  We  may,  on  these  physical  data, 
regard  Chin  India,  China,  and  Mandshuria,  as 
parts  of  an  immense  slope,  with  its  lower  depres- 
sion in  that  chain  of  semi-inland  seas  called,  re- 
spectively, advancing  from  south  to  north,  sea  of 
China,  Tunghay,  (Eastern  sea,)  Japanese  sea, 
and  sea  of  Ochotsk.  On  these  principles,  the 
chains  of  islands  and  peninsula  of  Kamschatka  are 
the  prominent  parts  of  a  transversal  system  of 
mountains. 

Between  the  Hindoo-Koosh  mountains  and  Pa- 
cific ocean,  two  immense  triangular  peninsulas  are 
protruded  towards  the  Indian  ocean — Indostan  on 
the  west  and  Chin  India  to  the  east.  Both  are 
physical  sections,  abounding  in  rivers  and  pro- 
ductive in  soil,  and  also  in  an  eminent  degree  cal- 
culated for  the  sustenance  of  human  society.  Both 
are  countries  in  which  man  had  reached  a  certain 
degree  of  civilization  in  the  most  remote  antiquity, 
and  has  retained  much  of  the  character  of  cultiva- 
ted beings.  Separated  by  the  Brahmapootra  river, 
Indostan  is  inhabited  by  a  branch  of  the  Caucassian 
family;  whilst  those  of  Chin  India  belong  to  the 
yellow  Mongolic  race,  as  low  as  N.  lat.  10°, 
where  commences  the  Malay. 

Encased,  if  I  may  use  the  expression,  by  the 
Altaian  mountains,  the  Beloor  W.,  Himalaya  and 
embranchments  SW.,  and  by  the  great  bays  of  the 
Pacific  ocean  E.,  spreads  an  extent  of  upwards  of 
5,000,000  sq.  ms.,  subdivided  into  four  natural  j 
sections:  the  great,  elevated,  and  desolate  Mon- j 
golia  W.,  Mandshuria  NE.,  Chin  India  SE.,  and 
in  the  centre  China,  spreading  E.  of  Mongolia, 
SW.  of  Mandshuria,  and  SE.  of  Chin  India.  To 
these  continental  subdivisions  may  be  added  the 
Japanese  islands,  including  Saghalian  and  Jesso, 
Japanese  group  proper,  Loochoo,  Formosa,  Hainan, 
and  the  large  group  of  the  Philippines.  All  taken 
together,  and  soil  and  climate  taken  into  consider- 
ation, this  southeastern  part  of  Asia  is  fully  ade- 
quate to  sustain  double  the  population  of  Europe. 
With  great  national  distinction  of  feature,  structure,  j 
and  character,  the  yellow  Asiatic  inhabits  these 
widely  spread  regions,  continental  and  insular. 
Thus  has  southeastern  and  central  Asia  been,  in 
all  historical  ages,  possessed  by  one,  and  that  one 
92 


j  the  most  numerous,  race  of  mankind.  From  cans 
I  shown  under  the  head  of  climate  in  this  treatise, 
there  is  at  least  10°  of  Fahrenheit  between  the  mea 
temperature  of  the  eastern  and  western  sides  : 
both  continents  of  the  northern  temperate  zone 
the  earth,  the  eastern  being  so  many  degrees  colde 
than  the  western.    As  the  difference  stated  arises 
!  from  causes  inherent  in  the  present  condition  o 
our  planet,  the  effects  must  continue  durable 
that  condition. 

"The  northern  and  western  part  of  China,' 
says  Malte  Brun,  "have  a  far  colder  climate  than 
the  countries  of  Europe  which  are  situated  in  th 
same  parallels  of  latitude.    The  elevation  of  the 
land,  and  the  snows,  (he  should  have  added  pre- 
vailing western  winds,)  which  for  the  greater  par' 
of  the  year  prevail  on  the  central  mountains  o 
Asia,  contribute  to  produce  this  difference  of  tern 
perature.    The   extremes  of  heat  and  cold  ar 
much  greater  at  Pekin  than  at  Madrid,  though  th 
latitude  is  much  the  same."    If  the  latitude  i 
nearly  the  same,  the  relative  height  above  th 
ocean,  of  the  two  cities,  is  very  different.  Madri 
is  on  ground  at  least  1,800  feet  above  the  ocean 
whilst  it  is  not  probable  that  the  site  of  Pekin  i 
one-sixth  of  that  elevation  ;  therefore,  as  far  a 
height  is  concerned,  Madrid  ought  to  be  several  de 
grees  colder  than  Pekin.    But,  though  lower  a 
regards  the  earth's  surface,  the  cold  at  Pekin,  an 
of  course  the  winter,  is  more  severe  than  at  Madrid 
"At  Pekin  there  are,  properly  speaking,  but  tw 
seasons,  winter  and  summer.    According  to  Fathe 
Amyot,  the  mean  term  of  the  greatest  heat  is  121 
Fahrenheit ;  and  that  of  the  greatest  cold,  63°  belo 
zero;  the  mean  temperature  of  the  year,  55°." 

"Though,  as  Italy,  Corea  is  exposed  to  a  ver 
cold  climate.  This  is  produced,  as  some  have  sup 
posed,  by  mountains,  which,  however,  cannot  I 
the  cause  of  difference,  since  Italy  is  also  moun 
tainous  ;  but  because  the  Corean  mountains  a 
higher,  and  the  physical  position  altogether  differ 
ent  from  that  of  Italy.  In  effect,  Italy  is  sheltere 
from  northern  winds  by  the  Alps  and  their  prolon 
gation  ;  and  more,  are  separated  from  these  moun 
tains  by  the  valley  of  the  Po,  and  on  the  NE.  b 
the  sea,  whilst  nothing  similar  is  presented  by  th 
relative  situation  of  Corea,  which  latter  peninsul 
is  exposed  on  the  NE.  to  all  the  influence  of  th 
sea  of  Japan,  which  communicates  with  those 
Jesso  and  Ochotsk ;  and  to  the  N.  there  is  nothin 
to  shelter  Corea  from  the  winds  coming  from  th 
high  mountains  of  Asia.  What  we  here  state,  ap 
plies  particularly  to  the  northern  part  of  Corea 
where  the  surface,  during  winter  rrjonths,  lie 
buiied  under  deep  and  durable  snows.  The  south 
em  part  is  exposed  to  very  high  temperature."* 
And  also  to  a  very  low  one,  ought  to  have  bee 
added. 

In  these  extracts  we  have  some  important  truth 
stated,  but  to  account  for  the  phenomena,  we  hav 
a  most  glaring  confusion  of  ideas.  In  respect  to 
relative  position  on  their  respective  continents, 
great  difference  is  stated  to  exist  between  Italy  an-" 
Corea ;  whilst  a  single  glance  on  a  map  of  the  earth 
is  sufficient  to  show  that  very  few,  if  any  other  two 
physical  sections  of  the  earth,  have  more  in  com- 
mon.   They  stand  on  opposite  sides  of  the  conti- 


*Larenaudierp..  Balbi,  and  Huot's  geography,  vol.  2.,  p.  If 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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nent,  but  in  range,  relatively  and  specifically,  they 
are  in  a  very  prominent  degree  similar.  But,  in 
the  extracts,  Italy  is  represented  as  having  a  mild 
climate,  because  in  one  direction  it  is  sheltered  from 
mountains  by  the  sea ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  Corea 
is  very  cold,  because  in  the  same  NE.  direction  it 
is  exposed  "  to  the  seas  of  Japan,  Jesso,  and 
Ochotsk."  The  difference  of  climate  between  Italy 
and  Corea,  and  that  between  Spain  and  northern 
China,  is  no  doubt  correctly  drawn.  The  causes, 
however,  could  not  have  been  clearly,  if  at  all, 
known  to  the  writer.  Those  causes  are  in  them- 
selves common  to  both  the  great  continents  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  of  the  earth. — See  article 
Climate. 

•  If,  in  fine,  we  engrasp  the  whole  eastern  conti- 
nent in  one  sweep  of  vision,  we  have  before  us, 
from  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  Asia  to  the 
southwestern  of  Europe,  a  chain  of  deep  gulfs  and 
inland  seas,  with  intervening  large  protruding  pe- 
ninsulas. This  chain  of  alternate  land  and  water 
extends  very  nearly,  at  right  angles,  to  the  extreme 
southeastern  and  northwestern  coasts.  In  the  in- 
terior of  the  «bntinent  the  systems  of  mountains, 
both  longitudinal  and  transversal,  obey  in  a  re- 
markable manner  similar  directions.  Examining 
arid  comparing  the  opposing  coasts,  both  we  behold 
are  indented  by  deep  inland  seas  and  lined  by  nu- 
merous islands  and  peninsulas.  Carry  your  exam- 
ination closer,  and  you  will  find  both  extremes  of 
the  continent  drained  by  many  large,  and  a  very 
great  number  of  smaller  rivers;  you  will  find  the 
soil  of  each  extreme  productive,  habitable,  and 
densely  inhabited.  You  will  every  where  on  these 
extremes  find  marks  and  monuments  to  show  a 
long  established  and  high  degree  of  civilization. 

What  at  a  cursory  glance  would  appear  doubtful, 
would,  however,  by  inspection  on  a  general  map, 
be  found  correct,  is  that,  along  N.  lat.  40°,  from 
the  eastern  shores  of  Japan  to  the  westernmost  of 
Spain,  the  Imaus,  or  Beloor  mountains,  is  almost 
exactly  on  the  mid-distance  between  the  extremes. 
This  discovery  will  naturally  call  attention  to  the 
range  of  the  Beloor  system,  and  lead  on  to  another 
very  important  fact  in  physical  geography.  Ex- 
amining the  Beloor  southward,  or  following  its 
general  range  in  that  direction,  it  will  be  found 
crossing  the  Kuen-Lucn  and  Himalaya,  and  in  the 
Suleiman  range,  continued  W.  of  the  Indus,  to 
the  Indian  ocean.  Returning  to  the  proper  Beloor, 
and  advancing  northwards,  it  will  be  found  to  pass 
and  throwing  off  the  Thian  Chan  to  the  E.  and 
pass  and  touching  the  Altaian,  turn  to  the  NW. 
under  the  name  of  Algydim  Shalo,  i*each  and  be 
continued  to  the  Frozen  ocean  under  the  name  of 
Ural.  Thus  combining  the  parts  of  this  remark- 
able system,  we  find  it  extending  form  the  Indian 
to  the  Frozen  ocean,  and  from  the  northern  tropic 
to  near  the  Arctic  circle,  in  a  direction  with  some 
intermediate  inflections,  almost  exactly  N.  and  S., 
and  not  crossed  by  a  single  stream,  great  or  small. 
Including  Austral  Asia,  Australia,  and  the  eastern 
islands  of  Asia,  with  that  part  of  the  latter  conti- 
nent eastward  of  the  Beloor,  it  will  be  found  that 
this  system  divides  the  eastern  continent  into  two 
very  nearly  equal  sections  of  something  above 
15,000,000  of  sq.  ms.  each. 

Crossing  both  the  Beloor  and  Himalaya  oblique- 
ly, extends  an  immense  desert  zone,  which  on  the 


NE.  commences  in  Mandshuria,  and  including 
Mongolia  in  its  greatest  extent;  interrupted  only 
by  the  well-watered  countries  near  the  Himalaya 
and  Beloor,  but  spreading  wide  in  Persia,  hardly 
interrupted  by  the  southern  extreme  of  the  Eu- 
phrates' basin  ;  sweeping  thence  again  over  Arabia, 
is  crossed  in  comparative  narrow  lines  by  the  Red 
sea  and  Nile  basin ;  and  thence,  spreading  over 
northern  Africa,  forms  the  immense  Sahara  to  the 

!  Atlantic  ocean.  WTth  such  slight  interruptions, 
this  zone  of  desert  extends  through  140°  of  Ion., 

j  separating  from  each,  by  wide  spaces,  the  two 
great  productive  and  habitable  regions  already 
noticed. 

The  long  cultivated  tracts,  the  abodes  of  civiliza- 
tion on  each  side  of  this  desert  zone,  do  not  in  the 
aggregate  differ  materially  in  extent,  and,  as  may 
be  seen  under  various  articles,  very  essentially  in 
estimated  population.  Nor  do  the  extremes  dif- 
|  fer  in  climate  according  to  latitude.  The  climates 
■of  southern  China  and  northern  Africa  do  not 
greatly  differ  in  mean  temperature.  The  mid-land 
J  and  northern  provinces  of  China,  are  exposed  to 
I  extremities  of  cold,  altogether  unknown  on  western 
j  Europe,  on  lats.  of  10,  12,  15,  and  even  on  the 
;  coasts,  20°  higher  lat.  The  mountain  systems, 
deserts,  prevailing  winds,  and  other  phenomena 
noticed,  being  permanent  features,  ever  have,  and 
ever  must  coeval  with  their  existence,  not  simply 
influence,  but  determine  the  relative  destiny  of 
j  man  on  this  planet. 

The  great  extent  of  Asia,  its  most  prominent 
1  physiognomy,  its  eastern  Mediterranean  seas,  and 
I  its  insular  groups,  which  we  have  thus  briefly  sur- 
j  veyed,  present  to  us  several  physical  sections, 
!  which,  commencing  on  the  NE.,  we  take  in  order, 
j  and  first : 

Mandshuria,  nearly  commensurate  with  the 
j  basin  of  the  Amur,  though  embracing  also  a  nar- 
row slope  towards  the  Japan  sea,  and  on  the  south- 
ward rt  aching  to  the  Yellow  sea,  and  there  bound- 
ing on  Corea.  Its  general  limits  are  Kingham 
mountains  on  the  W.,  Stanovoy  mountains  aftd 
sea  of  Ochotsk  N.,  channel  of  Tartary,  or  La 
Pey rouse  straits,  and  sea  of  Japan  E.,  and  S.  by 
Corea  and  China.  General  length  1,100  ms.  from 
the  Yellow  sea  to  the  Stanovoy  mountains  and  sea 
of  Ochotsk  ;  mean  breadth,  at  least  700  ms.  :  area, 
770,000  sq.  ms. ;  extreme  lats.,  40  and  55°  N.  In 
comparative  geography,  this  extent  rather  exceeds 
that  of  western  Europe,  from  a  line  drawn  from 
the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Vistula,  including  the  British  islands.  Compared 
with  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  Mandshuria 
about  equals  the  area  eastward  of  the  Mississippi 
river  to  the  mouth  of  Illinois,  and  thence  with  the 
latter  river  and  Lake  Michigan. 

The  Mandshures  are  of  the  Tongoosic  race,  con- 
generate  with  the  Chinese,  and  for  nearly  two  cen- 
turies past  have  been  the  ruling  people  in  China. 
On  a  space  so  great,  however,  as  that  included 
under  the  general  name  of  Mandshuria,  different 
nations  and  languages  must  exist;  but,  as  in 
Europe,  the  whole  population  of  the  former  evince 
by  form,  feature,  and  color,  a  common  family. 
The  Mandshures  have  a  more  direct  resemblance 
to  the  Mongols  than  have  the  Chinese,  as  in  com- 
mon appearance  they  appear  as  a  mixed  people  be- 
tween their  two  congenerate  nations ;  and,  in  re- 

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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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gard  to  civilization,  their  relative  character  would 
give  them  a  similar  place.  By  Europeans,  the 
people  of  this  great  region  are  called  Mant-Choo- 
Tartars,  with  an  absurdity  rendered  glaring  by  a 
single  glance  on  a  map.  Western  Mandshuria 
and  Tartary  are  separated  by  a  distance  as  great  as 
that  from  the  latter  into  France  and  Spain,  whilst 
in  features  of  race  the  difference  is  still  more  ex- 
treme. It  is  probable  that-  the  term  Mantchoo  is 
itself  an  epithet ;  the  people  call  themselves  Oven. 
Palas,  as  quoted  by  Make  Brun,  observes  in  his 
Memoirs  on  the  Mongolic  nations,  "TheDaoor- 
ians  are  Mantchoos  mixed  with  Mongols.  Several 
tribes,  such  as  the  Dutcheri,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Ainoor,  about  the  middle  of  its  course,  the  Solons, 
on  the  Argoun,  and  others,  seem  to  differ  only  in 
slight  maiks  of  civilization. 


On  our  maps  and  in  our  books,  Mandshuria  is 
represented  as  distinct  from  China,  though  subject 
to  the  same  sovereign.  This  has,  however,  not 
been  politically  the  case  for  nearly  a  century  past. 
In  the  reign  of  Kien-Lung,  Mandshuria  Vas  form- 
ed into  three  extensive  provinces — Ching  King, 
Hing-King,  and  He-Loung-Kiang,  all  declared 
parts  of  as  incorporated  with  China  :  thus  forming 
one  empire. 

Southwardly  from  Mandshuria,  westward  of 
Japan,  and  east  of  the  Yellow  sea  and  of  China, 
protrudes  the  peninsula  of  Corea,  called  by  the 
Chinese  Kaoli,  and  by  the  Mantchoos  Solho,  is 
only  tributary  to  and  not  a  part  of  China.  It  is 
ruled  by  its  own  hereditary  monarchs,  but  who  re- 
ceive their  investiture  from  Pekin.  In  its  interior 
administration,  therefore,  Corea  is  an  independent 
The  Mantchoos,  under  the  name  of  Nieutche,  '  sovereignty.  According  to  Hamel,  it  is  much 
before  the  twelfth  century,  subjugated  the  Leaos,  more  densely  populated  than  China,  and  on  an 
or  Khitans,  to  whom  they  had  been  before  tribu-  area  of  88,750  sq.  ms.  sustains  a  population  of 
tary.  In  1115  they  invaded  the  north  of  China,  15,000,000,  or  170  to  the  sq.  m.  In  manners, 
and  there  founded  the  dynasty  of  Kin,  and  from !  customs,  and  appearance,  the  Coreans  differ  littl 


whence  they  were  expelled  by  the  Mongols,  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  dynasty  of  Ming,  found- 
ed in  China  1368  by  Tehu  Yuen-Tchang,  or,  as 
better  known  to  us  by  the  name  of  Hong-Voo, 


from  the  Chinese,  though  the  language  of  the  two 
countries  differ  materially. 

Passing  the  Yellow  sea  and  great  wall,  we  enter 
the  ancient  and  immense  China.  But  before  speak  - 


rose  on  the  ruins  of  the  empires  of  Zingis-Khan  ing  of  this  truly  interesting  region,  let  us  pause 
and  that  of  the  Mantchoos.  The  founding  of  this  j  upon  the  most  stupendous  production  of  human 
dynasty  restored  China  to  more  than  former  gran-  j  labor,  and  the  only  one  of  all  the  works  of  man 
deur  ;  and  the  family  of  Hong-Voo  held  the  sepp-  j  which  forms  a  land-mark  on  a  map  of  the  earth — 
tre  until  1640.  Then  commenced  that  revolution  j  the  great  wall  separating  China  from  Mamlshuria 
which  eventuated  in  once  more  placing  the  north-  and  part  of  Mongolia,  and  by  its  extension  Corea 
em  over  the  southern  branch  of  their  common  j  from  Mandshuria.  It  is  to  diminish  our  concep- 
race,  and  commencing  the  reigning  dynasty  of  i  lions  of  this  great  work  to  state  its  commencement 
Tching.  Zun-Chin,  the  last  emperor  of  the  pre  on  the  Yellow  sea.  In  its  original  state,  the  wall 
vious  dynasty  of  Ming,  had  given  dissatisfaction  to 'extended  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yalo  river,  in  a" 
his  subjects,  and  a  rebellion  rose  in  the  province  ofjNNVV.  direction,  200  ms.,  to  meet  another  wall, 
Setchoun,  under  a  rebel  Licongtse.  The  emperor  i  which  reached  from  the  eastern  branch  of  Soon- 
and  family  perished.  A  war  had  waged  for  some  garia  river  to  the  western  side  of  the  Yellow  sea,  400 
time  before  with  the  Mantchoos,  and  an  able  Chi-  ins.  These  more  eastern,  perhaps  less  massive, 
nese  general  (Usanguey)  was  then  on  the  northern  i  walls  joined  on  the  Yellow  sea,  that  one  called  by 
border  of  China,  but,  so  far  from  submitting  to  the  pre  eminence  the  great  wall.  Thus  taken  together 
usurper,  offered  peace  and  the  throne  of  China  to  ihey  commence,  by  a  stupendous  abutment  on  the 
the  Mantchoo  general  on  condition  of  aiding  him  western  side  of  the  Yellow  sea,  and  from  this  point 
to  punish  the  murderer  of  his  sovereign.  The  con-  stretch  their  gigantic  arms;  the  Mandshurian  and 
ditions  were  accepted  and  fulfilled.  After  a  war.Corean  to  the  NE.  and  E.,  and  the  Chinese  to 
of  several  years,  Licongtse  was  defeated,  dethroned,  !the  W.  The  latter  traversing  plains,  high  moun- 
and  put  to  death.  The  Mantchoo  general  died  be- 1  tains,  deep  valleys,  and  rapid  rivers,  until  it  finally 
fore  the  contest  was  determined;  but,  in  1649,  terminates  on  the  high  table  land  of  Mongolia,  af- 


his  son  (Chunchie)  was  placed  on  the  throne  ;  hi: 
reign  was,  however,  one  of  war  and  confusion  ;  but 
his  death,  in  1661,  gave  the  throne  to  the  greatest 
man  who  has  ruled  China  since  the  reign  of  Hong- 
Voo,  Kang-Hi,  who  sat  on  the  throne  62  years, 
and  died  in  1723.  The  short  reign  of  Yong-Tching 
closed  in  1735,  and  gave  the  crown  to  Kien-Lung 
who  bore  it  62  years. 

Before  their  conquest  of  China,  if  we  can  with 
any  propriety  call  it  a  conquest,  the  Mandsh tires 
were  a  civilized  and  agricultural  people,  and  living 
under  written  laws.  Much  more  warlike,  though 
greatly  inferior  in  number  and  the  arts  of  civilized 
life  to  the  Chinese,  we  need  not  be  surprised  to 
find  the  Mantchoo  power  sunk  into  Chinese. 
Their  dynasty  has  already  greatly  exceeded  the 
mean  period  of  those  of  China,  and  now' in  con- 
test with  far  the  most  formidable  invadeis  with 
which  they  had  ever  to  contend,  sweeping  revolu- 
tions are  far  more  than  probable. 
94 


ter  a  length  of  between  1,300  and  1,400  ms.  along 
the  mean  latitudes  of  39  and  40°.  Adding  to- 
gether the  three  sections  of  this  truly  surpri.-ing 
production,  the  aggregate  length  falls  but  little 
short  of  2,000  ms.  Since  the  union  of  China  and 
Mandshuria,  and  the  extension  of  Chinese  power 
over  Mongolia,  the  walls  have,  in  losing  their 
importance,  went  to  decay  ;  but  enough  remains, 
and  for  countless  ages  must  continue  to  remain, 
to  attest  the  dense  population  and  resources  of  an- 
cient  China. 

A  review  of  the  Chinese  walls  intrudes  upon  us 
the  reflection  that  these  walls,  their  relative  posi- 
tion and  historical  connexions,  all  combine  to  ex- 
hibit an  astonishing  resemblance  between  the  an- 
cient political  relations  of  Rome  and  China.  Each 
had  more  northern  and  more  warlike  nations  to 
press  upon  ;  and  each,  after  the  struggles  of  ages, 
with  the  aid  of  numerous  armies  and  long  and 
massive  walls,  resisted  their  enemies,  but  both 


ASI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ASI 


were  subjected  in  the  end.  In  this  comparative 
view  there  are  two  circumstances  in  their  history 
greatly  in  favor  of  China.  The  Asiatic  empire 
much  longer  resisted  their  invaders  than  did  the 
Romans.  The  Romano-Italian  people  mingled 
with  and  lost  their  identity  in  great  part  amongst 
the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  masses.  New  languages 
were  formed  on  the  peninsulas  and  islands  of  west- 
ern and  southern  Europe.  New  names  of  places 
were  adopted  and  applied  to  new  political  divisions. 
In  Asia,  the  passive  Chinese  yielded  to  the  political 
sway,  but  never  to  any  great  amount  mingled  with 
the  more  wa^Jike  Mantchoo.  This  non-amal- 
gamation was  in  a  great  degree  attributable  to  the 
overwhelming  superiority  of  numbers  on  the  side 
of  the  Chinese,  since  in  their  general  character, 
and  probably  language,  the  two  nations  did  not,  it 
is  probable,  differ  more,  if  so  much,  from  each 
other  as  do  many  of  the  now  existing  European 
nations  united  under  one  sovereignty. 

China  proper  comprises  that  immense  slope  of 
SE.  Asia  between  the  Yellow  sea  on  the  N.  and 
gulf  of  Tonquin  S.,  and  between  the  Tung-Hay 
or  Eastern  sea  and  Chinese  sea  E.,  and  the  desert 
table  land  of  Mongolia  W.  Beside  innumerable 
smaller  rivers,  China  is  drained  on  the  extreme 
NE.  by  the  Peiho,  and  thence  S.  and  W.  by  the 
two  vast  central  rivers  Hoan-Ho,  or  Yellow  river, 
and  Yang  tse-Kiang,  or  Blue  river.  The  moun- 
tain system  of  Kuen-Luen  terminates  between  the 
Yellow  and  Blue  rivers,  about  300  ms.  above  their 
mouths,  into  Whang-hay,  or  eastern  sea.  Not  so 
the  Himalaya,  which  crosses  southern  China  and 
terminates  only  on  the  channel  of  Formosa,  leav- 
ing all  the  fountains  of  the  Blue  river  to  the  N., 
but  passing  the  .Himalaya,  we  are  in  the  valley  of 
the  Hong-Ki  Ang,  or  river  of  Canton,  which, 
were  it  not  on  the  maps  between  the  Blue  and 
May-Ki  Ang  rivers,  would  itself  be  regarded  a 
great  river.  From  its  western  to  extreme  eastern 
sources  the  river  of  Canton  is  800  ms.  in  length, 
along  the  mean  latitude  of  the  northern  tropic, 
and  just  S.  of  that  latitude,  opening  into  the  line 
and  so  renowned  bay  of  Canton,  of  about  80  ms. 
in  length  and  50  ms.  in  breadth.  Hong-Kiang  is 
the  last  of  the  great  rivers  of  this  slope,  which  is 
altogether  within  the  limits  of  China.  The  Lisein 
Kiang,  a  river  of  from  500  to  600  ms.  of  course, 
rises  with  the  Hong-Kiang,  in  the  province  of 
Yunan,  but  assuming  a  southeastern  course,  leaves 
China,  and  crossing  Tonquin,  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  by  several  mouths. 

With  very  little  departure  from  fact,  China 
proper  extends  from  20  to  4u°  N.,  and  from  93  to 
124°  E.  of  London.  As  regards  relative  longi- 
tude with  the  United  States,  the  two  countries  lie 
very  nearly  on  opposite  sides  of  the  globe,  and  in 
not  very  different  latitudes.  With  a  rude  approach 
to  a  circle,  the  mean  diameter  of  China  a  little  ex- 
ceeds 1,200  ms.,  and  the  area  safely  calculated  at 
1,300,000  sq.  ms.  Amongst  the  problems  which 
divide  geographers,  and  render  iheir  science  uncer- 
tain, none  is  more  discrepant  in  results  ,  than  the 
one  on  the  population  of  China.  Under  its  own 
paiticular  head  we  shall  give  more  detailed  tabular 
views;  in  this  place  we  may  observe,  that  if  we 
give  credit  to  their  own  document,  (and  why  should 
we  noil)  China  contains  an  aggregate  population 
exceeding  350,000,000.     We  have  two  States  of 


the  United  States,  which,  taken  together,  com- 
prise an  area  of  12,500  sq.  ms.,  and  an  aggregate 
population  of  1,047,700.  These  States  are  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Connecticut,  which,  by  the  preced- 
ing element,  contains  a  distributive  population  of 
80  to  the  sq.  m.  Were  China  only  peopled  as 
dense,  the  amount  would  then  be  104,000,000. 
It  cannot,  however,  be  any  violence  to  probability 
to  allow  to  China  a  population  three-fold  more 
dense.  The  excessive  population  of  China,  five 
centuries  past,  was  noticed  and  recorded  by  Mark 
Paul.  China,  with  no  interruption  from  war, 
which  could  in  any  manner  worthy  notice  affect 
population,  has>had,  since  the  Mandshurian  dy- 
nasty was  established,  near  two  centuries  to  culti- 
vate the  arts  of  peace.  During  the  last  2,000 
years,  according  to  statements  found  in  native 
writers,  the  population  never  fell  much  below 
50,000,000.  The  following  data  is  taken  from 
the  records  of  actual  enumerations : 
In  the  1st  century  of  our  era  -  59,600,000 

A.  D.  740,  under  the  Tang  dynasty  -  48,144,000 
A.  D.  1393,  under  Hongvoo,  (Tshu- 

Yuen-Chang)      -  -  -  60,546,000 

A.  D.  1491,  under  Hiao-Tsong  -  53,281,000 
A.  D.  1578,  under  Van-Lie  -  61,000,000 

European  geographers  and  statistical  writers 
have  evinced  a  disposition,  difficult  to  account  for, 
to  underrate  the  population  of  China.  Martucci, 
resident  many  years  in  China,  gave  the  population 
in  1790  at  143,000,000. 

Mr.  Thomas,  an  English  merchant,  also  long 
resident  in  China,  allowed  146,000,000. 

Abel  Remusat,  again  a  resident  of  several  years 
in  China,  gives  140,000,000. 

Adrian  Balbi  estimates  170,000,000. 

Lord  Macartney,  Sir  George  Staunton;  and 
others  attached  to  the  British  embassy  to  China 
in  1793,  states,  from  Chinese  authorities,  a  popu- 
lation of  333,000,000;  and  Malthus  and  Moreau 
de  Jonnes  have  adopted  the  latter  estimate.  The 
most  recent  authorities  more  than  sustain  the  high- 
est estimates,  and  raise  the  aggregate  population  to 
at  least  360,000,000.  Confining  our  views  to 
China  proper,  and  allowing  to  it  an  area  of 
1,300,OUO  sq.  ms.  and  an  aggregate  population 
of  300,000,000,  the  distributive  population  would 
then  be  230  to  the  sq.  m.  If  again  we  allow  to 
the  whole  empire  a  superficies  of  6,500,000  sq. 
ms.,  and  360,000,000  of  inhabitants,  the  distrib- 
utive population  will  be  only  55  to  the  sq.  m., 
which  is  far  within  the  limits  of  credibility  ;  the 
more,  as  in  this  estimate  are  included  the  very 
densely  populated  provinces  of  China  proper. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  former  or  present 
population  of  China,  that  courjtry,  from  ail  con- 
current testimony,  held  one  of  the  earliest  civilized 
families  of  mankind.  The  advance  of  the  Chi- 
nese, according  to  our  ideas,  has  been  slow  ;  and 
in  the  higher  branches  of  science  they  are  no 
doubt  far  behind  the  Europeans  and  their  colonies  ; 
but  even  in  science  they  are  far  in  advance  of 
the  Europeans  four  ceinuries  past.  On  the  math- 
ematical sciences  the  Chinese  are  prevented  from 
progressing,  by  an  obstacle,  let  it  exist  where  it 
may,  to  all  human  improvement  anywhere;  that 
is  an  opinion  that  they  have  already  made  suffi- 
cient progress.  We  cannot,  however,  easily  over- 
rate the  merit  of  the  Chinese  in  works  of  general 

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ASI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ASI 


utility,  or  what  provides  for  the  wants  and  com- 
forts of  life.  Their  superiority  in  the  fabrication 
of  ceriain  stuffs.  Their  dying  on  cloth  and  on 
porcelain  can  only  be  compared  with  their  care 
and  skill  in  the  construction  of  canals,  roads,  and 
bridges;  levelling  down  elevations  and  making 
of  gardens.  The  art  to  produce,  prepare,  and  weave 
silk  into  the  finest  stuffs,  is  amongst  them  lost  in 
the  morning  mist  of  time.  Their  cotton  cloths  are 
every  where  admired,  and  have  sustained  their  re- 
nown for  ages.  Their  household  utensils  are  re- 
markable for  lightness,  simplicity,  and  solidity. 
From  the  earliest  stages  of  their  history  they  could 
forge  and  manufacture  metals,  make  musical  in- 
struments, and  cut  and  polish  the  hardest  of  the 
precious  stones.  The  polarity  of  magnetized  iron 
was  known  in  China  more  than  twenty  centuries 
past.  Engraving  on  wood,  and  as  a  natural  pro- 
cess, stereotype  printing  were  known  and  practised 
there  900  years  ago.  They  have  almanacs  in  their 
libraries  executed  in  this  manner,  and  thus  ancient. 
Gunpowder,  and  other  inflammable  explosive  sub- 
stances, for  the  purposes  of  war  and  artificial  fire- 
works, were  known  in  China  some  centuries  before 
either  known  or  used  for  similar  purposes  in  Europe. 
May  we  not  grant  the  probability  of  a  supposition 
of  Abel  Remusat,  that  bombs  and  lancing  of  large 
stones,  the  art  of  performing  which  they  used 
against  and  communicated  to  the  Mongols  in  the 
thirteenth  century,  may  have  come  from  the  Chi- 
nese into  Europe  in  the  succeeding  century ? 

The  Chinese  nation  possesses  the  virtues  and 
vices,  or,  in  other  words,  the  qualities  of  a  people 
I  habituated,  from  time  immemorial,  to  implicit  obe- 
dience, and  who  have  been  agricultural,  manufac- 
turing, and  mercantile  from  the  earliest  ages.  This 
vast  people  have  their  individual  character.  Be- 
yond the  reach,  or  at  least  coeval  with  their  history, 
knowledge  was  held  by  them  in  the  highest  honor. 
Far  more  free  than  was  the  common  lot  of  Asiatic 
nations  from  military  despotism,  and  ignorant  of 
the  odious  distinction  into  castes,  the  very  base  of 
civilization  in  Indostan,  China  presents  the  image, 
comparatively,  of  a  happy  country,  when  its  con- 
dition is  contrasted  with  surrounding  nations.  Eu- 
ropean authors  have  in  general  evinced  reluctance 
in  receiving  evidence  in  favor  of  China  as  regards 
its  arts,  civilization,  institutions,  and  government. 
We  may,  indeed,  admit  something  for  coloring  on 
the  part  of  men  who  have  resided  in  China,  and 
still  much  will  remain  undeniable  to  attest  the 
.soundness  of  principles  which  have  supported  this 
great  people  through  a  period  of  time  more  than 
equal  to  that  which  the  people  of  the  western  side 
of  the  same  continent  have  oppressed  history  by 
their  revolutions. 

"  Filial  piety,"  says  Remusat,  "is  particularly 
held  sacred  in  China;  respect  for  parents  is  in  some' 
measure  transformed  to  adoration,  and,  by  divers 
ceremonies,  prolonged  far  beyond  the  term  of  their 
lives.  That  veneration  and  obedience  due  to  the 
sovereign  and  magistrates  are  softened  and  enno- 
bled by  the  sentiment  of  filial  piety.  Though  po- 
lygamy is  permitted,  or  at  least  tolerated  amongst 
the  Chinese,  marriage  is  not  with  them,  as  with  Mus- 
sulman nations,  a  vain  ceremony.  A  single  wife, 
even  where  more  is  admitted,  holds  the  rank  and 
exercises  the  rights  of  m  stress  of  the  family,  and 
the  other  wives  are  considered  as  domestics  in  her 
9G 


service,  and  act  by  her  orders  in  the  administrate 
of  the  household.  But,  paramount  to  all  oth 
traits  in  the  character  of  Chinese  society,  there 
no  privileged  class — no  caste.  Every  man  wh 
has  obtained  the  requisite  education,  may  aspire 
the  highest  public  office  short  of  the  imperial.  To 
confer  this  advantage,  years  of  study,  severe  ex 
amination,  and  certificate  (diploma)  is  necessary 
Such  diploma  is  obtained  by  giving  proof  of  know 
ledge,  more  or  less  profound,  of  their  classic  books 
laws,  and  history  ;  and,  thus  obtained,  the  certifi 
cate  becomes  the  only  title  by  which  is  regulate 
the  order  of  candidates  aspiring  to  public  employ 
ment.  Rank  in  society  is  therefore,  in  China 
based  on  literary  acquirement  and  fitness  for  the 
office  sought.  In  the  order  of  esteem  in  whicl 
professions  are  held,  literary  superiority  comes  firs 
then  laborers,  artisans,  and  merchants.  This  or 
der,  founded  on  long  habits  of  public  opinion,  ca 
only  be  disturbed  occasionally  by  the  influence 
wealth." 

In  all  countries,  China  as  elsewhere,  moral  ai 
political  theories  are  in  advance  of  practice;  bu 
in  every  country  the  theory  must,  with  varyin 
power,  influence  the  practice,  hence  the  vital  im 
portance  that  the  theory  should  be  sound,  and  th 
the  constitution  of  society  should  be  based  on  ra 
tional  principles.    However  much  their  forms 
government  and  modes  of  society  may  differ  fro 
our  own  forms  and  modes,  we  must  acknowledg 
that  there  must  be  much  of  excellence  in  a  syste 
which  has  covered  so  extensive  a  country  with  in 
numerable  populous  cities,  roads,  canals,  bridges 
and  teeming  population,  with  all  the  convenienc 
of  cultivated  life  ;  and  all  by  their  massivencss  an 
antiquity,  appearing  durable  as  time. 

Independent  of  wars  of  less  consequence,  Chin 
has  had,  since  the  early  part  of  the  13th  century 
to  sustain  two  invasions  from  their  congenerate  na 
tions  of  Mongols  and  Maiulshures.    Under  th 
sons  and  grandsons  of  Zenghis  Khan,  the  empi 
was  overran,  and  for  about  a  century  the  deepl 
implanted  civilization  of  the  Chinese  had  to  strug 
gle  with  the  barbarism  of  these  invaders.  The 
very  great  superiority  in  number  and  scale  of  ci 
ilization  prevailed  ;  the  Mongols  sunk  into  the  mass 
and  a  native  emperor  was  chosen,  the  great  Hon 
Voo,  whose  family,  that  of  Ming,  ruled  China  28 
years,  until  succeeded  by  the  Mantchoo  dynasty 
Tsing,  now  reigning.    Under  this  latter  race,  Chi 
na  has  had  a  prosperous  period  of  nearly  two  cen 
luries.    The  Tsings  were  firmly  seated  in  166 
and  one  fact  in  their  history  stands  unparalleled 
From  1661  to  1799,  or  through  a  period  of  13 
years,  three  emperors,  Kang  Hi,  Yong-Tsing,  an 
Chen-Lung,  ruled  over  the  greatest  aggregation 
human  beings  ever  united  under  one  sovereignty 
Three  consecutive  reigns,  averaging  46  years. — 
See  China  proper. 

Southwardly  from  China,  and  between  the  bay 
of  Bengal  W.,  sea  of  China  E.,  and  the  sea  of 
Austral  Asia  S.,  stretches  a  peninsula  which,  as  it 
extends  southwardly,  is  again  divided  into  two  sub- 
peninsulas,  that  of  Malacca  and  Cambodia.  Taken 
as  a  whole,  this  region  is  the  "  India  beyond  the 
Ganges"  of  our  older  geography,  but  the  "  Chin 
India"  of  Make  Brun.  It  has  probably  never  re- 
ceived from  its  own  inhabitants  a  common  name, 
or  been  united  under  one  nation  or  one  sovereign- 


ASI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ASI 


ty.  In  latitude,  it  extends  from  the  straits  of  Sin 
capore  N.  lat.  1°  to  27°,  but  with  very  varying 
width.  At  N.  lat.  16  0  from  Cape  Negrais,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Bengal,  to  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  the 
breadth  is  about  800  ms.  In  the  prolonged  penin- 
sula of  Malacca,  about  N.  lat.  10  0,  the  breadth 
has  narrowed  to  100  ms.,  or  even  less.  The  great 
irregularity  of  outline  renders  a  correct  calculation 
of  area  difficult.  According  to  the  Paris  geogra- 
phy of  Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot,  Paris  1831, 
exclusive  of  Malacca  below  N.  lat.  10  0,  Chin  In- 
dia is  subdivided  into  the  following  political  sec- 
lions  : 


Anam,  empire  of,  east  side 
Siam,  or  the  lower  part  of 
the  valley  of  Meinam  - 
British  Chin  India 
Burman  empire 

Total 


Sq-  ms. 
154,400 


50,000 
73,000 
150,000 


Inhabitants. 
23,000,000 

3,000,000 
300,000 
6,000,000 


427,400  32,300,000 


The  usual  natural  division  made  between  Indos- 
tan  and  Chin  India  is  the  valley  of  the  Brahma- 
pootra, but  commencing  at  Cape  Negrais,  we  have 
already  noticed  the  commencement  of  a  mountain 
system,  which  we  may  here  repeat,  extends  north- 
wards, separating  Aracan  from  the  basin  of  the 
Brahmapootra,  and,  as  far  as  traced,  appears  to  be 
the  southern  extension  of  a  system  extending  into 
the  extreme  northern  Asia,  under  various  names. 
Near  the  Gulf  of  Bengal,  it  is  the  Anou-pec-tou- 
miou,  and  is  there  a  real  physical  boundary,  not 
simply  separating  two  distinct  sections  of  the  con- 
tinent of  Asia,  but  also  the  yellow  man  of  the  east- 
ern side  from  the  Caucassian  of  the  west. 

Chin  India,  sloping  southwardly  with  a  slight 
inclination  eastward,  is  in  the  former  direction 
drained  by  the  rivers  Irrawaddy,  Sahwen,  or  Kuen 
Duen,  Meinain,  the  vast  May-kaung,  or  Hew-lung- 
Kiang,  and  Lie-sien-Kiang.  These  rivers  all  is- 
suing from  the  Himalaya,  or  Kuen-Luen,  flow  in 
deep  valleys,  between  mountain  chains,  which  ap- 
pear to  branch  as  ribs  from  the  Himalaya.  The 
nations  of  this  part  of  Asia,  though  differing  from 
each  other  in  language,  religion,  and  some  shades 
of  manners,  all  belong  to  the  yellow  race. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  interior  of  this  productive, 
remarkably  well  watered,  and  fertile  country,  re- 
mains, in  an  unaccountable  manner,  defectively 
known.  Even  the  sources  and  courses  of  the  large 
rivers,  Brahmapootra,  Irrawaddy,  aud  May-kaung, 
are  t  onfusedly  and  contradictorally  laid  down  on 
our  maps,  and  even  the  seacoasts  are  defectively 
traced.  The  Kemoys  chain  of  mountains,  branch- 
ing from  the  Himalaya,  in  Yunnan,  or  Southwest- 
ern China,  and  thence  in  the  general  direction  of 
the  May-kaung  river  and  opposite  coast  of  the  Chi- 
nese sea  and  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  separates  a  slope 
from  the  other  parts  of  Indo-China.  This  very 
productive  slope  is  divided  into  two  political  sec 
tions,  Tonquin  on  the  north  and  Cochin  Chin 


Siam  occupies  the  southern  part  of  the  deep  val- 
ley of  the  Meinam,  and  lies  between  British  Indo- 
China  and  Annarn. 

The  Burman  empire  commenced  in  1753,  and 
in  1760,  at  the  death  of  its  founder,  Alom-Pra, 
extended  along  the  eastern  coast  of  the  bay  of  Ben- 
gal, from  the  islands  of  Junkseylon  N  lat.  9  0  to 
the  mountains  of  Assam,  N.  lat.  28  0.  Aracan 
was  subsequently  conquered  and  annexed,  which 
carried  the  northwestern  limits  of  the  empire  to  the 
estuary  of  the  Brahmapootra.  This  was  the  ex- 
treme southwestern  State  of  the  Tongoosic  nations ; 
but  in  the  incorporation  of  the  Aracan,  the  Bur- 
mese brought  themselves  into  contact  with  a  Pow 
er  dangerous  to  any  State  of  Asia.  In  coming  to 
the  delta  of  the  Brahmapootra,  the  Burman  power 
touched  that  of  Great  Britain,  and,  though  long 
delayed,  ultimate  war  was  the  consequence,  and 
eventuated  in  placing  the  two  extremes  of  the  Bur- 
man empire  under  the  control  of  a  British  mercan- 
tile company,  and  placed  fragments  of  the  Tongoo- 
sic family  under  the  British  sceptre. 

'  In  our  former  glances  over  Asia  we  swept  the 
great  regions  west  of  China  and  northward  of  In- 
dostan,  such  as  Mongolia,  Dzoungaria,  Great  Bu- 
charia,  Little  and  Great  Thibet,  and  the  country  of 
the  Eluths. 

Thibet  appears  an  immense  mountain  valley  be- 
tween the  two  great  mountain  systems  of  Kuen 
Luen  and  Himalaya.  The  very  imperfection  of 
our  knowledge  of  this  region  throws  an  interesting 
mystery  over  its  history.  Inhabited  by  nations  far 
advanced  in  civilization,  it  is  gradually  merging 
into  light,  and  opening  to  the  view  of  the  other  na- 
tions of  the  earth.  Ic  is  the  supposed  and  probable 
native  country  of  Bouddha,  and  the  yet  residence 
of  the  Grand  Lama — the  Pontiff  of  countless  mil- 
lions, and,  amongst  others,  of  the  reigning  family 
of  China.  Though  separated  by  no  other  barrier 
thau  the  masses  of  the  Kuen  Luen  from  Mongolia, 
Thibet  presents  a  very  different  aspect.  Descend- 
ing from  the  summits  of  the  Kuen  Luen,  and  ad 
vancing  southward  toward  Indostan,  we  discover 
broad  and  fertile  mountain  valleys  extending  east 
and  west,  but  opening  southward  by  the  gorges 
through  which  flow  the  great  rivers  already  nam 
ed,  rising  within  and  issuing  from  Thibet.  In 
these  valleys,  cultivated  from  time  immemorial 
by  a  sedentary  people,  we  find  cities  which  have 
probably  been  such  for  thousands  of  years.  Of 
these  we  may  name  Lassa,  the  capital,  Tassisudon, 
Eskerdon,  and  Ladaki  The  country  is,  of  course, 
subdivided  into  provinces,  but  even  the  names  we 
can  hardly  be  said  to  know,  and  still  more  uncer- 
tain our  knowledge  of  their  position  and  particular 
relative  extent.  There  are,  nevertheless,  some 
general  and  very  important  facts  in  regard  to  Thib- 
et, known  to  us  with  sufficient  precision  to  warrant 
their  insertion  in  brief  detail.  The  most  import- 
ant of  these  facts  is  the  language,  which,  with  the 


on  (physical  structure  of  the  people  and  their  color  and 

side  of  the  Kemoys  fe?lu£f»  ,he  race.  t0  ^V^y  he[onS- 

'alley  of  the  May-'The  rhioetIan  language  is  monosyllabic,  and,  in 


mountains,  and  in  the  great 


kaung,  the  provinces  fof  Laos,  Yoodra-Shan,  or 
Cambodia,  and  of  Tsiampa,  are  parts  of  the  em- 
pire of  Annam.  There  is,  however,  some  diffi- 
dence in  naming  the  provincial  divisions  of  acoun- 
tiy  so  imperfectly  known,  and  the  orthography  of 
its  names  still  more  so. 
13* 


the  absence  of  particles  and  inflections,  resembles 
the  Chinese  language;  but  in  their  writing,  the 
Thibetians,  like  the  Europeans,  write  from  left  to 
right,  and,  also,  similar  to  the  Europeans,  use  two 
alphabets — one  for  writing  and  the  other  for  print- 
ing. 

97 


ASI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AS  I 


The  people  of  Thibet  are  represented  as  affable  lawless,  ignorant,  and  wandering  barbarians,  fo 
and  soft  in  their  manners.  Their  physiognomy  re- ;  such  they  are  not.  The  life  of  man  there,  ar 
sembles  that  of  the  Mongols.  The  men  are  strong  property,  is  protected  by  written  laws — simple, 
and  muscular,  and  the  women,  though  with  vis-  doubt,  but  consequently  the  more  easily  understoc 
ages  of  brown,  are  mild  and  gentle,  and  to  Euro- 1  Modes  of  society  there,  as  every  where  else,  ar 
peans  rendered  pleasing  by  a  teint  of  red.  This  shaped  by  necessity,  and  permanent  as  the  tower 
people  are  industrious  and  commercial.  Their  j  ing  mountains,  far  spreading  steppes,  and  drear 
peaceful  relations  extend  to  China  and  all  other !  deserts, 
neighboring  nations.  Ferocious  in  war,  the  Mongols  were  united  earlj 

Thibet,  it  is  probaHe,  covered  as  it  is  on  all  sides  |  in  the  thirteenth  century  under  a  single  leader, 
by  immense  mountain  barriers,  has  suffered  less  Zenghis  Khan,  and  spread  conquest  and  ruin 
from  invasion  or  destructive  foreign  inroads  than  wider  than  was  ever  accomplished  by  any  other 
any  other  country  of  Asia  of  any  thing  approach-  people.  Under  Zenghis,  his  sons  and  grandsons, 
ing  its  extent.  Extending  over  an  area  little,  if  the  same  people,  for  the  first  and  last  time,  ruled 
any,  under  that  of  Spain,  France,  and  Germany  from  the  seas  of  China  to  the  Carpathian  moun- 
united,  the  deep  recesses  of  Thibet  escaped  the  tains.  But  their  internal  policy  was  too  defective 
ravages  of  Zenghis  Khan  and  successors,  of  Tarn-  to  admit  the  perpetuity  of  their  power.  The  im- 
erlane,  and  of  Nadir  Schah,  or  Kouli  Khan,  and,  mensity  of  their  excursions  destroyed  their  own  re- 


as  yet,  of  European  conquerors. 


sources.    They  naturally  made  their  conquered 


For  another  reason  this  country  has  been  ren- ;  resemble  their  native  country,  as  if  desolation  was 
dered  truly  remarkable.  It  contains  the  principal  j  to  their  taste.  China  first  shook  off  their  yoke; 
seat,  and,  as  already  noticed,  perhaps  the  original  their  power  gradually  declined  in  the  west.  Their 
seat  of  the  dominant  religion  of  the  Tongoosic  na-  j  very  name,  once  so  terrible,  ceased  to  resound  for 
tions.  The  Dalai-Lama  resident  near  Lassa,  is  near  three  centuries  beyond  their  own  solitudes, 
the  chief  priest  of  eastern  Asia,  and  the  Chinese  J  Finally,  during  the  reign  of  Chen-Lung,  the  arms 
Government  and  rulers  have  shown  the  depth  of  and  sceptre  of  China  were  extended  to  the  Beloor 
their  policy  by  choosing  this  pontiff  as  their  spiritu-'  mountains,  and  the  once  so  formidable  Mongol  na- 
al  head,  as,  by  his  means,  and  supporting  this  re-,  tions  are  now  subject  to  that  empire  which  five 
ligion,  the  power  of  China  has  become  almost  peace- 1  centuries  past  fell  under  their  ancestors.  Russia, 
ably  dominant  in  Thibet.  Under  pretence  of  pious '  at  two  different  epochs  subjugated  by  the  arms  of 
protection,  Chinese  garrisons  occupy  the  principal  [  the  Mongols,  and  by  Tamerlane,  now  lowers  in 
fortresses  and  cities;  but  their  arms  are  only  auxil-  portentous  clouds  over  Mongolia  and  Tartary,  and 
iary  to  the  much  more  powerful  force  of  religious  |  remotely  over  China. 

belief.  As  far,  however,  as  we  have  accounts,  the'        ,  ...  ,  , 

domination  of  China  is  mild,  and  under  it  the  Thi- 1  Inmlar  Asia   including  the  groups  of  Japan 
betians  pursue  tranquilly  the  peaceful  arts  of  life, !     ^ochoo,  Philippines,  the  detached  islands  of 
and  their  commerce  with  neighboring  nations.,     Formosa  and  Hainan  and  the  great  groups  of 
With  Indostan  they  exchange  the  precious  wool  or  j     Austral  Asmn  lslands' 

down  of  their  goats  for  cloth  and  other  necessaries.  ;  Following  the  course  of  survey  we  have  pursued 
With  the  Chinese  they  exchange  their  lamb  skins,  over  Asia,  Indostan  ought  to  come  forward  in  this 
musk,  and  gold  dust,  for  tea  and  porcelain  ;  and  place,  but,  in  order  to  keep  connected  the  regions 
to  Nepaul  and  Bootan  they  send  their  rock-salt !  of  southea-t  Asia,  we  reserve  Indostan  to  the  close 
and  borax  to  purchase  rice,  copper,'  and  cotton  of  our  view  of  the  whole  continent,  and  also  from 
cloths.  I  the  peculiar  physical  and  political  facts  appertain- 

We  have  now  glanced  over  the  immense  space' ing  to  that  peninsula,  emphatically  called  India, 
occupied  by  the  yellow  race  from  the  sea  of  Ochotsk  j  By  reference  to  a  general  map  of  Asia,  it  will  be 
to  their  utmost  residence  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal ; !  seen,  that  from  the  extreme  southern  point  of  Kara 
and  thence,  curving  round  to  the  vast  valleys  and  ;  schatka  or  Cape  Lopatka,  extends,  and  in  the  same 
mountains  of  Thibet,  we  now,  for  a  few  moments,  j  general  direction,  a  chain  of  islands,  evidently  a 
revisit  the  almost  interminable  interior,  the  high  j  continuation  of  the  same  physical  structure.  These 
and  bleak  Mongolia.  i  islands  are  the  Kuriles,  continued  by  those  of 

The  great  region  which  we  have  comprised  un-  j  Japan,  and  thence  by  the  Loochoo  group,  Formosa, 
der  a  general  name  is,  from  every  concurring  evi-jand  the  Philippines,  and  Borneo,  Celebes,  and 


dence,  the  most  elevated,  if  compared  with  extent, 
inhabited  by  man.  It  is  not,  however,  as  it  is 
usually  represented,  a  country  of  plains  exclusively. 
It  is  over  large  spaces,  in  fact,  a  country  of  steppes 
or  prairies,  or  sandy  deserts;  soil  impregnated  with 
salt;  small  and  brackish  lakes ;  but  not  so  utterly 
desert  or  devoid  of  the  resources  of  human  life  as 
supposed.  But  though  peopled  by  a  congenerate 
race,  with  the  sedentary  Mandshoo,  Chinese,  Ja- 
panese, and  Thibetian,  Burman,  and  others,  the 
Mongol  nations,  for  they  are  divided  into  nations, 
are  nomadic  or  pastoral,  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the 
terms.  On  a  space  more  extensive  than  half  of 
Europe,  there  are  neither  houses,  cities,  or  fields 
bespeaking  high  civilization  or  sedentary  habits. 
From  this  we  are  not  to  infer  that  the  Mongols  are 
98 


Java,  in  the  same  direction. 

This  most  extended  chain  of  islands  on  the  globe, 
stretches  from  N.  lat.  50  to  S.  lat.  10°,  or  up- 
wards of  4,000  ms.  In  a  general  view,  we  may 
observe  that  the  Kuriles  are  only  the  Japanese  chain 
extended.  Politically  speaking,  Japan  commences 
on  the  N.  with  Urup  and  Tturup,  the  two  southern 
Kuriles,  which,  with  about  one-half  of  Saghalien, 
all  Matsumai,  and  the  Japan  islands  proper,  form 
the  insular  empire  of  Japan.  For  the  general 
name  of  this  celebrated  country,  several  etymolo- 
gies have  been  sought.  The  whole  group  is  the 
Zipangri  of  Mark  Paul.  In  our  books,  the  main 
island  is  frequently  called  IViphon.  The  Chinese 
name  these  islands  Yang-hou,  "  workshop  of  the 
sun,"  or  Jepoun,  "  Country  of  the  Rising  Sun." 


ASI 


Probably  Zipangri,  Japan,  and  Niphon,  are  all  de- 
rived from  the  Chinese  "  Je-Poun"  which,  prop- 
erly rendered  into  our  idiom,  would  be  simply 
•'the  country  of  the  Rising  Sun,"  or  "Eastern 
country." 

Japan,  according  to  Kaempfcr,  Galowwin,  and 
other  European  authorities,  is  much  more  carefully 
;  cultivated,  and  according  to  relative  extent,  more 
densely  populated  than  is  China.  "The  coast  of 
Niphon  is  garnished  with  rocks  and  beaten  by  the 
i  waves  of  a  stormy  ocean,  and  soil  far  from  natu- 
rally fertile,  and  often  shaken  by  earthquakes  ;  yet, 
however,  its  valleys  and  plains  moistened  by  a 
great  many  river.-*,  and  innumerable  rivulets,  as 
also  by  artificial  channels  of  irrigation,  are  all  made 
effectual  in  producing  the  aliments  of  life  by  the 
industriously  applied  skill  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
slopes  of  the  mountains,  and  even  of  volcanoes, 
embellished  by  numerous  species  of  vegetables  un- 
known in  European  climates,  present  the  pleasing 
picture  of  human  industry  amid  the  traces  of  ter- 
rific physical  revolution.  Notwithstanding  the  ex- 
cessive cold  of  their  winters,  and  the  scorching 
heat  of  their  summers,  the  climate  is  healthy.  The 
weather  is  variab'e  throughout  the  greatest  part  of 
the  year.  Tempests  and  storms  characterize  the 
season  of  heat;  but  the  abundance  of  refreshing 
rains,  with  skilful  labor  and  abundant  manure, 
countervail  the  asperities  and  caprices  of  climate ! 
and  natural  sterility  of  soil."  The  preceding  quo-| 
tation  is  from  Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot's! 
geography,  vol.  2,  p.  114.  In  the  text,  the  de- 
scription applies  particularly  to  Niphon,  but  ex- 
tended, applies  equally  well  to  Kiusiu  and  Sikokf ; 
and  how  strikingly  similar  is  the  climate  to  that  of 
the  United  States,  under  exactly  the  same  latitudes, 
between  25  and  45°  N. 

To  decide  the  race  to  which  the  Japanese  be- 
long, we  again  have  recourse  to  their  physical ! 
form,  features,  and  color,  by  all  of  which  we  dis-  j 
cover  their  brotherhood  to  the  Mandshoo,  Mongols,  | 
and  Chinese.      "The  Japanese  are  of  middle  j 
stature,  eyes  oblique  and  small,  head  wide,  nose  j 
large,  and  not  very  flat,  hair  long,  black,  and! 
lank,  the  whole  evincing  a  mean  between  the  Mon- 
gul  and  Chinese.    The  language  of  Japan  con- 
tains very  few  Chinese  words,  and  presents  no  | 
connexion  with  either  the  Mandshoo  or  Kurrillian. 
The  commencement  of  their  annals,  as  their  origin  | 
is  lost  in  the  obscurity  of  early  ages,  perhaps  more 
so,  indeed,  than  is  the  case  with  any  other  civil- 
ized nations.    What  is  most  probable,  amongst 
the  confused  facts  which  make  the  mass  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  heroic  age  of  Japan,  is  that  about  the  j 
seventh  century,  before  the  beginning  of  our  era,  J 
a  man  named  13in-Bou,  that  is  to  say  "Divine 
Warrior"  who  came  probably  from  China,  ar- 
rived in  Japan  and  civilized  the  natives.    If  so,  by 
a  truly  remarkable  synchronism,  the  true  historv 
of  that  country  was  opened  at  the  same  time  as 
that  of  Greece,  and  earlier  than  that  of  Rome. 
Bin-Bou,  whose  name  is  slill  held  in  profound 
veneration  by  the  Japanese,  who  regard  him  as  the 
ancestor  of  their  Dairi  or  Pontiff.    It  ought  to  be 
understood  that  there  are  two  sovereigns  in  Japan, 
one  the  Dairi,  or  High  Priest,  and  the  other  the 
Djogoun,  or  military  and  civil  emperor.  The  ancient 
Dairi  united  both  temporal  and  spiritual  power ;  but, 
about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  the  Djo- 


goun, or  general  of  the  army,  taking  advantage  of 
the  intestine  commotions  in  the  empire,  seized  a 
large  portion  of  power.  This  natural  course  once 
entered  on,  the  effects  followed,  giving  authority  to 
the  hand  which  held  the  sword,  until  in  1585  the 
two  powers  in  the  State  were  fully  separated,  all 
civil  and  military  authority  vested  in  the  Djogoun, 
and  the  Dairi  left  to  the  care  of  religious  affairs. 

Two  religious  systems  exist  harmoniously  in 
Japan.  The  most  ancient  is  the  Siouto,  or  reli- 
gious and  philosophical  compounded  system  of 
Confucius.  The  second,  which  was  introduced 
into  Japan  about  the  first  century  of  the  Christian 
era,  is  the  system  of  Boudha.  Amalgamated  with 
the  Sioutu  are  innumerable  superstitious  customs, 
favorable  to  monkish  establishments. 

In  speaking  of  the  national  character  of  the  Japan- 
ese, travellers  have  perpetrated  their  usual  contra- 
dictions. They  have  represented  this  people  as 
proud,  suspicious,  false,  and  vindictive,  and  in 
the  next  sentence,  perhaps,  as  temperate,  active, 
polished,  and  courageous.  They  agree  on  their 
honesty  and  integrity,  and  that  no  peopie  can  be 
less  inclined  to  pilfering.  The  Japanese  have, 
perhaps,  of  all  people,  the  least  fear  of  death. 
State  criminals  are  compelled  to  open  their  own 
bowels,  or  subject  their  relations  to  indelible  dis- 
grace. 

The  Japanese  are  at  once  skilful  and  elegant 
manufacturers.  Their  silk  and  cotton  stuffs  are 
much  admired,  as  is  their  beautiful  porcelain. 
Their  interior  commerce  is  very  flourishing ;  and, 
to  give  it  facility,  the  Government  maintains  ex- 
cellent roads  over  the  whole  extent  of  the  empire. 
These  roads  are  watered  during  the  heats  of  sum- 
mer, and  all  this  amongst  a  people  to  which  the 
European  writers  generally  regard  themselves 
greatly  superior  in  the  arts  of  life. 

Though  under  the  influence  of  a  government  as 
despotic,  if  not  more  so,  than  is  that  of  China,  the 
Japanese  are,  in  their  manners,  more  manly,  open, 
free,  and  independent,  than  any  nation  of  conti- 
nental Asia,  The  Chinese  have  bent  before  the 
storm  of  invasion,  and,  it  is  but  just  to  say,  have 
regained  an  erect  posture  when  the  pressure  had 
exhausted  its  force.  This  was  peculiarly  the  case 
in  the  occurrence  of  the  Mongol  invasions.  Those 
fierce  barbarians  completed  the  conquest  of  China 
in  1267,  and,  after  long  preparation,  invaded  Ja- 
pan in  1281.  We  have,  in  Amyott's  work  from 
Chinese  authors,  a  full  account  of  this  expedition. 
According  to  this  authority,  the  Mongols,  Chinese, 
and  Coreans,  formed  a  combined  army  exceeding 
100,000  men,  of  whom,  from  storms  and  the 
swords  of  the  Japanese,  there  were  scarce  a  suffi- 
cient number  who  escaped  death  to  relate  the  fate 
of  the  great  body.  Since  the  destruction  of  the 
Mongols  and  their  allies  or  tributaries  in  this  for- 
midable attempt,  a  period  of  560  years  has  passed, 
during  which  no  foreign  force  has  dared  to  insult 
Japan.  These  brave  islanders  have  been  left  to 
decide  their  own  disputes,  or  live  in  peace,  as  the 
case  may  be,  through  upwards  of  five  and  a  half 
centuries,  an  example  standing  alone  in  the  histo- 
tory  of  our  planet.  Since  the  revolution  in  1585 
Japanese  vessels  no  longer  visit  the  harbors  of  Co- 
rea,  Mandshuria,  China,  or  India.  The  empire 
may  be  said  to. possess  no  marine;  and,  insulated 
and  isolated,  these  islanders  remain  sequestered 

99 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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within  their  own  shores,  and  those  of  the  nation 
who  voluntarily  go  beyond  the  bounds  of  the  em-  | 
pire  are  exiled  forever,  as  death  awaits  if  ever  j 
again  found  within  its  limits.  Japan  thus  presents  [ 
a  spectacle  altogether  unparalleled  of  a  civilized  ! 
people,  amounting  to  perhaps  above  30,000,000,  j 
to  whom  the  other  nations  are  as  if  on  a  different  j 
orb.  The  Dutch,  under  the  most  severe  restric- 
tions, are  permitted  an  annual  commercial  visit  to 
Nangasaki,  in  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  and  are  the 
only  foreigners  permitted  to  touch  the  empire. 
Separated  by  only  a  narrow  sea,  centuries  have 
elapsed  without  any,  except  a  very  limited,  inter- 
communication between  Japan  and  any  of  its  con- 
generate  nations  on  the  continent  of  Asia.  This 
exclueivc  system  may,  indeed  will  be,  called  one 
of  wisdom  or  folly,  according  to  the  preconceived 
ideas  of  those  called  upon  to  decide  its  character. 
There  are, however,  suggestions  excited  by  the  histo- 
ry of  European  connexions  with  Eastern  Asia,  which 
go  far  to  support  the  soundness  of  Japanese  policy. 
When  ihe  Christian  missionaries  first  followed  or 
accompanied  the  Christian  sailors,  soldiers,  and 
merchants,  into  Indostan,  they  opened  the  road  to 
military  invasion,  conquest,  and  subjection.  Have 
we  not  every  reason  to  conclude  that  such  would 
have  been  the  case  in  China  and  Japan,  had  not 
these  two  Tongoosic  nations  prudently  shut  their 
gates'?  Are  we  not  justifiable  in  forming  another 
conclusion  :  which  is,  that  if,  since  the  beginning 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  when  the  Europeans  first 
reuched  with  their  ships,  the  seas  of  India,  China, 
and  Japan,  they  had  conducted  themselves,  when 
jn  those  regions,  with  humanity,  justice,  and  due 
respect,  towards  the  various  people  and  their  gov- 
ernment, laws,  customs,  and  opinions,  that  travel- 
ling and  intercourse  of  every  kind  would  now  be 
as  free  and  uniestrained  amongst  Asiatic  nations 
as  it  is  in  Europe  ?  In  brief,  the  Europeans  want- 
ed nothing  but  honesty,  humanity,  and  prudence, 
to  have  opened  Eastern  Asia  to  Europe,  and  to 
have  reunited  China,  Corea,  and  Japan,  in  rela- 
tions of  amity  and  civilized  intercourse.  May  we 
Tiot  add  that  the  same  sinister  causes  which  have 
obstructed  the  accomplishment  of  objects  so  be- 
nign, have  also  closed  those  immense  regions,  em- 
pires, kingdoms,  and  nations,  with  their  countless 
millions  of  inhabitants,  to  the  light  of  Chiristianity  1 
When  they  first  opened  their  missions,  and  pro- 
claimed themselves  as  apostles  of  the  gospel,  the 
European  missionary  met  no  serious  impediment, 
but  what  aro?e  from  difference  of  language,  in 
any  part  of  eastern  Asia.  But  too  many  of  them 
preached  peace  while,  with  concealed  swords,  they 
were  grasping  at  power,  and  were  detected,  ban- 
ished, and  excluded. 

Smaller  insular  groups  belonging  to  China,  and 
inhabited  by  tribes  of  the  yellow  race. 
We  may  close  this  part  of  our  general  sketch  of 
Asia  by  noticing  the  insular  chain  extending  from 
Japan — indeed  a  continuation  of  that  great  chain 
already  noticed,  of  which  Japan  itself  is  only  a 
part.    There  is  a  chain  of  islands  long  known  to 
exist,  but  partially,  however,,  delineated  on  our 
maps.    It  is  only  recently  that  this  chain  has  ex- 
cited much  attention  on  the  part  of  European  nav- 
igators.    Under  the  different  enunciations  of  a 
native  name,  this  chain  has  been  named  Lieikiou, 
100 


Lieu-Kieu,  but  now  more  commonly,  and  more 
suitable  to  our  idiom,  Loo-Choo.    From  the  most 
recent  information,  the  Loo-Choo  islands  are  trib- 
utary to  China,  but,  like  Corea,  ruled  by  native 
chiefs  and  laws.    Similar  to  the  Japanese  and 
Chinese,  the  Loo-Chooans  are  highly  civilized, 
and  also,  like  their  congenerate  nations,  in  great 
part  ignorant  of  the  fountain-head  of  their  own 
history.    The  Loo-Choo  islands  became  known  tc 
the  Chinese  about  the  beginning  of  the  seventh 
century  of  our  era,  but  were  not  made  tributary  tc 
China  until  in  the  fourteenth  century;  and  it  ap- 
pears that  the  dependence  falls  lightly  on  the  is 
landers.    They  were  dimly  seen  by  Kaempfer  in 
1691,  but  could  scarce  be  regarded  as  known  to 
Europeans  until  in  the  last  century.    The  inhab- 
ited  islands  already  placed  on  our  maps  amount  tc 
about  from  thirty  to  forty  ;  but,  from  well-authen- 
ticated accounts,  there  are  numerous  others  or 
which,  it  is  probable,  no  European  foot  was  ever 
placed.    The  main  Loo-Choo,  which  gives  name 
i  to  the  whole  group,  is  about  70  ms.  in  length,  bi 
j  comparatively  narrow,  and,  like  most  of  the  other 
of  the  same  ran  ge,  bordered  by  islets  of  coral  and  steer, 
and  rugged  rocks;  middle lat  26|  N., and  about  351 
ms.  E.  of  the  provinces  of  Fuhkien  and  Chekiang, 
!  in  China.    One  anil  the  principal  cause  why  these 
j  islands  have  remained  so  little  kuown  is  their  ex- 
treme difficulty  of  approach,  though  good  harbor 
exist  between  the  openings  of  their  rocky  shores 
!  When  once  reached,  voyagers  give  glowing  pic 
\  tures  of  their  beauty.    Their  hills  and  mountaii 
are  described  as  in  their  ramifications  forming  the 
j  most  smiling  slopes  and  vales,  where  the  richnes 
I  of  vegetation  is  brought  into  activity  by  a  mos 
j  happy  climate,  between  the  northern  tropic  anc 
N.  lat.  30.    The  most  enchanting  landscapes  fol 
low  on  every  side,  with  mountain  steeps  covere 
j  with  fir,  as  in  Norway,  and  vales  decorated  by  the 
orange  and  mulberry.    Agriculture  furnishes  tc 
commerce  tea,  pepper,  ginger,  and  other  articles 
:  The  Chinese  boast  of  having  civilized  these  islam 
ers,  which  is  doubtful,  as  their  language  is  the 
same  or  a  dialect  of  the  Japanes?.    The  emperc 
:  Kanghi,  in  1720,  founded  a  library  in  the  mair 
\  island,  and  at  Zieuly,  the  capital  of  the  kingdoi 
caused  a  temple  to  be  built  in  honor  of  Confucius 
■  and  introduced  the  now  prevailing  religion  of  Fc 

The  physical  qualities  of  the  Loochooans, 
j  well  as  their  language,  bespeak  descent  rathe 
I  from  Japan  and  Corea  than  from  China. 
I     Formosa,  so  called  by  the  Portuguese  from  the 
beauty  of  its  vegetation  and  softness  of  its  climate 
is  an  island  of  Asia,  to  the  eastward  from  Fuhkier 
j  and  Quangtung,  in  China,  separated  by  the  strs 
'  which  unites  the  Tung-Hay  and  Chinese  seas 
'  This  island  is  traversed  by  the  northern  tropic, 
j  and  named  Thaiwan  by  the  Chinese;  is  260  ms 
[  long  from  S.  to  N.,  and  in  form  of  an  elongate 
j  ellipse ;  averages  about  60  ms.  wide,  and  compri 
!  ses  an  area  of  at  least  15,000  sq.  ms.    It  is  tra\ 
ersed  in  its  greatest  length  by  a  mountain  chait 
rising  in  one  peak,  if  not  more,  to  the  height 
perpetual  snow.    It  is  but  partially  peopled  by  the 
Chinese,  who  appear  not  to  have  known  of  it 
existence  before  1430.    The  indigenous  inhabit- 
ants resemble,  by  teint  and  physiognomy,  the 
Malays.    It  was  as  late  as  1633  that  the  emperor 
Kanghi  declared  Formosa  an  integral  part  of  his 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


empire;  and  up  to  the  present  time  the  authority j  over  geographical  knowledge.  In  Europe,  west- 
of  China  is  rather  nominal  in  Formosa.  |  ern  Asia,  and  northern  Africa,  nations  more  or  less 

The  length  of  Formosa,  stretching  from  S.  to;  civilized,  had  existed  from  the  earliest  recorded 
N.,  and  its  mountains  following  a  similar  direc-j  time  ;  and  such  was  also  the  case  on  southeastern 
tion,  must  give  very  different  climates  to  the  op- j  continental  and  insular  Asia.  Yet  this  time, 
posite  sides.  The  Formosan  mountains  are  of  j  measured  by  accumulated  centuries,  passed  away, 
volcanic  origin,  and  the  whole  island  as  late  asj  whilst  the  two  great  civilized  masses  remained 
1782  was  shaken  and  ravaged  by  an  eaithquake.  j  with  little  more  reciprocal  connexion  than  if  placed 
Formosa  evidently  belongs  to  the  physical  range  \  on  different  planets.  And,  again,  another  circum- 
of  which  Japan,  Loo  Choo,  and  Philippines  are  stance  adds  much  to  excite  reflection  on  this  sub- 
sections. Iject-  Ages  upon  ages  had  thus  passed,  whilst 
Following  the  series  of  islands  along  the  south- 1  neither  of  the  great  civilized  sections  of  mankind 
eastern  coast  of  Asia,  we  must  include  Hainan,  I  had  gained  the  slightest  knowledge  of  northeastern 
though  utterly  unconnected  with  the  groups  we  |  Asia,  southern  Africa,  or  the  immense  insular  con 


have  been  surveying.  The  southwestern  part  of 
the  Chinese  province  of  Quangtung  is  projected 
southward  by  a  peninsular  point,  which,  with  a 
narrow  strait  intervening,  is  followed  by  the  island 
of  Hainan,  which,  translated  from  Chinese,  is 


tinent  of  Australia  and  Polynesia.  Again,  still 
more  wonderful,  a  continent  was  concealed  from 
these  cultivated  nations,  and  that  continent  stretch- 
ing  from  one  frozen  extreme  of  the  earth  to  the 
other.    This  continent  was  America,  upon  which, 


"south  island  of  the  sea."  It  is  about  150  ms.  I  it  is  now  fully  proven,  a  third  and  detached  civilt- 
long,  mean  breadth  75,  and  area  11,250  sq.  ms.  ;  zation  existed.  _  Thus,  five  or  six  centuries  past, 


cent.  lat.  19°  N.  This  is  the  extreme  southern 
part  of  China.  Though  subjected  to  China  for 
about  1,700  years,  and  though  assimilated  in  dress, 
manners,  and  language,  the  physical  structure  of 
the  two  people  differs  so  essentiafly  as  to  argue  a 
different  origin.  Situated  between  N.  lat.  18  and 
20°,  constant  summer  prevails  over 'Hainan,  ex- 
cept, where  some  central  mountains  counteract 
tropical  position. 

Such  as  we  have  briefly  sketched  are  the  im- 


three  masses  of  mankind,  with  more  or  less  ad- 
vance in  the  arts  of  polished  life,  existed  on  the 
earth,  two  Of  which  had  a  faint  knowledge  of  the 
existence  of  the  other ;  whilst  the  third  stood  alone 
and  fell  alone,  leaving  its  mutilated  fragments  to 
excite  the  painful  wonder  of  the  ever-active  Cau- 
cassian  :  ever-active,  we  may  repeat;  since,  take 
away  Caucassian  agency,  and  the  dark  veil  of  ob- 
scurity, torn  away  by  their  hands,  would  have  re- 
mained untouched,  and  under  it  would  still  have 


mense  countries,  continental  and  insular,  inhabited :  lain  concealed  more  than  half  the  land  surface  of 
by  the  independent  and  dependent  branches  of  thejthe  earth. 
Tongoosic  race.    This  race,  in  regard  to  voluntary 


change  of  residence,  is  the  very  opposite  of  the 
Caucassian.  To  roam  the  earth  is  the  rage  of  the 
latter ;  whilst  to  remain  round  their  native  spot, 
and  near  the  graves  of  their  parents,  enter  into  the 
very  religion  of  the  Chinese  and  Japanese,  and 
indeed,  to  a  great  extent,  with  the  whole  of  the 
yellow  Asiatic  race.  But  though,  in  consequence 
of  their  immigration,  regarded  by  their  own  coun- 
trymen at  home  as  exiled  vagabonds,  there  are 
numerous  Chinese,  and  a  few  Japanese,  scattered  |  Indo"China 
over  the  islands  of  Austral  Asia,  and  as  far  as 
Madagascar.  Some  of  these  people  reside  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  on  St.  Helena  form  the 
mass  of  population.  All  these  are,  however,  mere 
exceptions ;  and  no  one  other  circumstance  so 
strongiy  marks  the  contrast  of  character  between 
the  two  great  races  who  predominate  on  the  op- 
posing siues  of  the  eastern  continent  as_the  active 
spirit  of  colonization  of  the  Caucassian  and  the 
local  passiveness  of  the  yellow  Asiatic. 

Until,  however,  in  the  last  five,  or  indeed  we 
might  say  the  last  three  centuries,  the  earth  pre- 
sented the  curious  spectacle  of  national  isolation. 
During  all  previous  ages,  the  two  great  civilized 
families  of  Caucassians  and  Tongoos,  occupying 
the  opposing  sides  of  the  eastern  continent,  had 
merely  a  confused  idea  of  each  other's  existence  ; 
and  when,  in  the  thirteenth  century  of  our  era, 
intercourse  commenced,  the  advance  was  made  by 
the  Caucassians  from  the  west,  and  for  the  two 
and  a  half  succeeding  centuries  confined  to  long 
and  painful  land  journeys  from  western  Europe  to 
eastern  Asia.  A  very  great  revolution  was  now 
commenced.  Until  the  opening  of  caravan  com- 
merce across  Asia,  impenetrable  darkness  hung 


SUMMARY  TABLE  OF  THE  YELLOW  ASIATIC  RACE. 


Political  section. 

Area  in 
sq.  ins. 

Population 

China  and  dependencies  - 
An  Nam,  empire  south  of  China  - 
Siam,  between  An-Nam  and  Bur- 
mah  .... 
Burmah,  between  An  Nam  and  In- 
dosian  ... 
British  Indo-China  - 
Japan  • 

5,450,000 
154,000 

50,000 

150,000 

73,000 
'214,000 

367,000,000 
23,000,003 

3,000,000 

6,000,000 
300,000 
30,000,000 

6,091,000 

429,300,000 

This  summary  table  comprises  sections  which, 
when  aggregated,  amounts  to  very  near  the  one- 
seventh  part  of  the  land  area  of  the  earth,  and,  ac- 
cording to  the  estimates  of  population  most  to  be 
depended  on,  about  one  half  the  human  species. 
The  distributive  population  here  given  amounts  to 
only  70  to  the  sq.  m.,  or  about  as  7  to  6  compared 
with  the  distributive  population  of  Europe. 

We  close  the  article  Asia  with  a  view  of  Indos 
tan,  or,  as  frequently  called,  India.  This  great 
country,  though  very  distinct  as  a  natural  section, 
has  never  been  politically,  and  much  less  national- 
ly, united  in  one  sovereignty.  Conquest,  also, 
by  different  foreign  nations,  has  also,  by  derang- 
ing territorial  limits,  and  by  adopting  different 
names  for  the  same  sections,  or  mutilating  domes- 
tic names,  created  great  difficulty  in  its  geography. 
Nature  there,  as  every  where  else,  on  regions  of 
great  extent,  in  part  laid  bases  for  physical  subdi- 
vision, which  have  become  also  political.  Such 
demarcations  cannot  be  entirely  obliterated,  but 
they  may  be  obscured.    The  subjoined  tabular 

101 


ASI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASI 


view  was,  with  some  unimportant  changes  of  ar- 
rangement, taken  from  the  very  valuable  Atlas  of 
Adam  and  Charles  Black,  Edinburgh,  1841  : 

"INDIA. — India  is  situate  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  between  7  57  and  35  0  N.  lat.,  and 
between  67  0  and  95  0  E.  Ion.  of  London,  meas- 
uring 1,870  English  ms.  in  its  greatest  length 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  nearly  as  much  in  its  greatest 
breadth,  in  lat.  26  N.  from  the  western  border  of 
Sinde  to  the  eastern  border  of  Assam.  The  natu 
ral  boundaries  of  India  are  clearly  defined.  On 
the  N.  it  is  bounded  by  the  long  range  of  the  Hi- 
malayas, on  the  S.  by  the  Indian  ocean,  on  the 
E.  and  SE.  by  the  range  of  mountains  (Anoupec- 
loumiou)  which  separates  Assam  and  Aracan  from 
the  Burman  empire,  and  terminates  at  Cape  Ne- 
grais,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Suleiman  mountains, 
which  extend  from  the  Suffied  Kho,  near  Cabool, 
to  Ras  (Point)  Moaree,  and  are  connected  at  their 
northern  extremity  with  the  protruding  spurs  of 
the  Himalaya.  The  whole  country  within  these 
extensive  limits  is,  with  partial  exceptions,  either 
directly  governed  by  the  British  East  India  Com- 
pany, or  more  or  less  connected  with  it  as  tributa- 
ry or  allied.  The  superficial  area  exceeds  1,200,- 
000  sq.  ms. 

"India  has  never  formed  one  empire,  and  has, 
therefore,  not  been  subjected  to  any  general  sys- 
tem of  administrative  divisions.  Different  parts 
of  the  country,  however,  have  obtained  certain 
popular  and  geographical  names,  which  are  of  fre- 
quent occurrence,  and  must,  therefore,  be  men- 
tioned as  a  necessary  illustration  of  the  geography 
of  the  country. 

"  1st.  The  mountainous  region  between  the  sub- 
Himalayas  and  the  great  chain  has  been  called  North- 
ern India,  and  the  British  portion  is  known  famil- 
iarly as  The  Hills.  Northern  India  comprises  the 
beautiful  valley  of  Cashmere,  drained  by  the  river 
Jylum,  the  districts  of  Kunnawar,  Gurwal,  Kum- 
aonn,  the  kingdom  of  Nepaul,  the  territory  of  Si- 
kim,  and  Bootan,  or  the  country  of  the  Deb  Rajah. 

"2d.  The  Punjaub,  or  Punjab,  (the  country  of 
the  Five  Waters,)  is  the  Tegion  watered  by  the 
Indus  and  its  tributaries,  the  Jylum,  Chenab,  Ra- 
vee,  Gurrah,  Beeas,  and  Sutlege.  It  is  divided 
into  two  portions  by  the  Salt  Range,  a  chain  of 
hills  extending  across  the  bed  of  the  Indus,  and 
forming  a  table  land  of  considerable  elevation  on 
its  northern  side. 

"  3d.  Rajpootana,  called  also  Rajwara  and  Ra- 
jahstan,  (the  country  of  the  Rajpoots,)  occupies 
the  middle  space  between  the  Indus  and  the 
Ganges,  on  both  sides  of  the  Aravulli  mountains, 
and  extends  southward  to  the  Runn  of  Cutch. 

"  4th.  Hindostan  is  the  popular  name  of  the 
whole  country  which  extends  from  the  Hills,  the 
Punjaub,  and  Rajwara,  to  the  frontiers  of  Bengal, 
and  comprises  the  Mogul  Subahs,  or  provinces  of 
Delhi,  Agra,  Allahabad,  Oude,  and  Bahar,  and 
the  districts  or  regions  of  Hurianee,  Rohilcund, 
Doab  and  Bundelcund. 

"5th.  Bengal,  the  alluvial  plain  at  the  mouths 
of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmapootra,  intersected  in 
every  direction  by  their  innumerable  branches. 

"  6th.  Malwah,  or  Central  India,  a  table  land 
supported  by  the  Vindya  and  Aravulli  mountains, 


"  7th.  Gujrat,  or  Guzerate,  the  country  on  both 
sides  of  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  including  also  the 
large  peninsula  of  Kattywar,  or  Cattiwar,  which 
lies  between  the  Gulf  of  Cutch  and  the  Gulf  of 

Cambay. 

"8th.  Cutch,  or  Kachh,  a  small  peninsula  to 
W.  of  Guzerate,  between  the  Runn  of  Cutch  and 
the  sea. 

"  9th.  Sinde,  the  region  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Indus. 

"  10th.  The  Deccan,  Dekkhan,  or  Dukhun,  ex- 
tending from  the  Nerbuddah,  on  the  N.,  to  the 
Kistnahand  Tumbudrah  rivers  on  the  S.,  compris- 
ing the  old  Mogul  provinces  of  Khandeish,  Berar, 
Arungabad,  Bejapoor,  or  Visiapoor,  Bcder,  Nan- 
dere,  and  Hydrabad.  The  name,  however,  is 
now  generally  restricted  to  that  province  of  the 
Bombay  Presidency  of  which  Poonah  is  the  capi- 
tal, and  which  lies  between  the  Ghauts  and  the 
western  border  of  the  Nizam's  territories. 

"  1  Uh.  The  Carnatic,  divided  into  two  regions, 
styled  respectively  Payen-Ghaut  and  Bala-Ghaut, 
or  the  lower  and  the  upper,  the  former  compre- 
hending the  low  maritime  plains  along  the  coast  of 
Coromandel,  from  the  Kistnah  river  to  Cape  Com- 
orin,  the  latter  comprehending  the  elevated  table 
land  between  the  eastern  and  western  Ghauts,  in- 
cluding Mysore. 

"  12th.  Malabar,  a  long,  narrow  strip,  between 
the  western  Ghauts  and  the  sea,  extending  350 
ms.  to  the  NW.  of  Cape  Comorin,  and  including 
Travancore,  Cochin,  and  the  British  province  of 
Malabar. 

"  13th.  Canara,  continuation  of  the  same  strip4 
northwards  from  Malabar. 

"  14th.  Concan,  or  Konkan,  a  still  further  ex- 
tension of  the  same  strip,  comprising  Malabar  and 
Canara,  and  stretching  from  the  latter  to  Guzerate, 
and  formerly  included  in  the  Mogul  provinces  of 
Arungabad  and  Bejapoor. 

"  15th.  Gundwana  and  Orissa,  a  wild,  and,  in 
some  parts,  unexplored  region,  between  Bengal, 
the  Deccan,  and  Carnatic ;  the  maritime  portion 
being  Orissa,  the  inland  Gundwana,  bnt  with  no 
well-defined  boundaries  between  or  in  any  other 
direction,  except  the  seacoast.  The  southeastern 
part  of  Orissa  has  been  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Northern  Circars,  since  it  was  acquired  by  the 
Presidency  of  Madras,  in  1776. 

"  16th.  Assam,  the  valley  of  the  Brahmapootra, 
to  the  NE.  of  Bengal. 

"  17th.  Aracan,  a  narrow  strip  of  country  to 
the  southeast  of  Bengal,  between  the  Anoupectou- 
miou  mountains  and  the  sea.  The  political  divis- 
ions of  India  may  be  arranged  into  eight  classes,  as 
follows  : 


Political  divisions. 


First  class  — Territories  directly 
subject  to  the  officers  of  the  Brit- 
ish East  India  Company : 
1.  Presidency  of  Fort  William. 

Bengal— 
Government  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and 
Orissa,  with  Assam  and  Aracan  - 
Government  of  Agra,  or  northwest - 
with  ceded  dis- 


ern  provinces, 
tricts  on  the  Nerbuddah  - 
2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  sloping  2-  dPr^sidency  of  Fort  Geor§e' Ma 
lOtheNE.  1 3.  Presidency  of  Bombay  - 

102 


Sq.  ms. 


181,182 


139,395 

121,982 
63,142 


Population. 


60,030,000 


20,000,000 


13,000,000 
6,251,000 


ASI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ASI 


Political  divisions. 


Second  class.— Princes  with  whom 
the  British  Government  have 
treaties  of  alliance,  offensive  and 
defensive,  who  have  a  right  on 
their  part  to  claim  protection, 
external  and  internal,  from  the 
British  Government,  and  grant 
to  the  -latter  the  right  of  interfer- 
ence in  their  internal  affairs  : 

Padishah,  king  of  Oude 

Rajah  of  Mysore 

Rajah  of  Berar  or  Nagpoor  - 

Rajah  of  Travancore 

Ra jali  of  Cochin 

Third  class.— Princes  with  whom 
the  British  Government  have 
treaties  of  alliance,  offensive  and 
defensive,  but  without  the  right 
of  internal  interference,  except 
when  required  by  the  princes 
themselves : 

The  Nizam,  or  king  of  Hydrabad 

The  Guickowar,  or  King  of  Buroda 
in  Guzerate 

Fourth  class.— Princes  mostly  trib- 
utary, who  acknowledge  the  su 
premacy  of  the  British  Govern 
ment,  and  are  bound  to  co-ope 
rate  with  them,  but  who  are  su 
preme  rulers  in  th^ir  own  do 
minions : 

Holkar,  or  Rajah  of  Indore  in  Mai 
wah. 

Rajapoot,  Princes  of  Oudipoor,  Jey 
pour,  Joodpoor.  Kotah,  Bondi,  Al 
war,  Bikaneer,  Jeysulmere,  Kish 
engurgh,  Banswarra,  Pertaub 
gurh,  Dungarpoor,  Keroli,  and 
Serowi 

Rajah  of  Bhurtpoor  - 

Nawaub  of  Bhopal  - 

Rao  of  Cuteh.  or  Kachh 

Rajahs  of  Dhar  and  Dewas  • 

Rana  of  Dholphoor,  Barrep,  and 
Raiah-kairah 

Rajah  of  Re  wah       )•  Rnnf1pl. 

Rajahs   of    Dhattea  £in 
Jhansi  and  Teshi,  J>  cuna 

Rajah  of  Sawuntwarree  in  the  Dec- 
can  - 

Fifth  class.— Princes  with  promise 
of  guaranty  and  protection  from 
the  British  Government,  bet  su- 
preme in  their  own  dominions  : 

Ameer  Khan,  Lord  of  Tonk,  Se- 
ronge,  and  Nimbhasa 

Patiala,  Keytal,  Naba,  and  Jeend- 
Seiks  along  the  Sutlege  - 

Sixth  class.— Princes  with  whom 
the  British  Government  have  re- 
lations of  amity  and  friendship: 

Maha-Rajah  Soindia,  in  Central 
India  - 

Seventh  class.—  Princes  protected 
by  the  British  Government,  with 
right  in  the  latter  to  control  their 
internal  affairs : 

Rajah  of  Sattarar,    7  Both  in  the 

Rajah  of  Kalapoor,  5  Deccan. 

Eighth  class.— Independent  na- 
tive States : 

Kingdom  of  Lahore  and  Moultan, 
late  Runject  Singh's 

Ameers  of  Sinde 

Khan  of  Daoudpootra 

Kingdom  of  Nepant - 

Bootan,  or  country  of  the  Deb-Ra 
jah 

Ninth  class.— Possessions  of  for- 
eign Powers : 

French  possessions— Pondicherry, 
Chandernagoie,  &c. 

Danish— Serampore  and  Tranque- 
bar  - 

Poriugue.-e— Goa,  Diu,&c.  - 
Totals  of  area  and  population 


Sq.  ms. 


23,923 
27,999 
56,723 
4,574 
1.938 


88,834 
21,950 


107,625 
1,946 
6,772 
7,396 
1,466 

1,626 

10.310 
I6:i73 


935 


1,633 
16,602 


32,914 


',943 
3,184 


160,000 
10,000 
10,000 
36,000 

20,000 


90 
2,00U 


1,217,632 


Population. 


2,392,300 
2,799,900 
5,672,300 
457,400 
1 98,800 


3,882,400 
2,495,000 


10,762,500 
194,600 
677,200 
350,000 
146,600 

162,600 

1,031,000 
1,617,300 


93,500 


163,300 
1,160,200 


3,294,400 


794,300 
318,400 


4,000,000 
2,000,000 
500,000 
2,000,000 

1,000,000 


209,030 

35.000 
500,000 


element,  which  places  before  us  the  most  extraor- 
dinary circumstance  in  human  history.  A  mer- 
cantile company,  under  the  influence  of  unity  of 
design,  has  in  less  than  a  century  founded  an  em- 
pire on  the  opposite  continent  from  its  metropole — 
an  empire  far  exceeding  100,000,000  of  civilized 
people,  and  subjected  them  to  a  far  more  absolute 
control  than  can  be  pretended  to  by  any  European 
monarch  over  his  subjects.  We  are  shown  in  the 
following  note  on  what  tenure  the  independence  of 
any  State  in  India  is  now  held  : 

"The  numbers  are  only  approximations,  and 
those  of  the  population  are  almost  entirely  con- 
jectural. The  Rajah  of  Mysore  has  for  some  years 
been  suspended  from  his  regal  functions  on  account 
i  of  misgovernment,  and  his  States  administered  by 
Ian  agent  or  commissioner  of  the  Madras  Pres- 
idency. The  Rajahs  of  Sattara  and  Sawuntwar- 
\ree>  and  some  others,  have  been  nearly  falling  into 
| the  same  predicament;  and  the  Ameers  of  Sinde 
have  been  recently  (1839)  compelled  to  enter  into 
a  subsidiary  treaty  with,  and  virtually  to  become 
|  the  subjects  of,  the  British  Indian  Government 
iDaoudputra  has  also  recently  been  added  to  the  list 
of  protected  Slates." 

I  There  are  two  species  of  experience  :  one  easily 
J  and  cheaply  procured,  demanding  only  observation 
|  and  reflection — that  is,  experience  from  others, 
which  we  may  reject  if  we  choose ;  the  other  is  our 
own,  dearly  bought,  and  forced  on  us,  whether  we 
will  or  not. 

Political  divisions  of  Asia,  and  estimated  popu- 
lation. 

[  It  may  be,  however,  noted,  that  in  both  re- 
spects the  geography  of  this  great  physical  section 
is  vague  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  are  its  nat- 
ural divisions.] 


165,039,500 


Here  we  have  a  statement  from  a  document  up- 
on which  we  may  place  reliance,  as  far  as  the  diffi- 
culties can  ha^e  been  overcome  in  collecting  the 


Political  divisions. 


Turkey  in  Asia 
Arabia  • 
Persia  - 

Caucassian  region 
Russian  Asia 
Turkistan,  or  Tartary  - 
Afghanistan 
Beloochistan 
British  Asia 

Seikistan,  or  country  of  the  seiks 

Nepaul  - 

Chinese  empire 

Annam  •  - 

Siam  - 

Birman  empire 

Malacca 

INSULAR  ASIA 

Ceylon  - 

Japanese  archipelago  • 
Sumatra  -  -  - 
Java 

Borneo  -        -         -  - 
Celebes  - 

Molucca  archipelago  -  -t 
Philippine  archipelago 
Formosa 

Loochoo  archipelago  - 
Maldive  archipelago  - 
Laccadive  archipelago 
Kurile  archipelago 


Population 


Grand  total  of  Asia 


12,000,000 
10,000,000 
11. -200,000 
2,300,000 
12,400,000 
7,000,000 
6,000,000 
4,000,003 
150,000,000 
4,000.000 
2,000,000 
367.000,000 
23;000,000 
3,000,000 
6,000,000 
1,600,000 


1.000,003 
30000,000 
2,000,000 
2,000,01/0 
5,000,000 
1,000,000 
500,000 
3,000;000 
500,000 
1,000,000 

50,000 

50,000 

668,100,000 


Of  the  Asiatic  mass  of  population  it  may  he 

103 


ASS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ASS 


safely  decided  that  the  following  European  nations 
have  control  more  or  less  absolute  : 
Great  Britain,  over  a  population  of  -  120,000,000 


Holland,  do  -  -  7,000,000 

Spain,  do  -  -  2,000,000 

Portugal,  do  -  -  600,000 

France,  do  ■  -  130,000 

Denmark,  do  -  30,000 


129,760,000 


Asinara,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
NW.  coast  of  Sardinia,  17  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Sas- 
sari.  It  is  28  ms.  in  compass,  Lon.  8  30  E.,  lat. 
41°  N. 

Askeyton,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  Limer- 
ick, on  the  river  Shannon. 

Askrig,  town  in  the  N.  riding  of  Yorkshire, 
Eng.,  6  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  York,  and  243  N.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  W.,  lat.  53  55  N. 

Asne.    See  Esne. 

Asola,  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano,  20  ms.  SE. 
of  Brescia.    Lon.  10  30  E.,  lat  45  48  N. 

Asolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Trevisano,  on  a  moun- 
tain 17  ms.  NW.  of  Treviso.  Lon.  11  36  E.,  lat. 
45  59  N. 

Asoph,  sea,  anciently  the  Paulus  Maeotis,  lying 
N.  of  the  Black  sea,  with  which  it  has  a  commu- 
nication by  the  strait  of  Caffa,  the  ancient  Cimme- 
rian Bosphorus.  This  sea,  which  is  sometimes 
called  the  sea  of  Zabak,  extends  150  ms.  from  SW. 
to  NE.  Lon.  from  35  to  42°  E.,  lat.  from  45  to 
47°  N.  The  Asoph  sea  is  properly  the  estuary  of 
the  Don  ;  it  is  shallow  and  only  admits  vessels  of 
moderate  draught,  and,  like  other  small  seas  of 
Europe,  is  probably  in  a  state  of  progressive  desic 
cation.  No  rock  has  been  detected  in  any  part  of 
the  sen  of  Asoph.  Its  waters  are  turbid  and 
abound  in  fish.  Depth  very  shallow  to  a  great 
distance  from  the  banks.  In  spring  and  early  sum- 
mer, when  the  Don  and  smaller  but  numerous  con- 
fluent streams  are  in  flood,  the  sea  rises  to  a  loot 
or  15  inches  above  its  ordinary  height. 

Asoph,  district  of  the  Russian  empire,  in  the 
province  of  Calharinenslaf,  including  a  large  tract 
of  territory  to  the  E.  and  W.  of  Asoph.  Cafha 
rinenslaf  is  the  capital.  Late  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  in  Asia,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Don,  to  the  E.  of  the  sea  of  Asoph. 
It  has  been  several  times  taken  and  retaken  by 
the  Turks  and  Russians.  The  branch  of  the 
Don,  upon  which  it  stands,  is  now  so  choked  with 
sand  as  scarcely  to  admit  the  smallest  vessel,  which 
renders  the  place  less  important  than  it  was  former- 
ly. Lon.  41  30  E.  lat.  47  18  N. 
'  Asp  em,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Danube,  below  Vienna,  famous  for  a  battle  fought 
there  May  22,  1809,  between  the  French,  under 
the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and  the  Austrians ;  the 
latter  were  defeated. 

Asperosa,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Archipelago,  22  miles  SE.  of  Nicopo- 
li.    Lon.  24  50  E.  lat.  40  58  N. 

Asphaltiles.    See  Dead  Sea. 

Assam,  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Bengnl  and  Boolan,  on  the  N.  by  Thibet,  and  on 
the  SE.  and  S.  by  Meckley.  Its  capital  is  Gher- 
gong,  and  the  river  Burrampooter  flows  through 
the  whole  length  of  it.  The  open  parts  are  mark- 
104 


ed  with  population  and  tillage;  the  woods  abound 
with  elephants.  Assam  lies  between  lon.  91  0 
and  96  0  E.  and  lat  25  0  and  28  0  N. 

Assancale,  town  of  Armenia,  on  the  river  Aras, 
22  ms.  E.  of  Arzerum.  Here  are  hot  baths  much 
frequented.    Lon  41  10  E.  lat.  39  46  N. 

Assanchif,  town  of  Asia,  in  Diarbeck,  seated  on 
the  Tigris,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Diarbecker.  Lon.  40 
20  E.  lat.  37  30  N. 

Assanpinh,  large  creek  of  N.  J.,  rises  in  Mid- 
dlesex, from  whence  it  flows  SW.  into  the  Dela- 
ware river,  forming,  fur  a  few  miles  above  its 
mouth,  at  Trenton,  part  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Burlington  and  Hunterdon  counties.  There 
are  some  cotton  factories  on  this  stream. 

Assawamsct,  town  Plymouth  co.,  Mass.,  50 
ms.  S.  from  Boston,  and  30  E.  from  Providence. 

Asserts,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Funeu.  It  is  the  common  passage  from  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick  to  Copenhagen,  and  is  17  ms.  SW, 
of  Odinsee.    Lon.  10  2  B.  lat.  55  17  N. 

Assiniboin,  river  of  North  America,  in  the 
United  States  and  British  territories,  rising  by  two 
large  branches,  the  Assiniboin  proper  and  Red 
river.  The  former  has  its  source  in  the  recesses 
of  Cabotia,  as  high  as  lat  52  30  N.,  flows  SE.  200 
and  E.  100  ms.;  joins  Red  river.  The  latter  rises  in 
the  United  States  as  far  S.  as  lat.  45  30,  and, 
flowing  thence  nearly  N.  about  300  ms.,  unites 
with  the  Assiniboin,  which,  continuing  a  short 
distance  JSE.,  is  lost  in  the  extreme  southern  an- 
gle of  Lake  Winnipic.  The  regions  drained  by 
the  Assiniboin  and  its  confluents  are  flat,  full  of 
small  lakes,  and  extend  NW.  from  the  sources  of 
the  Mississippi. 

Assisio,  city  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoleto,  on 
the  side  of  a  high  mountain.  The  cathedral  of  St. 
Francis  is  magnificent,  and  composed  of  three 
churches,  one  above  another.  It  is  70  ms.  N.  of 
Rome.    Lon.  12  38  E.  lat.  43  0  N. 

Assos,  seaport  of  Natolia,  on  a  bay  of  the  Ar- 
chipelaso,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Troas.  Lon.  26  36  E. 
lat.  39  32  N. 

Assumption,  town  Lafourche,  interior  Lou.,  91 

ms.  W.  from  New  Orleans.  Episcopal  city, 

the  capital  of  Paraguay,  in  South  America.  U  is 
a  large,  populous,  and  handsome  town,  and  stands 
in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  river  Paraguay.  Lon. 

W.  C.  17  25  E.  lat.  26  N.  Parish  of  Lou., 

situated  along  both  banks  of  the  Lafourche  river, 
having  the  interior  of  Lafourche  SE.,  Atchafalaya 
river  SW.,  Ascension  NW.,  and  St.  James  and 
St.  John's  NE.  It  is  about  35  ms.  long  and  15 
ms.  wide  ;  area  500  sq.  ms.  The  face  of  the  par- 
ish is  level,  and,  except  the'' margin  of  the  La- 
fourche and  some  other  streams,  liable  to  annual 
submersion.  Soil  extremely  fertile.  Staples  su- 
gar and  cotton.  No  town  of  any  consequence. 
N.  lat.  30  0  and  lon.  14  0  W.  frcmi  W.  O.  inter- 
sect in  this  parish  near  the  banks  of  the  Lafourche 
river.    Pop.  1820,  3,576. 

Assynt,  district  of  Sutherland,  in  Scotland,  con- 
taining limestone  arid  marble. 

Assyria,  country  of  Asia,  celebrated  in  ancient 
history.  It  comprehended  the  provinces  in  Asia 
now  called  Diarbec,  Curdistan.  and  Irac. 

Astabat,  town  of  Armenia,  3  ms.  from  the  river 
Aras,  and  12  S.  of  Naksivan.    Lon.  45  30  E 
lat.  38  28  N. 


ATA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ATC 


Asti,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  Mont- 
serrat.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tanaro,  22  ms.  E.  of 
Turin.    Lon.  8  8  E.  lat.  43  3  N. 

Aslorga,  very  ancient  city  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
well  fortified  by  art  and  nature,  seated  in  a  pleas 
ant  plain,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Leon.  Lon.  5  32  W. 
lat.  42  22  N. 

Astrabad,  city  and  province  of  Persia,  in  Khor- 
asan.  The  city  is  situated  about  20  ms.  from  the 
extreme  southeastern  angle  of  the  Caspian  sea. 
It  was  formerly  a  place  of  more  note  than  it  is  at 
present.  Its  low  and  unhealthy  situation  and  ex- 
posure to  the  Toorkmans,  with  the  interna!  revo- 
lutions of  Persia,  have  all  contributed  to  the  de 
cliue  of  Astrabad.  The  same  name  has  been  pro- 
vincially  given  to  the  adjacent  country,  but  with 
no  very  definite  limits.  City  54  36  E.  Ion.,  lat.  3G 
30  N. 

Astracan,  (the  Ghinterkan  of  the  middle  ages,) 
episcopal  city  of  the  Russian  empire,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  large  and  popu- 
lous, has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  surrounded  by 
strong  walls.  The  river  Volga,  on  which  it 
stands,  overflows  like  the  Nile;  and,  when  the 
water  is  run  off,  the  grass  grows  with  much  rapid- 
ity. The  city  of  Astracan  is  about  2g  ms.  in  cir- 
cumference, surrounded  by  a  brick  wall,  which  is 
now  in  a  ruinous  condition  ;  but,  if  we  compre- 
hend the  suburbs,  the  circuit  will  be  near  5  ins. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  amounts  to  70,000 


Atchafaluya  river  may  be  strictly  called  the  con- 
tinuation of  Red  river;  it  is  only  114  chains  along 
the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the  ingress 
of  Red  river  to  the  egress  of  Atchafalaya,  the  latter 
may  therefore  be  considered  as  leaving  the  Miss  s- 
sippi  exactly  on  lat.  31°  N.  It  is  only  at  high 
floods,  however,  when  any  great  quantity  of  water 
leaves  the  Mississippi  by  Atchafafaya;  when  the 
former  is  at  a  moderately  low  stage,  the  current 
into  the  latter  ceases.  The  Atchafalaya,  below  its 
efflux,  continues  SW.  about  2  ins,  where  it  as- 
sumes a  S.  course,  which  continues,  with  a  small 
deviation  to  the  E.,  50  ms.  in  a  direct  line.  Tne 
river  then  turns  SE.  10  ms.,  and  again  E.  25  ms.. 
to  its  junction  with  Plaquemine  from  the  Missis- 
sippi. Below  the  Plaquemine  the  Atchafalaya  re- 
assumes  a  S.  course  of  60  ms.,  falls  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  having  an  entire  length  of  147  ms.  A 
few  spots  of  land  sufficiently  high  for  cultivation 
are  found  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Atchafalayi,  near 
its  efflux  from  the  Mississippi ;  those,  however, 
soon  cease,  and  both  banks  are  generally  liable  to 
inundation.  A  very  heavy  forest  covers  both 
shores  of  this  river  until  within  a  few  miles  of  its 
mouth.  Twenty-six  ms.  below  its  efflux  com- 
mences the  great  raft.  This  singular  phenomenon, 
about  which  so  much  mistake  and  speculation  has 
been  made,  was  measured  by  the  writer  of  this  ar- 
ticle. The  following  is  the  fruit  of  his  observations 
on  the  subject:   From  the  course  of  that  particular 


eluding  Armenians  and  Tartars,  as  well  as  a  few  |  bend  of  the  Mississippi,  out  of  which  the  Atcha- 


Persians  and  Indians.  All  around  the  city,  at  the 
distance  of  2  ms.,  are  seen  a  great  number  of  gar- 
dens and  orchards.  This  city  is  supposed  to  have 
been,  in  early  times,  the  general  staple  for  the  pro- 
ductions of  Persia,  India,  and  Arabia.  It  is  seated 
on  an  island  formed  by  the  Volga,  40  ms.  N  W. 
of  the  Caspian  sea.  Lon.  47  40  E.  lat.  46  22 
N.    See  art.  Volga. 

Anurias,  province  of  Spam,  120  ms.  in  length, 
and  45  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Biscay, 
on  the  S.  by  Old  Castile  and  Leon,  on  the  W.  by 
Gallicia,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  Atlantic.  It  is  di- 
vided into  two  parts,  Asturia  d'Oviedo  and  Asturia 
de  Santillana.  This  province  is  full  of  mountains 
and  forests,  and  its  wine  and  horses  are  excellent. 
It  has  mines  of  gold,  lapis  lazuli,  and  vermillion, 
and  belongs  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  King  of  Spain, 
who  is  styled  prince  of  Asturias. 

Astronomy.    See  art.  Chronology. 

Asylum,  tp.  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW. 
side  of  Susquehannah  river,  67  ms.  NW.  of 
Wilkesbarre. 

Atacama,  harbor  of  South  America,  in  Peru. 
There  is  a  great  desert  of  the  same  name  extend- 
ing along  the  Pacific  ocean  from  S.  lat.  22  0  to  26 
0,  and  inland  to  the  foot  of  the  Andes.  Lon. 
70  0  W.  lat.  22  0  S. 

Afacapas,  a  considerable  settlement  in  lower 
Louisiana,  lying  west  of  the  Atchafalaya  river, 
being  bounded  by  that  river  E.,  by  Opelousas  N. 
and  NW.,  and  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  S.  It  is 
divided  into  the  parishes  of  St.  Martin's  and  St. 
Mary's  ;  which  see. 

Atalaua,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura, 
seated  on  an  eminence,  with  a  strong  fortress,  5 
ms.  S.  of  Tomar.    Lon.  7  56  W.  lat.  39  25  N. 

Alanjauja,  or  Jauja,  town  of  South  America, 
in  Peru,  about  150  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Lima. 
14* 


falaya  issues,  the  drift  timber  of  the  former  is 
thrown  into  the  latter.  In  1778,  this  drift  timber 
passed  into  the  Atchafalaya  in  such  quantity  as 
io  form  a  compact  mass  too  large  to  pass  down  with 
the  current,  and  therefore  choked  and  became  set^ 
tied.  Other  accessions  have  annually  augmented 
the  original  body,  and  now  form  rafts  of  more  or 
less  extent,  for  about  25  ms.  along  the  river.  It  is 
a  very  erroneous,  though  a  common  opinion,  that 
the  raft  is  sufficiently  compact  to  admit  the  passage 
of  horses,  and  that  trees  are  formed  upon  it:  both 
these  statements  are  entirely  unfounded.  It  is  with 
considerable  difficulty  and  danger  that  a  man  can 
cross  the  river  on  the  timber;  the  body  of  which 
rises  and  falls  with  the  water  of  the  river,  and  at 
all  seasons  maintains  an  equal  elevation  above  the 
surface.  The  raft  is  in  fact  subject  to  continual 
change  of  position,  to  which  superadding  its  recent 
formation,  renders  either  the  solidity  of  its  struc- 
ture or  the  growth  of  large  timber  impossible.  Some 
small  willows,  and  other  aquatic  bushes,  are  fre- 
quently seen  amongst  the  drift  wood,  but  are  too 
frequently  destroyed  by  the  shifting  of  the  mass  to 
acquire  any  considerable  size.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  extremities  of  the  raft  is,  as  stated,  about 
25  ms.,  but  of  this  space  not  more  than  10  ms.  is 
impeded  by  raft.  The  width  of  the  river  is  ab  mt 
220  yards.  If  we  allow  the  .timber  to  be  8  feet 
deep,  10  ms.  by  220  yards,  will  yield  2,240,500 
solid  cords. 

The  first  stream  of  consequence  which  enters 
Atchafalaya  is  the  Courtableau,  which  comes  in 
from  the  I\W.  half  a  mile  above  ihe  lower  raft. — 
(See  Courtableau.)  Around  the  m  >ulh  of  Cour- 
tableau is  one  wide  overflow.  Towards  Opelousas 
and  Attacapas  this  drowned  tract  reaches  8  or  9 
ms.  in  a  direct  line  from  the  Atchafalaya.  The 
intermediate  space  at  high  water  is  a  lake.  The 

105 


ATI 


ATH 


currents  of  the  smaller  bayous  are  lost  in  the  maze, 
and  only  remain  distinguishable  by  the  openings 
of  their  channels.  The  many  lakes  that  mingle 
with  the  outlets  of  the  river,  and  with  each  other, 
render  this  region  in  an  extraordinary  manner  in- 
tricate. Below  Courtableau,  many  outlets  leave 
the  Atchafalaya,  which  flow  into  lake  Chetimaches, 
and  whose  waters  again  enter  the  main  stream  by 
the  outlet  of  that  lake.  From  Courtableau  to  the 
Cow  Island  is  SE.  25  ms.  in  a  direct  line.  Here 
the  river  turns  E.  So  numerous  are  the  outlets 
between  Courtableau  and  Cow  Island,  that  the  cur- 
rent of  the  Atchafalaya  passes  by  them  into  Lake 
Chetimaches,  and,  therefore,  from  Cow  Island  to 
the  Plaquemine,  the  volume  of  the  former  river  is 
nearly  stagnant.  The  river  here  winds  diagonally 
over  an  inclined  plane,  and  when  the  swell  of  the 
waters  rise  above  the  banks  the  water  naturally 
flows  down  the  direct  slope,  and,  consequently, 
when  the  river  assumes  an  eastern  course,  the  cur- 
rent at  high  water  is  at  right  angles  to  the  river. 
Within  a  short  distance  below  Cow  Island  there  is 
a  very  narrow  selvage  of  high  land  commencing  on 
the  right  shore,  which  continues  to  the  entrance  of 
the  Plaquemine,  but  cut  by  20  or  30  outlets,  great 
and  small.  In  this  eastern  course  of  Atchafalaya, 
the  light  colored  water  of  Mississippi  disappears, 
and  the  stream  assumes  the  dark  green  tinge  of  the 
waters  of  the  swamps.  This  change  is  effected  by 
a  bayou,  whose  banks  are  in  general  above  over- 
flow, and  which  comes  in  from  towards  Fausse 
riviere,  and,  flowing  SW.,  carries  the  Mississippi 
waters  towards  Cow  Island. 

Where  the  Atchafalaya  and  Plaquemine  form 
their  junction,  the  united  stream  assumes  a  S. 
course,  which  it  maintains  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
the  distance  by  a  meridian  line  54  ms.,  or  about  70 
ms.  pursuing  the  river.  A  summary  of  all  the 
distances  gives  the  whole  length  of  the  Atchafalaya, 
by  comparative  course,  133  ms.,  and  along  the 
stream  193  ms. 

A  particular  description  of  this  river  below  Pla- 
quemine would  be  mere  repetition.  It  is  suffi- 
ciently explicit  to  observe,  that  10  ms.  below  Pla- 
quemine another  small  raft  impedes  the  navigation, 
boats  being  obliged  to  be  taken  by  an  outlet  through 
Lake  Natchez,  and  thence  again  into  the  main 
stream  below.  The  Atchafalaya  passes  through 
Lake  Chetimaches,  and  3  ms.  further  down  con 
tracts  again  into  a  river  of  about  240  yards  wide, 
receives  the  Teche,  5  or  6  ms.  below  which  timber 
ceases,  and  the  level  grassy  seamarsh  reaches  the 
banks,  and  continues  with  the  Atchafalaya  to  its 
mouth.  The  only  spots  of  valuable  arable  land  on 
the  entire  banks  of  Atchafalaya,  in  all  its  course,  is 
near  the  mouth  of  Teche  and  the  opposite  bank, 
a  few  miles  below,  at  Rice's  Island.— See  Teche, 
&c,  Rice's  Island  and  Red  river. 

The  tide  flows  up  the  Atchafalaya,  when  the 
Mississippi  is  low,  as  high  as  the  great  raft,  and  at 
other  seasons  in  proportion  to  the  height  of  the 
streams  in  the  interior. 

Atchafalaya  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Atchafalaya 
river,  on  the  coast  of  La  ,  about  30  ms.  long  from 
SE.  to  NW.,  and  20  ms.  wide.  A  long  bar  from 
Point  Chevreuil  to  Point  au  Fer,  on  which,  at 
common  tides,  there  is  about  9  feet  water,  prevents 
vessels  above  that  draft  from  entering,  though  the 
depth  within  and  up  the  Atchafayla  to  the  mouth 
106 


of  Teche,  would  admit  vessels  of  any  assignable 
tonnage. 

Atena,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriorc, 
22  ms.  N.  of  Policastro.  Lon.  15  58  E.,  lat.  40 
36  N. 

Ath,  town  in  Austrian  Hainault,  seated  on  the 
Dender,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Mons.  Lon.  3  44  E. 
lat.  50  35  N. 

Athapescow,  lake  of  British  America.  LaJ.  6( 
0  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  32  0  W.  It  discharges  into 
Slave  lake,  by  Slave  river.  It  is  about  200  ms 
long ;  mean  width  20. 

Athelney,  island  of  Somersetshire,  Eng.,  at  th 
confluence  of  the  Thone  and  Parret,  memorable  fo 
having  afforded  shelter  to  king  Alfred. 

Athens,  now  called  Setines,  once  a  celebrate( 
city,  the  capital  of  ancient  Attica,  but  now  of  Li 
vadia,  in  European  Turkey.  After  many  revolu 
tions,  the  Turks  finally  wrested  it  from  the  Vene- 
tians; and  it  has  now  not  more  than  10,000  in- 
habitants, of  whom  three-fourths  are  Christians  of 
the  Greek  church,  the  remainder  Turks.  It  is  the 
see  of  an  archbishop,  and  is  defended  by  a  citadel 
on  the  summit  of  a  lofty  rock.  The  town  stands 
beneaih  the  citadel,  not  encompassing  the  rocks  as 
formerly,  but  spreading  into  the  plain  to  the  W. 
and  NW.  Some  masses  of  brick-work,  standing 
separate  without  the  town,  belonged,  perhaps,  to 
the  ancient  wall,  of  which  other  traces  also  appear. 
The  houses  are  mostly  mean  and  straggling.  In 
the  lanes,  the  high  walls  on  each  side,  which  arc 
commonly  white  washed,  reflect  strongly  the  light 
of  the  sun.  The  streets  were  very  irregular,  and, 
anciently,  were  neither  uniform  nor  handsome. 
There  are  many  magnificent  ruins,  which  testify 
its  former  grandeur.  It  is  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Engia,  100  ms.  NE.  of  Lacedemon,  and  320  S. 
by  W.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  23  57  E.,  lat. 
38  5  N. 

Hobhou.se  says  :  "  He  who  at  this  day  (1809) 
surveys  the  hill  of  the  Acropolis,  (the  citadel  of 
Athens)  has  the  view  of  a  site  which  has  been  cov- 
ered with  the  habitations  of  men,  and  has  maintain- 
ed, probably  without  intermission,  a  pop.  of  8,000 
or  10,000  souls  for  more  than  30  centuries;  a  for- 
tune to  which  no  other  spot,  that  I  know  of,  in  the 
world,  can  justly  pretend  ;  and  which  a  view  of  its 
revolutions  and  disasters  must  render  still  more  sur- 
prising." 

It  may  also  be  added  that  Athens,  at  least  in 
western  Asia  and  all  Europe,  if  not  in  the  whole 
world,  is  the  only  city  which  was  in  earliest  times 
capital  of  a  civilized  people,  and  now  is  again  cap- 
ital. Thebes  and  Memphis,  in  Egypt,  probably,  as 
capitals,  preceded  Athens,  but  where  are  aow 
Thebes  and  Memphis  ] 

Athens,  town  in  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  22  ms. 
NNE.  from  Norridgewock.    Pop.  in  1810,374; 

in  1820,  590.  Tp.  in  Windham,  co.,  Vt.  Pop. 

in  1820,  480.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  in 

Greene  co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Hudson  river,  opposite  Hudson.  Lat.  42  15 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  10  E.  It  is  a  fine  flourishing 
village,  containing  about  300  houses,  and,  includ- 
ing the  tp.,  2,030  inhabitants  in  1820.  Town 

of  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Susquehannah.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,108.  Town  in  McMinn  co.,  Ten., 

80  ms.  SE.  from  Murfreesborough.  Village  in 

Limestone  co.,  Ala.,  25  ms.  W.  from  Huntsville. 


ATH 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ATR 


 Town  in  Clarke  co.,  Ga.,  70  ras.  N.  from 

Milledgeville.  Franklin  college,  located  in  this 
town,  went  into  operation  in  1803.  Its  endow- 
ments are,  a  president,  tour  professors,  and  two  tu- 
tors. Its  support  is  founded  upon  funds  arising 
from  $100,000,  bank  stock,  and  50,000  acres  of 
land  ;  $12,000  have  been  appropriated  to  the  pur- 
chase of  a  library  and  philosophical  apparatus.  Lat. 

33  58  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  40  W.  Co.  of  Ohio, 

having  Meigs  and  Gallia  S. ,  Jackson  S.  W.,  Hock- 
ing W.,  Perry  and  Morgan  N.,  Washington  and 
Ohio  river  E.  It  is  about  40  ms.  in  length  from 
E.  to  W. ;  mean  width  23,  area  900  sq.  ms.  The 
country  is  hilly,  but  well  wooded  and  watered. 
The  soil  extremely  fertile.  Chief  town  Athens. 
Lat.  39  20  N.,  and  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  5  0,  intersect 
in  this  county.    It  is  traversed  from  NW.  to  SE. 

by  Hockhocking  river.    Pop.  in  1820,  6,338.  

Vill.  and  st.  of  jus.  in  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  upon  the 
Hockhocking,  73  rns.  SE.  from  Columbus,  and  41 
W.from  Marietta.  Lat.  39  23  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  5 
W.  The  site  of  Athens  is  remarkable;  the  river 
Hockhocking  forming  a  curve  so  nearly  circular  as 
almost  to  insulate  the  point  on  which  the  village 
stands.  This  place  is  situated  in  the  northernmost 
of  the  two  townships  granted  by  Congress  for  an 
university.  In  1804  this  institution  was  charter- 
ed by  the  State  Legislature,  and  now,  according  to 
the  Ohio  Gazetteer,  enjoys  an  income  of  $4,500. 
The  public  buildings  are  those  of  the  college,  a 
Presbyterian  and  Methodist  church,  court-house, 
Masonic  hall,  &c.  The  college  faculty  consists  of  a 
president,  three  professors,  and  preceptor  of  the  aca- 
demy. The  reputation  of  this  seminary  stands  high. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  the  compiler  of  this 
dictionary  visited  Athens,  Ohio,  and  must  in  some 
degree  correct  the  account  given  from  the  Ohio 
Gazetteer.  The  town  does  stand  on  a  peninsula 
formed  by  a  bend  of  Hocking  river,  but  also  stands 
on  a  hill  of  considerable  height,  and  yet  far  below 
the  extreme  height  of  the  point.  The  Hocking 
here  winds  its  course  at  the  foot  of  a  congeries  of 
very  high  and  broken  hills.  The  country  in  the 
vicinity  picturesque  in  a  high  degree ;  aspect  even 
mountainous. 

Atherston,  town  of  Warwickshire,  Eng.,  on  the 
Anker,  indifferently  large  and  well  built;  10  ms. 
N.  of  Coventry,  and  104  NW.  of  London.  Lon. 
1  30  W.,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Athlone,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  West 
Meath,  on  the  Shannon,  60  ms.  W.  of  Dublin. 
Lon.  7  41  W.  lat.  53  22  N. 

Athol,  district  of  Perthshire,  Scotland,  a  beauti- 
ful, romantic,  and  mountainous  country,  contain- 
ing some  fine  lakes.  Tp.  in  Worcester  co., 

Mass.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,041,  and  in  1820,  1,211. 

 Village  in  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  70  ms.  NW. 

from  Boston.  Tp.  in  Warren  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 

in  1820,  570.  Town  in  Athol  tp.,  Warren  co., 

80  ms.  N.  of  Albany. 

Athos,  or  Monte-Santo,  mountain  of  Macedonia, 
in  a  peninsula  to  the  S.  of  the  Gulf  of  Contessa, 
about  30  ms.  in  circumference,  and  two  in  perpen- 
dicular height.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  great  number 
of  Greek  monks,  who  have  many  fortified  monas- 
teries upon  it.  Here  they  cultivate  olives  and  vines, 
and  are  carpenters,  masons,  &c,  leading  an  aus- 
tere life,  and  living  to  a  great  age.  It  is  70  ms. 
E.  of  Salonichi.    Lon.  26  20  E.,  lat.  40  30  N. 


Athy,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Kildare,  and 
province  of  Leinster,  seated  on  the  river  Barrow, 
12  ms.  S.  of  Kildare.  Lon.  6  37  W.,  lat  52  58  N. 

Atkinson,  a  point  on  the  NW.  coast  of  North 
America,  lat.  49  21  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  45  55  W. 

 Village  and  tp.  in  Penobscot  co.,  Me.  Pop. 

in  1820,  245.  Tp.  and  village  in  Rockingham 

co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in  1810,  556;  in  1820,  563. 

Atlantic,  or  Atlantic  Ocean,  takes  its  name 
from  Mount  Atlas,  in  Africa,  and  lies  between  the 
W.  continents  of  Africa  and  Europe,  and  the  E. 
continent  of  America.  Its  least  breadth,  from  Gui- 
nea, in  Africa,  to  Brazil,  in  S.  Amerisa..  is  2,300  ms. 
On  one  side  of  the  equator,  it  is  called  the  N.  At- 
lantic ocean;  and  on  the  other,  theS.  Atlantic  ocean. 
The  Atlantic  ocean  is  remarkable  as  being  the 
only  large  aquatic  opening  between  the  polar  ex- 
tremities of  the  earth.  By  reference  to  the  articles 
Baltic,  Earth,  and  Europt,  it  will  be  seen  in  what 
manner  the  climates  of  the  opposing  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  are  influenced  by  its  peculiar  ex  tent  and  po- 
sition. 

Atlas,  chain  of  high  mountains  in  Africa,  sepa- 
rating Barbary  from  Biledulgerid.  They  are  in- 
habited almost  in  every  place,  except  where  the 
extreme  cold  will  not  permit.  The  highest  sum- 
mit of  this  chain  is  estimated  at  about  12,000  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Atlas,  as  a  term,  shows  very  clearly  that  it 
comes  into  its  present  form  by  the  inflexions  of 
proper  names  distorted  by  derivation  from  one  lan- 
guage after  another,  and  that  Adrar,  Athraer,  Ed- 
thraer,  Edthrarin,  Adderim,  Addras,  Attras,  and 
Atlas  are  mere  variations  of  the  same  word. — 
Hi)dgso7i. — See  Adthraer. 

Atlixco,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Puebla,  situated  20 
ms.  SW.  from  the  city  of  Puebla.  Lat.  18  50  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  21  40  W. 

Atmosphere,  from  the  Greek  words,  meaning 
vapor  and  sphere.  In  common  language,  air  and 
atmosphere  are  used  as  synonymous,  but  though 
the  bulk  of  the  atmosphere  is  composed  of  air, 
there  is  at  all  times  water  held  in  mixture;  smoke, 
also,  and  other  substances,  contribute  to  compose 
the  atmosphere.  It  is  by  the  agency  of  air  holding 
water  suspended  in  the  form  of  vapour  that  clouds 
are  farmed,  and  under  different  circumstances  are 
produced  rain,  snow,  hail,  &c  In  estimating  the 
actual  size  of  the  earth  the  atmosphere  ought  to  be 
included  ;  it  is  a  constituent  part  of  the  planet,  car- 
ried round  the  axis  with  the  other  parts.  The 
highest  clouds  as  subject  as  the  most  massive  moun- 
tains to  the  laws  of  gravity.  Thus  estimated,  the 
real  diameter  of  the  globe  is  about  8,000  ms. 

Atokas,  or  Tabicoak,  river,  runs  into  Lake  On- 
tario W.  of  York,  and  the  river  Humber,  U.  C. 
The  mouth  of  this  river  is  the  boundary  between 
the  Missassaga  lands,  and  the  East  Riding  of  the 
co.  of  York.  It  is  now  generally  called  the  Eto- 
i  breake. 

Atooi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  discovered 
j  by  Captain  Cook,  in  1778.  Towards  the  NE. 
and  NW.,  the  face  of  the  country  is  ragged  and 
broken  ;  but  to  the  S.  it  is  more  even.  The  hills 
rise  from  the  sea  side  with  a  gentle  acclivity,  and 
at  a  little  distance  back  are  covered  with  wood. 

Atoyaque,  small  river  of  Texas ;  it  is  a  branch 
of  the  Sabine. 

Atrato,  river  of  Colombia,  falling  into  the  Gulf 

107 


ATR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ATT 


of  Darien.  It  rises  in  Choco,  and  flows  N.  about 
250  ms. 

"The  principal  mouth  of  the  great  river  Atrato 
is  called  Barbacoa ;  situated  in  8  12  N.  lat.  This! 
river  inlanders  through  a  beautiful  country  a  dis- 
tance of  about  530  ms.,  following  the  stream.  Its! 
banks  are,  in  general,  bteep  and  high,  clothed  with' 
perpetual  verdure  and  majestic  forests,  of  which 
the  lofty  cedar  is  the  most  common  tree. 

At  the  mouth  of  this  river  we  have  the  great  bay 
of  Cmdelaria,  capable  of  containing  all  the  fleets 
of  Europe;  the  anchorage  excellent,  in  15  to  20 
fathoms.  Nearly  all  the  bay  is  completely  shel- 
tered, and  the  most  violent  northern  gales  of  wind 
scarcely  ruffle  the  harbor.  In  fact,  there  is  no  bay 
within  the  tropics  as  spacious  and  safe  as  Cande- 
laria. 

The  bar  of  the  river  Atrato,  at  the  lowest  tides, 
has  5  feet,  but  generally  6|  feet;  the  entrance  is 
about  200  yards  in  length,  and  perfectly  safe  for 
vessels  of  the  above  mentioned  draught. 

The  first  river  of  any  magnitude  which  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  Atrato,  is  called  Succo, 
(turbid  or  muddy,)  distant  from  the  bar  about  70 
ms.,  in  lat.  7  46  N.  This  river  may  be  of  conse- 
quence as  the  country  advances  in  settlements,  but 
at  present  it  is  full  of  floating  timber  and  other  im 
pediments. 

The  second  river  tributary  to  the  Atrato,  is  called 
Marindo,  about  150  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  the 
former.  About  20  leagues  below  its  entrance  iuto 
the  Atrato,  there  are  the  high  mountains  called 
Marindo,  remarkable  for  the  magnificence  of  their  j 
forests  of  cedar  and  other  durable  woods. 

The  third  river,  called  Napipi,  discharges  itself 
into  the  Atrato,  in  lat.  6  33  N.  This  river  be- 
comes worthy  of  particular  notice,  because  it  is  the 
best  channel  through  which  the  communication 
may  be  opened  between  the  two  seas.  From  its 
source,  or  rather  from  the  spot  to  which  a  steam- 
boat could  navigate,  the  distance  by  land  to  the 
Pacific  ocean  is  only  6  ms.  The  Indians  of  the 
country  take  a  bale  of  goods  across  this  porterage 
weighing  5  arrohas,  or  125  pounds,  for  $1.  These 
goods  are  carried  to  a  safe  bay  on  the  Pacific,  from 
whence  they  are  taken  in  canoes  to  various  places. 

From  the  entrance  of  the  Napipi  into  the  Atrato, 
to  a  place  called  Tambo  de  don  Carlos,  is  about 
100  ms.,  and  is  usually  perfo'med  in  3  days,  but  a 
steamboat  could  do  it  in  12  or  14  hours.  From 
Tambo  to  Aniado  is  15  ms.,  and  from  the  latter 
plate  to  the  great  bay  of  Cupica,  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  is  about  12  or  14  ms. ;  and  the  Indians  fre- 
quently peiform  two  journeys  there  in  the  same 
day.  Loatls  of  goods  may  be  taken  from  Antado 
to  Cupica  either  by  mules  or  men,  but  the  latter  is 
most  common,  more  especially  as  commerce  by 
that  route  is  yet  in  a  state  of  infancy. 

The  fourth  river,  called  Bebara,  discharges  itself 
into  the  Atrato,  in  lat.  6  2.  About  15  ms.  from 
its  mouth  is  a  warehouse,  wheie  goods  are  usually 
depositetl  when  destined  for  Antioquia.  From  this 
warenouse  to  a  place  called  Urrao,  is  about  60  ms. 
laird  carriage;  and,  as  the  goods  are  usually  takerr 
by  men,  and  ihe  roads  difficult,  they  are  usually  7 
days  in  performing  the  journey .  The  cost  is  about 
$12  for  125  lbs.  weight.  From  Urrao  to  Antio- 
quia is  about  40  ms.  The  latter  distance  is  usu- 
ally performed  by  mules,  at  a  charge  of  $4  a  load. 
10S 


These  facts  are  stated  to  show  that,  by  the  route 
of  the  Atrato,  there  ran  be  easily  opened  a  great 
intercourse  with  the  valuable  province  of  Antioquia, 
instead  of  the  present  route  by  the  river  Magdalena, 
and  consequently  add  to  the  importance  of  the 
former  river. 

The  Atrato  runs  through  the  province  calU 
Citara,  and  the  capital  is  frequently  called  by  thi 
name,  but  its  proper  name  is  the  city  of  San  Fran- 
cisco de  Quibido  ;  it  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants, the  air  pure,  and  the  heat  much  less  than  ir 
the  Antilles.    The  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Atrato  to  Quibido  is  about  410  ms.  by  water. 
From  thence  to  its  source  about  80  ms.    Boats  or 
vessels  drawing  7  feet  water  may  go  to  Quibido, 
and  5  feet  may  be  carried  to  the  aforementioned 
Tambo  de  San  Pablo.    The  rate  of  the  current 
generally  about  2  ms.  per  hour,  and,  even  durins 
the  highest  freshet*?,  the  current  is  much  less  rapit 
than  the  Mississippi  and  other  rivers  of  the  U.  S. 
of  course  not  the  least  doubt  exists  that  steamboat 
of  large  burden  may  navigate  from  the  mouth 
the  Atrato  to  the  Tambo  of  San  Carlos;  this  latte 
place  is  situated  on  a  narrow  tongue  of  land,  aboi 
44  ms.  wide,  in  the*  province  called  Novha. 
the  other  sitle  of  this  narrow  isthmus  we  find  tl 
river  San  Juan,  which  unites  with  a  river  callec 
Calima,  and  descends  to  the  port  or  bay  of  Ch< 
rambera,  in  the  Pacific  ocean. 

It  is  therefore  unquestionable  that,  by  cutting 
canal  of  a  few  miles  from  Tambo  de  San  Carlos  tc 
the  river  San  Juan,  a  water  communication  can  be 
opened  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  it  is 
likewise  certain,  that  a  canal  may  be  cut  from  An- 
tado to  the  bay  of  Cupica  ;  future  surveys  will  es- 
tablish which  of  these  routes  may  be  best." 

The  foregoing  information  is  drawn  from  Wm. 
D.  Kobinson,  and  by  that  gentleman  credited  to  a 
Mr.  Kirkland.  The  distances  given  must  be  taken 
with  great  allowance,  as  the  entire  length  of  the 
Atrato,  by  comparative  courses,  but  little  exceeds 
200  ms.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  river  of  great  importance, 
rather  from  its  position  than  from  its  magnitude. 

Atri,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Abiuzzo  Ul- 
teriore.  It  is  seated  on  a  craggy  mountain,  4  ms. 
from  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  and  10  SE.  of  Teramo. 
Lon.  13  48  E.,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Atsion,  village,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  where 
there  is  a  valua1  le  iron  foundry,  26  ms.  W.  of 
Tuckerton,  29  E.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia. 

Attascocito,  branch  of  the  Sabine  river,  rises  in 
Texas,  about  20  ms.  E.  from  Nacogdoches. 

Attica,  township  and  village,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1519.  Bay,  on  the  S.  sitle  of  the 

Ottawa  river,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same 

name.  River  of  U.  C. ;  a  branch  of  the  Ottawa 

river. 

A/ti'ca,  a  peninsula  of  Greece,  and  in  many  re- 
spects one  of  the  most  interesting  regions  of  the 
earth.  In  ancient  times  Attica  was  hounded  N.  by 
the  Asopus,  which  separated  it  from  lioeotia,  NW. 
by  Megaris,  SW.  by  the  Saronic  Gulf,  and  SF. 
and  E.  by  the  straits  of  Eubcea.  It  forms  an  irreg- 
ular triangle;  base,  on  the  Saronic  Gulf  and  Me- 
gaiis,  50  ms.  ;  and  altitude,  from  the  Megaris  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Asopus,  30  ms.  Including  the 
island  of  Salamis  and  Cape  Khamnus,  east  from 
Marathon,  the  whole  of  Attica  must  have  fallen 
short  of  200  sq.  ms.    This  is  far  below  vhe  mean 


ATT  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  AUD 


extent  of  a  co.  of  the  U.  S.,  even  along  the  Atlan- 
tic slope,  where  the  counties  are  the  smallest.  The 
surface  of  Attica  is  broken,  and  much  of  it  occupied 
by  comparatively  high  mountains.  In  the  northern 
part  spreads  the  rugged  track  of  Cithffiron,  and  its 
extension,  Parnes.  From  the  Cithasron  again 
branched  another  chain,  which,  under  the  local 
names  of  Brilessus,  Pentelicus,  Hymettus,  and 
Laurium,  reached  the  southern  extremity  of  Attica 
at  Cape  Sunium.  The  intervening  valleys  and  the 
island  of  Salamis  afforded  the  only  arable  soil, 
which,  from  a  careful  inspection  of  the  features  of 
the  country,  cannot  exceed  two-thirds  of  the  whole 
area,  or  134  sq.  ins.  Upon  this  very  limited  area 
ancient  Attica,  following  the  lowest  estimate,  pos 
sessed  a  population  of  284,000,  or  upwards  of 
2,000  to  the  arable  sq.  m.  This  must  appear  ex 
cessive,  and  yet  we  have  the  evidence  of  history  to 
warrant  the  conclusion  that,  at  the  period  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  a  little  more  than  four  centu- 
ries before  our  era,  this  little  territory  must  have 
contained  more  than  300,000  inhabitants.  Ac- 
cording to  the  best  modern  accounts,  Attica,  in- 
cluding Athens,  has  now  a  population  of  about 
25,000.  This,  although  very  trifling,  when  com- 
pared with  the  ancient  slate  of  society  in  that 
country,  is  yet  far  above  what  is  generally  consi- 
dered as  the  mean  population  of  Greece.  Attica, 
or-rather  the  territory  of  Athens,  is  now  restricted 
to  within  Cithseron,  and  does  not  exceed  150  sq. 
ms. ;  consequently,  it  contains  a  population  of  180 
to  the  sq.  m.  Before  the  late  revolution  in  Greece, 
Attica  was  subject  to  the  Killer  Aga  at  Constanti- 
nople, and  ruled  by  a  Way  rode. — See  Greece. 

Attica,  town,  southeastern  part  of  Seneca  co., 
O.,  on  the  Columbus  and  Sandusky  turnpike  road, 
at  its  intersection  with  the  road  from  Mansfield 
through  Tiffin  to  Perrysville,  on  Maumee  river.  It 
is  16  ms.  NW.from  Tiffin,  the  county  seat,  and 
18  northwardly  of  Bucyrus,  in  Crawford  co. 
Altltborough,  E.,  town  in  Bristol  co.,  Mass., 

40  ms.  S.  from  Boston.  Town  in  Bucks  co., 

Pa.  Tp.,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.    Pop.  in  1810, 

2,716  ;  in  1820,  3,055. 

Attlebury,  town  in  Norfolk,  14  ms.  NE.  of 
Thetford,  and  93  of  London.    Lon.  1  5  E.,  lat. 

52  35  N.  Town,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  63  ms. 

SSE.  from  Albany. 

Attinga,  town  of  Indostan,  in  the  province  ot 
Travaucore,  about  80  ms.  NW.  of  Cape  Comorin. 

Attock,  city  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan  proper, 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Indus,  supposed  to  stand 
on  the  site  of  the  Taxila  of  Alexander,  where  he 
crossed  that  river.    It  is  180  ms.  NW.  of  Lahore. 

Lon.  70  36  E.,  lat.  32  27  N.  River,  which 

rises  in  the  Tartarian  mountains,  N.  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  passes  by  Caboul,  and  flows  into  the  Indus 
above  Attock. 

Attruck  river,  ancient  Ochus,  a  stream  of  Per- 
sia, in  Khorasan,  the  same  which  is  in  many  maps 
erroneously  named  Tedjend.  It  falls  into  the 
Caspian  near  Astrabad.  Though  brief  in  course, 
the  Attruck  is  important  from  position,  forming 
in  some  degree  the  boundary  between  Iran  (Per- 
sia) and  Tooran  (Scythia,)  or  between  the  Persic 
and  Tartan  regions  of  our  books.  See  Iran  and 
Tooran. 

Atures,  falls  of,  in  the  Orinoco,  S.  America. 
La'.  5  15  N„  lon.  W.  C.  8  55  E. 


Atwat.    See  Tuat. 

Atwater,  town,  Portage  co.,  O.,  12  ms.  SE. 
of  Ravenna,  and  on  the  road  from  that  place  to 

Pittsburg.  Town,  Portage  co.,  O.   Pop.  1820, 

320.  Town,  Portage  co.,  O.,  63  ms.  NE. 

from  Columbus. 

Auburn,  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.,  on  a  branch 
of  the  Kennet,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Marlborough,  and 
81  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  32  W.,  lat.  51  31  N. 

 Town  and  seat  of  justice  in  Cayuga  co.,  N. 

Y.,  upon  the  great  wesiern  turnpike  road,  at  the 
outlet  of  the  Owasco  lake,  170  ms.  W.  from  Al- 
bany. It  has,  beside  the  ordinary  county  build- 
ings, a  State  prison  capable  of  containing  1,000 
prisoners.    The  pop.   exceeds  2,000.  Lat.  42  56 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  27  E.  Tp.,  Susquehanna 

co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  208.  Tp.,  Richland 

co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,169.  Tp.  and  town, 

in  Geauga  co.,  O.  The  town  of  Auburn  is  situa- 
ted 14  ms.  S.  of  Chardon,  the  co.  seat,  and  16 

ms.  N.  of  Ravenna,  in  Portage  co.  Town, 

Oakland  co.,  Mich. 

Aube,  dep.  of  Fr.,  the  late  province  of  Cham- 
pagne. 

Aubenas,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardeche, 
and  late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It  has  a  manu- 
facture of  cloths,  of  Spanish  wool,  and  of  red  cot- 
ton, in  imitation  of  Indian  handkerchiefs.  Beside 
corn  and  wine,  its  district  produces  truffles,  oran- 
ges, figs,  olives,  chestnuts,  and  walnuts.  The 
silk  worm  and  mulberry  tree  succeed  well  here. 
Aubenas  is  seated  on  the  Ardeche,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Cevennes,  near  the  mineral  waters  of  Valtz, 
and  15  ms.  NW.  of  Viviers.  Lon.  4  30  E.,  lat. 
44  40  N. 

Aubigny,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cher,  and 
late  province  of  Berry,  in  a  line  plain,  on  the 
river  Nerre. 

Aubun,  town  of  the  island  of  Jer-ey,  with  a 
good  harbor  and  a  fort. 

Aubin  du  Cormier,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
lie  and  Vilane,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  10 
ms.  E.  of  Rennes.    Lon.  1  23  W.,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Aubonne,  handsome  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  10 
ms.  W.  of  Lausanne.  Lon.  6  30  E.,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Axibusson,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Creuse, 
and  late  territory  of  Marche.    It  had  a  manufac- 
tory of  tapestry,  which  made  it  populous.    It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Creuse,  37  ms.  NE.  of  Limo-* 
ges.    Lon.  2  15  E.,  lat.  45  58  N. 

Aucaugrel,  town  of  Africa,  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Adel,  seated  on  a  mountain.  Lon.  44  25. 
E.,  lat.  0  10  N. 

Auch,  episcopal  city  of  Fr ,  in  the  dep.  of  Gers, 
lately  an  archi-episcopal  see,  and  the  capital  of 
Gascony.  It  lies  on  the  summit  and  declivity  of 
a  steep  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the  Gers, 
Pop.  8,000.  They  have  manufactures  of  velvets 
serges,  crapes,  hats,  and  leather.  Auch  is  37  ms. 
W.  of  Toulouse.    Lon.  0  40  E.,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Auckland,  Bishop's,  town  in  the  bishopric  of 
Durham.  It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  and  noted  for  its  beautiful  castle  and  for  its 
chapel,  whose  architecture  is  very  curious.  It  is 
8  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Durham,  and  251  NNW.  of 
London.    Lon.  1  31  W.,  lat.  54  43  N. 

Aude,  dep.  of  Fr.,  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Languedoc.    Pop.  241,000. 

109 


AUG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AVI 


Audjelah,  the  Augila  of  Herodotus,  one  of  the 
oases  or  habitable  islands  of  the  African  deserts. 
It  contains,  beside  other  smaller  towns,  Audjelah 


side.  It  is  defended  on  the  N.  by  a  fort  of  4  sta 
tions,  called  the  Fort  of  St.  Jean,  built  of  stone 
with  a  parapet  9  feet  thick  and  a  rampart  20  fe 


hence  the  name.  This  town  stands,  as  placed  on 'high,  with  bombproof  casemates  and  ways,  and 
our  maps,  N.  lat.  29  30  ;  Ion.  23  20  E.  of  Lon- (lined  with  more  than  50  pieces  of  artillery.  Upo 
don  ;  500  ms.  westward  of  Grand  Cairo,  and  200  ;  the  sea  shore,  S.  of  the  town,  stands  another  smal 
tns.  southeastward  of  Ben  Gasi,  on  the  Gulf  of  fort  connected  with  the  walls  of  the  town.  Thi 


Sydra. 

Auglaize,  tp.  in  Wood  co.,  O. 
216.— — Southern  branch  of  Maumee  river,  O., 
rising  in  Allen  co.,  and,  flowing  nearly  JNr.  80 
ms.,  falls  in  Maumee,  near  Fort  Defiance. 

Augsburg,  city  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  sup 
posed  to  stand  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Augusta 
Yindeleorum,  but  now  the  capital  of  a  principality 
subject  to  Bavaria.  It  has  a  variety  of  manufac- 
tures, and  is  one  of  the  principal  trading  towns  in 
Germany.  The  cathedral,  town  house,  and  other 
public  buildings,  are  magnificent.  In  the  bishop's 
palace,  the  Lutherans  presented  their  confession  of 
faith  to  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  in  1550;  hence 
called  the  Confession  of  Augsburg.  It  is  seated 
between  the  Werdach  and  Lech,  30  ms  NW.  of 
Munich.    Lon.  10  55  E.,  lat.  48  17  N. 

Augusta,  tp.  of  Grenville  co.,  U.  C.  Tp. 

in  Kennebec  co.,  Me.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,805:  in 

1820,  2,457.  Tp.  in  Oneida  co.,  N 

in  1820,  2,771.  Tp.  in  Northumberland  co., 

Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,373;  in  1820,  2,075.  

Town,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  70  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

 Seat  of  justice  of  Bracken  co.,  Ky.  ;  is  a 

small  town  delightfully  situated  on  a  handsome 
bank  of  the  Ohio  river.  It  is  18  ms.  below  Lime- 
stone, and  65  ms.  from  Lexington.  Pop.  1820,  2G0 


fort  defends  the  harbor,  which  is  good,  safe,  an 
Pop.  in  1820,  |  commodious,  with  a  depth  of  water  of  not  less  tha 
from  28  to  30  feet  at  low  tide.  This  harbor  is  cov 
ered  from  the  sea  side  by  a  long  and  low  island 
called  the  Island  of  St.  Annastac.  It  is  separat 
from  the  main  land  by  a  branch  of  the  sea  call 
the  river  Matanze. 

Should  a  vessel,  after  leaving  the  Bahama  cha 
nel,  be  obliged,  in  consequence  of  some  acciden 
or  any  particular  reason,  to  stand  in  for  an  harbor 
the  port  of  St.  Augustine  is  the  nearest  and  mo 
advantageous  place. 

The  entrance  is  covered  outside  by  sand  bank 
and  rocks,  extending  out  more  than  one-third  of 
league,   between   which  there   are  openings 
passes,  which  form  the  channels  leading  to  the  i 
terior  of  the  harbor.    The  S.  channel  is  the  on 
vessels  generally  make  use  of.    There  is  not  le 
than  20,  25,  to  30  feet  water  at  low  tide;  but  b 
Y.  Pop.  |  fore  you  enter  this  channel  you  have  to  pass  a  bar 
over  which  there  is  not  more  than  9  feet  water 
low  tide.    You  can  moor  your  ship  outside  of  the 
bar,  and  wait  till  the  tide  comes  in.   This  pass  car 
easily  be  distinguished  by  the  breakers  of  the  sea 
which  beat  against  the  rocks  on  the  banks  S.  ant 
N.,  and  thereby  plainly  mark  out  the  passag 
which  is  at  least  300  fathoms  wide.    After  passing 


Augusta,  co.  of  Va.,  lying  between  the  SW.  i  the  bar,  you  find  from  18  to  20  feet  water.  Yo 


mountain  and  Blue  Ridge,  having  Rockbridge  SVV., 
Bath  and  Pendleton  NW.,  Rockingham  NE.,  and 
Albemarle  and  Nelson  SE.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a 
square  of  30  ms.  each  side  ;  900  sq.  ms.  The 
face  of  the  county  waving,  or  rather  hilly  ;  soil  va- 
riegated, but  generally  produc  ive.  Staples:  to- 
bacco, flour,  and  pork.  Chief  town,  Staunton. 
Pop.  1820,  16,742.  N.  lat.  33°,  and  2°  W.  lon. 
W.  C,  intersect  in  the  southern  part  of  this  coun- 
ty. The  Shenandoah  and  James  rivers  rise  in  Au- 
gusta, and  flow  from  it  in  opposite  directions.  

Tp.  and  village,  formerly  in  Columbiana  co.,  but 
now  in  Carroll  co.,  O.  The  village  is  situated  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  county,  10  or  11  ms.  a 


will  range  along  the  island  of  Annastasius  withi 
two  cables  length  ;  you  may  cast  anchor  near  the 
NE.  point,  opposite  a  battery,  in  26  feet  water,  a 
the  distance  of  one  cable  length  and  a  half  fro 
the  land.    You  double  the  N.  point  of  the  island 
and  then  come  to  anchor  before  the  town.    N.  and 
S.  of  the  town  there  are  two  great  Indian  villages, 
which  form  the  suburbs  thereof.  Half  a  league  from 
the  town,  on  the  N.  side,  there  is  a  small  fort,  called 
the  Fort  Negro,  situated  on  a  fiat  and  level  ground, 
at  a  little  distance  from  the  northern  shore  of  the 
river  St.  Maik's,  with  a  branch  communicating 
with  the  river  St.  Jean,  towards  the  mouth,  in  the 
Atlantic  ocean.    These  passes  and  entrance  into 


little  E.  of  N.  from  Carrollton,  the  county  seat,  the  harbor  are  very  advantageously  situated ;  for, 
and  about  a  like  distance  SVV.  by  W.  from  New  all  the  vessels  coming  from  Mexico,  Louisiana, 

Lisbon.  Capital  and  town  of  Ga.,  situate  on  and  the  Havana,  are  obliged  to  pass  through  the 

the  SW.  bank  of  the  river  Savannah,  120  ms.  I  Bahama  channel,  at  a  short  distance  from  St.  Au- 
NW.  of  the  town  of  Savannah.    It  is  seated  on  gustine,  the  port  of  which  can  be  made  with  ease, 


a  fine  plain,  and  enjoys  the  best  soil,  with  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  central  situation  between  the  upper 
and  lower  countries,  and  is  rising  into  importance. 
Pop.  in  1820,  about  4,000.    Lat.  33  20  N.,  lon. 

W.  C.  5°  W.  Town,  Perry  co.,  Miss.,  74  ms. 

SE.  from  Monticello.  Small  village  and  town 

on  the  left  bank  of  Tallapoosa  river,  Montgomery 
co.,  Ala.,  68  ms.  E.  from  Oahaba. 

Augustine,  St.,  city  of  the  U.  S.,  in  Fa.  N. 
lat.  29  58,  lon.  W.  C.  4  30  W.  Pop.  in  1840, 
2,459.  White  persons,  1,476  ;  free  colored,  120; 
slaves,  863.    Total,  2,459. 

This  town  is  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Florida.  It  is  built  in  a  prairie  on  the  sea  shore, 
surrounded  by  walls  and  a  dry  ditch  on  the  land, 
110 


and  where  you  will  find  assistance  and  relief- 
Nutional  Intelligencer,  Oct.  17,  1825. 

Augustine,  cape  of  Brazil,  in  Pernambuco,  about 
20  ms.  S.  from  Olinda.  S.  lat.  8  30,  lon.  W.  C. 
42  E. 

Auguslow,  small,  but  strong  town  of  Poland,  in 
Polachia,  seated  on  the  Narieu,  44  ms.  N.  of 
Bielisk.    Lon.  23  40,  E.  lat.  53  25  N. 

Austowo,  formerly  a  Waiwadet  of  Lithuania, 
bordering  on  Byalystoch. 

Augustus,  Fort,  small  fortress  of  Invernessshire, 
Scot.,  at  the  head  of  Loch  Ness,  between  the  riv- 
ers Taarf  and  Oich. 

Avigliano,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont* 
7  ms.  \V.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  38  E.,  lat.  45  5  N- 


A  US 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


A  US 


Avignon,  city  of  France,  capital  of  a  territory 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  university.  It  was  for- 
merly (from  1309  to  1376)  the  residence  of  the 
popes,  who  afterward  returned  to  Rome.  It  is  ad- 
vantageously seated  on  the  Rhone,  20  ms.  E.  of 
Rismes.    Lon.  4  53  E.  lat.,  43  57  N. 

Au  Ik  land  islands,  a  group  lying  in  the  Southern 
ocean,  to  the  southward  of  New  Zealand.  The 
main  island  S.  lat.  51,  lon.  167°  E.  of  London. 


some  geographers  under  the  general  names  of  Ma- 
laysia, and  under  that  term  comprising  the  Su- 
matran,  Javan,  Sumbava-Timor,  Molucca,  Cele- 
bes, Borneo,  and  the  Philippine  groups. 

In  Black's  excellent  atlas  (page  12)  we  have 
the  following  observations,  under  the  head  of 
Oceana:  "The  islands  to  the  southeast  of  Asia 
have  been  usually  considered  as  appendages  of 
that  continent ;  but  they  are  now  classed  by  the 


Aulcesfer,  town  of  Warwickshire,  Eng.,  7  ms.  !  continental  geographers  along  with  the  islands  of 
W.  of  Stratford  upon  Avon,  and  102  NW.  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  as  a  fifth  division  of  the  world, 

under  the  name  of  Oceana  or  Oceanica.  Oceana 
is  divided  into  Western  Oceana  or  Malaysia,  Ccn- 


London.    Lon.  1  52  W.,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Aulic  Council,  from  court  or  palace,  Greek, 


and  in  modern  times  particularly  applied  to  the  tral  Oceana  or  Australasia,  Eastern  Oceana  or 
supreme  judicial  tribunal  of  the  German  empire,    j  Polynesia." 

Aulps,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  d<  p  of  Var,  and  latej     If  we  turn  to  a  general  map  of  the  world,  and 
province  of  Provence.  Lon.  6  30  E.,  lat.  43  40  N.  j  on  the  wide  ocean  between  America  and  Asia,  the 
Aunis,  lately  small  territory  of  Fr.,  in  Poitou,  i  remarkable  fact  will  stand  revealed,  thai,  from  the 
and  now  forming  part  of  the  dep.  of  lower  Cha- !  straits  of  Magellan  to  the  peninsulas  of  Oonalaska 
rente.  j  and  Kamschalka,  or  from  S.  lat.  55°  to  N.  lat. 

Aurai/,  small  seaport  of  Fr. ,  on  the  gulf  of  Mor- 1  60°,  or  through  1 1 5  degrees  of  latitude  and  1 25  of 
bihan,  in  the  dep.  of  that  name,  and  late  province  |  longitude,  spreads  a  deep  sea,  upwards  of  10,000 
of  Bretagne,  8  ms.  W.  of  Vannes.  Lon.  2  33  j  ms.  in  length,  and  mean  breadth  at  least  2,500 
W.,  lat.  37  40  N.  iris.,  and  comprising  an  area  exceeding  that  of 

Aurelius,  village  and  tp.,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.  !  either  Asia  or  America.  The  Sandwich,  Owyhe- 
The  tp.  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Owasco  lake,  be- Jan,  or  Hawaiian  group  of  islands,  is  the  only  one 
tween  the  tps.  of  Junius  and  Marcellus,  and  the  j  rising  from  this  immense  sheet  of  water.  It  is, 
town  about  5  ms.  SW.  from  Auburn.    Pop.  in  indeed,  as  devoid  of  islands  as  is  the  Atlantic,  and 


1820,  7,923.  Tp.,  in  Washington  co.,  O. 

Pop.  in  1820,  239.    See  Reignier's  mills. 

Aurich,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  E.  Friesland. 
It  is  situated  in  a  plain  surrounded  by  forests,  12 
ms.  NE.  of  Embden.  Lon.  7  12  E.,  lat.  53  28  N. 

Auriesville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  C, 
124  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Aurillac,  populous  trading  town  of  Fr.,  on  the 


ranging  from  Easter  island  to  Oonalaska,  Kam- 
schatka,  and  Japan.  The  southwestern  shore,  if 
we  may  use  the  term,  is  defined  by  Successive 
groups  of  islands,  included  under  our  general  head. 
With  these  remarks  we  proceed  to  the  specific  de- 
scription of  the  sections  of  Australia,  deriving  our 
authority  from  Black's  atlas. 

Australia  is  now,  in  Britain  at  least,  the  gene- 


river  Jordanne,  in  the  dep.  of  Cantel,  and  late  rally  received  name  of  the  large  island  formerly 
province  of  Auvergne.  Quantities  of  lace  and  vel- |  called  New  Holland,  which  contains  a  superficial 
vet  are  manufactured  here.  It  is  30  ms.  SW.  ofiarea  of  more  than  3,000,000  sq.  ms.  Within  the 
St.  Flour,  and  250  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  22  E.,  last  half  century,  various  British  colonies,  distin- 
lat.  44  55  N.  jguished  by  the  names  of  New  South  Wales,  and 

Australia,  Polynesia,  Australasia,  Oceana,  Australia  Felix,  South  Australia,  and  Western 
Sandwich  Islands,  §c. — These  rather  indefi- 1  Australia,  have  been  placed  on  its  shores, 
nite  and  conflicting  terms  were  invented  to  New  South  Wales  was  discovered  by  Cook, 
designate  more  or  less  of  the  immense  regions ;  who  sailed  along  the  whole  coast,  from  Cape 
spreading  from  Asia  towards  the  southward  and  Howe  to  Cape  York,  in  the  year  1770.  In  Janu- 
towards  America — Australasia,  or  South  Asia;  ary,  1788,  a  convict  settlement  was  established  at 
Polynesia,  or  Many  Islands.  Australia,  south-  j  Port  Jackson,  but  for  many  years  the  progress  of 
em  continent,  is  now  an  established  term  for  New  discovery  and  improvement  was  very  slow.  It 
Holland  and  contiguous  islands,  such  as  Papua  or  was  only  in  1813  that  the  first  passage  across  the 
New  Guinea,  Waijoo,  Arroo,  New  Hebrides,  Blue  mountains,  a  range  which  runs  parallel  to  the 
New  Caledonia,  Norfolk  island,  Van  Dieman  or  coast,  was  effected ;  but  since  that  time  colonists 
Tasmania,  and,  by  a  rather  too  violent  stretch  of  j  have  flocked  to  the  settlement,  and  its  progress  has 
system,  New  Zealand.  .been  unusually  rapid.    According  to  a  census 

Ocean,  amore  indefinite  though  more  compre- j  taken  in  September,  1836,  the  population  amount- 
hensive,  would  include  all  the  preceding,  with  the  jed  to  77,554,  as  stated  in  the  following  table,  and 


Bonin,  Sandwich,  &c.  But  such  sweeping  term 
rather  confuse  than  serve  to  any  good  purpose  the 
science  of  geography. 

W  hen,  however,  we  scan  on  a  map  of  the  world 
that  great  space  spreading  from  Asia  southeast- 
ward over  the  Pacific  ocean,  we  cannot  avoi'd  the 
conclusion  that  one  physical  section  includes  not 
only  the  islands  we  have  named,  but  also  the  La- 
drones,  Carolines,  New  Hebrides,  Friendly  islands, 
Georgians,  Marquesas,  Society  isles,  and  many 
smaller  groups.  It  would  not  be  a  very  violent 
extension  of  theory  to  include  in  this  natural  sec- 
tion the  great  islands  towards  Asia,  included  by 


the  number  of  sheep  exceeded  1,000,000. 


2 

s 

Counties,  &.c. 

_o 
"o 

6 

o 

93 

£ 

j= 

S3 

CO 

o 

H 

c 

O) 

Argyle 

1,275 

1,142 

2,417 

1,618 

783 

13 

Bathurst 

827 

902 

1,729 

1,243 

485 

1 

Bligh 

156 

220 

376 

273 

103 

Brisbane 

388 

990 

1,378 

1,004 

373 

1 

Carnbden 

1,936 

1,225 

3,161 

2,158 

982 

18 

Cook 

1,659 

393 

2,052 

1,517 

534 

Cumberland 

24,039 

9,079 

33.168 

29,090 

10,270 

371 

Durham 

1,405 

1,803 

3.208 

2,300 

90-1 

4 

111 


AL'S 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AUS 


Counties,  Jcc. 


Georgiana 

Gl  mcester         •  * 

Hunier 

King 

Macquarie 
Murray 

Northumberland  - 
Philip 

Roxburgh        '  - 
St.  Vincent 
Wellington 
Westmoreland 
Without  the  bound- 
aries 

Road  and  iron  gangs 
Penal  settlements  - 
Colonial  vessels  at 


Fort  Philip 


343 
330 
568 
328 
364 
863 

3,038 
77 

1,049 
240 
242 
311 

1,653 
39 
10? 

1,175 
224 


232 
524 
240 
215 
936 
865 
1,978 
170 
931 
352 
283 


1  313 
2,191 
1,603 


42,689  27,865  77,554 


475 
854 
808 
444 
1,300 
1,72S 
3,016 
217 
1,980 
592 
530 
379 

2,968 
2.220 
1,712 

1,175 
224 


339 
628 
639 
327 
893 
1,089 
3,601 
147 
1,413 
430 
357 
393 

1,781 
1,391 
926 

850 
210 


231 
222 
175 
21 
376 
630 
1,398 
100 
561 
162 
172 
185 

1.164 

&29 
697 

325 
14 


The  following  are  the  names  of  the  principal 
towns : 


Principal  towns 

South  East 

Popu- 

Position. 

of  Australia. 

lat.  |  Ion. 

lation. 

Liverpool 

12  00  - 

619 

Macquarie 

31  20  152  55 

536 

Easternmost  coast  of 

New  Holland. 

Maitland 

-  t  . 

1.436 

Newcastle' 

33  30  152  00 

536 

Easternmost  coast  of 

! 

New  Holland. 

Paramata 

2,637 

Richin  -nd 

762 

Sydney 

33  50  151  12 

16,232 

Eastern  coast  of  New 

! 

Holland. 

Windsor 

"   1  ' 

998 

South  Australia  comprises  that  portion  of  New 
Holland  which  is  situated  between  132  and  141° 
of  E.  Ion.  from  London,  and  the  tropic  of  Capri- 
corn and  the  south  coast.  It  has  been  by  the  Brit- 
ish Government  erected  into  a  colony,  and  the  first 
settlements  have  been  formed  upon  the  east  side  of 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Vincent.  The  capital  has  been 
fixed  at  the  town  of  Adelaide,  which  already  con- 
tains 6,000  inhabitants.  A  number  of  colonists 
have  also  recently  established  themselves  at  port 
Lincoln,  on  the  west  side  of  Spencer's  Gulf. 

Western  Australia,  or  extreme  western  part  of 
New  Holland,  has  become  a  separate  British  col- 
ony, with  limits  between  31  and  35°  S.  lat.,  and 
between  the  west  coast  and  120°  E.  Ion.  from 
London.  The  first  settlers  in  this  colony  arrived 
at  Swan  river  in  1829.  The  principal  settlements 
are  yet  on  Swan  river;  but  other?,  less  densely 
peopled,  have  spread  to  a  considerable  distance  in- 
land and  along  the  coast,  and  a  number  of  coun- 
ties formed  ;  of  which  mav  be  named  Swiss,  Perth, 
Murray,  Wellington,  Nelson,  Sussex,  Lanark, 
York,  Grantham,  Goderich,  Stirling,  Hay,  Plan- 
tagenet,  and  Kent.  The  principal  towns  are 
Perth  and  Freemantle,  on  Swan  river,  in  Perth 
county,  and  Albany,  on  King  George's  sound,  in 
Plantagenet  county.  The  most  of  the  names  im- 
posed show  the  origin,  nationally,  of  this  colony, 
which  was  projected  in,  and  in  great  part  peopled 
from,  Scotland.  The  colony  has  made  a  steady 
rather  than  a  rapid  advance.  No  convicts  are  ad- 
mitted in  Western  Australia. 
112 


The  limits  of  Western  Australia,  as  defined 
above,  would  give  it  a  length  of  abomt  400  ms, 
from  north  to  south,  with  a  mean  width  of  220  or 
88,000  sq.  ms.  As,  however,  the  whole  region 
of  Western  New  Holland  is  uncultivated  wastes, 
with  a  few  tribes  of  the  lowest  savage  character, 

'the  colony  of  Western  Australia  may  be  indefi- 

|  nitely  extended,  as  will  no  doubt  be  the  case.  The 
land  distance,  in  a  nearly  west  direction  from 

j  Sydney,  in  New  South  Wales,  to  Swan  river,  is 

[about  2,000  ms. 

i  Tasmania,  or  Van  Dieman's  Laud,  is  a  large 
island  to  the  southward  of  and  separated  from  New 
j  South  Wales  by  Bass's  straits.  It  is  about  210 
ms.  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  about  150 
from  east  to  west;  area  about  24,000  sq.  m». 
The  southern  part  of  this  island  was  discovered  in 
1642  by  Abel  Tasman,  a  Dutch  commander,  who 
gave  it  the  name  of  Van  Dieman's  Land,  in  honor 
of  the  then  governor  general  (Van  Dieman)  of  the 
Dutch  East  Indies.  It  was,  until  1799,  regarded 
as  a  part  of  New  Holland,  at  which  time  Messrs. 
Bass  and  Flinders  sailed  round  it.  The  -former 
had  priority  in  passing  the  strait,  to  which  his 
name  was  justly  given.  On  it,  in  1803,  a  small 
penal  settlement  for  convicts  was  established  ;  and 
early  in  1804  Governor  Collins  arrived  in  the  river 
Derwent,  took  formal  posses-ion  of  the  country, 
and  founded  Hobart  town,  now  the  capital  of  the 
island,  situated  on  the  southeast  part  of  the  island, 
S.  lat.  42  25,  Ion.  148  30  E.  of  London.  The' 
population  of  the  island  on  the  31st  December, 
1836,  amounted  to  43,695,  viz:  free,  25,944; 
convicts,  17,661. 

Norfolk  is  a  small  and  detached  island  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  between  the  northern  point  of  the 
northernmost  island  of  New  Zealand  and  New 
Caledonia,  S.  lat.  29  30,  Ion.  E.  from  London 
169  25.  At  a  distance  exceeding  900  ms.  ENE. 
from  Sydney,  this  speck  has  become  a  se;tlement 
for  convicts. 

In  October,  1838,  a  new  establishment  was 
formed  at  port  Essington,  on  Cobourg  peninsula 
of  tho  north  coast  of  New  Holland.  Victoria,  the 
capital  of  this  colony,  is  situated  at  S.  lat.  11  30, 
R.  ion.  from  London  131°.  The  immense  extent 
of  New  Holland  may  in  some  degree  be  compre- 
hended from  the  fact  that  Victoria  of  port  Essing- 
ton is  in  a  direct  line  upwards  of  1,600  ms.  north- 
northwest  from  Sydney. 

New  Zealand,  group  of,  composed  of  two  large 
and  several  small  islands  in  the  southern  Pacific 
ocean,  southeastward  of  and  separated  from  New 
Holland  by  a  sea  of  from  1,200  to  1,400  ms.  in 
width.  Taken  together,  the  two  main  islands  and 
Stewart's  island  stretch  in  S.  lat.  from  34  30  to 
46  50,  and  in  Ion.  from  166  to  177°  E.  of  Lon- 
don. The  range  of  these  islands  is  from  SW.  to 
NE.,  and  their  united  mean  length  840,  the  mean 
breadth  about  100  ms.,  area  80,000  sq.  ms.  It  may 
not  be  unimportant  to  remark  that  Spain  and  the 
New  Zealand  islands  are  antipodes  to  each  other. 

"  A3  far  as  we  have  documents  deserving  confi- 
dence in  regard  to  this  Antarctic  group,  the  soil 
and  climate  are  eminently  calculated  to  sustain  a 
dense  c.iviiizsd  population.  The  insular  position 
of  the  country,  and  the  lofty  mountains  which,  in- 
tersect it,  ensure  a  due  supply  of  moisture,  and 
hence  the  country  abounds  in  beautiful  forests. 


AUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AUS 


Along  its  great,  extent  of  coast  (from  1,200  to  1,500 
ms.,)  there  are  numerous  harbors  of  unrivalled  ex- 
cellence, into  some  of  which  fine  rivers  enter,  after 
having  passed  through  extensive  districts  of  great 
fertility.  The  climate  is  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
equable  in  the  world ;  and,  indeed,  no  other  coun- 
try possesses  so  many  requisites  for  becoming  the 
seat  of  a  great  naval  and  commercial  power." — 
Black's  Atlas. 

The  natives,  evidently  a  branch  of  the  great 
Polynesian  family,  are,  as  primitive  barbarians  or 
savages  always  have  been,  and  always  must  be, 
subdivided  into  clans,  families,  and  even  bands, 
hostile  to  each  other,  and,  compared  to  the  surface 
over  which  they  roam,  very  few  in  number.  In 
such  condition,  government,  for  any  permanent 
beneficial  purpose,  cannot  exist.  The  germ  of 
human  life  will  remain  in  fragments ;  but  age  after 
age  passes  away  in  unchanged  rudeness  and  fero- 
city. The  New  Zealander,  as  all  other  branches 
of  the  Polynesian  race,  must  submit  to  the  laws  of 
nature,  and  can  only  be  saved  from  utter  extinction 
by  submitting  to  and  mingling  with  their  European 
conquerors. — -See  Hawaii,  in  this  article. 

The  New  Zealand  group  was,  in  1642,  made  a 
part  of  the  discoveries  of  Abel  Tasman,  who,  as 
discoverer,  gave  to  it  the  name  it  bears.  The  na- 
tive names  are,  for  the  northernmost,  Eakeinoma- 
wee,  and  for  southernmost,  Tavai-Poenamoo. 
Stewart's  island  is,  comparatively,  an  islet  lying 
south  of  Tavai-Poenamoo,  and  separated  by  Fo- 
veaux's  strait.  The  two  main  islands,  taken  to- 
gether, and  measured  along  their  mid- line,  have  a 
length  of  1,200  ms.  Cook's  strait,  which  separates 
them  from  each  other,  extends  from  NW.  to  SE. 
from  lat.  40°,  about  150  ms.,  and. very  nearly  along 
the  mean  length,  as  the  two  islands  do  not  mate- 
rially differ  in  respect  to  length. 

Polynesia,  literally  many  islands,  as  a  collective 
name,  very  properly  designates  the  region  or  ex- 
panse of  our  planet,  over  which  lie  scattered  the 
innumerable  islands  of  the  Pacific  ocean  from  the 
108th  meridian  W.  of  London  to  an  indefinite  dis- 
tance westward,  and  including  New  Zealand  in  the 
southern  and  the  Hawaiian  group  in  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

We  may  here  observe,  that  there  still  exists  a 
great  difficulty  in  delineating  the  Pacific  region 
from  the  confused  nomenclature.  In  acquiring 
names  from  a  language  unknown  to  the  inquirer, 
collective  and  even  descriptive  sentences  are  set 
down  as  individual  names.  Again,  imposed  names 
from  European  languages,  Portuguese,  Dutch, 
French,  English,  Russian,  &c,  conflicting  with 
each  other,  superinduce  still  further  confusion. 
Mr.  James  Jackson  Jarves,  in  the  first  chapter  of 
his  very  interesting  history  of  "The  Hawaiian  or 
Sandwich  Islands,"  has  made  some  remarks  to 
exhibit  the  cause  and  consequences  of  this  evil,  as 
well  as  the  remedy.  "Ignorance  of  the  structure 
of  the  Polynesian  language,"  says  this  author,  "led 
Cook  into  error  in  regard  to  the  proper  names  of 
many  islands."  Hawaii,  he  called  Owyhee  ;  Kauai, 
Attooi;  Nihau,  Onehow ;  substituting  compound 
words  for  single  terms.  These  extracted  remarks 
apply  to  the  far  greater  number  of  European  navi- 
gators. Mr.  Jarves  had,  however,  previously  re- 
marked that  the  perplexity  produced  by  such  inju- 
dicious imposition  of  names  was  in  a  course  of  cor- 
15* 


rection  by  the  better  judgment  of  the  present  age, 
and  adds:  " Thus  the  Navigator  group  is  becom- 
ing better  known  by  its  aboriginal  name  Samoa ; 
and  the  Friendly,  by  the  Tonga;  while  others, 
such  as  New  Zealand  and  the  Marquesas,  will  be 
perpetuated  by  those  cognomens." — Jarves,  p.  2. 

But  to  pursue  our  survey.  When  we  regard 
New  Zealand  as  our  centre  of  vision,  and  extend 
our  view  around  that,  group,  we  find  it  rising  from 
an  extensive  sea  on  all  aides,  and  from  the  bosoni 
of  which  emerge  only  mere  islets  at  wide  distances 
from  each  other.  From  North  Cape,  the  extreme 
northwestern  point  of  the  northern  New  Zealand 
island,  it  is  upwards  of  700  ms.  NNW.  to  New 
Caledonia,  the  nearest  land  of  any  consequence  to 
any  part  of  the  group.  From  the  same  point  of 
outset  the  distance  exceeds  1,000  ms.  to  the  eastern 
coast  of  New  Holland. 

With  New  Caledonia  commences  a  natural  sec- 
tion of  most  profound  interest.  With,  at  the  first 
glance,  great  apparent  irregularity,  here  we  enter  a 
series  of  insular  groups,  whose  order  appears  more 
and  more  systematic  as  we  examine  attentively 
their  range.  New  Caledonia,  from  Cape  Queen 
Charlotte,  its  southeastern  point,  S.  lat.  22  26, 
Ion.  167  48  E.  of  London,  to  Dampier's  strait  and 
island  of  Waijoo,  almost  under  the  equator,  and  in 
Ion.  131°  E.  of  London,  stretches  the  first  of  a 
congeries  of  islands  and  groups  having  a  general 
range  from  southeastward  to  northwestward.  This 
immense  series,  stretching  over  upwards  of  40 
equatorial  degrees  on  a  curve  of  the  globe,  includes, 
besides  innumerable  smaller  islands,  the  groups  of 
New  Hebrides,  Louisisiade,  Solomon  islands,  New 
Ireland,  New  Britain,  (the  second,  if  not  the  first, 
largest  island  of  the  earth,)  Papua,  or  New  Guinea, 
Timorlaut,  Ceram,  &c. 

Excepting  on  Timorlaut  and  Ceram,  no  Euro- 
pean colony  has  yet  commenced  civilized  settlement 
on  these  widespread  regions,  containing  a  land 
area  more  than  two  and  a  half  fold  greater  than 
that  comprised  in  the  British  islands,  and  falling 
little  if  any  short  of  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  slope 
of  the  U.  S.  southwestward  from  the  Hudson. 

Il  would  not  be  a  very  violent  extension  of  sys- 
tem to  continue  the  preceding  series  to  include  the 
still  more  expanded  groups  of  Australasia.  It  is, 
indeed,  a  departure  from  system  to  adopt  any  defi- 
nite boundary  between  Australasia  and  Australia. 
Such  grouping  as  the  following  will  enable  the 
reader  or  student  to  follow  the  series  of  groups  aa 
they  seem  to  mingle  into  each  other : 

1.  Advancing  from  Papua,  the  Moluccas,  com- 
prising Amboyna,  Ceram,  Booro,  Coram,  Banda, 
Lothoir,  Pulo-Ati,  Letti,  Moa,  Lackar,  Sermatta, 
Kissir,  Wetter,  Grand  Kay,  Timorlaut,  Gilolo, 
Ternates,  Tidor,  Batchian,  Pulo-Obi,  Mysol, 
Popo,  &c. 

2.  Celebes  group,  comprising  Celebes,  Sangir, 
Siao,  Banca,  Xoulla,  Bouton,  Salayar,  &c. 

3.  Sumbava-Timor  group,  comprising  Sumbava, 
Flores,  Solor,  Sabrao,  Lomblem,  Panter,  Ombay, 
Timor,  Simao,  Roti  Dao,  Savou,  Sunba,  or  San- 
dalwood, &c. 

4.  Javan  group,  comprising  Java,  Madura,  Bali, 
Lombock,  «&c. 

5.  Sumatran  group,  comprising  Sumatra,  Ban- 
ca, Billiton,  Lingan,  Panjour,  and  other  islands  to 
the  E.  and  W.  of  Sumatra. 

•  113 


AUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AUS 


G.  Borneo  group,  if  it  is  proper  to  group  with 
an  island  exceeding  in  area  the  Spanish  peninsula, 
a  number  of  mere  islets. 

7.  Philippine  group,  comprising  Mindanao,  Sa- 
mar,  Palawan,  Luzon,  Panay,  Mindoro,  and,  by 
some  authors,  at  least  a  thousand  islands  lessening 
to  mere  rocks  or  sand  banks. 

These  six  great  archipelagoes  have  received, 
amongst  other  general  names,  that  of  Malaysia, 
from  the  original  inhabitants,  the  Malays,  and  who 
remain  the  dominant  population,  but  with  certainly 
verv  great  variety  of  languages  and  character. 

Proceeding  as  far  to  the  NW.  as  Ion.  140°  E.  of 
London,  and  to  lat.  26  30,  we  discover  a  small 
group  of  islets,  comparatively,  railed  the  Bonin 
islands;  the  first  in  these  intricate  groups  from 
which  is  derived  the  truly  descriptive  general  name 
Polynesia,  or  "Many  Islands."  Extending  a  line 
along  the  earth's  surface  from  the  Bonin  islands, 
about  66^°  SE.,  and  crossing  the  equator  very 
near  mid-distance,  leads  to  Easter  island,  at  a  dis- 
tance a  little  above  7,000  ms.  Such  a  curve  fol- 
lows the  general  course  of  the  northeastern  shore 
of  the  great  sea  alluded  to  in  this  article.  To  the 
southwestward  extends  what  may  well  be  regarded 
as  either  an  emerging  or  submerging  continent. 
Between  the  extremes,  if  we  include  every  islet, 
rock,  or  shoal,  there  are  many,  even  tens  of  thou- 
sands, generally  lying  southwestward  of  the  sup- 
posed line.  Departing  from  the  Bonin  group  to 
the  SSE.,  we  are  led  first  into  the  Ladrone  group 
central  lat.  15°  N.,  Ion.  145°  E.  of  London. 

The  Pelew,  Caroline,  Mulgrave,  and  Scarbo- 
rough groups  commence  with  the  former  at  Ion. 
130°  E.  of  London,  and  ranging  between  10°  N. 
and  the  equator,  are  scattered  over  something  more 
than  50°  of  Ion.,  or  upwards  of  3,300  ms.  None 
of  the  individual  islands  of  these  four  groups  are 
more  than  mere  spots  on  the  face  of  the  deep  ;  very 
many  of  them  are,  however,  inhabited.  Along  the 
equator  the  Polynesian  groups  cease  with  that  of 
Scarborough,  as  thence  to  the  Galiapagos  islands, 
or  through  90°  of  Ion.,  a  quarter  of  the  earth's  cir- 
cumference, no  land  deserving  a  place  on  our  maps 
rises  above  the  ocean.  Between  Papua,  the  Ad- 
miralty, and  Solomon  groups,  and  those  of  Pelew, 
Caroline,  Mulgrave,  and  Scarborough,  spreads  a 
sea  of  from  700  to  1,000  ms.  wide,  in  which  there 
are  comparatively  few  islands.  This  sea,  which 
might  be  called  Mediterranean,  is  continued  to  the 
south  of  the  equator,  eastward  through  60°  of  Ion., 
to  the  Marquesas  group,  to  the  northeastward  of 
which  it  is  merged  into  the  great  American  West- 
ern sea. 

Returning  to  the  New  Hebrides,  we  are  again 
in  southern  Polynesia,  where,  from  Queen  Char- 
lotte's group  to  Easter  island,  over  an  extent  of  80° 
of  Ion.,  and  from  S.  lat.  10  to  28°  we  are  led  into 
the  groups  of  Queen  Charlotte,  Feejee,  Tonga,  or 
Friendly  islands,  the  Navigator's  or  Samoa  islands, 
Society  or  Tahita  islands,  the  Marquesas,  and 
others  of  less  note,  to  Easter  island. 

Thus  we  see  that  from  Japan,  China,  Cambodia, 
and  Malacca,  over  the  great  ocean,  and  over  150° 
of  Ion.,  rise  expanses  of  land  varying  in  extent 
from  mere  rocks,  sand  banks,  or  coral  reefs,  to  the 
vast  islands  of  New  Holland,  Papua,  Borneo,  and 
Sumatra.  Measured  by  the  rhombs,  this  oceanic 
continent  comprises  about  the  one  eighth  part  of 
114 


the  whole  surface  of  the  earth,  and  far  exceeds  any 
of  the  other  sections  of  our  planet  in  facilities  of 
naval  intercourse.  The  determination  of  the  land 
area  of  Australia  is  a  difficult  problem.  The  fol- 
lowing tabular  view  we  give  as  an  approximaiion 
to  the  real  land  surface : 

Sq.  ms. 

New  Holland  -  -  -  3,185,000 

New  Zealand  -  -  -  80,000 

Tasmania  -  0,000 
Sumatra  -  157,500 
Java  -  65,000 

Borneo  ....  250,000 
Sumbava} 

Flores     C  ...  30,000 

Timor  } 

Philippines         *   -  -  -  90,000 

Celebes,  Gilolo,  &c.  -  -  82,000, 

Papua  ....  200,000. 
New  Ireland  -  -  -  2,800 

New  Britain  -  -  -  1,000 

Solomon  Isles  -  .    -  3,000 

New  Caledonia  -  2,000 
New  Hebrides  -  -  -  1,000 

Feejee  group  -  -  -  3,000 

Samoan  group  ...  3,700 
Tonga  group  -  1,000 

Tahita  group  -  -  -  2,000, 

Marquesas  -  1,000 
Hawaiian  group       ...  6,000 

Total  -  4,172,000 


In  the  preceding  general  view,  we  have  not  in- 
cluded the  Hawaiian  group  for  reasons  we  now 
proceed  to  explain.  But,  as  a  preface  to  such  ex- 
planation, we  give  the  following  table  of  courses 
and  distances  from  Karakakoa  Bay,  in  the  island 
of  Hawaii,  (Owyhee,)  to  different  points  in  Poly- 
nesia, Australia,  Asia,  Japan,  and  America,  calcu- 
lated on  the  principles  of  Mercator  : 


Dist.  in 

Section. 

Lat 

Lon. 

Course. 

statute 

miles. 

o 

o 

o 

Karakakoa  Bay,  Ha- 

waii 

19 

21 

n 

156 

00  w 

Nukahiva    in  the 

Marquesas 

8 

30 

s 

139 

40  w 

s29 

18  e 

2,241 

Tahita  or  Otaheite  - 

17 

00 

s 

148 

40  w 

s  11 

10  e 

2,596 

Upulu   island,  Sa- 
moan, or  Naviga- 

tor's 

13 

15 

s 

172 

00  w 

s25 

44  w 

2,541 

Tongataboo 

21 

00 

s 

175 

00  w 

s24 

42  w 

3,115 

Tacanova,   in  the 

Feejee  gronp 

10 

20 

s 

180 

00  w 

s  53 

05  w 

2,988 

Central    island  of 

Solomon  group  - 

S 

00 

s 

160 

00  e 

s57 

40  w 

3,587 

Matthew's  island, 

Scarborough  do  - 

2 

00 

n 

176 

00  e 

s  57 

35  w 

2,283 

Centre  of  Mulgrave, 

group  - 

10 

00 

n 

72 

00  e 

s73 

30  w 

2,263 

Torres  island  of  Car- 

olines, do 

8 

00 

n 

159 

30  e 

s  75 

30  w 

3,255 

Central    island  of 

Ladrone,  do 

16 

00 

n 

146 

00  e 

s86 

27  » 

'  3,831 

Manilla,    town  of 

Luzon  - 

14 

38 

n 

121 

00  e 

s86 

23  w 

5,550 

Canton,     city  of 

China  - 

23 

03 

n 

113 

20  e 

n87 

36  w 

1  5,962 

Nangansaki,  city  of 

4,415 

Japan  - 

32 

32 

n 

128 

46  e 

n78 

08  w 

Mouth  of  Columbia, 

2,676 

or  Oregon  river  - 

46 

14 

a 

125 

00  w 

n43 

OOe 

Acapulco,  port  and 

99 

s87 

3,780 

town  of  Mexico  - 

17 

00 

n 

51  w 

26  e 

Western  mouth  of 

the  straits  of  Ma- 

6,833 

gellan  - 

52 

30 

s 

74 

18  w 

s  41 

25  e 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  A  US 


A  US 


The  preceding  table  exhibits  the  very  remarkable 
position  of  the  Hawaiian  group,  showing  it  to  be 
Lhe  most  remote  from  other  continental  or  insular 
and  of  any  part  of  the  earth  ;  and  to  the  results  of 
,the  table  we  may  add,  that  the  Russian  settlement 
^fKodiak  and  peninsula  of  Alaska,  lying  almost 
iuc  north  of  Hawaii,  and  about  N.  lat.  57,  is  dis- 
tant about  2,700  ms.  As  far  as  mere  relative  dis- 
tance is  concerned,  the  results  of  the  table  prove 
Hawaii  to  belong  to  America,  geographically  speak- 
ing ;  but  no  rational  system  would  include  this 
ijroup  with  Polynesia  or  either  continent.  It  is 
surrounded,  as  we  see,  by  an  immense  expanse  of 
ocean,  and  rises  from  the  bosom  of  the  deep  as  if 
to  afford  a  resting  place  to  the  mariners  of  the  na- 
ions  afar  off.  Thus  alone,  Hawaii  compensates 
in  grandeur  for  the  narrow  spaces  occcupied  by  its 
isles.  The  island  from  which  the  general  name  is 
Jorived  possesses  the  most  stupendous  of  all  active 
volcanoes,  Mawna  Kea,  or  Mouna  Kha — height 
above  the  ocean  18,000  English  feet.* 

The  recent  work  published  by  Mr.  James  Jack- 
son Jarves  contains,  with  much  valuable  iniorma- 
lon  on  Polynesia  generally,  some  highly  import- 
ant particular  documents  on  the  geographical  post- 
ion  and  extent,  climate,  soil,  natural  features, 
»nd  commercial  advantages  of  the  Hawaiian  group. 
iFrom  this  author  we  have  made  already  some  quo- 
ations,  and  now  become  his  debtor  for  the  sub- 
joined extracts : 

'  ' '  The  peculiar  situation  of  the  Hawaiian  islands, 
In  the  vast  North  Pacific,  is  of  great  importance 
jo  commerce,  and  marks  them  as  a  general  resting 
Mace  in  that  portion  of  the  great  highway  of  the 
vorld,  and  the  embryo  depot  of  a  vast  and  flourish- 
ing trade.  Their  extremes  of  latitude  are  from 
18  50  to  22  20  N.,  which  brings  them  upon  the 
borders  of  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and  of  Ion.  from 
1154  53  to  160  15  W.  from  Greenwich. 

"Their  position  is  central  to  both  the  neigh- 
boring continents,  being  nearly  equi-distant  from 
Central  America,  Mexico,  California,  and  the 
NW.  coast  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Russian  do- 
minions, Japan,  China,  and  the  Philippine  islands, 
on  the  other.  When  a  civilized  and  enterprising 
population  shall  have  developed  the  resources  of 
,:hese  countries,  these  islands  will  bear  the  same 
relative  importance  to  them,  in  proportion  to  their 
extent,  that  the  West  Indies  do  now  to  North  and 
South  America. 

44  The  lesser  southern  groups  (individual  islands 
must  be  meant,  as  the  groups  are  incomparably 
more  extensive  than  the  Hawaiian)  lie  also  within 
i  few  weeks'  sail,  and  much  of  their  commerce 
must  eventually  centre  here,  though  a  long  period 
must  elapse  before  their  full  value  and  importance 
'become  thoroughly  developed. 

"To  the  whaling  interests  they  are  invaluable; 


|  *  If  we  multiply  the  square  root  of  the  height  of  the  eye  in 
feet  by  1.2247,  the  product  is  the  distance  we  can  see  an  ob- 
ject on  the  earth's  surface  in  miles. 

This  formula  applied  to  Mouna  Kha,  with  a  height  of 
18,000  feet,  gives  the  following,  supposing  the  eye  to  be  on 
(the  summit:  The  square  root  of  18,000  is  within  an  incon 
siderable  fraction  of  134  1-10,  which,  multiplied  by  1.2247, 
gives  164.23,  or  we  may  say  that  a  radius  of  164£  miles  of  the 
earth's  surface  can  be  seen  from  the  summit  of  Mouna  Kha, 
ind  of  course,  independent  of  refraction,  which  increases  the 
distance,  the  great  volcanic  mountain  of  Hawaii  can  be  seen 
;atsea  at  least  164  ms.,  and  in  some  conditions  of  the  atmos- 
Ipheretoa  much  greater  distance. 


the  ocean  on  every  side,  from  the  equator  (far  S. 
of  the  equator)  to  the  pole,  and  between  both  con- 
tinents, abounds  with  favorable  cruising  grounds, 
and  these  islands  afford  the  advantages  of  good 
harbors,  abundant  supplies,  and  a  healthful  cli- 
mate, in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  their  dangerous 
labors. 

"If  the  ports  of  this  group  were  closed  to  neu- 
tral commerce,  many  thousand  miles  of  ocean 
would  have  to  be  traversed  before  havens  possess- 
ing the  requisite  conveniences  for  recruiting  and 
preparing  shipping  could  be  reached.  This  fact 
illustrates  their  great  importance  in  a  naval  point 
of  view.  Should  any  one  of  the  great  nations 
seize  upon  them,  it  might  be  considered  as  holding 
the  key  of  the  North  Pacific,  for  no  trade  could 
prosper  in  their  vicinity,  or  even  exist,  while  a 
hostile  Power,  possessing  an  active  and  powerful 
marine,  should  send  forth  its  cruisers  to  prey  upon 
the  neighboring  commerce.  Their  isolated  posi- 
tion, in  connexion  with  their  reef  or  precipice- 
bound  shores,  would  add  greatly  to  their  local  ad 
vantages  of  defence,  and  a  military  colony  once 
fairly  established  might  surely  put  at  defiance  any 
means  of  attack  which  could  be  brought  against 
them."— Pp.  3,  4. 

In  addition  to  Bird  island,  the  group  consists  of 
twelve.  The  principal  islands,  as  delineated  by 
Mr.  Jarves,  are  eight  in  number  and  range  from 
SE.  to  N  W.,  with  an  extreme  distance  of  about  340 
ms.  from  the  eastern  cape  of  Hawaii  to  the  western 
of  Kanai.  The  extent  in  length  and  breadth  and  su- 
perficial area  is  given  in  the  following  table,  page 
4  of  the  work  from  which  we  have  quoted  : 


Islands. 

Length. 

Breadth 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Hawaii  - 

88 

73 

1,000 

Mani 

48 

30 

620 

Kahoolawe  - 

11 

8 

60 

Lanai 

17 

9 

100 

Molokai 

40 

7 

190 

Oahn 

46 

25 

530 

Kanai 

92 

24 

500 

Niihau         •>           -  - 

20 

7 

90 

6,000 

Since  this  article  was  commenced,  wc  have  the 
intelligence  published  that  the  British  Government 
has  taken  formal  possession  of  this  group.  On 
the  authority  of  the  Army  and  Navy  Chronicle  it 
has  been  announced  as  follows  : 

"On  the  25th  of  February,  1843,  in  conse- 
quence of  demands  made  by  the  British  officers, 
which  the  King  could  not  or  would  not  comply 
with,  the  islands  were  conditionally  ceded  to 
Queen  Victoria.  Possession  of  them  was  taken  the 
same  day  by  Lord  George  Paulet,  commanding 
Her  Britannic  Majesty's  ship  Carysfort,  and  the 
British  flag  hoisted  under  salutes  from  the  fort  and 
ships." 

To  the  author  of  this  article  it  is  a  little  inter- 
esting, as  he  intended  to  close  with  the  suggestion 
of  the  extreme  probability  of -the  occurrence  of 
this  occupation  at  no  very  distant  time.  As  mat- 
ters have  eventuated,  it  may  not  be  hazardous  to 
suggest  that  the  work  alluded  to  may  have  its 
share  in  hastening  the  consummation — a  consum- 
mation, however,  in  itself  a  part  of  the  develop- 

115 


AUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AUS 


ment  of  a  mighty  revolution  which  is,  with  a  stead- 
iness, and  we  may  say  rapidity,  few  are  aware  of, 
spreading  the  anglo-Saxon  race  over  the  vast  bo- 
som of  the  Pacific  ocean. 

Let  the  fragments  of  the  English  family  be  di- 
vided politically  as  they  may,  it  is  a  sublime  sub 
ject  of  study  to  scan  their  progress.  If  we  return 
to  the  fountain  from  which,  early  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  the  stream  of  emigration  com- 
menced its  motion  and  flowed  into  North  America, 
and  pursue  its  course  and  fluxes  in  various  direc- 
tions, what  do  we  now  behold?  On  North  Amer- 
ica, a  nation  spreading  from  the  Atlantic  towards 
the  Pacific  ocean,  and  already  rising  twenty  mil- 
lions, including  the  Canadian  provinces,  and 
(juadrupling  in  every  half  century.  In  Australia 
and  Polynesia  anglo-Saxon  colonial  masses  in 
.•reasing  in  magnitude  and  extending  in  every  di-  j  Waidhopen 


Austria,  in  German,  QJsierreich,  Eastern  King- 
dom, the  original  centre  around  which  the  empire 
of  that  name  has  been  formed.  It  is  an  archilucal 
province,  along  both  banks  of  the  Danube,  and  sub- 
divided into  upper  Austria  and  lower  Austria,  sep- 
arated by  the  river  Ens.  It  is  about  140  ms.  long, 
and  with  a  mean  width  of  70  broad,  containing 
9,800  sq.  ms.  One-third  of  this  extent  consists  of 
mountains,  forests,  lakes,  and  pasture  grounds.  It 
is  bounded  by  Bavaiia  W.,  Styria  S.,  Hungary  E., 
and  Bohemia  and  Moravia  on  the  N. 

The  population  of  the  principal  places  are — 


Lower  Austria, 


Vienna 
Krems 

Wiener  Ncustadt 


rection  annually.    The  interests  of  the 


Kloster  Ncuburg 


may  induce  us  to  regard  such  progress  with  some  |  St.  Polten 


mixture  of  political  jealousy,  hut  when  we  dismiss 
from  our  minds  the  influences  of  the  day,  and  ex- 
trnd  our  views  to  coming  time,  it  is  impossible 
to  repress  sentiments  of  gratulation  when  contem- 
plating a  revolution  which  changes  savage  barbar- 
ism for  civilization  over  such  immense  regions  of 
the  earth. 

Aurora,  island,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  about  12  leagues  long, 
but  not  above  5  broad.    Lon.  168  24  E.  lat.  15  8 

S.  Tp.  in  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  SE.  from 

Buffalo.    Pop.  1820,  1,285.  Tp.  and  village 

on  the  eastern  shore  of  Cayuga  lake,  in  Cayuga 

co.,  12  ms.  SW.  from  Auburn.  Town  and 

tp.  Portage  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1810,  189;  in 
1820,  549.  The  town  of  Aurora  is  situated  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  co.,  on  the  road  from 
Warren  to  Cleveland,  at  its  crossing  that  from 
Akron  to  Painesville,  28  ms.  westward  from  War- 
ren, and  25  ms.  SE.  from  Cleveland.  Town 

Dearborn  co.,  Ia.,  25  ms.  W.  from  Cincinnati. 

Aurungabad,  considerable  city  of  Asia,  in  the 
Deccan  of  Hindostan.    It  is  but  a  modern  city, 


Korn  Neubur;. 
Boadcn 


256,000 
7,000 
5,000 
4,300 
3,026 
2,960 
2,500 
2,000 


tipper  Austria. 

Lioz,  or  Lintz           -          -  IS, 000 

Ens   -          -          -          -           -  -1,400 

Freystadt       -  4,000 

Wells            ...           -  H,300 

Gmundcn       -  3,000 

Reid  -----  3,000 

Hallstadt                                           -  2,800 
Steyer            .           ..           -           .  2,200 
The  aggregate  population  oi  lower  Aus- 
tria           -           -           -           -  1,062,000 

Upper  Austria           -          -          -  646,000 


1,708,000 

The  climate  of  the  Duchy  of  Austria  may  be 
safely  assumed  as  a  scale  by  which  to  estimate  that 
of  central  Europe.  It  lies  from  N.  lat.  47  20  to  48 
57.  Lintz,  the  most  westerly  city,  is  ahout  1,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Black  sea;  and  Hain- 


owing  its  rise  from  a  small  town  to  the  capital  of  j  burg,  near  Presburg,  the  most  eastern,  is  780  feel 
Dowlatabad,  to  the  great  Aurungzebe,  from  whom  j  above  the  same  level.    On  the  banks  of  the  Dan- 


it  had  its  name. 
Lon.  76  2  E.  lat. 


It  is  260  ms.  NE.  of  Bombay. 
19  45  N. 


ube  and  the  lower  country,  the  heat  is  excessive  in 
summer,  and  cold  extreme  in  winter.  Fahrenheit's 


Austerlitz,  or  Slawkow,  town  of  Moravia.  Near  j  thermometer  frequently  rising  to  98°,  and  sinking 
this  place  a  great  and  decisive  victory  was  obtained  ; below  zero.    The  changes  are  rapid  and  severe. 


by  the  French,  commanded  by  Bonaparte,  over  the 
Austrians  and  Russians,  on  the  2d  of  December, 
1805,  which  led  to  the  treaty  of  Presburg.    It  is 

12  ms.  E.  of  Bran,  and  30  SSW.  of  Olmutz.  

Town  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,335. 

Austinburg,  tp.  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1820,  445.  "The  posttown  of  Austinburg  is  situ- 
ated 6  ms.  westward  of  Jefferson,  the  co.  seat. 

Austintown,  tp.  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1810,  440;  in  1820,  1,720. 

Austinville,  village  Wythe  co.,  Va.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Kanawha  tiver,  24  ms.  E.  of  Wythe  court- 
house, and  366  from  W.  C. 

Australasia,  name  applied  by  some  geographers 
to  those  islands  that  lie  $.  of  the  continent  of  Asia, 
as  New  Holland,  New  Guinea,  New  Britain, 
New  Ireland,  New  Caledonia,  New  Zealand,  and 
those  of  Solomon,  Arroo,  New  Hebrides,  &c. 
See  article  Oceana. 
116 


On  the  25th  of  August,  1805,  Fahrenheit's  ther- 
mometer, at  3  in  the  afternoon,  stood  at  97,  and 
at  3  in  the  ensuing  morning,  was  down  at  54°,  at 
Vienna. 

Austria  is  limited  N.  by  the  mountains  of  Bohe- 
mia, and  S.  by  those  of  Styria.  The  whole  coun- 
try is  uneven,  the  valleys  productive  in  grain  and 
fruits.  The  mean  temperature  of  springs  and  deep 
wells  at  Vienna,  from  44°  to  46°  of  Fahrenheit. 
The  air  is  considered  healthy,  though  the  winters 
are  long,  and  liable  to  great  vicissitudes.  Agri- 
culture generally  commences  in  the  latter  part  of 
March,  and  winter  sets  in  about  the  beginning  of 
November. 

The  rivers  of  Austria  aie,  the  Danube,  which 
rolls  its  great  volume  through  the  whole  duchy, 
and  receives  from  the  N.  the  Moravia,  and  the 
Kamp ;  and  from  the  S.  the  Ens,  Traun,  Ips,  and 
Traccn.  There  arc  a  few  lakes,  but  none  of  suffi- 
cient note  to  demand  particular  attention. 


AUS 


Austria,  an  empire  of  Europe,  the. name  oi 
which  has  been  taken  from  one  of  its  constituent 
provinces.  The  Austrian  empire  occupies  the 
central,  and  comprises  some  of  the  finest  parts  of 
Europe. 

The  empire  of  Austria  is  situated  in  the  centre 
of  Europe,  between  42  0  and  51  0  N.  lat.  and  9  0 
and  27  0  E.  Ion.  Tts  greatest  length,  from  Sesto 
Calende,  on  the  Ticino,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  to 
the  confluence  of  the  Poi  horse  and  the  Dniester,  at 
the  eastern  extremity  of  Galicia,  is  850  English 
miles;  and  its  breadth,  from  Trau,  on  the  Adriatic 
sea,  in  Dalmatia,  to  the  northern  extremity  of  Bo- 
hemia, 650  ms.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  dif- 
ferent countries,  inhabited  by  people  differing  in 
race,  language,  religion,  form  of  government,  man 


ners,  customs,  and  institutions,  who  have  no  nat- 
ural connexion  with  each  other,  and  arc  held  In 
gether  by  the  single  tie  of  a  common  sovereign  and 
a  central  government. 

The  German  geographers  agree  in  dividing  into 
four  great  portions  all  the  countries  of  which  Ihe 
empiic  is  composed,  viz:  1st,  the  German  pro- 
vinces, 2d,  the  Polish  provinces,  3d,  the  Hunga- 
rian provinces,  among  which  they  reckon  not.  only 
Hungary,  Transylvania,  and  the  military  borders, 
but  also  the  kingdom  of  Dalmatia,  4th,  the  Italian 
provinces,  in  which  they  include  only  the  Lom- 
bardo-Venetian  kingdom.  But  the  empire  is  ac- 
tually divided  into  fifteen  governments,  which  are 
subdivided  into  circles,  provinces,  counties,  dis- 
tricts, &c. 


TABLE. 


Names  of  the  liftepii  Govern- 
ments. 


1.  Kingdom  of  Hungary,  with 

its  dependencies 

2.  Kingdom  of  Galicia 

3.  Grand  principality  of  Tran- 

sylvania 
1.  Kingdom  of  Bohemia 

5.  Military  Borders 

6.  The  Tyrol 

7.  Moravia  and  Silesia 

8.  Kingdom  of  Venice,  Italy  - 

9.  Kingdom    of  Lombardy, 

Italy 

10.  Duchy  of  Styria  - 

11.  Carinthia and  Caruiola 

12.  The  Littoral,  or  Govern- 

ment of  Trieste 

13.  Lower  Austria 

11.  Upper  Austria  and  Salz- 
burg - 
15.  Kingdom  of  Dalmatia 


Area  in  square  geograph- 
ical miles.  • 

Population  according  to  the 
revised  conscription  list  for 
1834. 

1 

Total. 

In  the 
German 
confede- 
racy. 

Out  of 
German 
con  fed e 
racy. 

Total. 

[n  the  Ger- 
man1 con 
federacy. 

Out  of  tti" 
German 
confede 
racy. 

Cnpiuib* 

67,083 
25,273 

1,398 

67,083 
23,875 

11,404^50' 
4,395,339 

319,(100 

11.404,330 
4,076,339 

170 
171 

Buda  and  Pesth, 
Lemberg. 

16.133 
15,213 
11,454 

8,285 
7,731 
6,893 

15,243 

8,285 
7,731 

16,133 
11.151 

6,893 

1,963,435 
4,004,852 
1,101,281 
827,635 
2,110,141 
2,079,588 

1,001,852 

827,635 
2.110,111 

1.963,135 
1,101,2-1 

2,079,588 

218 
263 
95 
100 
272 
302 

Klaiis'nljurg. 
Prague. 

Pertervvardein. 
Insbruck,orInspruck. 
Bru  nn. 
Venice. 

6,321 
6,541 
5,936 

6,511 
5,936 

6,321 

2,495,929 
923,982 
713,217 

923,98-2 
713,217 

2,195.929 

395 
112 
125 

Milan 

Gratz. 
Lay bach. 

2.331 
5,769 

720 
5.769 

1,611 

1 15,317 
1,343,652 

137.520 
1,313,652 

307,779 

191 

234 

TrieMp. 
Vienna. + 

5,581 
3;822 

5,581 

3  822 

816,982 
364,933 

8W.9S2 

361,233 

152 
96 

Linz. 
Zara. 

191,399 

57,205 

137,192 

35,050,533 

11,256,881 

23,793,652 

180 

This  table  exhibits  the  heterogeneous  composi- 
tion and  vast  magnitude  of  Austria  amongst  the 
Ntates  of  Europe.  Occupying  the  middle  basin 
of  the  Danube  and  the  north  of  Italy,  this  empire 
possesses  the  most  fertile  regions  in  Europe.  The 
mountainous  chains  of  Bohemia,  Hungary,  Po- 
land, and  the  Alpine  tracts,  towards  Turkey  and 
Italy,  abound  in  metals  and  minerals  to  such  vast 
extent  that  Austria  is  justly  considered  as  the  most 
productive  metallic  region  of  not  only  Europe,  but 
of  the  eastern  continent ;  and,  by  a  singular  for- 
tune, the  salt  mines  of  Wielicza,  in  Poland,  fell  to 
Austria.  The  entire  area  now  under  the  Austrian 
sceptre  amounts  to  about  268,000  sq.  ms.  From 
the  extreme  eastern  angle  of  Transylvania  to  the 
eastern  boundary  of"  Sardinia,  in  a  direction  nearly 
E.  and  \V.,  Austria  extends  900  ms.,  and  in 
breadth,  from  Croatia  to  the  northern  part  of  Bohe- 
mia, 450  ms.  The  empire  generally  lies  between 
46  0  and  50  0  N.  lat. 

Austria  is  commonly  considered  as  a  Germanic 
^latc ;  but  it  is  evident  that,  if  the  far  greater  part 


of  its  inhabitants  are  taken  into  view,  it  is  much 
more  Hungarian,  and  even  more  Italian  than  Ger- 
man. The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  prevailing  reli- 
gion, though-  other  sects  exist  partially,  and  are 
permitted,  rather  than  tolerated,  to  exercise  their 
rites  in  the  empire  of  Austria. — See  Archduchy  of 
Austria,  and  Earth. 

Autauga,  co.  of  Ala.,  having  Alabama  river  or 
Montgomery  SE.  and  S.,  Dallas  SW.,  Cahab* 
W.,  Shelby  N,*  and  Coosa  river  NE.  It  is  about 
43  by  18  ms. ;  area  774;  surface  hilly,  and  soil 
varied  in  quality  from  first  rate  along  the  streams 
to  extremely  sterile  ridges.  Staple,  cotton.  Pop. 
in  1820,  3,853.  Chief  town,  Washington.  Cen- 
tral lat.  32  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  30  W. 

Autocrat,  ruler  who  exercises  self  power,  and 
used  as  a  term  to  designate  the  utmost  extent  of 
arbitrary  authority,  restrained  in  its  exercise  by  no 
law  except  that  of  individual  will.  The  emperors  of 
Russia  arc,  however,  the  only  European  sovereigns 
who  express  such  power  by  their  title  i(  Autocraie 
of  all  the  Russias.7' 


*  Capital  of  the  empire. 


117 


AVE 


G E 0  GRAPHIC  A  L  DICTIO N  A  U  V . 


AW  A 


Autun,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  the  episcopal  see 
of  the  dep.  of  Saone  and  Loire,  in  the  late  province 
of  Burgundy  ;  it  contains  a  great  many  mines,  and 
produces  a  great  quantity  of  sulphur.  It  is  45  ms. 
E.  by  S.  of  Nevers,  and  162  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
4  23  E.,  Iat.  46  57  N. 

Auvergne,  late  province  of  Fr.,  100  ms.  in  length 
and  75  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Bour- 
bonnois,  on  the  E.  by  Forez  and  Velao,  on  the  W. 
by  Limosin,  Querci,  and  La  Marche,  and  on  (he 
S.  by  Rouergue  and  the  Cevennes.  It  now 
forms  the  two  departments  of  Cantal  and  Puy  de 
Dome. 

Auxerre,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Yonne,  lately  an  episcopal  see  of  Burgundy,  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  Yonne.  The  inhab- 
itants are  computed  at  16,000,  and  it  contains  ma- 
ny fountains  and  squares.  It  is  25  ms.  S.  of  Sens. 
Lon.  3  39  E.,  Iat.  47  48  N. 

Auxonne,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cote  d'- 
Or,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  on  the  Soanc, 
over  which  there  is  a  bridge  of  23  arches,  and  is 
17  ms.  E.  of  Dijon.   Lon.  5  22  E.,  Iat.  47  UN. 

Av(fy  large  river  which  rises  in  Thibet,  and  cross- 
ing the  kingdoms  of  Burmah  and  Pegu,  falls  into  the 

bay  of  Bengal  by  several  mouths.  Large  city  in 

Asia,  formerly  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Burmah, 
and  seated  on  the  river  Ava.  The  inhabitants  are 
well-shaped,  have  good  features,  and  an  olive  com- 
plexion ;  but  the  women,  who  are  small,  are  whiter 
than  the  men.    Ava  is  1,150  m.  NE.  of  Calcutta. 

Lon.  96  40  E.,  Iat.  21  0  N.  Long  tract  of 

coast  in  Asia,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Ben- 
gal, extending  from  the  S.  extremity  of  Aracan  to 
Cape  Negrais,  and  divided  from  Pegu,  on  the  E., 
by  the  river  Ava. 

Avaloa,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Yonne,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  20 
ms.  SE.  of  Auxerre.    Lon.  3  52  E.,  Iat.  47  30  N. 

Aveiro,  town  of  Portugal,  on  the  lake  of  Vouga, 
with  a  good  harbor,  30  ms.  S.  of  Oporto.  Lon. 
8  30  W.,  Iat.  40  40  N. 

Aveiron,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  late  province 
of  Rouergue. 

Avellino,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Princi- 
pal Citeriore.  It  was  almost  ruined  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1694,  and  is  25  ms.  E.  of  Naples.  Lon. 
15  0  E.,  Iat.  40  50  N. 

Avencke,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  formerly  capital  of  Swisserland,  but  now 
shows  its  former  greatness  only  by  its  ruins.  It  is 
15  ms.  of  Bern.    Lon.  6  52  E.,  Iat.  46  50  N. 

Aventsville,  village  in  Nash  co  ,  N.  C,  by  the 
post  road  77  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Averack,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  the  S. 
part  of  Suabia,  and  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  on  the  rivulet  Ermst,  15 
ms.  E.  of  Tubingen.    Lon.  9  22  E.,  Iat.  48  26  N. 

Averno,  a  lake  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora,  2 
ms.  long  and  1  broad.  Virgil  and  others  have  said 
that  the  water  was  so  bad  that  birds  would  drop 
dead  when  flying  over  it,  and  hence  they  call  it 
he  Lake  of  Hell  ;  but  it  is  now  found  to  have  no 
poisonous  quality  ;  for  birds  not  only  fly  over  it, 
but  swim  upon  it.  A  little  to  the  W.  of  the  lake 
is  a  cave,  where  some  pretend  they  went  formerly 
to  consult  the  Cumean  Sybil.  There  are  also  some 
old  walls,  which  some  suppose  to  be  the"  ruins  of  a 
temple  of  Apollo,  and  others  of  Pluto. 
US 


Aversa,  town  of  Naples,  with  a  bishop's  sec.  It 
is  seated  in  a  very  fine  plain,  8  ms.  N.  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  20  E.,  Iat.  40  59  N. 

Avery  sboro\  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  N.  C, 
standing  on  the  E.  side  of  the  NW.  branch  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  35  ms.  N.  of  Fayetteville,  and  36  S.  of 
Raleigh. 

Aves,  or  the  Islands  of  Birds,  so  called  from  the 
great  number  of  birds  that  frequent  them.  They 
are  70  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Curacoa,  and  1,000  N.  of 
the  coast  of  Terra  Firma. 

Avesnes,  small  but  strong  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
dep.  of  the  North,  and  late  province  of  Hainault, 
seated  on  the  Hesper,  25  ins.  E.  of  Cambray,  and 
100  NE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  58  E.,  Iat.  50  8  N. 

Avila,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile.  It 
has  a  university,  and  in  the  middle  of  a  fine  large 
plain,  surrounded  with  mountains,  and  covered 
with  fruit  trees  and  vineyards,  40  ms.  NW.  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  4  35  W.,  Iat.  40  40  N. 

Aviles,  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias  d'Oviedo,  on 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  25  ms.  N.  of  Oviedo.  Lou.  6 
5  W.,  Iat.  43  27  N. 

Avis,  small  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  on  an 
eminence,  with  a  castle  near  the  river  Avis.  Hence 
the  military  order  of  the  knights  of  Avis  have  their 
name.  It  is  65  ms.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  40,  lat. 
38  46  N. 

Avon,  river  that  rises  in  Wilts,  Eng.,  and,  coast- 
ing the  edge  of  the  new  forest,  falls  into  the  Eng- 
lish channel  at  Christchurch  bay,  in  Hampshire. 

 River  that  rises  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.,  and, 

running  SW.  by  Warwick  and  Eversham,  falls  into 

the  Severn  at  Tewkesbury,  in  Gloucestershire.  

Lower,  river  that  rises  in  Wilts,  Eng.,  and,  run- 
ning W.  to  Bath,  becomes  navigable  there,  con- 
tinues its  course  to  Bristol,  and  falls  into  the  Sev- 
ern. Town  in  Somerset  co.,  Me..  Pop.  in  1810, 

304;  in  1820,  450.  Tp.  in  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,933.  Town  in  Somerset  co., 

Me.,  100  ms.  NE.  from  Portland.  Town  in 

Lorrain  co.,  Ohio,  is  situated  in  a  township  of  the 
same  name,  the  most  northern  of  the  county,  9 
ms.  NE.  of  Elyria,  the  county  seat,  and  about  an 
equal  distance  from  Rockport,  in  Cuyahoga  county. 

Avoyelles,  parish  of  Louisiana,  having  Opclou- 
sas,  or  St.  Landre  SW.,  Rapides  NW.,  Red  river 
NE.,  Mississippi  and  Alchafalaya  rivers  E.  It  is 
35  by  20  ms.  ;  area  700  sq.  ms.  The  general  sur- 
face of  Avoyelles  is  a  dead  level,  and  annually 
overflown  alluvial  plain  ;  but  the  prairie  or  arable 
part  of  about  15  ms.  by  from  2  to  5,  lies  20  or  25 
feet  above  overflow,  with  a  very  productive  soil.  Sta- 
ple cotton.  No  town  of  any  consequence.  Pop. 
in  1820,  2,245.  Central  lat.  31  ON.,  lon.  15  0 
W.  from  W.  C. 

Avranches,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  channel  and  late  province  of  Normandy  ;  the 
city  is  mean  but  is  finely  seated  on  an  eminence, 
near  which  the  sea  runs  about  1|  ms.  from  the 
ocean  and  30  E.  of  St.  Malo.  Lon.  1  18  W., 
lat.  48  41  N. 

Avoce,  island  of  Denmark,  eastward  from  Alsen, 
and  in  the  little  belt  between  Sleswich  and  Lange- 
land.  Chief  town  Alroce.  N.  lat.  54  50,  lon. 
10  22  E.  of  London.    Pop.  of  the  island  8,000. 

Awalsha-Bay,  harbor  of  Kamtschatka,  the  safest 
and  most  extensive  that  has  been  discovered,  and 
the  only  one  in  that  part  of  the  word  that  can  ad- 


AYL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BAB 


mit  vessels  of  a  considerable  burden.  Lon.  158 
48  E.,  lat.  52  51  N. 

Awe  Loch,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  lakes  of 
Scotland,  in  Argyleshire,  30  ms.  long,  and,  in  some 
parts,  above  2  broad.  It  contains  many  fine  little 
islands,  tufted  with  trees.  The  river  Awe,  the 
outlet  of  this  lake,  is  discharged  into  Loch  Etive, 
at  the  village  of  Bunawe. 

Awlen,  small  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  on  the 
river  Cochen,  15  ms.  W.  of  Oeting.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  August,  1796.  Lon.  10  15  E., 
lat.  48  36  N. 

Axbridge,  corporate  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng., 
on  the  river  Ax,  under  the  Mendip  hills,  where 
there  is  a  good  pasturage,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Wells, 
and  132  W.  of  London.  Lon.  3°  W.,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Axel,  small  fortified  town  of  Dutch  Flanders, 
seated  in  a  morass,  10  ms.  N.  of  Ghent.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794.  Lon.  3  45  E.,  lat. 
61  15  N. 

Axholrn,  island  in  the  NW.  part  of  Lincolnshire, 
Eng.  It  is  formed  by  the  Trent,  Dun,  and  Idle, 
and  is  10  ms.  long  and  5  broad.  It  is  a  rich  tract, 
in  which  much  flax  is  cultivated. 

Axim,  territory  on  the  gold  coast  of  Guinea,  con- 
taining two  or  three  villages,  on  the  sea  shore. 
The  inhabitants  are  generally  rich,  and  sell  a  great 
deal  of  gold  to  the  English  and  Dutch.  They 
are  likewise  industrious  in  fishing  and  tilling  the 
ground.  The  excessive  moisture  of  the  climate 
renders  it  very  unhealthy  ;  but  it  produces  plenty 
of  rice,  water-melons,  lemons,  oranges,  &c.  The 
Dutch  have  a  fort  and  a  factory  here,  called  St. 
Anthony. 

Axius  river.  See  Vardari  river  and  Mace- 
donia. 

Axminster,  town  of  Devonshire,  Eng.,  on  the 
river  Ax.  It  was  a  place  of  note  in  the  time  of 
the  Saxons,  but  now  contains  only  200  houses. 
Here  is  a  manufacture  of  broad  and  narrow  cloths, 
and  a  famous  one  for  carpets.  It  is  18  ms.  E.  by 
N.  of  Exeter,  and  147  W.  of  London.  Lon.  3  8 
W.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Axum,  formerly  a  large  city,  and  once  the  cap- 
ital of  Abyssinia.  Its  ruins  are  very  extensive,  but 
consist  altogether  of  public  buildings.  The  pres- 
ent town  of  Axum  contains  about  600  houses, 
stands  in  a  confined  vailey  between  two  hills,  near 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  city.  Coarse  cottons  and 
excellent  parchment  are  still  made  at  this  place. 
It  is  125  ms.  W.  of  the  Red  sea.  Lon.  35  4  E., 
lat.  14  6  N. 

Ayamonte,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with 
a  strong  castle  built  on  a  rock  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Guadiana,  opposite  Castro-Marino,  80  ms. 
NW.  of  Cadiz.    Lon.  7  15  W.,  lat  37  12  N. 

Aya3,  ancient  Issus,  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
the  province  of  Adana,  the  ancient  Cilicia.  It  is 
situated  on  the  gulf  of  Scanderoon,  and  by  land 
round  the  head  of  the  gulf  about  50  ms.  north- 
westward from  the  city  of  Scanderoon.  N.  lat.  36 
45,  lon.  35  45  E.  of  London. 

Ayasaluck,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  gulf 
of  Scala  Nuova.  This  place  by  many  regarded 
as  standing  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Ephesus, 
but  by  others  of  good  authority  placed  to  the  NE. 
of  the  ruins  of  Ephesus.  It  is  situated  to  the 
southward  of  the  river  Cayeter. 

Aylesham,  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.,  12  ms,  N, 


of  Norwich  and  121  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  17 
E.,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Aylettes,  town,  King  William  co.,  Va.,  29  ms. 
NE.  from  Richmond  and  120  S.  from  Washing- 
ton. 

Aymouih,  town  of  Scot.,  in  Berwickshire,  6 
ms.  N.  of  Berwick,  formerly  fortified,  to  curb  the 
garrison  of  that  town.  Lon.  1  46  W.,  lat.  56  1 1  N. 

Ayr,  borough  of  Scot.,  capital  ot  an  extensive 
co.  of  the  same  name.  It  is  situate  on  a  sandy 
plain  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Ayr,  over  which  is 
a  bridge  of  four  arches.  Ayr  is  65  ms.  SW.  of 
Edinburgh.    Lon.  4  39  E.,  lat.  55  30  N. 

Ayrshire,  co.  of  Scot.,  bounded  on  the  W.  and 
N.  by  the  Frith  of  Clyde  and  Renfrewshire,  on 
the  E.  by  the  counties  of  Lanark  and  Dumfries, 
and  on  the  SE.  and  S.  by  the  shires  of  Kircud- 
bright and  Wighton.  It  exhibits  the  shape  of 
two  wings,  extending  to  the  NW.  and  SW.,  and 
forming  a  vast  bay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Frith  of 
Clyde.  Between  its  extreme  points  it  is  about  53 
ms.  ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  not  quite  27.  Its  most 
northerly  division  is  Cunningham,  the  NW.  an- 
gle of  which,  though  mountainous,  is  rich  in  pas- 
ture. 

Azal,  ancient  Saba,  a  territory  nominally  of  Abys- 
sinia, on  the  Red  sea.  It  was  one  of  the  places 
called  from  the  Sabaie,  an  early  trading  people. 
On  the  map  of  Arabia  attending  Rees's  Encyclo- 
pcedia  it  is  called  Asab,  and  on  the  same  map 
placed  neatly  opposite  Mocha,  in  Arabia.  N.  lat. 
13°,  lon.  42  40  E.  of  London. 

Azamor,  small  seaport  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Morocco ;  formerly  very  considerable,  but  ruin- 
ed by  the  Portuguese  in  1513.  Lon.  7°  W.,  lat. 
32  50  N. 

Azem.    See  Assam. 

Azof.    See  Asoph. 

Azores,  or  Western  Islands,  a  group  of  islands 
in  the  Atlantic  ocean.  They  are  subject  to  a  gov- 
ernor general,  who  resides  at  Angra,  in  Terceira. 
No  poisonous  animal,  it  is  said,  is  to  be  found  in 
the  Azores.  All  of  them  are  fertile,  and  enjoy  a 
salubrious  air,  but  are  subject  to  violent  earth- 
quakes. See  particular  head  of  Azores  in  the  gen- 
eral article  Africa.  Pop.  of  the  Azores  23,000. 
See  Africa,  p.  32. 

B. 

Baal  Beck,  or  theValley  of  Baal,  a  fertile  coun- 
try of  Asia,  between  Lebanon  and  Anti-Libanus, 
about  30  ms.  from  Damascus,  where  there  was  for- 
merly a  temple  of  the  Sun,  the  ruins  of  which  are 
still  admired  by  travellers.  Some  geographers  make 
it  a  part,  and  the  others  the  whole,  of  Caelosyria ; 
but  all  agree  that  it  was  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
spots  on  the  earth. 

Baba,  village  of  A.  T.,  in  Natolia,  celebrated 
for  its  knives  and  sword  blades ;  it  stands  on  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name  on  the  archipelego.  N.  lat.  39 
40,  E.  lon.  26  5. 

Baba,  or  St.  Mary,  the  ancient  Lectum,  cape 
of  A.  T.,  in  Natolia.  The  village  of  Baba  stands 
a  short  distance  within  the  cape.  It  lies  nearly  N. 
from  Mytilene,  and  is  the  SW.  angle  of  ancient 
Troade. 

Baba-Dagh,  mountains  of  Asia  Minor,  extend- 
ing  from  the  eastern  shore  of  the  gulf  of  Scala  Nu- 

119 


BAC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAD 


va,  eastwardly  between  the  rivers  Meander  and 
Sarabat,  ancient  Hermus,  abuut  200  ms.,  merging 
into  the  central  mass  of  the  great  Taurus,  near 
Angora.  The  chain  now  known  as  Baba-Dagh, 
comprised  anciently  the  sub-chains  of  Tmolus, 
JVlesoogis,  and  Sypylus.    See  Taurus. 

Babelntandeb,  or,  as  it  ought  to  be  written,  Bab- 
tl-muudeb,  is,  strictly  speaking,  the  outlet  of  the 
Red  sea.  The  island  of  Perim  divides  the  straits 
into  two  unequal  channels.  According  to  Lord 
Valentia's  chart,  the  whole  distance  between  the 
opposing-  shores  is  only  IS  British  statuie  ms.,  and 
ihe  island  within  3  ms.  from  the  African  shore.  N. 
bit.  12  40,  E.  Ion.  43  33. 

Babelmandsb,  cape  of  Arabia,  lying  N.  from 
the  straits  of  that  name,  about  50  ms.  S.  from  Mo- 
cha and  100  W.  from  Aden.  It  is  the  extreme 
fiouthwestern  angle  of  Asia.  N.  lat.  12  40,  E.  Ion. 
43  33.  The  meaning  of  this  term  is  literally  Port 
of  Death,  from  the  real  or  supposed  dangers  of  its 
navigation. 

Babingby,  or  Baburghley,  village,  Norfolk,  co., 
Eng.  It  is  noted  as  being  the  place  where  Felix, 
the  Burgundian,  landed  to  introduce  Christianity 
among  the  East  Angles,  and  where  their  first  church 
is  said  to  have  been  erected.  It  is  4  ms.  NE.  from 
Lynn. 

Babuyanes,  cluster  of  6  or  7  small  islands  in  the 
N.  Pacific  ocean,  10  leagues  N.  of  the  isle  of  Lu- 
conia.  The  chief  produce  is  wax,  ebony,  bananas, 
cocoas,  and  plantains. 

Babylon,  capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Baby- 
lonia, or  Chaldea.  Ruins  of,  is  supposed  to  be 

situated  at  lat.  32  34  N.,  and  Ion.  44  12|  E.,  at 
the  higher  extremity  of  the  delta  formed  by  the 
Tigris  and  Euphrates. 

Baca,  or  Baza,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  15 
ms.  NE.  of  Guadix. 

Bach,  or  But  ha,  town  of  Hungary,  formerly  the 
see  of  a  bishop,  seated  near  the  Danube,  30  ms. 
ENE.  of  Funikirchen  and  85  S.  of  Buda. 

Bacharuch,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  lately  of  Germany,  in  the  pal- 
atinate of  the  Rhine.  It  is  famous  for  its  wine, 
and  stands  at  the  fool  of  a  mountain  near  the 
Rhine,  24  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Coblentz. 

Bacha,  or  Bashaw,  Turkish  term  or  title  for 
superior  officers,  governors  of  cities  or  provinces, 
viziers,  &c.  It  is  rather  odd  that  this  word  which 
half  a  century  ago  was  spelled  in  European  books 
commencing  with  B,  is  now  almost  invariably 
commenced  with  P,  whilst  the  latter  letter  a  Turk 
cannot  pronounce ;  and  hence  it  is  that  this  nation 
supply  the  Greek  termination  poll's  in  names  of 
places  by  bolt. 

Bacheldors,  tp.,  Oxford  co.,  Maine.  Pop.  in 
1810,  91. 

Bachelors  Retreat,  town,  Pendleton  district,  S. 
C,  150  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Bach/owitz.    See  Buchlowitz. 

Bachouanon,  river  of  U.  C,  falls  into  Lake  Su- 
perior about  midway  between  the  falls  of  St.  Mary 
and  Red  river. 

Bucheserai,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  province  of 
Taurida.  It  was  lately  the  residence  of  the  Tar- 
tarchans  of  the  Crimea.  It  is  70  ms.  S.  of  Pre- 
cop.    Lon.  35  40  E.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Bacarrach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  formerly  imperial.    It  is  famous  lor 

120 


its  wines,  and  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  20  ms.  W. 
of  Mentz.    Lon.  7  52  E.,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Bac.hian,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  in  the  E. 
Indies,  which  produces  cloves.  It  is  very  fruitful, 
and  belongs  to  the  Dutch.  Lon.  125  5  E.,  lat. 
25'  S. 

Back  Creek,  town,  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  5  ms.  S. 
from  Elkton. 

Back  Creek  Valley,  town,  Frederick  co.,  Va., 
25  ms.  NW.  from  Winchester. 

Badajoz,  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Estramadu- 
ra,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  famous  for  a  bridge 
built  by  the  Romans  over  the  Guadiana.  It  is  a 
frontier  town  towards  Portugal,  and  well  fortified. 
It  is  14  ms.  E.  of  Elvas  and  175  S  by  W.  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  6  40  W.,  lat.  38  45  N. 

Badakshan,  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kilan.  Gold,  silver,  and  rubier 
are  found  in  its  vicinity  ;  and  caravans  pass  by  this 
city  to  Cabul  and  China.  It  is  seated  on  the  Har- 
rat,  or  Amu,  in  a  branch  of  the  Beloor  mountains, 
320  ms.  E.  of  Balk.  Lon.  70  35  E.,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Baden,  town  of  Suabia,  capiial  of  a  margravate 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle  on  the  top  of  a 
mountain,  where  the  prince  often  resides.  It  is  re- 
markable for  its  baths,  whence  it  takes  its  name; 
and  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  4  ms.  S.  o'f  Bastadt. 
Lon.  8  14  E.,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Baden,  grand  duchy  of  Germany,  extending 
from  Constance,  on  the  lake  of  that  name,  down 
the  Rhine,  below  Manheim  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Neckar.  The  duchy  lies  in  the  form  of  the  letter 
L  ;  the  base  to  the  southward,  about  90  ms.  along 
the  Rhine,  opposite  the  Swiss  cantons,  and  thence 
down  the  Rhine  150  ms.  The  breadth  nowhere 
reaches 40  ms.;  area  about  6,000  sq.  ms.  On  the  S. 
and  W.  it  is  in  all  its  length  bounded  by  the  Rhine, 
on  the  N.  it  has  Ducal  Hesse,  and  on  the  E. 
Wurtemburg  and  Hohenzollem  Heckengen.  The 
slope  of  the  country  is  in  all  its  length  towards  the 
Rhine,  separated  from  Wurtemburg  by  a  mountain 
chain,  and  drained  by  the  numerous  confluents  of 
the  Neckar  and  other  streams  flowing  in  deep  val- 
leys into  the  Rhine.  It  may  be  noted  as  interesting 
that  the  extreme  source  of  the  Danube  is  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Furtwangen  in  Baden,  very  nearly  on  lat. 
48°,  and  very  nearly  E.  from  Old  Brisac  on  the 
Rhine,  distant  about  30  ms. 

In  latitude,  Baden  lies  between  47  35  and  49 
50  N.  Baden  is  not  a  recent  government;  it  was 
a  margravate  as  early  as  A.  D.  1000,  created  an 
electorate  in  1802,  and  soon  after  a  grand  duchy, 
or,  in  more  distinct  terms,  a  monarchy  of  Europe 
as  independent  in  itself  as  Prussia,  Bavaria,  or 
even  Austria.  Capital  Carlsruhe.  It  is  divided  in- 
to the  following  circles : 


Circles. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns 

Pop. 

Mayn  and  Tauber 
Neckar 

Murg  and  Phinz 
Kinzig 

Triesam  and  Weisen  - 
Danube  and  Constance  - 

«-,(.<  ooo. 

Wenheiin  - 

Manlieiin 

Carlsruhe 

Offenburg 

Friburg 

Constance  - 

3,000 
22,000 
19,000 

3,000 
10,000 

5,0(30 

1,143,000 

Distributive  population  of  the  grand  duchy  near, 


by  the  table,  to.  200  to  the  sq.  m.,  and  now,  as 


BAG  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BAH 


the  element  is  of  several  years  anterior  date,  per- 
haps exceeding  that  density. 

Baden,  ancient  and  handsome  town,  in  a  co.  of 
the  same  name  in  Swisserland.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  baths,  mentioned  by  the  inhabitants  under 
the  names  of  Aqua?  and  Thermae  Helvetica?,  and 
for  the  treaty  concluded  here  in  1714,  between 
Germany  and  Spain.  Tt  is  seated  on  the  Limmat, 
10  ms.  NW.  of  Zurich.  Lon.  8  20  E.,  lat.  47 
25  N.  Neat  little  walled  town  of  Austria,  fa- 
mous for  its  hot  baths,  seated  on  the  river  Sucehat, 
15  ms.  SW.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  25  E.,  lat.  48 
1  N. 

Badenweiller,  town  of  Suabia,  belonging  to  the 
lower  margravate  of  Baden,  seated  near  the  Rhine, 
10  ms.  SE.  of  Friburg.  Lon.  7  52  E.,  lat.  48  1  N. 

Badgeworth,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng., 
remarkable  for  a  spring  of  mineral  water  called 
Cold  Pool,  nearly  the  same  as  those  of  Chelten- 
ham.   It  is  7  ms.  NE.  of  Gloucester. 

Baeza,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  It  is  the 
see  of  a  bishop,  and  has  a  university ;  seated  on 
the  Guadalquiver,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Jaen.  Lon.  3 
18  W.,  lat.  37  45  N. 

Baffa,  ancient  Paphos,  town  and  seaport  on  the 
western  shore  of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  situated  70 
ms.  nearly  due  W.  from  Larnika.  N.  lat.  34  54, 
lon.  32  33  E.  of  London.    See  Baffo. 

Bafing,  river  of  Africa,  one  of  the  principal 
:  confluents  of  the  Senegal ;  rises  in  the  Kong  moun- 
tains N.  lat.  11°,  and  flowing  a  little  W.  of  N. 
upwards  of  200  ms.,  joins  the  Senegal.  The  course 
of  the  Bating  lies  between  10  and  11°  W.  Ion. 
It  forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  kingdom  of 
Bambook. 

Baffin's  bay,  large  bay  to  the  N.  of  Hudson's 
bay,  said  to  be  discovered  in  1662,  by  Baffin,  an 
Englishman,  who  attempted  to  find  a  NW.  pas 
sage  that  way  to  the  South  sea.  Mr.  Pinkerton 
had  the  temerity  to  doubt  the  existence  of  this 
bay,  but  recent  researches,  particularly  by  Captain 
Parry,  have  established  the  accuracy  of  Baffin,  and 
added  much  to  the  extent  of  this  inland  sea.  Baf- 
fin's bay,  or  sea,  lies  within  the  arctic  circle,  and 
is  upwards  of  1,000  ms.  long,  with  a  mean  width 
exceeding  250.  It  reaches  to  near  N.  lat.  78°. 
In  1818,  Captain  Ross  completed  the  circumnavi- 
gation of  Baffin's  bay,  and  determined  its  northern 
extremity  to  be  the  bottom  of  Smith's  sound,  N. 
lat.  77  45,  and,  as  laid  down  by  Tanner,  almost 
exactly  on  the  meridian  of  Washington  city. 

Baffo,  considerable  town  in  the  island  of  Cy- 
prus, with  a  fort  near  the  ancient  Paphos. 

Bagdad,  falsely  supposed  to  be  ancient  Baby- 
lon, a  populous  city,  capital  of  Irac  Arabia,  seated 
on  the  Tigris,  and  inhabited  by  Christians,  Turks, 
&c.  Bagdad  was  founded  in  A.  D.  762,  by  Abu 
Jaafar  al  Mansur,  the  second  Abasside  Khalif,  who 
removed  the  seat  of  the  Sarazen  empire  to  this  new 
capital.  It  is  now  the  seat  of  a  Turkish  Bashaw. 
It  is  very  remarkable  that  duringall  the  revolutions 
of  ages,  from  the  most  remote  antiquity,  a  great 
capital  has  existed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  basin 
of  the  Euphrates.  Bagdad  was  built  on  the  Ti- 
gris, about  70  ms.  almost  directly  N.  from  the  ru- 
ins of  Babylon,  and  about  20  ms.  above  Seleucia, 
and  at  a  point  where  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  ap- 
proach so  near  each  other  as  about  16  English  ms., 
but  again  recede  from  each  other  and  do  not  unite 
16* 


until  having  each  flowed  by  comparative  courses 
something  above  200  ms.  Though  fallen  from  its 
former  magnitude,  Bagdad  still  shares  with  Kasso- 
ra  as  a  commercial  depot.  N.  lat.  33  20,  lon.  44 
42.  Distant  from  Bassorah  250  ms.,  and  about 
500  due  E.  from  Damascus. 

Baglana,  or  Bocklana,  country  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  Dcccan,  which  extends  from  the  Surat  river 
to  Poonah,  and  is  enclosed  by  a  ridge  of  moun- 
tains, part  of  the  Gauts.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Candeish,  on  the  SW.  by  Visiapour,  and  on 
the  SE.  by  Dowlatabad. 

Bagnara,  seaport  of  Naples,  8  ms.  S.  of  Palma. 
In  this  town  3,017  persons  perished  by  the  dread- 
ful earthquake  in  1783.  Lon.  16  8  E.,  lat.  38 
15  N. 

Bagnarea,  town  of  Italy,  with  a  bishop's  see,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  5  ms.  S.  of  Orvieto. 
Lon.  12  28  E.,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Bagnares,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Up- 
per Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Bigorre.  It  lies 
at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  river  Adour.  It 
is  much  frequented  on  account  of  its  hot  mineral 
waters,  and  is  10  ms.  SE.  of  Tarbes.  Lon.  0  12 
E.,  lat.  43  3  N. 

Bagnols,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Heraulr, 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  near  the  river 
Cese,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Pont  St.  Esprit.  It  has  a 
handsome  square  and  two  fountains,  which  rise 
in  the  middle  of  the  town.  Lon.  4  43  E.,  lat.  44 
10  N. 

Bahama,  or  Lucaya  Islands,  situated  between 
22°  and  27°  N.  lat.,  and  73°  and  81°  W.  lon. 
They  extend  along  the  coast  of  Florida  to  Cuba, 
and  are  said  to  be  500  in  number,  some  of  them 
only  mere  rocks,  but  12  of  them  are  very  large,  fer- 
tile, and  in  nothing  different  from  the  soil  of  Caro- 
lina. These  islands  were  the  first  fruits  of  Colum- 
bus's discoveries,  but  they  are  all  uninhabited,  ex- 
cept Providence,  and  are  subject  to  the  English,  to 
whom  they  were  not  known  till  1667,  when  Cap- 
tain Seyle  being  driven  among  them  in  his  passage 
to  Carolina,  gave  his  name  to  one  of  them,  and, 
being  a  second  time  driven  upon  it,  called  it  Prov- 
idence. The  cotton  seed  has  been  recently  intro- 
duced into  these  islands  from  Georgia,  and  is  well 
adapted  to  the  soil  and  climate. 

Bahama  Channel,  between  Florida  and  the  Ba- 
hama islands.  The  currents  here  set,  but  with  va- 
rying force,  continually  N. 

Bahar,  country  of  Hindoostan  proper,  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Allahabad  and  Oude,  on  the  N.  by 
Napaul,  on  the  E.  by  Bengal",  and  on  the  S.  by 
Orissa.  It  is  subject  to  the  English  East  India 
Company,  and  most  of  the  saltpetre  they  export  is 
manufactured  in  this  province,  of  which  Patna  is 
the  capital. 

Bahar -Nagash,  "  The  King  of  the  Sea,"  coun- 
try of  Africa,  along  the  Red  sea,  in  Habesh,  or 
eastern  Abyssinia.  It  formerly  extended  from  Su- 
akim  to  S.  of  the  straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  or  from 
lat.  12°  to  21°  N.,  which,  following  the  general 
course  of  the  intervening  coast,  exceeds  700  ms. — 
See  Habesh. 

Baiiar,  Bahathb,  or  Barrk,  a  weight  used  in 
part  of  the  East  Indian  islands,  such  as  the  Moluc- 
cas, Temate,  and  some  others;  it  is- of  two  kinds, 
the  greater  used  for  pepper,  cloves,  ginger,  nut- 
megs, and  other  more  gross  merchandise.  This 

121 


BAI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAL 


weight  is  equal  to  524  lbs.  9  oz.  avoirdupoise.  The 
lesser  bahar  is  equal  to  437  lbs.  9  oz.  avoirdupoise, 
and  is  used  to  weigh  quicksilver,  vermillion,  ivory, 
and  silk,  and  other  more  costly  material. 

Baheren  Island  lies  in  the  Gulf  of  Persia,  and 
was  once  famous  for  its  pearl  fishery.  Baherin, 
Bahrain,  or  Baherim,  signifies  two  seas,  and  is  the 
name  of  the  group  of  islands  so  very  vaguely  de- 
signated above.  They  are  situated  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  opposite  to  Lasha,  in  Ara- 
bia. N.  lat.  27  0,  E.  Ion.  49  0.  They  are  nu- 
merous, though  small,  individually.  The  pearl 
fishery,  for  which  these  islands  have  been  celebrat- 
ed, though  declined  in  importance,  is  still  carried 
on  by  the  Arab  inhabitants. 

Bahia  Honda,  port  of  the  N.  side  of  the  island 
of  Cuba.  Lat.  22  58  N.,  Ion.  6  6  W.  of  W.  C.  ; 
60  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Havannah. 

Bahia  de  Todos  Santos,  province  of  Brazil,  on 
the  Atlantic  ocean.    St.  Salvador  is  the  capital. 

Bahia. — See  St.  Salvador. 

Bar  el-Abiad,  or  White  river,  the  western  and 
main  stream  which  forms  the  Egyptian  Nile. — See 
article  Nile. 

Bahus,  strong  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  gov- 
ernment of  the  same  name,  on  a  rock  in  an  island, 
10  ms.  N.  of  Gottenbnrg.  Lon.  11  42  E.,  lat. 
57  52  N. 

Baia,  an  inconsiderable  town  of  Naples,  in  Ter- 
ra di  Lavora  ;  it  was  famous,  in  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans, for  its  hot  baths  and  elegant  palaces.  Its 
splendor  may  be  inferred  from  its  innumerable  ru- 
ins, heaps  of  marble,  mosaics,  stucco,  and  other 
precious  fragments  of  taste.  It  is  seated  on  the 
bay  of  Naples,  12  ms.  W.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  5 
E.,  lat.  40  51  N. 

Baja,  populous  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Dan- 
ube, 35  ms.  NW.  of  Esseck.  Lon.  20  0  E.,  lat. 
46  10  N. 

Baikal,  great  lake  in  Siberia,  in  the  province  of 
Irkutzk,  220  ms.  long,  and  80  broad.  The  Bai- 
kal is  out  of  N.  A.,  the  most  extensive  collection 
of  fresh  water  known.  Like  the  higher  lakes  of 
the  Canadian  sea,  the  Baikal  is  comparatively  ex- 
cessively deep,  and  appears  as  an  immense  cavern  or 
basin  in  the  mountains  of  central  Asia.  Its  range 
is  from  SW.  to  NE.,  about  200  ms.  long,  with  a 
mean  with  of  40.  It  is  in  relative  geographic  po- 
sition and  extent  very  similar  to  Lake  Erie.  The 
Angara  river  is  discharged  from  the  NW.  angle  of 
the  Baikal,  which  also  receives  into  its  SW.  ex- 
tremity a  stream  of  great  magnitude,  the  Selen- 
ga.  The  latter  is' formed  by  numerous  branches 
issuing  from  the  Altaian  mountains;  which,  unit- 
ing after  a  comparative  course  of  500  ms.,  falls  into 
the  Baikal,  from  which  this  vast  mass  of  vuater  is 
again  discharged  by  the  Angara.  The  outlet  of 
the  Baikal  seems  to  have  been  rifted  through  the 
mountains,  and  presents  a  scene  of  terrific  gran- 
deur. The  channel  is  about  a  mile  wide,  inter- 
spersed with  rugged  fragments  of  rock,  over  which 
the  immense  cataract  is  poured  with  appalling  ve- 
locity. In  grandeur,  sublimity,  and  magnitude, 
the  passage  of  the  Angara  from  the  Baikal  is  not, 
it  is  probable,  equalled  by  any  other  scene  on  the 
Eastern  continent. 

The  water  of  this  inland  sea  is  extremely  limpid, 
and  in  the  abundance  of  seals  along  its  scores  af- 
fords a  very  remarkable  anomally  in  animal  life ; 
122 


this  being  the  only  region  of  the  earth  where  these 
creatures  are  found  at  any  considerable  distance 
from  salt  water.  The  existence  of  the  seal  in  the 
Baikal  is  one  among  the  many  proofs  of  a  gradual 
recession  of  the  oceanic  mass.  The  Baikal  lies 
between  the  parallels  of  51°  and  55°  N.  lat.  Its 
shores  exhibit  a  congeries  of  mountains. 

Baikal  Mountains. — These  rugged  ridges  are 
evidently  a  part  of  the  vast  system  of  the  Altai,  and 
extend  from  SW.  to  NE.,  nearly  parallel  to  the 
Baikal  sea;  W.  of  which  commences  an  immense 
marshy  steppe  or  plain,  which  spreads  towards  the 
Oby  over  the  sources  of  the  Janissey.  On  all  other 
sides  the  mountains  rise  to  a  great  height ;  some 
peaks  reaching  the  region  of  perpetual  snow.  They 
are  composed  partly  of  granite  and  partly  of  sili- 
cious  breccia  and  limestone.  Coal  is  found  amongst 
their  lower  valleys. 

Baileysburg,  town  in  Surry  co.,  Va.,  72  ms. 
SE.  from  Richmond. 

Bail/eul,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North, 
and  late  French  Flanders,  9  ms.  SW.  of  Ypres. 
Lon.  2  55  E.,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Bainhridge,  tp  and  vill.  in  Chenango,  co.,  N. 

Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,290.  Tp.  in  Geauga  co.,i 

Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  199.  For  town  of  Bain- 
bridge,  Geauga  co.,  see  Bissels.  Tp.  and  town 

in  Ross  co./Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  146.  This 
town  is  situated  near  the  falls  of  Paint  creek,  on 
the  main  road  from  Chillicothe  to  Maysville,  18 
ms.  SW.  of  the  former,  and  56  ms.  NE.  from  the 
latter.  It  is  a  flourishing  place  in  regard  to  man- 
ufactures and  commerce.  Village  on  the  left 

bank  of  Tennessee  river,  oppo:-ite  the  lower  ex-i 
tremity  of  Muscle  shoals,  and  5  ms.  above  Flo- 
rence, in  Franklin  co  ,  Ala. 

Bain  Gonga,  or  Bain  river,  river  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  which  rises  near  the  Nerbudda,  runs  S.  through 
Berar,  and,  after  a  course  of  near  400  ms.,  unites 
with  the  Godavery,  within  the  hills  that  bound 
the  British  Circars. 

Baird's  Forge,  town  in  Burke  co.,  N.  C,  200 
ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Bairdstown. — See  Bardstown. 

Baker,  town  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Cham- 
paign co.,  Ohio,  53  ms.  westward  of  Columbus, 
and  11  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  of  Urbanna. 

Bajalanee.    See  Bujalanee. 

Bakewell,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  Peak  of  Derby- 
shire, on  the  river  Wye,  20  ms.  NNW.  of  Der- 
by, and  151  of  London.  Lon.  2  42  W.,  lat.  53 
15  N. 

Bakerfield,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  50  ms. 
NW.  from  Montpelier. 

Bakerstown,  town,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  14  ms. 
from  Pittsburg,  on  the  Butler  road. 

Baktchi-Serai.    See  Bacchesemi. 

Baku,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Schir- 
van,  the  most  commodious  haven  of  the  Caspian 
sea,  on  the  west  coast  of  which  it  is  situated.  The 
number  of  shoals  and  sand  banks  renders  the  en- 
trance somewhat  difficult.  Baku  is  a  fortress, 
surrounded  by  high  brick  walls,  300  ms.  south  of 
Aslracan.    Lon.  49  15  E.,  lat.  40  2  N. 

Bala,  town  in  Merionethshire.  It  is  50  ms. 
SSE.  of  Holyhead,  and  105  NW.  of  London. 
Lon.  3  35  W.,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Balaclava,  ancient  Symbolon,  seaport  of  the 
Crimea,  which,  after  flourishing  some  ages  under 


BAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BAL 


he  Genoese,  fell  into  the  possession  of  the  Turks, 
vvho  effected  its  ruin,  It  is  now  recovering  under 
he  Russian  Government.  The  haven  is  secure, 
mt  entrance  narrow.  Pop.  3,000.  N.  lat.  44 
:  38,  E.  Ion.  33  44. 

i  Balagat,  or  Balaghaut,  province  in  the  Dec- 
:an  of  Hindoostan.  It  consists  of  a  vast  extent  of 
"ertile  and  populous  plains,  supported  in  the  na- 
ture of  a  terrace,  by  a  stupendous  wall  of  mount- 
lins,  called  the  Gauts,  which  rises  abruptly  from 
;he  low  country  called  the  Concan.  This  tract  is 
io  elevated,  that  the  air  is  cool  and  pleasant.  It 
extends  through  the  peninsula  to  the  southern  ex- 
.remity  of  Mysore. 

Balaguer,  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
on  the  river  Segra,  at  the  foot  of  a  craggy  rock,  75 
ns.  N  W.  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  1  E.,  lat.  41  55  N. 
,  Balaklava,  town  and  seaport  of  Russia,  in  the 
Crimea,  and  near  its  extreme  southern  point,  in- 
labited  by  about  2,000  Greek  traders  and  fisher- 
nen. 

ki  Balaknanova  Gora,  chain  of  hills  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Nishnei-Novgorod,  Russia. 
|i  Balambangan,  island,  lat.  7  12,  lon.  117  E., 

>  me  of  a  group  lying  north  of  Cape  Sampanmange, 
|  he  extreme  northern  point  of  Borneo,  East 
i  ndies. 

I  Balangonan,  port,  lat.  7  44  N.,  lon.  122  E., 
I  me  of  the  northwestern  capes  of  the  island  of  Min- 
llanao,  and  on  the  east  side  of  the  Soolo  sea,  East 
Indies. 

I  Balaton,  lake,  lat.  46  50  N.,  lon.  17  45  E., 
Kiheet  of  water  of  the  empire  of  Austria,  in  Hun- 
gary, 120  ms.  SE.  of  Vienna..    This  lake  is  fre- 

]uently  called  Platten  sea. 
Balaruc,  town  of  Fr.,  near  the  road  from  Mont- 
i  pelier  to  Toulouse,  noted  for  its  bath, 
t    Balasore,  seaport  to  the  NW.  of  the  bay  of 

Bengal.  The  inhabitants  make  stuffs  of  silk,  cot- 
jjton,  and  a  sort  of  grass.  It  is  124  ms.  SW.  of 
[iCalcutta.    Lon.  6  46  E.,  lat.  21  26  N. 

I  Balbastro,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
pon,  on  the  river  Vero,  42  ms.  NE.  of  Saragossa. 

iLon.  0  27  E.,  lat.  42  8  N. 

I  Balbec,  city  of  Asia,  in  Syria,  anciently  called 
Heliopolis.    It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  Anti-Leb- 

>  anon,  precisely  on  the  last  rising  ground,  where 
;  the  mountain  terminates  in  a  plain.  On  the  east 
r  side  are  the  remains  of  ancient  ruins,  of  whose 

magnificence  it  is  difficult  to  give  an  adequate 
idea.  Among  the  most  magnificent  are  the  ruins 
|of  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  for  a  particular  descrip- 
tion of  which  we  refer  our  readers  to  Mr.  Wood, 
and  Mr.  Dawkins,  and  to  Volney.  It  is  37  ms. 
N.  of  Damascus.  Lon.  37  20  E.,  lat.  34  22  N. 
'  Baalbec,  or  Balbec,  is  one  or  the  places  to  which 
(the  primitive  name  is  now  applied.  The  Greek 
name  Heliopolis  is  merely  a  translation  of  Baalbec, 
and  both  mean  City  of  the  Sun. 

Batch,  town  of  Usbec  Tartary,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Persia,  200  ms.  S.  of  Bokhara.  Lon.  69°  E., 
ilat.  37  20  N. 

Balcany  Falls,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  Va., 
162  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 
Baldeagle,  town,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.  ;  by  the 

postroad,  126  ms.  from  Harrisburg.  A  mount- 

I  |ain  of  Pa.,  between  the  main  branch  of  Susque- 
hanna and  the  west  branch,  separating  Northum- 
berland and  Columbia  from  Lycoming,  and  ex- 


tending to  the  NE.  into  Luzerne.  River  of 

Pa.,  Centre  co.,  falls  into  the  west  branch  of  Sus* 

quehanna.  Tp.,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1810,  246;  in  1820,  *28l.  Tp.,  Centre  co., 

Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,145  ;  in  1820,  685. 

Baldhead,  light-house,  on  a  small  island,  near 
the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river,  in  N.  C.    Lat.  33 

51  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  13  W.  Point  in  Norton 

sound,  on  the  NW.  coast  of  North  America.  Lat. 
64  43  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  84  42  W. 

Baldivia,  seaport  of  Chili,  in  South  America. 
It  was  built  by  the  Spanish  general  Baldivia, 
about  1551,  after  he  had  conquered  Chili.  It 
stands  between  the  Callacalles  and  Portero,  where 
they  fall  into  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  W.  C.  3 
40  E.,  lat.  39  38  S. 

Baldivia.    See  Valdivia. 

Baldock,  town  in  Herts,  Eng.,  between  the 
hills,  in  a  chalky  soil,  and  chiefly  of  note  for  its 
trading  in  malt.  It  is  9  ms.  WSW.  of  Royston, 
and  37  NNW,  of  London.    Lon.  0  5  W  ,  lat. 

52  2  N. 

Baldwin,  tp.  and  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me. 

Pop.  in  1810,  546;  in  1820,  1,120.  Co.  of 

Ga.,  having  Jones  W.,  Putnam  and  Hancock  N., 
Hancock  E.,  and  Wilkinson  S.  It  is  30  ms. 
long  by  27  wide  ;  area  810  sq.  ms.  ;  face  of  the 
country  rolling,  and  soil  of  middling  quality  in 
general.  Chief  town  Milledgeville.  Pop.  1820, 
5,665;  in  1840,  7,250.    Cent.  lat.  33  10  N., 

lon.  W.  C.  6^°  W.  Co.  of  Alabama,  having 

Mobile  S.,  part  of  Miss.  W.,  Washington  N., 
and  Tombigbee  and  Mobile  rivers  E  It  is  33  ms. 
in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  20  ;  area  660  sq. 
ms.  ;  face  of  the  country  hilly,  except  upon  the 
streams;  soil  in  general  thin,  and  covered  with 
pine  timber,  though  the  alluvial  land  along  the 
rivers  is  highly  productive.  Staple  cotton.  Chief 
town  Blakely.  Cent.  lat.  30  40,  lon.  W.  C.  10 
30.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,713  ;  in  1840,  2,941. 

Baldivinsville,  town,  on  the  left  bank  of  Seneca 
river,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y.,  25  ms.  NE.  from 
Auburn,  and  12  NW.  from  Salina. 
Bale.    See  Basle. 

Balearic,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea,  between  Spain  and  Sardinia.  The  prin- 
cipal are,  Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Ivica,  or  Iviza. 

Balfrush,  or  Balfrooch,  town  and  seaport  of 
Persia,  on  the  Caspian  sea,  and  in  the  province  of 
Mazanderan,  about  60  ms.  nearly  due  north  from 
Teheran.  Pop.  25,000.  N.  lat.  36  40,  lon.  52" 
45  E.  of  London. 

Bali-Kesri,  or  Bek-Hissar,  lat.  39  43  N.,  lon. 
27  49  E.,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  province 
of  Karasi,  about  55  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Adramyth. 

Balize,  river  of  North  America,  in  Yucatan, 
falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Honduras.  On  its  banks 
the  English  have  their  principal  establishments  for 
cutting  mihogany. 

Bali,  island  forming  the  north  side  of  the  straits 
of  Java,  through  which  the  East  India  ships  some- 
times return  from  China;  but  the  passage  is  com- 
monly very  difficult,  on  account  of  contrary  winds. 
This  island  is  extremely  populous,  and  abounds  in 
rice  and  many  sorts  of  fruits. 

Balkan,  the  Turkish  name  of  the  ancient  Mount 
Haemus,  which  separates  Romelia  from  Bulgaria. 
They  call  some  parts  of  this  chain  Desproto  Dag. 
See  Haemus. 

123 


BAL  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


BAL 


Balkaski,  lake.    See  Falcati,  lake. 

Baloochistan.    See  Beloochistan. 

Balk,  city  of  Usbcc  Tartary,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  considerable 
trade  in  silk,  and  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  commerce 
between  Bokharia  and  Hindoostan.  It  is  seated 
towards  the  borders  of  Persia,  on  the  river  De- 
wash,  which  flows  into  the  Amu,  220  ms.  SE.  of 
Bokharia.  Lon.  67  16  E.,  lat.  36  38  N.  Balk, 
it  is  probable,  is  the  ancient  Bactria. 

Ballard's  Bridge,  town,  Chowan  co.,  N.  C  ;  by 
the  postroad,  199  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Ballard's  Cape,  part  of  the  island  of  Newfound- 
land.   Lat.  46  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  24  31  E. 

Ballardsville,  town,  Oldham  co.,  Ky. 

Bally cunnel,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
Cavan,  11  ms.  NE.  of  Cavan.  Lon.  7  25  W., 
lat.  54  10  N. 

Ballynakill,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  Queen's  co., 
18  ms.  NW.  from  Kilkenny.  Lon.  7  25  W., 
lat.  52  50  N. 

Bally  shannon,  large  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
co.  of  Donnegal,  with  a  good  harbor,  110  ms. 
N  W.  of  Dublin.    Lon.  7  50  W.,  lat.  54  33  N. 

Ballstown  Springs,  or  Ballslown  Spa,  village 
Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  remarkable  as  being  the  site 
of  very  celebrated  mineral  springs.  These  waters 
are  within  the  precincts  of  the  town,  and  are  em# 
nent  for  their  medicinal  virtues.  There  are  sev- 
eral bathing  houses  erected,  and  the  accommoda- 
tions for  visiters  are  very  convenient  and  splendid. 
The  number  of  visitants  is  considerable;  in  1821 
they  amounted  to  near  3,000.  Village  Sarato- 
ga co.,  about  4  ms.  from  Ballstown  Spa.  Persons 
directing  letters  to  either  of  these  places  ought  to 
be  very  careful  to  designate  which,  as  they  are  fre- 
quently confounded,  and  each  possesses  its  own 
post  office. 

Ballsville,  village  Powhattan  co.,  Va. 

Baltic,  large  sea  between  Denmark  and  Sweden 
to  the  W.,  and  Germany,  Poland,  and  Russia,  to 
the  E.,  from  which  run  the  Gulfs  of  Bothnia,  Fin- 
land, Riga,  and  Dantzic.  It  is  remarkable  that 
this  sea  neither  ebbs  nor  flows,  and  a  current  al- 
ways sets  through  the  sound  into  the  ocean.  Yel- 
low amber  is  found  on  the  coast. 

The  Baltic  is  the  Venedicus  Sinus  of  Ptolemy, 
the  Mare  Suvicum  of  Tacitus,  and  the  Sinus  Co- 
danus  of  Pliny.  In  the  countries  contiguous  to 
its  shores  its  ancient  name  was  Variatzkohie  More, 
in  Russia  it  is  Baltiskoe  Moree,-andin  Swedish 
Oster  Sjow. 

There  are  many  very  important  particulars  re- 
lating to  the  Baltic,  which  demand  a  much  more 
ample  description  than  is  contained  in  the  original 
article.  This  great  inland  sea  commences  with 
the  narrow  strait  between  Elsineur,  in  Denmark, 
and  Helsinborg,  in  Sweden.  The  depth  of  water 
is  10  fathoms  directly  opposite  the  castle  of  £ro- 
nenburg.  The  strait  is  particularly  called  The 
Sound.  The  Baltic  is  again  connected  with  the 
Cattegat  by  the  Great  Belt,  between  the  islands  of 
Zealand  and  Funen,  and  by  the  Little  Belt,  be- 
tween Funen  and  Jutland.  Of  these  passes,  the 
Sound  is  the  most  frequented,  most  direct,  and 
deepest  channel;  it,  however,  shallows  within 
Cronenburg  so  much  that  about  10  ms.  SE.  from 
Copenhagen  it  contains  but  4  fathoms.  Within 
the  bar  it  again  deepens,  and,  gradually  spreading 
124 


between  Germany  on  the  S.,  Russia  E.,  anft  Swe- 
den W.,  presents  a  sheet  of  water  from  100  to  150 
ms.  wide,  and  200  in  length.  This  is  the  south- 
ern Baltic,  from  which  turns,  almost  at  right  an- 
gles, its  northern  extension  between  Sweden  and 
Ru-sia.  The  latter,  in  its  northern  part,  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia,  reaches  above  N.  lat.  65  0.  From 
the  northern  Baltic  are  protruded,  eastward,  the 
Gulfs  of  Riga  and  Finland.  Into  the  former  is 
discharged  the  Dwina,  the  latter  receives  the  Neva. 
From  the  southern  mouth  of  the  Little  Belt  to  that 
of  the  Vistula  is  400  ms.,  the  Oder  entering  about 
midway.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula  to  that 
of  the  Tornea,  800  ms.  Thus  the  entire  length 
of  the  Baltic,  curving  from  Jutland  to  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  is  1,200  ms.  The  average 
width  about  120  ms.,  including  all  its  gulfs.  This 
yields  an  area  of  150,000  sq.  ms.  The  mean 
depth  of  the  Baltic  does  not  exceed  50  fathoms, 
and  near  any  of  its  shores  it  falls  far  short  of  that 
depth.  The  water  is  merely  brackish,  and  does 
not  contain  more  than  one-thirtieth  part  of  salt, 
(muriate  of  soda.)    This  sea  has  no  tide. 

The  Baltic  and  its  gulfs,  as  recipients,  receive 
from  Germany  the  Oder,  from  Prussia  the  Vistula, 
from  Russia  the  Memel,  Dwina,  Narova,  Neva, 
Kymen,  Kume,  and  Ulea,  and  from  Sweden  the 
Tornea,  Kalix,  Lulea,  Pithea,  Skillistea,  Umea, 
Windel,  Angerman,  Indahl,  and  Westerdahl,  with 
the  outlets  of  the  Maelar  and  Wetter  lakes.  With- 
in this  range  are  included,  in  Germany,  great  part 
of  Holstein,  Mecklenburg,  and  Brandenburg,  all 
Pomerania,  Lusatia,  and  Silesia ;  in  Poland,  all 
Polish  Prussia  and  part  of  Austrian  Poland ;  in 
Russia,  all  Corland,  Riga,  Revel,  Pskoy,  Polotsk, 
St.  Petersburgh,  Viburg,  Finland,  and  part  of 
Russian  Poland,  Smolensk,  Novogorod,  Olonetz, 
and  Russian  Lapland  ;  in  Sweden,  Tornea,  Lulea, 
Pitea,  Bothnia,  Norland,  Sweden  Proper,  and 
Gothland.  In  the  Baltic  are  the  islands  of  Zea- 
land, Funen,  Langeland,  Falster,  Laland,  Feme- 
ren,  Rugen,  Bornholm,  Oland  Gothland,  Oesel, 
Dago,  and  Aland.  Upon  the  Baltic  basin  exist 
more  than  20,000,000  inhabitants.  This  mass 
exceeds  one-half  the  human  species  above  N.  lat. 
55°.  This  circumstance  is  altogether  the  most 
important  in  comparative  geography.  Here  we 
find  numerous  and  highly  civilized  nations  in  lati- 
tudes which,  in  America  and  Asia,  are  exposed  to 
almost  continual  winter.  This  remarkable  region 
extends  from  the  source  of  the  Oder,  N.  lat.  49°, 
to  those  of  the  Tornea,  68°,  through  19°  of  lat., 
1,300  ms.  From  W.  to  E.,  700  ms.  from  the 
Dofrine  mountains  to  the  eastern  confluents  of  the 
Onega  lake.  The  mean  width  about  700,  giving 
an  area  of  900.000  sq.  ms.  Exclusive  of  the  Baltic 
and  Lakes  Ladoga,  Onega,  and  other  water  sur- 
faces, the  habitable  superfices  of  the  basin  of  the 
Baltic  is  very  nearly  700,000  sq.  ms. 

The  subsidence  of  the  water  of  the  Baltic  re- 
mained long  a  contested  subject,  but  appears  to  be 
now  registered  amongst  the  authenticated  facts  in 
physical  geography.  The  following  extract  from 
the  Mechanics'  Magazine,  Glasgow,  in  Scotland, 
appeared  in  the  National  Intelligencer  September, 
1S25: 

"  A  singular  and  interesting  fact  has  been  as- 
certained respecting  the  level  of  the  Baltic.  It 
was  suggested  that  the  waters  of  this  sea  are  grad- 


BAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAM 


ually  sinking ;  but  a  memoir  in  the  Swedish  Trans- 
action?, for  1823,  has  put  the  change  beyond 
question.  From  lat.  56°  to  63°  the  observations 
show  a  mean  fall  of  H  foot  in  40  years,  4-10  of  an 
inch  annually,  or  3  feet  10  inches  in  a  century. 
The  Baltic  is  very  shallow  at  present,  and  if  the 
waters  continue  to  sink  as  they  have  done,  Revel, 
Abo,  and  a  hundred  other  ports,  whl,  by  and  by, 
become  inland  towns  ;  the  Gulfs  of  Bothnia  and 
Finland,  and  ultimately  the  Baltic  itself,  will  be 
changed  into  dry  land."    See  Earth. 

Baltimore,  New,  tp.  Green  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 

1820,  2,036.  Town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 

Cork,  seated  on  a  headland  which  runs  into  the 
sea  9  ms.  NE.  of  Cape  Clear.    Lon  9  14  W.  lat. 

•  i  51  24  N.  Co.  Md.,  having  Anne  Arundel 

SW.,  Frederick  NW.,  York  co.,  Pa.,  N.,  Hart- 
I  ford  E.,  and  the  bay  of  Chesapeake  SE.  It  is 
about  30  ms.  in  length,  and  25  mean  width,  area 
1  750  sq.  ms.  The  face  of  the  country  is  very 
pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  is  well 
wooded  and  watered.  The  soil  is  good  for 
grazing,  for  the  cultivation  of  small  grain,  and 
for  orchards.  Chief  town  Baltimore.  Central 
lat.  39°  N.  lon.  Pop.  1820,  33,354,  exclusive  of 
the  city. 

Baltimore,  c*ty  and  port  of  entry,  Baltimore 
co.,  Md.,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Patapsco 
1  river,  14  ms.  above  North  Point,  38  NE.  from 
I  Washington,  and  100  SW.  from  Philadelphia. 
I  Lat.  39  17  N.  lon.  W.  C.  0  27  E.  * 
I     This  city  is  built  at  the  head  of  a  bay  which  ex- 
tends from  the  Patapsco  river.    Its  harbor  is  spa- 
pi  cious  and  convenient.    Below  the  city  the  bay 
narrows  to  a  very  confined  strait,  which  is  amply 
commanded  by  Fort  McHenry.    Jones's  falls  creek 
divides  the  city  and  harbor  into  two  sections. 
The  lower  part  of  the  city  is  called  Fell's  Point, 
to  which  vessels  of  600  tons  can  ascend,  but  the 
water  shallows  so  rapidly  that  at  the  city  the  depth 
is  insufficient  for  any  of  heavier  draught  than  200. 
Baltimore  is  extremely  well  situated  for  commercial 
connexions  with  the  valley  of  Ohio;  it  commands 

•  the  trade  of  Md.,  more  than  one-half  of  that  of 
Pa.,  and  a  part  of  that  of  N.  Y.  Having  the  ad- 
vantage of  climate,  the  harbor  of  Baltimore  is  not 
so  liable  to  obstruction  from  ice  as  that  of  Philadel- 
phia. Its  relative  amount  of  shipping  places  it  the 
third  in  rank  in  the  United  States. 

The  edifices  necessary  for  the  transaction  of  ju- 
dicial and  commercial  business  are  splendid  and 
convenient,  whilst  the  interests  of  science  and  ele- 
gant amusements  have  met  their  due  shore  of  en- 
couragement. The  city  contains  a  State  peniten- 
tiary, almshouse,  a  court-house  and  jail,  a  cus- 
tom-house, an  exchange,  a  museum,  theatre,  and 
hospital.  Besides  the  foregoing,  there  are  in  this 
city  3  market  houses,  10  banks,  and  upwards  of  30 
places  of  public  worship.  Washington's  monu- 
ment, erected  of  marble  at  the  N.  end  of  Charles 
street,  on  an  elevated  spot,  is  a  very  sublime  pro- 
duction of  art.  It  is  163  feet  in  height,  exclusive 
of  the  statue  of  Washington,  which  crowns  the 
i  edifice.  The  monument,  erected  to  the  memory  of 
!  the  men  who  fell  in  defence  of  the  city,  on  the 
!  12th  and  13th  of  September,  1814,  is  a  handsome 
structure  in  N.  Calvert  street. 

The  literary  institutions  of  this  city  are  respect- 
able.   In  1807  a  medical  college  was  founded, 


which  subsequently  received  the  title  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  and  embraces  the  ordinary 
pursuits  connected  with  such  an  institution.  St. 
Mary's  college  possesses  a  fine  library,  with  a 
chemical  and  philosophical  apparatus,  and  is  sup- 
ported by  about  150  students.  Baltimore  college 
has  about  50  students. 

The  increase  of  Baltimore  has  been  fully  com- 
mensurate with  the  advantages  of  its  local  posi- 
tion. In  1790  it  contained  13,503  inhabitants, 
and  in  1800,  26,514.  The  following  table  ex- 
hibits its  subsequent  advance: 
Population  in  1810 — 

Free  white  males  -  14,793 
Free  white  females       -  -  13,104 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed.         -  -  -  3,973 

Slaves  ....  3,713 


Total  population  in  1810  -  -  35,583 
Population  in  1820 — 

Free  white  males         -  23,822 

Free  white  females      -  24,233 


Total  whites        -  -  -  48,055 

Free  persons  of  color,  males  -  '    -  4,363 

Free  persons  of  color,  females  -  -  5,963 

Slaves,  males  -           -  -  -  1,968 

Slaves,  females           -  -  -  2,389 


Total  population  in  1820  -  -  62,738 

Distributive  population  of  Baltimore  from  the 
census  of  1840. 

White  males    -  38,841 

White  females  -          -  42,306 

Total  whites        -  -  -  81,147 

Free  colored    -          -  -  -  17,967 

Slaves            -          -  -  3,199 

Total  population  in  1840  -  -  102,313 

Progressive  population. 
1790  -----  13,503 
1800  -----  26,514 
1810  -----  35,583 
1820  -----  62,738 
1830  -----  80,625 
1840  -----  102,313 
The  preceding  shows  an  increase  of  very  near 
758  per  cent,  in  a  period  of  50  years. 

Baltimore,  tp.,  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  including  the 
hundreds  of  Daysborough,  Indian  river,  Lewes, 
Rehoboth,  and  Broad  Kiln.    Pop.  1810,  10,107; 

Baltimore  alone,  in  1820,  2,057.  Fine  town 

in  the  northern  part  of  Fairfield  co.,  O.,  on  Walnut 
creek,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio  canal,  24  ms.  a 
little  S.  of  E.  from  Columbus,  and  9^  very  nearly 
due  N.  of  Lancaster.  The  village  occupies  com- 
paratively high  ground,  and  has  a  pleasant  aspect. 
Pop.  550. 

Bax,  or  Baum,  in  geography,  when  found  as 
an  initial  syllable,  signifies  wood,  from  the  Teu- 
tonic baum,  wood.  From  the  same  root  comes 
beam. 

Bambara,  city  of  Africa,  on  the  Niger,  and 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  N.  lat. 
14  10,  VV.  Ion.  2  40. 

125 


BAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAN 


Bambarra,  country  of  Africa,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Joliba  or  Niger  river  ;  bounds  uncertain.  Se- 
go,  the  capital,  stands  un  the  north  or  left  side  of 
the  Niger,  and,  as  laid  down  from  Park,  at  N. 
lat.  13  40,  Ion.  5  30  W.  of  London.  As  laid 
down  hy  Tanner,  about  700  ms.  rf(NE.  from 
Monrovia,  in  Liberia. 

Bamberg,  large  handsome  town  of  Franconia, 
formerly  imperial,  but  now  capital  of  a  bishopric 
of  the  same  name,  of  considerable  extent,  with  a 
university.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Maine  and  Rednits,  35  ms.  N.  of  Nuremberg. 
Lon.  11  7  E.,  lat.  50  2  N.  Bamberg  now  be- 
longs to  Bavaria,  and  forms  two  baillages  in  the 

circle  of  the  upper  Maine.  Town  of  Bohemia, 

seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  30  ms.  S.  of 
Glatz.    Lon.  16  50  E.,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Bamberg,  canal.     "The  canal  commences  at 
Bamberg,  whence  it  runs  south,  and  parallel  with 
the  little  river  Regnitz,   or  Rezat,   a  tributary 
stream  of  the  Mayn,  and,  passing  by  the  indus- 
trious town  of  Nuremberg,  reaches  the  waters  of 
the  Altmuhl,  which  flows  into  the  Danube  at 
Kelheim.    The  whole  distance  from  Bamberg  to 
Kelheim  is  about  112  English  miles.    The  Alt- 
muhl has  been  deepened,  embanked,  and  furnish- 
ed with  locks,  by  means  of  which  facilities  it  has 
been  rendered  navigable  to  Dietfurth,  where  the 
excavation  of  the  artificial  canal  was  commenced 
at  this  end.    The  summit  level  is  at  Newmarket, 
on  the  Sultz,  a  small  stream  which  flows  into  the 
Altmuhl.    The  canal  is  here  300  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  Danube  at  Kelheim.    Its  dimensions 
are  54  Bavarian  feet  at  the  top  and  34  at  the  bot- 
tom.   It  has  94  locks,  each  being  from  88  to  108 
feet  long  and  16  feet  wide,  several  well-built  via- 
ducts, and  traverses  near  Niederoelsbach,  a  tunnel 
900  feet  in  length.    The  difficulties  presented  by 
the  natural  features  of  the  country  have  been  over- 
come with  admirable  skill  by  the  able  engineers 
employed  on  the  work,  every  part  of  which  has 
been  constructed  with  the  greatest  strength  and 
beauty,"    This  brief  account  of  a  work,  as  far  as 
history  informs  us,  projected  by  Charlemagne  up- 
wards of  1,000  years  past,  and  completed  within 
the  current  century,  was  extracted  from  a  letter, 
dated  Berlin,  January  25,  1843,  from  Mr.  Henry 
Wheaton  to  Francis  Markoe,  jr.,  corresponding 
secretary  of  the  National  Institute,  Washington 
city. —  Vide  National  Intelligencer,  May  6,  1843. 

Bambook,  kingdom  of  Western  Africa,  between 
Bating  and  Faleme  rivers.    N.  lat,  14°,  W.  lon. 

8°.   About  400  ms.  NE.  from  Sierra  Leone.  

Town  and  kingdom  of  interior  Senegambia,  W. 
Africa,  of  which,  like  nearly  all  the  interior  part 
of  that  continent,  we  have  but  very  imperfect 
knowledge.  On  our  maps,  the  town  of  Bambook 
is  placed  at  N.  lat.  14  20,  lon.  10  30  W.  of  Lon- 
don, and  almost  exactly  E.  of  Cape  Verd,  and 
about  600  ms.  very  nearly  due  north  from  Monro- 
via, in  Liberia. 

Bamiyan,  ancient  city  of  Asia,  situated  in  the 
mountains  of  Hindo  Kho,  N.  lat.  34  20,  E.  lon. 
67°,  250  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Attock.  This  is 
the  sacred  place,  the  Jerusalem  of  the  sect  of 
Buddh.  In  Sanscrit  it  is  called  Vami-nagari,  or 
Vamigran,  and  is  a  derivation  from  Vamiyan, 
"the  most  beautiful  and  excellent  city.''''  This 
interesting  scene  of  ruin  lies  between  Caboul  and 
126 


Bahlac,  distant  about  150  ms.  from  the  former. 
It  is  represented  in  the  books  of  the  Buddhists  as 
the  seat  of  purity.  They  contend  that  it  was 
built  by  the  patriarch  Shem,  from  whom  they 
sometimes  call  it  Shem-  Bamiyan.  This  patri- 
arch they  suppose  to  have  been  an  incarnation  of 
Vichnou — an  opinion  in  which  they  are  followed 
by  the  Brahmins.  Every  appearance  in  and 
around  Bamiyan  corresponds  to  support  the  ve- 
racity of  Hindoo  literature.  An  air  of  extreme 
antiquity  appears  on  all  sides.  Colossal  statues, 
massy  walls,  Imd  immense  palaces,  those  monu- 
ments of  a  primitive  age,  are  spread  over  the  now 
desolate  space.  Bamiyan  and  Bahlac,  or  Balk, 
are  often  confounded  by  Persian  authors,  who  call 
the  first  Balk-Bamiyan,  and  the  second  Balk- 
Bochara.  'J  hrough  the  district  of  Bamiyan  flows 
a  pleasant  though  scanty  stream,  which  rises  in  the 
adjacent  hills,  and  falls  into  a  lake  from  which  is- 
sue four  rivers — the  Hirmend,  the  Landhi-Sindh, 
the  rivers  of  Bahlac  and  Conduz.  See  Brewster's 
Ency.,  art.  Bamiyan. 

Bampton  islands,  lat.  18  55  S.,  Ion.  158  50 
E.,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 
about  500  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Cape  Townsend,  of 
Australia,  and  300  NW.  by  W.  from  North 
Cape,  of  New  Caledonia. 

Bampton,  town  of  Oxfordshire,  Eng.,  near  the 
Thames,  12  ms.  W.  of  Oxford,  and  70  W.  by 
N.  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W.,  lat.  51  46  N. 
 Town  in 'Devonshire,  Eng.,  in  a  bottom  sur- 
rounded by  hills.  It  is  14  ms.  NNE.  of  Exeter, 
and  163  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3  38  W., 
lat.  51  2  N. 

Bax,  from  an  old  German  word  baron,  answer- 
ing very  nearly  to  the  English  term  proclamation, 
and  by  inflexion  proscription  and  banishnitnt. 
Indeed,  the  latter  term  is  clearly  derived  from 
"ban,"  and  from  which  banns  of  marriage,  arri-. 
ere  ban.  Tn  the  German  empire,  to  put  one  of 
its  princes  to  the  ban,  was  to  declare  by  procla- 
mation that  he  was  deprived  of  his  dignities;  and 
to  put  a  city  to  the  ban,  was  by  the  same  means 
to  declare  it  deprived  of  its  rights;  and  "  bans 
of  marriage"  means  a  proclaimed  intention  to 
marry. 

Banbury,  borough  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.,  on 
the  Charwell,  75  ms.  NNW.  of  London.  Lon. 
1  11  W.,  Ht.  52  4  N. 

Banca,  island  of  Asia,  in  the  East  Indies,  on 
the  east  coast  of  Sumatra,  with  a  town  and  strait 
of  the  same  name.  Lon.  105  50  E.,  lat.  2  35  S. 
The  straits  of  Banca  extend  between  Banca  and 
Sumatra,  directly  north  from  the  straits  of  Sunda. 

Bancalis,  seaport,  on  the  east  coast  of  Sumatra, 
where  the  Dutch  have  a  settlement.  It  is  130 
ms.  W.  of  Malacca.  Lon.  100  7  E.,  lat.  1  15  N. 

Bancoch,  town  of  Asia,  in  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 
with  a  fort,  once  in  the  possession  of  the  French, 
who  were  expelled  in  1688.  It  is  17  ms.  N.  of 
the  sea,  and  40  S.  of  Siam.  Lon.  101  5  E.,  lat. 
13  35  N. 

Banda,  the  general  name  of  five  islands  in  the 
East  Indies,  of  which  Banda  is  the  chief.  These 
islands  are  remarkable  for  the  production  of  nut- 
meg and  mace;  have  been  subject  to  the  Dutch 
ever  since  1609,  when  they  expelled  both  the  Eng- 
lish and  the  natives.  They  are  all  very  small, 
the  largest  being  scarcely  26  ms.  in  length,  and 


BAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAN 


are  subject  to  earthquakes.  Banda  is  75  ms.  SE. 
of  Amboyna.    Lon.  128  5  E.,  lat.  4  50  S. 

Banda  Oriental,  or  Uruguay,  country  of  South 
America,  lying  between  the  Atlantic  ocean  and 
Uruguay  river,  and  so  called  from  its  relative  po- 
sition with  the  former.  The  Banda  Oriental  is 
bounded.  W.  by  the  Uruguay,  S.  by  the  Rio-de- 
la-Plata,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  N.  by  an 
indefinite  limit  along  the  Brazilian  provinces.  This 
fine  region  stretches  from  N.  to  S.  280  ms. ,  or 
from  S.  lat.  31°  to  35°,  with  a  mean  width  of  250 
ms. ;  the  area  about  70,000  sq.  ms.  It  is  in  a 
peculiar  manner  supplied  with  navigable  bays  and 
rivers.  Beside  the  Atlantic  coast  and  the  vast  es- 
tuary of  the  Plate  river,  the  western  limit  of  the 
Banda  Oriental  is  formed  by  the  noble  volume  of 
the  Uruguay,  and  its  central  parts  are  drained  by 
the  Rio  Negro  and  the  southern  branch  of  the  Rio 
Grande.    Chief  city  Montevideo. 

Bander  Congo,  seaport  of  Persia,  seated  on  the 
Persian  gulf,  80  ms.  W.  of  Gombroon.  Lon.  55 
8  E.,  lat.  27  10  N. 

Banderas,  bay  of  Mexico,  on  the  Pacific  ocean. 
Lat.  20  30  N. 

Bandon  Bridge,  large  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
co.  of  Cork.  It  stands  on  Bandon  river,  15  ms. 
SW,  from  Cork,  and  contains  a  pop.  of  12,000. 
N.  lat.  51  36,  W.  lon.  8  48. 

Bandora,  town  of  Hindoostan,  and  the  capital 
of  Salselte,  an  island  separated  frem  Bombay  by  a 
narrow  channel.    Lon.  72  40  E.,  lat.  19  N. 

Banff,  seaport,  and  the  county  town  of  Banff- 
shire, Eng.,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Deveron,  over  which  is  a 
handsome  bridge  of  seven  arches,  erected  by  Gov- 
ernment. Here  is  a  manufacture  of  thread,  and 
another  of  'stockings,  and  the  children  attend  the 
factory  and  school  alternately;  so  that  education 
and  industry  are  united.  It  lies  in  a  beautiful 
plain  washed  by  the  Deveron,  the  lofty  banks  of 
which,  clothed  with  wood  on  the  opposite  side,  af- 
ford a  delightful  contrast  to  the  soft  vale  beneath. 
Banff  is  32  ms.  NW.  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  15 
W.,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Banffshire,  co.  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  Murray  Frith,  on  the  SE.  by  Aberdeen- 
shire, and  on  the  NW.  by  Murray  shire.  Its 
greatest  length  is  50  ms.,  and  its  extent  along  the 
coast  nearly  30.  Pop.  in  1810,  35,807  ;  in  1811, 
36,668  ;  and  in  1821,  43,561.    Sq.  ms.  217. 

Bangalore,  city  of  Hindostan,  in  Mysore.  The 
chief  manufactures  are  silk  and  cotton  cloths,  mus- 
lins, leather,  and  oil.  It  is  74  ms.  NE.  of  Serin- 
gapatam.    Lon.  77  37  E.s  lat.  13°  N. 

Bangermassing,  kingdom  in  the  south  part  of 
the  island  of  Borneo,  the  capital  of  which  is  Mar- 
tapura.  The  country  produces  great  quantities  of 
pepper;  also  gold,  iron,  diamonds,  canes,  bird's 
nests,  wax,  and  dragon's  blood.  It  has  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  good  harbor,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Banjer.    Lon.  114  30  E.  lat.,  3  15  S. 

Bangor,  a  city  of  Wales,  Carnarvonshire,  36 
ms.  W.  of  St.  Asaph,  and  251  NW.  of  London. 

Lon.  4  12  W.  lat.,  53  12  N.  Borough  of 

Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Down,  on  the  south  shore  of 
Carrickfergus,  opposite  the  town  of  that  name. 
Lon.  5  42  W.  lat.  54  40  N. 

Bangor,  town  and  capital  of  Penobscot  co., 
Me.,  lying  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river  Penobscot, 


at  the  head  of  winter  navigation,  about  37  ms.  N. 
of  Castine,  on  the  same  river.  Pop.  in  1810, 
850;  and  in  1820,  1,221.  In  1810  this  tp.  was 
included  in  Hancock  co.,  but  is  now  in  Penobscot. 
It  is  35  ms.  N.  from  Castine,  and  52  above  the 
entrance  of  Penobscot  bav.    Lat.  44  41  N.,  lon. 

W.  C.  8  30  E.     Pop.  1840,  8,627.  Tp.  and 

town,  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  370. 

Bang-koh,  lat.  13  52  N.,  lon.  100  45  E.,  prin- 
cipal city  of  Siam,  situated  on  the  E.  or  left  bank 
of  the  Meinam  river,  a  few  ms.  above  its  mouth. 
The  missionary  Malcom  estimates  the  population 
at  100,000  ;  a  mixture  of  Chinese,  Siamese,  Pe- 
guans,  Malays,  Cochin-Chinese,  Portuguese,  &c. 
This  city  bears  nearly  SE.,  and  is  distant  about 
900  ms.  from  Calcutta. 

Bantam,  a  Hindoo  merchant. 

Banister,  fine  small  river  of  Va.,  in  Pittsylva- 
nia and  Halifax  cos.  ;  rises  in  the  former,  and 
flows  E.  into  the  latter;  falls  into  Dan  river  10 

ms.  above  its  mouth.  Village  and  seat  of  jus. 

tice,  Halifax  co.,  Va.,  on  Banister  river,  139  ms. 
SW.  from  Richmond. 

Banjaluka,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bosnia,  supposed  to  contain  18,000  inhabitants. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Verbania  with 
I  the  Verbas,  70  ms.  NW.  of  Seria,  160  ms.  S. 
jfrom  Vienna,  and  155  W.  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18 
1.5  E.,  lat.  44  44  N. 

Banjer,  considerable  river  in  the  island  of  Bor- 
neo, which  flows  almost  due  S.  from  the  centre  of 
the  country  to  the  harbor  of  Banjermassing ;  and 
at  its  mouth  the  Dutch  have  their  principal  factory. 

Bank,  primary  sense  a  ridge  of  earth,  having 
the  acclivity  on  one  side.  Bench  is  only  an  in- 
flection of  bank.  Figuratively,  this  term  is  very 
extended,  and  with  not  very  great  variation  of  or- 
thography or  sound  common  to  numerous  lan- 
guages. It  is  said,  with  much  probability  of  cor- 
rectness, that  the  term  bank,  in  money  transactions, 
comes  from  the  same  root. 

Banka  island. — See  Banca  is/and. 

Banka  island,  cape  and  strait  of  Asia,  in  the 
East  Indies.  The  cape  is  the  NE.  angle  of  Celebes, 
N.  lat.  1  40,  and  lon.  125  E.  London. 

Banks'  island,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  the  E. 
side  of  New  Zealand,  about  100  ms.  in  circumfer- 
ence.   Lon.  174°  E.,  lat.  43  30  S.  Island  in 

the  Pacific  ocean,  near  the  W.  coast  of  N.  America, 
about  60  ms.  long  and  5  broad.  Lon.  130°  W., 
lat.  53  30  N. 

Bann,  river  of  Ireland,  which  issues  from  the 
Mourne  mountains,  in  the  co.  of  Down,  flows  N  W. 
into  Armagh,  through  Lough  Neagh,  and  thence 
forms  the  boundary  between  Londonderry  and  An- 
trim, entering  the  sea  4  ms.  below  Colerain. 

Banner,  from  an  ancient  German  word  Ban, 
which  signified  the  order  of  a  sovereign  to  march, 
and  formerly  performed  by  the  banner,  and,  though 
for  a  different  purpose,  is  retained  in  modern  armies. 

Bannbridge,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
Down,  on  the  river  Bann,  14  ms.  N.  by  E.  of 
Newry. 

Banndckburn,  village  of  Scot.,  on  the  river 
Bannock,  2  ms.  S.  of  Stirling. 

Bannovo,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Wexfoid, 
seated  on  the  E.  shore  of  a  bay  to  which  it  gives 
name,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Wexford.  Lon.  6  50  W., 
lat.  52  12  N. 

127 


BAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAR 


Banstead,  village  of  Surry,  Eng.,  noted  for  its 
downs;  one  of  the  most  delightful'spots  in  Eng. 
on  account  of  its  fine  carpet  ground,  covered  with 
short  herbage,  perfumed  with  thyme  and  juniper. 
These  downs  form  a  tract  of  30  ms.,  extending, 
under  different  denominations,  from  Croydon  to 
Farnham.    Bans'ead  is  13  ms.  SSW.  of  London. 

Bantam,  large  town  on  the  NW.  coast  of  Java. 
It  is  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  good  harbor  and  a  castle.  It  is  divided  into 
two  towns  by  a  river.  The  produce  is  pepper,  of 
which  they  export  vast  quantities.  Bantam,  once 
populous  and  flourishing,  is  now  a  poor  and 
wretched  place.    Lon.  105  26  E.,  lat.  6  20  S. 

Bantry,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Cork,  on 
a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  to  which  it  gives  name. 
Lon.  9  25  YV.,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Bapaume,  strong  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois, 
1 2  ms.  SE.  of  Arras.    Lon.  2  35  E.,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Baptistown,  town,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  29 
ms.  NW.  from  Trenton. 

Bar,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia,  on  the 
river  Bog,  40  ms.  NW.  of  Bracklaw.  Lon.  27  30 
E . ,  lat.  49  14  N. 

Bar  aha. — See  Barraha. 

Barataria,  bay  of  Louisiana  ;  it  is  the  entrance 
from  the  sea  to  a  chain  of  lakes  and  small  bayous, 
reaching  to  the  Mississippi  at  the  city  of  New  Or- 
leans. Boats  and  canoes  can  pass  from  the  river 
at  several  points,  and  penetrate  to  Barataria  bay. 
The  adjacent  country  is  an  open  flat  searnarsh. 

Bar,  or  Barrais,  late  duchy  of  Fr.,  lying  on 
both  sides  of  the  Meuse,  between  Lorrain  and 
Champagne.    It  now  forms  the  dep.  of  Meuse. 

Barbadoes,  the  easternmost  of  the  Windward 
islands  in  the  West  Indies,  25  ms.  in  length,  and 
15  in  breadth.  It  belongs  to  the  English  ;  and  the 
number  of  the  whites  is  about  20,000,  who  have 
100,000  slaves.  Their  exports  are  sugar,  rum, 
cotton,  indigo,  and  ginger;  and  they  have  most  of 
the  fruits  common  to  the  climate.  The  sugar  ex  - 
ported hence  is  whiter  and  finer  than  that  of  any 
other  plantation  ;  and  they  have  one  particular  pro- 
duction, called  Barbadoes  tar,  which  rises  out  of 
the  earth,  and  swims  upon  the  surface  of  the  water. 
This  island  has  suffered  much  f  om  hurricanes  ; 
particularly  from  a  dreadful  one,  October  10,  1780. 
It  is  70  ms.  E.  of  St.  Vincent.  The  capital  is 
Bridetown. 

Barbary,  country  of  Africa,  between  the  Atlan-  I 
tic  ocean,  the  Mediterranean  sea,  and  Egypt ;  con-  < 
taining  the  countries  of  Barca,  Tripoli,  Tunis,  Al-  i 
giers,  Fez,  and  Morocco. — See  Africa,  p.  15,  &c. 

The  soil  is  various,  though  in  general  highly 
productive  in  fruits  and  grain.    Maize,  wheat,  rye, 
and  millet,  are  the  most  common  ceralia.    Barbary  I 
is  in  a  pre-eminent  manner  the  country  of  fruit.  In  I 
its  orchards  are  reared  apples,  peaches,  grapes  of  i 
great  variety,  plums,  pomegranates,  dates,  &c.  i 

The  religion  Mahometan,  in  its  most  repulsive  ] 
forms.  Jews  are,  however,  found  in  every  pro-  i 
vince,  and  every  where  exist  in  a  state  of  the,  great-  S 
est  degradation.  Christianity,  once  general,  may 
be  considered  as  obliterated  in  Barbary.  Any  rep-  ( 
resentation  of  the  aggregate  population  of  this  I 
country,  the  interior  of  which  we  know  so  imper-  r 
fectly,  would  be  a  mere  conjectural  sketch.  t 

The  French  are  now  in  possession  of  many  t 
12S 


3  strong  places  along  or  near  the  Mediterranean  coast 
,  of  Barbary,  and  are  maintaining  a  doubtful  conflict 
l  with  the  natives  for  political  possession  of  the 
,  country.  With  the  use  of  fire  arms,  and  animated 
,  by  a  religious  zeal,  the  conquest  of  this  region  is  at 
i  present  a  very  different  task  from  that  performed  in 
the  same  country  by  the  Romans.  The  latter,  in- 
deed, did  not  fix  their  power  until  more  than  a 
,  century  after  their  first  invasion,  nor  was  their 
>  power  there  ever  very  firmly  based. — See  Africa, 
f  page  17. 

!  Barbas,  cape  of  Africa,  in  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
[  Lon.  162  40  W.,  lat.  2  15  N. 

Barbe,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  New  Biscay, 
i  near  which  are  rich  silver  mines.    It  is  500  ms. 
NW.  of  Mexico.    Lon.  107  5  W.,  lat.  26°  N. 
Barberino,  town  of  Tuscany,  at  the  foot  of  the 
?  Appennines,  on  the  river  Sieva,   12  ms.  N.  of 
Florence. 

Barbazieux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cha- 
rente,  with  a  mineral  spring  and  a  manufacture  of 
linen  cloth.    It  is  45  ms.  NE.  of  Bordeaux. 
Barboursville,  town,  Orange  co.,  Va.,  about  80 

ms.  NW.  from  Richmond.  Town  and  seat  of 

justice,  Knox  co.,  Ky.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cum- 
berland  river,  124  ms.  SE.  from  Frankfort,  lat. 
36  52  N.,  lon.  W.  C,  6  35  W.    Pop.  1840,  224. 

Barbuda,  one  of  the  Leeward  islands,  in  the 
West  Indies,  20  ms.  long  and  10  broad.  It  has  a 
good  road  for  shipping,  but  no  direct  trade  to 
Britain.  The  inhabitants  (about  1,500)  are  chiefly 
employed  in  raising  corn,  and  breeding  cattle,  for 
the  use  of  the  neighboring  islands.  It  is  35  ms. 
N.  of  Antigua.    Lon.  61  50  W.  lat.,  17  50  N. 

Barbae,  river  of  U.  C,  falls  into  Lake  Erie  40 
ms.  W.  from  Long  point.    It  is  now  commonly 

called  the  Orwell.  River  in  the  U.  S.,  in  the 

peninsula  of  Mich. ;  falls  into  Lake  Michigan. 

Barby,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  a  co. 
of  its  name,  with  an  ancient  castle  and  an  aca- 
demical college,  founded  by  the  United  Brethren 
in  1754.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  15  ms.  SE.  of 
Magdeburg.    Lon.  12  4  E.,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Barca,  country  of  Africa,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  between  Egypt  and  Barbary.  It 
extends  in  an  R.  and  W.  direction  800  ms.,  and 
inland  indefinitely  to  the  Sahara.  Barca  lies  be- 
tween N.  lat.  28°  and  31°.  Its  principal  vegeta- 
ble production  dates.  The  Barcans,  though  rude 
and  bigoted  barbarians,  are  more  humane  and  mild 
than  the  inhabitants  of  the  Barbary  coast.  The 
chief  towns  of  this  country  are  Znra,  Soluk,  Ber- 
nie,  Bengasi,  Tauchira,  Tolemata,  (Ptolmais,) 
Barca,  the  capital  of  the  country,  Curin,  (Cyrene,) 
Derna,  Cape  Luco,  (Promontoreum  Cary Ionium,) 
Porta  Mesulman,  (Calabathmus,)  Rameda,  Bare- 
ton,  (Paretonium.)  City  of  Africa,  and  capi- 
tal of  the  country  of  the  same  name.  The  term  is 
no  doubt  regularly  transmitted  from  the  Carthage- 
nians,  amongst  whom  this  name  was  common. 
Barca  is  situated  on  or  near  the  Mediterranean,  70 
ms.  NE.  from  Bengasi.  N.  lat.  38^°,  E.  Ion. 
21  0. 

Barcelona,  the  Barcenona  of  the  Romans,  city 
of  Spain,  and  capital  of  the  province  of  Catalonia. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  between  the 
rivers  Bezos  and  Llobregat.  Barcelona  is,  after 
the  cities  of  Lisbon  and  Cadiz,  the  greatest  mart  of 
the  peninsula  of  Spain.  The  citizens  of  the  former, 


BAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAR 


however,  very  far  exceed  those  of  the  two  latter 
cities  in  personal  industry.  The  following  is  an 
accurate  statement  of  the  progressive  population  of 
this  city,  including  Barcelonetta: 
In  1715,  -  37,000  In  1798,  -  130,000 
In  1769,  -  54,000  In  1806,  -  160,000 
In  1787,      -    111,000    In  1843,      -  203,000 

The  harbor  is  mostly  artificial,  and  gradually  be- 
coming more  shallow.    Lat.  41  26  N.,  Ion.  2  13 

•  E.  ;  250  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Madrid.  

Town  of  Colombia,  South  America,  on  the  Carib- 
bean sea,  40  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Cumana.  Lat. 

10  1  N.  Ion.  W.  C.  12  5  E.  Town  in  Bloom- 

field  tp.,  western  part  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  14 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  of  Mansfield,  and  22  ms.  NE.  by 
E.  from  Marion,  in  Marion  co. 

Barcelonetta,  or  Little  Barcelona,  is  adjacent  to 
and  situated  to  the  SE.  of  that  city.  This  suburb 
rose  during  the  last  century,  between  the  sea  gate 
and  light-house.  It  is  built  in  a  regular  square  of 
24  streets.  The  inhabitants  (about  25,000)  are 
mostly,  in  some  manner  or  other,  engaged  in  com- 
mercial pursuits. 

Barcelonette,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Alps,  seated  on  the  Hubaye,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Em- 
brun. 

Barcelore,  or  Barcura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan, 
on  the  coast  of  Canara,  which  gives  name  to  a  dis- 
trict, but  has  been  long  in  ruins.  It  is  40  ms. 
NNW.  of  Mangalora. 

Barcelos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre  Douero  e 
Minho,  near  the  river  Cavado,  10  ms.  WSW.  of 
Braga. 

Bardewich,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Lunnenburg,  on  the  river  Ilmenau,  17  ms.  SE. 
of  Hamburg. 

Bardi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Parmesan,  30  ms. 
SW.  of  Parma. 

Bardstown,  seat  of  justice  of  Nelson  co.,  Ky., 
situated  on  Chaplin's  fork  of  Salt  river,  26  ms.  SE. 
by  E.  of  Elizabethtown,  and  42  ms.  SW.  of  Frank- 
fort.   Pop.  in  1840,  1,492. 

Bardt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Swedish  Pome- 
rania,  with  a  castle  and  harbor,  near  the  Baltic,  12 
ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  13  12  E.,  lat. 
54  23  N. 

Bareges,  village  of  Fr.,  much  frequented  on  ac- 
count of  its  mineral  baths.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley 
of  the  same  name,  12  ms.  S.  of  Bagneres. 

Bareith,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  margravate 
of  Culembach,  with  a  famous  college,  15  ms.  SE. 
of  Culembach.    Lon.  11  56  E.,  lat.  50  N. 

Bar  flew,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Chan- 
nel, and  late  province  of  Normandy.  The  cape  of 
that  name  is  12  ms.  E.  of  Cherbourg,  and  near 
it  part  of  the  navy  of  France  was  destroyed  by  the 
English  in  1692.  It  is  170  ms.  NW.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  6  W.,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Bargaintown,  village  in  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J., 
50  ms.  SE.  from  Philadelphia. 

Baril,  islands  of,  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river, 
above  Ogdensburg. 

Baril  point,  in  St.  Lawrence  river  above  Og- 
densburg. 

Bari,  formerly  a  good  seaport  town  of  Naples, 
till  its  harbor  was  ruined  by  the  Venetians.  It  is 
-seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  is  the  capital  of  Ter- 
ra di  Bari,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  20  ms. 
E.  of  Trani.  Lon.  17  5  E.,  lat.  41  26  N. 
17* 


Bari,  or  Terra  di  Bari,  province  of  Naples,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Venice.  The  air  is  temperate  and  the 
soil  fertile,  but  there  are  many  serpents  and  taran- 
tulas. 

Barkadores,  district  of  the  Logwood  country,  E. 
side  of  Yucatan. 

Barkhamp stead,  tp.  and  village  in  Litchfield  co. 
Con.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,506;  in  1820,  1,592. 

Barkhamstead,  this  noted  village  is  in  the 
NE.  part  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con.,  about  20  ms. 
NW.  from  Hartford. 

Barking,  a  town  of  Essex,  Eng.,  on  the  river 
Roding,  near  the  Thames,  in  an  unwholesome  air, 
7  ms.  E.  of  London.  Lon.  0  12  E.,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Barksdale,  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Ga. 

Bar-le-duc,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse, 
capital  of  the  late  duchy  of  Bar,  with  a  handsome 
castle.  It  is  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower 
town ;  being  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  30  ms. 
W.  of  Toul,  and  138  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  20  E., 
lat.  48  44  N. 

Barlett,  tp.  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  700. 

Barlttta,  handsome  and  strong  town  of  Naples, 
in  Bari,  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  25  ms.  WSW.  of 
Bar.    Lon.  16  32  E.,  lat.  41  30.  N. 

Barlow,  tp.  in  Washington  co.  Ohio.  Pop.  in 
1820,  316. 

Barnard,  tp.  in  Windsor  co.,  Vt.  Pop.  1,650. 
About  60  ms.  NE.  from  Bennington,  and  21  NW. 
from  Windsor.  -Village  in  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

Barnard  Castle,  town  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
Eng.,  on  the  river  Tees;  it  has  a  manufacture  of 
stockings ;  30  ms.  S  W.  of  Durham,  and  244  NN  W. 
of  London.    Lon.  1  49  W.,  lat.  54  35  N. 

Barnardston,  tp.  in  Franklin  co.,  Mass.  Pop. 
in  1820,  912. 

Barnaul,  a  mining  city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Kolyvan,  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Oby,  150  ms.  above,  and  nearly  due  S. 
from  the  city  of  Kolyvan.  The  principal  mines 
are  of  copper  and  silver.  The  mines  are  Crown 
property,  and  worked  by  about  50,000  boors,  be- 
sides the  regular  miners.  N.  lat.  53  0 ,  E*  lon. 
82  30. 

Barnegat,  inlet  from  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the 
E.  coast  of  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  about  70  ms. 
NE.  from  Cape  May. 

Barnegat  bay,  of  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co.,  68  ms. 
NE.  by  N.  from  Cape  May.  Lat.  39  47  N.,  ion- 
W.  C.  2  47  E. 

Barnegat,  village  in  Duchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Hudson,  10  ms.  S.  from  Pough- 
keepsie. 

Barnet,  tp.  and  village  in  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Connecticut  river,  19  ms.  N.  of 
Haverhill,  N.  Ii.  This  township  is  settled  prin- 
cipally by  emigrants  from  Scotland,  as  the  name 

implies.    Pop.  about  1,000.  Town  partly  in 

Middlesex  and  partly  in  Herts,  Eng.  It  is  in  the 
parish  of  E.  Barnet,  and  situated  on  the  top  of  a 
hill,  whence  it  is  called  High  Barnet,  and  also 
Chipping  Barnet,  from  a  market  granted  here  by 
Henry  II.  to  the  monks  of  St.  Alban's.  Barnet  is 
11  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  W.,  lat. 
51  42  N. 

Barnsborough,  village  in  Gloucester  co.  N.  J., 
about  14  ms.  below  Philadelphia. 

Barnestead,  tp.  in  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  Pop. 
1,500.    It  is  30  ms.  NW.  of  Portsmouth. 

129 


BAR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Barnsley,  town  in  the  west  riding  of  Yorkshire, 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  coarse  linen. 
It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  13  ms*N.  of  Shef- 
field, and  174  N.  by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  28 

W.,  lat.  53  35  N.  Village  of  Gloucestershire, 

Eng.  It  is  noted  for  large  quarries  of  excellent 
freestone,  and  4  ins.  NE.  of  Cirencester. 

Barnesville,  villsge  in  Montgomery  co.,  Md.,  4 
ms.  from  the  mouth  of  Monocacy  creek,  and  13  S. 

from  Fredericktown.  A  large  village  near  the 

western  part  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  18  ms.  SW.  of 
St.  Clairsville,  the  county  seat,  29  SW.  by  W.  of 
Wheeling,  and  6  ms.  SE.  of  Fairview,  on  the  Na- 
tional road. 

Barnes's  Mills,  town  in  Monongahela  co.,  Va. 
near  Morgantown,  and  219  ms.  NW.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

BarneVs,  village  in  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  60  ms. 
W.  from  W.  C. 

Barnstable,  co.of  Mass.,  having  Plymouth  NW  , 
Buzzard's  bsy  W.,  the  Atlantic  ocean  SE.,  and 
Cape  Cod  bay  N.  This  county  is  peculiar  in  re- 
spect to  form  ;  it  includes  that  remarkable  penin- 
sula to  which  the  name  of  Cape  Cod  has  been  ex- 
tended, and  includes,  besides  the  peninsula,  the 
Elizabeth  group,  and  some  other  small  islands. 
Following  the  curvature  of  the  cape,  it  is  about  65 
ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  5  ms.  ;  area 
325  sq.  ms.  The  surface  is  generally  flat;  soil 
sandy  and  barren  ;  but  the  air  is  healthful.  Chief 
town  Barnstable.  Central  lat.  41  45,  lon.  W.  C. 
6  45  E.  Pop.  in  1820,  24,046,  and  in  1840, 
32,548.  Town  and  capital  of  Mass.  It  is  sit- 
uated in  Barnstable  bay,  a  part  of  Cape  Cod  bay, 
64  ms.  SSE.  from  Boston.   This  town  isflouri-h- 

ing  and  commercial.     Pop.  3,650.  Tp.  in 

Barnstable  co.,  Mass.  Pop.  in  1810,  3,646;  in 
1820,  3,824. 

Barnwell,  district  of  S.  C,  having  Savannah 
river  SW.,  Edgefield  NW.,  Orangeburgh  NE., 
Colleton  and  Beaufort  SE.,  being  50  ms.  in  length, 
by  a  mean  width  of  35;  area  1,050  sq.  ms.  ;  sur- 
face hilly,  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Staples 
cotton  and  grain.  Chief  town  Barnwell.  Central 
lat.  33  10  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  20  W.  Pop.  in  1820, 

14,750,  in  1840,  21,471.  C.  H.  and  town  of 

Barnwell  district,  S.C.Lat.  33  13  N.,  lon.  4  20  W. 

Baroack,  town  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Nerbudda,  40  ms.  N.  of  Surat, 
formerly  a  very  commercial  place.  Lon.  72  55  E., 
lat.  21  25  N. 

Baron,  the  lowest  but  most  ancient  title  of  Brit- 
ish nobility.  It  is  not,  however,  peculiar  to  Great 
Britain. 

Barrabara,  a  general  name  for  the  peninsula  be- 
tween the  Oby  and  Irtish  rivers,  in  Asiatic  Russia. 
This  vast  plain  extends,  in  fact,  from  the  Baikal 
sea  and  Angara  river,  extending  N.  from  the  Al- 
taian mountains;  but  the  steppe  of  Barraba  is  lim- 
ited on  the  SE.  by  the  river  of  Tomsk,  and  ox- 
tends  from  SE.  to  NW.,  from  Cayansk  to  Sam- 
aroy,  or  rather  from  Kolyvane  to  Samaroy,  nearly 
700  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  300  ms  ,  extending 
over  about  200,000  sq.  ms.  It  is  one  vast  and  almost 
undeviating  plain,  over  which  are  interspersed  open 
meadows  and  fresh  and  saline  lakes.  Though 
lying  between  55°  and  61°,  the  climate  is  mild, 
and  the  soil  being  an  alluvial  deposite,  is  very  pro- 
ductive. 
130 


BAR 


Baroda,  town  of  Indostan,  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  Mahy  river,  and  about  40  ms.  E.  of  Cam- 
bay.  It  is  or  was  the  capital  of  the  Mahratta  prince, 
known  by  the  title  of  Guicowar.  N.  lat.  20  23, 
lon.  73  0  E.  of  London;  250  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 
of  Bombay. 

Barramahol,  province  or  country  of  Indostan, 
separated  on  the  W.  from  Coimbatoor  by  the  river 
Canery,  and  extending  eastward  towards  the  river 
Punnair.  It  is  rather  an  elevated  country,  declin-« 
ing  to  the  southeastward  from  the  central  table 
land,  the  western  Ghaut  mountains  forming  its 
northwestern  frontier.  It  includes,  also,  Salem,  of 
which  the  capital  of  the  same  name  stands  at  N.  I 
lat.  11  40,  and  about  300  ms.  northward  of  Cape 
Comorin. 

Barraux,  fortress  of  Dauphiny,  Fr.,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  valley  of  Gresivaudan,  built  by  a 
duke  of  Savoy  in  1597.  It  is  seated  on  the  Isere, 
6  ms.  S.  of  Chamberry.  Lon.  5  52  E.,  lat.  45 
29*N. 

Barre,  village  in  Washington  co.,  Vt.,  6  ms. 

SE.  from  Montpelier.  Village  in  Worcester  co., 

Mass.,  about  60  ms.  W.  of  Boston.  Pop.  in  1810, 

1,991,  and  in  1820,  2,077.  Tp.  in  Genessee 

co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in  1S20,  1,767.  Tp.  in  Hunt-  ; 

ingdon  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,053  ;  in  1820, 
1,387. 

Barren  Creek  Springs,  town  in  Somerset  co.,  i 
Md.,  by  the  post  road  85  ms.  SE.  from  Anna- 
polis. 

Barren,  Vreat  and  Little,  two  considerable  I 
branches  of  Green  river,  in  the  State  of  Ky. 

Barren,  co.  of  Ky.,  having  a  part  of  Ten.  S.f 
Allen  SW.,  Warren  W.,  Hardin  N.,  and  Greene,  ) 
Adair,  and  Cumberland  E.  ;  the  surface  generally  ! 
level,  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  It  is  45  ms.  in  j 
length,  by  a  mean  width  of  20  ;  area  900  sq.  ma,  J 
Chief  town  Glasgow.    Pop.  in  1820,  10,328,  and 
in  1840,  17,288.    Central  lat.  37  5  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  8  30  W. 

Barrens,  town  in  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Mo.,  70  i 
ms.  SE.  from  St.  Louis. 

Barrier  Point,  the  W.  point,  where  the  river 
Petite  Nation  enters  the  Ottawa,  U.  C. 

Barrington,  tp.  in  Bristol  co.,  on  theSW.  side 
of  Warren  river.  Pop.  in  1810,  604  ;  in  1820,  634.  j 

 Tp.  in  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  about  30  ms. 

NW.  of  Portsmouth.    Pop.  in  1810,  3,564;  in 

1820, 1,610.  Great,  town  in  Berkshire,  Mass., 

about  150  ms.  westward  from  Boston.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,784;  in  1820,  1,908.  Village  in  Steu- 
ben co.,  N.  Y.,  226  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Barron's,  town  in  Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  48  j 
ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Barry,  town  in  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

Bar-sur-Aubc,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aube, 
famous  for  its  wines;  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, 18  ms.  SW.  of  Joinville. 

Bar-sur-Seine,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aube. 
on  the  river  Seine,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  20 
ms.  SW.  of  Bar-sur-Aube. 

Bart,  tp.  and  town  in  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,099;  in  1820,  1,423. 

Bartholomews,  St.,  one  of  the  Caribbee  islands, 
in  the  West  Indies,  30  ms.  N.  of  St.  Christopher. 
It  is  20  ms.  in  circumference,  and  has  a  good  har- 
bor. The  French  ceded  it  to  the  Swedes  in  1785. 
Lon.  63  10  W.,  lat.  17  36  N.  Parishof  S.  C  ., 


BAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAS 


in  the  district  of  Charleston,  containing  about  13,- 
000  inhabitants,  three-fourths  slaves. 

Bartholemew,  small  river  of  Arkansas  and  Lou- 
isiana, rising  in  the  former,  and  falling  into  the 
Ouachitta. 

Bartholemew  Cape,  S.  point  of  Staten  island, 
in  the  straits  of  Le  Maire. 
Bartlett,  tp.  in  Coos  co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in  1810, 

436;  in  1829,  511.  Post  office  in  the  village 

of  Pleasanton,  western  part  of  Washington  co., 
Ohio,  20  ms.  westward  of  Marietta,  and  about  a  like 
distance  NE.  by  E.  of  Athens — See  Pleasanton. 

Barton,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  on  the 
Humber,  where  there  is  a  ferry  into  Yorkshire,  of 
great  advantage  to  the  town,  which  is  35  ms.  IV. 
of  Lincoln,  and  166  of  London.    Lon.  0  20  W., 

lat.  53  42  N.  Tp.  in  the  co.  of  Lincoln,  U. 

C.  Village  in  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  50  ms.  NE.  of 

Montpelier.  Small  river  in  Vt.,  rising  in  Or- 
leans co.,  and  falling  into  Lake  Memphramagog. 
Baruth,  once  a  considerable  town  of  Syria,  with 
I  a  Christian  church,  30  ms.  NE.  of  Seyda.  Lon. 
[  36  30  E.,  lat.  34  10  N. 

Basartschick,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
I  Romania.    It  has  a  great  trade,  and  is  seated  on 
the  river  Meritz,  or  Maritza.    Lon.  24  40  E.,  lat. 
|i  42  19  N. 

Basel,  or  Basle,  canton  of  Swisserland,  24  ms. 
|  long  and  21  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Biis- 
ii  gau,  E.  by  the  Forest  towns,  S.  by  the  canton  of 
I  Soleure,  and  W.  by  the  bishopric  of  Basel  and 
I  France.  It  contains  about  38,000  inhabitants,  and 
is  of  the  Calvinist  religion. 

Basel,  bishopric  in  the  NW.  part  of  Swisser- 
land, bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  canton  of  Basel, 
S.  by  that  of  Soleure,  and  W.  and  N.  by  France. 

•   The  capital  of  the  canton  of  the  same  name, 

and  the  largest  town  in  Swisserland.    It  is  sur- 

I  rounded  by  thick  walls,  flanked  by  towers  and  bas- 
i   tions,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine, 
I  which  communicates  by  a  handsome  bridge.  The 
largest  part  is  on  the  side  of  Swisserland,  and  the 
■   least  on  that  of  Germany.    The  larger  has  five 
I  gates,  six  suburbs,  numerous  streets  and  fountains, 
and  is  partly  seated  on  a  hill :  the  other  stands  on  a 
plain,  and  has#ut  two  gates,  with  several  streets 
and  fountains.    Under  a  marble  tomb  in  the  prin- 
cipal church  is  interred  the  great  Erasmus.  The 
university,  founded  in  1459,  has  a  fine  library 
and  a  rich  cabinet  of  medals.    Basel  has  several 
manufactures,  particularly  of  paper,  ribands,  and 
cottons ;  and  it  carries  on  an  extensive  trade. 
I  Basel  (the  city)  now  forms,  for  all  political  pur- 
I  poses  relating  to  its  own  internal  concerns,  a  sep- 

•  arate  canton  from  Basle  the  country,  which  latter 
is  independent  of  the  city.  As  a  member  of  the 
Swiss  confederacy,  or  federally,  Basle  remains  un- 
changed. Three  treaties  of  peace  were  concluded 
here  in  one  year  (1795)  with  the  French  republic  : 
namely,  by  Prussia,  Spain,  and  Hesse  Cassel. 
Basel  is  capable  of  containing  100,000  inhabitants, 
but  the  number  is  scarcely  more  than  14,000.  It 
is  174  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Geneva  and  250  E.  by  S. 

•  of  Paris.    Lon.  7  30  E.,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Bashee,  island  in  the  China  sea,  the  most  east- 
ern of  a  cluster  called,  from  this,  this  the  Bashee 
islands,  lying  to  the  S.  of  Formosa.  The  produc- 
tions are  plantains,  bananas,  pine-apples,  sugar- 
cane, potatoes,  yams,  and  cotton.  The  quadrupeds 


are  goats  and  hogs.  Bashee  is  of  a  circular  form, 
6  ms.  in  diameter,  and  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  121  50  E.,  lat.  20  30  N. 

Basilicata,  province  of  Naples,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Capitanata  and  Bari,  E.  by  the  gulf  of  Ta- 
ranta,  S.  by  Calabria  Citeriore,  and  W.  by  Prin- 
cipal Citeriore  and  Ulteriore.  It  has  some  moun- 
tains continually  covered  with  snow,  but  is  fertile 
in  corn,  wine,  oil,  cotton,  honey,  and  saffron. 
Acerenza  is  the  capital. 

Basilipotamos,  the  ancient  Eurotas,  river  Eu. 
Turkey,  in  the  Morea,  which  flows  into  th#  gulf 
of  Colocythia. 

Basixiq.ue,  metropolitan  church  or  cathedral,  so 
styled  from  the  Greek  word  royal. 

Basin  Harbor,  village,  Addison  co.  Vt. 

Basin  Minas,  bay,  or  snail  gulf,  at  the  NE.  ex- 
tremity of  the  bay  of  Fundy. 

Basingstoke,  a  corporate  town  in  Hampshire, 
Eng.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  corn  and  malt,  a  man- 
ufacture of  druggets  and  shalloons,  and  a  naviga- 
ble canal  to  the  river  Wey,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Thames.  It  is  18  ms.  NNE.  of  Winchester 
and  45  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Baskeer.  See  Baskir.  That  part  of  the  Uralian 
mountains  inhabited  by  Baskirs  are  called  Baskee- 
rian  mountains.    See  Urals. 

Baskenridge,  town,  of  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  7 
ms.  SSW.  from  Morristown.  Here,  on  the  13th 
December,  1776,  General  Lee  was  taken  prisoner 
by  Colonel  Harcourt  of  the  British  army. 

Baskirs,  or  Bashkirs,  a  wandering  or  ,  rather 
nomadic  Tartar  nation,  who  range  along  the  lower 
part  of  the  Don  and  Volga  rivers,  on  the  confines 
of  Europe  and  Asia.  They  seem  to  be  descendants 
of  the  Bulgares,  and  are  now  subject  to  Russia. 

Basques,  late  territory  of  Fr.,  which  included 
lower  Navarre,  Labourd,  and  Soule,  and  now 
forms,  with  Beam,  the  dep.  of  lower  Pyrenees. 

Bass,  an  insulated  rock  near  the  coast  of  Scot, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  between  the 
towns  of  N.  Berwick  and  Dunbar.  On  the  S. 
side  it  is  almost  conic  ;  on  the  other  it  overhangs 
the  sea  in  a  tremendous  manner.  It  is  inaccessible 
on  all  sides,  except  the  SW.,  and  there  it  is  with 
difficulty  a  man  can  climb  up  by  the  help  of  a  rope 
or  ladder.  In  May  and  June  it  is  quite  covered 
with  the  nests,  eggs,  and  young  birds  of  the  gan- 
nets,  or  solan  geese.  The  rock  is  1  mile  in  circum- 
ference, and  has  a  rabbit  warren  and  pasture  for  a 
few  sheep.  A  ruinous  castle,  once  the  State  pris- 
on of  Scotland,  stands  at  the  edge  of  the  precipice. 
The  garrison,  in  1694,  surrendered  to  King  Wil- 
liam, and  the  fortifications  were  demolished. 

Bass  strait,  channel  about  100  ms.  wide,  which 
separates  Van  Diemen  Land  from  the  S.  extremity 
of  New  Holland.  It  contains  a  chain  of  small 
islands  extending  N.  and  S.  It  was  discovered  in 
1797  by  Surgeon  Bass.  S.  lat.  40°,  E.  lon.  136°. 
It  has  numerous  small  islands,  beside  one  of  some 
size  in  its  western  outlet,  called  Bass's  island. 

Bassano,  town  of  Vicentino,  in  the  territory  of 
Venice,  on  the  river  Brante,  in  a  country  fertile  in 
excellent  wine.    Lon.  11  24  E.,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Basse,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  N.  and 
late  province  of  Flanders,  famous  for  the  many 
sieges  it  has  sustained ;  but  its  fortifications  are 
now  demolished.  It  is  18  ms,  SW,  of  Lisle.  Lon, 
2  52  E.}  lat,  50  28  N, 

131 


BAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAT 


Basseen,  city  and  fortress  in  the  Deccan  of  Hin" 
doostan,  opposite  the  N.  end  of  Salsette.  It  is  27 
ms.  N.  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  10  E.,  lat.  19  19  N. 

Bassenthicuite -water,  a  fine  lake  in  Cumber- 
land, 3  ms.  NYV.  of  Keswick.  It  is  4  ms.  long, 
bounded  on  one  side  by  high  hills,  wooded  in  many 
places  to  their  bases  ;  on  the  other  by  the  fields  and 
the  skirts  of  Skiddaw. 

Bassaterre,  capital  of  St.  Christopher,  built  by 
the  French  before  the  island  was  ceded  to  the  En- 
glish in  1713.  Capital  of  Guadaloupe,  in  a  dis- 
trict^ the  same  name,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  is- 
land. It  is  defended  by  a  citadel  and  other  fortifi- 
cations.   Lon.  61  59  W.,  lat  15  59  N. 

Bass  Cove,  in  Adolphustown,  bay  of  Quinte, 
U.  C. 

Bass  island,  in  the  bay  of  Quinte,  lies  off  near 
to  the  town-plot  in  Adolphustown,  U.  C. 

Bass  isla?ids,  an  interesting  group  in  Lake  Erie, 
appertaining  to  Huron  co.,  Ohio.  This  cluster  is 
composed  of  3  principal  and  several  smaller  islands. 
In  the  southern,  Bass  island  is  the  fine  harbor  of 
Put-in  bay,  about  5  or  6  ms.  W.  of  which,  on  Sep- 
tember 10,  1813,  Captain  Perry  captured  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  under  the  command  of  Captain  Barclay. 

Bass's  strait.    See  Bass  strait. 

Bassora,  or  Bussarah,  city  and  seaport  of  Tur- 
key, in  Asia,  40  ms.  N  VV.  of  the  gulf  of  Persia. 
It  stands  on  the  Euphrates,  a  canal  from  which  di- 
vides the  city  into  two  parts  ;  and  over  it  is  a  bridge 
of  boats.  The  houses  are  constructed  of  bricks 
dried  in  the  sun,  and  have  a  very  mean  aspect. 
The  circumjacent  tract  is  looked  upon  by  the  Arabs 
to  be  one  of  the  most  delightful  spots  in  Asia,  and 
even  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  gardens  in  the 
world.  The  hot  winds  that  blow  here  are  very  trou- 
blesome to  travellers,  sometimes  overwhelming  them 
with  sand  driven  out  of  the  neighboring  deserts. 
In  1691,  the  plague  destroyed  80,000  of  the  in- 
habitants. It  is  240  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Bagdad.  Lon. 
44  52  E.,  lat  29  26  N. 

Bastard,  tp.  of  U.  C,  between  Lansdowne  and 
Le-eds. 

Bastia,  seaport  in  Albania,  in  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, opposite  the  island  of  Corfu,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Calamu.    Lon.  20  20  E.,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Bastia,  capital  of  Corsica,  with  a  good  har- 
bor, a  strong  castle,  and  a  bishop's  see.  •  It  sur- 
rendered to  Lord  Hood  in  1794,  but  has  since 
revolted  to  France.  It  is  70  ms.  SSW.  of  Leg- 
horn.   Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat.  42  39  N. 

Basiimentos,  the  name  of  some  small  islands 
near  Terra  Firma,  in  S.  America,  at  the  month 
of  the  bay  of  Nombre  de  Dios,  with  a  fert  and 
a  good  harbor.  Lat.  9  32  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2 
40  W. 

.  Bastiogne,  town  of  Luxemburg,  25  ms.  NW. 
of  Luxemburg.   Log.  6°E.,  lat.  50°  N. 

Batacola,  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  be- 
tween Onore  and  Barcelore.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  once  considerable  city,  on  the  banks  of 
a  small  river,  4  ms.  from  the  sea.  The  country 
produces  a  good  deal  of  pepper;  the  English  had 
a  factory  here,  but  were  all  massacred  by  the  na- 
tives, because  one  of  their  bull  dogs  killed  a  con- 
secrated cow. 

Bataseck,  tower  of  Lower  Hungary,  on  the 
Danube,  70  ms.  S.  of  Buda.   Lon.  1  9  20  E  ,  lat. 
46  15  N. 
132 


Batavia,  city  of  the  island  of  Java,  capital  of 
all  the  Dutch  settlements  in  the  £.  Indies.  In 
general,  the  place  is  very  beautiful,  and  built  of 
white  stones;  they  have  canals  in  the  principal 
streets,  planted  on  each  side  with  evergreen  trees. 
It  is  the  residence  of  the  governor  general  of  all 
the  Dutch  colonies  in  the  E.  Indies.  It  has  a 
handsome  hospital  and  arsenal ;  and  all  the  goods 
brought  from  other  parts  of  the  E.  Indies  are  laid 
up  here,  till  they  are  exported  to  their  places  of 
destination.  The  air  is  very  unwholesome  ;  and 
this  place  is  represented  as  the  grave  of  European 
navigators.  Shortly  after  the  Dutch  declared  war 
against  Eng.,  Batavia  was  captured  by  the  Bri- 
tish.   Lon.  106  51  E.,  lat.  6  10  S.  Town 

and  capital  of  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  48  ms.  W. 
from  Canandaigua,  and  38  ms.  E.  from  Bufialoe. 
It  is  a  thriving  village.  Pop.,  including  the  post 
town  of  the  same  name,  in  1820,  2,597.  Lat.  43° 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  15  W.  Tp.  and  town  of 

Geauga  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  355.  The 
town  in  this  tp.  is  called  Middlesex  ;  which  see. 

 Tp.  in  Clermont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,208.  Town  of  Clermont  co.   Ohio;  is  also 

the  county  seat,  and  is  situated  on  the  north  side 
of  the  east  branch  of  Little  Miami  river  23  ms. 
nearly  due  E.  of  Cincinnati,  and  33  ms.  NW.  of 
Ripley,  opposite  Limestone  on  the  Ohio  river. 
Pop.  500. 

Batcah,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Yucatan,  on  the 
side  of  the  bay  of  Campeachy. 

Baichesserai  or  Bahchesserai,  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  .Crimea,  a  few  ms.  from  the  Black  Sea,  and 
NE.  from  Levastopol.  N.  lat.  44  50  E.,  lon. 
33  20.  It  was  the  former  residence  of  the  Khans 
of  the  Crimea,  and  is  situated  on  the  rugged 
flanks  of  two  mountains.  The  ruins  of  the  palace 
of  the  Khans  occupy  the  central  parts. 

Batchian,  the  largest  of  the  Lesser  Moluccas, 
about  12  ms.  in  circumference.  S.  lat.  0  25, 
E.  lon.  125  5. 

Bates,  town,  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.,  250  ms.  W. 
from  Albany. 

Batesville,  town,  Beaver  tp.  SE.  part  of 
Guernsey  co.  Ohio,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Cambridge 

the  county  seat.  Village  Independence  co., 

Ark.,  Ill  ms.  from  Little  Rock. 

Bath,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire.  It  has 
been  famous  from  the  time  of  the  Romans  for  its 
hot  springs,  which  are  not  only  used  as  baths,  but 
internally  as  a  medicine.  Bath  is  seated  on  the 
Avon,  which  has  been  made  navigable  hence  to 
Bristol;  12  ms.  ESE.  of  Bristol,  and  107  W.  of 

London.     Lon.   2  21  W.  lat.  51  32  N.  

Tp.  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.     Pop.  1820,  2,578. 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Steuben  co.  N.  Y., 

20  ms.  N  VV.  of  Painted  Post,  and  40  ms.  S. 
from  Canandaigua.    It  is  a  neat  well  built  village 

of  about  100  houses.  Village,  tp.  and  port  of 

entry,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Kennebec,  34  ms.  NE.  from  Portland.  Pop. 

in  1810,  2,491,  in  1820,  3,026.  Village  and 

tp.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,316,  and 

in  1820,  1,498  Village,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y., 

on  the  E.  side  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  the  upper 

part  of  Albany.  Village  Northampton  co., 

Penn.  Town  of  Berkely  co.,  Va.,  104  ms.  N  W« 

from  Washington.  Here  are  the  Berkely  Springs. 
 Tp.  in  Medina  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  176. 


BAT  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BAV 


 Tp.  in  Greene  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1810, 

913,  and  in  1820,  1,185.  Co.  of  Va.,  having 

Bottetourt  and  Monroe  ,S.,  Greenbriar  W.,  Ran- 
dolph NW,  Pendleton  NE.,  Augusta  E.,  and 
Rockbridge  SE.  It  is  45  ms.  in  length,  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  20  ms.,  and  900  sq.  ms.  Situated 
on  the  Appalachian  ridges  ;  the  face  of  this  county 
is  mountainous  ;  the  air  is  pure  and  healthy ;  the 
soil  in  general  rather  sterile,  though  some  very 
productive  land  lies  along  the  streams.  Chief 
town,  Warren  Springs.  Central  lat.  38  10  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  2  40  W.    Pop.  in  1820,  5,237,  and 

in  1840,  4,300.  Court  house  and  village,  Bath 

co.  Va.,  50  ms.  W.  from  Staunton,  and  227  SW. 

from  Washington.  Village  of  Beaufort  co.,  N. 

C,  61  ms.  SE.  of  Edenton,  on  Tar  river,  24 
ms.  above  Pamlico  sound.    Lat.  35  31  N.  

|  Co.  of  Ky.,  having  Nicholas  NW.,  Flemming 
NE.,  Floyd  SE.,  and  Montgomery  SW.  It  is 
34  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  1G; 
area  340  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Owingsville,  Pop. 
in  1820,  7,961,  and  in  1840,  9,763.    Central  lat. 

38  15  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  30  W.  Tp.  and  town, 

east  part  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  15  miles  eastward 

of  Medina  the  co.,  seat.  NW.  tp.  Green  co., 

Ohio.  The  post  town  of  thistp.  is  called  Fairfield  ; 

l|  which  see. 

Batha,  or  BacJiia,  town  of  Hungary,  in  a  co. 

|  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Danube,  110  ms.  SSE. 
of  Buda.    Lon.  20  40  E.,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Bafjan,  city  of  Asia,  in  Napaul.  N.  lat.  27 
20,  E.  lon.  85  15.  It  is  the  third  city  in  the 
kingdom,  and  is  situated  10  ms.  S.  from  Catmandu, 
the  capital. 

Batjun,  town  of  Asia,  in  Cambodia,  and  on 
the  Maykoung  river. 

Batman,  country  of  Asia,  in  Indostan,  bounded 
I  N.  by  the  Penjaub  and  the  Sutledge  river,  E.  by 
'  the  district  of  Hurriannah,  S.  by  Bycaeneer,  and 
>  W.  by  a  sandy  desert.    This  district  lies  along  the 
Cuggar. 

Batnir,  the  capital  of  Batnian.  N.  lat.  28  4, 
E.  lon.  74  1.  200  ms.  W.  from  Delhi. 

Battel,  town,  Sussex,  Eng.  This  town  is  noted 
for  a  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  well  known  by 
the  name  of  Battle  Powder.    It  is  22  ms.  E.  of 
'  Lewes,  and  57  SE.  of  London.    Lon.  0  33  E., 
lat.  50  55  N. 

Batecola,  fortified  town  on  the  E.  coast  of 
i  Ceylon.    Lon.  81  3  E.,  lat.  5  55  N. 

Battenburgh,    town   of    Dutch  Guelderland' 
seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Meuse,  10  ms.  SW- 
I  of  Nimuguen.   Lon.  5  33  E.,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Batteraux,  island,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
I  above  Bearded  Island. 

Battersea,  village  in  Surry,  noted  for  ils  fine 
asparagus,  Near  it  stands  a  distillery,  and  a 
curious  horizontal  air-mill.  Here  Sir  Walter  St. 
John  founded  a  free-school,  and  here  is  a  timber 
bridge  over  the  Thames  to  Chelsea.  Battersea  is 
4  miles  WSW.  of  London*. 

Baton  Rouge,  town  La.,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  river  Mississippi.  Here,  in  ascending  the 
river,  banks  rise  to  a  considerable  height  above  the 
j  elevation  of  the  water  in  freshets.  It  is  about  138 
j  ms.  above  New  Orleans,  following  the  river. 
Here  the  country  is  finely  improved.  The  town 
contains  about  60  or  70  houses,  and  350  inha- 
bitants.   Pop.  in  1840,  2,269. 


Baton  Rouge,  East,  parish  of  Lou.,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  having  that  stream 
W.,  New  Feliciana  N.,  the  Amite  river,  or  St. 
Helena,  E.,  Iberville  river,  or  St.  Gabriel,  S.  It 
is  26  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  15; 
area  400  sq.  ms.  Its  surface  is  rolling  towards 
the  N.,  but  becomes  generally  level  to  the  south- 
ward. The  soil  is  fertile,  and,  in  its  natural 
state,  covered  with  a  dense  forest.  Staple  cotton. 
Chief  town  Baton  Rouge.  Central  lat.  30  30,  lon. 
W.  C.  14  15  W.  Pop.  1820,  5,220,  and  in 
1840,  8,138. 

Baton  Rouge,  West,  parish  of  Lou.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  opposite  E.  Baton 
Rouge,  having  the  Mississippi  river  E.,  Placque- 
mine  river,  or  St.  Gabriel,  SE.,  Atchafalaya  river 
SW.  and  W.,  and  Pointe  Coupee  N.  It  is  30 
ms.  in  length,  by  25  mean  width  ;  area  750  sq. 
ms.  Its  surface,  a  dead  alluvial  plain,  extremely 
fertile,  but  except  near  the  margin  of  the  Mississip- 
pi and  some  other  streams,  liable  to  annual%sub- 
mersion.  Staple  cotton.  Central  lat.  30  30,  lon. 
W.  C.  14^°  W.  Pop.  1820,  2,335,  and  in 
1840,  4,638. 

Batopilus,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Chihuahua,  150 
ms.  SW.  from  Chihuahua,  the  capital,  and  700 
NW.  of  Mexico. 

Batroon,  or  Batroun,  ancient  Bostrus,  town 
and  seaport  of  Asia,  in  ancient  Syria.  The  town 
is  one  of  the  ports  of  the  Maronite  country,  and  is 
situated  25  ms.  SW.  of  Tripoli,  of  Syria,  and 
30  NE.  of  Beirout. 

Batta,  province  of  Africa,  in  Congo,  of  which 
little  is  known.  Country  of  the  island  of  Suma- 
tra. This  country,  taking  name  of  its  people,  lies 
in  the  NW.  part  of  the  island,  between  the  king- 
doms of  Acheen  and  Aru,  and  comprises  a  zone 
across  the  island.  The  Battas  are  more  civilized 
in  some  respects  than  the  other"  people  of  Sumatra, 
but  in  others  are  ferocious  barbarians.  Canabal- 
ism  is  practised  by  them  as  punishment  for  certain 
crimes,  a  fact  well  authenticated. 

Batticaloe,  town,  island,  and  seaport,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  island  of  Ceylon.  N.  lat.  7 
40,  lon.  81  56  E.  of  London,  80  ms.  SSE.  of 
Trincomale. 

Battlefield,  village  in  Shropshire,  Eng.,  5  ms. 
N.  of  Shrewsbury. 

Battletown,  village  Frederick  co.,  Va.,  11  ms. 
E.  by  N.  from  Stevensburg,  and  6  E.  from  Win- 
chester. 

Batture  Grand,  on  Ottowa  river,  below  Por- 
tage du  Chene,  U.  C. 

Batuculla,  town  of  Hindostan,  in  Canara,  with 
2  mosques,  and  upwards  of  70  temples.  It  is 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Sancada,  which  wa- 
ters a  beautiful  valley,  27  ms.  NNW.  of  Kunda- 
pura. 

Bavaria,  formerly  an  electorate,  but  during  the 
French  revolution,  on  the  21st  June,  1808,  be- 
came a  kingdom  of  Europe,  in  Germany,  and  is, 
as  the  most  considerable,  of  tho.  e  States,  purely 
German,  as  Austria  and  Prussia  are  formed  of 
heterogeneous  materials.  Bavaria  is  bounded  S. 
by  the  Tyrol  and  Upper  Austria,  on  the  E.  it  is 
separated  from  Bohemia  by  the  Bohemar  Wald 
mountains,  N.  it  borders  on  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, States  of  Saxe  Weimar  and  Hesse,  &c,  N  W. 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  and  W.  on  the  kingdom  of 

133 


BAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BAY 


Wurtemburg.  These  limits  bound  Bavaria  Pro- 
per, but  the  kingdom  includes  a  large  province  W. 
of  the  Rhine,  separated  from  the  body  of  the  mon- 
archy by  Hesse  Darmstadt.  Rhenish  Bavaria  has 
France  S.,  grand  duchy  of  Lower  Rhine,  a  Prus- 
sian province,  and  a  district  of  Saxe  Coburg,  W., 
and  NE.  by  that  part  of  Hesse  Darmstadt  lying 
W.  of  the  Rhine.  Bavaria  lies  between  47  20 
and  49  40  N.  lat.  Beside  a  change  of  title  the 
monarchy  was  greatly  augmented  in  territory  from 
similar  causes. 

"  In  Bavaria  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  is 
that  of  the  majority,  but  all  Christian  forms  of 
worship  are  free  and  equally  protected  by  the  laws, 
and  the  press  is  likewise  free.  These  two  bene- 
factions were  secured  by  the  constitution  of  May 
26,  1818,  and  which  also  assured  the  inviolability 
of  the  King  by  the  establishment  of  a  legislative 
body  composed  of  two  Houses." — Geography  of 
Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot,  vol.  1,  p.  •687. 

TJje  kingdom  is  divided  into  the  following  pro- 
vinces or  circles. 


Circles. 

Population. 

Chief  town. 

Population. 

Isar 

Regen  - 
Upper  Danube  - 
Lower  Danube  - 
Rezat 

Upper  Mayn 
Lower  Mayn 
Rhine  - 

546,000 
400,000 
560,000 
390,000 
580,000 
520,000 
540,000 
444,000 

Munich 
Ratisbonnee  - 
Augsburg 
Passau  - 
Ansi  ach 
Bayreuth 
Wurtsburg 
Spire  - 

65,000 
26,000 

a3,ooo 

11,000 
17,000 
14,000 
20,000 
6,000 

Total 

3,980,000 

The<above  table,  translated  from  the  French  of 
the  above  quoted,  gave,  it  is  probable,  a  genera 
correct  view  of  the  population  when  published,  but 
the  subjoined  document,  of  ten  years  later  date, 
shows  great  increase.  "At  the  end  of  1840," 
says  the  Franconian  Mercury,  "  Bavaria  comprised 
4,370,977  inhabitants  ;  Munich  pop.  95,000,  and 
Nuremburg  46,000." 

Bavaria,  to  the  southward  of  the  Danube,  is 
composed  of  an  immense  plain,  sloping  about  NNE. 
from  the  Alps  of  Tryol  and  mountains  of  Saltz- 
burgh.  Down  this  plain  flow,  advancing  from 
W.  to  E.,  the  rivers  Iller,  Mindel,  Lech,  I&er, 
and  Inn,  with  some  minor  streams.  On  the  N. 
side  of  the  Danube  that  great  river  receives  within 
Bavaria,  advancing  from  W.  to  E.,  the  rivers 
Wernitz,  Altmuhl,  Nab,  Regen,  and  Hz.  The 
extreme  northern  and  northwestern  Bavaria,  E.  of 
the  Rhine,  is  drained  by  the  Mayn  and  its  branch- 
es.   See  articles  Germany,  Zoll  Verein,  &c. 

Bavay,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  6  ms.  NE.  of  Quesnoy,  and  12  SW.  of 
Mons. 

Bangs,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  and  Loire,  seated  on  the  Coesnon,  18 
ms.  E.  of  Angers. 

Baugenci,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Orleannois,  seated  on  a 
hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the  Loire.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  its  wines,  and  is  6  ms.  W.  of  Orleans. 

Bangkman,  tp.  E.  border  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1820,  553.  The  post  town  of  this  tp.  is  called 
Marshallville  ;  which  see. 

Baume -les-Non.es,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
134 


parlment  of  Doubs,  and  late  province  of  Franche 
Comtee.  It  had,  before  the  French  revolution,  a 
rich  nunnery,  from  which  it  received  its  appellation. 
Baume  is  15  ms.  SW.  of  Besancon.  Lon.  6  24 
E.,  lat.  47  24  N. 

Bausk,  or  Bautko,  small  but  important  town  of 
Courland,  on  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  with  a  cas- 
tle on  a  rock.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Musza,  15 
ms.  SE.  of  Mittau.    Lon.  23  56  E.,  lat.  56  30  N. 

Bautzen,  considerable  town  of  Germany,  and 
capital  of  Upper  Lusatia,  with  a  strong  citadel. 
It  stands  on  the  river  Spree,  30  ms.  E.  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  14  42  E.,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Baux,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  Prov- 
ence. It  is  built  upon  a  rock,  at  the  top  of  which 
is  a  strong  castle,  10  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Aries.  Lon. 
4  57  E.,  lat.  43  43  N.  f 

Bawtry,  town  in  the  west  ridimg  of  Yorkshire, 
seated  on  the  river  Idle,  7  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Don- 
caster,  and  152  N.  of  London.  Lon.  1  10  W., 
lat.  53  27  N. 

Bayazid,  strong  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Armenia,  143  ms.  E.  from  Arzroum. 

Baya,  or  Baja,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  on 
the  Danube,  32  ms.  N.  of  Esseck.  Lon.  19  59 
E.,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Baydensville,  town  Indiana. 

Bayeux,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  once  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Aure,  4  ms. 
from  the  English  channel,  and  140  W.  by  N.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  0  43  W.,  lat.  49  16  N." 

Bayle's  Store,  town  Stokes  co.,  N.  C,  145  ms. 
NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Bat,  (Fr.  bate,  Ital.  baia,  Sp.  bahia,)  opening 
from  the  sea  between  two  capes  or  head  lands.  It 
is  so  very  difficult  to  distinguish  between  bay  and 
gulf  that  no  definition  of  one  but  will  often  apply 
to  the  other.  The  term  bayou,  applied  in  Louis- 
iana to  the  same  species  of  water  course,  designated 
creek  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States,  comes 
no  doubt  from  the  Spanish. 

Bayon,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe,  and  late  province  of  Lorrain,  on  the  river 
Moselle,  12  ms.  S.  of  Nanci.  Lon.  6  22  E.,  lat. 
49  38  N. 

Bayon,  or  Bayona,  seaport  town  of  Spain,  in 
Gallicia,  situated  on  a  small  gulf  of  the  Atlantic, 
12  ms.  W.  of  Tuy.   Lon.  8  34  W.,  lat.  42  N. 

Bayona,  large  bay  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Santiago  river  and  the  Marie 
islands.  It  is  in  the  Mexican  province  of  Ialisco, 
late  Guadalaxara.  N.  lat.  22°,  lon.  Washington 
City  28  30. 

Bayonne,  populous  and  commercial  city  of  Fr., 
in  the  dep.  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Gascony,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Adour,  which  forms  a  good  harbor.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts.  There  is  a  communication  be- 
tween these  different  parts  by  a  bridge.  The  Nive 
and  Adour  unite  their  streams  in  the  middle  of  this 
city,  and  proceed  to  the  sea,  at  the  distance  of  a 
quarter  of  a  league.  The  citadel  is  the  strongest 
in  Fr.  The  military  weapon,  the  bayonet,  bears 
the  name  of  this  city,  in  which  it  was  invented. 
The  hams  and  chocolate  of  Bayonne  are  famous. 
It  is  25  ms.  SW.  of  Dax,  and  425  S.  by  W.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  20  W.,  lat.  43  29  N. 


BEA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BEA 


Bayou  Carancio,  town,  Rapides,  La. 
;      Bayou  Chicot,  town  in  the  northern  part  of 
Opelousas,  La.,  30  ms.  NW.  from  the  village  of 
St.  Landre,  and  1,488  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Bay  river,  town,  Craven  co.,  N.  C,  20  ms.  E. 
from  Newbern.  Bay  river  is  a  small  creek  of  Pam- 
lico sound,  and  forming  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Beaufort  and  Craven  counties. 

Bazah,  Arabic,  warehouses,  or  houses  of  traffic. 

Bazas,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gironde,  and 
late  province  of  Guienne.  Lon.  2'  W.,  lat.  44 
22  N. 

Bazetta,  tp.,  in  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in 
1820,  196.  The  town  of  the  same  name  in 
Bazetta  is  situated  5  ws.  NE.  of  Warren,  the  co. 
seat. 

Beach  Grove,  town,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa. 
Beach  Island,  tp.  in  Hancock  co.,  Maine.  Pop. 
in  1810,  4;  in  1820,  8. 

Beachy-head,  promontory  of  Eng  ,  on  the  coast 
•of  Sussex,  between  Hastings  and  Shorem.  Lon. 
19'  E.,  lat.  50  54  N. 

Beaconsfield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bucks.  The 
poet  Waller  died  here,  and  is  interred  in  the 
church  yard,  as  is  likewise  the   late  Edmund 
Burke,  who  resided  here.    It  is  23  ms.  WNW.  of 
i  London.    Lon.  30'  W.,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Beallsvillc,  tine  village  on  the  U.  S.  road,  Wash- 
I  ington  co.,  Pa.,  8  ms.  W.  from  Brownsville,  and 

R  17  E.  from  Washington,  the  co.  seat.  Town 

[I  northeast  part  Monroe  co.,  O.,  10  ms.  NE.  from 
i  Woodsfield,  the  co.  seat,  and  17  ms.  SSW.  of  St. 
!  Clairsville. 

Bcaminster,  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.,  seated 
on  the  Bert,  15  ms.  WNW.  of  Dorchester,  and 
138  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  2  52  W.,  lat. 
50  50  N. 

Bean's  Station,  own,  Granger  co.,  Tenn.,  30 
I  ms.  NE.  from  Knoxville,  and  226  NE.  from  Mur- 
freesborough. 

Bearded  island,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  above 
Lake  St.  Francis. 

Bearjield,  tp.  in  Perry  co.,  O.  Pop.  in 
I  1820,  428. 

Bear  Creek,  small  branch  of  Tennessee,  which 
gains  importance  from  being  for  a  short  space  the 
'  boundary  between  the  States  of  Alabama  and  Mis- 
sissippi. Also,  another  inconsiderable  stream, 

running  into  the  Western  side  of  Miami  river,  in 
Montgomery  co.,  Q. 

Beard's  Store,  town,  Anson  co.,  N.  C,  80  ms. 
SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Bear  Gap,  small  village  of  Northumberland  co., 
|  Pa.,  70  ms.  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Bear  Lake,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi, 
,  about  lat.  48  20  N. 

Beard's  Creek,  in  Georgia,  a  small  branch  of 
Alatamahah  river,  in  Liberty  co. 

Beard's  Mill,  town,  Rowan  co.,  N.  C. 
Beam,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Bigorre,  on  the  S.  by  Spanish  Navarre,  on  the 
W.  by  Saule  and  a  part  of  Lower  Navarre,  and  on 
the  N.  by  Gascony  and  Armagnac    It  now  forms, 
with  Basques,  the  dep.  of  the  lower  Pyrenees. 
Beattie's  Ford,  town  of  Lincoln  co.,  N.  C. 
|      Beaucaire,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  on 
:  the  Rhone,  opposite  Tarascon,  with  which  it  has  a 
i  communication  by  a  bridge  of  boats.    It  is  10  ms. 
E.  of  Nismes.    Lon.  4  39  E.,  lat.  43  50  N. 


Beauce,  late  province  of  Fr.,  between  the  Isle  of 
France,  Blasois,  and  Orleannois.  It  now  forms  the 
dep.  of  Eure  and  Loire. 

Beaucharnois  Isle,  in  the  northeasterly  part  of 
Lake  Superior,  not  a  great  way  from  the  shore, 
and  eastward  of  Isle  Hocquart. 

Beauclere,  port  in  an  island  on  the  NW.  coast 
of  America.  Lat.  56  17  N.,  lon.  Washington  City 
56  37  W. 

Beaufort,  co.,  N.  C,  in  Newbern  district, 
having  Craven  SW.,  Pitt  NW.,  Martin  and  Wash- 
ington N.,  and  Hyde  and  Pamlicoe  sound  E. 
Length,  40  ms.  ;  mean  breadth,  17  ;  area,  670. 
It  is  generally  level.  Chief  town,  Bath.  Pop. 
in  1820,  9,900;  and  in  1840,  12,225.  Central 

lat.  35  30,  lon.  W.  C.  5'.  Small  town  of  Fr., 

in  the  dep.  of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
of  Anjou,  containing  about  100  houses.    It  is  15 

ms.  E.  of  Angers.  Lon.  9'  W.,  lat.  47  26  N.  

Strong  town  of  Savoy,  in  Italy,  on  the  river  Oron, 
12  ms.  NE.  of  Monstier.  Lon.  6  28  E.,  lat.  45 
50  N.  District  in  S.  C,  containing  four  par- 
ishes; having  the  Atlantic  ocean  SE.,  Savannah 
river  SW.,  Barnwell  NW.,  and  Combahee  river 
or  Colleton  district  NE.  It  is  60  ms.  in  length, 
by  a  mean  width  of  30  ms.,  or  1,800  sq.  ms. 
Chief  towns,  Beaufort  and  Coosahatchie,  This  is 
a  maritime  district,  and  has  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  light  land  ;  the  rest  yields  pretty  good  crops 
of  cotton,  Indian  corn,  rice,  and  indigo.  Pop.  in 
1820,  32,199;  and  in  1840,  35,794.   Central  lat. 

32  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4°  W.  Seaport  and 

town,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C,  on  Port  Royal  island, 
75  ms.  S.  from  Charleston,  and  58  N.  from  Savan- 
nah. Its  harbor  is  deep  and  spacious.  Here  is  a 
chartered  college,  but  in  a  languishing  state. 
Present  population  about  1,000.  Shipping  in 
1815,  upwards  of  1,500  tons.  Lat.  32  25  N., 
lon.  3  30  W.  Seaport  town  and  capital,  Carte- 
ret co.,  N.  C,  on  Gore  sound,  44  ms.  S.  from 
Newbern.  Vessels  drawing  14  feet  water  can 
ascend  to  this  place.  It  is  well  situated  to  become 
an  extensive  depot  of  trade ;  and  it  is  proposed  to 
connect  its  sound  with  the  Neuse,  Tar,  and 
Roanoke  rivers.  Its  present  population  about  500; 
shipping  in  1815  exceeded  1,530  tons.  Lat.  34  40 
N.,  due  S.  from  W.  C, 

Beaujeau,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Rhone 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Lyonnois,  with  an 
old  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ardiere,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  8  ms.  W.  of  Saone.  Lon.  4 
40  E.,  lat.  46  9  W. 

Beaumaris,  co.  town  ;of  Anglesey,  Eng.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  one  member  to 
Parliament.  It  is  59  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Chester 
and  241  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  4  15  W.,  lat. 
53  15  N. 

Beaumont,  towh  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North, 
and  late  French  Hainault.  It  was  ceded  to  the 
French  in  1684,  and  taken  by  the  English  in  1691, 
who  blew  up  the  castle.  It  is  seated  between  the 
Maese  and  Sambre,  10  ms.  E.  of  Maubeuge.  Lon. 
4  19  E.,  lat.  50  12N. 

Beaumont  de  Lomagnc,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Upper  Garonne,  on  the  Gimone,  5  ms.  from  the 
mouth  of  that  river  and  12  SE.  of  Lectoure. 

Beaumonl-le- Roger,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  22 
ms.  SW.  of  Rouen.    Lon.  56°  E.,  lat.  49  7  N. 

135 


BE  A 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BEC 


Beaumont-le-Vicomte,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep- 
of  Sarte,  and  late  province  of  Maine,  10  ms.  N.  of 
Mans.    Lon.  12°  E-,  lat.  48  4  N. 

Beaumont-sur-Oise,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  Fr., 
seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  on  the  river  Oise, 
which  has  a  bridge,  20  ms.  N.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2 
26  E.,  lat.  42  9  N. 

Beaune,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of  Cote 
d'Or,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  remarkable 
for  its  excellent  wine.  It  is  25  ms.  SW.  of  Dijon. 
Lon.  4  47  E.,  lat.  47°  N. 

Beauport,  seigniory,  Quebec  co.,  L.  C,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Montmorenci  river,  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  St.  Lawrence. 

Beami-viage,  river  of  L.  C,  enters  the  Chau- 
diere  about  4  ms.  above  its  mouth. 

Beauvois,  episcopal  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Oise,  is  seated  on  the  river  Thesin,  42  ms.  N.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  5  E.,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Beavoir-sur-Mar,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Vendee,  and  late  province  of  Poitou,  25  ms.  SW. 
of  Nantes.    Lon.  1  54  W.,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Beaver  creek  rises  in  the  tp.  of  Caistor,  U.  C, 
and  running  through  part  of  Gainsborough,  empties 
itself  into  Welland,  to  which  river  it  runs  close, 
and  nearly  parallel  for  almost  4  ms.,  before  its  dis- 
charge. In  the  tp.  of  Humberstone,  runs  into 

Lake  Erie,  W.  of  Row's  point,  U.  C.  Runs 

into  Lake  Superior,  on  the  N.  side  between  river 
Aupie  and  river  Rouge,  U.  C.  Town,  Madi- 
son co.,  N.  Y.,  85  ms.  W.  from  Albany.  

Usually  called  Little  Beaver,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  large  stream  above  mentioned,  is  an  excellent 
mill-stream  in  Columbiana  co.,  O.,  rising  in  the 
northern  parts  of  that  co.,  and  after  running  gen- 
erally in  a  southeast wardly  direction  30  ms.,  falls 
into  the  Ohio  river  just  within  the  borders  of  Penn- 
sylvania. It  affords  a  vast  number  of  excellent 
mill-seats,  many  of  which  are  already  improved ;  and, 
among  numerous  others,  are  two  paper-mills,  beside 

several  forges  and  furnaces.  Mill  stream,  Clark 

co.,  O.,  running  northwardly  into  Buck  creek,  a 

little  distance  above  Springfield.  Name  of  a 

creek  running  into  the  west  side  of  Little  Miami 

river,  in  Green  co.,  O.  Also  the  name  of  a  tp. 

situated  on  the  above  stream,  in  Green  co.  Pop. 
in  1820,  384. 

Beaver,  or  Big  Beaver  river,  Pa.  Big  Beaver 
is  formed  by  the  Mahoning,  Shenango,  Neshanock, 
and  Conequenessing  creeks.  The  Shenango  rises 
in  Ashtabula  co.  of  0.,  and  Crawford  of  Pa.,  with- 
in 12  ms.  from  the  SE.  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  inter- 
locking sources  with  those  of  Grand  river,  Coneaut 
and  French  creek,  and  pursuing  a  nearly  S.  course 
over  Mercer,  receives  the  Conequenessing  from  the 
NE.,  and  entering  Beaver  co.,  unites  with  the 
Mahoning,  and  forms  Big  Beaver. 

The  Mahoning  is,  in  reality,  the  main  branch, 
rising  in  Columbiana,  Stark,  Trumbull,  and  Port- 
age cos.,  O.  ;  its  course  is  first  nearly  N.  30  ms., 
to  near  Warren,  in  Trumbull.  Winding  to  SE., 
it  pursues  that  course  35  ms.,  entering  Pa.  in  the 
SW.  angle  of  Mercer,  and  joining  the  Shenango  at 
N.  lat.  41°,  about  2  ms.  within  Beaver  co.  Be- 
low the  junction  of  the  Mahoning  and  Shenango, 
Big  Beaver  flows  a  little  E.  of  S.  20  ms.  into  Ohio 
river.  Conequenessing  is  the  eastern  constituent 
•jtream  of  Beaver,  draining  the  peninsula  between 
136 


the  Alleghany,  Ohio,  Big  Beaver,  and  Shenango 
rivers. 

The  valley  of  Big  Beaver  is  nearly  circular,  and 
about  70  ms.  diameter ;  area  3,850  sq.  ms.  It  is 
worthy  of  remark,  that  the  general  courses  are 
nearly  on  a  direct  NW.  line  of  the  Youghiogany, 
below  the  mouth  of  Castleman's  river,  Mononga- 
hela  and  Ohio,  from  the  mouth  of  Youghiogany  to 
that  of  Big  Beaver,  and  the  latter  and  Mahoning, 
to  about  3  ms.  above  Warren.  This  range  of  nav- 
igable water  is  upwards  of  130  ms.  direct,  and  from 
180  to  200  ms.  following  the  sinuosities  of  the 
streams. 

The  sources  of  the  Mahoning  interlock  with 
those  of  the  Tuscarawas  branch  of  the  Muskingum, 
and  Cayahoga  and  Grand  river  of  Lake  Erie. 

Beaver  river  empties  itself  into  the  narrows,  a 
little  below  the  falls  of  St.  Mary's,  running  from  N. 
to  S.,  U.  C. 

Beaver  co.,  Pa.,  on  both  sides  of  Ohio  river, 
having  part  of  the  State  of  Ohio  W.,  Mercer  N.^ 
Butler  E.,  Allegany  SE  .,  and  Washington  S.  It 
is  about  40  ms.  in  length  along  the  State  of  Ohio, 
with  a  mean  breadth  of  15  ms. ;  area  600  sq.  rns. ; 
features  hilly  and  broken  ;  soil  generally,  however, 
fertile,  and  well  wooded  and  watered.  Chief  town 
Beaver.  Central  lat.  40  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  20 
W.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,340  ;  and  in  1840,  29,368. 

Beaver,  Big,  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810, 
702;  in  1820,  742. 

Beaver,  tp.,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810, 

236  ;  in  1820,  419.  Tp..  Union  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

in  1820,  2,036.  Borough,  tp.,  and  village,  Bea- 
ver co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  426;  in  1820,  351. 

 Tp.,  Columbiana  co,,  O.  Pop.  in  1810,  483; 

in  1820,  639.  For  the  principal  village  in  this  tp., 
see  Lima. — The  southeasternmost  tp.  of  Guernsey 
co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1820,  556.  For  the  principal  vil- 
lage in  Beaver  tp.,  Guernsey,  co.  see  Williamburg. 

 Tp.,  Green  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1810,  799  ;  and 

in  1820,  757. 

Beaver  Dam,  tp.,  Erie  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1820, 
142.— Town,  Goochland  co.  Va.,  24  ms.  NW. 
from  Richmond. 

Beaver,  Little,  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,379  ;  in  1820,  1,144. 

Beaver,  North,  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1810,  932;  in  1820,  1,206. 

Beaver,  South,  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,331  ,  in  1820,  800. 

Beaver  Ironworks,  town,  Bath  co.,  Ky.,  78  ms. 
E.  from  Frankfort. 

Beavertown,  town,  Union  co.,  Pa.,  69  ms.  N. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Bebelinguen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Wirtemburg,  on  a  lake,  from  which  runs  the  river 
Worm,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9°  2  E., 
lat.  48  58  N. 

Bee,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  lower  Seine, 
and  late  province  of  Normandy.  Lon.  52'  E.,  lat. 
4914N. 

Becancour,  river  of  L.  C,  enters  the  St.  Law- 
rence opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Maurice. 
Its  sources  interlock  with  those  of  the  Chaudiere. 

Beccaria,  tp.  in  Clearfield  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1820,  2S6. 

Becket,  village  of  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  on  the 
head  of  Westfield  river,  17  ms.  SE.  from  Lenox 
and  25  W.  from  Northampton. 


BED 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BED 


Beckhamsville,  town,  Chester  district,  S.  C,  on 
the  Wateree,  32  ms.  NW.  from  Camden. 
H     Beccles,  town,  Suffolk,  on  the  navigable  river 
Waveney,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Yarmouth  and  108  NE. 
.oi*  London.    Lon.  1  45  E.,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Bec-d'Arieux,  or  Bedarieux,  town  of  Fr.,  in 
the  province  of  Herault,  and  late  province  of  Lan- 
suedoc,  on  the  river  Obe,  20  ms.  N.  of  Beziers. 
'Lon.  20  E.,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Bechin,  town  of  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  river 
Lausnics,  55  ms.  S.  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  53  E., 
lat.  49  13  N. 

Becket,  tp.,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  about  170 
ims.  W.  of  Boston.    Top.  in  1810,  1,028;  in 
1820,  984. 

Beckum,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Munster,  at  the  source  of  the  river  Nerse,  22 

.ms.  SE.  of  Munster.   Lon.  8  3  E.,  lat.  51  44  W. 

Bescangil,  province  of  Asia,  in  Natolia,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Black  sea,  on  the  W.  by  the 
sea  of  Marmora,  on  the  S.  by  proper  Natolia,  and 
on  the  E.  by  the  province  of  Bolli.  It  was  an- 
ciently called  Bithynia.    '£he  capital  is  Bursa. 

Bedal,  town  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
Eng.,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Richmond,  and  220  NNW. 
of  London.    Lon.  1  25  W.,  lat.  54  20  N. 

j    Beddington,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  near 

lithe  source  of  Pleasant  river,  35  ms.  NW.  by  W. 

Ufrom  Machias.  Village,  near  Croyden,  in  Sur- 

[ry,  Eng. 

Bederi,  or  Beding,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex, 
13  ms.  W.  of  Lewes,  near  a  river  of  its  own 

j  name,  which  runs  into  the  English  channel  at 

pNew  Shoreham. 

Beder,  fortified  city  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  Dowlatabad,  once  the  capital  of  a  consid- 
erable kingdom.    It  is  80  ms.  NW.  of  Hydrabad. 

i|Lon.  78°  E.,  lat.  17°  N. 

Bedford,  borough,  and  a  county  town  of  Bed- 
fordshire, Eng.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by 
the  Ouse,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge  with  a  gate 

•at  each  end.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  sends 
two  members  to  Parliament,  and  is  27  ms.  E.  by 

i.N.  of  Buckingham,  and  50  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  0  30  W.,  lat.  52  13  N.  Tp.,  Hillsbor- 
ough co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,296 ;  in  1820, 

,1,375  Tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.    Pop.  in 

1810,  592;  in  1820,  648.  Tp.,  Westchester 

co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,432.  Village, 

Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  35  ms.  northeast- 
wardly from  the  city  of  N.  Y.    Pop.  2,400.  

Borough,  town,  and  capital  of  Bedford  co.,  Pa., 
about.  189  ms.  W.  of  Philadelphia,  91  E.  bv  S. 
of  Pittsburg,  and  150  NW.  from  Washington. 
The  situation  of  this  town  is  extremely  romantic, 
being  surrounded  by  mountains.  It  is  now  much 
frequented  in  the  summer  season,  on  account  of 
the  mineral  springs  in  its  neighborhood.  Pop.  in 
1810,  547;  in  1820,  789.  The  county  was  di- 
vided from  Cumberland,  and  Bedford  erected  into 
a  county  town,  March,  1771,  it  had  about  730 

inhabitants.    Population  in  1840,  1,022.  Co. 

Pa.,  having  Md.  S.,  Somerset  W.,  Cambria 
,NW.,  Huntingdon  NE.,  and  Franklin  SE. 
.Length  52  ms.  ;  mean  breadth  about  31  ;  1,600 
sq.  ms. ;  surface  extremely  diversified  by  mountains, 
hills,  and  valleys;  soil  equally  varied  ;  in  general 
rocky  and  barren  in  the  mountains,  but  fertile  and 
well  watered  in  the  valleys.    Staples  grain,  flour, 


whiskey,  and  salted  provisions.  It  is  very  pro- 
ductive in  excellent  iron,  and  possesses  some  min- 
eral coal.  The  springs  near  Bedford  have  become 
a  place  of  fashionable  resort  in  the  months  of  July, 
August,  and  September.  Chief  town  Bedford. 
Pop.  in  1820,  20,248;  in  1840,  29,335.  Central 
lat.  40°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  30  W.  Tp.,  Bed- 
ford co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,342;  in  1820, 

1,321.  Co.  of  Va.,  having  Franklin  SW., 

Bottetourt  W.  and  NW.,  Rockbridge  N.,  Am- 
herst NE.,  Campbell  SE.,  and  Pittsylvania  S. 
It  is  30  ms.  in  length,  by  a  mean  breadth  of  22  ; 
area  660  sq.  ms.  ;  separated  by  the  Blue  Ridge 
from  Bottetourt5co.  A  part  of  Bedford  is  moun- 
tainous ;  it  is  in  general,  however,  hilly,  and  mod- 
erately fertile.  Staples  tobacco  and  grain.  Chief 
town  Liberty.  Central  lat.  37  15  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
2  20  W.    Pop.  1820,  19,305;  in  1840,  20,203. 

 Co.  of  West  Ten.,  on  Duck  river,  having 

Maury  W.,  Williamson  NW.,  Rutherford  N., 
Warren  NE.,  Franklin  SE.,  Lincoln  S.  Length 
35  ms.,  mean  width  25,  area  875  sq.  ms. ;  surface 
rolling.  Staples  cotton  and  small  grain.  Chief 
town  Shelby ville.    Pop.  1820,  16,006.  Central 

lat.  35  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  30  W.  Village 

in  the  northern  part  of  Henry  co.,  Ky.,  12  ms. 
SE.  from  Port  William,  at  the  mouth  of  Kentucky 

river,  and  40  ms.  NW.  from  Frankfort.  Vill., 

Cuyahoga  co.,  O.,  184  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

 Town  of  Bedford  tp.,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.  ;  is 

situated  in  the  southeast  part  of  the  county,  about 
13  ms.  SSE.  of  Cleaveland. 

Bedford,  New,  tp.,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  at  the 
head  of  the  navigation  on  Accushnet  river,  58  ms. 
S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,947.  Lon. 
W.  C.  6  58  E.,  lat.  42  41  N.  See  New  Bedford. 

Bedford  Level,  tract  of  fenny  land,  about  300,  - 
000  acres,  in  the  counties  of  Norfolk,  Suffolk, 
Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  Northampton,  and  Lin- 
coln, Eng.  After  various  attempts  to  drain  these 
fens,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  and  Charles  I., 
William,  Earl  of  Bedford,  in  1649,  undertook 
and  completed  it ;  and  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
a  corporation  was  established  for  the  government 
of  this  great  level. 

Bedfordshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  bounded  on  the  SE. 
by  Huntingfordshire,  E.  by  Cambridgeshire,  SW. 
by  Buckinghamshire,  and  NW.  by  Northampton- 
shire. Its  utmost  length  is  35  ms.,  and  its  great- 
est breadth  22,  containing  260,000  acres.  It  is 
divided  into  9  hundreds  and  124  parishes,  and  has 
10  market  towns.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
it,  in  1801,  was  63,393;  in  1811  was  70,213; 
and  in  1821,  83,716.  Pop.  to  the  sq.  m.  206  ; 
sends  four  members  to  Parliament.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Ouse  and  the  Ivel.  Its  chief 
products  are  corn,  butter,  and  fuller's  earth;  its 
manufactures,  lace,  straw  hats,  baskets,  and  toys. 

Bedminstsr,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1810, 

1,199;  1820,  1,248.  Tp.,  Somerset  co.,  N. 

J.    Pop.  1810,  1,312;  in  1820,  1,393. 

Bednore,  or  Bedanore,  town  in  the  peninsula 
of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore.  It  is  452  ms.  SE.  of 
Bombay,  and  187  NW.  of  Seringapatam.  Lon. 
75  30  E.,  lat.  14°  N. 

Bedouins,  modern  name  of  the  wild  Arabs,  who 
live  in  tents,  and  are  dispersed  all  over  Arabia, 
Egypt,  and  the  north  of  Africa,  governed  by  their 
chiefs  in  the  same  manner  that  the  patriarchs  were 

137 


BEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BEL 


formerly;  their  principal  employment  i.s  grazing 
of  cattle. 

Bedwia  Great,  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.,  6 
ms-  SW.  of  Hungerford,  and  71  W.  of  London. 
Loo.  1  33  W.,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Beech  Grove,  town,  E.  Feliciana  parish,  La. 

Beech  Hill,  town,  Jackson  co.,  Tenn.,  70  ms. 
QNE.  from  Nashville. 

Beech  Park,  town,  Gallatin  co.,  Ky.  ;  by  the 
postroad,  48  ms.  N.  from  Frankfort. 

Beeder,  province  or  country  of  Indostan,  having 
Beerar  N.,  Arnngabad  W.,  Hydiabad  S.,  and 
Coduvary  river  E.  This  interior  country,  drained 
by  the  numerous  streams  of  tht?  fcvo  great  rivers 
Kistna  and  Godavary,  has  an  inclination  SE. 
Beeder,  the  capital,  stands  at  N.  lat.  17  56,  Ion. 
77  30,  about  270  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Poo 
nah,  and  370  ms.  SE.  by  E.  of  Bombay. 

Beekman,  town  and  tp.  of  Duchess  co.,  N.  Y., 
10  ms.  E.  from  Poughkeepsie.  Pop.  in  1820, 
4,257. 

Beekmantown,  tp.,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 

in  1820,'  1,343.  Vill  ,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y., 

173  ms.  N.  from  Albany. 

Beekmansville,  village,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y. 

Beelin's  Ferry,  town  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pa. 

Beemah,  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  to  the  N.  of  Poonah,  and  flows  SE. 
upwards  of  300  ms.,  till  it  joins  the  Kistna  near 
Edghir. 

Beering,  or  Shearing's  Strait,  the  narrow  sea 
between  the  VV.  coast  of  North  America  and  the 
E.  coast  of  Asia.  It  is  13  leagues  wide,  in  the  nar- 
rowest part,  between  the  Capes  ol  Prince  of  Wales 
and  Tchutsotskoi.  The  arctic  circle  passes  this 
strait  a  little  north  of  the  narrowest  part. 

Beering'' s,  formerly  Admiralty  bay,  NW.  coast 
of  North  America.  Lon.  W.  'C.  02  0  W.,  lat. 
59  20  N. 

Beering  s  Inland,  in  the  sea  of  Kamschatka,  or 
north  Pacific  ocean.  On  this  island,  on  Novem- 
ber 5,  1741,  the  worthy  but  unfortunate  Captain 
Beering,  the  discoverer  of  the  straits  which  bear  his 
name,  was  wrecked,  and  on  it  he  died  the  8th  of 
the  following  December.  Lon.  163  0  E.  of  Lon- 
don, lat.  55  0  N. 

Beesley's,  town  in  Cape  May  co.,  N.  J.,  105  ms. 
S.  from  Trenton. 

Befort,  small  but  strong  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  28  ms.  W.  of  Basil.  Lon.  6 
54  E.,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Begia,  or  Beggia,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Tunis,  with  a  strong  castle,  on  the  declivi- 
ty of  a  mountain,  65  ms.  W.  of  Tunis.  Lon.  1 1 
30  E.,  lat.  36  42  N. 

Beja,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alenlejo,  in  a  fruit- 
ful plain,  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  72  ms. 
SE.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  7  40  W.,  lat.  37  28  N. 

Beichlingen,  town  in  Germany,  in  Thuringia, 
17  ms.  N.  of  Wiemar.  Lon.  11  50  E.,  lat.  51 
22  N. 

Beira,  province  of  Portugal,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Tra-los  Montes  and  Entre-Duero-e-Minho,  on 
the  S.  by  Portuguese  Estramadura,  on  the  E.  by 
the  Spanish  province  of  the  same  name,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Atlantic. 

Belcastro,  town  in  Naples,  in  Calabria  TJlteri- 
ore,  on  a  mountain,  8  ms.  from  the  sea.  and  12 
138 


SW.  of  San  Severino.    Lon.  17  5  E.,  lat.  39 

ON. 

Belchcrton,  town  in  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  15 
ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Brookfield,  the  same  distance  E. 
j  by  S.  of  Northampton,  and  about  80  W.  of  Bos- 
iton.  Pop.  in  1810,  2,270;  in  1820,  2,426. 
|  Beichite,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  on  the 
'river  Ahnanazir,  20  ms.  S.  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  0 
30  W.,  lat.  41  33  N. 

Belt  -Hissar.  — See  Bali-  Kesri. 
Belchot,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Ferma- 
nash,  seated  in  Lough  Nilly,  18  ms.  SE.  of  Bal- 
lyshannon.    Lon.  7  29  W.,  lat.  54  20  N. 
I     Btlclare,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Sligo,  22 
Ims.  SW.  of  Sligo.    Lon.  8  54  VV.,  lat.  54  I  N. 

Beled  el  Harem,  the  holy  land  of  the  Moham- 
j  redans,  a  district  of  Arabia,  60  ms.  N.  and  100 
!  SR.  from  Djedda,  Geddo,  Jidda,  Juddah,  or  Jedda; 
which  see. 

Belem,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Tajo,  a  mile  from  Lisbon,  de- 
signed to  defend  the  entrance  to  that  city  ;  and 
here   all   the  ships  tUat  sail  up  the  river  must 

come  to. 

Belestat,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Arriege, 
and  late  county  of  Foix,  remarkable  for  a  spring, 
which,  it  is  pretended,  ebbs  and  flows  12  times  in 
24  hours,  as  exactly  as  a  clock. 

Belfast,  borough  and  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the 
co.  of  Antrim,  on  Carrickfergus  bay.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  commercial  towns  of  Ireland. 
A  canal  was  cut  in  1793,  connecting  the  harbor 
with  Lough  Neagh.  Lon.  5  52  W.,  lat.  54  46  N. 

 Town  in  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  near  the  mouth 

of  Penobscot  river,  31  ms.  N.  of  Thomastown,  on 
Penobscot  bay.     Pop.  in  1810,  1,274  ;  in  1820, 

2,026.  Tp.  in  Bedford  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810, 

750;  in  1820,  1,196.  Village  in  Lawrence  dia  • 

trict,  S.  C. 

Belfurd,  village  in  Nash  co.,  N.  C,  64  ms.  B. 
from  Raleigh. 

Belgium,  or,  as  styled,  "the  kingdom  of  the 
Belgians,^  is  composed  of  the  southern  provinces 
of  the  Netherlands,  and  bounded  by  France  SW., 
Prussian  province  of  Lower  Rhine  E.,  Holland 
N.,  and  the  North  sea  NW.  The  slope  of  Bel- 
gium is  to  the  NE.,  and  drained  principally  by  the 
Meuse  and  Scheldt  rivers  and  their  confluents.  Face 
of  the  kingdom  slightly  hilly  on  the  southern  or 
higher  part,  level  or  rather  rolling  in  the  centre, 
and  level  and  even  flat  towards  the  North  Sea.  In 
lat.  extending  from  49  30  to  51  50  IN.,  and  in  lon. 
from  2  35  to  6  15  E.  of  London. 


Provinces. 


Area  E. 
sq.  ma. 


S.  Brabant 

E.  Flanders 

W.  Flanders 

Antwerp 

Hainault 

Naniur 

Liege 

Limburg,  i 

part 
Luxemburg,  i 

part 


1  ,29s 
1J88 
1,276 
1,128 
1,474 
1 ,422 
1,421 

1,128 

1,194 


11.529 


Pop 


556,146 
733,938 
601,704 
354,974 
CU4.957 
212725 
309,937 

337,703 

292,151 

4,064,235 


Capitals. 


Brussels 

Ghent 

Burges 

Antwerp 

Mons 

Naniur 

Liege 


Arlon 


103,200 
M.I  KK I 
42,000 
77,000 
23,000 
21,000 
58,000 


2,300 


Belgium,  ancient  name  of  a  part  of  what  has  been 


BEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


BEL 


in  modern  times  called  "The  Netherlands."  One 
of  the  consequences  of  the  revolution  which  placed 
Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne  of  France  severed  the 
former  Burgundian  provinces  from  Holland,  and 
led  to  their  formation  into  a  kingdom  of  Europe, 
under  the  ancient  name  of  the  country.  This  an- 
cient name  applied  only  to  Netherlands,  or  low 
countries  on  the  Rhine,  Meuse,  and  Scheldt.  The 
name  was  revived  by  the  French  when  in  posses- 
sion of  the  country. 

Belgorod,  town  of  Russia,  and  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  80  ms.  SE. 
of  Bender. 

Belgrade,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  the  cap- 
ital of  Servia,  and  a  Greek  bishop's  sec.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Danube,  a  little  above  its  confluence  with 
the  Savoy.  The  streets,  where  the  greatest  trade 
.■is  carried  on,  are  covered  with  wood,  to  shelter  the 
dealers  from  the  sun  and  rain.  It  is  265  ms.  SE. 
of  Vienna,  and  400  NW,  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
121  2  E.,  lat.  45  10  N.  Small  town  of  Roma- 
nia, in  European  Turkey,  on  the  strait  of  Constan- 
tinople, 20  ms.  N.  of  that  city.    Lat.  41  22  N. 

[  Tp.  and  village  in  Kennebec  co.,  Me.  Pop. 

jin  1810,  996;  in  1820,  1,121. 

|    Bclgrado,  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  seated  near 

the  Tojamcnta,  81  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Udina. 

Bellda,  or  Bleeda,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Titeria,  at  the  foot  of  a  ridge  of  mountains, 
115  m s.  SE.  of  Algiers. 

Bclilz,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Middle 
mark,  with  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  seated  on  the 
river  of  the  same  name,  27  ms.  SYV.  of  Berlin. 

Bellac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Vi 
Irnne,  seated  on  the  Vincon,  20  ms.  N.  of  Li- 
moges. 

Bellaire,  seigniory  L.  Canada,  Hampshire  co., 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  24  ms.  above 

Quebec.  Town  in  Lancaster  district,  S.  C. 

 Town  of  Md.,  capital  of  Harford  co.,  22  ms. 

NE.  of  Baltimore,  and  86  WSVV.  of  Philadelphia. 
I  Latitude  39  31  N.,  longitude  Washington  Citv, 

0  46  E. 

Bellhrooke^  town  in  Sugar  Creek  tp.,  Greene  co., 
(Ohio,  8  ms.  S W.  from  Xenia. 

Bellebrooke  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Lit- 
Itle  Miami,  and  on  one  of  the  roads  from  the  Yel- 
low Springs  to  Cincinnati,  and  about  12  ms.  SE. 
by  E.  from  Dayton,  Ohio. 

Bellfontaine,  small  town  and  seat  of  justice  for 
'Logan  co.,  Ohio,  18  ms.  N.  from  Urbaua,  and  56 

'NW.  from  Columbus.  Village  and  county  seat 

of  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  seated  on  a  branch  of  Miami 
river,  59  ms.  NW.  from  Columbus,  18  N.  of  Ur- 
ibana,  and  42  SSW.  of  Upper  Sandusky.  N.  lat. 
40  22,  lon.  6  45  W.  of  W.  C. 

Bellefonle,  tp.  borough,  aud  post  town  of  Centre 
co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810,  203;  in  1820,433.  Lat. 
40  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  40  W. 

Belleforle,  town  in  Jackson  co.,  Ala.,  75  ins. 
SE.  from  Murfreesborough,  in  Ten.,  and  150  ms. 
NE.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Bcllcgarde,  strong  place  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Rous- 
sillon,  above  the  defile  of  Pcrtuis.  It  is  an  import- 
ant  place,  on  account  of  its  being  a  passage  to  the 
Pyrenees.  Lon.  2  56  E.,  lat.  42  27  N.  Town 

01  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late 
province  of  Burgundy,  seated  on  the  river  Saone, 


15  ms.  NE.  of  Chalons.  Lon.  5  10  E.,  lat.  46 
57  N. 

Belleisle,  island  of  France,  15  ms.  from  the  coast 
of  Brittany.  It  is  a  mixture  of  craggy  rocks  and 
pleasant  fertile  plains.  The  principal  place  is  Pa- 
lais, a  fortified  town,  with  a  citadel.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1761,  and  restored  in  1763. 

Lon.  3  6  W.,  lat.  47  17  N.  Island  of  North 

America,  at  the  mouth  of  the  strait  between  New 
Britain  and  Newfoundland,  whence  the  straits  take 
also  the  name  of  Belleislc.  Lon.  W.  C.  21  35  E., 
lat.  51  55  N. 

Belle  river,  U.  C,  runs  into  St.  Clair,  to  the 
eastward  of  river  Aux  Puces,  and  is  navigable  for 
boats  some  way  up. 

Bellesme,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Orrie,  and 
late  province  of  Perche,  with  an  ancient  castle,  75 
ms.  S  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  42  E.,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Belle  Vernon,  village  in  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  8  ms. 
from  Uniontown,  and  191  SW.  by  W.  from  II  u 
risburg. 

Bellevicw,  town  and  settlement  of  Washington 
co.,  Mo.,  in  the  Mine  district;  it  contains  about 
1,000  inhabitants. 

Belleville,  village  in  Essex  co.,  N.  ,1.,  5  ms. 
above  N  ewark,  on  the  Passaic  river.  At  this  place 
printing,  bleaching,  and  dying  manufactories  are 

established.  Town  in  Wood  co.,  Va.,  on  the 

left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Lee's 

creek.  Village  in  Miffln  co..  Pa.  Town 

southern  part  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  on  Clear  fork 
of  Mohecan  creek,  9  ms.  southward  of  Mansfield, 
the  county  seat,  and  14  ms.  northward  of  Mount 

Vernon,  in  Knox  co.  Town  in  Logan  co., 

Ohio.  Town  in  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 

W.  branch  of  Mohecon  creek.  Town  in  St, 

Clair  co.,  III.,  16  ms.  nearly  E.  from  Cahokia. 

 Village  on  Trade  Water  river,  in  the  western 

part  of  Hopkins  co.,  Ky.,  200  ms.  SW.  by  W 

from  Frankfort.  Village  in  Conecuh  co.,  Ala., 

70  ms.  NNE.  from  Pensacola,  and  100  ms.  S 
from  Cahaba. 

Bcllevieu,  fief  of  L.  C,  in  Surry  co.,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  22  ms.  NE.  from  Mon 
treal. 

Belley,  episcopal  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ain, 
and  late  province  of  Bresse,  near  the  Rhone,  12 
ms.  N.  of  Chamberrv,  and  250  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
5  50  E.,  lat.  45  47  N^ 

Brllinghani,  town  in  Northumberland,  Eng.,  14 
ms.  NN  W.  of  Hexham,  and  294  of  London.  Lou, 

2  10  W.,  lat.  55  10  N.  Tp.  and  village  in 

Norfolk  co. ,  Mass.  Pop.  in  1810,766,  and  in  1820, 
1,034. 

BelUnzona,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese.  I* 
is  seated  on  the  Tesino,  5  ms.  above  the  place 
where  it  falls  into  the  Lago  Maggiore.  Lon.  8  16 
E.,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Bellona,  arsenal  and  post  office  in  Chesterfield 
co.,  Va.,  12  ms.  from  Richmond. 

Bellows  Falls,  in  Connecticut  river,  between 
Walpole  and  Rockingham.    The  whole  pitch  in 

about  half  a  mile  is  42  feet.  Town  in  Cheshire 

co.,  N.  H.,  at  Bellows  Falls. 

Bellunesc,  territory  of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  Ve- 
netians, lying  between  Friuli,  Cadorino,  Feltrimo, 
the  bishopric  of  Trent  and  Tirol.  It  has  iron  mines, 
Bclluno  is  the  only  place  of  note. 

Bcllunu,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Bellunesc, 

139 


BEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BEN 


and  formerly  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  among 
the  Alps,  on  the  river  Piave,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Fel- 
tri.    Lon.  12  9  E.,  lat.  43  13  N. 

Bellvue,  extensive  prairie  of  Louisiana,  in  the 
Opelousas.  It  lies  between  the  waters  of  the  Teche 
and  Vermillion,  and  those  of  the  Mermantau  river. 

Bellvilk,  village  in  the  NE.  part  of  Rockbridge 
co.,  Va.,  10  ms.  NE.  from  Lexington,  and  151 
VV.  from  Richmond. 

Belmonte,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cileriore, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Tuscan  sea,  10  ms.  W.  of  Co- 
zenza.    Lon.  19  5  E.,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Belmont,  co.  of  Ohio,  having  the  Ohio  river 
E.,  Monroe  S.,  Guernsey  W.,  and  Harrison  and 
Jefferson  N.  It  is  25  ms.  in  length  by  20  wide ; 
area  500  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly  ;  soil  very  produc- 
tive. Staples  grain  and  salted  provisions.  Central 
Jat.  40  4  N.,  Ion.  W.C.  4  0  W.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,329. 

Belmonte,  town  and  tp.  in  Hancock  co.,  Me., 
19  ms.  W.  from  Castine,  and  8  ms.  SW.  from 
Belfast.  Pop.  in  1820,  744.  Village  in  Han- 
cock co.,  Maine,  97  ms.  NE.  from  Portland.  

Village  in  Wayne  co.,  Miss.,  168  ms.  from  St. 
Charles. 

Bellemonl,  village  in  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  8  ms. 
SW.  from  St.  Clairsville,  and  about  7  a  little  N. 
of  E.  from  Barnesville. 

Beloochistan,  country  of  the  Belooches,  extensive 
country  of  Asia,  generally  co-extensive  with  the 
ancient  Gedrosia,  and  the  Mekran  of  the  Arabians. 
It  is  bounded  W.  by  Kerman  and  Laristan,  in  Per- 
sia, N.  by  Afghanistan,  E.  by  Sinde,  and  S.  by 
the  Indian  ocean.  Length  from  W.  to  E.  600 
ms.  ;  mean  breadth  about  250  ms.  ;  area  150,000 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  25°  to  30°  N., 
and  in  lon.  from  58°  to  69°  E.  of  London.  The 
general  inclination  of  Beloochistan  is  southward. 
The  northern  part  extending  along  about  N.  lat. 
28°,  is  a  high,  rugged,  mountainous  table  land, 
inhabited  by  Brahoos,  Belooches,  and  Taudjiks. 
The  more  level,  though  hot  and  dry  country,  to- 
wards the  Indian  ocean,  called  Sewastan,  is  in- 
habited by  Jutes.  The  whole  population  is  set 
down  by  Balbi  at  3,000,000. 

The  people  called  Belooches,  and  from  whom 
the  country  has  been  named,  speak  a  language 
with  much  affinity  to  the  Persian.  They- are  re- 
presented as  a  fine  people,  tall,  robust,  and  every 
way  well  formed ;  also,  brave,  hospitable,  and  in 
telligent.  It  is  a  oountry,  however,  of  which  our 
knowledge  is  very  imperfect. — See  article  Asia. 

Belper,  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng.  Here  are 
.several  large  cotton  mills,  a  bleaching  mill,  and 
an  iron  forge.  It  is  seated  on  the  Derwent,  8  ms. 
N.  of  Derby,  and  134  NNW.  of  London. 

Be/pre,  town  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
NW.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Little  Kenhaway,  12  ms.  below  Marietta.  The 
tp.  is  16  ms.  in  length  along  the  river.  Pop.  1810, 
494,  in  1820,  1151. 

Belpurg,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a 
famous  convent,  18  ms.  ENE.  of  Lerida. 

Belt,  Great,  strait  of  Denmark,  between  the  is- 
lands of  Zealand  and  Funen,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Baltic  Sea.  It  is  not  so  commodious,  nor  so 
much  frequented  as  the  Sound. 

Belt,  Little,  strait  to  the  W.  of  the  Great  Belt, 
between  Funen  and  North  Jutland.     It  is  one  of 
140 


the  passages  from  the  German  Ocean  to  the  Bal- 
tic though  not  3  ms.  in  breadth,  and  very  crooked. 

Belturbet,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Ca- 
van,  on  the  river  Erne,  9  ms.  NNW.  of  Cavan. 

Beltz  or  Belzo,  a  town  of  Poland  in  Red  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  30  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Lemburg.  Lon.  24  5  E., 
lat,  50  20  N. 

Belurn,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Este,  24  ms.  NW.  of  Stade. 

Being  Dag,  ancient  Imaus  chain  of  mountains 
in  Central  Asia,  stretching  N.  and  S.  between 
Tartary  and  Mongolia. 

Belvez,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  27  ms.  SSE.  of  Periguex. 

Belvedere,  rown  of  Greece,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Morea.  This 
province  lies  on  the  W.  coast,  and  is  the  most  fer- 
tile in  the  Morea.  The  town  is  delightfully 
situated,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Chiurenza.  The  raisins 
called  Belvederes,  come  from  this  place.  Lon. 

21  45  E.,  lat.  38°  N.  Village,  Warren  co., 

N.  J.,  on  Delaware  river,  above  the  mouth  of 
Beaver  creek,  1 1  ms.  above  Easton,  and  50  NN  W. 
from  Trenton. 

Belviderc,  town  of  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  on 
the  waters  of  La  Moelle  river,  38  ms.  N.  from 
Montpelier.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  War- 
ren co.,  N.  J.,  12  ms.  above  Easton,  and  10  SW., 
from  Hope.  The  united  streams  of  Beaver  and 
Pequest  creeks  enter  the  Delaware  at  this  place, 
and  have  immense  water  power.  Is  rapidly  im- 
proving, and  already  a  place  of  considerable  acti- 
vity and  wealth.  Lat.  40  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
1  55  E. 

Belvoir  Castle,  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  4  ms. 
W.  of  Grantham.  Its  foundation  was  laid  soon 
after  the  Norman  conquest. 

Belvuron,  town,  Marion,  co.,  O.,  5  ms.  east- 
ward of  Marion  the  county  seat. 

Benares,  district  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  be- 
tween Bahar  and  Oude ;  containing  the  circar^  of 
Benares,  Jionpour,  Chunar,  and  Gazypour.  It 
was  ceded  to  the  English  in  1775,  and  produces  a 

clear  annual  revenue  of  380,000/.  Populous 

city,  capital  of  the  district  of  the  same  name,  in 
Hindoostan.  It  is  more  celebrated  as  the  ancient 
seat  of  Braminical  learning,  than  on  any  other 
account,  and  is  built  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Gan- 
ges, which  is  here  very  broad,  and  the  banks 
very  high.  The  streets  are  narrow ;  the  houses 
high,  and  some  of  them  5  stories  each,  inhabited 
by  different  families.  The  more  wealthy  Hin- 
doos, however,  live  in  detached  houses  with  an 
open  court,  surrounded  by  a  wall.  Benares  is 
425  ms.  SE.  of  Delhi,  and  400  NW.  of  Calcutta. 
Lon.  83  10  E.,  lat.  25  20  N. 

Benavarri,  town  of  Spain,  in  An  agon,  17  ms. 
N.  of  Lerida.    Lon.  0  45  E.,  lat.  42  11  N. 

Benavenlo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Ela,  23  ms.  SE.  of  Astorga. 
Lon.  5  7  W.  lat.  42  4  N. 

Benbecula,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
Hebrides,  between  N.  and  S.  Uist,  from  the  last 
of  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel, 
nearly  dry  at  low  water.  It  is  of  a  circular  form, 
including  the  inlets  of  the  sea,  9  ms.  in  diameter. 
The  soil  is  sandy  and  unproductive,  but  much 
kelp  is  made  from  the  sea-weed  thrown  on  the  coast. 


BEN 


Bencoolen,  fort  and  town  on  the  SW.  of  the 
island  of  Sumatra,  belonging  to  the  English.  The 
country  about  Bencoolen  is  mountainous  and 
woody  ;  and  there  are  several  volcanoes  in  the  is- 
land. The  chief  trade  is  in  pepper.  Lon.  102 
5  E.,  lat.,  3  49  S. 

Bcndermussen,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  island  of  Borneo,  with  a  good 
1  harbor.    Lon.  140  40  E  ,  lat.  2  40  S. 

Bender,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  Bes- 
sarabia, on  the  river  Dniester,  100  ms.  NW.  of 
Belgorod.  It  was  the  residence  of  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden,  after  his  defeat  at  Pultowa.  Lon. 
29,  E  ,  lat.  4G  58  N. 

Benedetto,  St.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan, 
25  ms.  SE.  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  35  E  ,  lat. 
44  44  N. 

Benedict,  town  of  Charles  co.,  Md  ,  on  the  Pa- 
;  tuxent  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Indian  creek,  60  ms. 
j  S.  from  Baltimore,  and  35  SE.  from  W.  C. 
Benedictine  Monks,    so   called    from  having 
adopted  the  rules  of  St.  Benedict.     This  ancient 
order,  as  early  as  the  6th  century  of  our  era,  had 
spread  over  Italy,  France,  Spain,  Germany,  and 
England.     It  was  men  of  this  order  who  intro- 
duced Christianity  into  Britain.     Placius  Marcus 
;  Guido,  Alcuin,  and  the  venerable  Bede,  with  many 
other  lights  of  the  dark  ages  were  Benedictines. 
Benesoeuf,  town  of  Egypt,  remarkable  for  its 
I!  hemp  and  flax  ;  seated  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
|  Nile,  50  ms.  S.  of  Cairo.    Lon.  31  10  E.,  lat. 

I  29  10  N. 

Benevento,  city  of  Naples,  agreeably  situated  in 
|!  Principato  Citeriore.  It  has  suffered  greatly  by 
||  earthquakes,  particularly  in  1688,  when  the  arch- 
il bishop,  afterwards  Pope  Benedict  XIII.  was  dug 

II  out  of  the  ruins  alive.  It  is  subject  to  the  Pope, 
|i  and  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Saboro  and 
I  Calora,  35  ms.  NE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  57  E  , 
I  lat.  41  6  N. 

Benfield,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
|i  the  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace  on 

I  the  river  111,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Strasburgh.  Lon 
7  45  E.,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Bengal,  country  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Orissa  and  Bahar,  on  the  N.  by 

I I  Bootan,  on  the  E.  by  Assam  and  Meckley,  and 
[i  on  the  S.  by  the  bay  of  Bengal.     Its  greatest  ex- 
tent from  W.  to  E.  is  about  720  ms.,  and  from 

1 :  N.  to  S.  above  300.    The  country  consists  of  one 
it  vast  plain,  of  the  most  fertile  soil,  which,  in  com- 
mon with  other  parts  of  Hindoostan,  annually 
Ei  renders  two,  and,  in  some  parts,  even  three  crops. 
M  It  is  sometimes  subject  to  such  extremes  of  heat 
II  as  render  it  fatal  to  Europeans.    The  great  cause 
F  of  the  unhealthiness  of  Bengal,  however,  is  owing 
to  the  inundations  of  the  Ganges  and  Burram- 
pooter,  by  which  such  quantities  of  putrescible 
matters  are  brought  down  as  infect  the  air  with  the 
[  i  most  malignant  vapours  when  the  waters  retire. 

By  the  latter  end  of  July,  all  the  lower  parts  of 
i  1  Bengal,  contiguous  to  the  Ganges  and  Burram- 
i  pooter,  ;»re  overflowed,  and  present  a  surface  of 
i  \  water  more  than  100  ms.  wide.  As  some  of  the 
1  |  lands  in  Bengal  would  receive  damage  from  such 
I  |  a  copious  inundation,  they  must,  for  this  reason, 
•  !  be  guarded  by  strong  dykes  to  resist  the  waters, 
and  admit  only  a  certain  quantity.  One  parti- 
cular branch  of  the  Ganges  is  conducted,  for  70 


ms.  between  dykes  ;  and  when  full,  the  passengers 
look  down  upon  the  adjacent  country  as  from  an 
eminence.  Its  principal  products  are  sugar,  silk, 
fruit,  pepper,  opium,  rice,  saltpetre,  lac,  and  ci- 
vit.  It  is  compared  to  Egypt  for  fertility  ;  the 
Ganges  dividing  here  into  several  streams,  and, 
like  the  Nile,  annually  overflowing  the  country. 
Bengal  has  been  subject,  ever  since  1765  to  the 
E.  India  Company.  Sec  art.  Asia,  head  Indostdn. 

 Tp.  Oneida  co.,    N.   Y.,  lying   N.  from 

Oneida  lake,  between  Fish  creek  and  Constantia. 
Benguela,  kingdom  of  W.  Africa     See  Africa 

p.   26,  Capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 

name,  where  the  Portuguese  have  a  fort.  It 
lies  to  the  N.  of  the  bay  of  Benguela.  Lon.  12 
30  E.,  lat.  10  30  S. 

Beni,  river  of  S.  America,  the  eastern  consti- 
tuent of  the  Ucayal.  The  extreme  sources  of  the 
Beni  are  as  remote  as  S.  lat.  18,  from  whence, 
by  a  general  northern  course  of  300  ms  ,  and 
again  northwestwardly  300  ms.,  unites  with  the 
Apurima  to  form  the  Ucayal. 
Benin.  See  Africa,  p.  25. 
Benin,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name  in  Africa,  situated  on  the  river  Benin  or 
Formosa.    Lon.  5  4  E.,  lat.  7  30  N. 

Benlaivers,  mountain  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, on  the  E.  side  of  Loch  Tay.  It  rises  in  a 
conical  shape  to  the  height  of  4,015  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

Benlomond,  mountain  of  Scotland,  in  Dumbar- 
tonshire, on  the  E.  side  of  Loch  Lomond,  rising 
to  the  height  of  3,262  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  Its  sides,  particularly  toward  the  lake,  are 
finely  covered  with  trees,  and  it  produces  a  num- 
ber of  rare  plants. 

Bennevis,  mountain  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness- 
shire,  E.  of  Fort  William.  It  is  the  highest  in 
Great  Britain,  rising  4,370  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  On  the  NE.  side  it  presents  a  precipice, 
nearly  perpendicular,  of  about  1,500  feet  in  height. 

Benningtgn,  co.  of  Vt.,  forming  the  SW.  angle 
of  that  State,  having  Rutland  N.,  Windsor  NE., 
Windham  E.,  Berkshire,  in  Mass. ,S.,  and  Wash- 
ington co.,  N.  Y.,  W.  It  is  40  ms.  in  length, 
with  a  mean  width  of  17,  area  680  sq.  ms. ;  its 
features  are  hilly  in  general,  and  in  part  mountain- 
ous. The  soil  is  productive  in  grain,  pasturage, 
and  fruits.  Staples  flour,  salted  provisions,  and 
lumber.  Chief  town  Bennington.  Central  lat. 
43°  N.  lon.  AV.  C.  4  15  E.    Pop.  1820,  16,125. 

 The  chief  town  of  Bennington  co.,  Vt.,  36 

ms.  NE.  from  Albany,  36  ms.  W.  of  Brattlebo- 
rough,  and  33  N.  of  Pittsfield,  in  Mass.  It  con  - 
tained  2,283  inhabitants  in  1800,  and  is  famous 
for  a  victory  obtained  here  August  16,  1777,  by 
the  troops  of  the  United  States  under  General 
Starke,  over  a  detachment  of  the  British  army,  or 
rather  Hessians,  under  Colonels  Bawn  and  Brey- 
man,  which  was  a  prelude  to  the  decisive  victory 
at  Saratoga,  by  which  General  Burgoyne  and  all 
his  army  submitted  to  the  United  States  army  uri 
tier  General  Gates.  The  principal  public  edifices 
are  a  church,  court-house,  and  jail.    It  lies  in  lat. 

42  52  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  3  56  E.  Town, 

Genessee  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  1820,  796.  On 

theShenango,  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pa.  Town 

in  the  NE.  quarter  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 

1820,  412.-  Tp.,  Licking  co.,  O.  Pop.  1820, 

141 


HER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


BER 


210.  Vill.,  St.  Clair  co.,  Ala.,  163  ins.  N. 

from  Cahaba. 

Bensalem,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  about  20  ms.  N. 
from  Philadelphia.  Pop.  1810,  1,434;  in  1820, 
1,667. 

Bensoboro,  vill.,  Pitt  co.,  N.  C.  60  ms.  SE. 
from  Raleigh. 

Benson,  town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  cast, 
side  of  Lake  Champlain,  9  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Fairhaven,  and  27  NW.  of  Rutland.  Pop.  1800, 
1,159. 

Bent  Creek,  town,  Buckingham  co.,  Va.,  80 
in  i.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Bentfieim,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a  co. 
of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Vecht,  32  ins. 
NW.  of  Munstor.    Lon.  7  25  E.,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Rcnlivoglio,  town  and  castle  of 'Italy,  in  the 
BolOgnese,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Bologna.  Lon.  11  34 
E.,  lat,  44  37  N. 

Bentleysville,  vill.,  Halifax  co.,  Va.,  120  ms. 
SW.  from  Richmond. 

Ben  lon,  town,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  1820, 

3,357.  Town,  northern  part  of  Holmes  co., 

O.,  5  ms.  NE.  of  Millersburg,  the  county  seat. 

 Village,  Scott  co.,  Mo.,  165  ms.,  by  the 

post  rpad,  from  St.  Louis. 

Berar,  soubah  of  the  deccan  of  Hindoostan, 
bounded  by  Malwa  and  Allahabad  on  the  IN., 
Orissa  on  the  E.,  Golconda  on  the  S.,  and  Cande- 
ish  and  Dowlatabad  on  the  W.  Less  is  known 
of  the  interior  parts  of  Berar  than  of  most  of  the 
other  countries  in  Hindoostan.  Its  capital  is 
Nagpour. 

Bcraum,  town,  Bohemia,  and  capital  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name,  1 1  ms.  W.  6f  Prague.  Lon. 

14  25  E.,  lat.  50  3  N.  River  of  Bohemia,  the 

main  western  confluent  of  the  Elbe. 

Beuhkti.  "  At  every  successive  step  of  my  in  • 
vcstigalions,"  says  Hodgson,  "  new  proofs  accu- 
mulate in  favoj  of  my  hypothesis,  that  the  Berber 
is  the  original  language  of  all  North  Africa,  in- 
cluding the  Egypts  and  Abyssinia.  Lhave  ascer- 
tained it  to  be  the  native  idiom  of  the  Mozabies, 
VVadreagans,  and  Wurgclans."  The  inhabitants 
of  Wadreag  call  their  country  Eregaiah,  the  com- 
pound of  VVadreag,  which  means  Oasis,  or  Egser 
of  Ereag.  (See  Wad,  Egser,  and  Oasis.)  These 
people  call  their  tribes,  respectively,  Aith  Em/.al, 
Aith  Eregaiah,  Ailh  Wurgelah.  Aitu  answers 
♦  o  the  Bern,  or  children  of  the  Arabs. 

Berbice,  Dutch  settlement,  on  a  river  of  the 
•aine  name,  in  Guiana,  two  leagues  W.  of  Par- 
amaribo. It  was  taken  by  an  English  fleet  in 
May,  1796,  and  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1814. 

Rcrrhtolsgabcn,  town,  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Saltzburg.  It  serves  all  the  neighbor- 
hood with  s;dt,  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Aa,  10 
ma.  SW.  of  Saltzburg.  Lon.  13°  E.,  lat.  47°  N. 

Berea,  village  in  Middleburg  tp.,  Cuyahoga 
co.,  ().,  12  ms.  SW.  of  CIcaveland,  and  13  ms. 
nearly  due  E.  from  Ellyria. 

Berealston,  borough,  Devonshire,  Eng.,  10  ms. 
N.  of  Plymouth,  and  211  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  52  W.,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Bereilhf,  cily,  Hindoostan  proper,  capital  of 
Rohilla.  It  lies  between  Lucknow  and  Delhi,  123 
ms.  from  each.    Lon.  79  40  E.,  lat.  28  30  N. 

Berc  Regis,  town,  Dorsetshire,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday.  It  is  a  small  place,  seated  on  the 
112 


Bere,  12  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Dorchester,  and  11% 
SW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  15  W.,  lat.  50  41  N. 

Berg,  duchy,  Westphalia,  very  mountainous 
and  woody.    Dusseldorp  is  the  capital. 

Bergamo,  province,  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Venice,  bounded  by  Brescia,  the  Valtelinc,  and 
the  Milanese.   Their  language  is  the  most  corrupt 

of  any  in  Italy.  Ancient  town,  Italy,  capital  of 

Bergamo,  with  a  strong  citadel  and  a  bishop's  see; 
famous  for  its  sewing  silk.  It  is  30  ms.  NE.  of 
Milan.    Lon.  9  47  E.,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Bergarac,  trading  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Doidogne,  and  late  province  of  Pcrigord,  seated! 
on  the  river  Dordogne,  50  ins.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 
Lon.  0  42  E.,  lat.  45°  N. 

Bergas,  town,  Romania,  and  the  see  of  a  Greek 
archbishop.  It  is  scaled  on  the  river  Larissa,  40 
ms.  SE.  of  A.drianopIe.  Lon.  27  40  E.,  lat.  4l» 
14  N. 

Bergen,  ancient  seaport  of  Norway.  It  is  the 
see  of  a  bishop,  and  has  a  strong  castle.  It  carries 
on  a  great  trade  in  skins,  fir  wood,  and  dried  fish, 
and  is  350  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Gopenhagen.  Lon. 

4  45  E.,  lat.  60  I  1  N.  Town  of  Swedish  Po- 

merania,  capital  of  the  isle  of  Rugen,  12  ms.  NE. 

of  Stralsund.    Lon.  12  40  E.,  lat.  54  23  N.  

Town,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  1820,  2,438. 

Bergen  co.,  N.  .1.,  bordering  on  the  North  riv- 
er, which  separates  it  from  N.  Y. ;  bounded  by 
Newark  bay  and  Essex  and  Morris  SW.,  Sussei 
W.,  Orange  and  Rockland  cos.,  N.  Y.,  NE.,  and 
Hudson  river  E.  Length  30,  by  a  mean  width  of 
16;  area  480  sq.  ms.  Surface  rocky,  hilly,  and 
in  part  mountainous,  and  soil  various.  Staples : 
grain,  fruits,  salted  provisions,  and  garden  vegeta* 
hies.  Ghief  town  Bergen.  Pop.  in  1820,  18, 1784 
What  was  Bergen  co.  formerly,  now  comprisei 
what  remains  under  thai  name  and  Hudson  co.  By 
the  census  of  1840,  these  two  counties  stood  thus  ! 
Bergen,  13,223;  Hudson,  9,483— total,  22,076. 

Gcntral  lat.  41°  N.,lon.  W.  C.2  45  E.  Village 

and  seat  of  an  academy,  in  Bergen  co.,  N.  J.,  3  ms. 

W.  from  New  York.  Tp.,  Bergen  co.,  N.  .1. 

Pop.  in  1810,  2,690;  in  1820,  3,137. 

Bergen-op-Zoom,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  in  the 
marquisate  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  handsome  place, 
and  one  of  the  strongest  in  the  Netherlands,  seated 
partly  on  a  hill,  about  1£  mile  from  the  Scheldt, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  a  canal.  It  is  15 
ms.  N.  of  Antwerp  and  22  SW.  of  Breda.  Lon; 
4  25  E.,  lat  51  27  N. 

Bergues,  St.  Vinox,  fortified  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
dep.  of  the  North,  and  late  co.  of  Flanders,  seated 
on  the  river  Golme,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  Sh 
ms.  S.  of  Dunkirk.    Lon.  2  28  E.,  lat.  50  57  N. 

Bcrkhamstead,  tp.,  Litchfield  co.,  Ct.  The 
lands  arc  rough  and  broken.  Pop.  about  1,000. 
 Town  of  Herts,  Eng.,  26  ms.  NW.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  31'  W.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Berkeley,  corporate  town  in  Gloucestershire; 
Eng.,  on  a  brook  that  flows  into  the  Severn,  18 
ins.  SW.  of  Gloucester  and  113  W.  of  London. 

Lon.  2  23  W.,  lat.  51  45  N.  Town,  Bristol  co., 

Mass.,  35  ms.  S.from  Boston.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,014; 

in  1820,  1,060.  Co.  of  Va.,  bounded  SVV.  by 

Frederick,  Hampshire  NVV.,  Potomac  river  NE., 
and  Jefferson  SE.  Length  28,  mean  width  18  ms. ; 
area  500  sq.  ms. ;  surface  mountainous,  and  soil 
generally  thin,  though  many  spots  arc  favorable 


BE  II 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BER 


exceptions.  Staples  :  grain  and  salted  provisions. 
Chief  town  jMartinsburg.  Pop.  in  1820,  11,211. 
Central  lat.  39  40,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  15  W. 

Berkley,  or  Sandtoivn,  village  of  Gloucester  co., 
N.  J.,  14  ms.  from  Philadelphia. 

Berkley's  sound,  on  the  N  W.  coast  of  America, 
between  Nootka  sound  and  the  mouth  of  Columbia 
;  river. 

Berkley  Springs,  village  Morgan  co.,  Va.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Potomac,  110  ms.  above  W.  C. 

Berks,  or  Berkshire,  inland  co.  of  Eng.,  bound- 
ed on  the  E.  by  Surry,  on  the  S.  by  Hants,  on 
the  W.  by  Wilts,  and  on  the  N.  by  Oxfordshire 
and  Bucks.  From  E.  to  W.  it  extends  above  50 
ms.,  and  from  N.  to  S.  it  is  25  ms.  in  the  widest, 
though  not  more  than  6  ms.  in  the  narrowest  part; 
urea  about  750  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in  1301,  109,215; 
in  1811,  118,277;  and  in  1821,  131,977.  Pop. 
to  the  sq.  m.  176.  It  lies  in  the  diocess  of  Salis- 
bury, contains  20  hundreds,  12  market  towns,  and 
140  parishes,  and  sends  9  members  to  Parliament. 
The  air  is  healthy,  even  in  the  vales.  Its  chief 
rivers  are  the  Thames,  Kennet,  Lamborn,  and 
Loddon.  The  E.  part  has  much  uncultivated  land, 
as  Windsor  forest  and  its  appendages ;  the  W.  and 
middle  parts  produce  great  plenty  of  wheat  and  bar- 
ley.   Reading  is  the  capital. 

Berks,  co.  of  Pa.,  on  both  sides  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill river,  bounded  S  W.by  Lancaster  and  Lebanon, 
N  W.  by  Schuylkill,  NE.  by  Lehigh,  and  SE.  by 
Montgomery  and  Chester.  Length  38  ms.,  mean 
width  27  ms. ;  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  fertile  counties  in  Pa.  It  is  traversed  by 
one  humble  chain  of  mountains,  and  limited  on  its 
NW.  and  SE.  sides  by  two  others.  The  soil  is 
varied — in  some  parts  limestone  abounds,  and  in 
others  clay  slate.  Staples  :  grain,  flour,  whiskey, 
cattle,  hogs,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief  town 
Reading.  Pop.  in  1820,  43,146.  Central  lat.  40 
25,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  10  E.  Berks,  in  1810,  included 
what  is  now  Schuylkill  co.,  which  then  contained 
the  tps.  of  Upper  and  Lower  Mahantango,  Pine- 
grove,  Norwegian,  Manheim,  Brunswick,  and 
Schuylkill.  These  tps.  at  that  epoch  contained  an 
aggregate  of  5,819  inhabitants,  reducing  the  cen- 
sus of  what  is  now  Berks  co.  to  37,327.  In  1830, 
Berks  contained  53,152  inhabitants;  and  in  1840, 
64,569. 

Berkshire,  co.,  Mass.,  is  the  most  westwardly 
co.  of  the  State,  and  is  for  the  most  part  moun- 
tainous; bounded  S.  by  Litchfield  co.,  Ct.,  W.  by 
Columbia  and  Rensselaer  cos.,  N.  Y.,  N.  by  Ben- 
nington co.,  Vt.,  and  E.  by  Franklin,  Hampshire, 
and  Hampden  cos.,  Mass.  Length  from  N.  to  S. 
48  ms.,  mean  width  18  ms. ;  area  860  sq.  ms.  The 
Green  mountains  traverse  this  co.  in  all  its  length. 
'  Other  mountain  ridges  also  chequer  its  surface, 
giving  a  mountainous  aspect  to  the  whole.  The 
soil  is,  however,  in  general,  fertile,  and  peculiarly 
adapted  to  grazing.  Staples :  grain,  flour,  and  salt- 
ed provisions.  It  is  abundant  in  marble  and  lime- 
stone. Chief  town  Lenox.  Pop.  in  1820,  35,666  ; 
in  1837,  37,835  ;  and  in  1840,  64,569.  Central 

,  lat.  42  25,  Ion.  W.  C.  4°  E.  Village,  Frank- 

,  lin  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  waters  of  Missisque  river,  and 
;  near  the  northern  line  of  the  State,  65  ms.  N.  from 

Montpelier.  Town,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  180 

ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany.  Tp.  Broome  co., 

N.  Y,    Pop.  in  1820,  1,502,  -Town,  Dela- 


ware co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1810,  284;  in  1820,  190. 

 Village,  Berkshire  tp.,  Delaware  co.,  O.,  is 

situated  9  ms.  E.  by  S.  from  Delaware,  and  23  ms. 
N.  by  E.  from  Columbus. 

Berkshire,  Valley,  town,  Morris  co.,  N.  J.,  51 
ms.  N.  from  Trenton.* 

Berlamont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  6 
ms.  ESE.  of  Quesnoy. 

Berleburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Wester- 
wald,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Berlebach,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Eder,  20  ms.  NW.of  Mar- 
burg. 

Berlin,  city  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  elec- 
toral of  Brandenburg  and  of  the  whole  Prussian 
dominions ;  one  of  the  largest,  best  built,  and  best 
governed  of  any  in  Germany.  It  is  defended  part  ly 
by  walls,  partly  by  pallisades,  and  has  15  gates, 
The  streets  are  straight,  wide,  and  long;  and  its 
large  squares,  magnificent  palaces,  churches,  and 
other  buildings,  are  scarcely  to  be  equalled.  It  is 
12  ms.  in  circumference  ;  but  within  this  enclosure 
are  numerous  gardens,  and  many  beautiful  houses 
are  let  in  stories  to  mechanics.  The  pop.  in  1803 
was  153, 128,  exclusive  of  the  garrison.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Suabian  Mercury,  the  population  of  Ber- 
lin increased  from  192,217  in  1821,  to  315,541 
in  1841,  or  rather  above  160  per  cent,  in  20  years. 
The  royal  palace  contains  a  fine  library,  a  rich  cab- 
inet of  curiosities  and  medals,  and  the  supreme 
colleges  of  government.  Near  the  place  stands  the 
magnificent  cathedral.  Here  are  also  several  acad- 
emies and  hospitals,  an  astronomical  observatory, 
a  superb  arsenal,  and  a  royal  cloth  manufacture. 
Berlin  has  a  flourishing  trade,  occasioned  by  its 
numerous  manufactures  of  silk,  wool,  cotton,  cam- 
els hair,  linen,  Prussian  blue,  cutlery,  and  porce- 
lain ;  and  by  its  enamelled,  inlaid,  and  embroider- 
ed works.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Spree,  from 
which  there  is  a  canal  to  the  Oder  on  the  E.,  and 
another  to  the  Elbe,  on  the  W. ;  so  that  it  has  a 
communication  by  water  both  with  the  Baltic  sea 
and  the  German  ocean.  It  is  100  ms.  N.  of  Dres- 
den, and  185  ms.  NW.  of  Breslau.  Lon.  13  22 
E.,  lat.  52  31  N. 

Berlin,  village,  Washington  co.,  Vt.,  5  ms.  SE. 
from  Montpelier. — —Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass. 

Pop.  in  1810,  591;  in  1820,  625.  Town  of 

Hartford  co.,  Conn.,  10  ms.  S.  of  Hartford.  Pop. 

800.  Tp.,  Hartford  co.,  Conn.  Pop.  in  1810, 

2,798  ;  in  1820,  2,877.  Town,  Rensselaer  co., 

N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,986.  Village  with  a 

post  office,  in  Adams  co.,  Penn.,  6  ms.  N.  of  Ab- 
botstown,  20  S.  of  Carlisle,  and  about  100  W. 
of  Philadelphia.  Village  and  borough,  Somer- 
set co., Penn,,  on  the  southern  road  from  Bedford 
to  Uniontown,  30  ms.  W.  from  the  former,  and  45 
E.  from  the  latter  place.    Pop.  in  1810,  330;  in 

1820,  382.  Town,  Holmes  co.,  Ohio,  8  ms. 

a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Millersburg  the  co.  seat, 

and' 100  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Columbus.  Town, 

Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  395.  

Town,  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in,  1820,  482. 

Berlinville,  town  in  Berlin  tp.,  northern  part 
of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  about  7  ms.  NE.  of  Norwalk 
the  co.  seat,  and  on  the  road  thence  to  Cleveland. 
 Village,  on  the  main  road  from  Easton,  North- 
ampton co.,  Penn.,  to  Berwick,  about  2  ms.  be- 
low the  Lehigh  water  Gap,  and  1  m.  from  Lehigh 
river,  Northampton  co.,  Penn. 

143 


BER  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  BER 


Bermuda  Hundred,  or  City  Point,  a  port  of 
entry,  in  Chesterfield  co.,  Va.,  on  the  W.  side 
of  James  river,  20  ms.  below  Richmond.  It  main- 
tains a  considerable  foreign  trade.  Lon.  W.  C. 
3C  W.  lat.  37  18  N. 

Bermuda,  Somers,  or  Summer  Islands,  a  clus- 
ter of  small  islands,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  shep- 
herd's crook,  and  surrounded  by  rocks,  which  ren- 
der them  almost  inaccessible  to  strangers.  They  lie 
in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  700  ms.  E.  of  Carolina, 
and  are  inhabited  by  the  English.    They  were  dis- 
covered by  Juan  Bermudez,  a  Spaniard  ;  but  not 
inhabited  till  1609,  when  Sir  George  Somers  was! 
cast  away  upon  them  ;  and  they  have  belonged  to  | 
Britain  ever  since.    The  town  of  St.  George,  on  j 
St.  George's  island,  is  the  capital.    Lon.  63  28 
W.,  lat.  32  35  N.    The  centre  of  the  Bermudas 
proupliesin  72  30  E.,  lon.  and  680  ms.  distant  from 
Cape  Hatteras,  in  North  Carolina. 

Bermudian,  village,  York  co.,  Penn.,  50  ms. 
S.  from  Harrisburg. 

Bern,  largest  of  the  cantons  of  Swisserland, 
bounded  by  the  main  Alps  SE.  ;  the  cantons  of 
Unterwalden,  Luzerne,  Aargau,  Soleure,  and  Ba- 
sil NE.,  Fr.  NW.,  and  the  cantons  of  Neufchatel, 
Fribourg,  and  Vaux  SW.  Greatest  length  85  ms. 
from  SE.  to  NW  ;  area,  3,500  sq.  ms.  ;  and  mean 
breadth,  40  ms.  Surface  extremely  diversified 
from  the  mountains  of  Finster-Aar-Hom,  elevated 
14,116,  and  Jung-Frau-Hom,  13,720  feet,  to  the 
fine  vales  of  the  Aar  river  and  confluents.  The 
canton  of  Bern  extends  in  lat.  from  46  20  to  47 
30,  and  in  lon.  from  6  50  to  8  25  E.  London. 
Pop.  350,000.— See  Art.  Switzerland.  Capi- 
tal of  the  canton  of  Bern  in  Swisserland.  Here 
is  a  celebrated  school,  a  rich  library,  and  12  com- 
panies of  tradesmen,  in  one  of  which  every  inhab- 
itant is  obliged  to  be  enrolled  before  he  can  enjoy 
any  office.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  white 
freestone,  and  in  the  principal  streets  have  piazzas 
or  arches  under  them,  for  the  convenience  of  walk- 
ing in  wet  weather.  The  public  buildings  are 
magnificent.  Bern  is  70  ms.  NE.  of  Geneva. 
Lon.  7  10  E.,  lat.  46  52  N.,  and  very  near  mid- 
distance  of  the  greatest  length  of  the  canton.  

 Town,  Albany  co  ,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820, 

5,531.  Upper,  tp.,  in  Berks  co.,  Penn.  Pop. 

in  1820,  2,017.  Village,  Berks  co.,  Penn.,  16 

ms.  NW.  from  Reading.  Lower,  tp.,  Berks 

co.,  Penn.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,791. 

Bernard,  Great  St.,] mountain  of  Swisserland, 
between  Vallais  and  Val-d'Aousta,  at  the  source 
of  the  river  Drance.  The  top  of  it  is  always  cov- 
ered with  snow ;  and  there  is  a  large  convent 
where  the  monks  entertain  all  strangers  gratis  for 
three  days  without  any  distinction  of  religion. 

Bernard,  town  of  Ger.,  in  the  electorate  of 
Brandenburg,  5  ms.  from  Berlin,  famous  for  its 

excellent  beer.  Tp.,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.  Pop. 

in  1810,  1,879  ;  in  1820,  2,063. 

Bemardstown,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Mass., 
102  ms.  by  the  post  road  from  Boston. 

Bernay,  \  trading  rown  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Eure  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  seated  on 
the  river  Carantonne,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Rouen. 
Lon.  50'  E.,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Berne,  tp.,  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1810, 
976  ;  in  1820,  923. 

Bernburg,  town  of  Ger.,  in  the  principality  of 
144 


Anhalt,  where  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Anha^t 
resides.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Sara,  22  ms. 
SW.  of  Magdeburg.  Lon.  11  46  E.,  lat.  51  51  N. 

Berry,  late  province  of  Fr.,  fertile  in  corn,  fruit, 
hemp,  and  flax  ;  and  there  is  excellent  wine  in 
some  places.  It  is  now  included  in  the  deps.  of 
Cher  and  Indie. 

Berry sburg  village,  Dauphin  co.,  Penn.,  28 
ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Berry's  Ferry,  over  the  Shenandoah,  and  post 
office,  Frederick  co.,  Va.,  on  the  road  from  Lees- 
burg  to  Winchester,  58  ms.  W.  from  Washington. 

Berthier,  village  and  seigniory  of  L.  C,  War- 
wick co.,  on  the  left  shore  of  St.  Lawrence  rivery 

 Seigniory  of  L.  C,  in  Heresford  co.,  on  the 

right  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Bersella,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mode- 
nese,  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Linza  and 
Po,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Parma.  Lon.  10  56  E.,  \M 
44  45  N. 

Bersuire,  town  of  Fr.,in  the  dep.  of  the  Sevres, 
and  late  province  of  Poitou,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Thou- 
ars.    Lon.  27'  W.,  lat.  46  52  N. 

Bertat,  or  Djebel-0\>nin. — See  Africa,  p.  9. 

Bertie,  tp.  on  the  W.  side  of  Niagara  river,  in 
the  co.  of  Lincoln,  U.  C. ;  it  lies  S.  of  Willoughby, 

and  is  open  to  Lake  Erie.  Co.  of  N.  C,  on 

the  Roanoke;  bounded  S.  and  SW.  by  the  Roanoke 
river,  or  Martin,  W.  by  Halifax,  NW.  by  Nor- 
thampton, N.  by  Herford,  E.  by  Chowan  river, 
and  SE.  by  Roanoke  river  or  Washington  co. 
Length  28,  mean  width  25,  area  700  sq.  ms ;  sur- 
face generally  level,  and  part  marshy  ;  soil  of  mid- 
dling quality ;  staple,  tobacco ;  chief  town,  Wind- 
sor. Pop.  in  1820,  10,805;  in  1830,  12,262; 
and  in  1840,  12,175.  Central  lat.  36°  N.,  and 
the  meridian  of  W.  C.  intersects  very  near  the 
centre  of  this  co. 

Bertine.ro,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  with  a 
strong  citadel  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
a  hill,  50  ms.  NE.  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  40  E., 
jlat.  44  18  N. 

Bertrand,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
i  Garonne,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  43  ms. 
IS.  of  Audi.    Lon.  48'  E.,  lat.  42  56  N. 

Bervie,  seaport  and  borough  in  the  co.  of  Kin- 
cardine, at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
j25  ms.  SW.  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2°  W.,  lat. 
56  40  N. 

Berwick,  town  and  co.  of  itself,  on  the  borders 
i  of  Eng.  and  Scot.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
■was  once  a  strong  fortress  of  great  importance, 
|  when  Eng.  and  Scot,  were  hostile  nations.  It  is 
large  and  populous,  has  a  good  trade  in  corn  and 
salmon,  and  is  seated  on  the  Tweed,  over  which  is 
a  handsome  bridge  of  15  arches;  is  147  ms.  N.  of 
York,  52  SE.  of  Edinburgh,  and  336  N.  by  W. 

of  London.    Lon.  1  46  W.,  lat.  55  45  N.  Tp. 

in  York  co.,  Me.    Pop.  in  1810,  4,455;  and  in 

1820,  (exclusive  of  S.  Berwick,)  2,736.  Tp. 

Adams  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,799;  in  1820, 

1,207.  Village,  Columbia  co.,  Pa  ,  on  the  W. 

side  of  Susquehannah  river,  opposite  the  head  of 
the  turnpike  road,  between  this  and  the  Lehigh.  It 
is  16  ms.  NE.  of  Catawissey,  37  of  Northumber- 
land, and  about  35  W.  of  the  navigable  part  of  the 

Lehigh.  Sometimes  called  Abbotstown,  village, 

Adams  co.,  Pa.,  about  15  ms.  W.  of  Little  York. 
Berwick,  North,  borough  in  the  co.  of  E.  Lo- 


BET 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BET 


thian,  Scot.,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  20  ms.  NW. 
of  Berwick  upon  Tweed.    Lon.  2  33  W  ,  lat. 

56  5  N.  Village,  Yorkco.,  Me  ,  10  ms.  NW. 

from  York. 

Berwick,  South,  village,  York  co.,  Me.,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Piscataqua  river,  about  7  ms.  from  York, 
the  co.  town.    It  has  an  academy.    Pop.  4,000. 

 Tp.,  York  co.,  Me.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,473. 

Berwickshire,  co.  of  Scot.,  sometimes  called  the 
Mers ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  German  ocean, 
on  the  SE.  by  the  Tweed,  on  the  S.  by  Roxburg- 
shire,  on  the  W.  by  Edinburghshire,  and  on  the 
NW.  by  Haddingtonshire.  It  is  40  ms.  in  length, 
with  a  mean  width  of  18  ;  area,  720  sq.  ms.  Pop. 
in  1801,  30,621  ;  1811,  30,799;  and  in  1821, 
83,385.  Pop.  to  the  sq.  m.  46.  It  abounds  with 
corn  and  grass,  and,  being  a  low  and  flat  country, 
is  sometimes  called  the  How  [Hollow]  of  the  Mers. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tweed,  Leather,  Black- 
adder,  Whiteadder,  and  Eye. 

Berwyn  Hills,  lofty  hills  at  the  NE.  angle  of 
Merionethshire,  beneath  which  spreads  the  fine 
vale  in  which  flows  the  infant  river  Dee. 

Besangon,  ancient  and  populous  city  of  Fr.,  in 
the  dep.  of  Doubs,  and  late  province  of  Franche 
Comte.  The  triumphal  arch  of  Aurelian,  and 
other  Roman  antiquities,  are  still  to  be  seen.  The 
streets  are  wide  and  handsome,  and  the  houses  are 
well  built  with  freestone.  It  is  52  ms.  E.  of  Dijon, 
and  208  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  2  E.,  lat.  47  13  N. 
I  Bessarabia,  territory  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Dneister,  along  whose 
banks  the  Tartar  inhabitants  rove  and  maintain 
themselves  by  their  cattle,  by  husbandry,  and  by 
robbery.  Their  common  food  is  the  flesh  of  oxen 
and  horses,  cheese,  and  mare's  milk.  Bender  is 
the  capital. 

Bestricia,  town  of  Transylvania,  remarkable  for 
the  gold  mines  near  it,  85  ms.  NW.  of  Herman- 
stadt,  and  90  E.  of  Tockay.  Lon.  23  45  E.,  lat. 
47  30  N. 

:  Betanzas,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seated  on 
the  Mandeo,  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  20  ms.  S. 
of  Ferrol.  Lon.  7  55  W.,  lat.  43  12  N. 
I  Betelfagni,  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  famous  for  the 
vast  quantity  of  coffee  bought  and  sold  here  to  the 
Europeans.  It  is  25  ms.  E.  of  the  Red  sea.  Lon. 
44  30  E.,  lat.  15  40  N. 

Bethabara,  Moravian  settlement,  Stokes  co., 
N.  C,  4  ms.  SE.  from  Bethany. 

Bethania,  village,  Stokes  co.  N.  C,  on  a  branch 
'A  the  Yadkin,  about  125  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from 
Raleigh.    It  is  a  Moravian  settlement,  with  a  pop- 
ulation of  400.    Lat.  36  10  N. 
«   Bethany,  tp.,  Wayne  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820, 

193.  Town,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  head 

oranches  of  the  Tonnewanto  and  Black  creeks,  8 
uas.  SE.  from  Batavia.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
ice,  Wayne  co.,  Pa.,  on  Duberry  creek,  120  ms. 
N.  from  Philadelphia.  N.  lat.  41  37,  lon.  W.  C. 
I  42  E. 

Bethany  Church,  town,  Iredell  co.,  N.  C,  170 
ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Bethel,  tp.,  Oxford  co.,  Me.    Pop.  in  1810, 

975;  in  1820,  1,267.  Tp.,  York  co.,  Me., 

:hiefly  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Androscoggin 

iver.  Town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  about  30  ms. 

\TE.  from  Rutland.  Town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct. 

10  ms.  NW.  from  Stratford,  and  25  a  little  N.  of 
19* 


W.  from  New  Haven.  Town,  Sullivan  co., 

N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,096.  Tp.,  Delaware 

co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  299;  in  1820,  394.  

Tp.,  Bedford  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,095;  in 

1820,  1,083.  Tp.,  Lebanon  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1820,  3,059.  Borough,  Lebanon  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

1820,  1,437.  Tp.,  Berks  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,294.  Town,  Clermont  co.,  O.,  100 

ms.  SE.  from  Columbus,  and  30  SE.  by  E.  from 
Cincinnati.  The  post-town  of  Bethel,  Tate  tp., 
Clermont  co  ,  O.,  is  situated  in  the  SE.  part  of  the 
co.,  on  the  road  from  Cincinnati  to  Portsmouth,  12 

ms.  southeastward  of  Batavia,  the  co.  seat  

Tp.,  Clark  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  970.  Tp., 

Huron  co.,   O.     Pop.  in  1820,   164.  Tp., 

Miami  co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1810,  506;  in  1820,  1043. 

Bethlem,  tp  ,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,728;  in  1820,  2,002. 

Bethlehem,  {Beth  el-Lakim,)  town  of  Palestine, 
famous  for  the  birth  of  Christ.  It  is  seated  on  the 
ridge  of  a  hill,  running  from  E.  to  W.,  and  has  a 
delightful  prospect.  It  is  now  an  inconsiderable 
place,  but  much  visited  by  pilgrims.  Here  is  a 
church  yet  entire,  erected  by  the  famous  Helena, 
in  the  form  of  a  cross;  also  a  chapel,  called  the 
Chapel  of  the  Nativity,  where  they  pretend  to  show 
the  manger  in  which  Christ  was  laid ;  as  also 
another,  called  the  Chapel  of  Joseph,  and  a  third, 
of  the  Holy  Innocents.  A  few  Greeks  reside  here. 
It  is  6  ms.  S.  of  Jerusalem.    Lon.  25  25  E  ,  lat. 

31  50  N.  Town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  2  ms. 

N.  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  49  E  ,  lat.  50  55  N.  

Town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  in  1810,  422; 
in  1820,  467. 

Bethlehem,  town  in  the  SE.  part  of  Litchfield 
co.,  Ct.,  38  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Hartford. 
Pop.  1810,  1,738;  in  1820,  932.  Town,  Al- 
bany co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Hud- 
son river,  8  ms.  S.  of  the  city  of  Albany.  The 
tp.  is  famous  for  its  dairies,  aud  contained  3,095 

inhabitants  in  1800.  Tp.,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  1820,  5,114.  Town,  Northampton  co., 

Pa.;  lat.  40  37  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  46  E.  The 
United  Brethren  were  settled  here  by  Count  Zin- 
zendorf  in  1741.  In  1800  the  town  contained 
543  inhabitants,  and  the  tp.  1,343;  in  1810  the 
tp.  contained  1,436;  and  in  1820,  1,860  inhabit- 
ants, principally  of  the  same  sect.  In  1840  the 
tp.  contained  a  pop.  of  2,989.  The  buildings 
are  not  remarkable  for  grandeur  or  elegance,  but 
are  generally  comfortable.  It  is  the  principal  town 
of  the  Moravians,  or  Unitas  Fratrium,  in  Pa. ; 
is  situated  on  the  north  or  left  bank  of  the  river 
Lehigh,  in  a  tp.  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth 
of  Monocacy  creek,  on  ground  descending  to- 
wards the  river,  and  towards  the  creek,  which 
gives  it  a  fine  appearance  when  viewed  from  the 

S.  or  W.  Tp.,  Stark  co.,  O.    Pop.  m  1820, 

489.  Village,  situated  on  the  Ohio  canal,  6 

ms.  S.  of  Massillon,  and  10  ms.  SW.  of  Canton, 

the  county  seat.  Village,  Clarke  co.,  Ia.  

Post  Office,  Oglethorpe  co.,  Ga.,  65  ms.  NNE. 

from  Milledgeville.  Post  Office,  Clarke  co., 

Ia.,  100  ms.  S.  from  Indianopolis. 

Bethlehem,  East,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Pa. 
Pop.  1810,  1,806;  in  1820,  2,239. 

Bethlehem,  West,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Pa. 
Pop.  1810,  1,849;  in  1820,  2,187. 

Bethlehem's  Creek,  or  Coeyman's  Kill,  falls 

145 


BEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BIE 


into  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson  7  ins.  below 
Albany. 

Bethlehem  Cross  Roads,  village,  Southampton, 
co.,  Va.,  62  ras.  SE.  from  Richmond. 

Bethsaida,  village,  Jones  co.,  Ga.,  25  ms.  W. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Bethune,  fortified  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  co.  of  Artois,  with 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  by  the  river 
Brette,  20  ms.  E.  of  St.  Omer,  and 'l20  N.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  35  E.,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Betley,  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.,  16  ms. 
NNW.  of  Stafford,  and  156  of  London.  Lon.  2 
10W.,  lat.  53  5  N. 

Betlis,  town  of  Asia,  in  Curdistan,  on  a  steep 
rock,  on  the  frontiers  of  Turkey  and  Persia,  but 
subject  to  its  own  bey,  and  a  sanctuary  for  the 
subjects  of  the  neighboring  Powers.  It  is  150  ms. 
E.  of  Diarbeker.    Lon.  42  50  E.,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Betion's  island,  near  the  coast  of  Revillagigedo. 
Latitude  55  21  N.,  lon.  Washington  City,  54 
42  W. 

Bettshurg,  village,  Jerusalem  tp.,  Chenango 
co.,  N.  Y.,  142  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Betuwe,  fertile  island  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
40  ms.  long  and  10  broad,  containing  in  that 
space  8  cities  and  several  hundred  villages.  It 
was  the  ancient  Batavia,  and  formerly  gave  the 
name  of  Batavians  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Dutch 
Netherlands ;  and  it  was  principally  hence  that 
the  Dutch  spread  themselves  over  the  different 
provinces, 

Beula,  small  town,  Cambria  co.,  Pa.,  planted 
chiefly  by  emigrants  from  Wales,  (G.  B.,)  about 
60  ms.  E.  of  Pittsburg. 

Bevecum,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  17  ms. 
S.  of  Louvain.    Lon.  4  50  E.,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Beveland,  North  and  South,  two  islands  of  the 
kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Zealand,  between 
the  east  and  west  branches  of  the  Scheldt. 

Bevergorn,  town  of  Westphalia,  22  ms.  from 
Munster. 

Beverly,  borough  in  the  East  Riding  of  York- 
shire, Eng.,  on  the  river  Hull,  9  ms.  N.  of  Hull, 
and  182  of  London.    Lon.  0  15  Wr.,  lat.  53  52 

N.  Town,  Essex  co.,  Mass,,  15  ms.  N.  by 

E.  from  Boston,  and  separated  from  Salem  by  a 
bridge.  Pop.  1800,  3,881;  in  1810,  4,608;  in 
1820,  4,283.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Ran- 
dolph co.,  Va.,  on  the  east  branch  of  Mononga- 
hela  river,  40  ms.  SE.  from  Clarksburg,  and  250 
NW.  from  Richmond. 

Beverly  Township,  in  the  West  Riding  of  the 
co.  of  York,  lies  W.  of  Flamborough,  on  Dujidas 
street. 

Beverungen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  diocese 
of  Paderborn,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Beve  and 
Weser,  22  ms.  E.  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  30  E., 
lat.  51  46  N. 

Bevis's,  tavern  and  post  office,  Colerain  tp., 
Hamilton  co.,  O.,  about  15  ms.  NW.  of  Cin- 
cinnati. 

Bewcastle,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  on 
the  Leven. 

Bewdley,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire, 
on  the  Severn,  14  ms.  N.  of  Worcester,  and  128 
NW.  of  London.    Lon  2°  W.,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Bewley,  or  Beaulieu,  river  which  rises  in  the 
N,  of  Invernessshire,  Scot.,  and,  flowing  along 
146 


the  S  border  of  Rossshire,  forms  the  fine  estuary 
on  which  stand  Inverness  and  Fort  St.  George, 
and  which  terminates  in  the  Frith  of  Murray. 

Bex,  village  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  near  the  town  of  St.  Maurice,  remarkable 
for  its  delightful  situation  and  the  salt  works  near 
it,  the  largest  of  which  is  entered  by  a  passage  cut 
out  of  the  solid  rock. 

Beziers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Herault, 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  near  the  royal 
canal,  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  flows  the  Or- 
bre,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  3  18  E., 
lat.  21°  N. 

Biafar,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
in  Negroland,  to  the  E.  of  Benin.  Lon.  17  40 
E.,  lat.  6  10  N. 

Biana,  town  of  Hindostan  proper,  remarkable 
for  excellent  indigo,  50  ms.  W.  of  Agra.  Lon. 
80  50  E.,  lat.  26  30  N. 

Bibb,  co.  of  Ala.,  bounded  N.  by  Shelby,  E.  by 
Coosa  river,  S.  by  Autauga  and  Perry,  and  W.  by 
Tuscaloosa.  Length  45  ms.,  and  mean  width  25 
ms.  ;  area  1,100  sq.  ms.  Cahaba  river  passes 
through  this  county  ;  and  the  33°  N.  lat.  and 
10°  of  lon.  W.  from  W.  C.  intercepts  in  its  west- 
em  part.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,676;  and  in  1840, 

8,284.  C.  H.  and  town,  Bibb  co.,  Ala.,  35 

ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Biberach,  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  on  the 
Reuss.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  fustians;  is  17 
ms.  SW.  of  Ulm.    Lon.  10  2  E.,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Bicester,  or  Burcester,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Oxford- 
shire, between  Oxford  and  Buckingham;  13  ms. 
N.  of  the  former  and  57  W.  by  N.  of  London. 
Lon.  1  10  W.,lat.  51  54  N. 

Bichida.    See  Yichada. 

Biche  Marais  a  la  empties  itself  into  Lake  On- 
tario at  theNE.  part  of  the  tp.  of  Grantham,  Upper 
Canada. 

Biclileys  store,  town,  Abbeville  district,  S.  C, 
100  ms.  W.  from  Columbus. 

Bidache,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  lower 
Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Basques,  on  the 
river  Bidouse,  12  ms.  E.  of  Bayonne.  Lon.  1  9 
W.,  lat  43  31  N. 

Bidassoa,  river  of  France  and  Spain,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  Pyrenees,  and  falls  into  the  bay 
of  Biscay  between  Andaye  and  Fontarabia. 

Biddeford,  seaport  and  town  corporate  of  Eng., 
in  Devonshire,  on  the  Torridge,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge  of  24  arches.  It  is  a  well  inhabited 
trading  place,  16  ms.  S.  by  W\  of  Ufracombe 
and  203  W.  of  London.    Lon.  4  10  W.,  lat.  51 

10  N.  Port  of  entry,  Me.,  on  Saco  river,  23 

ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Portland  and  30  NE.  of  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.    Pop.  1,560.  Tp.,  York  co., 

Me.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,563  ;  in  1820,  1,738. 

Biddle,  lake,  one  of  the  sources  of  Big-horn 
river.  Is  laid  down  on  Melish's  map  ;  it  is  at  42 
40  N.  lat.,  lon.  W.  C.  32  40  W. 

Bieka,  Crabb  island,  9  ms.  SE.  from  Porto  Rico. 
Lat.  18°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  11  45  E. 

Bieez,  town  of  Poland,  in  Cracovia,  remarka- 
ble for  its  mines  of  vitriol,  seated  on  the  Weseloke, 
50  ms.  SE.  of  Cracow.  Lon.  21  5  E.,  lat.  49 
50  N. 

Biela,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  the  Bellese, 
near  the  river  Cerva,  20  ms.  W.  of  Verceil.  Lon. 
7  58  E.,  lat.  45  35  N. 


BIG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BIL 


Bielogorod,  strong  town  of  Bessarabia,  on  Lake 
Videno,  near  the  Black  sea,  42  ras.  SW.  of  Ocza- 
kow.    Lon.  30  10  E.,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Biclsk,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Po- 
lachia,  near  one  of  the  sources  of  the  river  Narew, 
100  ms.  NE.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  39  E.,  lat. 
52  40  N. 

Bienne,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Smolensko,  80  ms.  NE.  of  Smolensko  and  170  W. 

of  Moscow.    Lon.  33  5  E.,  lat.  55  40  N.  

Town  of  Swisserland,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Jura.  It  is  17  ms.  NW.  of 
Bern.    Lon.  7  10  E.,  lat.  47  11  N. 

Bienvcnu,  a  bayou  or  creek  of  La.,  parish  of 
Orleans,  rises  to  the  N.  of  the  city  of  New  Oreans, 


Big  Miami,  used  frequently  to  distinguish  the 
larger  from  the  smaller  of  the  two  rivers  thus  named. 

Big  Muddy  Creek,  village,  Randolph  co.,  111. 

Big  Prairie,  town,  near  Wooster,  W&vne  co., 

Ohio,  90  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus.  Tp.  New 

Madrid  co.,  Mo. 

Big  River,  town,  Jefferson  co.,  Mo. 

Big  River  Mills,  town,  St.  Francis  co.,  Mo.,  90 
ms.  S.  from  St.  Charles. 

Big  Rock,  tp.  Ark.    Pop.  in  1820,  328. 

Big  Sandy,  river,  branch  of  Ohio,  having  its 
sources  in  the  Cumberland  mountain,  interlocking 
with  those  of  Cumberland,  Tennessee,  and  Great 
Kenawha,  and  flowing  NW.  about  150  ms.  by 
comparative  courses,  falls  into  the  Ohio.    Lat.  38 


runs  E.  into  Lake  Borgne,  after  a  course  of  10  27  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  30  W.  For  about  65  ms. 
ms.    It  was  by  the  route  of  this  channel  that  the !  this  river  is  the  boundary  between  Va.  and  Ky. 


British  army  reached  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
December  23,  1814. 

Bieroliet,  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  2  ms.  N.  of| 
Sluvs.    Lon.  3  39  E  ,  lat.  51  21  N. 


Big  Sandy,  creek,  branch  of  Oconee  river,  Ga., 
falls  into  the  Oconee  about  20  ms.  above  Dublin. 

Big  Scioux,  river,  branch  of  Missouri  from  the 
left,  having  its  source  between  those  of  St.  Peter's 


Big-hay,  settlement  and  village  of  Johnson  co.,  111.  branch  of  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Jaques's  branch 
Big-black,  river,  a  small  branch  of  the  Missis- 1  of  Missouri,  and  flowing  S.,  falls  into  the  latter 


rising  in  the  State  of  Miss.,  and  having  its  about  800  ms.  above  its  mouth. 


sippi, 

discharge  at  the  Grand  Gulf  62  ms.  above  Natchez. 

Big-blue,  river  of  la.,  falls  into  Ohio  15  ms.  W. 
.from  Corydon,  dividing  Crawford  and  Harrison 
counties. 

;    Bis;  Bone  Lick  creek,  small  stream  in  Woodford 


Md., 
.,  50 


Big  Springs,  village,   Washington  co., 
above  the  mouth  of  Little  Conococheague. 

Big  Swamp,  town,  Montgomery  co.,  Al 
ms.  E.  from  Cahaba. 

Big  Twin,  called  otherwise  Franklin  creek,  a 
Ico.,  Ky.,  famous  on  account  of  the  animal  bones  very  important  though  not  a  very  large  stream  of 
lof  an  enormous  size  that  have  been  found  here.  Ohio,  rising  in  and  traversing  Preble  co.,  and 
pome  have  supposed  these  to  be  the  bones  of  the  thence  over  the  southwestern  angle  of  Montgomery, 
mammoth,  and  others  of  a  nondescript  animal.  j  falls  into  the  right  side  of  Miami  river  near  to  and 
Big  Bottom,  village,  Roxbury  tp.,  Washington  I  below  Franklin. 


jco.,  O.,  situated  in  the  NW.  angle  of  the  co.,  about 
|20  ms.  NW.by  W.  from  Marietta  and  11  south- 
eastward of  McConnellsville,  co.  seat  of  Morgan  co. 

Big  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Loosa  Hatchie  river, 
Shelby  co.,  Tenn.    On  this  creek  is  a  post-town, 
(240  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Murfreesborough. 
I    Big  Dry,  branch  of  Mississippi  from  the  right; 
'150  ms.  above  Yellow  Stone  river. 

Big  Eagle,  town,  Scott  co.,  Ky.,  25  ms.  from 
T'rankfort 

■  Big  Flat,  town  in  the  tp.  of  Elmira,  Tioga  co., 
N.  Y. 

'    Biggleswade,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bedfordshire, 


Big  Walnut  Creek,  large  easterly  branch  of 
Sciota  river,  rises  in  the  northeastern  angle  of 
Delaware  co.,  O.,    Its  course  is  nearly  S.  50  ms. 
through  Delaware,  across  Franklin,  into  the  N. 
border  of  Pickaway  co.,  where  it  joins  the  Sciota. 
For  original  Indian  name  of  Big  Walnut,  see 
GaJianna  river. 
Bijinagur.    See  Btsnagur. 
Bigore,  province   of  Hindoostan  Proper,  be- 
tween the  rivers  Indus  and  Attock,  having  Oabul 
|  on  the  W.,  the  Bockharian  mountains  on  the  N., 
Cashmere  on  the  E  ,  and  Peishore  on  the  S.   It  is 
40  ms.  from  N.  to  S.  and  30  from  E.  to  W.  It 


one  of  the  great  barley  markets  in  Eng.  It  is  seat-; is  full  of  mountains  and  wilds,  inhabited  by  a 
ed  on  the  Ivel,  over  which  is  a  neat  stone  bridge,  j  savage  and  turbulent  race. 


10  ms.  NW.  of  Bedford  and  45  NNW.  of  Lon 
don.    Lon.  21'  W.,  lat,  52  6  N. 

Bigorre,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Armagnac,  on  theE.  by  Cumminges,  on  the 
\V.  by  Beam,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Pyrenees.  It 
is  now  included  in  the  dep.  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees. 
[  Big  Hachy,  river,  Tenn.  and  Miss.,  rises  in  the 
latter,  and  flowing  NW.,  enters  Henderson  and 
Madison  cos.  in  the  former,  gradually  turns  W., 
illd  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Bighorn,  river,  large  southeastern  branch  of  the 
Yellow  Stone  river,  rises  in  the  Rocky  or  Chippe- 
wan  mountains,  and  flowing  NE.  by  N.,  by  com- 
parative courses,  450  ms.,  falls  into  Fellow  Stone 
river  from  the  right,  at  Manuel's  fort.  Lat.  46° 
!N.,  lon  W.  C.  29  21  W. 

i    Big  Island,  tp.  and  village,  Marion  co.,  O.  The 
village  is  6  ms.  westward  of  Marion,  the  co.  seat, 
and  15  ms.  southward  of  Upper  Smdusky. 
Big  Lick,  village,  Bottetourt  co.,  Va. 


Bilboa,  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Biscay,  with 
a  good  harbor.  Its  exports  are  wood,  sword- 
blades,  and  other  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel. 
It  is  remarkable  for  the  wholsomeness  of  its  air, 
and  the  fertility  of  the  soil  about  it.  It  is  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ibaicabal,  which  enters  the 
bav  of  Biscay,  50  ms.  W.  of  St.  Sebastian,  and 
180  N.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  10  W.,  lat.  43 
33  N. 

Bildeston,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  on  the 
river  Breton.  The  only  business  of  the  town  con- 
sists in  spinning  of  yarn.  It  is  12  ms.  SE.  of 
Bury,  and  63  NE.  of  London.-  Lon.  0  55  E., 
lat.  52  16  N. 

Biledulgerid,  (country  of  datts,)  province  of 
Barbary,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Tunis,  on  the  E, 
by  Tripoli,  on  the  S.  by  Guerguia,  and  on  the  W, 
by  Tuggurt.  It  lies  between  5  and  HE.  Ion., 
and  28  and  32  N.  lat.  The  air  is  wholesome, 
but  hot,  and  the  soil  vields  a  great  deal  of  barley. 

147 


BIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


I3IR 


Bilevelt,  town  of  Germany  in  Westphalia,  in  I 
the  co.  of  Ravensburg,  7  ms.  SE.  of  Ravensburg. 
Lon.  8  50  E.,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Billion,  island  of  Asia,  or  Austral  Asia,  lying 
between  Borneo  and  Banca.  Lat.  3°  S.,  and  lon. 
108°  E.  London. 

Biliton  Straits,  between  Biliton  island  and  the 
western  coast  of  Borneo  ;  they  are  about  120  ms. 
wide.  Their  south  entrances  300  ms.  NE.  from 
the  straits  of  Sunda. 

Bill  Birs  Key,  small  island  near  the  Spanish 
Main,  on  the  Musquito  shore. 

Billericay,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on  a  hill, 
before  which  opens  a  beautiful  prospect  over  a  rich 
valley,  to  the  Thames,  9  ms.  SW.  of  Chelmsford, 
and  23  E.  of  London.  Lon.  0  31  E.,  lat.  51 
30  N. 

Billerica,  town,  Middlesex,  co.,  Mass.,  about 
20  ms.  NW.  of  Boston,  and  10  S.  of  Dracut,  on 
the  Merrimack  river.  Pop.  400.  Tp.  Mid- 
dlesex co.,  Mass.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,289,  in  1820, 
1,380. 

Billimead,  tp.,  Caledonia,  co.,  Vt.,  on  the 
sources  of  Passamsick  river. 

Billingsport,  village,  N.  J.,  on  the  river  Dela- 
ware, about  12  ms.  below  Philadelphia.  Here 
was  a  fortification  during  the  war  of  Indepen- 
dence, which  defended  the  channel  of  the  river. 

Billom,  town,  France,  in  the  department  of 
Puy-de-Dome,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne, 
15  SE.  of  Clermont.  Lon.  3  28  E.,  lat.  45 
41  N. 

Bilma,  a  burning  desert  of  Africa,  to  the  SE. 
of  Fezzan,  between  21°  and  25°  N.  lat. 

Bilsden,  town  in  Eng.,  in  Leicestershire,  96 
ms.  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  0  51  W.  lat.  52 
35  N. 

Bilson,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  on  the  river  Demer,  15  ms.  N.  of  Liege. 
Lon.  5  29  E.,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Bimini,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  near  the 
channel  of  Bahama,  8  ms.  in  length,  and  as  much 
in  breadth.  It  is  very  woody,  and  difficult  of 
access  on  account  of  the  shoals,  but  it  is  a  very 
pleasant  place,  and  inhabited  by  the  native  Ameri- 
cans.   Lon.  W.  C.  2  30  W.,  lat.  25  0  N. 

Bimlipatam,  seaport  of  Golconda,  in  the  dec- 
can  of  Hindoostan,  seated  on  the  bay  of  Bengal, 
12  ms.  N.  of  Visagapatam.  Lon.  83  5  E.,  lat. 
18  N. 

Binaros,  small  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  re- 
markable for  good  wine ;  seated  near  the  Medi- 
terranean, 20  ms.  of  Tortosa.  Lon.  0  35  E., 
lat.  40  33  N. 


Binbrook,  tp.  in  Lincoln  co.,  U.  C,  betweenjlish  ms 


Binfield,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Berkshire,  in 
W  indsor  forest,  3  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Okingham. 
Binfield  was  the  scene  of  Pope's  youthful  days, 
and  here  he  wrote  his  Windsor  Forest. 

Bingen,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Mentz,  seated  at  the  place  where  the 
river  Nahe  falls  into  the  Rhine,  with  a  stone 
bridge  over  the  former.  It  is  15  ms.  W.  by  S.  of 
Mentz.    Lon.  8°  E.,  lat.  49  49  N. 

Bingham,  town  of  Eng. ,  in  Nottinghamshire,  9 
ms.  E.  of  Nottingham,  and  120  N.  by  W.  of 

London.     Lon.  0  51  W.,  lat.  52  58  N.  

Town,  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  on  the  E.  or  left 
side  of  Kennebec  river,  above  the  Cariotunk  falls. 

Binghampion,  town,  and  seat  of  justice  in 
Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the  junction  of  the  Una- 
dilla  and  Chenango  rivers,  145  ms.  SW.  from 
Albany,  and  40  ms.  SE.  from  Ithica.  This  vil- 
lage is  usually  named  Chenango  Point;  which 
see. 

Biohia,  river  of  S.  America,  in  Chili,  rises  in 
the  Andes,  and  enters  the  bay  of  Conception. 
The  Biobia  is  the  northern  boundary  of  Aranco. 
Lat.  36  45  S. 

Biorneburg,  town  of  Finland,  in  Sweden,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Kune,  in  the  Gulf  of  Bohemia, 
75°  N.  of  Abo.    Lon.  22  5  E.  lat.  61  42  N.  I 

Birch  Bay,  NW.  coast  of  America,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Georgia,  lat.  48  53  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  45  27  W. 

Bit  or  Beer,  town  of  Diarbeck,  in  Turkey  in 
Asia,  with  a  castle,  where  the  governor  resides. 
It  stands  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  near 
a  high  mountain,  in  a  fruitful  country.  It  is  50 
ms.  NE.  of  Aleppo. 

Birch  Stream,  town,  Penobscot  co ,  Maine, 
150  ms.  NE.  from  Portland. 

Bird,  small  island,  or  rather  rock  in  the  head 
of  Niagara  river,  between  the  harbor  of  Buffalo, 
and  Fort  Erie.  Tp.  Brown  co.,  O. 

Bird  Islands,  a  cluster  in  the  Caribbean  sea, 
opposite  to  the  coast  of  Columbia,  about  50  ms. 
SE.  from  Curacoa.  Lat.  12  N.  Ion.,  W.  C  10° 
E.  It  is  also  the  name  of  many  inconsiderable 
islands  in  various  p^rts  of  the  earth. 

Birdsboroug;h,  village,  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
right  side  of  tiie  Schuylkill,  8  ms.  below  Reading. 

Birdsville,  village,  Burke  co  ,  Ga.,  50  ms.  SE. 
by  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Birkenfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine ;  seated  near  the  river  Nahe,  25  ms. 
ESE.  of  Treves.  N.  lat.,49  42;  long.  7  10  E. 
London.  The  territory  of  Birkenfeld  belongs  to 
the  Duke  of  Oldenburg,  though  separated  from 
the  Duchy  of  Oldenburg,  upwards  of  200  Eng- 


Saltfleet,  Glandford,  and  Caistor. 

Binch,  little  fortified  town  of  Austrian  Hain- 
ault,  9  ms.  E.  of  Mons.  Lon.  4  15  E.,  lat.  50 
24  N. 

Binchester,  village  of  Eng.,  on  the  river  Were, 
near  Durham.  Several  inscriptions  and  monu- 
ments show  it  to  have  been  the  Roman  Vinovium  ; 
many  Roman  coins  are  dug  up  here,  which  are 
called  Winchester  Pennies;  and  two  altars  have 
been  discovered,  from  which  it  appears  that  the 
20th  legion  was  stationed  in  this  place. 

Bincazo,  seaport  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Tripoli,  140  ms.  W.  of  Derna.    Lon.  19  10  E 
lat.  32  20  N. 
14S 


Birrnah  or  Burmah,  a  large  country  of  Asia, 
between  Indostan  and  China.  The  natives  write 
the  name  of  their  country  Myamma,  and  in  speak- 
ing, call  it  Byamma  or  Bramma,  by  foreigners 
changed  into  Burmah.  The  Chinese  call  the 
country  Meenteen.  When  in  its  integrity,  Bur- 
mah included  Ava,  Cassay,  Pegu,  Tavoy,  Tena- 
serim,  and  the  country  of  the  Shyans,  with  Arra- 
can.  This  extensive  country,  stretches  from 
Junkseylon,  N.  latitude  8°  to  above  25°  hav- 
ing Thibet  N.,  Siam  S.,  China  E.  and  NE.,  and 
the  bay  of  Bengal  W.  Except  to  the  west,  these 
limits  must  have  been  altogether  vague,  as  from 
the  reconstruction  of  this  empire  by  Alompra, 


BIS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HIS 


(Aloung-Pra,)  about  the  middle  of  the  last  cen-  ] 
tury,  the  country  has  been  in  almost  constant  war,  < 
and  by  the  treaty  of  Yan-da-boo,  on  the  28th  of  > 
February,  1826,  the  British  procured  the  cession  , 
of  Arracan,  Yeh,  Tavoy,  and.  Mergui,  or  most  of  < 
western  and  maritime  Burmah.     Malcolm  sums 
up  '•  the  number  of  inhabitants  to  whom  the 
Burmah  tongue   is   vernacular,  at  3,000,000." 
His  description  decides  them  to  be  of  the  same 
race  with  the  Chinese.  "  Standard  of  beauty  a  deli- 
cate yellow ;  and  in  full  dress,  a  cosmetic  is  used 
by  ladies  and  children  which  imparts  this  teint." 

Birmingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  stands  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  forming  nearly  a  half  moon.  The 
lower  part  is  filled  with  workshops  and  warehouses, 
and  consists  chiefly  of  old  buildings.  The  upper 
part  contains  many  new  and  regular  streets,  and  a 
handsome  square.  It  has  also  a  large  school  en- 
dowed by  Edward  VI.,  an  elegant  theatre,  and  the 
completest  set  of  baths  in  the  kingdom.  The 
hardware  manufactures  of  Birmingham  have  been 
noted  for  a  considerable  period  ;  but  of  late  years, 
by  great  additions  to  its  trade  from  a  vast  variety 
of  articles,  such  as  metal  buttons,  buckles,  plated 
goods,  japanned  and  paper  ware,  he,  it  has  risen 
greatly  in  population;  and  in  1811  contained  up- 
■  wards  of  70,000  inhabitants.  It  is  plentifully  sup- 
plied with  coal,  by  means  of  a  canal  to  Wednes- 
;bury  ;  and  it  has  a  communication  with  the  Great 
! Trunk  from  the  Trent  to  the  Severn,  by  a  branch 
l  passing  by  Wolverhampton.  The  improved  steam 
:  engines,  made  here  by  Bolton  &  Watt,  deserve  to 
rank  high  among  the  productions  of  human  inge- 
nuity ;  their  application  to  various  mechanical  pur- 
poses, and  particularly  to  the  draining  of  mines, 
places  them  among  the  most  valuable  inventions  of 
the  age.  Birmingham  is  17  ms.  NW.  from  Co- 
ventry, and  116  from  London.    Lon.  1  50  W., 

lat.  52  30  N.  Tp.,  Chester  co.,  Penn.  Pop. 

!in  1810,  290;  in  1820,  323.  Tp.,  Delaware 

co.,  Penn.    Pop.  in  1810,  586;  in  1820,  515. 

 Town,  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn.  Pop.  in  1820, 

1|43.  Town,  Florence  tp.,  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  15 

ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Norwalk,  the  co.  seat,  on  the 
road  thence  to  Cleveland. 

*  Birr,  town  of  Ireland,  in  King's  co.,  near  the 
borders  of  Tipperarv,  34  ms.,  NE.  of  Limerick, 
and  34  NNW.  of  Kilkenny. 

Birse,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,  on 
the  Dee,  28  ms.  W.  of  Aberdeen. 

Birtley,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Durham,  10  ms. 
N.  of  Durham,  noted  for  a  valuable  salt  spring, 
and  an  extensive  manufacture  of  salt. 

Birviesca,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  10 
ins.  N.  of  Burgos. 

Birza,  town  of  Poland,  in  Samogitia,  42  ms. 
SE.  of  Mittau. 

Bisacia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ulteri- 
ore,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Conza. 

Biscara,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Constantia,  and  the  chief  place  of  the  district  of 
Zaab.    It  is  an  ancient  town,  120  ms.  SSW.  of 
i  Constantina.    Lon.  5  12  W.,  lat.  33  36  N. 

Biscay,  province  of  Spain,  97  ms.  long  and  50 
broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  bay  of  Biscay, 
E.  by  Upper  Navarre,  S.  by  Old  Castile,  and  W. 
by  Asturias.  It  contains  3  divisions  :  Biscay  Prop- 
er, Guipuscoa,  and  Alaba.    This  province  is  a 


kind  of  republic,  in  the  hands  of  the  nobility,  un- 
der the  protection  of  the  crown.  Here  are  neither 
garrisons,  custom-houses,  stamps,  nor  excise;  and 
of  all  the  royal  taxes,  none  are  known  but  the  do- 
naiivo  or  gratuitous  donation.  Biscay  receives, 
by  mere  condescension,  a  corregidor  and  a  com- 
missary of  marines,  but  does  not  permit  any  order 
of  the  Spanish  government  to  be  executed  without 
the  sanction  of  the  province.  It  produces  apples, 
vines,  and  grain  ;  and  has  also  wood  for  building 
ships,  and  mines  of  iron  and  lead.  The  Biscayans 
are  stout,  brave,  and  choleric  to  a  proverb,  and  the 
lowest  laborer  deems  himself  a  gentleman.  They 
speak  the  ancient  Cantabrian  language,  which  has 
but  little  if  any  affinity  with  any  other  in  Europe. 
Bilboa  is  the  capital. 

Biscay,  Bay  of,  extensive  bay  of  the  Atlantic, 
between  Cape  Ortegal,  in  lon.  7  35  W.,  lat.  43 
48  N.,  and  the  Isle  of  Ushant,  in  lon.  5°  W., 
lat.  48  30  N. 

Biscay,  New,  province  of  Mexico,  noted  for  its 
silver  mines.  It  has  New  Mexico  on  the  N.  and 
Zacatecas  on  the  S.  ;  the  Rio  de  las  Nassas  runs 
through  a  great  part  of  it.  It  forms  the  SE.  part 
of  the  intendancy  of  Durango.    See  Durango. 

Biscayno,  island  in  the  Florida  channel.  Lat. 
25  55  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  23  W. 

Bischofiheim,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wurtsburg,  seated  on  the  Tauber,  20  ms.  SSW. 
of  Wurtsburg. — Another  seated  on  the  Rhom,  44 
ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Wurtsburg. 

Bischofslack,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carniola, 
with  a  good  trade  in  linen  and  worsted,  17  ms.  W. 
by  N.  of  Laubach. 

Bischofswerda,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  seated  on  the  Weiseritz,  18  ms.  E.  of  Dres- 
den. 

Bischofswerder,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Oberland,  on  the  river  Oss,  28  ms.  1NE. 
of  Culm. 

Btschofzell,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Thurgau, 
with  a  castle,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sitter 
and  Thur,  12  ms.  S.  of  Constance. 

Bischvjiler,  town  in  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Rhine,  with  a  fortress,  14  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Ha- 
guenau. 

Biseglia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  on 
a  hill  near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  6  ms.  E-  of  Trani. 

Biserta,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  in  a 
country  abounding  in  corn,  fruit,  oil,  cotton,  and 
other  valuable  productions.  It  stands  on  a  canal, 
which  communicates  with  a  gulf  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 37  ms.  NW.  of  Tunis.  Lon.  9  46  E., 
lat.  37  10  If, 

Bishop,  Lat.  Episcopus,  literally  an  overseer, 
from  the  Greek. 

Bishop  Auckland,  and  for  other  places  with 
the  same  prefix,  see  Auckland,  &c. 

Bishops-castle,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire, 
near  the  river  Clun,  8  me.  E.  of  Montgomery, 
i   and  159  WNW.  of  London. 

Bishopsville,  village,  Sumpter  district,  S.  C.  60 
ms.  SE.  from  Columbia. 

Besignuno,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citc- 
riore,  near  the  river  Boccona,  16  ms.  N.  of  Co- 
,  senza. 

Bisley,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  3 
ms.  SE.  of  Stroud.  It  has  a  manufacture  of 
broad  cloth. 

119' 


BLA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BLA 


Bisnagur,  town  of  Hindoston,  in  the  country 
of  Sanore.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Narsinga,  and  formerly  a  large  city. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Nigouden,  28  ms.  SSE.  of 
Sanore,  and  105  N.  by  W.  of  Chittledroog.  Lon. 
76  2  E.,  lat.  15  20  N. 

JBisnee,  town  of  Bootan,  capital  of  a  district  on 
the  borders  of  Bengal  and  Assam.  It  is  50  ms. 
ENE.  of  Rangamutty,  and  130  SE.  of  Tassasu- 
don.    Lon.  90  45  E.,  lat.  26  27  N. 

Bissells,  village,  Bainbridge  tp.  Geauga  co., 
Ohio,  situated  in  the  SW.  angle  of  the  co.,  15  or 
16  ms.  SSW.  of  Chardon  the  co.  seat. 

Bistineau,  lake,  Lou.,  30  ms.  long,  and  from 
|  to  3  ms.  wide,  lying  in  nearly  a  N.  and  S.  posi- 
tion, receiving  Dacheet  river  at  its  northern,  and 
falling  into  Red  river  at  its  southern  extremity. 
See  Red  River,  Lou. 

Bislriez,  town  of  Transylvania,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  142  ms.  NE.  of  Coloswar.  Lon 
25  3  E.,  lat.  47  33  N. 

Bitche,  fortified  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of 
Moselle,  and  late  province  of  Lorrain,  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  near  the  Schwelb,  30  ms.  N.  by 
W.  of  Strasburg.    Lon.  7  44  E  ,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Bitonio,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  10 
ms.  WS W.  of  Bari.  Lon.  16  30  E.,  lat.  41 
6  N. 

Black  Bay,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
lies  a  little  E.  of  Isle  de  Minatte,  and  W.  of 
Shanguenac,  U.  C. 

Blackbank,  town  of  Ireland,  Armagh  co.,  7  ms. 
S.  of  Armagh.    Lon.  6  35  W.,  lat  5  20  N. 

Blackburn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire.  It 
carries  on  a  vast  trade  in  calicoes  fur  printing,  and 
is  seated  near  the  Derwent,  203  ms.  NNW.  of 
London.    Lon.  2  35  W.,  lat  53  42  N. 

Blackheath,  elevated  plain,  SE.  of  London, 
commanding  some  fine  prospects,  and  adorned 
with  many  villas 

Black  Creek,  Lincoln  co.,  U.  C,  discharges 
itself  into  the  river  Niagara,  in  the  tp.  of  VVil- 
loughby,  some  ms.  above  Chippewa. 

Blackburn's  Springs,  villi,  Jackson  co.,  Tenn. 

Blackford,  town,  Posey  co.,  la. 

Black  Heath,  village,  Monroe  co.,  111.,  110 
ms.  SW.  from  Vandalia. 

Black  Horse,  town,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  13 
ms.  SSE.  from  Trenton,  and  30  NE.  from  Phil- 
adelphia. Town,  Chester  co.,  Pa. 

Black  Lake,  or  Oswegatchie  Lake,  N.  Y.,  St. 
Lawrence  co.  It  receives  Indian  river  at  its  SW. 
extremity,  and,  extending  20  ms.  in  a  NE.  direction, 
contracts  again  to  the  size  of  a  small  river,  and 
joins  the  Oswegatchie,  7  miles  above  its  mouth,  at 
Ogdensburg. 

Black  Lake,  river,  La.,  rises  in  the  pine  for- 
ests in  the  NW.  part  of  the  State,  flows  S.  60 
ms.,  expands  into  Black  Lake,  a  sheet  of  water 
about  10  ms.  long,  again  contracts  to  a  small  riv- 
er, turns  SE.  20  ms.,  and  joins  Salme  river. 

Blackleyville,  town  and  vill.,  Plain  tp.,  W7aync 
co.,  O.,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Wooster. 

Black  Lick,  tp.,  Ind.  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810, 
965  ;  1820,  1,303.  River,  O.,  branch  of  Big- 
Walnut. 

Black,  river,  Vt.,  rises  in  Rutland  co.,  passes 
through  the  country  in  a  SE.  course  to  the  Con- 
necticut river,  with  which  it  unites  near  Charles- 
150 


ton.  River,  N.  Y.    It  rises  in  Herkimer  co., 

and,  running  nearly  a  NW.  course  through  One- 
ida, Lewis,  and  Jefferson  counties,  falls  into  Lake 
Ontario  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  8  ms.  below  Browns- 
ville, after  a  comparative  course  of  about  100  ms. 

 River,  N.  C,  unites  with  Cape  Fear  river 

about  20  ms.  above  Wilmington.  It  rises  in 
Wake  co.,  and,  flowing  SSE.  80  ms.,  enters  Cape 

Fear  river,  in  New  Hanover.  River,  O.,  rises 

in  Medina  co.,  over  which  and  Cuyahoga  it  flows 
in  a  northerly  course  of  35  ms.  into  Lake  Erie. 

 River,  Mo.,j  main  northern  branch  of  White 

river,  rising  in  Mo.,  and  flowing  E. 

Black  River,  S.  C,  rises  in  Kershaw,  and, 
flowing  SE.,  crosses  Williamsburg,  into  George- 
town district,  and  falls  into  Winyaw  bay  at  George- 
town. Town,  Loraine  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820, 

354.  The  post  village  of  same  name  in  this  tp.  is 
situated  on  or  near  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  10  ms. 
NW.  of  Eluria,  and  27  ms.  W.  of  Cleaveland. 
At  the  expense  of  the  United  States,  an  artificial 
harbor  has  been  made  at  this  place,  by  extending 
piers  into  the  lake  about  1,400  feet,  giving  great 
advantage  to  this  town,  which  has  since  rapidly 
improved. 

Blackma>tys  Store,  town,  Sampson  co.,  N.  C; 
by  the  postroad,  85  ms.  SSE.  from  Raleigh. 

Black  Forest,  forest  of  Germany,  in  the  W.  of 
the  circle  of  Suabia.  It  is  part  of  the  ancient  Hyr- 
canian  forest. 

Black  Island,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop.  in 
1820,  9. 

Blackwater,  creek,  Pickaway  co. ,  O. 

Bladen,  co.  of  N.  C,  on  both  sides  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  bounded  SW.  by  S.  C,  by  Robeson 
W.,  Cumberland  NW.,  Sampson  and  New  Han- 
over NE.,  and  Brunswick  SE.,  being  50  ms.  in 
length,  by  a  mean  width  of  30;  area  1,500  sq. 
ms.  ;  surface  generally  level  ;  soil  of  middling 
quality  ;  staples  grain,  tobacco,  &c.  Chief  town 
Elizabethtown.  Central  lat.  34  30  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  1  40  W.  Pop.  1820,  7,276;  in  1830,  7,814; 
and  in  1840,  8,022. 

Bladensburg,  village,  Prince  Georges's  co.,  Md., 
on  the  NE.  branch  of  Potomac,  and  on  the  main 
road  from  Baltimore  to  W.  C,  31  ms.  from  the 
former  and  6  from  the  latter. 

Blair's  Ferry,  town,  Roane  co.,  Tenn,  near 
Kingston,  and  160  ms.  E.  from  Murfrcesboro. 

Blair's  Gap,  town  in  the  western  part  of  Hun- 
tingdon co.,  Pa.  ;  by  the  postroad,  120  ms.  W. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Blairsville,  village,  Indiana  co.,  Pa.  ;  by  the 

post  road,   190  ms.   W.  from  Harrisburg.  

Town,  S.  C,  in,  I  believe,  York  district;  but  in 
the  General  Post  Office  list  this  office  is  marked  in 
Pinckney  district,  whilst  no  such  district  as  the 
latter  exists  in  the  State. 

Blair  At  hoi,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Perthshire,  in 
an  angle  formed  by  the  rivers  Tilt  and  Garry,  28 
ms.  NW.  of  Perth. 

Blaisois,  late  province  of  Fr.,  which  now  forms 
the  dep.  of  Loire  and  Cher. 

Blaize,  cape  of  Fa.,  at  the  mouth  of  Appalachi- 
cola  river,  between  Appalache  and  St.  Joseph's 
bays.    See  San  Blass. 

Blakely,  village  and  port  of  entry,  Ala.,  situa- 
ted on  the  Tensaw  branch  of  Mobile  river,  at  the 
head  of  Mobile  bay.    This  town  is  of  recent  con- 


BLA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BLO 


struction,  not  dating  further  back  than  1816.  The 
ground  on  which  it  is  built  is  a  high  bank  of  earth. 
The  harbor  is  spacious,  and  water  sufficiently 
deep  for  any  vessels  that  can  pass  the  bars  of  Mo- 
bile bay,  either  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  or  below 
the  mouth  of  Tensaw  river.  Blakely  contains 
about  1,000  inhabitants,  a  few  stores,  and  a  bank. 

Lat.  30  40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  44  W.  Tp., 

Luzerne  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820,  450. 

Blakcsburg,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  21  ms. 
N.  from  Bangor. 

Blamont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurthe, 
and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  on  the  little  river 
Vezouze,  12  ms.  S.  of  Luneville.  Lon.  6  52  E., 
lat.  48  40  N. 

BlancharcTs  Fork,  large  eastern  branch  of  the 
Auglaize  river.  It  rises  within  about  one  mile  of 
Scioto  river,  in  a  central  part  of  Hardin  co.,  O., 
and  runs  northwardly  26  ms.,  then  turns  W.,  and 
flows  38  ms.  further,  into  the  Auglaize. 

Blanc,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  fndre,  and 
late  province  of  Berry,  on  the  river  Creuse,  35 
ms.  E.  of  Poitiers.    Lon.  1  13  E.,  lat.  46  38  N. 

Blanco,  cape  of  South  America,  in  Patagonia. 

Lon.  64  42  W.,  lat.  47  20  S.  Cape  of  Peru, 

on  the  South  sea,  120  ms.  SW.  of  Guayaquil. 

Lat.  3  45  S.,  lon.  W.  C.  6°  W.  Cape  of  N. 

America,  on  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  form- 
ing the  southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 

Popagayo.  Lat.  9  20  N.,  lon  W.  C.  9°  W.  

Cape  of  N.  America,  on  the  coast  of  the  Pacific 

ocean.    Lat.  43  23  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  47°  W.  

Cape  of  Africa,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  350  ms.  N. 
of  the  river  Senegal.    Lon.  17  10  W.,  lat.  20  55 

N.  Cape  of  Africa,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean, 

nearly  due  E.  from  the  Madeira  islands,  between 
Cape  Cantin  and  the  Morbese  river.  Lat.  33° 
N.,  lon.  8  45  W. 

Blundford,  tp.  in  the  West  Riding  of  the  co. 
of  York,  U.  C,  lies  to  the  N.  of  Dundas  street, 

adjoining  Oxford,  on  the  river  Thames.  Tp  , 

Hampden  co.,  Mass.     Pop.  1820,  1,515.  

 Town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  16  ms.  NW. 

by  W.  from  Springfield.  Vilb,  Prince  George's 

co.,  Va.,  included  within  the  incorporated  limits 
of  Petersburg,  from  which  it  is  only  separated  by 
a  small  creek. 

Blanes,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Tordera,  20  ms.  S.  of  Gironne. 

Blankenberg,  town  and  fort  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Flanders,  situated  on  the  German  ocean,  8  ms. 

NE.  of  Ostend.  Town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 

duchy  of  Berg,  on  the  river  Sieg,  12  ms.  E.  of 
Bonn. 

Blankenburg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital 
of  a  principality  of  the  same  name.  The  castle 
stands  on  a  craggy  mountain,  and  is  one  of  the 
finest  buildings  of  the  kind  in  Germany.  It  is  30 
ms.  SE.  of  Woifenbuttle.  Lon.  11  10  E.,  lat. 
51  51  N. 

BlannerhassetVs  island,  a  remarkably  beautiful 
and  fertile  island  of  about  300  acres,  in  the  Ohio 
river,  opposite  Belpre.  The  island  belongs  to 
Wood  co.,  Va. 

Blaregnies.  — SeeMalplaquet. 

Blabeuren,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Wirtemburg.  Great  quantities  of  fustian  and  linen 
cloth  are  made  here.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Arch  with  the  Blau,  11  ms.  W.  of  Ulm. 


Blaye,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gironde. 
It  has  a  good  citadel,  and  a  fort  on  an  island  in  the 
Gironde,  which  is  here  3,800  yards  wide.  Its 
trade  consists  in  the  wines  of  the  adjacent  country. 
Its  harbor  is  much  frequented,  and  the  ships  which 
go  to  Bordeaux  are  obliged  to  leave  their  guns 
here.  It  is  17  ms.  N.  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  35'  W., 
lat.  46  7  N. 

Bledsoe,  co.,  E.  Tennessee,  bounded  by  Marion 
S.,  Franklin,  Warren,  and  White  NW.,  Roane 
N.,  and  Rhea  SE.  ;  length,  35  ms;  mean  width, 
13;  area,  455  sq.  ms;  surface  hilly,  and  part 
mountainous ;  soil  varied,  but  in  some  parts  highly 
productive  in  grain  and  fruits.  Chief  town,  Pike- 
ville.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,005  ;  in  1830,  4,648  ;  and 
in  1840,  5,676.  Lat.  35  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
8  15  W. 

Blekingen,  province  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Baltic.  It  is  90  ms.  long,  and  21 
broad ;  and,  though  mountainous,  is  one  of  the 
most  agreeable  countries  in  the  kingdom.  The 
principal  trade  is  in  potash,  pitch,  tar,  tallow, 
hides,  and  timber.    The  chief  town  is  Carlscrona. 

Blendon,  village,  in  Blendon  tp.,  northern  part 
of  Franklin  co.,  O.,  12  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from 
Columbus,  and  15  SSE.  of  Delaware,  in  Delaware 
co.,  O. 

Blenheim,  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube, 
3  ms.  NE.  of  Hochstet,  and  25  NNW.  from 

Augsburg.  Tp.  in  the  W.  Riding  of  the  co.  of 

York,  lies  to  the  northward  of  Dundas  street,  oppo- 
site Benford,  U.  C.  Tp  ,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,862.  Town,  Schoharie  co., 

N.  Y.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Schoharie  river,  40 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Blere,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Tndre  and 
Loire,  on  the  river  Cher,  18  ms.  E.  by  S.  of 
Tours. 

Blessington,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
Wickiow,  seated  on  a  rising  ground  near  the  Liffey, 
14  ms.  SSW.  of  Dublin. 

Bletchingly,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  on  a 
hill,  4  ms.  E.  of  Ryegate,  and  21  S.  of  London. 

Bleurie,  seignory,  on  the  Sorel,  Bedford  co., 
L.  C,  23  ms.  SE.  from  Montreal. 

Bligh's  isla?id,  NW.  coast  of  N.  America,  be- 
tween Point  Grauma  bay  and  Point  Freemantle, 
30  ms.  N.  from  Montagu  island.  Lat.  60  52  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  69  17  W. 

Block  island,  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  13  ms.  NE. 
from  Montaug  Point,  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long 
island,  and  10  ms.  SW.  from  Point  Judith.  It  is 
the  town  of  New  Shoreham,  in  Newport  co.,  R.  I. 
Pop.  in  1810,  722;  and  in  1820,  955. 

Blockley,  tp.  and  town,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa., 
on  the  Schuylkill,  3  ms.  from  Philadelphia.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,618;  in  1820,  2,655. 

Blockzyl,  town  of  Holland,  in  Overyssel,  with 
a  fort ;  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Aa,  on  the 
Zuyder  Zee,  where  there  is  a  good  harbor  8  ms. 
NW.  of  Steenwick.    Lon.  5  39  E.,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Blois,  city  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the  dep.  of  Loire 
and  Cher,  and  lately  an  episcopal  see.  In  this 
castle  Louis  XII.  was  born,  and  here,  in  1588, 
Henry  III.  caused  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  his 
brother,  the  cardinal,  to  be  assassinated.  The 
principal  commerce  is  in  wine  and  brandy;  and  the 
chief  manufactures  are  serges  and  ticken.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Loire,  37  ms.  ENE.  of  Tours,  and 

151 


BLO  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ELU 


100  SSW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  20  E.,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Bloody -Brook,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  100 
ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Boston. 

Bloody-run,  village  of  Bedford  co.,  Pa  ,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Juniatta  river,  8  ms.  E.  from 
Bedford. 

Bloom,  village,  Columbia  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1,200.  Tp.,  Columbia  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1820, 

1,626  Village,  Fairfield  co.,  O.,  7  ms.  NW. 

from  Lancaster.  Tp.,  Fairfield  co.,  O.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,613.  Tp.,  Morgan  co.,  O.  Pop. 

in  1820,  445.  Tp.  of  Sciota  co.,  O.   Pop.  in 

1820,  205. 

Bloomjield,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  right  side 
of  Kennebec  river,  7  ms.  E.  from  Norridgewock. 

 Tp  ,  Somerset  co.,  Me.    Pop.  in  1820,  889. 

 Tp.  of  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,8  ms.  W.  from 

Canandaigua.  Tp.,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 

in  1820,  3,621.  Town,  Essex  co  ,  N.  J.,  5 

ms.  NW.  from  Newark  Tp.  in  Essex  co., 

N.  J.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,085.  Village  of  Craw- 
ford co.,  Pa.  Tp  ,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1810,  114;  in  1820,  214.  Village,  Loudon 

co  ,  Va.,  50  ms.  W.  from  W.  C.  Village, 

Nelson  co  ,  Ky.,  10  ms.  NE.  from  Bairdstown. 

 Town,  Trumbull  co.,  O.  ;  post  road  210  ms. 

NE.  from  Columbus.    Pop.  in  1820,  166.  

Tp.,  Jackson  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  318.  

Small  village,  Wayne  tp.,  in  the  western  borders 
of  Jefferson  co.,  O  ,  14  ms.  westerly  from  Steu- 

benville,  on  the  road  from  that  place  to  Cadiz.  

Town,  Pickaway  co  ,  upon  Walnut  plains,  on  the 
road  from  Columbus  to  Chilicothe ;  17  ms.  S.  from 

Columbus,  and  8  N.  from  Circleville.  Tp., 

Knox  co.,  O.  Pop,  in  1820,  468.  This  town 
lies  along  the  western  borders  of  the  co.,  and  the 
post  village  nearly  due  W.,  13  ms.  from  Mount 
Vernon,  and  13  ms.  NE.  from  Berkshire,  in  Dela- 
ware co.  Village,  Oakland  co.,  Mich ,  18  ms 

from  Detroit.  Richland  co.,  O. — See  Barce- 
lona. 

Bloomjield,  South,  village,  northern  part  of 
Pickaway  co.,  O.,  on  Little  Walnut  creek,  9  ms. 
northward  of  Circleville,  and  17  southward  of 
Columbus. 

Bloomjield,  North,  village  near  the  northern 
border  of  Trumbull  co.,  O.,  15  ms.  northward  of 
Warren,  the  co.  seat. 

Bloomingburg,  village,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  100 

ms.  by  the  road  from  Albany  Village,  Fayette 

co.,  O.,  35  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus.  Village, 

Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y. 

Bloomingdale,  village  on  the  Hudson,  7  ms. 
above  the  city  of  N.  Y. 

Blooming  Grove,  town  in  Orange  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  2,219.  Village  of  Richland  co., 

O.  Tp.,  Richland  co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1820,  168 

Bloomingsburg,  village,  Fayette  co.,  O.,  40  ms. 
SW.  from  Columbus. 

Bloomington,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Mon- 
roe co.,  Ia.5  on  Bian-blossom  branch  of  White 
river,  about  70  ms.  NE.  from  Vincennes.  Lat. 
39  12  N.,  lon.  9  25  W.  W.  C. 

Bloomingville,  village,  Huron  co.,  O.,  125  ms. 
N.  from  Columbus.  Village,  Huron  co.,  is  sit- 
uated in  Oxford  tp.,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Norwalk,  the 
co.  seat. 

Bloomsburg,   village,   Columbia  co.,  Pa.,  on 
Fishing  creek,  and  on  the  road  from  Danville  to 
152 


Nescopec.  Village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  on 

Musconecung  creek,  46  ms.  NW.  from  Trenton, 
and  8  NE.  from  Easton,  in  Pa.  Village,  Hali- 
fax, Va. 

Bloomsvillc,  village,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  13  ms. 
W.  from  Canandaigua. 

Bloomville,  village,  Delaware  co ,  N.  Y.,  by  the 
post  road,  117  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. — See 
Broomville,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y. 

Bloinez,  town  of  Poland,  in  Masovia,  20  ms.  W. 
of  Warsaw. 

Blore,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  10  ms. 
N.  of  Utoxeter. 

Blount,  co.  of  Ten.,  bounded  by  the  Cherokee 
lands  SSW.  and  W.,  Holston  river  separating  it 
from  Knox,  and  Roane,  NW.  and  N.,  and  by  Se- 
vier E. ;  length,  38  ms ;  mean  width,  15  ms;  area, 
570  sq.  ms. ;  surface  hilly  ;  soil  varied.  Staples, 
grain,  flour,  salted  provisions,  and  some  cotton. 
Chief  town,  Maryville.  Pop.  in  1820,  11,258; 
in  1830,  1  1,028;  and  in  1840,  11,745.  Lat. 
35  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  W.  Co ,  Ala.,  bound- 
ed S.  by  Shelby  and  Xefferson,  W.  by  ,  N. 

by  Cotaco,  E.  by  ,  and  SE.  by  St.  Clair; 

length,  32  ms. ;  breadth,  30;  area,  960  sq.  ms. « 
surface  hilly ;  staple,  cotton.  Lat.  34°  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  10  20  W.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,415;  in  1830, 
4,233  ;  and  in  1840,  5,570. 

Blountsville,  village  and  capital,  Sullivan  co., 
E.  Tennessee,  on  the  Watauga  branch  of  Holston 
river,  25  ms.  W.  from  Ehzabethtown,  and  109 
above  Knoxville.   Lat.  36  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  21 

W.  Village,  Jones  co.,  Geo.,  17  ms.  W.  from 

Milledgeville. 

Blue-earth,  river,  branch  of  Kansas  river. 

Bluejield  Bay,  between  Luana  Point  and  Ca- 
barilla  Point,  island  of  Jamaica,  lat.  18  10  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  1  25  W. 

Blue  Field,  liver,  N.  America,  which  separates 
Honduras  from  Nicaragua,  and  is  discharged  into 
Bluefield's  bay.  Lon.  W.  C.  4  30  W.,  lat.  12°  N. 

Blue  Hill,  town  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop.  1820, 
658. 

Blue  Lick,  Upper,  on  Licking  river,  Fleming 
co.,  Ky.  Lower.    See  Ellisville. 

Blue  Mountain,  sometimes  called  Kittatiny, 
was  originally  called  by  the  Indians  Kaatatin 
chunk,  which  is  said  to  signify  "main  or  princi- 
pal mountain."  It  crosses  the  Delaware,  which 
forms  a  deep  gap  through  it,  about  24  ms.  above 
Easton,  and,  running  WSW.,  crosses  the  Lehigh, 
which  forms  also  a  gap  through  it,  and  continues 
nearly  the  same  direction  westward  of  the  Susque- 
hannah.  The  height  of  this  mountain  is  at  three 
points  in  the  co.  of  Northampton,  as  follows:  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Delaware,  at  the  Delaware 
water  gap,  it  is  found  to  be  1,250  feet,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Lehigh  water  gap  it  measures  1,175  feet, 
and  on  the  E.  side  of  Kunkle's  Gap,  or  Allentown 
road,  it  measures  1, 135  feet.  These  measurements 
were  taken  by  the  common  geometrical  method, 
and  will  give  the  average  height  of  the  mountain 
in  the  co.  of  Northampton  at  1,186  feet.  The 
Blue  mountain,  so  far  as  it  extends  in  Northamp- 
ton co.,  is  a  very  regular  ridge,  nearly  uniform  in 
its  height,  and  has  properly  but  four  passes  or 
gaps  in  the  co.  These  are  the  Delaware  Water 
Gap,  the  Wind  Gap,  the  Lehigh  Water  Gap,  and 
Little  Gap,  between  the  Wind  Gap  and  Lehigh 


BOC 


Water  Gap.  The  mountain  is  in  all  places  steep, 
thinly  covered  with  poor  limber,  generally  rocky, 
and  unfit  for  cultivation. 

Blue  Ridge,  one  of  the  ranges  of  the  Appalach- 
ian or  Alleghany  mountains,  and  generally,  though 
erroneously,  considered  the  SE.  ridge  of  that  sys- 
tem. It  extends  from  the  Hudson  river  into  Geor- 
,  gia.  The  great  Limestone  valley,  as  it  is  called  by 
pre-eminence,  extends  along  the  NW.  side  of  the 
Blue  Ridge.  The  real  Limestone  range  is,  how- 
ever, much  more  limited  than  generally  believed. 
In  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  it  is  seldom  as 
much  as  10  ms.  wide  from  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain, and  followed  by  clay  slate,  which  forms  the 
substrata  on  the  NW.  side  of  the  valley.  The 
line  of  separation  crosses  the  Delaware  about  20 
ms.  above  the  borough  of  Easton,  the  Lehigh  at 
i  the  Slates,  the  Schuylkill  above  the  mouth  of 
Maiden  creek,  and  the  Susquehannah  at  Harris- 
burg.  Between  the  Susquehannah  and  Potomac 
the  relative  distances  and  distinction  between  the 
two  formations  maintain  a  nearly  similar  position. 
From  the  latter  stream  SW.  we  are  unprepared  to 
mark  their  respective  limits. 

The  entire  length  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  as  a  sep- 
arate range,  is  upwards  of  700  ms.  Its  general 
[elevation  varies  considerably.  In  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and 
|Md.,  it  is  humble,  but  in  Bedford  co.,  Va.,  the 
; peaks  of  Otter  exceed  5,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  are  the  most  elevated  part 
of  the  Appalachian  system  SW.  from  Hudson 
river. 

Blue  Rock,  tp.  Muskingham  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1820,  557.    Blue  Rock  is  one  of  the  southern 
i  townships  of  the  co.    The  post-town  is  about  12 
uis.  southward  of  Zanesville. 

Blue  Stone,  river  Va.,  rises  in  Tazewell,  and 
> flows  NE.  into  Kenhawa  river,  in  Giles  co.,  hav- 

I  ing  an  entire  course  of  40  ms. 

Blue  Sulphur  Springs,  post  office  Monroe  co., 

II  Va.  These  mineral  waters  are  situated  near  the  Ken- 
hawa river,  40  ms.  SW.  from  Lewisburg,  and  237 
W.  from  Richmond. 

Blue  Water,  post  office  Lauderdale  co.,  Ala., 

'  260  ms.  by  the  postroad  NW.  from  Cahawba.  

llRiver,  southern  branch  of  Missouri,  which  it  joins 
9  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas. 

Bluff  Springs,  village  Jefferson  co.,  Miss. 
;  Bluff  ton,  village  Ray  co.,  Mo.,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Missouri  river,  280  ms.  postroad  above  St. 
Louis,  and  1,180  from  W.  C. 

Blyth,  town  of  Nottinghamshire,  Eng.,  23  ms. 
pNW.  of  Newark,  and  151  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Boalsburg,  village"  Centre  co.,  Pa.,  118  Big. 
wNW.  from  Harrisburg. 

Boardman,  town  18  ms.  SE.  from  Warren,  in 
Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1810,313,  in  1820, 
f604. 

Boat-run,  village  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 
Boat-yard,  village  Sullivan  co.,  Term.,  upon 
'  the  Natouga  river,  16  ms.  below  Blountsville. 
'    Bobenhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Weteravia, 
'■>  ms.  SE.  of  Frankfort,  on  the  Main,  and  seated 
'  Jon  the  river  Gersbrentz. 

Bobio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  on  the 
Trebia,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Pavia.  Lou.  9  12  E.,  lat. 
41  45  N. 

>  j    Bocat,  valley  of  Syria,  in  Asia,  in  which  are  the 
famous  ruins  of  Balbec. 
20* 


Bocca  Chica,  the  entrance  into  the  harbor  of 
Carthagena,  in  South  America.  It  is  defended  by 
several  forts. 

Boca  del  Drago,  the  W.  entrance  into  Chiriqui 
bay,  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien. 
Lat.  9  5  N.j  Ion.  W.  C.  4°  W. 

Boca  del  Toro,  entrance  into  the  bay  of  Chiri- 
qui, or  Almirante,  E.  from  the  island  of  Bocaloro. 
Lat.  9  12  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  45  W. 

Bocaloro,  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay  of  Chi- 
riqui or  Almirante.    Lat.  9  12  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 

3  50  W. 

BocauWs  bay,  South  America,  in  the  straits  of 
Magellan.    Lat.  54°  S.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  44  E. 

Bocca  Tigris,  bay  or  estuary  of  the  river  Peki- 
ang.  The  great  commercial  city  of  Canton  stands 
at  its  head. 

Bocheita,  chain  of  mountains  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  over  which  is  the  road  leading  from  Lom- 
bardy  to  Genoa.  On  the  peak  of  the  highest 
mountain  is  a  pass,  which  wiil  hardly  admit  three 
men  to  go  abreast ;  this  pass  is  properly  the  Bo- 
chetta,  for  the  defence  of  which  there  are  three 
forts.  It  is  the  key  of  Genoa,  and  was  taken  in 
1746  by  the  Austrians. 

Bockholt,  town  of  Westphaiia,  in  the  diocess  of 
Munster,  20  ms.  E.  of  Cleves.  Lon.  6  22  E., 
lat.  51  42  N. 

Boccing,  large  village  of  Essex,  Eng.,  adjoining 
to  Braintree.  It  has  a  great  manufacture  of  baize, 
and  is  41  ms.  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  0  40  E., 
lat.  51  56  N. 

Bodcau,  lake  of  Lou.,  6  ms.  W.  from  Lake 
Bistineau.  It  discharges  its  waters  into  Red  river 
at  the  S.,  and  receives  Bodcau  river  at  the  north- 
ern extremity.  River  of  Lou.  and  Ark.,  rises 

in  the  latter,  N.  lat.  33  40.  W.  loiu  W.  C.  17°, 
interlocking  with  the  waters  of  Little  river  of  the 
S.,  Little  Missouri,  and  Dacheet;  the  entire  length 
of  the  Bodcau  is  about  100  ms-,  one-third  of  which 
is  in  Lou.  ;  it  enters  the  NE.  extension  of  the  lake, 
of  the  same  name.  The  country  drained  by  the 
Bodcau  is  hilly,  covered  with  pine  and  oak  woods; 
soil  thin  and  sterile. 

Bodega,  port  on  the  VV.  coast  of  N.  America. 
Lat  38  21  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  47°  W. 

Bodet,  river  au,  U.  C,  in  the  tp.  of  Lancaster, 
falls  into  Lake  St.  Francis,  E.  of  Point  au  Bodet. 

Bodlio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  co.  of  Nice,  25 
ms.  NW.  of  Nice.    Lon.  7  6  E.,  lat.  44  2  N. 

Bodmin,  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  It  send:^ 
two  members  to  Parliament,  and  is  32  ms.  NE.  of 
Falmouth,  and  284  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon. 

4  40  W.,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Bodon,  fortified  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Bulgaria,  seated  on  the  river  Danube,  26  ms.  W. 
of  Viden.    Lon.  25  54  E.,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Bodroch,  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Danube,  100 
ms.  SE.  of  Buda.    Lon.  19  52  E.,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Boeschot,  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  river  Nethe,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Mech- 
lin.   Lon.  4  42  E.,  lat  51  8  N. 

Bog,  river  of  Russia,  which  runs  SE.  through 
Podolia  and  BudziacTartary,  falling  into  the  Black 
sea  between  Oczakow  and  the  river  Dnieper.  The 
Bog  rises  in  Podolia.  N.  lat.  49  30,  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  the  Dniester  and  Dnieper, 
from  thence  it  flows  SE.  by  comparative  courses 
300  ms.,  joins  the  Black  sea  below  Cherson,  drain- 

153 


BOI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BOL 


ing  parts  of  the  Governments  of  Podolia,  Kief,  and 
Kherson. 

Bogdo,  mountain  of  Asia,  separating  the  sources 
of  the  Selenga  river  from  those  of  the  Upper  Irt- 
ish and  the  Dschabehan,  or  Upper  Oby.  The  cen- 
tre of  the  Bogdo  is  about  95  E.  from  London.  Lat. 
45  N. 

Bogue  Chitio,  river  of  Miss,  and  La.,  rises  in 
Lawrence  co.,  in  the  former  State,  flows  SSE. 
through  Lawrence  and  Pike  cos.  50  ms.,  crosses 
the  line  between  La.  and  Miss.  N.  lat.  31°,  turns 
SE.  through  St.  Tammany  60  ms.,  falls  into  Pearl 
river  about  40  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter. 
The  general  character  of  the  country  drained  by 
Bogue  Chitto,  is  in  every  essential  respect  similar 
to  that  watered  by  Pearl  river.  Post  office,  Law- 
rence co.,  Miss. 

Bceuf,  he,  lake  in  Erie  co.,  Pa.,  discharges  its 
waters  into  French  creek,  branch  of  Ohio.  The 
portage  from  Le  Bceuf  to  Presque  Isle  on  Lake 
Erie  is  about  14  ms. 

Bceuf,  of  Franklin  co.,  Mo.-  River  of  Ark. 

and  La.  It  rises  in  the  former,  interlocking  its 
sources  with  those  of  the  Mason  and  Barthelemy, 
flows  S.,  enters  La.,  and  turns  to  S  W.  by  S  ;  con- 
tinuing that  course  upwards  of  100  ms.  between 
Washitau  and  Mason,  joins  the  former  opposite 
the  W.  end  of  the  Sicily  island,  at  N.  lat.  31  47. 
,^™.Bayou,  or  creek,  of  La,  rises  in  the  Pine  for- 
ests, between  Opelousas  and  the  rapids  of  Red  riv- 
or,  flowing  first  NE.,  turns  gradually  to  SE.,  enters 
on  the  low  lands  S.  of  Red  river,  and  after  contin- 
uing to  flow  by  comparative  courses  60  ms.,  unites 
with  the  Crocodile  to  form  the  Courtableau  river. 

Boggs,  tp.,  Centre  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1820,  847. 

Bogota,  the  capital  of  New  Granada,  in  Terra 

Firma.    See  Santa  Fe.  River  of  S.  America, 

rising  in  the  mountains  near  Santa  Fe,  and  flowing 
to  the  SW.,  falls  into  the  Magdalena  It  is  ren- 
dered in  a  peculiar  manner  interesting  by  the  great 
cataract  of  Tequendama. 

Bohemia,  kingdom  of  Europe,  included  in  the 
empire  of  Austria,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Misnia 
and  Luaatia,  on  the  E.  by  Silesia  and  Moravia,  on 
the  S.  by  Austria,  and  on  the  W.  by  Bavaria.  It 
is  200  ms.  in  length,  and  150  in  breadth,  and  is 
fertile  in  corn,  saffron,  hops,  and  pasture.  In  the 
mountains  are  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and  in 
some  places  they  find  diamonds,  granates,  copper, 
and  lead.  The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  the 
principal ;  though  there  are  many  Protestants.  The 
chief  rivers  are  the  Muldau,  Elbe,  Beraun,  and 
Eger.  Their  language  is  the  Sclavonian,  with  a 
mixture  of  German.  It  is  an  integral  of  the  Aus- 
trian empire,    The  capital  town  is  Prague.  See 

Austrian  empire.  Creek,  Cecil  co.,  on  the 

Eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  which  unites  with  Elk 
river  a  few  ms.  above  its  junction  with  Chesapeake 
bay. 

Bojador,  cape  of  Africa,  in  Negroland,  discov- 
ered by  the  Portuguese  in  1412,  and  doubled  by 
them  in  1433.  It  is  a  projection  of  Africa,  about 
160  English  ms.  very  nearly  due  S.  from  the  strait 
between  Fortaventura  and  Grand  Canary  islands. 
Lon.  14  27  W.,  lat.  26  12  N. 

Boiano,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Appennines,  near  the  river  Tilerno,  45 
ms.  N.  of  Naples.    Lon.  14  40  E.,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Bois  Blanc,  island  of  Mich,,  in  the  Detroit  river 
154 


opposite  Amherstsburg.  Though  lying  within  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  off  the  Eastern  shore  of  the  strait, 
the  main  ship  channel  passes  between  the  island 
and  Amherstsburg  with  depth  of  water  for  the 
largest  vessels.    The  island  contains  between  100 

and  200  acres  of  excellent  land.  Lake  between 

Lake  Superior  and  the  Lake  of  the  Woods. 

Bois-le-Duc,  large,  well  fortified  town  of  Dutch 
Brabant,  between  the  Dommel  and  Aa,  situate 
among  morasses,  22  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Breda,  45 
NE.  of  Antwerp  and  45  SSE.  of  Amsterdam.  If 
is  in  lat.  51  40  N. 

Boitnitz,  town  of  Uppfer  Hungary,  in  the  co.  of  I 
Zoll,  remarkable  for  its  baths  and  the  quantity  of 
saffron  about  it.    Lon.  19  10  E.}  lat.  48  42  N. 

Bokharia,  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capital  of  Bok- 
haria,  138  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Samarcand.  Lon.  65 
50  E  ,  lat.  39  15  N. 

Bokharia,  Bocharia,  or  Bucharia,  a  general 
name  for  all  that  vast  tract  of  land  lying  between 
Karazm  and  the  sandy  desert  bordering  on  China. 
It  is  divided  into  Great  and  Little  Bucharia.  Great1! 
Bucharia  is  situated  between  34  and  46  N.  lat.  1 
and  76  and  92  E.  lon.    It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  I 
by  the  river  Sir,  on  the  E.  by  the  kingdom  of  Kash- 1 
gar,  on  the  S.  by  Persia  and  the  peninsula  within  j 
the  Ganges,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  country  of  I 
Karazm.    It  is  a  fertile  country  :  the  mountains  J 
abound  with  the  richest  mines,  the  valleys  are  of 
an  astonishing  fertility,  and  the  rivers  abound  with 
excellent  fish.    Little  Bucharia  is  sufficiently  pop- 
ulous and  fertile  ;  but  the  great  elevation  of  its 
land,  joined  to  the  height  of  the  mountains  which 
bound  it  in  several  parts,  renders  it  much  colder' 
than  from  its  situation  might  be  expected.    It  con- 
tains rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  See  article  Asia. 

Bolabola,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in  the  S.  | 
Pacific  ocean,  4  leagues  NW.  of  Otaha.  Lon.  151] 
52  W.,  lat.  16  32  S. 

Bolao,  river  of  S.  America,  in  Quito,  rises  near 
Cuenca  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Guayaquil  oppo  j 
site  the  island  of  Puna.    Lat.  3°  S. 

Botca,  mountain  of  Italy,  about  20  ms.  NE.  from  j 
I  the  city  of  Verona,  on  which  is  a  small  village  of  | 
the  same  name.  Mount  Bolca  is  in  an  eminent 
degree  remarkable  as  containing  the  most  exten-J 
sive  and  specifically  numerous  collection  of  organic  I 
remains  ever  yet  discovered.  The  mountain  and  1 
!  vicinity  exhibit  also  many  volcanic  debris.  The  ] 
organic  remains  extend  to  almost  every  indestructi-  j 
ble  part  of  animated  nature,  except  the  human,  I 
from  the  elephant  to  small  insects. 

Bolcan,  or  Volcan,  town  of  S.  America,  in  Tn-j 
cuman,  on  the  river  Leon.  Lon.  W.  C.  13°  E.,| 
lat.  23  23  S. 

Bolcheresk,  a  town  of  Kamtschatka,  on  the  river  1 
Bolchoireka,  22  ms.  from  its  mouth,  in  the  sea  of  < 
Okotsk.    Lon.  156  37  E.,  lat.  52  54  N. 

Bold  Fountain,  village  in  Charlotte  co.,  Va. 
Boleslape,  or  Buntzlau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  on  the 
Bobar,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Lignitz.    Lon.  16  10  E  , 
lat.  51  12  N. 

Bolingbroke,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  at 
the  source  of  a  river,  which  falls  into  the  Witham. 
It  is  29  ms.  E.  of  Lincoln  and  131  N.  by  E.  of 

London.    Lon.  7'  E.,  lat.  53  12  N.  Village. 

Talbot  co  ,  Md. 

Bolislaw,  town  of  Bohemia,  30  ms.  NE.  of  I 
Prague.    Lon.  15  22  E.,  lat.  50  25  N. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BON 


BOL 


Bolivar,  village  in  the  northern  part  of  Tus- 
carawas co.,  O.,  and  on  the  Ohio  canal,  western 
side  of  the  river,  8  ms.  above  and  northward  of 
New  Philadelphia. 

Bolivia,  Republic  of.  This  new  State  has  re- 
cently been  formed  out  of  a  part  of  Peru.  The 
limits  are  yet  rather  indefinite.  The  capital  is  to 
bear  the  name  of  Sucie,  in  honor  of  General  Sucre, 
the  hero  of  Ayacucho.  It  will  be  seen  by  refer- 
ence to  article  America,  that  the  pop  of  Bolivia  is 
yet  very  limited,  not  exceeding  500,000. 

Bologna,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Bolog- 
nese,  with  an  university.    It  lies  at  the  foot  of 
the  Appennine  mountains,  in  a  fruitful  plain  and 
salubrious  air.     The  river  Saronia  runs  near  its 
walls,  and  the  Reno,  which  turns  400  mills  for 
the  silk  works,  through  the  city.    There  are  a 
:  great  number  of  palaces,  particularly  the  Palazzo 
Publico,  in  which  the  cardinal  legate  or  viceroy 
of  the  Pope,  resides.     In  the  area  before  this 
palace,  is  a  noble  marble  fountain,  the  principal 
figure  of  which,  a  Neptune  in  bronze,  1 1  feet 
high,  the  workmanship  of  Giovanni  di  Bologna, 
is  highly  esteemed.    The  anatomical  theatre,  be- 
side its  museum,  is  adorned  with  statues  of  cele- 
brated physicians.    The  church  of  St.  Petronius 
is  the  largest  in  Bologna;  and  on  the  pavement 
I of  this,  Cassini  drew  his  meridian  line  There 
[  are  168  other  churches     The  private  houses  are 
!  well  built,  and  the  city  contains  80,000  inhabi- 
tants.   They  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in 
pisilks  and  velvets,  which  are  manufactured  here  in 
(great  perfection.     The  surrounding  country  pro- 
duces immense  quantities  of  oil,  wine,  flax,  and 
.hemp,  and  furnishes  all  Europe  with  sausages, 
.  unaccaroni,  liqueurs,  essences,  and  even  lap-dogs, 
ilt  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  22  ms. 
iSE.  of  Modena,  and  175  NW.  of  Rome.  Lon. 
[11  21  E.,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Bolognese,  province  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the 
IN.  by  the  Ferr§rese,  W.,  by  Modena,  S.,  by  Tus- 
jcany,  and  E.,  by  Romagna.    It  is  watered  by 
[imeny  small  rivers,  and  produces  all  sorts  of  grain 
!  land  fruit,  particularly   rich   muscadine  grapes, 
i  (Some  miles  before  the  entrance  into  Bologna,  the 
country  seems  one  continued  garden.    The  vine- 
'yards  are  not  divided  by  hedges,  but  by  rows  of 
elms  and  mulberry  trees;  the  vines  hanging  in 
festoons,  from  one  tree  to  another.    There  are 
also  mines  of  alum  and  iron.    Bologna  is  the 
capital. 

i  Bolsena,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  on  a  lake  of  its  name,  18  ms.  NNW.  of 
Viterbo. 

Bolsover,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire.  It  is 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  tobacco  pipes,  and 
is  6  ms.  E.  of  Chesterfield,  and  145  NNW.  of 
London. 

Bolswaert,  town  of  Holland,  in  Friesland,  near 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  10  ms.  N.  of  Sloten. 

Bolton,  a  populous  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lanca- 
shire. It  has  a  canal  to  Manchester,  and  manu- 
factures of  fustians,  counterpanes,  dimities,  cali- 
jcoes,  and  muslins.  It  is  11  ms.  N  W.  of  Man- 
chester, and  197  NNW.  of  London.  Town 

!of  Richelieu  co.,  L.  C,  on  lake  Memphramagog. 

 -Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass  ,  noted  for  its 

fine  limestone,  18  ms.,  NE.  of  Worcester,  and 
34  W,  of  Boston.    Pop,  1,050.— Village  and 


tp.  of  Chittenden  co.,  Vt  ,  on  Union  river,  25  ms. 

NW.   from  Montpelier.  Tp,   Worcester  co., 

Mass.  Pop.  in  1810.  1,037,  in  1820,  1,229.  

 Tp.,  Tolland  co.,  Conn.    Pop.  in  1810, 

700,  in  1820,  1,607.  Town,   Warren  co.,  N. 

Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,087. 

Bolzano,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Tyrol,  on 
the  river  Eisach,  27  ms.  N.  of  Trent.  Lon.  11 
26  E.,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Bomal,  town  of  Austrian  Luxemburg,  on  the 
river  Ourt,  20  ms  S.  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  38  E., 
lat.  58  18  N. 

Bombay,  island  of  Hindoostan,  one  of  the 
three  presidencies  of  the  English  East  India 
Company,  by  which  their  Oriental  territories  are 
governed.  It  is  situated  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
Deccan,  7  ms.  in  length,  and  20  in  circumference. 
It  came  to  the  English  by  the  marriage  of  Charles 
II.  with  Catharine  of  Portugal.  It  contains  a 
strong  and  capacious  fortress,  a  large  city,  dock 
yard,  and  marine  arsenal.  The  ground  is  barren, 
and  good  water  scarce.  It  was  formerly  counted 
very  unhealthy ;  but,  by  draining  the  bogs,  and 
other  methods,  the  air  is  greatly  altered  for  the 
better.  It  has  abundance  of  cocoa  nuts,  but  scarce 
any  corn  or  cattle.  The  inhabitants  are  of 
several  nations,  and  very  numerous.  It  is  150  ms, 
S.  ofSurat.    Lon.  72  38  E  ,  lat.  18  58  N. 

Bombay  Hook,  point,  and  small  island  in  Dela- 
ware river,  Kent  co  ,  Del  ,  17  ms.  SE,  by  S.  from 
Reedy  Island. 

Bomene,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, in  Zealand,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  is- 
land of  Schowen.    Lon.  4  E.,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Bommel,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  Isle  of  Overfiacke,  7  ms.  W.  of  Wii- 
liamstadt. 

Bommel,  handsome  town  of  Dutch  Guelder- 
land,  in  the  island  cf  Bommel-Waert,  seated  on 
the  Waal,  6  ms.  N.  of  Huesden. 

Bommel  Waert,  island  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Waal  and  the  Maese. 
It  is  15  ms.  long,  and  5  broad.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1794. 

Bona,  seaport  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Constantina.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Hippo  Regius.  It  has  a  trade  in  corn,  oil,  wax, 
and  wool,  and  is  270  ms.  E.  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
7  45  E.,  lat.  36  52  N. 

Bonair,  fertile  island  near  the  N.  coast  of  Ve- 
nezuela, to  the  E.  of  Curacoa.  It  is  60  ms.  in 
circuit,  and  has  a  good  harbor  and  road  on  theSW. 
side.    Lon,  W.  C.  8  4  E.,  lat.  12  10  N. 

Bonavista,  the  most  eastern  of  the  Cape  de 
Verd  Islands.     Lon.   22  47  W.,  lat.  16°  N. 

 A  cape  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of 

Newfoundland.     Lon.    W.  C  24  26  E.,  lat, 
48  15  N. 

Bond,  co.  of  111.  on  both  sides  of  the  Kaskas- 
kias  river,  bounded  by  Jefferson  SE.,  Washing- 
ton  S.,  Madison  W.,  and  the  Indinn  country  N.; 
length  30,  breadth  18  ms.;  area  540  sq.  ms.; sur- 
face level,  or  moderately  hilly,  soil  productive. 
Chief  towns,  Ripley,  Perrysville,  and  Indepen- 
dence. Pop.  in  1820,  2,931,  in  1840,  5,060, 
Central  lat.  38  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  12  20  W. 

Bondou,  kingdom  of  central  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  Bambook,  on  the  SE.,  and  S.  by 
Tenda,  and  the  Simbani  WiidernesSj  on  the  SW, 

155 


BON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BOO 


by  Woolli,  on  the  W.  by  Foota  Torra,  and  on 
the  '  N.  by  Kajaaga.  The  country,  like  that  of 
Woolli,  is  very  generally  covered  with  woods,  but 
the  land  is  more  elevated,  and  towards  the  Faleme 
river,  rises  into  considerable  hills.  In  native  fer- 
tility the  soil  is  not  surpassed  (according  to  Mr. 
Park)  by  any  part  of  Africa.  From  the  central 
situation  of  Bondou,  between  the  Gambia  and 
Senegal  rivers,  it  is  become  a  place  of  great  resort, 
both  for  the  Slatees  (slave  dealers)  who  generally 
pass  through  it  in  going  from  the  coast  to  the  in- 
terior countries,  and  for  occasional  traders,  who 
frequently  come  hither  from  the  inland  countries 
to  purchase  salt.  The  centre  of  ihis  kingdom  is 
about  8°  W.  London,  lat-  10°  N. 

Bono,  post  office,  Lawrence  co.  Ia.,  100  ms. 
SS W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Bonne  Chew,  river  of  IT.  C,  flowing  into  the 
Ottawa. 

Bon  Pas,  post  office  White  co.,  111.,  70  ms. 
SE.  from  Vandalia. 

Bonsecours,  seigniory,  Richelieu  co.,  L.  C,  35 
ms.  NE.  from  Montreal.  Seigniory,  in  Buck- 
ingham co.,  L.  C,  on  the  right  side  of  St.  Law- 
rence, 20  ms.  SW.  from  Quebec.  Seigniory, 

Devon  co.,  L.  C,  40  ms.  below  Quebec,  on  the 

opposite  side  of  St.  Lawrence  river.  Bay  of 

Ala.,  forming  the  SE.  curve  of  Mobile  bay,  ex- 
tending towards  Perdido  bay. 

Bonhampton  or  Bonum,  village,  Middlesex  co., 
N.  J.,  about  half  way  between  Brunswick  and 
Woodbridge. 

Bonifacio,  seaport  of  Corsica,  well  fortified  and 
populous:  37  ms.  S.  of  Ajaccio.  Lon.  0  20  E., 
lat  41  25  N. 

Bonhomme,  town,  St.  Louis  co.,  Mo. 

Bonn,  ancient,  city  of  Germany,  in  the  electo- 
rate of  Cologne.  It  contains  12,000  inhabitants, 
and  has  a  flourishing  university.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  10  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Cologne.  Lon. 
7  12  E.,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Bonna,  or  Bona,  seaport  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Algiers.  It  was  taken  by  Charles  V.  in 
1,535,  and  is  306  ms  E.  of  Algiers.  Lon.  6  15 
E.,  lat.  36  2  N.  Bonanno  island. — See  Anna- 
bona  Island. 

Bonnefemme,  town,  Howard  co.,  Mo. 

Bonnestable,  town  of  Fr.,  lately  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Maine,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Sarte,  15  ms. 
NE.  of  Mans.    Lon.  30'  E.,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Bonnet  Quarre.  See  Parish  of  St.  Charles, 
La.,  situated  along  both  banks  of  the  Mississippi 
coast,  bounded  E.  and  SE.  by  the  parish  of  St. 
Bernard,  NE.  by  lake  Ponchartrain,  and  pass  of 
Manchac,  N.  by  lake  Maurepas,  and  W,  by  the 
parish  of  St.  John  Baptiste.  The  only  arable  land 
in  this  parish  is  on  the  Mississippi ;  it  produces 
sugar,  cotton,  indigo,  rice,  tobacco,  sweet  pota- 
toes, maize,  oranges,  peaches,  figs.  Natural  tim- 
ber :  various  species  of  oak,  elm,  ash,  and  hicko- 
ry; also  cotton  wood,  cypress,  willow,  and  syca- 
more; Pop.  in  1820,  3,862  ;  in  1830,  5,147;  and 
in  1840,  4,700. 

Bonum.    See  Bonhomme. 

Bonneval,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Beauce.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Loire,  8  ms.  N.  of  Cheautaudun. 
Loh.  1  20  E.,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Bonneville,  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of  Faucig- 
156 


ny,  seated  on  the  river  Arve,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain  called  the  Mole.  It  is  20  ms.  S.  of  Ge- 
neva.   Lon.  6  10  W.,  lat.  46  32  N. 

Bono,  town,  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  E. 
fork  of  White  river. 

Boodge-boodge,  town  of  Hindostan  Proper,  cap- 
ital of  the  rajah  of  Cutch,  330  ms.  NE.  of  Surat. 
Lon.  68°  E.,  lat.  23  16  N. 

Boodh,  is  a  general  term  for  divinity,  and  not 
the  name  of  any  particular  Deity.  It  has  been, 
however,  in  our  books  adopted  to  designate,  per- 
haps, the  most  extensive  religion  of  the  earth. 
"Half  the  population  of  China,  Las,  Coehin- 
China,  and  Ceylon  ;  all  of  Camboja,  Siam,  Bur- 
mah,  Thibet,  Tartary,  and  Loochoo,  and  a  great 
part  of  Japan,  and  most  of  the  other  islands 
of  southern  seas  (of  Asia)  are  of  this  faith,  (if 
such  it  can  be  called.)  The  real  import  of  the 
term,  as  aiready  stated,  in  the  countries  where  it  is 
used,  is  equivalent  to  Deity  as  a  generic  term, 
and  not  to  any  form  of  worship,  or  principles  of  be- 
lief." — Malcom.—See  art.  Asia,  p. 

Boone,  co.  of  Kentucky,  on  the  left  side  of  the 
Ohio  river,  opposite  the  mouth  of  great  Miami, 
bounded  NW.  andN.  by  Ohio  river,  E,  by  Camp- 
bell, and  S.  by  Pendleton ;  length  25,  mean  width 
12;  area,  300  sq.  ms. ;  surface  hilly;  soil  pro- 
ductive in  grain  and  fruits;  staples  flour  and  salt- 
ed provisions.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,582;  in  1830, 
9,075;  and  in  1840,  10,034.  Ctl.  lat.  39°,  lon. 
W.  C.  7  30  W. 

Boonsborough,  village,  Washington  co.,  Md., 
on  the  road  from  Fredericktown  to  Hagerstown, 
16  ms.  NW.  from  the  former,  and  12  SSE.  from 
the  latter  place. 

Boonsboro,  town,  Madison  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Kentucky  river,  about  50  ms.  above  Frankfort. 

Boonesburg,  small  village,  Washington  co., 
Md.,  60  ms.  from  W.  C. 

Booneslick. — See  Boo?iville. 

Boonelon,  village,  Morris  eo.,  #J".  J.,  29  ms. 
NW.  from  Newark. 

Boonville,  town,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Black 

river,  31  ms.  N.  from  Utica.    Pop.  400.  Tp., 

Oneida  co,,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,294. 

Boonesville,  or  Boonsborough,  village,  War- 
wick, as  in  the  post  office  list,,  but  correctly  War- 
wick co.,  Indiana. 

Boonsville,  village,  Cooper  co.,  Mo.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Missouri  river,  directly  opposite 
Franklin,  and  by  land  170  ms.  above  St.  Louis. 
Latitude  39  53  N.,  longitude  Washington  City, 
15  20  W. 

Bootan,  country,  NE.  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
between  Bengal  and  Thibet,  of  which  last  it  is  a 
feudatory.  The  southernmost  ridge  of  the  Bootan 
mountains,  rises  near  a  mile  and  a  half  perpen- 
dicular above  the  plains  of  Bengal,  in  a  horizontal 
distance  of  only  15  ms.,  and  from  the  summit,  the 
astonished  traveller  looks  back  on  the  plains,  as  on 
an  extensive  ocean  beneath  him.  The  capital  is 
Tassassudon. 

Boffmgen,  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  on  the 
river  Egypt,  4  ms.  E.  of  Awlan.  Lon.  10  21  E., 
lat.  48  55  N. 

Boothbay,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  between 
Sheepscut  and  Damariscotta  rivers,  10  ms.  SE. 

from  Wiscapet.  Tp.,    Lincoln   co,,  Maine. 

Pop.  1810,  1,582  ;  in  1820,  1,950. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BOR 


Booth's  Store,  post  office,  Franklin  co.,  Va., 
180  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Boppart,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  archbishopric 
of  Treves,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  the 
Rhine,  8  ms.  S.  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7  35  E.,  lat. 
50  16  N. 

Borch,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Magdeburg,  on 
the  Elbe,  14  ms.  NE.  of  Magdeburg.  Lon.  12 
3  E.,  lat.  52  19  N. 

Borchloen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Liege,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  31  E., 
lat.  50  50  N. 

Boques,  or  Boque,  creek  of  Ohio,  rises  in 
Union,  and  enters  the  right  side  of  Sciota,  in  Del- 
aware co.,  Ohio. 

Bordentown,  town,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  seat- 
ed on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  and  near- 
ly at  the  Great  bend  of  that  river  below  Trenton, 
11  ms.  NE.  from  Burlington,  and  about  26  from 
Philadelphia.  This  town  possesses  a  considerable 
trade,  being  the  common  rendezvous  of  a  line  ol 
stages  between  Philadelphia  and  Amboy. 

Boreham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  3  ms.  NE. 
of  Chelmsford. 

Borgne,  lake  of  La.,  and  Miss.    It  is  in  reality 
;  the  western  extension  of  Pascagoula  sound.  It 
i  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  by  the 
SE.  pass,  SW.  from  Cat  Island,  with  the  Pasca- 
[jgoula  sound,  by  the  passes  of  Christian  and  Mari- 
fclanne,  and  with  lake  Ponchartrain,  by  the  Rigolets. 
kj  The  depth  of  water,  through  the  ship  channel  of  lake 
►  i  Borgne,  is  at  low  tide  about  6  feet.    It  is  from  the 
'I  mouth  of  Bienvenu  creek  to  the  W.  end  of  Cat 
1 1  Island,  40  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  10 
i  ms.  between  the  opposite  shores  of  Miss,  and  La. 
Lake  Borgne  forms  one  of  the  great  channels  of 
entrance  into  Louisiana. 

Borgo,  town  of  Sweden,  on  the  Gulf  of  Fin- 
land, 20  ms.  NE.  of  Helsingfors.  Lon.  25  40  E., 
lat,  60  34  N. 

Borgoforte,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Man- 
I  tua,  on  the  river  Po.,  10  ms.  S.  of  Mantua.  Lon. 
I  10  53  E.,  lat.  45°  N. 

Borgo- San- Domino,  episcopal  town  of  Ttaly,  in 
the  duchy  of  Parma,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Parma. 
Lon.  10  6  E.,  lat.  44  58  N. 
I  Borgo-di-San-Sepulchro,  episcopal  town  of 
Tuscany,  40  ms.  E.  of  Florence.  Lon.  12  7  E., 
lat.  43  32  N. 

Borgo-val-di-Taro,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Parma,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Parma.  Lon. 
10  16  E.,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Borja,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  12  ms.  SE. 
I  of  Tarazona.    Lon.  1  16  W.,  lat.  42  6.  N. 

Boriquen,  island  of  the  West  Indies,  near  Por- 
to- Rico-  It  is  uninhabited,  though  fertile,  and  the 
water  good.  Here  is  a  great  number  of  land  crabs, 
whence  some  call  it  Crab  Island.  Lon.  66°  W., 
lat.  18°  N. 

Borkelo,  strong  town  of  the  United  Provinces, 
in  Zutphen,  on  the  river  Borkel,  10  ms.  E.  of 
Zutphen.    Lon.  6  18  E,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Bormio,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  bounded  on  the 
'  S.  by  the  State  of  Venice,  on  the  E,  by  the  terri- 
:  tory  of  Austria,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  Caddea. 
It  contains  about  1,000  inhabitants,  and  has  a  des- 
olate appearance.    It  is  40  ms,  SE,  of  Coire, 
!  Lon.  10  5  E.,  lat.  46  25  N. 


Borneo,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1521  ;  before  the  discovery 
of  New  Holland  thought  to  be  the  largest  in  the 
world,  being  1,800  ms.  in  circumference.  It  is 
seated  under  the  equator,  that  line  cutting  it  al- 
most.through  the  middle.  It  is  almost  of  a  circu- 
lar figure,  abounds  with  gold,  and  the  finest  dia- 
monds in  the  Indies  are  found  in  its  rivers,  being 
probably  washed  down  from  the  hills  by  torrents. 
It  produces,  likewise,  rice,  pepper,  fruits,  and  beef- 
wax,  which  last  is  used  instead  of  money.  The 
beasts  are  oxen,  buffaloes,  deer,  goats,  elephants, 
tigers,  and  monkeys.  This  island  has  fine  rivers, 
especially  towards  the  W.  and  S.  The  rainy 
season  continues  for  eight  months  in  the  year  , 
and  as  during  that  time  all  the  flat  country  is  over- 
flowed,  the  air  is  rendered  very  unhealthy,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  forced  to  build  their  houses  on 
floats,  which  they  make  fast  to  trees.  The  houses 
have  but  one  floor,  with  partitions  made  of  cane. 
The  people  are  very  swarthy,  and  go  almost  na- 
ked. There  are  Mahometans  on  the  sea  coast, 
but  the  rest  are  Gentoos.  The  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  is  large  and  populous,  with  a  good 
harbor,  and  seated  on  the  N  W.  side.  Lon.  1 1 2  27 
E.,  lat.  4  55  N. 

Bornholm,  island  of  the  Baltic  sea,  20  ms.  SE 
of  Schonen,  in  Sweden.  Lon.  14  56  E  ,  lat.  54 
55  N. 

Bornou,  extensive  country  in  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  NW.  by  Fezzan,  on  the  N.  by  the  desert 
of  Bilma,  on  the  SE.  by  Nubia,  and  on  the  SW. 
by  Cashna.  It  extends  from  12  to  22°  of  E.  Ion., 
and  from  17  to  21°  of  N.  lat.  The  northern  part 
is  poor,  and  like  the  rest  of  the  provinces  of  Zaara  ; 
but  all  the  rest  is  well  watered  by  springs  and  riv- 
ers, rendering  the  country  prolific  in  corn,  grass, 
and  fruits,  and  giving  it  a  pleasing  aspect.  The 
eastern  and  western  frontiers  are  divided  into 
mountains  and  valleys,  the  latter  abounding  with 
flocks  of  cattle,  fields  of  rice  and  millet,  and  manv 
of  the  mountains  with  wood,' fruit  trees,  and  cot- 
ton. The  climate  is  said  to  be  characterized  by 
excessive,  though  not  by  uniform  heat.  Two  sea- 
sons— one  commencing  soon  after  the  middle  of 
April,  the  other  at  the  same  period  in  October — 
divide  the  year.  The  complexion  of  the  natives 
is  black,  but  they  are  not  of  the  negro  cast.  The 

capital  is  of  the  same  name  The  capital  of  the 

empire  of  Bornou,  situated  in  a  flat  country.  Lat. 
20°  N.,  lon.  22°  E. 

Borodino,  on  the  Moskwa,  village  of  Russia,  90 
ms.  W.  from  Moscow,  famous  for  a  sanguinary 
battle  between  the  French  and  Russians,  Septem- 
ber 7,  1812.  Post  Office,  Onondago  co  ,  N. 

Y.,  180  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Borough.    See  Burg. 

Borough,  tp  ,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  1820, 
244. 

Boroughbridge,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  on  the  Ure,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge;  17  ms.  NW.  of  York,  and  218  N. 
by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  25  W  ,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Borroivdale,  dreary  district  of  Eng.,  in  the  S. 
part  of  Cumberland,  abounding,  beyond  any  other 
part  of  the  world,  with  the  finest  sort  of  black 
lead,  or  wad,  the  mines  of  which  are  only  opened 
at  intervals,  and  then  carefully  closed  again,  lest 
thi"  precious  substance  should  become  too  com- 

157 


BOS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BOS 


mon.  Copper,  lead,  and  calamine,  are  also  found 
in  this  tract. 

Borrowstoiinncss,  or  Boness,  village  of  Scotland, 
in  Linlithgowshire,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  sur- 
rounded with  coal  pits  and  salt  pans.  It  has  a 
good  port,  but  its  trade  is  not  on  the  increase. 

Bosa,  ancient  seaport  of  Sardinia,  with  a  bish- 
op's see  and  a  castle,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
17  ms.  SE.  oi"  Algeri.  Lon.  8  50  E.,  lat.  40 
29  N. 

Boscawen,  tp.,  Merrimac  co.,  N.  H  ,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Merrimac  river,  about  10  ms.  N. 
of  Concord.    Pop.  1810,  1,829;  in  1820,  2,113. 

Bosco,  or  Boschi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milan- 
ese, seated  on  the  Arbe,  5  ms.  E.  of  Alexandria. 
Lon.  8  52  E.,  lat.  44  54  N. 

Boscobd,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  9  ms. 
SE.  of  Newport. 

Bosna  Seraio,  large  and  strong  town  of  Turk- 
ey, and  capital  of  Bosnia,  seated  on  the  river  Bos- 
na, 110  ms.  SW.  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  17  57  E., 
lat.  44  40  N. 

Bosnia,  province  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  Sclavonia,  on  the  E.  by  Servia, 
on  the  S.  by  Albania,  and  on  the  W.  by  Croatia 
and  Dalmatia.    Bosna  Serai  is  the  capital. 

Bosphorus,  ancient  name  of  two  remarkable 
straits— the  Thracian  Bosphorus,  now  straits  of 
Constantinople,  and  the  Cimmerian  Bosphorus, 
now  straits  of  Kaffa,  Zabach,  or  Jenicale.  In  the 
outlet  of  the  Euxine  basin  by  the  successive  straits 
of  Kaffa,  Constantinople,  and  Dardanelles,  we 
have  a  complete  specific  resemblance  to  the  chain 
made  by  the  straits  of  St.  Mary,  Michilimakinac, 
St.  Clair,  Detroit,  Niagara,  and  St.  Lawrence 
rivers.  The  quantity  of  water  discharged  by  the 
American  basin,  it  is  probable,  exceeds  that  from 
the  European,  though  the  latter  is  most  extensive 
in  point  of  area.  A  very  erroneous  idea  of  the 
relative  extent  of  the  Canadian  lakes  prevails  in 
the  United  States  The  Black  sea  alone  covers 
more  than  twice  the  superficies  of  all  the  Canadian 
lakes  taken  together.  According  to  the  evidence 
of  Pallas,  Clark,  and  indeed  every  other  traveller, 
whose  observations  have  been  made  public,  re 
specting  the  regions  adjacent  to  the  Caspian  and 
Black  seas,  there  has  been  a  progressive  diminu- 
tion of  their  waters.  The  whole  land  space  from 
the  base  of  the  mountains  of  Transylvania  to  the 
Aral  sea,  including  the  alluvial  mouths  of  the  Dan- 
ube, Dneister,  Bog,  Dneiper,  Don,  VVolga,  and 
Ural  rivers,  show  marks  of  water  depression,  and 
that,  in  all  probability,  the  Caspian  and  Aral  were 
once  links  of  the  Mediterranean  chain  of  inland 
seas.  The  Dardanelles  (ancient  Hellespont)  and 
Bosphorus  of  Thrace,  or  straits  of  Constantino- 
ple, both  have  a  depth  of  wrater  admitting  the  lar- 
gest, ships  of  war. 

Bossiney,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on 
the  Bristol  channel,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Launceston, 
and  233  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  4  40  W., 
lat.  50  45  N. 

Bost,  strong  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  Sables- 
tan.    Lon.  64  15  E  ,  lat  31  50  N. 

Boston,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  seat- 
ed on  both  sides  of  the  Witham,  not  far  from  its 
influx  into  the  sea  ;  but  its  harbor  can  admit  ves- 
sels of  inferior  burden  only.  It  has  a  navigation 
frow  Lincoln;  partlv  by  the  Witham.  and  partly 
158 


I   by  a  canal,  at  the  termination  of  which,  in  Boston, 
is  a  large  and  curious  sluice ;  and  there  is  another 
,   canal  to  Bourn.    It  is  a  flourishing  town,  37  ms. 

SE.  of  Lincoln,  and  115  N.  of  London.  Lon.  0 
i   5  E.,  lat.  53  1  N. 

Boston,  seaport  and  city  of  Mass.,  in  Suffolk 
co.,  on  a  fine  peninsula,  extending  into  Massachu- 
setts bay  about  2  ms.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  \ 
\  m.  The  surface  on  which  the  city  stands  is  undu- 
lating, and  gives  an  agreeable  variety  to  the  streets, 
i  and  affords,  with  the  aid  of  the  buildings,  particu- 
larly the  State  house,  some  very  fine  prospects  of 
the  adjacent  country,  bay,  and  islands.  The  har- 
bor is  spacious,  and  has  sufficient  water  for  the  ad- 
mission of  the  largest  vessels,  and  adequately  land- 
locked for  their  protection  from  all  winds  except 
easterly.  It  is  very  seldom  so  much  incommoded 
with  ice  as  to  render  it  inaccessible  at  the  severest 
seasons  of  frost.  The  entrance  is  narrow,  and 
defended  by  Forts  Warren  and  Independence. 

Boston  is  a  very  commercial  city,  and,  in  pro- 
portion  to  her  resident  population,  contains  an  im- 
mense mass  of  wealth.  In  point  of  tonnage,  the 
shipping  of  Boston  stands  next,  among  the  cities 
of  the  United  States,  to  New  York.  In  1815  the 
tonnage  of  the  former  exceeded  143,000  tons.  Du- 
ring 1841  there  were  6,317  arrivals  at  Boston  :  fehipg 
'  289,  barques  283,  brigs  1,227,  schooners  4,341, 
sloops  177 — coastwise,  4,574,  foreign  1,743. 
To  facilitate  the  operations  of  commerce,  agricul- 
ture, and  internal  intercourse,  Boston  is  connected 
with  the  surrounding  country  by  excellent  roads, 
and  the  interior  of  Mass.  and  N.  H.  by  the  Mid- 
dlesex canal.  This  city  is  indeed  flourishing  and 
prosperous.  It  is  not,  however,  from  the  amount 
of  its  capital,  or  the  extent  of  its  commerce,  that 
Boston  founds  its  most  solid  claim  to  the  respecta- 
ble rank  it  possesses  amongst  the  cities  of  the  U. 
!  S. ;  it  is  upon  the  number  and  exalted  character  of 
its  literary  institutions  which  this  city  has  based 
her  true  grandeur.  It  would  be  to  swell  this  ar- 
ticle to  a  much  too  extensive  length  to  enu- 
merate its  various  literary  establishments  ;  we  may 
therefore  notice  the  Athenaeum,  with  18,000,  and 
the  Boston  library,  with  6,000  volumes,  as  rich 
stores  of  intellectual  wealth  ;  and,  as  in  a  scientific 
point  of  view  Cambridge  is  only  a  suburb  of  Bos- 
ton, we  may  in  this  view  include  the  most  exten- 
sive collection  in  the  United  States,  exceeding 
25,000  volumes,  which  appertains  to  the  universi- 
ty in  the  former  place.  This  article  was  written 
some  years  past,  and  therefore  these  numbers  must 
be  far  short  of  the  literary  stores  now  in  the  Bos- 
ton libraries. 

The  natural  disadvantages  which  must  have 
existed  in  mutual  communication  between  town 
and  country,  from  the  insular  situation  of  Bos- 
ton, is  amply  obviated  by  4  fine  bridges.  One 
over  Charles  river,  from  Boston  to  Charlestown, 
exceeds  1,500  feet  in  length,  with  a  breadth  of  42 
feet ;  West  Boston  bridge,  leading  to  Cambridge, 
is  based  on  180  piers,  and  extends  3,483  feet; 
Craigie's  bridge  is  between  the  two  former.  A 
fourth  bridge,  over  the  bay  to  the  SW  .  from  Bos- 
ton, with  a  wing  dam,  constructed  to  procure,  by 
aid  of  the  tide,  an  immense  water  power,  intended 
to  put  in  operation  different  kinds  of  machinery. 

The  appearance  of  the  streets  and  houses  of 
Boston  affords  ample  monuments  of  the  change  of 


BOS 


BOT 


taste,  wealth,  and  views  of  convenience.  In  the 
ancient  parts  of  the  city  the  streets  are  narrow  and 
crooked,  and  the  houses  low  and  plain,  but  in  the 
western  and  more  modern  quarters  the  streets  are 
wide,  and  cutting  each  other  at  right  angles,  and 
the  houses  in  a  high  degree  spacious,  splendid, 
and  elegant. 

The  public  buildings  of  Boston  are  numerous 
and  spacious.  The  State  house,  standing  upon 
an  elevated  spot,  with  the  park  and  open  space  of 
45  .  acres,  and  a  fine  descending  slope  from  the 
front  of  the  edifice,  presents,  particularly  from  its 
dome,  an  expansive  prospect  over  the  harbor,  with 
its  numerous  islands  and  the  adjacent  city  and 
country.  The  new  court-house,  a  fine  building, 
reared  at  an  expense  of  near  $100,000,  Faneuil 
Hall,  an  almshouse,  custom-house,  and  near  30 
places  of  public  worship,  adorn  the  city. 

Progressive  population  of  Boston. 
1800  -----  24,937 
1810  -  -  -  -  -  32,250 

1820   -----  42,526 

1830    61,392 

1840  -  93,383 

By  the  census  of  1840  the  distributive  popula- 
tion stood  thus  : 


1830 
1831 
1332 
1833 
1834 
1S35 
1836 
1837 
1.338 
1839 
1840 
1841 


Foreign 
arrivals. 


Foreign 
elear'nees 


642 
766 
1,064 
1.066 
1,156 
1,302 
1,452 
1,591 
1,313 
1 ,553 
1,628 
1,791 


567 
684 
943 
939 
1,002 
1,225 
1,326 
1,381 
1,124 
1,381 
1,362 
1,581 


Coastwise 
arrivals. 


2,938 
2,946 
3,538 
4,024 
3,527 
3,879 
3,944 
4,000 
4;01 8 
4,251 
4,406 
4,574 


Coastwise 
elear'nees 


2,216 
2,298 
2,611 
2,848 
2,477 
2,900 
2,927 
2.506 
2,901 
2,803 
2,815 
2,841 


Total. 


6,363 
6,694 
8,156 
8,877 
8,162 
9,306 
9,6-19 
9,478 
9,356 
9,988 
10,21  J 
10,787 


The  coastwise  arrivals  and  clearances,  in  (hp 
above  statement,  do  not  include  those  vessels  which 
arrive  and  depart  with  domestic  merchandise  ex- 
empted from  entry  or  clearance  at  the  custom- 
house ;  the  number  of  this  class  of  vessels  is  esti- 
mated to  exceed  2,500  annually. 

The  arrivals  from  foreign  ports  at  Boston,  From 
1790  to  1800,  averaged  per  year    569  vess^s. 


Whites. 


Ages. 


I  5  to  10  - 
10  to  15  - 
15  to  20  - 
20  to  30  - 
30  to  40  - 
•10  to  50  - 
50  to  60  - 
60  to  70  - 
70  to  SO  - 
80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 

Total 


Males.  Females. 


5,711 
4,246 
3,368 
4,043 
15,612 
9,404 
3,056 
1,476 
606 
243 
65 
10 
4 


47,364 


5,558 
4,465 
3.553 
4,812 
11,242 
6,566 
3,492 
1,920 
951 
402 
136 
14 
1 


43.115 


1800  to  1810, 
1810  to  1820, 
1820  to  1830, 
1830  to  1835, 
1835  to  1841, 


789 
610 
787 
1,199 
1,473 


By  the  above  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
arrivals  at  this  port,  both  foreign  and  coastwise, 
for  the  past  year,  far  exceed  that  of  any  former 
year. 

Value  of  foreign  imports  and  exports. . 


Year. 


Free  colored  persons. 


Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtolO  -           -           -  - 
!0to24 
24  to  36  - 
36  to  55  • 
55  to  100 

100  and  upwards  ■ 

205 
212 
614 
318 
49 
1 

211 

254 
279 
215 
69 

Total 

1,329 

1,028 

i 

SUMMARY. 

Whites 
Colored 

-  90,956 

-  2.427 

Total       -  -, 

-  93,383 

1830  - 

1831  - 
1832- 
1833- 
1331  • 
1835  ■ 
1836 

1837  ■ 

1838  • 
1839 
1840 
1841 


Imports. 


$3,348,613 
13,414,809 
15,760,512 
17,853,446 
15,514,700 
18,643,800 
25.893,955 
15,027,837 
13,464,580 
18,409,159 
14,122,319 
19.250,000 


Exports. 


$5,180,178 
5,896,092 

10.107,768 
8i062,219 
7,309,761 
7,952,346 
8,475,313 
7,836,270 
7,036,882 
8,013.536 
8,405,311 
9,333,151 


Ratio  of  increase  in  40  years,  3,744,  or  near- 
ly 3^  per  cent. 

The  following  statements  will  show  the  number 
of  foreign  and  coastwise  arrivals  and  clearances  at 
this  port  during  the  last  12  years;  also,  the  value 
of  foreign  imports  and  exports  for  the  same  time. 


The  above  statement  shows  an  increase  of  ex- 
ports at  this  port,  the  past  year,  (1841,)  of  over 
$900,000. 

Bosto7i,  tp.  in  the  western  part  of  Portage  co., 

Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  270.  Town  Erie  co.,  N. 

Y.    Pop-  ^  1820,  686. 

Boswellsville,  village  in  the  southern  part  of 
Louisa  co.,  Va.,  21  ms.  N  W.  from  Richmond. 

Bosivorth  Market,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Leicester- 
shire. In  its  vicinity  was  fought  the  famous  bat- 
tle between  Richard  III  and  the  earl  of  Richmond, 
afterwards»Henry  VII,  in  which  the  former  lost  his 
crown  and  life.  It  is  seated  011  a  hill,  13  ins.  W.  ' 
of  Leicester,  and  106  NNW.  of  London. 

Botany  bay,  bay  of  New  South  Wales,  discov- 
ered by  Captain  Cook  in  1770,  and  so  called  from 
the  great  quantity  of  herbs  fonnd  on  the  shore. 
The  promontories  which  form  its  entrance  are 
named  Cape  Banks  and  Point  Solander.  It  was 
originally  fixed  on  for  a  colony  of  convicts  from 
Great  Britain,  which,  in  the  sequel,  took  place  at 
Port  Jackson,  13  ms.  further  to  the  N.  Lon.  151 
21  E.,  lat.  34°  S. 

Botany  island,  small  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean, 

159 


BOU 


BOU 


to  the  SE.  of  New  Caledonia.  Lon.  167  17  E., 
lat.  22  27  S. 

Botesdale,  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.,  in  a  valley, 
15  ms.  NE.  of  Bury,  and  86  of  London. 

Botetourt,  co.  Va  ,  on  the  sources  of  James  and 
Roanoke  rivers,  bounded  by  Franklin  S.,  Mont- 
gomery and  Giles  SW.,  Monroe  W.,  Bath  N., 
Rockbridge  NE.,  and  Bedford  SE.  ;  length  40, 
mean  width  28,  area,  1,120  sq.  ms.  Embracing 
a  part  of  the  great  limestone  and  slate  valley  NW. 
from  the  Blue  Ridge,  much  excellent  soil  exists  in 
this  county,  though  much  of  its  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Chief  town  Fincastle.  Pop.  1820, 
13,590,  in  1840,  11,679.  Central  lat.  37  30  N., 
lon.  W  C.  £  45  W. 

Bothnia  East,  province  of  Sweden,  in  Finland, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  between  the 
provinces  of  Kimi  and  Finland  Proper  and  Russia. 
It  is  300  ms.  in  length,  and  from  90  to  220  in 
breadth.  On  the  seacoast,  and  toward  the  S.,  the 
land  is  low  and  marshy,  and  the  summers  are  of- 
ten  so  cold  as  to  destroy  great  part  of  the  crops. 
The  inhabitants  are  thinly  spread  over  this  large 
space,  the  cattle  small,  and  bears  numerous.  The 
principal  exports  are  timber,  butter,  whale  oil, 
pitch,  and  tar.  This  province  is  sometimes  called 
Cajania,  and  the  capital  is  Cajaneburg. 

Bothnia  West,  province  of  Sweden,  in  Nord- 
land,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  It 
is  230  ms.  in  length,  between  the  seacoast  and 
Swedish  Lapland,  and  from  25  to  50  in  breadth. 
The  soil  is  tolerably  fertile,  but  sudden  frosts  in 
July  often  destroy  the  crops.  It  has  mines  of  cop- 
per and  iron,  and  numerous  forests.  The  chief 
articles  of  commerce  are  copper,  iron,  skins  of 
foxes,  ermines,  bears,  wolves,  reindeer,  otters,  &c. 
The  capital  is  Urna. 

Bothnia,  Gulf  of,  sea  or  large  gulf  branching 
N.  from  the  Baltic,  at  the  isle  of  Aland,  and 
bounded  on  the  W.,  N.,  and  E.,  by  the  dominions 
of  Sweden.    On  its  coasts  arc  many  smail  islands. 

Botley,  village  of  Eng.,  Hampshire,  6  ms.  E. 
of  Southampton,  on  the  river  Hamble,  noted  for  a 
considerable  trade  in  flour. 

Botol,  or  Battel,  a  small  island  in  the  Chinese 
sea,  about  12  ms.  in  circuit,  situated  due  E.  from 
Formosa.  According  to  La  Perouse,  its  SE. 
point  is  at  lat.  21  57  N.  Ion.,  1  19  32  E.  from 
London.  La  Perouse  sailed  close  to,  but  did  not. 
land  on  Botol. 

Bottesford,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Leicestershire, 
oil  the  confines  of  Nottinghamshire  and  Lincoln- 
shire, 7  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Grantham. 

Bottlehill,  townMorris  co.,  N.  J.,  16  ms.  NW. 
from  Elizabelhtown. 

Botzenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  on  the  river  Elbe.  Lon.  10  48  E., 
lat.  53  30  N. 

Bouckain,  fortified  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  North,  and  late  French  Hainaull,  divided  into 
two  parts  by  the  Scheldt.  It  is  9  ms.  W.  of  Va- 
lenciennes.   Lon.  3  21  E.,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Boucharl,  town  of  Fr.,  lately  in  the  province  of 
Touraine,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Indreand  Loire,  situ- 
ated on  an  island  of  the  river  Vienne,  15  ms.  SSW. 
of  Tours. 

Boucher vi lie,  seigniory  L.  C,  Kent  co.,  oppo- 
site Montreal  island,  on  the  right  side  of  St.'Lawrence 
river,  about  12  ms.  E.  from  the  city  of  Montreal. 
«  160 


Boudet.    See  Bodet. 

Boudry,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  co.  of 
Neufchatel.    Lon.  6  40  E.,  lat.  47  1  N. 

Bouillon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  duchy  of  thf 
same  name,  and  territory  of  Luxemburg,  12  ins. 
N.  of  Sedan.    Lon.  5  20  E.,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Boulogne,  large  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Boulon- 
nois.  The  harbor  has  a  mole  for  the  safety  of  the 
ships,  and  which  at  the  same  time  prevents  it  from 
being  choked  up.  It  is  seated' at  the  mouth  of  the 
Lianne,  14  ms.  S.  of  Calais.  Lon.  1  42  E.,  lat.  \ 
50  44  N. 

Boundbronk,  village,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Raritan. 

Bourbon  Land,  a  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Saone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of-  Burgundy,  \ 
remarkable  for  its  castle  and  hot  baths.  It  has  a  large 
marble  pavement,  called  the  Great  Bath,  which  is  | 
the  work  of  the  Romans.    It  is  15  ms.  SW.  of  Aa-  I 
tun.    Lon.  4  6  E.,  lat.  46  47  N. 

Bourbon  C Archambeau,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  1 
of  Allier,  and  late  province  of  Bourbonnois,  in  al 
bottom,  near  the  river  Allier.  It  is  15  ms.  W.  of  I 
Moulins  and  362  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  5  E.,  lat.  I 
46  35  N. 

Bourbonne-ks- Bains,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  I 
of  Upper  Marne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  I 
famous  for  its  hot  baths.  It  is  17  ms.  E.  of  Lan- 1 
gres.    Lon.  5  45  E.,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Bourbonnois,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  I 
the  N.  by  Nivernois  and  Berry,  on  the  W.  by  I 
Berry  and  a  small  part  of  Marche,  on  the  S.  by  I 
Auvergne,  and  on  the  E.  by  Burgundy  and  Forez.  I 
It  abounds  in  corn,  fruit,  pasture,  wood,  game,  and  I 
wine.    It  now  forms  the  dep.  of  Allier. 

Bourbon,  co.  of  Ky.,  between  Ky.  and  Licking  I 
rivers,  bounded  SW.  by  Scott  and  Fayette,  NW.  I 
by  Harrison,  NE.  by  Nicholas,  and  SE.  by  Mont-  j 
gomery  and  Clarke,  length  16  ms.,  breadth  111 
ms. ;  area  176  sq.  rns.  Surface  rather  hilly  ;  soil  I 
fertile.  Chief  town  Paris.  Pop.  in  1840,  14,478.1 
Central  lat.  38  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C  7°  W. 

Bourchemin,  seignory,  L.  C.  Richelieu  co.,  35 1 
ms.  E.  from  Montreal. 

Bourdeauo:,  ancient  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep  of  I 
Gironde,  and  late  province  of  Guienne.    It  is  built 
in  the  form  of  a  bow,  of  which  the  river  Garonne  1 
is  the  string.    This  river  is  bordered  by  a  large 
quay,  and  the  water  rises  four  yards  at  full  tide ;  j 
for  which  reasons  the  largest  vessels  can  come  U|> 
to  it  very  readily.    The  ancient  city  of  BourdcauXj  I 
though  considerable  in  point  of  size,  was  ill  built, 
badly  paved,  without  police  or  any  of  those  muni-  i 
cipal  regulations  indispensably  requisite  to  render  <. 
a  city  splendid  or  elegant.    It  has  entirely  changed  - 
its  appearance  within  these  last  40  years.  The 
public  edilices  are  very  noble,  and  all  the  streets 
newly  built  are  regular  and  handsome.    The  (juays 
are  4  ms.  in  length,  and  the  river  itself  is  consid- 
erably broader  than  the  Thames  at  London  bridge 
The  ruins  of  a  very  large  amphitheatre  yet  remain, 
constructed  under  the  Emperor  Galienus,  built  ol 
brick ;  likewise  several  aqueducts.    It  is  87  ms. 
S.  of  Rochelle  and  325  SW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  34' 
W.,  lat.  44  50  N. 

Bourdines,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Namur,  5  ms.  NW.  of  Huy.  Lon.  5° 
E.,  lat.  50  35  N. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BOW 


BOV 


Bourg,  town  of  Fr.,  lately  in  the  province  of 
Bresse,  on  the  river  Ressousse,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Ma- 
;on  and  233  of  Paris.    Lon.  5  19  E.,  lat.  46  11 

V.  Town  of  Fr.,  lately  in  the  province  of  Gui- 

?nne,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Gironde,  with  a  good 
larbor  on  the  Dordogne,  near  the  point  of  land 
"ormed  by  the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Ga- 
onne,  which  is  called  the  Bec-d'Ambez.  It  is  15 
ns.  N.  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  30'  W.,  lat.  45  5  N. 
;  Town  of  the  island  of  Cayenne,  in  S.  Ameri- 
ca.   Lon.  52  50  W.,  lat.  5  2  N. 

Bourganeuf,  town  of  Fr.,  lately  in  the  province 
)f  Marche,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Creuse,  on  the  riv- 
jrTauiion,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Limoges  and  200  S. 
)f  Paris.    Lon.  1  35  E.,  lat.  45  59  N. 

Bourgeois,  burgher,  townsman,  Sf-c,  from  the 
Grerman  bourg,  is  a  term  very  common  in  Euro- 
jean  history,  and  not  very  clearly  definable.  It 
signifies  often  the  free  and  common  citizens  of  a 
iity  contradistinguished  from  the  nobility. 

Bourges,  ancient  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Cher,  and  late  province  of  Berry,  on  the  rivers 
&urou  and  Yevre,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Neverg  and 
125  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  28  E.,  lat.  47  5  N. 
!  Bourget,  town  of  Savoy,  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
iame,  6  ms.  N.  of  Chamberry.  Lon.  5  50  E.,  lat. 
15  41  N. 

'  Bourg- la- Heine,  a  town  of  Fr.,  1  league  S.  of 
l  Paris. 

I  Bourmont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
<  iVlarne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  22  ms. 
;;B.  by  N.  of  Chaumont.  Lon.  5  43  E.,  lat.  48 
!l4  N. 

I  Bourn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  near  a 
spring  called  Bourn  Well-head,  from  which  proceeds 
a  river  that  runs  through  the  town.  From  Bourn  is 
a  navigable  canal  to  Boston.  It  is  35  ms.  S.  of 
'Lincoln  and  97  N.  of  London.  Lon.  20'  W.,  lat. 
52  42  N. 

\  Bourneville,  village,  Ross  co.,  O.,  11  ms.  west- 
ward of  Chillicothe,  and  25  ms.  eastward  of  Hills- 
borough, in  Highland  co.    Pop.  150. 

Bouro,  island,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  between  the 
'Moluccas  and  Celebes.  It  produces  nutmegs  and 
cloves,  cocoa  and  banana  trees,  and  many  vegeta- 
bles introduced  by  the  Dutch.  Bouro  is  50  ms. 
in  circumference.    Lon.  127  25  E.,  lat.  3  30  S. 

Bourton-on-the-kill,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Glou- 
cestershire, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  with  a  fine  pros- 
pect into  Oxfordshire.  It  is  5  ms.  from  Stow  and 
30  from  Gloucester. 

Bourton-on-ihewater,  village,  1  mile  from  the 
preceding  place,  watered  by  a  river  that  rises  near 
it,  which  here  spreads  30  feet  wide,  and  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge.  Adjoining  to  it  is  a  Ro- 
man camp,  where  coins  and  other  antiquities  are 
dug  up. 

Boussac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Creuse, 
and"  late  province  of  Marche,  with  a  castle  almost 
inaccessible,  25  ms.  NE.  of  Gueret. 

Bouton,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  12  ms.  SE. 
of  Celebes.  The  inhabitants  are  small,  but  well 
shaped,  and  of  a  dark  olive  complexion.  Their 
religion  is  Mahometanism.  Lon.  123  30  E.,  lat. 
5°S. 

Bova,  a  town  of  Naples,  near  the  Appennines, 
28  ms.  SE.  of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  20  E.,  lat.  37 
50  N. 

Bovignes,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
21* 


lands,  in  Namur,  on  the  river  Meuse,  1 0  ms.  S.  of 
Namur.    Lon.  4  50  E.,  lat.  50  19  N. 

Bovina,  tp.  and  post  office,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,267.  Village,  Delaware  co., 

N.  Y.,  by  postroad  179  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Bovino,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Appennines,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Benevento. 
Lon.  15  15  E.,  lat.  41  17  N. 

Bow,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  at  the  source 
of  a  river  that  falls  into  the  Taw,  14  ms.  NW.  of 
Exeter  and  188  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3  49 
W.,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Bow,  or  Stratford  le  Bow,  a  considerable  vil- 
lage of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  2  ms.  ENE.  of  Lon- 
don It  is  said  that  the  bridge  here,  was  the  first 
stone  one  built  in  Eng.,  and  that,  from  its  arches, 
it  received  the  name  of  Bow. 

Bow,  Tp.,  Rockingham  co.s  N.  H.  Pop.  in 
1810,  729,  in  1820,  935. 

Bowdoin,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,649,  in  1820,  1,777. 

Bowdoinham,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.  Pop, 
in  1810,  1,412,  in  1820,  2,259. 

Bowerbank,  town,  in  Penobscot  co.,  Me,,  near 
Sebee  lake,  40  ms.  NW.  from  Bangor. 

Bowers,  village,  Essex  co  ,  Va. — —Village, 
Southampton  co.,  Va  ,  61  ms.  SE.  from  Richmond, 

Bower's  Store,  post  office,  Ashe  co.,  N.  C,  170 
ms.,  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Bowersville,  village,  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y., 
208  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Bowling  Green,  post  office  and  seat  of  justice, 
Caroline  co.,  Va.,  on  Marrocossac  creek,  a  branch 
of  Mattapony  river,  50  ms.  N.  from  Richmond. 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Warren  co.,  Ky.j 

on  Barren  river,  branch  of  Green  river,  91  ms. 
NE.  from  Nashville,  and  184  ms.  SW.  from 

Lexington,  Ky.  Tp.,  Licking  co.,  O.  Pop. 

in  1810,  379,  in  1820,  479   Post  office,  Ogle. 

thorpe  co.  Ga.,  about  75  ms.  N.  from  Milledge- 
ville.  ■      Post  office,  Pike  co.,  Mo. 

Bowman's  Creek,  post  office,  Montgomery  co., 
N.  Y.,  60  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Bowman's  mountain,  called  the  Bald  moun- 
tain, near  the  western  limits  of  Luzerne  co.,  is  a 
high,  regular,  barren  range,  whose  average  height 
may  be  1,000  feet.  This  extends  from  the  E.  to 
the  W.  branches  of  the  Susquehannah  river,  be- 
tween which  it  appears  to  have  no  other  name 
than  those  mentioned,  except  that,  in  a  small 
territory  on  the  head  of  Fishing  creek,  the  inha- 
bitants call  it  the  North  mountain.  Westward  of 
the  waters  of  the  Susquehannah,  it  forms  the 
main  ridge  of  the  Alleghany  mountains.  It  cros- 
ses the  E.  branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  at  the 
mouth  of  Tunkhannock  and  Bowman's  creeks, 
and  extending  northeastwardly,  it  is  called  Tunk- 
hannock mountain,  and  terminates  in  Susque- 
hannah co.,  where  it  is  called  the  Elk  mountain. 

Bowman's  Valley,  lying  on  Bourn's  creek,  be- 
tween Bowman's  and  Mahoopeny  mountains, 
Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  is  not  very  populous,  and  the  land 
generally  poor.  It  is  about  2  ms.  wide,  and  15 
ms.  long.  The  principal  population  is  near  the 
river. 

Bowyer's  Bluff,  precipice  of  limestone  rock, 
forming  the  west  point  of  Washington  harbor. 
Green  Bay,  Lake  Michigan,  about  100  ms.  SW7". 
from  Mackinaw. 

161 


BRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BRA 


Bowyer,  Furl,  situated  on  Mobile  point.  This 
was  merely  a  small  water  battery  erected  to  de- 
fend the  main  pass  into  Mobile  bay.  Here,  on 
September,  15,  1814,  Major  W.  Lawrence,  with 
a  garrison  of  158  men,  repulsed  an  attack  made 
by  a  British  squadron,  of  which  the  Hennes  of 
28  guns  was  destroyed.  The  fort  was  invested 
by  a  land  and  naval  force  on  the  8th  of  February, 
1815,  and  surrendered  to  General  Lambert  by 
Major  Lawrence,  on  the  10th  of  the  same  month, 
and  on  the  ratification  of  peace  was  restored  to  the 
United  States. 

Buwersville,  village,  Southampton  co.,  Va. 

Boxboronglt,  tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.  Pup. 
in  1810,  388,  in  1820,  424. 

Boxford,  tp.,  Essex  co.,  Mass  ,  about  16  ms. 

W.  of  Newburyport.  Town,  Essex  co.,  Mass., 

15  ms.  N.  from  Salem.  Pop,  in  1810,  880,  in 
1820,  900.. 

Boxley,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  near  Maid- 
stone. s 

Boxtely  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the  river 
Bommel,  8  ms.  S.  of  Rios-le  due.  Lon.  5  15  E., 
lat.  51  32  N. 

Boxthude,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Bremen,  seated  on  the  brook  which 
falls  into  the  Elbe,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Hamburg. 
Lon.  9  45  E.,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Boyd's  creek,  village,  Sevier  co.  Tenn. 
Boydstown,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Meck- 
lenberg  co.,  Va. 

Boydsville,  village,  Davidson  co.,  Tennessee, 
57  ms.  NW.  from  Murfreesborough  and  20  from 
Nashville. 

Boyle,  town,  Ontario  co.  N.  Y. 
Boyle,  or  Abbey  Boyle,  borough  of  Ireland, 
Roscommon  co.    It  is  seated  near  Lake  Key,  23 
ms.  N.  of  Roscommon. 

Boyleston,  tp.,  Worcester  co.  Mass.  Pop. 
in  1810,  800,  in  1820,  902. 

Boyleston,  West,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass. 
Pop.  in  1810,  632,  in  1820,  886. 

Boyne,  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in  Queen's 
co.,  and  runs  by  Trim  and  Cavan  into  the  Irish 
channel  below  Drogheda. 

Boyolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Mantua, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  subject  to 
the  House  of  Austria.  It  is  15  ms  SW.  of  Man- 
tua.   Lon.  10  35  E.,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Bozra,  town,  New  London  co.,  Conn.  Pop. 
in  1810,  960,  in  1820,  1,803. 

Braan,  river  of  Scotland,  which,  descending 
from  the  hills  of  Perthsshire  E,  by  Loch  Tay,  falls 
into  the  Tay  above  Dunkeld.  Upon  this  river  is 
a  grand  scene,  at  a  place  called  the  Rumbling 
Bridge.  Under  an  arch  thrown  over  a  narrow 
chasm,  between  two  projecting  rocks,  the  river  is 
precipitated  in  a  fall  of  near  50  feet. 

Brabant,  duchy  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, bounded  on  the  N.  by  Holland,  on  the  NE. 
by  Guelderland,  on  the  E.  by  Liege,  on  the  S. 
by  Namur,  and  on  the  W.  by  Hainault,  Flanders, 
and  Zealand. 

Bracbiano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  12  ms.  N  W. 
of  Rome.  There  are  some  celebrated  baths  to  the 
west  of  the  town.    Lon.  12  24  E.,  lat.  42°  N. 

Braceville,  town,  Trumbull  co.,  O.    Pop.  in 
1820,  380. 
162 


Brachman,  or  Bramtn,  from  Brahma,  priests 
of  India,  or  followers  of  the  Supreme  God.  The 
title  is  generic,  as  these  priests  are  divided  in 
several  orders?,  and  like  all  other  associations  of 
mankind,  differ  in  moral  character,  from  austere 
virtue,  to  the  most  abandoned  dissoluteness  of 
manners.  Brahm,  as  explained  by  Webster, 
"  Broum,  Piromis-Golhic,  Frum,  original  mean- 
ing "  beg  inning.'"  Is  not  the  English  word  from, 
derived  from  the  same  root  '?  Richardson  in  his 
Dictionary  answers  in  the  affirmative.  See 
Brahmin  sect. 

Bracken,  co.,  Ky  ,  bounded  by  the  Ohio  river 
NE.,  by  Mason  SE.,  by  Harrison  S.  and  SW., 
and  by  Pendleton  W.;  length  22,  mean  breath 
12  ms.,  area  264  sq.  in-.,  surface  hilly,  and  soil 
productive.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  tobacco,  and 
salted  provisions.  Chief  town,  Augusta.  Pop. 
in  1820,  5,280,  and  in  1840,  7,053.  Central 
lat.  38  45  N.,  Ion  W.  O.  6.  0  W. 

Braceville,  village,  westeinmost  of  Trumbull,  co. 
Ohio,  8  ms.  westward  of  Warren.  Pop.  700  in 
the  tp.  of  same  name. 

Bracklow,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia, 
on  the  river  Bog,  85  ms.  E  of  Kaminieck.  Lon. 
28  30  E.,  lat.  48  49  N. 

Brackley,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Northampton- 
shire, on  the  river  Ouse,  18  ms.  S.  of  North- 
ampton, and  64  NW,  of  London.  Lon.  1  10 
W.,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Braddoclis  field,  8  ms.  from  Pittsburg,  on 
Turtle  creek,  Alleghany  to.,  Pa.  Here  July, 
1,755,  the  British  and  Provincial  army  was  de- 
feated by  the  French  and  Indians.  General  Brad- 
dock  was  mortally  wounded,  and  died  shortly 
after.  It  was  here  the  military  talents  of  Geo. 
Washington,  then  a  Provincial  major,  were  first 
conspicuously  displayed. 

Braddock's  bay,  N.  Y,  S.  side  of  Lake  Onta- 
rio, at  the  mouth  of  Solomon  creek,  8  ms.  W. 
from  Genesee  river. 

Bradsley,  or  Badsley,  village  of  Eng.,  near 
Broomsgrove,  in  Worcestershire. 

Bradfield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  16  ms.  N. 
of  Chelrnsfotf.    Lon.  0  20  E.,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Bradford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts.  It  is  the 
centre  of  the  greatest  manufacture  of  superfine 
cloths  in  Eng.,  which  it  shares  with  the  surround- 
ing towns  of  Trowbridge,  Melksham,  Corsham, 
and  Chippenham.  It  is  seated  on  the  Avon,  11 
ms.  W.  of  Devizes,  and  102  of  London.    Lon.  2 

20  W.,  lat.  51  20  N.  Town  of  Eng.,  in  the 

W.  riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch 
of  the  Ayre,  36  ms.  SW.  of  York,  and  193 
NNW.  of  London,  and  has  a  trade  in  shalloons, 
everlastings,  &c,  which  are  made  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. Lon.  1  40  W.,  lat.  53  49  N.  Town, 

Merrimack  co.,  N.  H.,  20  ms  W.  from  Concord. 
Pop.  in  1810,  1,034;  in  1820,  1,318.  Vil- 
lage, Orange  co.,  Vt.,  55  ms.  SE.  from  Montpe- 

lier.  Town,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  right 

bank  of  the  Merrimack,  opposite  Haverhill.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,369;  in  1820,  1,600. 

Bradford,  East,  tp.,  in  Chester  co.,  Penn. 
Pop.  in  1810,  1,003;  in  1820,  1,217. 

Bradford,  West,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Penn.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,219;  in  1820,  1,739. 

Bradford,  co.  of  Penn.,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Susquehannah  river,  bounded  N,  by  the  state  of 


BRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BRA 


N.  Y.,  E.  by  Susquehannah  co.,  SE.  by  Luzerne, 
SW.  by  Lycoming,  and  W.  by  Tioga;  length, 
38  ms.;  mean  width,  35;  area,  1,330  sq.  ms.  ; 
features  hilly  and  rocky,  and  soil  varied.  On  the 
Susquehannah,  and  other  streams,  large  bodies  of 
first-rate  alluvial  soil  exists,  but  extensive  tracts  of 
broken  and  poor  land  spread  between  the  water 
courses.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit, 
salted  provisions,  live  stock,  and  lumber.  Pop. 
in  1820,  11,554;  in  1840,  32,769.  Chief  towns 
Tioga  and  Meansville.    Ctl.  lat.  41  45,  Lon.  W. 

C.  30' E.  Village,  on  Ohio  river,  Sciota  co., 

Ohio,  1  m.  below,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of 
Sciota  river  from  Portsmouth,  the  co.  seat. 

Brady,  and  Eastown  Grant,  tp.,  Oxford  co., 
Maine.    Pop.  in  1820,  8. 

Bradley's  vale,  town  of  Vt.,  Caledonia  co.,  on 
.  the  waters  of  the  Possampsick  liver,  40  ms.  NE. 
of  Montpelier, 

Bradleysville,  village  of  Litchfield  co.  Post 

office,  Sumpter  district,  S,  C,,  62  ins,  E.  from 
Columbia. 

Brae-Mar,  fertile  vale  in  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, surrounded  by  rugged  precipices.  It  is  27 
ms,  NVV.  of  Aberdeen, 

Braga,  town  of  Portugal,  capital  of  Entre-Min- 
hoe-c-Douero,  seated  on  the  river  Cavado,  180  ms. 
N.  of  Lisbon.    Lon,  8  29  W.,  Iat.  41  42  N. 

Braganza,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Braganza, 
in  Portugal,  on  the  Sabor,  32  ms.  NW.  of  Mi- 
randa.   Lon.  6  30  W.,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Bbahmtn,  a  sect  or  body  of  men  in  Indostan, 
who  do  not  admit  description  by  the  use  of  any 
terms  known  to  European  languages.  They  are 
neither  priests  or  monks  in  any  meaning  attached 
to  those  terms.  In  their  first  or  preparatory  state, 
the  Bramins  are  called  Bramachari;  this  is  their 
preparatory  condition.  Their  second  stale  is  Gri- 
bastha,  which  is  complete  when  he  is  married  and 
has  children  ;  marriage  without  children  does  not 
complete  the  tiile  of  Brahmin.  Similar  to  all  ex 
clusives  they  pretend  to  a  purity  far  beyond  their 
practice.  Like  all  other  pretended  exclusives,  they 
arc  artful  imposters.  The  Hindoo  character,  sim- 
ilar to  all  other  oppressed  nations,  is  that  of  artful 
disguise,  which  has  its  extreme  in  the  Brahmin. 

Braila,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Wa- 
lachia,  on  the  Danube. 

Brailow,  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia,  on  the 
river  Bog,  50  ms.  NW.  of  Bracklaw.  Lon,  28° 
E.,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Brain  le  Comte,  town  of  Hainault,  15  ms.  SW, 
of  Brussels.    Lon.  4  6  E.,  lat.  50  41  N, 

Brainerd,  chief  station  of  the  American  Board 
of  Commissioners,  in  the  Cherokee  nation,  situ- 
ate on  Chickamaugah  branch  of  Tennessee,  about 
145  ms.  WSW.  from  Knoxville. 

Brainard's  bridge,  village  in  Nassau,  SE.  part 
of  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y,,  16  ms.  from  Albany, 

Braintree,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  12  ms,  N. 
of  Chelmsford,  and  41  NE.  of  London,  Lon, 

40  E.,  lat  51  55  N.  Tp.  Norfolk  co.,  Mass., 

8  ms.  from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1810,   1,357,  in 

1820,  466.  Tp.,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  on  Third 

Branch,  creek  of  White  river. 

Braintree,  New.    See  New  Braintree. 
Braintrem,  town,  Luzerne  co.,  Penn.,  on  the 
SW.  side  of  the  river  Susquehannah. 

Brakel,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric 


of  Padcrborn,  seated  on  the  rivulet  Brught,  12 
ms.  E.  of  Padcrborn.  Lon.  9  12  E  ,  lat.,  51 
46  N. 

Bralio,  mountain  of  the  Alps,  in  the  country  of 
the  Grisons,  which  separates  the  valley  of  Muns- 
ter  from  the  co.  of  Bormio. 

Bramant,  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  river  Arck, 
35  ms.  NW.  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  5  E.,  lat.  45 
23  N. 

Bramber,  borough  in  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  47  ms, 
S.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  0  12  W.,  lat.  50 
52  N. 

Brampton,  town,  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  on 
the  river  Itshin,  near  the  Picts  Wall.  It  is  8  ms., 
NE.  of  Carlisle,  and  311  NNW.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  40  W.,  lat,  54  58  N.- — Village  of  Eng., 
in  Herefordshire,  1  mile  S.  of  Ross. 

Brancaster,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  the 
ancient  Branodunum,  a  considerable  Roman  city, 
where  ancient  coins  have  been  frequently  dug  up. 

Branchon,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Namur,  on  the  river  Mehaigne,  8  ms. 
N.  of  Namur.    Lon.  4.  40  E.,  lat.,  50  36  N, 

Branchtown,  village,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa. 

Branchville,  village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  80  ms, 
N.  from  Trenton. 

Brandels,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  river  Elbe, 
10  ms.  NE.  of  Prague.  Lon.  14  45  E.,  lat.  50 
15  N. 

Brandenburgh,  country  of  Germany,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Pomerania  and  Mecklenburg ;  on  the 
E.  by  Poland,  on  the  S.  by  Silesia,  Lusatia,  Up- 
per Saxony,  and  Magdeburg ;  and  on  the  W.  by 
Lunenburg.  It  is  divided  into  five  principal  parts ; 
the  Old  Marche,  Pregnitz,  the  Middle  Marche, 
Uncker  Marche,  and  the  New  Marche.  Berlin  is 
the  capital;  and  the  principal  rivers  are  the  Elbe, 
Havel,  Spree,  Ucker,  Oder,  and  Warte.  The 
greatest  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Lutherans,  but 
the  Roman  Catholics  are  tolerated.  Though  the 
title  Prussia,  given  to  the  monarchy  of  that  name, 
comes  from  a  province  of  Poland,  yet  the  real 
foundation  of  this  State  was  Brandenburg,  See 

Prussia.  Town  of  Germany,  divided  into  the 

Old  and  New  Town,  by  the  Havel,  which  sepa- 
rates the  fort  from  both.  It  is  26  ms.  W.  of  Ber- 
lin.   Lon.  14  5  E.  lat.,  52  45  N. 

Brandon,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  on  the 
Little  Ouse,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  and  a  ferry  at 

a  mile's  distance.     It  is  12  ms.,  N.  of  Bury.  

Town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  16  ms.  N.  of  Rutland,  on 
Otter  creek.    Pop.  1,400. 

Brandy  Pots,  islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river, 
about  100  ms.  below  Quebec,  and  nearly  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Saguenai  river. 

Brandywine,  a  considerable  stream  which  rises 
ih  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  and  empties  into  the  Dela- 
ware river,  in  .the  State  of  Delaware.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished for  the  numerous  merchant  mills 
erected  near  its  mouth.  These  mills  are  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  flour,  gunpowder,  and  pa- 
per. The  commercial  facilities,  to  and  from  these 
mills,  add  much  to  their  value.  The  commodi- 
ties are  shipped  from  the  mill  houses.  The  water 
power  is  so  immense  as  to  admit  indefinite  increase 
of  the  manufacturing  establishments. 

Brandywine  Manor,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa, 
30  ms.  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Brandywine,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

163 


BRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BRE 


1810,  1,257,111  1820,  1,431.  tp.,  New  Castle, 

co.,  Del.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,275,  in  1820,  2,796. 

Brandywine  Mills,  town  in  Boston  tp.,  Portage 
eo.,  0.,  about  25  ms.  northwestward  of  Ravenna, 
the  county  seat,  and  15  ms.  northwards  of  Massillon. 

Branford,  town,  New  Haven  co.,  Conn.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,932,  in  1820,  2,230. 

Brantrem,  village,  Luzerne,  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
Susquehannah,  50  ms.  above  Wilkesbarre.  Pop. 
525. 

Brant's  village,  on  Grand  river,  U.  C. 

Branska,  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the  river 
Merish,  35  ms.  S.  of  Weissemburg.  Lon.  24  16 
E.,  lat.  46°  N, 

Brassa,  one  of  the  'Shetland  islands,  where  is 
the  noted  Brassa  sound,  in  which  1,000  sail  may 
at  once  find  commodious  mooring.  Brassa  sound 
is  in  lat.  60  10  N. 

Brassaw,  or  Cronstadt,  strong  town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, on  the  river  Burczel,  50  ms.  E.  by  N. 
of  Hermanstadt.    Lon.  25  55  E.,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Brasil,  an  extensive  country  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, claimed  and  in  part  possessed  by  Portugal.  It 
extends  along  the  Atlantic  ocean  from  Cape  Or- 
ange, lat.  4°  N.  to  near  lat.  33°  S.,  and  from 
Cape  St.  Rocque,  lon.  W.  C.  44°  E  ,  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Javery  river,  lon.  W.  C.  5°  E.,  ex- 
tending through  39°  of  lat.  It  is  bounded  NE. 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  N.  by  Guayana  and  Colom- 
bia, NW,  by  Colombia,  SW.  by  Peru  and  the 
United  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  and  SE.  and  E.  by 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  It  is  intersected  by  a  chain  of 
mountains  ranging  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from 
S.  lat.  10  to  30°.  The  aspect  of  a  country  of 
such  vast  extent  must  present  an  indefinite  variety 
of  surface  and  soil.  Brasil  is,  however,  in  general, 
rather  plain  than  mountainous.  The  Amazon, 
with  its  numerous  branches,  waters  and  fertilizes 
these  Immense  regions,  affording  the  most  exten- 
sive tracts  of  productive  soil  in  one  connected  body 
ever  united  under  one  sovereignty.  The  Brasils 
is  about  2,500  ms.  in  length  and  breadth,  with  an 
area  of  about  3,000,000  of  sq.  ms.  It  is  very  dif- 
ficult to  fix  its  population— supposed  to  be  about 
2,000,000,  independent  of  the  aborigines  not  sub- 
ject or  tributary  to  the  Crown  of  Portugal.  It  is 
divided  into  the  captain  generalships  of  Rio  Grand, 
St.  Paul's,  Minas  Ceraes,  Janeiro,  Bahia,  Per- 
nambuco,  Ceara,  Maranham,  Grand  Para,  Matta 
grosso,  and  Goias.  It  would  be  needless  to  enu- 
merate the  productions  of  Brasil,  either  mineral  or 
vegetable ;  it  is  sufficient  to  observe  that  in  both 
kingdoms  the  objects  are  almost  commensurate 
with  all  that  can  administer  to  the  wants,  com- 
forts, or  luxury  of  human  beings.  Form  of  gov- 
ernment, monarchical ;  chief  magistrate  styled  em- 
peror.   See  art.  America,  p.  53. 

Brassos  a  Dios,  river  of  Texas,  in  the  intend- 
ency  of  St.  Louis  Potosi.  The  sources  of  the 
Bressos  are  not  correctly  known,  but  are  supposed 
to  be  south  of  Red  river,  about  N.  lat.  33°  and 
W.  lon.  W.  C.  29°.  The  length  of  this  river 
exceeds  400  ms.  ;  the  country  near  its  source  is 
mostly  prairie,  with  narrow  borders  of  woods  along 
along  the  banks  of  the  river  and  some  of  its  bran- 
ches. The  quantity  of  water  at  its  mouth  is  gen- 
erally reported  to  be  about  10  or  12  feet. 

Brattleboro,  town,  Vt.,  in  Windham  co.,  on 
Whetstone  creek,  33  ms.  E.  from  Bennington. 
164 


Brattlehorough,  village,  Windham  co.,  Vt.,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  36  ms.  E.  of 
Bennington,  9  S.  of  Pultney.    Pop.  2,000. 

Brattonville,  village,  Prince  William  co.,  V 
35  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Braubach,  town  of  Germany,  in  Weterav 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  8  ms.  S. 
Coblentz. 

Braunaw,  town  of  Germany,  in  lower  Bavar 
seated  on  the  river  Kiun,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Pa 
sau.    Lon.  13  3  E.,  lat.  48  10N. 

Braunsburg,  town  of  Poland,  in  New  Pruss 
with  a  commodious  harbor,  seated  near  the  Bait 
50  ms.  E.  of  Dantzic.    Lon.  20  6  E.,  lat. 
22  N. 

Braunfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  co. 
Soirns,  with  a  handsome  palace,  26  ms.  N. 
W.  of  Frankfort.    Lon.  8  32  E.,  lat.  50  21  N 

Brava,  town  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Ajan* 
with  a  pretty  good  harbor.  It  is  80  ms.  from 
Magadoxo,    Lon.  43  25  E.,  lat.  1  20  N. 

Bravo,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  re- 
markable for  excellent  wine,  and  inhabited  by  the 
Portuguese.    Lon.  24  59  W.,  lat.  14  52  N. 

Bray,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Wick- 
low,  seated  on  St.  George's  channel,  10  ms.  S.  of 
Dublin.  Lon.  6  1  W.,  lat.  53  11  N.- — Village 
of  Eng.,  in  Berkshire,  on  the  Thames,  one  mile 
S.  of  Maidenhead. 

Brazza,  town  and  island  on  the  coast  of  Dal- 
matia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  opposite  Spalatro, 
and  subject  to  Venice.  Lon.  17  35  E.,  lat.  43 
50  N. 

Brechin,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Angusshire, 
washed  by  the  river  Southesk,  over  which  there  is 
a  stone  bridge  of  two  large  arches.  It  lies  at  8 
ms.  distance  from  Montrose,  and  the  tide  flow* 
within  two  miles  of  the  town.  It  is  70  ms.  NE. 
of  Edinburgh.    Lon.  2  18  E.,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Breckenridge,  co.  Ky.,  bounded  by  the  Ohio 
river  NW.,  by  Hardin  E.  and  SE.,  by  Grayson 
S.,  and  by  Ohio  and  Daviess  SW. ;  length  38 
ms.,  mean  width  20;  area  760  sq.  ms.  ;  surface 
broken,  and  soil  generally  productive.  Staples 
grain,  flour,  tobacco,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief 
town  Hardensburg.  Pop.  1820,  7,485.  Cent, 
lat.  37  50,  lon.  W.  C.  9  20  W. 

Brecknock,  or  Brecon,  the  capital  of  Brecknock- 
shire, Wales,  called  by  the  Welsh  Abber-Hond- 
dey,  and  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Honddey 
and  LT6k,  34  ms.  NW.  of  Monmouth,  and  162 
W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  3  22  W.,  lat.  51. 
54  N. 

Brecknock,  tp.,  Berks  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810, 

495;  in  1820,  536.  Tp.,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa. 

Pop.  in  1S10,  890;  in  1820,  1,062. 

Brecknockshire,  co.  of  South  Wales,  39  ms  in 
length  and  27  in  breadth;  area  731  sq%  ms. ; 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Herefordshire  and  Mon- 
mouthshire, on  the  S.  by  Glamorganshire,  on  the 
W.  by  Carmarthenshire  and  Cardiganshire,  and 
on  the  N.  by  Radnorshire.  It  is  full  of  mountains, 
some  of  which  are  exceedingly  high,  particularly 
Monuchdenny  Hill,  not  far  from  Brecknock  ;  hut 
there  are  large  fertile  plains  and  valleys,  which 
yield  plenty  of  corn,  and  feed  great  numbers  of 
cattle.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Wye  and  the 
Usk.  Pop.  in  1801,  31,633;  in  1811,  37,735; 
and  in  1821,  43,613.    Pop.  to  the  ?q.  m.,  60. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BRE 


BRE 

■■ 

Breda,  city  of  Brabant,  large,  populous,  and 
well  built.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Meek,  in  a 
marshy  country,  which  may  be  overflowed  and 
rendered  inaccessible  to  an  army.  It  is  22  ms. 
W.  by  S.  of  Bois-le-duc,  25  NNE.  of  Antwerp, 
and  60  S.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  50  E.,  lat.  51 
35  N. 

Bregentz,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a  co.  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  Tyrol.  It  is  seated  on  the 
lake  of  Constance,  70  ms.  NE.  of  Appenzel. 
Lon.  9  45  E.,  lat.  47  27  N. 

Brehar,  the  most  mountainous  of  the  Scilly 
islands,  30  ms.  W.  of  the  Land's  End.  Lon.  6 
42  W-,  lat.  50  2  N. 

Brele,  river  of  Fr.,  which  divides  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Seine  from  that  of  Somme,  and,  watering 
Eu,  enters  the  English  channel. 
:  Bremgarten,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  free 
lower  bailiwics,  watered  by  the  Reuss,  between  the 
cantons  of  Zuric  and  Bern.  The  inhabitants  deal 
chiefly  in  paper,  and  are  Roman  Catholics.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Town,  has  a 
handsome  bridge  over  the  Reuss,  and  is  10  ms.  W. 
i  of  Zuric.    Lon.  8  17  E.,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Bremen,  considerable  town  of  Germany,  capital 
I  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  an  archbishop's 
■pee,  which  is  secularised.  It  is  divided,  by  the 
iiWeser,  into  the  Old  and  New  Town.  It  is  22  ms. 

G.  of  Oldenburg,  60  southwesterly  from  Hamburg, 
Iind  60  NW.  from  Hanover.    Lon.  8  48  E.,  lat. 

E>3  6  N.  Duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 

■Lower  Saxony,  lying  between  the  Weser  and  the 
Elbe,  of  which  the  former  separates  it  from  Olden- 
Burg,  and  the  other  from  Holstein.  The  air  is 
;old,  but  the  country  is  fertile  and  well  peopled. 
■[The  territory  of  Bremen  embraces  about  62  English 
Ifcq.  ms.  The  entire  population  is  50,000,  of  which 
line  city  contains  38  or  39,000. 

Brememvoerd,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
ibf  Bremen,  27  ins.  N.  of  Bremen.  Lon.  8  45  E., 
fiat.  53  33  N. 

|j  Brent,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  200  ms. 
I'vV.  by  S.  of  London.    Lon.  4  2  E  ,  lat.  50  33  N. 

11  River  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  which  rises 

I  n  Selwood  Forest,  on  the  edge  of  Wilts,  and  falls 
r  nto  Bridgewater  bay. 

It  Brente,  river  which  rises  in  the  bishopric  of 
Trent,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  opposite 
hat  city. 

Brentford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex.  It  is 
•eated  on  the  Thames,  into  which,  at  the  W.  end 
>f  the  town,  flows  a  rivulet  called  the  Brent.  It  is 
livided  into  Old  and  New  Brentford,  7  ms.  W.  of 

ft^ondon.    Lon.  10'  W.,  lat.  51  26  N.  Tp., 

lockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  15  ms.  W.  from  Ports- 
nouth.     Pop.  in  1810,  905;  in  1820,  892. 

Brentsville,  village,  Prince  William  co.,  Va., 
15  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Brenhvood,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex.    It  stands 
>n  a  fine  eminence,  11  ms.  WSW.  of  Chelmsford, 
1  nd  18  ENE.  of  London.    Lon.  25' E.,  lat.  51  36 

hi.  Town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  33  ms. 

'  SE.  from  Concord. 

Brescia,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Bresciano,  on 
ihe  Garza,  95  ms.  W.  of  Venice.  Lon.  10  5  E., 
lat.  45  51  N. 

Bresciano,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Venice;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  country  of  the 
Prisons  and  the  bishopric  of  Trent;  on  the  E.,  by 


Lake  Garda,  the  Veronese,  and  the  Mantuan  ;  on 
the  S.  by  the  Mantuan  and  the  Cremoncse  ;  and  on 
the  W.  by  Cremasco,  Bergamo,  and  the  Valteline. 
It  is  watered  by  several  small  rivers,  and  is  full  of 
towns  and  villages,  of  which  Brescia  is  the  capital. 

Bresellow,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese,  on 
the  river  Po,  27  ms.  NW.  of  Modena.  Lon.  10  41 
E.,  lat.  44  50  N. 

Breslaw,  large,  rich,  and  populous  town  of  Ger- 
many, capital  of  Silesia,  with  a  bishop's  see  and  a 
university.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Oder 
and  Ola.  The  royal  palace  was  obtained  by  the 
Jesuits,  where  they  founded  a  university  in  1700. 
The  two  principal  churches  belong  to  the  protest- 
ants  ;  near  one  of  which  stands  the  buildings  ap- 
pertaining to  the  university  of  that  city.  It  is  112 
ms.  NE.  of  Prague,  and  165  N.  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
1?  8  E.,  lat.  51  3  N. 

Brcsse,  late  province  of  Fr.,  which  now  forms 
the  dep.  of  A  in.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bur 
gundy  and  Franche  Comte,  on  the  E.  by  Savoy, 
on  the  S.  by  the  Viennois,  and  on  the  W.  by  the 
Lyonnois. 

Bressici,  or  Brzesk,  the  capital  of  Polesia,  in 
Poland,  on  the  river  Bog,  100  ms.  E.  of  Warsaw, 
It  is  a  fortified  town,  and  has  a  castle  built  upon  a 
rock.  Here  is  a  synagogue,  resorted  to  by  the 
Jews  from  all  the  countries  of  Europe.  Lon.  24  6 
E.,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Bressuire,  town  of  Fr. ,  lately  in  the  province  of 
Poitou,  now  included  in  the  dep.  of  the  Two  Sevres. 

Brest,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Finisterre  and 
late  province  of  Brittany,  with  a  castle  seated  on  a 
craggy  rock  by  the  sea  side.  The  streets  are  nar- 
row, crooked,  and  all  upon  a  declivity.  The  quay 
is  above  a  mile  in  length.  This  is  the  best  port  in 
Fr.,  and  has  every  accommodation  for  the  navy. 
It  is  30  ms.  SE.  of  Morlaix,  and  325  W.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  4  30  W.,  lat.  48  22  N. 

Brctagny,  or  Brittany,  late  province  of  Fr., 
150  ms.  in  length,  and  112  in  breadth.  It  is  sur 
rounded  by  the  ocean,  except  on  the  E.  where  it  is 
united  to  Anjou,  Maine,  Normandy,  and  Poitou. 
The  air  is  temperate,  and  it  has  large  forests.  It 
now  forms  the  dep.  of  the  N.  coast,  Finisterre,  Isle, 
and  Villaine,  Lower  Loire,  and  Morbinan. 

Breieuil,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep  of  Lower 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  seated  on 
the  Iton,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Evreux,  and  65  W.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1°  E.,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Breton,  Cape,  island  of  N.  America,  between 
45  and  47°  N.  lat.,  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  by 
a  narrow  strait  called"  Canso,  and  is  100  ms.  in 
length,  and  50  in  breadth.  It  is  a  barren  country, 
subject  to  fogs  throughout  the  year,  and  covered 
with  snow  in  the  winter.  There  is  an  excellent 
fishery  on  this  coast.  It  was  confirmed  to  Eng. 
by  treaty  in  1763. — See  Louisbourg. 

Breton,  island  of  Louisiana,  or  rather  two  small 
islands  lying  SW.  from  the  Grand  Gosier.  There 
is  a  channel  containing  12  feet  water  between  the 
islands  of  (J rand  Gosier  and  Breton  island,  and 
another  SW.  of  the  latter,  leading  into  Chandeleur 
bay,  with  18  feet  water.  N.  lat.  29  26  W.,  lon. 
W.  C.  2  20. 

Bretion  Woods,  tp.  in  Coos  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  in 
1810,  12;  in  1820,  19. 

Brevordt,  town  of  Guelderland,  24  n,s.  SE.  ot 
Zutphen.    Lon.  6  25  E  ,  lat.  52  2  N. 

165 


BRI  (GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BRI 


Brewer,  village,  Hancock  co,,  Me.,  130  ms.  I 
NE-  from  Portland. 

Brewer's  Haven,  good  harbor  on  the  N.  end  of  1 
the  island  of  Chiloe,  on  the  coast  of  Chili.  Lon.  1 
71°  W.,  lat.  42  30  S. 

Brewers,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.    Pop.  in 
1820,  744 

Brewer's  Lagoon,  on  the  coast  of  Honduras,  to 
the  NW.  of  Cape  Gracios  a  Dios.  Lon.  W.  C. 
7  40  W.,  lat.  15  48  JN. 

Brewood,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  10 
ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Stafford,  and  130  NW.  of  Lon- 
don    Lon.  2  5  W.,  lat.  52  43  N. 

Brewster,  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  16  ms. 
E.  from  Barnstable.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,112;  in 
1820,  1,285. 

Brey,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  14  ms.  N.  of  Maestricht.  Lon.  5  39  E., 
51  4  N. 

Briangnn,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Alps,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  with  a  castle 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock.  It  is  remarkable  lor  the 
manna  gathered  in  its  neighborhood,  which  at  first 
appears  on  the  leaves  and  small  branches  of  a  sort 
of  pine  tree  ;  but  they  make  incisions  into  the  bark, 
to  get  larger  quantities.  It  has  a  noble  bridge  over 
the  Durance,  and  had  a  handsome  church ;  it  is 
17  ms.  NW.  of  Embrun.  Lon.  6  25  E.,  lat. 
44  46  N. 

Briaire,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loiret,  and 
late  province  of  Orlcannois,  seated  on  the  Loire,  and 
remarkable  for  a  canal  of  communication  between 
that  river  and  the  Seine.  It  is  35  ms.  SE.  of  Or- 
leans, and  88  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  47  E.,  lat. 
47  40  N. 

Briar  Creek,  tp.,  Columbia  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,719.  Small  branch  of  Savannah  river, 

which  it  joins  between  Augusta  and  Savannah. 

fir iceland  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Washington 
co.,  Pa. 

Brick  Meeting  House,  post  office,  Cecil  co.,  Md. 
Bricksville,  tp.,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.    Pop.  in 
1820,  315. 

Bricksville,  or  Brecksville  more  correctly,  though 
the  former  is  the  name  in  the  post-office  list,  ic^one 
of  the  southeasternmost  tp's  of  theco.,  and  is  trav- 
ersed  by  the  Cuyahoga  river  and  Ohio  canal.  The 
village  of  Bricksville  is  13  ms.  S.  of  Cleveland,  and 
20  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Akron. 

Bridge  Branch,  post-office,  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  53 
ms.  S.  from  Dover. 

Brigend,  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire, 
on  the  Ogrriore,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts, 
joined  by  a  stone  bridge.  It  is  7  ms.  W.  by  N.  of 
Cowbridge,  and  178  W.  of  London.  Lon.  3  38 
W.,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Bridgehampton,  village,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  at 
the  NE.  end  of  Long  Island. 

Bridgenorth,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire, 
on  the  Severn,  which  divides  it  into  the  Upper  and 
Lower  town,  joined  by  a  stone  bridge.  It  is  20 
ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Birmingham,  and  139  NW.  of 
London.    Lon.  2  28  W.,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Bridgeport,  town,  Fairfield  co  ,  Ct ,  on  Long 
Island  sound,  on  the  E.  side  of  Sasco  river,  oppo- 
site to  Fairfield,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Stratford,  and  10 

-NE.  of  Norwalk.  Borough  of  Pa.,  on  the  Mo- 

nongahela  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Dunlap's  creek, 
Fayette  co.  It  is  separated  from  Brownsville  by  a 
166 


bridge  over  Dunlap's  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  624. 

 Village,  Harrison  co.,  Va.,  300  ms.  NW. 

from  Richmond.  Village,  Belmont  co.,  O.,  on 

Ohio  river,  opposite  Wheeling  city,  and  at  the 
mouth  of  Indian  or  Western  Wheeling  creek.  The 
village  extends  above  half  a  mile  along  the  creek 
and  national  road  ;  distant  from  Wheeling  1  m., 
St.  Clairsville  10,  Zanesville  73,  and  Columbus  126. 

Bridgton,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  30  ms. 
NW.  trom  Portland.  Pop.  in  1810,  882 ;  in 
1820,  1,160. 

Bridgeton,  principal  town  in  Cumberland  co., 
N.  J.,  18  ms  SE.  by  S.  of  Salem,  40  ms.  SUE. 
from  Philadelphia,  and  185  ms  from  Washington. 
It  is  the  capital  town  of  the  co.,  has  a  court-huiibe 
and  jail,  and  is  a  port  of  entry  for  the  district  of 
W.  Jersey.  It  is  situated  on  the  Cohansie  creek, 
which  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  100  tons,  to  the 
town.  It  contains  1,500  inhabitants,  has  a  post 
office,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments. 
The  tonnage,  in  1815,  amounted  to  1,500  tons. 
N.  lat.  39  24,  lon.  W.  C.  1  47  E. 

Bridgetown,  capital  of  the  island  of  Barbadoes, 
in  the  inmost  part  of  Carlisle  bay.  The  streets  are 
broad,  and  the  houses  well  built  and  finished.  The 
wharves  and  quays  are  convenient     Lon.  W.  C. 

26  24  E.,  lat.  13  5  N.  Village,  Grafton  co., 

N.  H.,  on  the  Merrimack,  26  ms.  above  Concord. 

 Village,  Queen  Anne  co.,  Md.,  on  the  W. 

side  of  Tuckahoe  creek,  8  ms.  E.  from  Centreville. 

 Village,  Kent  co.,  Md.,  on  the  N.  side  oi 

Chester  river,  20  ms.  above  Chester. 

Bridgeville,  village,  Muskingum  co  ,  O.,  8£ 
ms  eastward  of  Zanesville,  and  3^  westward  of  Nor- 
wich. 

Bridgewalcr,  borough  of  Eng  ,  in  Somerset- 
shire, on  the  river  Parrel,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  and  near  it  ships  of  100  tons  burden  may 
ride.  It  is  8  ms.  S.  of  the  Bristol  channel,  31 
SSW.  of  Bristol,  and  137  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Lon.  3  10  W.,  lat.  51  7  N.  Tp.,  Grafton  co., 

N.  H.,  on  the  Merrimack.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,104; 

in  1820,  727.  Village,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  \1 

ms.  NW.  from  Windsor.  Tp  ,  Plymouth  co., 

Mass.  22  ms.  S.  of  Boston.   Pop.  in  1810,  5,157 

in    1820,  5,670.  Town,  Onerda  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,533.  Tp.,  Somerset  co.,  JV. 

J.     Pop.  in   1810,  2,906;  in  1820,  3,147.  

Tp.,  Susquehannah  co.,  Pa   Pop.  in  1820,  1,9(J4. 

 Village,  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Bridlington,  or  Burlington,  seaport  of  Eng,iij 
the  east  riding  of  Yorkshire,  on  a  creek  near  Flam 
borough-head,  with  a  commodious  quay  for  ships, 
and  is  a  place  of  good  trade,  36  ms.  N.  of  Hull 
and  208  of  London.    Lan.  5'  W  ,  lat.  54  8  N. 

Bridport,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  be 
tween  two  rivers,  and  had  once  a  harbor,  which  i 
now  choked  up  with  sand.  It  is  12  ms.  W.  o 
Dorchester,  and  135  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon 

2  52  W.,  lat.  50  42  N.  Town,  Addison  co. 

Vt.,  on  Lake  Champlain,  near  Crown  Point,  U 
ms,  S.  from  Vergennes. 

Brieg,  handsome  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  i 
territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a  college,  and  ai 
academy  for  the  nobility.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oder 
20  ms.  SE.  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  35  E.,  lat 
50  50  N. 

Briel,  trjwn  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands 
capital  of  the  island  of  Voom,  seated  at  the  moutl 


BRI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BRI 


of  the  Maese,  13  ms.  SW.  of  Rotterdam.  Lon. 
4  23  E.,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Brienlz,  lake  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  three  leagues  long,  and  one  broad.  The  Aar 
runs  through  the  whole  extent  of  this  lake,  and 
unites  it  to  that  of  Thun. 

Brier  Creek,  post-office,  Wilkes  co.,  N.  C,  180 
,  mi.  N  W.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Brieux,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
North  Coast,  and  late  province  of  Brittany,  with  a 
good  harbor.    It  is  seated  near  the  English  chan- 
nel, 50  ms.,  NW.  of  Rennes.    Lon.  2  38  W., 
|lat.  48  31  N. 

Briey,  town  of  Fr  ,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Lorraine,  seated  near  the 
i  river  Manse,  30  ms.  NE.  of  St.  Michael. 
Brigg.—See  Glandfardbridge. 
Bright'.*  Corner,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Me., 
'  36  ms.  from  Portland. 

Brighichnston,  or  Brighton,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in 
Sussex.   It  is  the  station  of  the  packet-boats  to  and 
from  Dieppe,  and  is  50  ras.  S.  of  London,  and  74 
.  NW.  of  Dieppe.    Lon.  6'  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Bright  Hope,  post  office,  Green  co.,  Term.,  200 
I  ms.  E.  from  Murfreesborough. 
I    Brighton,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  5  ms. 
[IW.  from  Boston.    It  is  the  cattle  market  of  Bos- 

Bton.  Tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.   Pop.  in  1810, 

1608  ;  in  1820,  702.  Town,  Monroe,  co.,  N. 

[|Y.,  immediately  contiguous  to,  and  SE.  from  Rp- 

l|chester.  Town,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.,  on  Beaver 

i  river,  5  ms.  above  Beavertown. — — Village,  Har- 
[  mony  tp.,  Clark  co.,  O.,  to  the  eastward  of  Spring- 
afield.-  One  of  the  weste/n  tps.  of  Lorain  co., 

\  O.,  with  a  post  village  about  23  or  24  ms.  SSW. 
I  of  Elyria. 

Brightstown,  village,  Crawford  co.,  Pa. 
Brignolles,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  and 
:  late  province  of  Provence,  famous  for  its  prunes. 
•  It  is  seated  among  mountains,  in  a  pleasant  coun- 
!  try,  325  ms.  SSE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  15  E.,  lat. 
I  43  24  N. 

[  Brihuega,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  seated 
J  (at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Tajuna,  43  ms.  NE.  of 
['.Madrid.  Lon.  4  10  W.,  lat.  40  50  N. 
i  Brimfitld,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.  Pop.  in 
'1820,  1,612.  Village  in  tp.  of  same  name,  Por- 
tage co.,  O.,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Ravenna,  and  10  ms. 
NE.  by  E.  of  Akron,  on  the  road  leading  thence  to 
Pittsburg. 

Brimfield,  S.,  tp.,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.  Pop. 
<!in  1820,  683. 

i  Brimpfield,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
it  the  sources  of  the  river  Stroud,  where  are  the 
foundations  of  a  castle  long  destroyed.  It  has  also 
i  nunnery.  It  is  7  ms.  SE.  of  Gloucester. 
1  Brindici,  ancient  Brundusium,  seaport  of  Na- 
ples, in  Otranto,  with  an  archbishop's  see  and  a 
ortress.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  32 
tts.  E.  of  Tarento.    Lon.  18  15  E.,  lat.  40  45  N. 

BreengeVs  Farm,  post-office,  on  the  left  bank  of 
he  Mississippi,  5  ms.  below  Donaldsonville,  and 
?5  above  New  Orleans. 

Brinkleyville,  village  Halifax  co.,  N.  C,  85 
ns.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Brinn,  town  of  Moravia,  where  the  assembly  of 
he  States  meet.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
he  Zwitta  and  Swart,  53  ms.  N.  of  Vienna,  and 
17  SW.  of  Olmutz.    Lon,  16  40  E.,  lat.  49  6  N. 


Brioude,  in  France,  the  name  of  two  towns,  a 
mile  distant  from  each  other,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Loire,  lately  in  the  province  of  Ve- 
lay.  Old  Brioude  is  seated  on  the  river  Allier, 
over  which  is  a  bridge  of  one  arch,  whose  diameter 
is  173  feet.  It  is  16  ms.  S.  of  Issoire,  and  225  S. 
by  E-  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  50  E.,  lat.  45  16  N. 

Briqueras,  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  valley  of 
Lucerne,  3  ms.  from  the  town  of  that  name.  Lon. 
7  34  E.,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Brisach,  Old,  town  of  Suabia,  once  the  capital 
of  Brisgau,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  boats,  25  ms.  S.  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7 
49  E.,  lat.  48  2  N. 

Brisach,  New,  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of 
Alsace.  It  is  built  opposite  Old  Brisach,  about  a 
mile  from  the  Rhine,  and  23  S.  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  7  40  E.,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Brisgau,  territory  of  Suabia,  on  the  S,  side  of 
the  Rhine,  which  separates  it  from  the  department 
of  Upper  Rhine. 

Brissac,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou, 
seated  on  the  river  Aubence,  13  ms.  S.  of  Angers. 
Lon.  0  27  W.,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Bristol,  city  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucester- 
shire and  Somersetshire,  to  which  last  co.  it  was 
accounted  to  belong  before  it  formed  a  separate  ju- 
risdiction. In  wealth,  trade,  and  population,  it 
was  long  reckoned  the  second  in  this  kingdom, 
but  is  now  greatly  exceeded  by  Liverpool.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Avon  with  the 
Frome,  10  ms.  from  the  influx  of  the  Avon  into 
the  Severn.  Bristol  has  a  prodigious  trade,  for  it 
is  reckoned  that  hence  2,000  ships  sail  yearly. 
The  tide,  rising  to  a  great  height  in  these  narrow 
rivers,  brings  vessels  of  considerable  burden  to  the 
quay.  But  the  largest  ships  are  discharged  at 
Kingroad,  4  ms.  below  the  city,  and  the  goods  are 
brought  to  the  quay  by  lighters.  There  are  some 
considerable  woolen  manufactures,  and  no  less 
than  1 5  glass-houses,  and  a  sugar  refinery,  which 
is  one  of  its  principal  manufactures.  For  supply- 
ing the  city  with  water,  there  are  6  public  con- 
duits. It  has  18  churches  beside  the  cathedral,  a 
bridge  over  the  Avon,  a  custom-house,  and  an  ex- 
change. The  Hot  Well,  about  a  mile  from  the 
town,  on  the  side  of  the  Avon,  is  much  resorted 
to.  It  is  of  great  purity,  and  has  obtained  a  high 
reputation  in  consumptive  cases.  In  St.  Vincent's 
Rock,  above  this  well,  are  found  those  native  crys- 
tals, so  well  known  under  the  name  of  Bristol 
stones.  Besides  this  well,  there  is  a  cold  spring 
which  gushes  out  of  a  rock  on  the  side  of  a  river 
that  supplies  the  cold  bath.  Here  are  used  sledges 
instead  of  carts,  because  the  vaults  and  common 
sewers  would  be  injured  by  them.  Bristol  is  gov- 
erned by  a  mayor.  It  is  12  ms.  WNW.  of  Bath, 
34  SSW.  of  Gloucester,  and  124  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  36  W.  lat.  51  28  N. 

Bristol,  town  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  on  Booth  bay, 
i2  ms.  SE.  of  Wiscasset,  and  200  NE.  of  Boston. 

 Tp.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  *  Pop.  1810,  2,753,  in 

1820,  2,946.  Town  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  Pop. 

1820,  675.  Town  Hartford  co.,  Conn.  Pop. 

1810,   1,428,  in  1820,   1,362.  Co.  Mass., 

bounded  N.  by  Norfolk,  E.  by  Plymouth,  SE.  by 
Buzzard's  bay,  and  W.  by  Rhode  Island  ;  length 

167 


BRI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BRO 


35,  mean  width  17  ms.,  area  600  sq.  ms.  Tt  is 
generally  level,  though  some  parts  are  hilly  ;  soil 
of  middling  quality.  Chief  town  Taunton.  Pop. 
1820,  40,908,  in  1830,  49,592,  and  in  1840, 
60,164.    Central  lat.  41  45,  Ion.  6°  E.  W.  C. 

 Co.  R.  I.,  bounded  N.  and  NE.  by  Mass., 

W.  by  Narragansett  bay,  E.  by  Mount  Hope  bay  ; 
length  10  ms.,  mean  width  4,  area  40  sq.  ms.  ; 
.soil  in  general  rocky,  but  productive;  surface 
hill v,  and  very  pleasantly  diversified.  Chief  town 
Bristol.  Pop.  1820,  5,637,  in  1830,  5,446,  and 
in  1840,  6,476.  Central  lat.  41  44,  Ion  W.  C. 
5  45  E.— Tp.  Bristol  co.,  R.  I.,  including 
Bristol  village.    Pop.   1810,  2,693,    in  1820, 

3,197.  Seaport  and  village,  capital  of  Bristol 

co.,  R.  I.,  13  ms.  N.  from  Newport,  and  15  S. 
from  Providence.  The  site  of  this  town  is  in  a 
high  degree  pleasant,  on  a  point  of  land  between 
Taunton  river  and  Narragansett  bay.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerable  commerce;  the  shipping  in  1815 
exceeded  6,900  tons,  and  its  present  pop.  2,700, 

in  1840,  3,490.  -Town  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  1820,  2,429.  Borough  and  village  Bucks 

co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Delaware  river,  nearly  opposite 
Burlington,  N.  J.,  20  ms.  above  Philadelphia,  and 
12  below  Trenton.  Pop.  1810,  628,  in  1820, 
908.— Tp.  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1810, 

965,  in  1820,  1,257.-  -Town  Bucks  co,,  Pa. 

Pop.  1810,  1,008,  in  1820,  1,667.- — Borough 
Bucks  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  1840,  1,438;  situated  on 
the  Delaware  river  20  ms.  above  Philadelphia,  and 
12  below  Trenton.— — Tp.  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1810,  212,  in  1820,  313.  The  village  of 
Bristol,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  is  situated  10  ms. 
NNW.  of  Warren,  and  named  in  the  post  office 
list,  to  distinguish  it  from  Bristol  postv.,  Morgan 

co.,  Ohio,  Bristolville.  Village  Morgan  co., 

Ohio,  about  6  ms.  NE.  of  McConnellsville,  the 

county  seat,  and  40  NW.  of  Marietta.   Tp. 

Morgan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1820,  452.  Village 

Perry  co.,  Ohio,  50  ms.  SE.  from  Columbus.— — 
Bay  on  the  NW.  coast  of  North  America,  lying 
between  the  peninsula  of  Alaska  and  Cape  Newn- 
ham.  Lon.  W.  C.  from  80°  to  85°  W.,  lat.  56° 
to  58°  N. — —Channel,  between  the  S.  coast  of 
Wales  and  the  cities  of  Somerset,  Devon,  and 
Cornwall,  in  England. 

Bristolville,  village  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  200 
ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Britain,  or  Great  Britain,  the  most  considera- 
ble of  all  the  European  islands,  extending  550  ms. 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  290  from  E.  to  W.  It  lies  to 
the  N.  of  France,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  English  Channel.  The  ancient  name  of  this 
island  was  Albion,  which,  in  process  of  time,  gave 
way  to  that  of  Britain,  by  which  it  was  known  to 
Julius  Caesar.  The  general  division  of  the  island 
is  into  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales.  See  Great 
Britain. 

Britain,  New,  country  of  North  America,  com- 
monly called  the  Esquimaux  country.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  Great  Britain,  and  lies  between  50°  and 
70°  N.  lat.,  and  between  50°  and  100°  W.  lon. 
There  are  innumerable  lakes  and  morasses,  which 
are  covered  with  ice  and  snow  a  great  part  of  the 
year.  The  principal  settlements  belonging  to  the 
English  Hudson's  Bay  Company  are  Churchill, 
Nelson,  New  Severn,  and  Albany,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Hudson's  bay.  ——Island  to  the  N.  of  New 
168 


Guinea.  It  is  divided  into  two  islands  by  a  strait, 
through  which  Captain  Carteret  sailed  in  1767. 
New  Britain  lies  in  lon.  152  19  E.,  and  lat  4°  8. 
The  inhabitants  are  black  and  woolly-headed,  like 
negroes,  but  have  not  their  flat  noses  and  thick 
lips. 

Britton's  Store,  post  office  Bertie  co.,  N.  C, 
120  ms.  N.  byE.  from  Raleigh. 

Brives-la-Gaillarde,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Corez,  and  late  province  of  Li- 
mosin.  It  is  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Correze  and  the  Vezere,  in  a  delightful  valley,  and 
has  a  handsome  hospital  and  college,  and  a  fine 
walk  planted  with  trees,  which  surrounds  the 
town,  and  adds  to  the  beauty  of  its  situation.  It 
is  37  ms.  S.  of  Limoges,  and  220  S.  by  W.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  25  E.,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Brixen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Tyrol,  capital 
of  the  bishopric  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Rientz  and  Eysoch,  15  ms. 
E.  of  Tirol,  and  40  N.  of  Trent.    Lon.  11  4? 

E.,  lat.  46  45  N.-  Bishopric  of  Germany,  in 

the  Tyrol.  It  is  surrounded  with  mountains, 
which  produce  excellent  wine.  The  bishop  is  a 
prince  of  the  empire. 

Brizen,  or  Brietzen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
middle  marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  river 
Adah,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Wirtemburg. 

Broudalbin,  tp.  and  post  office  of  Montgomery 
co.,  N.  Y.,  45  ms.  NW.  from  Albany.  Pop.  in 
1820,  2,428. 

Broad  Creek,  tp.  Sussex  co.,  Del.    Pop.  in 

1810,  3,789,  in  1820,  2,599  Village  Queen 

Anne  co.,  Md. 

Broadfield,  village  Westmoreland  co.,  Va. 

Broadkiln,  tp.  Sussex  co.  Del.  Pop.  1820, 
2,371. 

Broad  River,  river  S.  C,  at  the  mouth  of  which 
is  seated  the  town  of  Beaufort,  River  Ga.,  en- 
ters the  right  side  of  Savannah  river,  between  Sa- 
vannah and  Lisbon. 

Brockport,  village  Sweden  tp.,  Monroe  co.,  N. 
Y.,  on  the  Great  Western  canal,  17  ms.  W.  from 
Rochester. 

Brockville,  seat  of  justice,  Leeds  co.,  U.  C,  on 
the  left  bank  of  St.  Lawrence,  16  ms.  above  Pres- 
cott.  It  is  a  very  flourishing  place,  in  a  fertile, 
well  cultivated  neighborhood. 

Brodera,  principal  fortress  and  town  of  Hin- 
doo=tan  Proper,  in  Guzerat,  in  the  NE.  part  of 
the  tract  lying  between  the  rivers  Tapty  and  My- 
hie.  It  is  95  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  the  former,  and 
195  NE.  of  the  latter.  Lon.  73  11  E.,  lat.  22 
15  N. 

Brod,  or  Brodt,  strong  place  of  Hungary,  on 
the  river  Save,  famous  for  a  battle  gained  by  the 
Turks  in  1688.  It  is  20  ms.  SE.  of  Posega.  Lon. 
19  25  E.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Brod-Nemiki,  or  Teuch  Brod,  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, seated  on  the  river  Sozawa,  20  ms.  S.  by.  E. 
of  Czazlaw.    Lon.  15  40  E.,  lat.  49  33  N. 

Broek,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  ^uchy  of 
Berg,  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  Roer,  11  ms.  N.  of  Dusseldorp. 

Lon.  6  53  E.,  lat.  51  23  N.  Beautiful  village 

in  N.  Holland,  6  ms.  from  Amsterdam.  The*  in- 
habitants, though  peasants  only,  are  all  rich.  The 
streets  are  paved  in  mosaic  work,  with  variegated 
bricks.    The  houses  are  painted  on  the  outside, 


BRO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BRO 


and  look  as  fresh  as  if  quite  new.  The  gardens 
are  adorned  with  china  vases,  grottos  of  shell 
work,  trees,  and  flower.-,  with  borders  composed  of 
minute  particles  of  glass  of  different  colors,  and 
disposed  into  a  variety  of  forms.  Behind  the 
houses  and  gardens  are  meadows,  full  of  cattle 
grazing;  the  out  houses  are  likewise  behind,  so 
that  wagons,  carts,  and  cattle,  never  enter  these 
neat  streets.  As  quiet  as  the  streets  of  Broek,  is 
proverbial  in  Holland. 

Broken  Bay,  bay  of  New  South  Wales,  on  the 
E.  coast  of  New  Holland.  It  is  formed  by  the 
mouth  of  a  great  river  called  the  Hawkesbury. 
Lon.  151  27  E.,  lat.  33  34  S. 

Broken  Sword,  name  of  a  creek  in  Crawford 
co.,  Ohio,  running  southwestwardly  into  Sandusky 
river. 

Broken  Straw,  tp.   Warren  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

1810,  379,    in    1820,    902.  Creek,  village 

Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 

Bromberg,  city  of  Prussia,  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Posen,  capital  of  the  district  of  the  Netze.  This 
city  is  very  important,  as  from  it  a  canal  extends, 
which  unites  the  Vistula,  Oder,  and  Elbe  rivers, 
by  connecting  the  Brahe,  near  Bromberg,  with 
the  Netz  near  Nackel.  It  is  30  ms.  j\T  W.  from 
Thorn,  and  160  ms.  E.  from  Berlin. 

Bromley,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the  river 
Ravensburn,  10  ms.  S.  by  E.  from  London.  Lon. 
BO  6  E.,  lat.  51  23  E  Town  of  Eng.,  in  Staf- 
fordshire, 7  ms.  N.  of  Stafford,  and  130  NW.  of 
,|London.  Lon.  1  35  W.,  lat.  52  SON.  Vil- 
lage of  Eng.,  near  Bow,  in  Middlesex. 

Brompton,  village  in  Middlesex,  2  ms.  W.  by 

•  S.  of  London.  Village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on 

an  easy  ascent  from  Chatham,  and  containing  the 

line  barracks  for  the  military  of  that  garrison.  

Town  of  L.  C,  Buckingham  co.,  on  St.  Francis 
1 1  river.  ^ 

Bromsgrove,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire, 
on  the  river  Salwarp,  15  ms.  NNE.  of  Worces- 
.  ter,  and  115  NW.  of  London.    Lon.  1  50  VV., 
ji  lat.  52  25  N. 

Bromyard,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Herefordshire,  18 
ms.  W.  of  Worcester,  and  125  WNW.  of  Lon- 
I  don.    Lon.  2  20  W.,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Bronno,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  10  ms. 
SE.  of  Pavia.    Lon.  9  26  E.,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Bronson,  village  Bronson  tp.,  Huron  co.,  Ohio, 
2  ms.  S.  of  Norwalk,  the  county  seat. 

Bronx,  post  office  West  Chester  co.,  N.  Y.,  22 
ms.  NW.  from  the  city  of  New  York. 

Brooke,  the  most  northerly  co.  Va.,  situated  in 
an  angle  formed  by  the  river  Ohio  and  State  of 
Pa.,  bounded  W.  and  N.  by  Ohio  river,  E.  by 
Pa.,  and  S.  by  Ohio  co.,  Va.  ;  length  30,  mean 
breadth  5,  area  150  sq.  ms.;  surface  extremely 
hilly,  though  the  soil  is  in  a  high  degree  fertile. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit,  and  some  iron. 
Chief  town  Wellsburg.  Pop.  1820,  6,611,  in 
1830,  7,041,  and  in  1840,  7,948.  Central  lat. 
40°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  32  W. 

Brookeville,  village  Montgomery  co.,  Md.,  on 
Holland's  river,  a  branch  of  the  Patuxent  river,  22 
ms.  N.  from  W.  C.  It  contains  about  20  dwell- 
ing houses,  an  academy  for  male  students,  2  tan- 
neries, and  2  grist  and  saw  mills.  N.  lat. 
39  11. 

Brookfield,  tp.  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in 


1810,  657,  in  1820,  690.  Town  Orange  co., 

Vt.,  17  ms.  S.  from  Montpelier.    Pop.  1,400. 

 Town  Worcester   ca.,   Mass.    Pop.  1810, 

3,170,  in  1820,  2,292.  JV.,  town  Worcester 

co.,  Mass.  Pop.  1820,  1,095.  Town  Fair- 
field co.,   Conn.    Pop.  1810,  1,037,  in  1820, 

1,159.  Town  Madison  oo.,N.  Y.   Pop.  1820, 

4,240.  Town   Trumbull   co.,    Ohio.  Pop. 

1810,  345,  in  1820,  524.  Town  of  Brookfield, 

tp.  same  name,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  situated  near 
the  eastern  border  of  the  co.,  and  12  i  ms.  E.  of 
Warren,  the  county  seat,  and  3  ms.  westward  of 

Sharon,  in  Pa.  Tp.  on  the  northeastern  border  of 

Morgan  co.,  Ohio.  For  post  village  in  this  tp.,  see 
Hcskinsville.— — Tp.  Morgan  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1820,  314. 

Brookhaven,  tp.  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1820,  5,218. 

Brook  Hill,  village  Montgomery  co.,  Tenn., 
135  ms.  NW.  from  Murfreesborough. 

BrooklLne,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.  Pop. 
1810,  528,  in  1820,  592. 

Brooklyn,  town  Windham  co.,  Conn.,  46  ms. 

E.  from    Hartford.     Pop.    1820,    900.  Tp. 

Windham  co.,  Conn.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,200,  in 
1820,  1,264. 

Brooklyn,  town  and  township  in  King's  co.  N. 
Y.,  on  Long  island,  opposite  New  York  city, 
from  which  it  is  only  separated  by  the  East  river, 
^  m.  wide.  The  site  of  this  town  is  pleasantly 
waving,  and  gives  an  air  of  variety  and  openness 
to  the  streets  and  houses.  Many  of  the  buildings 
are  elegant,  and  the  country  adjacent  in  a  high 
state  of  cultivation.  To  the  NE.  of  the  town,-on 
a  point  between  East  river  and  the  Wallabout  bay, 
is  one  of  the  United  States  navy  yards.  Pop.  in 
1820,  7,175.  The  above  was  written  in  1822  ; 
at  the  present  epoch,  (1826,)  it  is  probable 
Brooklyn  contains  a  population  of  10,000  ;  in 

1840,  32,221.  Township  in  Cuyahoga  co., 

Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  348.  The  post  office 

name  of  Ohio  city,  on  Lake  Erie,  mouth  of  Cuya- 
hoga river,  a  flourishing  village  and  commercial 
port  opposite  Cleveland.  Letters  directed  by  either 
name  would  probably  reach  their  destination.  Pop- 
of  Brooklyn  tp.  in  1840,  1,409. 

Brooks,  town  in  Hancock  co.,  Me  ,  by  post  road 
114  ms.  NE.  from  Portland.    Pop.  in  1820,  318. 

 Village  in  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  100  ms.  NE. 

from  Portland. 

Brooksville,  tp.  in  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop.  in 
1820,  972. 

Brookville.  — See  Brookeville. 

Brookville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Franklin 
co.,  la.,  on  the  point  in  the  forks  of  White  river, 
branch  of  Great  Miami,  40  ms.  NW.  from  Cin- 
cinnati. It  is  a  flourishing  village,  laid  out  in 
1811,  and  now  contains  more  than  100  houses, 
and  500  inhabitants.  Lat.  39  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
7  57  W. 

Broom,  loch,  and  an  extensive  salt  water  and 
arm  of  the  sea,  in  Rosshire,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Scotland.  It  has  long  been  noted  for  its  excellent 
herrings,  and  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best  fishing 
stations  on  the  coast. 

Broome,  co.  in  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Pennsylva- 
nia S.,  Tioga  W.,  Courthndt  and  Chenango  N., 
and  Delaware  E.  ;  length  43,  mean  width  20  ms.  ; 
area  860  sq.  ms.    Surface  hilly,  though  being  in- 

169 


BRO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BRO 


tersected  by  the  Susquehannah  river  and  its  nu 
merous  branches,  the  soil  is  in  general  productive, 
and  in  part  extremely  fertile.    Chief  town  Che- 
nango.   Pop.  in  1820,  14,343  ;  in  1830,  17,749  ; 
and  in  1840,  22,338.    Central  lat.  42  15  N.,  Ion. 

W.  C.  1  30  E.  Town  in  Schoharie  cc,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  2,680. 

Broomville,  village  in  Delaware  co  ,  N.  Y.,  on 
Mohawk,  branch  of  Delaware  river,  about  70  ms. 
SW.  from  Albany.  This  village  is  named  Bloom- 
ville  in  the  post  office  list  of  1825. 

Brora,  seaport  on  the  E.  coast  of  Sutherland- 
shire  Scotland,  40  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Inverness.  

River  of  Eng.,  in  Sutherlandshire,  which  issues 
from  a  lake  of  the  same  name.  Above  the  town  of 
Brora  it  forms  several  fine  cascades,  and,  below 
that  village,  falls  into  the  British  ocean. 

Brother's  Valley,  tp.  in  Somerset  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,314;  in  1820,  1,301. 

Brouage,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Charente,  and  late  province  of  Saintonge.  Its  salt 
works  are  the  finest  in  France,  and  the  salt  is  call- 
ed Bay  salt,  because  it  lies  on  a  bay  of  the  sea.  It 
is  17  ms.  S.  of  Rochelle,  and  170  SW.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  4  W.,  lat.  45  52  N. 

Brouca,  town  of  Sicdy,  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Catania,  15  ms.  S.  of  Catania.  Lon.  15 
30  E.,  lat.  37  25  N. 

Brouershaven,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  the  island  of  Schonen,  9  ms.  SW. 
of  Helvoetsluys.    Lon.  4  15  E.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Brouette,  river  in  Vigo  co.,  la.,  falls  into  the 
right  side  of  the  Wabash,  10  ms.  above  Terre 
Haute. 

Broughton,  town  in  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  35 
ms.  S.  from  Quebec. 

Brown,  a  southern  'co.  of  Ohio,  bordering  on 
the  Ohio  river.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Clin- 
ton  and  Highland  counties,  E.  by  Highland  and 
Adams,  S.  by  the  Ohio  river,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Clermont  co.  It  is  30  ms.  long,  from  N.  to  S., 
by  17  broad,  from  E.  to  W.,  and  contains  about 
470  sq.  ms.  It  contains  the  town  of  Ripley,  the  j 
temporary  seat  of  justice,  and  Decatur.  The  sur-  J 
face  of  this  county  is  in  general  hilly,  but  its  soil 
fertile.!  Pop.  in  1840,  22,715  .  Central  lat.  39  0,  I 

lon.  W.  C.  6  50.  Co.  of  Mich.,  W.  from  Lake  j 

Michigan,  and  contiguous  to  Green  bay.  Fort  | 
Brown  chief  town.    Pop.  in  3  820,  952.  Central' 

lat.  44  0  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  0  W.  Tp.  in  Ly- ! 

coming  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  322.  Tp.  in! 

Miami  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  349.  Village 

in  Brown  tp.,  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  San- 
dy  creek,  about  10  ms.  NW.  of  Carrollton,  and  12 

SSE.  of  Canton,  county  seat  of  Stark  co.  Tp. 

in  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  365. 

Brownfield,  village  in  Wayne  tp.,  southwestern  ' 
part  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  and  about  20  ms.  SW.  j 

of  St.  Clairsville.  Town  in  Oxford  co.,  Me., 

on  Saco  river.    Pop.  in  1810,  388  ;  in  1820,  747. 

Brownhelm,  tp.  in  the  most  northwestern  part 
of  Lorain  co.,  and  borders  on  Lake  Erie,  eastward  | 
of  Vermillion  river.  It  contains  two  post  towns, 
Brownhelm  and  Brownhelm  Centre.  They  are 
both  about  15  or  16  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  of  Ely- 
ria.    Pop.  in  1820,  282. 

Browning's  Store,  post  office  in  Culpeper  c,  Va., 
70  ms.  N\V.  from  Richmond,  and  60  SW.  from 
W.  C. 

170 


Brownington,  town  in  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  near 
Barton  river,  55  ms.  NE.  by  N.  from  Monfpelier. 

Brownsborovgh,  village  in  Madison  co.,  A!a. 

Brownsburg,  village  in  Rockbridge  co.,  Va.,  on 
Hay's  creek,  13  ms.  INE.  by  N.  from  Lexington. 

 Village  in  Washington  co.,  Ten.,  near  French 

Broad  river,  15  ms.  E.  from  Greensville. 

Brown's  Corner,  village  in  Kennebec  co.,  Me. 

Brown's  Ferry,  post  office  in  Madison  co.,  Ala. 

Brown's  Mills,  post  office  in  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.  

Post  office  in  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  80  ms.  SE. 
from  Columbus,  and  18  ms.  a  very  little  N.  of  W. 
from  Marietta. 

Brown's  Passage,  between  Dundas  and  Ste- 
phen's islands,  Northwest  coast  of  North  America, 
leading  into  Observatory  inlet.  Lon.  W.  C.  53  23 
W.,  lat.  5417  N. 

Browns  Point,  cape,  S.  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Tobago,  in  the  West  Indies.  Lon.  W.  C.  Hi 
20  E  ,  lat.  11  10  N. 

Brown's  Store,  post  office  in  Caswell  co.,  N.  C, 
80  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Brown's  Tavern,  post  office  in  Anne  Arundel  co., 
Md.,  46  ms.  NW.  from  Annapolis,  and  54  N. 
from  W.  C. 

Brownstown,  village  in  Wayne  co.,  Mich.,  on 
Huron  river,  of  Detroit  strait,  and  on  the  road  from 
Detroit  into  the  State  of  Ohio,  16  ms.  SW.  from 

Detroit.  Town   and  capital  of  Jackson  co., 

Ia.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  east  fork  of  White 
river,  100  ms.  VV.  from  Cincinnati,  and  45  N  W. 
from  Louisville.  Lat.  38  54  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  8 
57  VV. 

Brown's  Turnpike,  post  office  in  Albemarle  co., 
Va.,  about  75  ms.  N  VV.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Brown's  Village,  village  in  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y., 
68  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Brownsville,  town  in  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  on 

Pleasant  river,  40  ms.  N.  from  Bangor.  Town 

in  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Black 
river,  8  ms.  NE.  from  Sackett's  Harbor.    Pop.  in 

1820,  3,990.  Tp.  in  Fayette  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

in  1820,  769.  Formerly  called  Red  Stone  Old 

Fort,  town  in  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  included  in  the 
foregoing  tp.  ;  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Monon- 
gahela,  12  ms.  NW.  from  Union,  23  SE.  from 
Washington,  Pa.,  and  35  S.  from  Pittsburg.  It 
is  in  the  centre  of  a  settlement  composed  consider- 
ably of  Friends.  This  town  is  connected  with 
Bridgeport  by  a  wooden  bridge  thrown  across  Dun- 
lap's  creek,  a  small  stream  of  water  between  these 
villages.  Both  together  coniain  about  200  houses, 
and,  in  1830,  1,600  inhabitants  ;  and,  in  1840,  the 
two  places  comprised  2,120.  Brownsville  is  in  a 
flourishing  state,  being  in  the  centre  of  a  well-cul- 
tivated and  rich  country.  The  United  States  road 
passes  through  Brownsville,  and  consequently  it  is 
a  general  rendezvous  of  emigrants  on  their  way  to 

the  West.  Village  in  Marlborough  district,  S. 

C.  Village  near  the  extreme  southeastern  an- 
gle of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  and  on  the  National  road, 
14  ms.  W.  of  Zanesville,  and  very  nearly  an  equal 
distance  SE.  from  Newark,  the  county  seat.  It 

is  a  fine  thriving  village.  Seat  of  justice  in  Ed- 

monston  co.,  Ky.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  oi 
Green  river,  about  40  ms.  SSW.  of  Elizabethtown, 
and  45  ms.  NE.  of  Russelville.    Pop.  in  1840, 

112  Village  in  Oldham  co.,  Ky.,  50  ms.  NW. 

from  Frankfort.  Village  in  Union  co.,  Ia.,  on 


BRU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  BRY 


(he  cast  fork  of  White  river,  60  ms.  NW.  from 

Cincinnati, and  70  SE.by  E. from  Indianapolis.  

Village  and  .seat  of  justice  in  Jackson  co.,  111.,  on 
Muddy  river,  40  ms.  SC.  from  Kaskaskias.  Lat. 

37  46  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12  16  W.  Village  in 

Gfanville  co.,  N.  C,  about  50  ms.  N.  from  Ra- 
'  It'iffh. 

Broylc,  harbor  and  settlement  E.  side  of  the  is- 
land of  Newfoundland,  between  the  city  of  St. 
John's  and  Cape  Race.  Lon.  W.  C.  24  0  E.,  lat. 
47  10  N. 

Brucetown,  village  in  Frederick  co.,  Va.,  78 
ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Bruceville,  village  in  Knox  co.,  Ia. 

Bruchsal,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Spire,  on  the  river  Satz,  5  ms.  SE.  of  Philipsbcrg. 
Lon.  8  36  E.,  lat.  49  1 1  N. 

Brugg,  or  Broug,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  Ar- 
igau,  on  the  river  Aar,  over  which  is  a  bridge.  It 
is  22  ms.  SE.  of  Basil.  Lon.  8  4  E.,  lat.  47  21  N. 

Bruges,  large  episcopal  city  of  Belgium,  and 
capital  of  West  Flanders. — See  Belgium.  It  is 
seated  in  a  plain,  8  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  has  a 
communication  by  canals  with  Ghent,  Ostend, 
Sluys,  Newport,  Furnes,  Ypres,  and  Dunkirk.  It 
is  8  ms.  E.  of  Ostend.    Lon.  3  5  E.,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Brugge,  or  Bruggen,  town  in  Lower  Saxony, 
|in  the  bishopric  of  Hildesheim,  6  ms.  from  the  city 
of  that  name.    Lon.  10  5  E.,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Brugneto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Ge 
'noa,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  35  ms.  SE.  of 
Genoa.    Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat.  44  15  N. 
|    Brule,  river  of  the  Northwestern  Territory  of 
the  United  States,  falls  into  the  southwestern  part 
jof  Lake  Superior. 

Bruneito,  strong  and  important  place  in  Pied- 
'mont,  near  Susa,  which  it  defends. 

Brunsultle,  seaport  of  Germany,  in  Holstein,  at 
'the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  13m=.NW.  of  Gluekstadt. 
Lon.  9  2  E.,  lat.  54  2  N. 

Brunswick,  country  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
lLower  Saxony,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lunenburg, 
on  the  W.  by  the  circle  of  Westphalia,  on  the  S. 
fey  Hesse,  and  on  the  E.  by  Anhalt,  Halbertstadt, 
land  Magdeburg.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  We- 
ser,  Ocker,  and  Lyne.  It  is  divided  into  three 
principalities.  Wolfenbuttle,  Grubenhagen,  andj 
Calenberg,  which  aiso  comprehends  the  duchy  of 
Gottingcn.  The  principality  of  Wolfenbuttle  has  | 
iis  own  dukes  ;  but  the  other  two  belong  to  Hano-| 

ver.  Large  city  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 

Brunswick,  on  the  Ocker,  55  ms.  W.  of  Magde- 
burg. Pop.  12,000.  Lon.  10  42  E.,  lat.  52  25 
N.  Town  in  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  on  the  An- 
droscoggin river,  in  the  NE.  angle  of  the  county, 
27  ms.  NE.  of  Portland.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,931. 

 Tp.  in  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  Con.  river,  65  ms. 

NE.  from  Montpelier.  Tp.  in  Rensselaer  co., 

N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,318.  South,  tp.  in 

Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,332;  in 

1820,  2,4S9.  New,  tp.  in  Middlesex  co.,  N. 

Jersey.  Pop.  in  1810,  3,980  ;  in  1820,4,275. 
— —New. — See  New   Brunswick,  province  of 

Cabotia,  or  British  North  America.  New. — 

'See  New  Brunswick,  city   of  N.  Jersey.  

Tp.    in   Schuylkill  co.,    Pa.      Pop.   in  1820, 

1,974.  Town  in  Medina  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  in 

1820,  172.  Village  in  Brunswick  tp.,  Medina 

co.,  Ohio,  is  situated  7  ms.  northward  of  Medina. 


the  county  seat,  on  the  road  thence  to  Cleveland. 

 Co.  of  Va.,  on  both  sides  of  Meherin  river ; 

bounded  S.  by  N.  Car.,  W.  by  Mecklenburg  and 
Lunenburg,  1^  by  Nottoway,  NE.  by  Dinwiddie, 
and  E;  by  Greenville;  length  27,  breadth  21  ms.  ; 
area  570  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  rather  rolling  than  level ; 
soil  of  middling  quality.  Staples,  grain  and  tobac- 
co. Chief  town  Percival.  Pop.  in  1820,  16,687  ; 
in  1830,  15,767;  and  in  1840,  14,346.  Central 

lat.  36  40,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  45  W.  Co.  of  N. 

C,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river,  and 
bounded  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  by  S.  C.  SW., 
by  Bladen  NW.,  and  Cape  Fear  river  NE.  and  E.  ; 
length  45,  breadth  21  ms.  ;  area  1,260  sq.  ms.  ; 
surface  level,  part  marshy  ;  soil  generally  poor  and 
thin.  Chief  town  Smithville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
5,480  ;  in  1840,  5,265.  Central  lat.  34  12  N.,  lon. 

W.  C.  1  20  W.  Post  office,  seaport,  and  seat 

of  justice,  Glynn  co.,  Ga.,  situate  on  Turtle  river, 
in  a  direct  line,  about  10  ms.  W.  from  St.  Simon's 
sound,  and  15  SS  W.  from  Darien.  N.  lat.  31  12, 
lon.  W.  C.  4  40  W. 

Brussels,  city  of  South  Brabant,  and  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Belgium.  It  has  many  magnificent 
squares,  public  buildings,  walks,  and  fountains. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  fine  lace,  camblets,  and  ta- 
pestry, and  contains  103,200  inhabitants,  and  has  a 
communication  with  the  Scheldt  by  a  canal  20  ms. 
long.  It  is  seated  partly  on  an  eminence  and  part- 
ly on  the  Senne,  25  ms.  S.  of  Antwerp,  and  148 
N.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  18  E-,  lat.  50  51  N. 
— See  Belgium. 

Brush  Creek,  tp.  in  Scioto  co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1820, 

288.  Tp.  in  Highland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1,173. 

 Extreme  southwestern  tp.  of  Muskingum  co., 

Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  699;  in  1840,  1,606.  For 
post  village  in  this  township,  see  Roseville. 

Bruton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  silk  and  hosiery,  a  free-school 
founded  by  Edward  VI.,  and  a  stately  almshouse, 
consisting  of  the  ruins  of  a  priory.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Brue,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Wells,  and  100  W. 
of  London. 

Brutus,  town  in  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms. 
SE.  by  E.  from  Montezuma.  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,579. 

Bruyers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Vosges,  1 1 
ms.  ENE.  ofEpinal. 

Bryan,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean  SE.,  Liberty  SW.,  Tatnall  and  Bullock 
NW.,  and  Effingham  and  Chatham  NE. ;  length 
35  ms.,  mean  width  12,  area 420  sq.  ms.  ;  surface 
level  and  soil  thin.  Staples,  grain,  tobacco,  and 
cotton.  Chief  town  Hardwick.  Pop.  in  1840, 
3, 132.  Central  lat.  32  ON.,  lon.  W.  C.  40  30  W. 

Bryan  C.  H.  and  post  office  in  Bryan  co.,  Ga., 
between  the  Comachie  and  Ogechee  rivers,  about 
25  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Savannah.  N.  lat.  31 
53,  lon.  W.  C.  4  30  W. 

Br ijansb ridge,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
Clare,  seated  on  the  Shannon,  8  ms.  N.  of  Lime- 
rick. 

Brynnlown,  village  in  Charles  co.,  Md.,  on  the 
road  from  Port  Tobacco  to  Annapolis,  40  ms. 
SSW.  from  the  latter  place. 

Bryant's  Cross  Roads,  post  office  in  Northamp- 
ton co.,  N.  C,  80  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Br  I/die's  Store,  post  office  in  Lunenburg  co., 
Va.,  80  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

171 


BUC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BUC 


Brzesc,  fortified  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of 
Polenesia,  or  the  palatinate  of  Brzesc.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Bug,  90  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Grodno. 

Lon.  24  6  E.,  lat.  52  4  N.  -To*vn  of  Poland, 

capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name.  It' is  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall,  and  seated  in  a  marshy  plain, 
95  ms.  WNW,  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18  30"E.,  lat. 
52  40  N. 

Brzesnitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  with  manufactures  of  lace,  fire  arms,  and 

hardware,  25  ms.  WNW.  of  Saatz.  Another, 

in  the  circle  of  Prachin,  18  ms.  WNW.  ofPisek. 

Bua,  island  in  the-Gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  coast 
of  Dalmatia,  called  likewise  Partridge  island,  be- 
cause frequented  by  these  birds.  It  is  joined  by  a 
bridge  to  the  town  of  Traon. 

Buarcos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  on  the 
seacoast,  at  the  mouth  of  Mondego,  27  ms.  S.  of 
Aveira. 

Buccaneers,  from  a  Carib  word,  signifying  meat 
cured  by  smoke;  pirates  of  different  nations  who 
infested  the  American  seas  from  the  middle  of  the 
16th  into  the  18th  century.  They  were  called 
by  the  French,  Flibustiers. 

Buccari  or  Buchari,  seaport  of  Morlachia,  on 
the  NE.  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  declared 
by  the  emperor,  in  1780,  a  free  port  for  commerce 
with  the  E.  Indies.  It  is  12  ms.  E.  of  Fiume. 
Lon.  14  26  E.,  lat.  45  17  N. 


E.  by  N.  of  Thetford,  and  93  NE.  of  London. 

Buckfastleigh,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire, 
3  ids.  S.  by  W.  of  Ashburton. 

Buckjield,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Maine.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1251,  in  1820,  1501. 

Buchannon,  village,  Lewis  co.  Va.,  by  postroad, 
282  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Buckhead,  creek,  Ga.,  falls  into  the  Ogechee 

river,  60  ms.  below  Louisville.  Town,  Fair- 

field  district,  S.  C,  35  ms.  N.  from  Columbus. 

 Town,  Morgan  co.,  Geo.,  50  ms.  N.  from 

Milledgeville. 

Buckhorn  Falls,  post  office,  Chatham  co.,  N.  C. 
27  ms.  from  Raleigh. 

Buckingham,  borough  of  Eng.,  and  the  capital 
of  Buckinghamshire.  It  is  almost  surrounded  by 
the  Ouse,  over  which  are  3  stone  bridges.  Here 
is  little  trade  or  manufacture,  except  lace- making, 
and  some  paper  mills  on  the  river.  It  is  25  ms. 
NE  of  Oxford,  and  55  NW.  of  Lon.  0  58  W., 
lat.  51  58  N. 

Buckinghamshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  39  ms.  long 
and  18  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Northamp- 
tonshire, E.  by  Bedfordshire  and  Middlesex,  S. 
by  Berkshire,  and  W.  by  Oxfordshire.  It  con- 
tains  318,400  acres;  is  divided  into  eight  hund- 
reds, and  185  parishes;  has  15  market  towns; 
and  sends  14  members  to  parliament.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  in  1801,  174,444;  in  1811, 
Buchannes,  the   most  eastern  promontory  of j  1 17,650,  and  in  1821,  134,068.    lis  principal 


Scotland,  to  the  E.  of 
shire,  in  lon.  1  34  W., 


Peterhead  in  Aberdeen- 1  rivers  are  the  Thomas,  Coin,  Ouse,  and  Tame, 
lat.  57  27  N.  Near  this  I  The  soil  is  rich,  being  chiefly  chalk  or  marl  ;  and 
the  woods  on  the  hills,  chiefly  beech,  form  a  con- 
siderable article  of  profit,  both  as  fuel  and  limber. 
The  most  general  manufacture  is,  bonelace  and 
paper.  Wti 
Buckingham,  co.  of  L.  C,  in  the  district  of 
Three  Rivers,  on  the  right  side  of  St.  Lawrence 

river.  Town  of  L.  C,  in  York  co.,  on  the 

Ottawa  river.  Tp.,  in  Wayne  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

in  1810,  153,  in  1820,  385.  Town  of  Fa., 

of|  Bucks  co.  Co.  of  Va.,  bounded  NW.  and 

NE.  by  James  river,  SE.  by  Cumberland,  and 
SW.  by  Prince  Edward,  Charlotte,  and  Camp- 
bell cos ;  length  34,  and  mean  width  20  ms.,  area 
680  sq.  ms.,  surface  hilly  and  rocky  ;  soil  of  mid- 
dling quality.  Staples,  tobacco,  grain,  and  salted 
provisions.  Chief  town,  Maysville.  Pop.  in 
1820,  17,582,  and  in  1840,  18,786.    Central  lat. 

37  25;  Ion.  1  30  W.  Court  house  and  post  oilier, 

Buckingham  co.,  Va.,  45  ms.  NE.  from  Lynchburg. 

N.  lat.  37  28  lon.  W.  C.  1  32.  Tp.,  Bucks 

co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810,  1715,  and  in  1820,  1,862. 

Buckland,  town  of  Hertford  co.,  L.  C,  on  the 
right  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  20  ms.  SE.  from 
Queuec.  Town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  be- 
tween Hawley  and  Shelburne,  on  Deerlicld  river, 

120  ms.  NW.  from  Boston.  Village  in  the 

SW.  part  of  Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  on  Broad- 
run   creek,  branch  of  Occoquan  river.  Post 

office,  Wayne  co.,  Mich. 

Bucklcrstoiun,  village  of  Berkeley  co.,  Va., 
Bucknersville,  village,  Christian  co.,  Ky.,  by 
the  postroad,  223  ins.  SW.  from  Frankfort, 

Buckram,  post  office,  Queens  co.  N.  Y  ;  23  ras. 
E.  from  the  city  of  New  York. 

Bucks,  co.  of  Pa.,  on  the  Delaware,  bounded 
SW.  by  Philadelphia  and  Montgomery,  NW.  by 
Lehigh  and  Northampton,  and  on  the  NE.  and 


promontory  are  the  Bullers  of  Buchan,  and  other 
stupendous  rocks  and  precipices,  much  admired 
for  the  awful  grandeur  they  exhibit. 

Bucharia. — See  Bokharia. 

Buchau,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  nunnery, 
seated  on  a  small  lake,  called  Feader  See,  25  ms. 

SW.  of  Ulm.  Town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 

of  Saatz,  26  ms.  SW.  of  Saatz 

Bucholz,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Ucker 
mark,  seated  on  the  Dahme,  23  ms.  SSE 
Berlin. 

Bucharest,  a  strong  city  of  European  Turkey, 
capital  of  Wallachia,  where  the  hospodar  com- 
monly resides.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
60,000.  It  is  seated  on  the  Domboriza,  35  ms. 
SSE.  of  Tergovist,  and  200  N.  by  W.  of  Adrian- 
ople.    Lon.  26  8  E.,  lat.  44  57  N. 

Buchorn,  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the  lake 
of  Constance,  18  ms.  ENE.  of  Constance. 

Buchlowitz,  town  of  the  empire  of  Austria,  in 
Moravia,  about  12  ms.  east  of  the  famous  village 
of  Austerlitz,  and  25  ms.  SE  of  Brun.  It  is 
known  from  its  sulphurous  mineral  springs. 

Buck  Creek,  a  large  mill  stream  of  Clark  co., 
O.,  a  branch  of  Mad  river,  on  which  has  been 
erected,  besides  a  considerable  number  of  mills,  a  cot- 
ton and  woolen  manufactory.  Post  office  on  the 

creek  of  same  name,  northeastermost  part,  of  Clark 
co.,  O.,  12  ms.  northeastwards  of  Springfield, 
the  county  seat,  and  35  ms.  westward  of  Colum- 
bus. 

Buckden,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Huntingdonshire, 
5  ms.  SW.  of  Huntingdon. 

Buckeburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  co. 
of  Schauenburg,  with  a  castle  on  the  river  Aa,  3 
ms.  ESE.  of  Minden. 

Buckenham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  12  ms. 
172 


BUE 


GEOG  R  A  PH  I  C  A  L  1)1  GTI  ( )  N  A  R  V . 


SE.  separated  from  N.  J.  by  the  Delaware  river ; 
length  37  ins.,  mean  width  16  ms.,  area  GOO  sq, 
ms.  ;  the  surface  hilly,  or  rather  rolling,  and  de- 
lightfully variegated ;  soil  in  general  excellent. 
Staples — grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit,  cider,  hay, 
and  a  great  variety  of  other  articles  of  minor  im- 
portance. Besides  the  Delaware  it  is  watered  by 
,the  Neshaminy,  and  Tochicon  creeks,  both  line 
mill  streams ;  the  Pcrkiomen  also  rises  in  Bucks 
co.  It  is  abundant  in  mills,  and  presents  the  as- 
pect of  a  well  cultivated  and  flourishing  co.  Chief 
(owns,  Doylestown,  Newtown,  and  Bristol.  Pop. 
in  1820,  37,842,  and  in  1840,  48,107.  Central 
lat.  40  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C..1  50  E. 

Bucksport,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,658. 

Buck's  Store,  post  office,  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala.,  80 
ms.  NW.  from  Caha'oa. 

Buck's  Tavern,  post  office,  Delaware  co.,  Pa. 

Buckstown,  town  of  Md.,  in  Dorchester  co., 
between  Blackwater  and  Transquaking  creeks. 

Buckler  s -hard,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire, 
nn  Beaulieu  river,  9  ms.  SSW.  of  Southampton. 
The  inhabitants  are  principally  employed  in  ship- 
building. 

Bucyras,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Crawford 
co.,  O.,  on  the  Columbus  and  Sandusky  turn- 
pike road,  60  ms.  almost  exactly  due  north  of 
Columbus,  46  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Sandusky 
City;  25  almost  due  W.  from  Mansfield,  and  18 
NNE.  from  Marion.  N.  lat.  40  47,  Ion.  5  55  W. 
of  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  the  main  southern 
source  of  Sandusky  river.    Pop.  in  1837,  600. 

Buda,  or  OJfen,  the  capital  of  Lower  Hungary, 
situate  on  the  tide  of  a  hill,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Danube,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  boats  to  Pest. 
The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  25,000.  In  the 
adjacent  country  are  vineyards,  which  produce 
excellent  wine;,  and  hot  baths,  which  were  in 
good  order,  with  magnificent  rooms,  while  the 
Turks  had  possession  of  this  place.  It  is  94  ms. 
ESE.  of  Prcsburg,  200  NNW.  of  Belgrade. 
Lon.  19  5  E.,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Budelich,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory  ol 
Treves;  seated  on  the  Traen,  12  ms.  ENE.  of 
Treves. 

Budorich  or  Burich,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cloves ;  seated  on  the  Rhine,  22  ms. 
SE.  of  Cleves. 

Budin,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Ba- 
konitz,  with  a  castle,  9  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Leut- 
merit/,. 

Bud/gen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wcttaravia, 
with  a  castle,  situate  on  the  Sambach,  25  ms. 
ENE.  of  Frankfort. 

Budissen.    See  Bautzen. 

Budoa,  strong  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  and  a  bish- 
op's see,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Kagusa.  Lon.  18  58  E-, 
lat.  42  30  N. 

Budrio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bolognese,  8  ms. 
E.  of  Bologna. 

Budtveis,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Beehin.  In  the  environs  are  mines  of  gold  and 
silver.  It  is  seated  on  the  Muldau,  75  rns.  S.  by 
W.  of  Prague.    Lon.  14  25  E.,  lat.  49  2  N. 

Budzac.    See  Bessarabia. 

Buenaventura,  bay,  town  and  settlement  of 
New  California.  Lon.  W.  C.  42°  W.,  lat.  34 
20  N.  Seaport  of  South  America,  on  the  Pa- 


cific ocean,  at  the  mouth  of  Choco  bay.  Lou. 
W.  C.  0  10  W.,  lat.  13  56  N.  River  of  Mex- 
ico, entering  the  Pacific  ocean,  in  New  California, 
at  36°  N.  lat.  and  44  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  This  river 
rises  in  the  high  mountain  chain  of  Chippewan, 
between  N.  lat.  40  and  42°,  interlocking  sources 
with  Lewis's  Platte  and  Rio  Grande  del  Norte. 
Pursuing  a  southwestern  course  of  700  ms.,  it  is 
lost  in  the  Pacific.  I  have  given  the  position  and 
extent  of  this  stream  from  Tanner's  map  of  Mexico. 

Buenos  Ayres,  city  and  seaport,  the  capital  of 
Paraguay,  and  the  seat  of  a  late  viccroyalty,  and 
now  of  the  united  provinces  of  La  Plata.  A  great, 
part  of  the  treasures  and  merchandise  of  Peru  and 
Chili  are  brought  here,  which  are  exported  to 
j Spain.  It  was  founded  by  Mendosa  in  1535,  but 
afterwards  abandoned  ;  and  in  1544  another  colony 
j  of  the  Spaniards  came  here,  who  left  it  also;  but 
lit  was  rebuilt  in  1582,  and  inhabited  by  Spaniards 
|  and  the  native  Americans.  It  has  two  monaste- 
ries, five  convents,  a  college,  a  beautiful  square, 
land  about  70,000  inhabitants.  The  trade  is  car- 
'ried  on  with  the  provinces  of  Peru  by  means  of 
carts  drawn  by  oxen,  which  travel  together  in  car- 
avans. The  country  around  is  quite  open  and 
level,  furnishing  every  species  of  American  and 
J  European  productions;  but  the  most  extraordinary 
j  circumstance  is  the  propagation  of  cattle,  which 
I  have  multiplied  so  immensely  that  a  great  many 
'are  killed  merely  for  their  hides.  The  trade  of 
|  the  city,  if  not  obstructed  by  war  and  revolution, 
i  would  be  immense.  See  art.  America,  p.  53.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Plata,  220  ms.  from  the  ocean,  though 
'  the  river  there  is  21  ms.  in  breadth.  Lon.  W.  C.  18 
;29  E.,  lat.  34  25  S.  Province  of  South  Amer- 
ica, one  of  the  united  provinces  of  La  Plata, 
bounded  SE.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  SW.  by  the 
Colorado  river,  W.  by  Cordova,  and  NE.  by  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata;  length  from  the  SW.  to  NH. 
1 400  ms.  ;  mean  width  200;  area  about  80,000 
!  sq.  ms.  It  is  in  general  an  open  and  flat  country, 
with  a  soil  of  exuberant  fertility,  and  situated  be- 
I  tween  33  and  40°  of  S.  lat.,  produces  in  abund- 
|  ante  the  grains  and  fruits  of  a  temperate  climate. 
|  The  extent  ol  its  unwooded  plains,  however,  in- 
vites to  and  superinduces  pastoral  pursuits.  Ag- 
riculture is  too  much  neglected,  and  the  attention 
■of  the  inhabitants  drawn  to  the  rearing  of  cattle 
hand  horses.  Manufactures  can  scarcely  be  said  to 
exist  in  their  most  incipient  state.  Relative  pop- 
I  ulation  uncertain. 

Buffalo,  lake  of  North  America,  laid  down  by 
Heme.    Lon.  W.  C.  34°  W.,  lat.  67  20  N.  ' 

Buffalo,  port  of  entry  and  scat  of  justice,  in 
Eric  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the  head  of 
Niagara  river,  22  ms.  above  Niagara  falls.  This 
city  is  admirably  situated  for  a  great  interior  mart. 
Buffalo  creek  is  of  sufficient  depth  (12  feet)  to  ad- 
mit of  an  excellent,  harbor,  and  the  necessary  wof-ks 
to  meliorate  its  entrance  to  lake  Eric,  and  to  fa- 
cilitate the  ingress  and  egress  of  vessels,  are  now 
in  an  inconsiderable  state  of  forwardness.  The 
grand  canal  of  New  York  debouches  into  Lake 
Eric  at  Buffalo  harbor.  The  city  is  built  upon  an 
elevated  and  dry  plain,  extending  on  each  side  of 
the  road  leading  from  the  harbor  to  the  interior  of 
N.  Y.  This  fine  city  was  burnt  by  the  British  in 
the  late  war,  but  has  risen  in  a  very  improved  state 
from  its  ashes. 

173 


BUF 


GE0G  R  A  PH1CAL  DICTION  A  R  Y. 


BUIi 


The  preceding  account  of  Buffalo  was  written 
in  '  826,  and  left  unaltered  to  show  its  improve- 
ment, by  contrast,  in  a  period  of  14  years. 
Population  in  1820       -  -  -  2,095 

Do.  1830        ...  8,668 

Do.         1840        -  -  -  18,213 

In  the  latter  year,  distributive  population  : 


Whiles. — Ages. 

Males. 

Females 

r>  to  io  -Wm           >•  jfttWcj 

10  to  15  - 
13  to  20 

20  to  30  .... 

30  to  40  ... 

40  to  50       -           -         '  " 

50  to  60 

6n  to  70  - 

70  to  80  . 

SO  to  90  •  - 

90  to  100  - 

100  and  upward? 

1,434 
1,032 
775 
803 
2,730 
1 ,498 
703 
232 
89 
33 
5 
2 

0 

1.104 

'978 
788 
1 ,002 
2,065 
1,096 
584 
278 
102 
40 
6 
1 
0 

9,366 
8,341 

8,344 

Total  whiles  - 

17,710 

Colored.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtolO       -       i   ,v  j  .i.- 
10  to  24  . 
21  to  35 

.'56  to  55  .... 
55  to  101  . 
100  and  upwards 

57 
50 
111 

46 

0 

69 
68 
31 
1 
0 

269 
231 

231 

Total  colored  • 

503 

BUMMAH  r. 


Total  whites  -  17,710 
Total  colored  -----  503 

Total    -----  18,213 

Buffalo,  tp.,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  including  Buf- 
falo village.    Pop.  1820,  2,095.  Tp.,  Perry 

co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820,  875.  Tp.,  Union  co., 

Pa.     Pop.   1820,  2,376.  i  p.,  Washington 

co.,  Pa.     Pop.    1810,   1,416;  in   1820,  1,430. 

 Tp.,  Butler  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1810,  375;  in 

1820,  582.  Tp.,  Armstrong  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

1810,  1,150;  in  1820,  1,597.  Tp.,  Guern- 
sey co.,  0.    Pop.  1810,  285;  in  1820,  4S2.  

Village,  Mason  co.,  Va. ;  by  poslroad,  344  tus. 

NW.  by   W.  from  Richmond.  Town,  Pike 

<  o.,  Md.  Creek  or  river,  N.   V.  ;  falls  into 

Lake  Eric  at  Bufl'tlo,  and  forms  ihe  harbor  of  that 
town.    It  rises  by  several  branches  in  .Niagara  and 

Genessee  counties.  Creek,  Centre  and  Union 

counties,  Pa.  ;  falls  into  the  west  branch  of  the 
.Susquehanna,  after  watering  a  fertile  strip  of  land 

called  Buffalo  valley,  and  flowing  22  ms.  Creek 

in  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania;  rises  in  Washing- 
ton county,  ftf  the  latter,  and  falls  into  Ohio  river 
at  Wellsburg,  in  Brooke  county,  of  the  former. 

 Small  stream,  Mecklenburg  co.,  Va.,  falling 

into  the  Roanoke  in  the  SW.  angle  of  the  county. 
On  this  creek  is  a  post  office,  120  ms.  SW.  bom 

Richmond.  Creek,  N.  and  S.  C;  rises  in  the 

former,  and  falls  into  Broad  river  in  the  latter. 
174 


 Creek,  Ga.,  branch  of  Ocone  river,  which  it 

joins  about  40  ms.  below  Milledgeville.  Small 

river,  Miss.,  in  Wilkinson  co  Its  course  is  nearly 
W.  40  ms.  ;  falls  into  the  Mississippi  9  ms.  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Homochitto.  The  soil  watered 
by  this  stream  is  generally  hilly,  but  fertile,  pro- 
ducing cotton  and  maize  in  ahundance. 

Buffalo,  West,  tp.,  Union  co.,  Pa.  P*)p.  1820, 
1,183. 

Buffalo  Shoal,  post  office,  Iredell  co.,  N.  C, 
120  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Buffalo,  small  branch  of  White  river,  Ark. 

Bug  river  of  Europe,  the  southeastern  branch 
of  the  Vistula.  It  rises  near  Lemburg,  and  flow- 
ing NW.  separates  Gallicia  from  Volhynia,  as  far 
as  the  town  of  Drohiczyn,  where  it  leaves  Vol- 
hynia,  and  separates  Gallicia  from  VVersovia,  until 
its  union  with  the  Vistula,  20  ms.  below  Warsaw. 

Bugey,  formerly  province  of  Fr.,  between  Tran- 
che Compte,  Bresse,  Dauphiny,  and  Savoy  ;  it  is 
now  included  in  the  dep.  of  the  Ain. 

Buen  Ayrs. — See  Bonair. 

Bugia,  province  of  Algiers,  in  Africa,  sur- 
rounded with  mountains,  and  very  fertile  in  corn. 

 Seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  at  the 

mouth  of  the  Major,  on  a  bay  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean. It  is  75  ms.  E.  of  Algiers.  Lon.  3  58 
E.,  lat.  36  49  N. 

Bugis,  pronounced  Boo-geesc,  people  of  Cele- 
bes and  Bony,  in  Austral  Asia. 

Bailth,  town  of  Wales,  in  Brenockshire,  on 
the  Wye,  over  which  is  a  wooden  bridge  into  Rad- 
norshire, 12  ms.  N.  of  Brenock,  and  171  W.  by 
N.  of  London.     Lon.  3  14  W.,  lat.  5  8  N. 

Bui »,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Drome, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Dauphiny,  40  ms.  SW. 
of  Gap. 

Bujalancc,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Jaen,  situated  on  the  right  Bank  of  the  Guadal- 
quiver  river,  between  Cordova  and  Andujar,  16 
ms.  from  the  former  and  28  from  the  latter.  N. 
lat.  37  58,  long.  4  30  W.  London. 

Bukari,  small  but  well-built  town  of  Hungarian 
Dalmatia,  with  a  harbor  on  the  Gulf  of  Bikeriza, 
near  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  10  ms.,  NE.  of  Veglia. 
Lon.  14  59  E.,  lat.  45  29  N. 

B ulac,  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  2  ms.  W. 
of  Grand  Cairo,  being  the  seaport  of  that  city. 
On  the  N.  side  of  it  is  the  Calish,  whose  banks 
are  cut  every  year  to  convey  the  waters  of  the 
Nile,  by  a  canal,  in  Grand  Cairo.  Lon.  51  22 
E.,  lat.  30  2  N. 

Bulam,  island  of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Grande.  The  soil  is  good.  Lon.  15°  W., 
lat.  1  1°  N. 

Bulgaria,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Wallachia,  on  the  E.  by 
the  Black  Sea,  on  the  S.  by  Romania  and  Mace- 
donia, and  on  the  W.  by  Servia.    It  is  the  ancient 

Moesia. 

Bullness,  or  Bowncss,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Cum- 
berland, at  the  end  of  the  Picts  Wall,  on  the  Sol- 
way  Frith.  It  was  a  Roman  station,  called  Bla- 
tum  Bulgium ;  and  hence  Antoninus  began  hk 
Itinerary.    It  is  13  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Carlisle. 

Bullitt,  co.  of  Kentucky,  bounded  by  the  Ohio 
river  W.,  Salt  river  SW.,  Nelson  S.,  Shelby  E., 
and  Jefferson  N.  ;  length,  30  ms.  ;  mean  width, 
10;  area,  300  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil, 


BUR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BUR 


though  varied,  n  general  productive.  Staples, 
grain,  flour,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief  town 
Sheppardsville.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,381,  and  in 
1840,6,334.  Cil.  lat.  38°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  30  W. 

Bulloch,  co.,  Georgia,  bounded  by  Bryan  SE., 
Tatnall  SW.,  Emanuel  NW.,  and  Scriven  and 
Effingham  NE.  ;  length  45  ms.,  mean  breadth 
12,  area  540  sq.  ms.  Surface,  part  level,  and  part 
hilly  ;  soil  of  middling  quality.  Staples,  grain, 
cotton,  tobacco,  &c.  Chief  town  Statesboro.  Pop. 
in  1820,  2,578.  Ctl.  Iat.  32  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
5°  VV. 

Bull's  Bay,  on  the  R.  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
nearly  due  E.,  60  ms.  from  Placentia.  Lon.  W. 
C.  24  30  E.,  lat.  47  20  N. 

Bullskin.  township,  Fayette  co.,  Penn.,  on  the 
Youghiogeny  river.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,439;  in 
:1820,  1,484.  Village,  Guyan  tp.,  in  the  ex- 
treme southern  angle  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  about  12 
ms.  southward  of  Gallipolis. 

Bulltown,  village,  Lewis  co.,  Virginia,  372  ms. 
NW.  by  the  post  road  from  Richmond. 
\  Bundela,  or  Bundlecund,  territory  of  Hindoos  - 
tan  Proper,  on  the  SW.  of  the  river  Junna,  and 
separated  from  it  by  a  narrow  tract  of  a  low  coun- 
try. Chatterpour  is  the  capital.  Lon.  79  75  E., 
[lat.  25°  N. 

Buncombe,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  S.  Car. 
|S.,  Haywood  W.,  Tennessee  NW.,  Ashe  NE., 
and  Burke  and  Rutherford  E.  ;  length,  65  ms.  ; 
imean  width,  22;  area,  1,430  sq.  ms.  Surface 
Igenerally  hilly  and  mountainous,  and  soil  rocky, 
jthough  in  part  fertile.  Staples,  grain  and  flour. 
Chief  town,  Ashville.  Ctl.  lat.  35  30  N.,  lon. 
|W.  C.  5  30  W.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,542.  Yancy 
ico.,  was  separated  from  Buncombe  since  1820. 
Pop.  of  the  latter  in  1840,  10,084. 
I  Bundysburg,  village,  in  Parkman  tp.,  south- 
eastern corner  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  about  24  ms. 
|SE.  of  Claridon  the  co.  seat,  5  ms.  from  Parman- 
vil,  and  18  ms.  NW.  of  Warren,  co.  seat  of 
Trumbull  co., 

Bungay,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  on  the 
;Wavney,  which  is  navigable  hence  to  Yarmouth, 
It  is  36  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Ipswich,  and  107  NE. 
|of  London.  Lon.  1  30  E.,  lat.  52  35  N. 
i  Bungo,  kingdom  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of 
Ximo,  whose  capital  is  Lunay. 

Buniingford,  town  of  Eng.  in  Herts,  7  ms.  S. 
of  Royston,  and  31  N.  by  E.  of  London.  Lon, 
(/  E.,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Buragrag,  river  of  Barbary,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  the 
town  of  Sallee. 

Burdette,  village,  Tomkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  the 
fjost,  road  277  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Burella,  or  Civita  Burrdla,  a  town  of  Naples, 
n  Abruzzo  Citeriore,  20  ms.  S.  of  Lanciano. 
Lon.  14  48  E.,  lat,  41  58  N. 

Buren,  a  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  which 
jives  the  title  of  count  of  Buren  to  #he  prince  of 
Jrange.    It  is  22  ms.  W.  of  Nimeguen.    Lon.  5 

12  E.,  lat.  54  58  N.  Town  of  Westphalia,  in 

i.he  bishopric  of  Paderborn,  seated  on  the  Alme, 
10  me.  S.  of  Paderborn.    Lon.  8  53  E.,  lat.  63 

'16  N.  Town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  canton  of 

'Bern,  seated  on  the  river  Aar,  between  Arbergand 
Soleure. 

Burford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire,  on  the 


river  Windrush,  and  noted  for  the  making  of  sad- 
dles, and  for  the  downs  in  its  neighborhood.  It  is 
17  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Oxford,  and  71  W.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  I  33  W.,  lat.  51  49  N.  Tp.,  in 

Oxford  co.,  U.  C,  between  Windham  and  Dun- 
das  street. 

Buho,  in  German,  signifies  Caslellum,  a  fort, 
a  fortress,  and  Burg-grave,  the  commander  of  a 
Buito  having  full  power  from  the  emperor.  The 
Burgraves  commenced  under  the  Saxon  Othos,  be- 
tween A.  D.  961  and  1,002.  They  were  in  forti- 
fied towns,  and  the  district  appertaining  thereto, 
what  Counts  Palatin  were  in  large  provinces. 
They  became  hereditary  and  independent,  and  the 
Burg-graves  of  Magdeburg  and  Nuremberg  sat  in 
the  college  of  princes,  and  by  increase  of  power 
became  electors  of  Brandenburg,  and  finally  kings 
of  Prussia.  The  word  comes,  there  is  little  doubt, 


from  Berg,  a  hill  or  mountain. 


Town  of  the 


kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Zutphen,  seated  on 
the  01dYisel,18  ms.  E.  of  Nimeguen.  Lon.  6 
15  E.,  lat.  52  59  N.— See  art.  Graff. 

Burgaw,  town  and  castle  of  Suabia,  capital  of 
a  margravate  of  the  same  name.  It  belongs  to  the 
House  of  Bavaria,  and  is  26  ms.  W.  of  Augs- 
burg.   Lon.  10  25  E.,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Burgdorf,  town  of  Swisserland,  in  the  Canton 
of  Bern  ;  it  is  pretty  large,  and  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence 8  ms.  NE.  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  19  E.,  iat .  46 
58  N. 

Burgess,  town  of  Leeds  co.,  U.  C,  N.  from 
Bastard. 

Burgetstown,  small  village  in  Washington  co., 
Penn.,  18  ms.  NW.  from  Washington. 

Burgh-upon-  Sandx,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Cum- 
berland, near  Solway-Friih.  It  is  5  ms.  NW.  of 
Carlisle. 

Burgos,  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Old  Castile. 
The  squares,  public  buildings,  and  fountains,  are 
j  fine,  and  the  walks  agreeable.  It  is  seated  partly 
| on  a  mountain,  and  partly  on  the  river  Aronzon, 
95  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Leon,  and  1 17  N.  of  Madrid. 
Lon,  3  30  W.,  lat.  42  20  A. 

Bi?ii(i-onAVf. — See  Burg,  and  Graaf,  and 
Margrave. 

Burgundy,  late  province  of  Fr.,  which  now 
forms  the  3  departments  of  of  Cote'd'Or,  Saone, 
Loire,  and  Yonne.  It  is  112  ms.  in  length,  and 
75  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Franche 
Compte,  on  the  W.  by  Bourbonnois  and  Niver- 
nois,  on  ihe  S.  by  Lyonnois,  and  on  the  N.  by 
Champagne.  It  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruit-,  and  ex- 
cellent wines. 

Burhampour,  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Dec- 
can,  the  capital  of  Candeish,  and,  at  one  period, 
of  the  Deccan  also.  It  is  yet  a  flourishing  city, 
and  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  delightful  coun- 
try, 225  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Surat.  Lon.  76  19  E., 
lat.  21  25  N. 

Burick,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Clevesj,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  opposite  Wesel,  17 
ms.  SE.  of  Cleves.    Lon.  6  18  E.,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Burke,  town  in  the  northern  side  of  Caledonia 
co.,  Vt.,  on  Passampsick  river,  by  the  post  road 

88  ms.  NE.  from  Montpelier.  Co.  of  N.  C, 

bounded  by  Rutherford  S.,  Buncomb  W.  and 
NW.,  Wilkes  and  Iredell  NE.,  and  Lincoln  SE.  ; 
length  60,  mean  width  22,  area  1,320  sq.  ms. ; 
surface  hill v,  and  in  part  mountainous  ;  soil  varied  ; 

175 


BUR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


BUR 


staples,  grain,  flour,  and  salted  provisions;  chief 
town,  Morganton.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,411;  and  in 
1840,  15,799.    Central  lat.  35  40  N  ,  Ion.  W.  C. 

4  40  W.  Co.  ol  Georgia,  bounded  by  Ogechee 

river,  or  Emanuel  SW.,  Jefferson  NW.,  Rich- 
mond N.,  Savannah  river  E.,  and  Scriven  S.  ; 
length,  40  ms.  ;  mean  width,  24;  area,  960  sq. 
ms.  ;  surface  rather  waving,  and  soil  generally  of 
middling  quality  ;  chief  town,  Waynesborough. 
Pop.  in  1820,  11,570;  and  in  1840,  13,170. 
Central  lat.  33°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  15  W. 

Burkliausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Ba- 
varia, on  the  river  Saltz,  27  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Saltzburg.    Lon.  12  50  E.,  lat.  40  17  N. 

Burkes  Garden,  village,  Tazewell  co.,  Va., 
300  ms.  Y-V  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Burkesville,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Ky.,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  river;  post  road  146 
ms.  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Burkitfs,  post  office,  Jefferson  tp.,  southeast  part 
of  Adams  co.,  O  ,  20  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Ports- 
mouth, co.  seat  of  Sciota  co.,  and  about  15  SE.  by 
E.  from  West  Union. 

Burlingham,  post  office,  Bedford  tp.,  northern 
part  of  Meigs  co.,  O.,  8  or  9  ms.  N  W.  of  Chester, 
the  co.  seat,  and  15  ms.  SSE.  of  Athens,  co.  seat 
of  Athens  co. 

Burlington. — See  Bridlington. 

Burlington,  Buy,  forming  the  extreme  western 
part  of  Lake  Ontario,  or  rather  a  separate  lake,  as 
the  surf  has  thrown  up  a  bar  of  sand  and  pebbles. 
Over  the  outlet  a  good  bridge  has  been  erected. 

Burlington,  town,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Chittenden  co  ,  Vt.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake 
Champlain,  4  ms.  S.  of  Onion  river,  and  20  north- 
erly of  Vergennes.  The  situation  is  healthy  and 
pleasant,  which  induced  the  legislature  to  pass  a 
law  for  the  establishment  of  a  university  at  this 
town.  Beside  many  other  public  establishments, 
the  university  of  Vermont  is  located  in  this  town. 
It  has  a  library  exceeding  1,000  volumes,  and  a 
philosophical  apparatus,  and  is  under  the  govern- 
ment of  a  president,  5  professors,  and  2  tutors.  In- 
come about  $1,200  annually,  arising  chiefly  from 

laud.    Students  about  30.  Town,  Middlesex 

Cf>,  Mass.  Pop.  in  1810,  471  ;  in  1820,  503.  

Town,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,467; 

in  1820,  1,360.  Town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  2,457.  Co.,  N.  J.,  bounded  by 

the  Atlantic  ocean  SE.,  Gloucester  co.  SW.,  Dela- 
ware river  and  Huntington  co.  NW.,  and  Middle- 
sex and  Monmouth  cos.  NE.  ;  length  40,  mean 
width  12|  ms.  ;  area,  500  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  gene- 
rally levef,  and  soil  sandy,  though  productive.  The 
staples  of  this  co.  are  grain,  flour,  salted  provisions, 
with  hay,  garden  vegetables,  fruit,  and  other  neces- 
saries for  the  Philadelphia  market.  Chief  towns, 
Mount  Holly  and  Turlington.  Pop.  in  1810, 
32,831.    Central  lat.  39  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  20 

E.  City,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  seated  on  the 

SE.  bank  of  the  river  Delaware,  opposite  Bristol, 
and  20  ms.  above  Philadelphia.  It  was  founded 
in  1677,  and  called  New  Beverly.  The  municipal 
jurisdiction  is  vested  in  a  mayor  and  aldermen. 
There  is  an  episcopal  church,  two  or  three  meeting- 
houses, and  a  considerable  brewery.  Tp.,  Bur- 
lington co.,  N.   J.,  including  Burlington  city. 

Pop.  in  1810,  2,419;  in  1820,  3,758.  Town, 

Bradford  co.,  Pa.     Pop.  in  1820,  560.— -Tp., 
17G 


Monroe  i 
Pop.  in 


Lawrence  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  140.  Village 

in  this  tp.,  is  the  co.  seat  of  Lawrence  co.,  and  the 
most  southern  town  of  the  State  of  O.    It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  bank  of  Ohio  river,  and  nearly  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Big  Sandy  and  Catlettsburg,  in  Ky 
N.  lat.  38  34,  lon.  W.  C.  5  20  W.    Pop.  250. 

 Small  town,  Belmont  co.,  O.,  4  ms.  above 

Wheeling.  Tp.,  Licking  co.,  Ohio.  Tp., 

Geauga  co.,  O.  Village  and  seat  of  justice, 

j Lawrence  co.,  O.,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio 
I  river,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  co.,  75  ins. 
I  southeasterly  from  Chillicothe,  and  110  in  the  same 
| direction  from  Columbus.    Lat.  38  30  IN.,  Ion. 

W.  C.  5  27  W.  Village,  Greene  co.,  Ia.,  on 

the  W.  Fork  of  While  river,  50  ms.  NE.  from 
Vincennes,  and  by  the  post  road  72  SW.  from 

Columbus.  Village,  Boone  co.,  Ky.,  14  ms. 

SW.  from  Oincinna  i,  and  by  the  post  road,  83  a 
little  E.  of  N.  from  Frankfort. 

Burmah. — See  Birmah. 

Burnt  Cabins,  village,  Bedford  co.,  Pa. 

Burncoat  island,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop. 
in  1820,  218. 

Burnett's  Corners,  post  office,  eastern  part  ol 
Cuyahoga  co.,  O.,  13  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from 
Cleveland. 

Burnt  Corn,  town  and  seat  of  justice 
co.,  Alabama. 

Burillsville,  town,  Providence,  R.  I. 
1810,  1,834;  in  1820,  2,164. 

Burnham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  near  the 
sea,  29  ms.  NW.  of  Norwich,  and  126  NE.  oi 

London.    Lon.  48'  E.,  lat  53  4  N.  Town  ol 

Eng.,  in  Essex,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Crouch, 
which  is  here  called  Burnham  Water,  11  ms.  SJ5. 
of  Maiden. 

Burnley,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  35  ms. 
SE.  of  Lancasier,  and  208  NNW.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  15  W.,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Burntisland,  borough  of  Scot.,  in  Fifeshire,  an' 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  with  an  excellent  harbor.  It  is 
seated  under  a  stupendous  rock,  10  ms.  NW.  ol 
Edinburgh.    Lon.  3  5  W.,  lat.  56  8  N. 

Burrampooter,  river  of  Asia,  which  rises  neai 
the  head  of  the  Ganges,  in  the  mountains  of  Thi- 
bet. It  first  takes  its  course  to  the  E.,  directly  op 
posite  to  that  of  the  Ganges,  and  winding  with  a 
rapid  current  through  Thibet,  where  it  is  named 
Sampoo,  or  Zanchin,  it  washes  the  border  of  the 
territory  of  Lassa,  and  proceeds  SE.  to  within  22C 
ms.  of  Yunan,  the  westernmost  province  of  China: j 
then  turning  suddenly  to  the  W.,  through  Assam, 
it  enters  Bengal  on  the  NE.,  where  it  assumes  the 
name  of  Burrampooter.  It  then  makes  a  circle 
round  the  western  point  of  the  Garrow  mountains, 
and  altering  its  course  to  S.  meets  the  Ganges, 
about  40  ms.  from  the  sea,  after  having  meandered 
for  more  than  2,000  ms.  During  the  last  60  ms. 
before  its  junction  with  the  Ganges,  it  forms  a 

earn  which  is  regularly  from  4  to  5  ms.  wide, 
and  but  for  its  freshness  might  pass  for  an  arm  o 
the  sea.  Hie  Ganges  is  better  known  than  the 
Burrampooter;  but,  as  delineated  on  our  best  maps 
it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  is  the  main  stream 
Measured  by  a  comparative  scale,  the  valley  of  tht 
Burrampooter  is  about  1,400  ms.  in  length;  and, 
being  a  mountain  river,  the  volume  of  water  dis 
charged  at  its  mouth  is  enormous.  The  valley  o 
this  great  river  lies  between  N.  lat.  22°  and  33  30. 


BUS 


(JE0C1R Arillt'AL  DICTIONARY. 


BUT 


Bursa,  or  Prusa,  one  of  the  largest  cities  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  capital  of  Becsangil.  It  stands 
ipon  several  little  hills,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olym- 
pus, and  on  the  edge  of  a  line  plain  full  of  fruit 
tees.  The  mosques  are  elegant,  as  are  the  cara- 
vansaries. Bursa  is  99  ms.  S.  of  Constantinople. 
Lon.  29  5  E.,  lat.  40  5  N. 

Burton,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Lincolnshire,  near  the 
ivcr  Trent,  30  nis.  N.  of  Lincoln,  and  164  N.  by 

VV.  of  London.    Lon.  36'  W.,  lat.  53  40  N.  

Town  of  Eng.,  in  Westmoreland,  in  a  valley,  near 
i  hill  called  Farleton-Knothill,  1  I  ms.  N.  of  Lan- 
safcter,  and  247  NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  50 

W.,  lat.  54  10  N.  Flourishing  town,  Geauga 

n.,  O.,  about  12  or  13  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from 
Ularidon,  the  co.  seat,  and  14  ms.  SSW.  from 
Dhardou,  co.  seat  of  Geauga  co.  It  is  principally 
settled  with  farmers,  and  contains  the  village  of  Bur- 
ton, in  which  is  the  post  office.  Pop.  in  1810,  517; 

u  1820,506,  and  in  1840,  1,022  Tp.,  Stafford 

jo.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in  1810,  194;  in  1820,  209. 

Burtonsvilk,  village,  Orange  co.,  Va.,  about  70 
!  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

j  Burton  upon-Trent,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Stalford- 
ihire,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Litchfield,  and  124  NNW. 
)t  London.    Lon.  I  40  W.,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Burville,  village  Anderson  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the 
IN.  side  of  Clinch  river,  30  ms.  N.  of  Knoxvillc. 

Bury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  on  the  Ir- 
Ivell,  and  noted  for  its  fustian  manufacture,  and 
kj.he  coarse  goods  called  half-thicks  and  kerseys, 
feury  is  36  ins.  SE.  of  Lancaster,  and  190  NNW. 
P.)f  London.    Lon.  2  24  W.,  lat.  53  36  N. 

Bury  St.  Edmunds,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Suf- 
folk. The  situation  is  very  pleasant,  and  the  air 
is  supposed  to  be  the  best  in  England.  The  as- 
sizes are  held  here.  It  is  14  ms.  E.  of  Newmar- 
ket, and  72  NNE.  of  Loudon.  Lon.  0  46  E., 
Mat  52  22  N. 

Bush,  email  river  in  Harford  co.,  Md.,  which 
falls  into  Chesapeake  bay  near  its  head. 

Bushkill,  creek,  Northampton  co.,  Pa.,  falling' 
into  the  Delaware  at  Easton.  It  is  between  20  j 
I  and  30  ms.  long,  and  one  of  the  finest  mill  streams  \ 

•  in  the  State.  Tp.  Northampton  co..  Pa.  Pop. 

U820,  1,262.  Post  office  Pike  co.,  Pa.,  25  ms. 

iSE.  from  Milford,  and  about  40  above  Easton. 

Bushkirlcs  Bridge,  post  office  Washington  co., 
.N.  Y.,  34  ms.  N.  from  Albany. 

Bushville,  village  Franklin  co.,  Ga.,  and  by  the 
ipost  road  126  ms.  N.  from  Milledgeville. 

Bushwick,  tp.  King's  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  1820, 

030.  Village  King's  co.,  Long  Island,  N.  Y., 

'3  ms.  from  Brooklyn,  and  nearly  opposite  to  Cor- 
ner's Hook,  part  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Bussletown,  village  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.,  11 
ms.  JN.  by  E.  of  the  city,  with  about  20  dwelling 
'houses. 

Bustard,  river  of  L.  C,  enters  St.  Lawrence 
near  Manicouigan  Point. 

'  Busti,  village  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  350  ms.  a 
little  S.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Buteshire,  co.  of  Scotland,  consisting  of  the 
iislands  of  Bute,  Arran,  Inchmarnoc,  and  some 
others  of  smaller  note,  which  lie  in  the  Frith  of 
Clyde.  They  are  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures,  and 
there  is  a  considerable  herring  fishery.  This  shire 
sends  a  member  to  Parliament  alternately  with 
Caithnesshire.  Area  200  sq.  ins.  Pop.  1801, 
23* 


11,791,  in  1811,  12,033,  and  in  1821,  13,797; 
to  the  sq.  m.,  68. 

Butler,  co.  of  Pa.,  between  the  Alleghany  and 
Beaver  rivers,  bounded  S.  by  Alleghany,  W.  by 
Beaver,  NW.  by  Mercer,  N.  by  Venango,  and  E. 
by  Armstrong ;  length  35  ms.,  mean  width  24, 
area  840  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  but  soil  general- 
ly fertile  and  well  watered.  Staples,  grain,  flour, 
whiskey,  fruit,  live  stock,  and  salted  provisions. 
Chief  town  Butler.  Pop.  1820,  10,251,  and  in 
1840,  22,378.    Central  lat.  40  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

2  50  W.  Tp.  Butler  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1810, 

458,  and  in  1820,  472.  Borough  and  village 

in  Butler  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1810,  225.  Co.  of 

Ohio,  bounded  by  Preble  N.,  Montgomery  NE  , 
Warren  E.,  Hamilton  S.,  and  Dearborn,  Indiana, 
SW.,  and  Franklin,  Indiana,  NW.;  area  480  sq. 
ms.  The  surface  of  this  co.  is  agreeably  diversi 
fied  by  hill  and  level,  though  only  on  the  SW. 
quarter  do  hills  of  any  considerable  elevation  rise, 
and  there  but  comparatively  with  the  general  level 
of  central  and  western  Ohio.  The  Great  Miami 
enters  near  the  northeastern,  and,  after  meander- 
ing diagonally  through  it,  leaves  the  co.  near  the 
southeastern  angle.  The  Miami  canal,  following 
the  valley  of  Mill  creek  12  ms.,  and  thence  over  a 
level  country  16  ms.,  reaches  near  the  bank  of 
Miami  river  at  Hamilton,  the  county  seat  of  Butler 
co. ,  and  thence  up  the  general  course  of  Miami 
river,  leaves  the  co.  a  short  distance  above  Middle  - 
town.  This  was  amongst  the  first  civilized  settle 
ments  in  Miami  valley,  and  has  preserved  an  ad 
vancc  commensurate  with  its  date.  In  lat.  it  ex- 
lends  from  39  20  to  39  35  N.,  and  in  Ion-  from 
W.  C.  from  7  14  to  7  43  W.  Chief  town  Ham 
ilton.  Pop.  1820,  21,746,  in  1830,  27,000  and 
in  1840,  28,173. 

Butler,  tp.  in  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 

1810,  516,  and  in  1820,  998.  Co.  of  Ky., 

on  Green  river,  bounded  S.  by  Logan,  W.  by 
Muhlenberg,  NW.  by  Ohio,  NE.  by  Grayson, 
and  SE.  by  Warren  ;  length  33  ms.,  mean  width 
25,  area  825  sq.  ms.  Surface  gently  waving,  or 
hilly  ;  soil  fertile.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  fruit,  live 
stock,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief  town  Morgan  • 
town.    Pop.  1820,  3,083,  and  in  1840,  3,898. 

Central  lat.  37  30,  ion.  W.  C.  9  30  W.  Co. 

of  Ala.,  bounded  S.  by  Cunecuh,  W.  by  Monroe 
and  Wilcox,  Montgomery  N.,  and  by  Henry  E.; 
length  63  ms.,  mean  width  30,  area  1,900  sq. 
ms.  Surface  generally  flat  or  gently  rolling,  with 
a  thin  soil,  except  along  the  streams.  Staple,  cot- 
ton. Pop.  1820,  1,405,  and  in  1840,  8,685. 
Central  lat.  31  45,  lon.  W.  C.  9  30  W. 

Broad  Mountain,  or  fourth  large  ridge  from  the 
Blue  Mount,  commences  its  eastern  extremity  in 
Northampton  co.,  near  the  head  of  Pokono  creek, 
and  crosses  the  Lehigh  at  the  "Turn  Hole,"  ex- 
tends westerly  to  the  river  Schuylkill.  Its  average 
height  is  about  1,000  feet  above  its  base. 

Butrago,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 'seated 
on  the  Lozoya,  30  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
35  W.,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Butrinto,  ancient  Buthrotum,  seaport  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Albania,  on  the  canal  of  Corfu, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  30  ms.  S. 
of  Chirmera.    Lon.  20  9  E.,  lat.  39  40  N 

Butler  Island,  tp.  Hancock  co.,  Maine.  Pop, 
1810,  10,  in  1820,  11. 

177 


CAA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAB 


Cubarras  C.  H.,  Cabarras  co.,  N.  C.- 
Concord,  Cabarras  co. 

Cabarras,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Montgc 
ery  SE,,  Mecklenburg  SW.,  Iredell  NW., 
Chowan  N.    It  is  in  form  of  a  triangle,  24  by 


Butter  tp.  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1820,  328. 

 Tp.  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1820, 

1,646. 

Butttrmere  Water,  lake  of  Eng.,  in  Cumber- 
land, 8  ms.  SW.  of  Keswick,  2  ms.  long,  and 

nearly  1  broad.  This  lake  is  called  the  Upper  and  extending  over  an  area  of  240  sq.'ms.  ;  i 
Lake,  and  near  a  mile  from  it,  to  the  NE.,  is  the!  face  broken,  and  even  in  part  mountainous,  wi 
Lower,  called  Cromach  water.  S0H  0f  middling  quality.    Chief  town  Con 

Buttermilk  Falls,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  so  called  [Pop.  in  1820,  7,228,  and  in  1840,  9,259. 
from  the  color  of  the  water;  below  it  is  a  fall  of,  tral  lat,  35  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  40  W. 
about  15  feet,  over  a  rock  formed  by  a  creek  of  thej     Cabeca  de  Vide,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  All 
same  name,  on  which  are  some  fine  mills.  |  tejo,  with  a  castle,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Portalegro 

Butter  Nutts,  town  in  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.' 
1820,  3,661,  and  in  1840,  4,057. 

Butierworth,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  2 
ms.  from  Rockdale.    Pop.  4,827. 

Button's  Islands,  in  Hudson's  strait.  Lon. 
W.  C.  11  50  E.,  60  30  N. 


C  abb  hi  Point,  village  in  Surry  co.,  Va. — i 
Cabin  Point. 

Cabell,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Ohio  river  NW., 
Mason  and  Kenhawa  NE.,  Giles  and  Tazewell 
SE,,  and  by  Kentucky,  or  Big  Sandy  river  SW. 


length  50  ms.,  mean  width  35,  area  1,750  sq.  ins. 
Button's  Bay,  the  N.  part  of  Hudson's  bay,  j  It  is  a  mountainous,  hilly,  and  rocky  region,  wi 


through  which  attempts  have  been  made  to  discover 
a  N  W.  passage  to  China.  It  is  so  called  from  Sir 
Thomas  Button,  who  here  lost  his  ship,  and  came 
back  in  a  sloop  built  in  the  country.  It  lies  be- 
tween 60°  and  66°  N.  lat. 

Butzaw,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Schwerin,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Rostock.  Lon.  11  55 
E.,  lat.  54°  N. 

Burtztown,  village  Northampton  co.,  Pa. 

Buxton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Peak.  The  warm  waters  of  Bux- 
ton are  the  bath,  consisting  of  9  springs,  St. 
Anne's  well,  and  St.  Peter's  well,  32  ms,  NW.  of 
Derby,  and  160  NNW.  of  London.— -Town 
York  co.,  Me.,  near  the  mouth  of  Saco  river,  and 
about  115  ms.  northeastward  from  Boston.  Pop. 
1810,  2,324,  in  1820,  2,590. 

Buzbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  Weleravia,  and 
in  the  co.  of  Solms,  29  ms.  N.  bv  E.  of  Franc 
lort.    Lon.  8  44  E.,  lat.  50  23  N^ 

Buzzard's  Bay,  noted  bay  on  the  coast  of  Mass. 
running  up  between  Bristol  co.  and  the  peninsula 
of  Barnstable. 

Byberry,  tp.  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1 
765,  in  1820,  876. 

Byfield,  village  Essex  co.,  Mass.  Dummcr 
Academy,  and  an  academy  for  young  ladies,  are 
located  at  this  place. 

Bychoic,  town  of  Lithuania,  on  the  Dnieper, 
180  ms.  SW.  of  Wilna.  Lon.  30°  E.,  lat.  53 
38  N. 

Byrd,  one  of  the  southeastern  townships  of 
Brown  co.,  Ohio.  For  post  towns  in  this  tp.,  see 
Decatur  and  Russelville. 

Byrnville,  village  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  31  ms. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Byron,  village  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y. 

Byzantium.    See  Constantinople. 


c. 


[ipT  Proper  names,  particularly  those  derived  from  the 
Arabic,  are  olten  spelt  with  a  K  or  C  indifferently  ;  therefore 
those  which  cannot  be  found  under  one  of  these  letters  may 
be  sought  tor  under  the  other.] 

Caana,  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  river  Nile,  whence 
they  transport  corn  and  pulse  to  Mecca.  Some 
tine  monuments,  covered  with  hieroglyphical  cha- 
racters, have  been  found  here.  It  is  320  ms.  S.  of 
Cairo.  Lon,  20  23  E.,  lat.  26  30  N. 
178 


much  fertile  soil,  well-watered  and  wooded.  Pop. 
in  1820,  4,779,  and  in  1340,  8,163.  Central  lat. 
38°  N-,  and  5°  W.  of  W.  C,  intersect  near  the 
centre  of  this  county. 

Cabell  C,  H.  and  post  office  in  Caboll  co.,  Vs., 
by  the  post  road  300  ms.  W.  from  Richmond,  a 
Cabcllo,  or  Cavello  Porto,  seaport  of  Colombia, 
in  the  province  of  Venezuela.  It  has  an  excellent 
harbor,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Gulf  of  Triste,  85  ms, 
W.  from  Caraccas,  Lon.  W.  C.  9  10  E.,  lat.  10 
25  N. 

Cabenda,  seaport  of  Africa,  in  Congo,  100  mi?. 
SE.  of  Loango,  subject  to  Portugal.  Lon.  12  2 
E.,  lat.  4  5  S. 

Cabin  Point,  village  in  Surry  co.,  Va.,  30  ms. 
SE.  by  E.  from  Petersburg,  and  49  SE.  from  Kich- 
mond. 

Cabotia,  or  British  North  America,  N.  from 
the  limits  of  the  United  States,  This  comprehen- 
sive term  has  been  adopted  by  the  British  geogra- 
phers, and  includes  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
Lower  Canada,  Upper  Canada,  East  Maine,  New 
South  Wales,  and  all  other  British  territories  in 
North  America,  from  those  we  have  named  to  the 
extreme  known  regions  towards  the  Northern 
ocean. — See  articles  New  South  Wales. 

Cabott,  village  in  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  40  ins. 
NE.  from  Montpelier. 

Cabot's  Head,  U.  C,  very  large  promontory 
running  into  Lake  Huron,  W.  of  Gloucester,  or 
Matchedash  bay,  and  embays  a  large  part  of  that 
lake  at  the  easternmost  extremity,  stretching  itself 
towards  the  Manitou  islands. 

Cabreria,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  about  7 
ms.  S.  of  Majorca.  It  is  a  large  harbor,  defended 
by  a  strong  castle. 

Cabul,  or,  more  correctly  to  give  the  sound  ac- 
cording to  English  orthography,  Caubool,  and 
found  written  in  different  geographical  works  Ca- 
baul,  Caubaul,  Caboul,  Khaboul,  &c,  a  city  of 
Asia,  and  at  present  capital  of  the  country  of  the 
Afghans,  to  which  it  also  gives  name.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  high  table  land,  from  which  flow  to 
the  eastward  a  branch  of  the  Indus,  and  to  the 
westward  the  extreme  sources  of  the  Heermend 
into  the  sea  of  Dunah,  "  Cabool,"  says  Mr. 
Burnes,  "  is  upwards  of  6,000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea."  The  same  author  describes  the  spring 
as  fully  advanced  there  early  in  Mav,  and  the  city 
as  healthful.    N.  lat,  34  20,  long".  69  0.  Pop. 


CAD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAE 


60,000.  From  its  position,  Cabo^ol,  or  Caubool, 
must  be  always  a  place  of  commercial  and  political 
•onsequence. — See  article  Asia,  head  Persic  re- 
gion. 

i   In  the  region  containing  Cabul,  the  rivers  seem 
Ho  struggle  through  narrow  and  excessively  preci- 
pitous passes.    Jellalabad,  a  poor,  dirty  town, 
stands  upon  the  Cabul  river,  105  ms.  from  the  city 
Ibf  Cabul.    The  road  (between  the  two  places) 
ii ns  through  very  difficult  passes  of  the  mountains, 
tnd  from  7,000  to  8,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
he  sea.    The  defile  of  Tazeen  is  8,200  feet  above 
he  level  of  the  sea,  and  the  surface  of  the  river  was 
dready  skimmed  over  with  ice  on  the  8th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1841, — Henry  Wheaton, — See  Asia,  p.  84, 
|  -lead  Cabulistan. 

Cacaoa,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  with  a 
oil  upon  a  rock.  The  Moors  retook  it  from  the 
Spaniards  in  1534.    Lon.  2  53  W.,  lat.  35  2  N. 

Caceres,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  famous 
or  its  fine  wool,  and  seated  on  the  Sabrot,  22  ms. 
*E.  of  Alcantara.    Lon.  5  44  E.,  lat.  39  1 1  N. 

Cachan,  or  Cashan,  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
^.gemi,  where  they  carry  on  a  considerable  trade 
a  silks,  silver,  and  gold  brocades,  and  fine  earth- 
nware.  It  is  seated  in  a  vast  plain,  55  ms.  N.  by 
V.  of  Ispahan.    Lon.  51  55  E.,  lat.  33  20  N. 

Cachao,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same 
lame,  in  Tonquin,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river 
loti,  80  ms.  from  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  The  fac- 
>ries  purchase  silks  and  lacquered  ware,  as  in 
Jhina.    Lon.  105  31  E.,  lat.  22  10  N. 

Cache,  tp.  and  settlement  in  Philips  co.,  Ark., 
n  White  river.    Pop.  in  1820,  178. 
i   Cacoho,  town  in  Negroland,  seated  on  the  river 
'it.  Domingo.   It  is  subject  to  the  Portuguese,  who 
ave  three  forts,  and  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  flax 
nd  slaves.    Lon.  14  55  E.,  lat.  12  0  N. 

Cackky's,  post  office  in  Bath  co,,  Va.,  by  post 
Dad  211  ms.  NW.  by  W,  from  Richmond. 

Cacongo,  small  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  river 
j'.aire.  The  inhabitants  have  a  considerable  trade, 
nd  their  manners,  religion,  and  government,  are 
pe  same  as  those  in  Loango.  It  lies  in  lat.  5°  S. 
j  Cacorla,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the 
Ijivulet  Vega,  between  two  mountains.  It  is  15 
Ikiles  ESE.  of  Ubeda.  Lon,  2  55  E.,  lat.  37 
0  N. 

Caddo,  town  in  Clark's  co.,  Ark.  Pop.  in 
820,  617. 

Cadenac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot,  and 
ite  province  of  Querci,  on  the  river  Lot,  27  ms. 
IINE.  of  Cahors.    Lon.  2  0  E.,  lat.  44  32  N. 
k|  Cadenet,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Mouths 
:  f  the  Rhone,  28  ms.  SE.  of  Avignon.    Lon.  5 
,.0  E.,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Cadillac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gironde, 
<  nd  late  province  of  Guienne,  on  the  Garonne, 
'ith  a  handsome  castle,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Bordeaux, 
■on.  0  22  W.,  lat.  44  40  N 

Cadiz,  a  large  and  rich  city  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
isia,  with  a  good  harbor,  well  sheltered.  The  city  is 
Bated  on  an  island  18  ms.  in  length  and  9  in 
readth ;  but  the  northwest  end,  where  the  city 
>:ands,  is  not  2  broad.  It  has  a  communication 
'ith  the  continent  by  a  bridge.  The  bay  formed 
y  it  is  12  ms.  in  length  and  6  in  breadth.  The 
3uth  side  is  inaccessible  by  sea,  because  it  is  edg- 
d  with  craggy  rocks ;  and  two  forts,  the  Puntal 


and  Malagorda,  command  the  passage  into  the  har- 
bor. The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  100,000. 
It  is  a  very  ancient  place,  being  built  by  the  Phe- 
nicians ;  it  was  afterwards  a  Roman  town,  and 
there  are  still  several  remains  of  Roman  antiqui- 
ties.  It  is  65  ms.  N  W.  of  Gibraltar,  and  90  S.  by 

W.  of  Malaga.  Lon.  6  11  W.,  lat.  36  31  N.  ■ 

Village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Harrison  co.,  Ohio, 
is  a  thriving  town,  in  a  tp.  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  road  from  Wheeling  to  New  Philadelphia,  and 
on  that  from  Steubenville  to  Cambridge  and  Zanes 
ville,  24  ms.  westward  of  Steubenville,  21  NW. 
of  Wheeling,  13  a  very  little  E.  of  N.  from  St, 
Clairsville,  40  northeastward  of  Cambridge,  and 
33  SE.  of  New  Philadelphia.  The  situation 
of  Cadiz  is  high,  dry,  and  pleasant,  and  the  town 
has  an  air  of  activity  and  neatness  which  bespeak 
prosperity.  An  inexhaustible  stratum  of  most  ex- 
cellent coal  extends  under  this  town,  It  possesses 
the  usual  county  buildings,  several  churches,  and 
many  fine  private  houses.  Pop,  in  1820,  537  ;  in 
1830,  818;  and  in  1840,  1,028.  N.  lat,  40  20, 
lon,  almost  exactly  4°  W.  of  W.  C— -Village 
and  seat  of  justice  in  Trigg  co.,  Ky*,  on  Little 
river,  by  post  road  232  ms,  SW.  from  Frankfort, 

Cado,  post  office  in  Clark  co,,  Ark,,  60  ms, 
from  Little  Rock. 

Cadore,  the  capital  of  the  district  of  Cadorino, 
in  Italy,  15  ms.  N.  of  Belluno.  Lon,  12  0  E,, 
lat.  46  28  N. 

Cadorino,  province  in  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Venice,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Friuli  proper,  on 
the  S.  by  the  Bellunese,  and  on  the  N.  by  Brixen, 
The  chief  town  is  Cadore. 

Cadron,  tp.  in  Pulaski  co.,   Ark.    Pop.  in 

1820,  717. 

Cadsaud,  island  on  the  north  coast  of  Flanders, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt,  which  river  it  com- 
mands. 

Cadwallader,  post  office  in  the  village  of  West- 
chester, southeasternmost  angle  of  Tuscarawas  co,, 
Ohio.,  about  20  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Cadiz, 
and  15  ms.  NE.  from  Cambridge, 

Caen,  considerable  city  in  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Calvados,  and  late  province  of  Lower  Normandy, 
of  which  it  was  the  capital.  It  has  a  celebrated 
university  and  an  academy  of  literature,  and  the 
inhabitants  are  computed  at  40,000.  The  river 
Orne  runs  through  the  city,  to  which  the  tide 
brings  up  large  vessels.  It  is  65  ms.  W.  by  S.  of 
Rouen,  and  125  W.  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  17  W„  lat. 
49  UN. 

Caer,  for  some  places  that  begin  thus,  as  Caer- 
diff,  see  under  Car. 

Caernarvon,  tp.  in  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.  It  is 
watered  by  Little  Conestogoe  creek,  and  bounds  on 
Berks  co.  on  the  NE.    Pop.  about  1,000. 

Caermarthenshire,  co.  of  South  Wales,  48  ms. 
long  and  25  broad,  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  It  is  bound- 
ed S.  by  Bristol  channel,  W.  by  Pembrokeshire, 
N.  by  Cardiganshire,  and  E.  by  Brecknockshire 
and  Glamorganshire.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Towy,  Cothy,  and  Tave  ;  of  which  the  first  abounds 
with  excellent  salmon.  It  contains  228,000  acres  ; 
is  divided  into  8  hundreds  and  145  parishes,  and 
has  6  market  towns.  In  1801,  the  inhabitants 
amounted  to  67,317;  in  1811,  to  77,287;  and  in 

1821,  to  90,239.  It  abounds  with  ancient  forts, 
camps,  and  tumuli.    Near  Caermarthen,  towards 

179 


CAP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAI 


the  E.,  may  be  seen  several  vast  caverns,  suppos- 
ed to  have  been  copper  mines  of  the  Romans.  Near 
this  spot  is  a  fountain,  which  ebbs  and  flows  twice 
in  24  hours.  The  counly  and  cily  send  each  a 
member  to  Parliament. 

Caer  mart  hen,  borough  of  Wales,  capital  of  Ca* 
ermarthenshire,  ou  the  Towy,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge,  lo  which  small  vessels  may  come  up.  | 
Oaermarthen  is  a  county  of  itself,  governed  by  a 
mayor.  There  are  iron  and  tin  mines  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. It  is  24  ms.  SE.  of  Cardigan,  and  220 
W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  4  23  W.,  lat.  92 
12  N. 

Caernarvonshire,  co.  of  North  Wales,  bounded 
on  the  N.  and  W.  by  the  sea,  on  the  8.  by  Merion- 
ethshire, and  on  the  E.  divided  from  Denbighshire 
by  the  river  Conway.  It  is  about  50  ms.  in  length 
and  20  in  breadth.  It  contains  310,000  acres  ;  is 
divided  into  7  hundreds  and  68  parishes  ;  has  one 
city  and  five  market  town.?,  and  sends  two  members 
to  Parliament.  In  1801,  the  inhabitants  amount- 
ed to  41,521  ;  in  1811,  to  49,336  ;  and  in  1821, 
to  57,958.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Conway 
and  Seint,  This  county  being  the  most  rugged 
district  of  North  Wales,  may  be  truly  called  the 
British  Alps.  Its  central  part  is  occupied  by  the 
famed  Snowdon,  and  the  prospects  around  are  rude 
and  savage  in  the  highest  degree,  but  not  without 
a  mixture  of  beauty,  when  the  dimensions  of  the 
vales  admit  the  varieties  of  wood,  water,  and  mea- 
dows. The  soil  in  the  valleys  on  the  side  next 
Ireland  is  pretty  fertile,  especially  in  barley  ;  great 
numbers  of  black  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  are  fed 
on  the  mountains;  and  the  sea,  lakes,  and  rivers, 
abound  with  variety  of  fish.  Copper  mines  have 
been  worked  in  various  parts  of  these  mountains, 
as  well  as  lead,  and  quantities  of  stone,  excellent 
for  hones,  are  dug  near  Snowdon  ;  to  the  dreary 
region  of  which  the  rich  vale  of  Conway  below 
forms  a  pleasing  contrast.  The  chief  manufacture 
is  woolen  cloth. 

Caernarvon,  borough  and  seaport  of  Wales,  cap- 
ital of  Caernarvonshire,  on  a  strait  of  the  sea,  call- 
ed Menai,  near  its  entrance  into  Caernarvon  bay, 
and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with  Ireland 
and  the  principal  English  ports.  Caernarvon  is 
governed  by  the  constable  of  the  castle,  who  is  al- 
ways mayor.  Here  are  salt  water  baths,  and  ele- 
gant hot  and  cold  baths,  which  are  much  frequent- 
ed during  the  season.  It  is  7  ms.  SW.  of  Bangor, 
and  244  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  4  20  W.,  lat. 
53  8  N. 

Caerleon,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Monmouthshire,  on 
the  Usk,  19  ms.  SW.  from  Monmouth,  and  148 
W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  3  0  W.,lat.  51  40  N. 

Caerphilly,  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire, 
between  the  Taafe  and  Rumney,  7  ms.  N.  of  Car- 
diff, and  1 60  W.  of  London. 

Caerwent,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Monmouthshire, 
4  ms.  SW.  of  Chepstow.  It  is  the  Venta  Silu- 
rum  of  the  Romans. 

Caorwys,  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire,  5  ms. 
W.  of  Flint,  and  212  NW.  of  London. 

Caesar's  Creek,  tp.  in  Greene  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
in  1810,  649;  in  1820,  1,131. 

Caffa,  or  Theodosia,  the  largest  town  of  the 
Crimea,  with  an  excellent  road  and  harbor.  Caffa 
was  the  Theodosia  of  the  ancients,  a  name  which 
has  been  restored  to  it  since  the  Russians  became 
180 


possessed  of  the  Crimea.  It  contains  about 
20,000  inhabitants,  and  is  constantly  well  garri- 
soned. The  trade  consists  in  wax,  fur--,  lambskin 
leather,  and  horses.  Caffa  is  situated  on  a  bay  of 
the  Black  Sea,  at  the  foot  of  some  high  mountain, 
65  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Sevastopol,  and  130  SE.  of 
Precop.    Lon.  35  20  E.,  lat.  45°  N. 

Caffxj,  Strait  of,  the  ancient  Cimmerian  Bos. 
phorus,  a  strait  that  forms  the  communication  be- 
tween the  Black  Sea,  and  the  sea  of  Asoph. 

Caffraria,  or  Kaffraria. — See  Africa,  pages 
26,  27,  28,  &c. 

Cagli,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines, 
1 20  ms.  S.  of  Urbino.    Lon.  12  42  E.,  lat.  43 

26  N. 

Cagliari,  ancient  and  rich  city,  capital  of  Sar- 
dinia, with  an  archbishop's  see,  a  university,  a 
castle,  and  a  good  harbor,    Lon.  9  14  E.,  lat.  39 

27  N. 

Cahaba,  river  of  Ala.,  rises  in  the  angle  be- 
tween the  Coosa  branch  of  Alabama,  and  the  Black 
Warrior  branch  of  Tombigbee  rivers,  and  flowing 
S.  over  Shelby,  Cahaba,  and  Dallas  counties,  join* 
the  Alabama  at  the  town  of  Cahaba  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  120  ms.    It  waters  much  good 

land.  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Dallas  co., 

Ala.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cahaba,  on  the  left  bank 
of  Alabama  river.  It  was  the  seat  of  government 
for  the  State,  until  recently  the  Legislature  of  Ala- 
bama have  removed  it  to  Tuscaloosa. 

Cqhoes  Falls,  in  the  Mohawk,  3  ms.  above  it! 
junction  with  the  Hudson  at  Waterford.  Thede 
scent  is  about  70  feet.  It  is  a  sublime  and  inter 
esting  feature  in  American  scenery. 

Cahokia,  village,  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  on  th< 
E.  side  of  the  river  Mississippi,  64  ms.  N.  by  "W 
of  Kaskaskias,  and  5  from  St.  Louis. 

Cahors,  considerable  town  of  France,  in  tb< 
department  of  Lot,  and  late  province  of  Querci, 
with  a  university.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsuk 
made  by  the  river  Lot,  and  built  partly  on  a  craggy 
rock.  There  are  3  bridges  over  the  river.  Th« 
cathedral  is  a  Gothic  structure,  and  has  a  large 
square  steeple.  Cahors  is  50  ms.  NW.  of  Alby. 
and  287  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  32  E.,  lat.  44 
26  N. 

Cajanaburg,  capital  of  E.  Bothnia,  in  Sweden, 
on  lake  Cajania,  300  ms.  NE.  of  Abo.  Lon.  21 
45  E.,  lat.  64  13.  N. 

Cajazzo,  or  Cajizzo,  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terri  di  Lavoia,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Naples.  Lon 
14  34  E.,  lat.  41  10  N. 

Caicos,  islands  of  the  West  Indies,  to  the  N. 
of  St.  Domingo,  which  take  their  name  from  tht 
principal  one.  Lon.  W.  C.  5  30  E.,  lat.  21 
40  N.^ 

Ca'fong,  large  and  populous  city  of  China,  or 
the  Hoang-ho,  in  the  province  of  Honan.  Lon 
113  27  E.,  lat  35°  N. 

Cailloma,  town,  Penn.,  near  the  source  of  ih< 
Apurimac,  between  Cay  go  and  Arequipo,  nearh 
50  ms.  from  the  latter,  and  160  from  the  former 
Lon.  W.  C.  5  30  E.,  lat.  15  30  S. 

Caimacan,  Turkish  officer,  derived  from  Ara 
bic,  and  literally  signifies  "  Lieutenant  of  t/u 
Grand  Vizier."  One  of  the  Caimacans  is  ex 
officio  governor  of  Constantinople,  and  cannot 
whilst  such,  quit  that  city. 


CAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAL 


Caimans,  or,  more  correctly,  Caymans,  a 
group  of  small  islands,  in  the  Caribbean  sea,  to 
the  N\V.  of  Jamaica.  Lon.  W.  C.  5  W.,  lat.  19 
18  N. 

Ca-Ira,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Virginia,  on 
t  Willis's  creek,  02  m?.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Cairngorn,  mountain  of  Scotland,  between  the 
counties  of  Banff  and  Murray.  It  rises  in  a  coni- 
cal form  1,750  feet  above  the  level  of  a  small  lake 
near  its  base,  which  is  the  source  of  the  Avon, 
and  4,050  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  its  sides 
clothed  with  firs,  and  its  top  generally  covered  with 
snow.  It  is  famous  for  beautiful  rock-crystals, 
i  much  esteemed  by  lapidaries. 

Cairn,  or  Grand  Cairo,  large  city,  capital  ot 
Egypt.  It  consists  of  3  towns,  about  a  mile  apart ; 
Old  Cairo,  New  Cairo,  and  the  port  termed  Bu- 
|9C  The  population  is  estimated  at  300,000.  Old 
Caiio  is  now  reduced  to  a  small  place.  New  Cairo 
i  is  a  mile  from  the  river,  and  7  ms.  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile, 
100  ms.  S.  of  its  mouth.    Lon.  31  18  E.,  lat.  30 

[a  n. 

Cairo,  town,  Greene  co.,  N.  Y.,  formerly  called 
Canton,  10  ms.  above  Catskill  town,  on  Catskill 

[creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,553.  Town,  Illinois, 

at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river.  Village,  Sum 

ner  co,,  Tenn.,  at  the  influx  of  Bledsoe's  creek, 
into  Cumberland  river,  30  ms,  by  land  above  Nash- 
ville. 

Cairoan,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  and 
next  to  the  city  of  Tunis  for  trade  and  number  of 

i  inhabitants.    It  is  situate  near  a  sandy  desert, 

i  where  are  found  many  vestiges  of  former  magnifi- 
cence ;  it  stands  on  the  river  Magrida,  60  ms.  S. 

i  by  E.  of  Tunis.    Lon.  10  26  E.,  lat,  36  5  N. 
Caistor,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Lincolnshire,  Near 

i  it  are  the  remains  of  a  monastery,  and  many  Ro- 
man vestiges.    It  is  12  ms.  SW.  of  Grimsby,  and 

\  165  N.  of  London.  Tp.,  in  the  co.  of  Lin- 

:  colnshire,  U.  C,  between  Binbrook  and  Gainsbo- 

|  rough,  and  is  watered  by  the  river  Welland. 

Caithness- shire,  most  northerly  co.  of  Scotland, 

I  35  ms.  long,  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  JN. 

!  by  Pentland  Frith,  E.  and  SE.  by  the  German 
Ocean,  and  W.  by  Southerlandshire.    The  S.  an- 

i  gle  is  occupied  by  mountains,  and  a  vast  ridge  of 
hills  forms  the  SW.  boundary,  ending  in  a  pro- 
montory called  the  Ord  of  Caithness,  which  runs 
out  into  the  sea.  The  rest  of  the  co.  may  be  deemed 
an  immense  morass,  interspersed  with  some  fruit- 

i  ful  spots,  producing  oats  and  barley,  and  others 
affording  pasture  for  sheep  and  black  cattle.  Its 
other  chief  products,  are  butter,  cheese,  yarn, 
skins,  feathers,  and  kelp.  It  sends  a  member  to 
parliament  alternately  with  Buteshire.  English  is 
chiefly  spoken  on  the  coast,  but  in  the  highlands, 
the  Gaelic  prevails.  Pop.  in  1801,  22,600;  in 
1811,  23,419;  and  in  1821,  30,238.  Wick  is 
the  capital. 

Caket,  town  of  Persia,  near  Mount  Caucasus. 
Its  trade  consists  chiefly  in  silk,  Lon.  46  15  E., 
lat.  33°  N. 

Calabar,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Benin,  capi- 
1  tal  of  a  country  of  the  same  name.    The  Dutch 
:  have  a  factory  here.  It  is  140  ms.  SSE.  of  Benin. 
Lon.  7  15  E.,  lat.  3  40  N. 

Calabria,  country  of  Naples,  divided  into  the 
provinces  of  Calabria,  Citeriore,  and  Calabria  Ul- 


teriore,  or  Hither  and  Further  Calabria,  The  first  is 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  Calabria  Ulteriore,  N.  by 
Basilica,  and  W.  and  E,  by  the  Mediterranean. 
Cosenza  is  the  capital,  Calabria  Ulteriore  is 
washed  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  SE.  and  W., 
and  bounded  by  Calabria  Citeriore  on  the  N.  Ca- 
tanzaro  is  the  capital. 

Calahorra,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  which  extends  to  the 
Ebro,  70  ms.  E.  of  Burgos.  Lon.  2  7  W-,  lat. 
42  12  N. 

Calais,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Straits 
of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Picardy,  with  t 
citadel.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  one 
side  of  which  is  towards  the  sea.  The  fortifica- 
tions are  good  ;  but  its  greatest  strength  is  its  sit- 
uation among  the  marshes,  which  may  be  over- 
flowed at  the  approach  of  an  enemy.  In  time  of 
peace,  there  are  packet  boats  which  go  twice  a 
week  between  Dover  and  Calais.  It  is  21  ms. 
ESE.  of  Dover,  and  152  N.  of  Paris.    Lon  1  56 

E.,  lat.  50  58  N.  Tp.,  Washington  co.,  Me. 

Pop,  1810,  372  ;  in  1820,  418.  Town,  Wash- 
ington co.,  Me.,  on  the  Passamaquoddy  river,  36 
ms.  NE.  from  Machias.     Pop.  370.— — Tp., 
Washington  co ,  Vt.,  about  100  ms.  NE.  of  Ben 
nington,  and  9  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Calais,  St,,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Sarte, 
and  late  province  of  Maine,  16  ms.  NW.  of  Ven- 
dome. 

Calamata,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  the 
Morea.  It  stands  on  the  river  Spinarza,  8  ms. 
from  the  Mediterranean.  Lon.  21  55  E.,  lat. 
37°  N. 

Calamianes,  three  small  islands  of  Asia,  be- 
tween  Borneo  and  the  Philippines,  and  N.  of  Par- 
age   Lon.  118  5  E.,  lat.  11°  N. 

Calatajud,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  at  the 
confluence  of  Xalon  and  Xiloca,  37  ms.  SW.  of 
Saragossa.     Lon.  1  9  W.,  lat.  41  42  N. 

Calatrava,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  the 
chief  place  of  the  military  order  of  the  knights  of 
Calatrava.  It  is  seated  near  the  Guadiana,  80  ms. 
S.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  3  20  W\,  lat.  39  4  N. 

Calben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  old  marche  of 
Brandenburg,  with  a  good  castle,  32  ms.  N.  of 
Magdeburg. 

Calcar,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Cleaves,  seated 
near  the  Rhine,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Cleaves.  Lon.  5 
55  E.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Calcasiu,  river,  La.,  rises  in  the  pine  woods, 
20  ms.  S.  of  Natchitoches.  The  Calcasiu  is  very 
remarkable  for  its  almost  perfect  compliance  with 
the  curve  of  the  Sabine,  the  two  rivers  being  a 
trifling  deviation  from  35  ms.  asunder,  the  entire 
length  of  the  former ;  and,  like  the  Sabine,  the 
Calcasiu  receives  the  largest  tributaries  from  the 
right.  After  an  entire  course  of  70  ms.,  the  Cal- 
casiu enters  the  lake  of  the  same  name,  at  lat.  30 
8  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  16  23  W.  This  stream  rises 
in  a  forest  of  pines,  which  tree  composes  nine- 
tenths  of  all  the  timber  found  on  its  banks.  About 
10  ms.  in  a  direct  line  above  the  head  of  the  Lake 
Calcasiu,  the  forest  begins  to  become  chequered 
with  prairie,  copses  of  timber  gradually  become 
more  scattered,  and  at  the  head  of  the  lake  trees 
entirely  disappear.  On  the  left  side,  the  open 
prairies  skirt  the  river  15  or  20  ms.  higher  than  on 
the  opposite  shore.    In  the  prairie  between  Cal- 

181 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CAL 


casiu  and  Mermenlau  are  scattered  copses  of  wood, 
mostly  pine,  with  a  few  oaks  ;  soil  poor  and  thin. 
Very  little  of  the  whole  surface  watered  by  Calca- 
siu is  fit  for  culture,  though  high,  dry,  and  well 
watered  with  limpid  and  excellent  spring  water. 
One  immense  pine  forest  covers  the  country  wa- 
tered by  Calcasiu  north  of  the  prairies.  The  tide 
flows  up  the  Calcasiu  as  far  as  the  head  of  the 
prairies. 

Calcasiu,  lake,  La.  ;  is  about  30  ras.  in  length 
and  10  or  12  ms.  wide;  communicates  with  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  a  channel  of  about  8  or  10  ms.  in 
length,  and  from  1  m.  to  200  yards  wide.  At 
the  mouth  of  this  outlet  is  a  bar,  having  not  more 
than  four  feet  water.  The  lake,  like  that  of  Sa- 
bine, is  shallow,  not  having  more  than  506  feet 
water  in  any  part,  and  near  the  shores  not  more 
than  2  or  3.  The  banks  of  Calcasiu  outlet  and 
lake  are  something  higher  than  those  of  the  Sa- 
bine ;  but  on  each  the  entire  absence  of  timber 
precludes  settlement. 

Calcalayres,  province  of  Peru,  NE.  from  Cuzco. 

Calcutta,  or  Fort  William,  the  emporium  of 
Bengal,  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Hoogly,  or 
western  arm  of  the  Ganges,  100  ms.  from  the  sea, 
in  the  bay  of  Bengal.  It  is  a  modern  city,  having 
risen  on  the  site  of  the  village  of  Govinpour,  about 
90  years  ago.  Tt  extends  from  the  western  point 
of  Fort  William,  along  the  banks  of  the  river,  al- 
most to  the  village  of  Cossipoor,  41  ms.  ;  the 
breadth  in  many  parts  inconsiderable.  Calcutta  is 
1,030  ms.  NNE.  of  Madras.  Lon.  88  28  E.,  lat. 
22  23  N. 

Caldersburg.    See  Ruscue. 

Caldwell,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Warren  co., 
N.  Y.,  on  Lake  George.    Lat.  43  22  N.,  lon. 

W.  C.  3  25  E.  Tp.,  Warren  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  1820,  723.  Tp.,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.  Pop. 

in  1810,  2,235;  in  1820,  2,020.  Co.  in  Ky., 

on  both  sides  of  Cumberland  river,  bounded  SW. 
by  Tennessee  river,  NW.  by  Livingston,  NE.  by 
Hopkins,  SE.  by  Christian,  and  S.  by  Tenn.  ; 
length  40  ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  800  sq.  ms. 
Surface  generally  level ;  soil  fertile.  Staples, 
grain,  tobacco,  live  stock,  and  salted  provisions. 
Chief  town  Eddyville.  Pop.  1820,  9,022  ;  and 
in  1840,  10,365.  Central  lat.  37  20  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  10  35  W. 

Caledonia,  village,  northeast  part  of  Claridon 
tp.,  Marion  co.,  8  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Marion,  and 

11  ms.  S.  of  Bucyrus.  Co.,  Vt.,  bounded  by 

Washington  SW.,  Essex  NE.  and  E.,  Connecti- 
cutri-iver  SE.,  and  Orange  S.  ;  length  37,  mean 
width  14  ms.,  area  about  500  sq.  ms.  ;  surface 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous ;  soil  generally  pro- 
ductive in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  town  Dan- 
ville. Pop.  1820,  16,670;  and  in  1840,  21,891. 
Central  lat.  44  30  N.,  lon.  5  10  E.  W.  C. 

Caledonian  canal.  This  splendid  work  is 
amongst  the  most  remarkable  of  those  artificial 
channels  which  have  been  performed  in  modem 
times.  Scotland  is  traversed  obliquely  from  NE. 
to  SW.  by  a  very  remarkable  mountain  valley, 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  German 
ocean,  chiefly  through  Invernessshire,  bounded  on 
both  sides  by  elevated  and  precipitous  mountains. 
This  valley  terminates  towards  the  Atlantic  ocean 
by  Loch  Linnhe,  and  in  the  German  ocean  by  the 
Murray  Frith.  The  tide  from  the  German  ocean 
183 


flows  to  Inverness,  where  the  discharge  of  Loch 
Ness  falls  into  the  Murray  Frith.  From  thence 
the  valley  extends  about  60  ms.  to  Atlantic  tide- 
water at  Fort  William.  The  base  of  this  valley 
is  composed  of  two  considerable  lakes,  Loch  Lochy 
and  Loch  Nes*,  with  their  confluent  rivers.  The 
idea  of  executing  a  continued  chain  of  intercom- 
munication through  this  pass,  by  locks  and  ca- 
nals,  was  suggested,  in  1773,  by  Mr.  James  Watt, 
but  no  operative  proceeding  instituted  until  1802, 
when  Mr.  Thomas  Telford's  nautical  and  inland 
survey  of  Scotland  led  to  the  execution  of  the  Cal- 
edonian canal.  In  the  construction  of  this  canal, 
numerous  and  formidable  obstacles  were  encoun- 
tered, owing  to  the  necessity  of  deepening  the 
lakes,  which  formed  a  part  of  the  line,  and  in  con- 
sequence, also,  of  the  impetuous  character  of  some 
of  the  streams  partly  depended  on  as  feeders.  The 
whole  was  accomplished  in  19  years  from  the  first 
survey,  by  parliamentary  grants,  at  an  expense  of  , 
about.  $4,000,000.  •  It  was  opened  October  23, 
1822,  when  a  steamboat  and  two  sloops  of  war 
passed  from  the  locks  at  Muirton,  near  Inverness, 
to  Fort  William.  The  passage  from  sea  to  sea,  a  1 
distance  of  69  ms.,  was  effected  in  13  hours,  in* 
eluding  the  time  requisite  for  clearing  22  locks.— $  t 
Dupin,  vol.  2,  p.  217.  The  valleys  of  the  Hud- 
son, Lake  Champlain,  and  Sorrel  river,  is  the 
only  other  pass  in  the  globe  which  bears  a  strong 
comparison,  in  aspect  and  structure,  with  that  of 
Scotland.  In  magnitude,  the  American  glen  is  on 
a  much  larger  scale,  but  in  many  other  essential 
features  the  analogy  is  striking.  See  Lochs  Nest 
and  Lochy. 

Caledonia,  town,  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y.,  W.  i 
from  Genesee  river,  on  the  road  from  Avon  to  Ba- 
tavia,  30  ms.  W.  from  Canandaigua,  and  17  E. 
from  Batavia.  Gypsum  abounds  in  the  tp.  Pop. 
1820,  2,645.  Village,  Washington,  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

Caledonia,  New,  a  large  island,  in  the  S.  Pa-  f 
cific  ocean,  extending  from  19°  to  22°  S.  lat.,  and 
from  163°  to  167°  E.  lon.  It  was  discovered  by 
Captain  Cook,  in  1774.  The  inhabitants  are 
stout,  tall,  and  in  general  well  proportioned,  their 
hair  and  beards  black,  and  much  frizzled,  so  as  to 
be  somewhat  wooly  in  some  individuals. 

Calenburg,  a  former  principality  of  Lower  Sax-  t 
ony,  which  constitutes  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Hanover.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  and  the  prin-  i 
cipal  towns  are  Hanover  and  Gottingen.    It  takes 
its  its  name  from  an  ancient  castle,  now  in  ruins, 
seated  on  the  Leine,  17  ms.  S.  of  Hanover. 

Calendar,  from  Latin  calare,  to  call,  and,  by 
the  Romans,  applied  to  the  first  day  of  each  month. 

Calhuco,  town  on  the  coast  of  Chili,  inhabited 
by  Spaniards,  Mestees,  and  Indians,  180  ms.  S. 
of  Valdivia.  Lon.  W.  C.  3  23  E.,  lat.  42 
40  S. 

Cali,  city  of  New  Granada,  in  the  province  of 
Popayan,  in  a  valley  of  the  Andes,  on  the  river 
Cauca,  20  ms.  E.  from  Bonaventura.  Lon.  W. 
C.  1°  E.,  lat.  3  15  N. 

Caliaqua,  port  of  the  W.  Indies,  in  the  W. 
part  of  St.  Vincents. 

Calife,  Arabic  khalifa,  vicar,  successor,  or 
lieutenant  „•  one  who  supplies  or  comes  in  place 
of  another.  The  Arabian  pontil's,  Abu  Bekr, 
Omar,  and  Othman,  took  this  title  from  modesty ; 


CAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAL 


but  under  it  their  successors  became  the  most  ab- 
solute sovereigns  who,  perhaps,  ever  ruled  mankind. 

California,  general  name  of  the  western  coast 
!  of  N.  America,  from  Cape  St.  Lucas,  N.  lat.  22 
52  to  N.  Iat.  42°,  or  through  nearly  20°  of  lat. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  Old  California  and 
New  California.  Old  California  was  discovered 
under  the  direction,  and  in  part  by  the  personal 
observations  of  Cortez,  the  conqueror  of  Mexico, 
and  found  to  be  a  long  narrow  peninsula  extend- 
ing through  11°  of  lat..  and  united  to  the  continent 
to  the  NW.,  by  a  neck  of  land  reaching  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Colorado  river  westward  160  nis.  to 
a  bay  since  called  San  Diego.  A  chain  of  moun- 
tains ranges  through  this  extensive  peninsula. 
"The  sky,"  says  Humboldt,  "is  constantly 
serene,  of  a  deep  blue,  and  without  a  cloud." 
(The  Cerro  Giganta,  the  highest  peak  of  its  moun- 
tains, reaches  to  near  5,000  feet.  The  soil  is 
.sandy  and  arid,  and  rain  scanty  and  unfrequent. 
( (Springs  of  fresh  water  are  also  rare.  It  extends 
over  56,000  sq.  ms.,  with  a  pop.  of  not  more 
I  than  10,000.  On  the  few  spots  where  water  is 
■found,  the  soil  is  excellent  ;  and  it  is  reported  that 
vines  grow  naturally  in  the  mountains,  and  that 
I  the  Jesuits,  when  they  resided  here,  made  abund- 
ance of  wine,  in  taste  approaching  to  that  of  Ma- 
deira.   The  chief  town  Is  Loreto. 

California,  New,  extends  from  Old  California, 
to  the  utmost  limits  of  the  Spanish  claims,  on  the 
N.  American  coast  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  or  from 
33°  to  42°  N.  lat.,  about  six  hundred  ms.  The 
breadth  inland  is  trifling,  and  the  interior  un- 
known, or  at  least  very  imperfectly  explored.  The 
whole  extent  actually  peopled  by  civilized  inhabi- 
tants docs  not  exceed,  if  it  amounts  to  16,000  sq. 
ms.    The  soil  is,  however,  as  remarkable  for  its 
jfertihty  and  abundance  of  limpid  water,  as  is  that 
of  Old  California  for  its  arid  sterility.    The  climate 
of  the  Pacific  coast  of  N.  America,  being  milder 
than  that  of  the  Atlantic,  the  inhabitants  of  New 
jCalifornia  enjoy  more  temperate  seasons  than  do 
Ithosr  of  the  U.  S.,  from  the  Carolinas  to  Connec- 
ticut, inclusive.     According  to  Humboldt,  this  is 
l  a  very  flourishing  and  valuable  colony.  The  same 
lichain  of  mountains  which  ranges  through  Old 
I  California,  reach  into   and  intersect  also  New 
California.     Monterey  is  the  capital.     Pop.  in 
B1803,  15,562. 

I    California,  gull  of  N.  America,  extends  from 
I  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  river,  between  Sonora 
and  Old  California,  in  a  SE.  direction  800  ms. 
It  gradually  widens  from  its  head,  at  the  mouth 
■  of  the  Colorado,  to  its  mouth  between  Cape  Pal- 
I  mo  in  Old  California,  and  Mazatlan  in  Sonora, 
Rvhere  it  is  about  120  ms.  wide.    Tt  is  full  of  is- 
l  (lands  and  shoals,  and  is  very  difficult  to  navigate. 
From  Old  California,  no  stream  of  any  great  con- 
sequence enters  this  gulf  ;  but  from  Sonora,  it  re- 
Iceives,  beside  the  Colorado  and  Gila,  the  Ascen- 
I  Uon,  Hiaqui  Mayo,  Fuerte,  Inaya,  Culiacan,  Ia- 
hala,  Rostla,  and  a  brook  winch  forms  Mazatlan 
harbor. 

[  Caliloor,  fortress  of  the  island  of  Ceylon,  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  28  ms. 
p.  of  Columbo. 

Calix,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Bothnia,  on 
ia  river  of  the  same  name,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  22  ms.  W.  of  Tornea. 


Calhoun,  village,  McMinn  co.,  Tenn.,  on  Hi. 
wassee  river,  postroad,  130  ms.  SE.  from  Mur- 
freesborough,  and  about  75  ms.  SW.  of  Knoxville. 

Calhoun's  Milk,  post  office,  Abbeville  district, 
S.  C,  about  100  ms.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Calhounsville,  village,  Miffliu  co.,  Penn.,  52 
ms.  N  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Calla  Calla,  river  of  Chili,  rises  in  the  Andes, 
and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Valdivia. 

Calland's  Store,  post  office,  Pittsylvania  co., 
Va.,  postroad,  188  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Callah,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Mascara,  which  has  a  considerable  trade,  and  the 
grestest  market  for  carpets  in  the  country.  It  is 
40  ms.  E.  of  Oran. 

Cullender,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  muslin  ;  seated 
on  the  river  Teath,  30  ms.  WSW.  of  Perth. 

Callao,  seaport  of  Peru,  with  the  best  harbor 
on  the  coast,  and  a  large  and  safe  roadstead  de- 
fended by  the  islands  of  Callao  and  St.  Laurence. 
In  the  port  every  commodity  is  to  be  procured, 
that  vessels  may  be  in  need  of.  The  town  was 
almost  totally  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  in  1746, 
It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  5  ms, 
W.  of  Lima,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  Lon,  W. 
C.  0  2  E.,  lat.  12  2  S. 

Calle,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of  Cons- 
tantina,  where  the  French  have  a  factory  estab- 
lished for  a  coral  fishery,  and  trade  for  grain,  wool, 
leather,  and  wax.  It  stands  on  a  rock,  almost 
surrounded  by  the  sea,  36  ms.  E.  of  Bona. 

Cullen,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Kil- 
kenny, 10  ms.  SW.  of  Kilkenny. 

Calliance,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Dowlatabad  ; 
the  houses  built  of  rose-wood,  and  covered  with 
thatch.  It  is  seated  near  the  Kaknah,  74  ms.  W\ 
of  Beder,  and  150  SSE.  of  Aurungabac. 

Calling  ton,  borough  in  Eng.,  in  Cornwall, 
with  a  manufacture  of  cloth  ;  situate  on  the  Lyn- 
her,  12  ms.  S.  of  Launceston,  and  216  W,  by 
S.  of  London. 

Calloma,  town  of  Peru,  celebrated  for  its  silver 
mines,  70  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Arequipa,  and  170  S. 
of  Cusco. 

Caltnar,  strong  seaport  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
Smaland,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  celebrated  a* 
the  place  where  the  deputies  of  Sweden,  Den- 
mark, and  Norway,  were  appointed  to  assemble 
for  the  election  of  a  king,  according  to  the  Union 
of  Calmar ;  150  ms.  SW.  from  Stockholm.  Lon. 
16  27  E.,  lat.  56,  40  N. 

Cain,  E.,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.  Pop,  in  1810, 
974,  in  1820,  1,162. 

Cain,  W.,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1,003,  in  1220,  1,182. 

Calne,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire,  25  ms. 
E.  of  Bristol,  and  88  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  59 
W.,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Calvados,  a  department  of  France,  comprehend- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  Normandy. 

Calvert,  a  co.  of  the  western  shore  of  Md.,  situ- 
ated between  Chesapeake  bay  and  Patuxent  river, 
and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Anne  Arundel  co.; 
length  26  ms.,  mean  width  8,  area  200  sq.  ms.; 
surface  generally  level  or  rolling;  soil  of  middling 
quality.  Staples,  grain  and  tobatco.  Chief  town 
Prince  Frederick.  Pop.  1820,  4,365,  and  in  1840, 
9,229.  Central  lat.  38  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  35  E. 

183 


CAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CAM 


Calumet,  Grand,  on  the  Ottowa  river,  on  the 
S.  side,  above  the  Portage  de  Montague,  Upper 
Canada. 

Calumet,  Point  an,  on  Lake  Superior,  U.  C, 
on  the  N.  shore,  the  first  point  W.  of  river  Du  Chene, 
between  which  places  the  coast,  consisting  of  per- 
pendicular rocks,  is  dangerous. 

Calvi,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavori,  8 
ins.  N.  of  Capua.    Lon.  14  19  E.,  lat.  41  15  N. 

 Town  of  Corsica,  on  a  craggy  mountain  an  J 

gulf  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong  fortress  and 
a  good  harbor.  Il  is  32  ms.  SW.  of  Bastia.  Lon. 
9  16  E.,  lat.  42  26  N. 

Cam,  or  Grant,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in 


whiskey,  salted  provisions,  and  live  stock.  C" 
town  Ebensburg.     Pop.   1820,  3,287,  and 
1840,  11,256.    Central  lat.  40  30  N.,  lon. 
C.  1  40  W. 

Cambridge,  town  of  Eng.,  the  co.  town 
Cambridgeshire,  and  seat  of  a  celebrated  unive 
ty.  It  takes  the  name  of  Cambridge  from  the 
bridge  over  the  Cam,  which  divides  the  town  into 
two  parts.  It  is  principally  remarkable  for  a  much 
celebrated  university,  consisting  of  13  colleger!,  4 
halls,  several  schools,  and  a  very  extensive  library. 
It  is  17  ms.  S.  of  Ely,  and  51  N.  by  E.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.   0  4  E.,  52  12  N  Village  of. 

Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  near  Berkley,  on  the 


Herts,  and,  running  NE.  by  Cambridge  to  the  river  Cam.  Tp.  in  the  co.  of  Stormont,  lies  to 

isle  of  Ely,  there  falls  into  the  Ouse,  to  which  the  S.  and  in  the  rear  of  Clarence,  U.  C  


river  it  is  navigable  from  Cambridge. 

Camana,  small  district  of  Aquipo,  lying  along 
the  Pacific  ocean.    Lon.  W.  C.  3°  E.,  Int.  0  16 

youth. 


Town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  and  a  flourishing  uni 
versity,  which  consists  of  4  elegant  brick  housea, 
and  js,  with  respect  to  its  library,  philosophical  ap 
paratus,  and  professorships,  the  first  literary  ins$ 


C  amor  on,  cape  of  Honduras,  on  the  N.  side  of  tution  in  America.    It  was  established  by  the  or. 


that  country,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tinto. 
Lon.  W.  C.  6  50  W.,  lat.  15  50  8. 

Cumarojies,  large  river  of  South  America,  in 
Patagonia,  falling  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  44  45  S. 


ginal  settlers  of  Mass.  in  1638.  Its  officers  are$ 
president,  20  professors,  2  tutors,  4  proctors,  an 
a  regent.  The  library  is  the  most  extensive  in  »h 
United  Stales,  and  the  necessary  philosophical  an 


Camaral,  seaport  of  Fiance,  in  the  department,  chemical  apparatus  very  complete.  Attached  b 
of  Finnisterre  and  late  province  of  Brittany.    It  it,  also,  are  a  botanical  garden,  cabinet  of  min 


stands  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name 

Cambay,  large  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 


I  erais,  and  anatomical  museum.  The  building 
i  are  extensive  and  appropriate.    In  1818  the  sti 


the  province  of  Cuzerat.  Its  products  and  manu- ;  dents  amounted  to  nearly  400,  and  the  whok 
factures  are  inferior  to  those  of  few  towns  in  India,  number,  according  to  Mr.  Morse,  educated  in  thi» 
for  the  country  abounds  in  corn,  cattle,  and  silk  ;  ■  seminary,  from  its  institution  up  to  1818,  amounted 
and  cornelian  and  agate  stones  are  found  in  its  '  to  4,442.  Pop.  in  1830,6,072,  and  in  1810,  Easi 
rivers.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  embroidery,  and  West  Cambridge  contained,  jointly,  9,772.-» 
and  some  of  their  quilts  have  been  valued  at  40£.  J  West,  tp.  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.    Pop.  1810,  97! 

Il  is  subject  to  the  Poonah  Mahrattas,  is  the  port  ■  1820,  1,064.  Post  office  Middlesex  co.,  Ma*» 

dffi 


of  Amenabad,  from  which  it  is  distant  56  ms. 
Lon.  72  10  E.,  lat.  22  25  N. 

Cambodia,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Laos,  on  the  E.  by  Cochin  China  and  Ci- 
ampa,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  gulf  and  king- 
dom of  Siam,  divided  by  a  large  river  called  Me- 
can,  or  Cambodia,  which  annually  overflows  the 
country  in  the  rainy  season,  between  June  and 

October.  Capital  of  a 'kingdom  of  the  same  j  ton.    It  contains  60  or  70  houses,  and  250  to  35< 

name  in  Asia,  on  the  river  Mecan,  or  Cambodia,  j  inhabitants.  Fine  town  and   county  seat,  e 

150  ms.  from  its  mouth.  Lon.  104  5  E;,  lat.  13  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  national  road 
10  N.  I  50  ms.  westward  of  Wheeling,  38  in  the  same  di 

Cambray,  fortified  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 1  rection  from  St.  Clairsville,  24  NE.  by  E.  » 
partment  of  the.  North,  and  late  province  of  the  i  Zanesville,  and  42  ms.  SW.  by  W.  fro  n  Cadiz 
Cambresis.     It  has  a  considerable  manufacture  of|N.  lat.  40  4,  lon.  W.  C.  4  33  W.    The  site  o 


Pop.  1810,  2,323,  including  West  Camb 

|  1820,  1,518.  Tp.  and  village  Franklin  ce.; 

,  Vt.,  on  or  near  Lamoelle  river,  38  ms.  NW.  frorr 

Montpelier.  Tp.  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop 

1820,  2,491.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Dor 

Chester  co.,  Md.,  on  the  Choptank  river.  Lit 

38  40  N.,  lon.  1  3  E.  W.  C.  Village  Abbe 

ville  district,  S.  C,  150  ms.  NW.  from  Charles 


cambricks,  which  took  their  name  from  this  city. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  22  ms.  SE.  of  Arras, 
and  102  N.  of  Paris.    Lon.  5  20  E.,  lat.  50  1 1  N. 

Cambray,  or  Governeur,  -tp.  N.  Y.,  in  St. 
Lawrence  co.,  on  the  Oswegatchie  river. 

Cambresis,  late  province  of  France,  25  ms.  in 
length,  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  Hainault,  on 
the  S.  by  Picardy,  and  on  the  W.  by  Artois. 
Cambray  is  the  capital,  and  it  is  now  comprehend- 
ed in  the  department  of  the  North. 

Cambria,  town  Niagara  co.,  on  Niagara  river, 
N.  Y.  Pop.  1820,  1,134.  Co.  of  Pa.,  be- 
tween the.  Alleghany  mountains  and  Laurel  Hill, 
bounded  by  Somerset  S.,  Westmoreland  SW., 
Indiana  W.,  Clearfield  N.,  and  Huntingdon  and 
Bedford  E.;  length  36,  mean  width  20  ms  ;  area 
720  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly  and  rocky  ;  soil  gener- 
ally of  middling  quality.  Staples,  grain,  flour, 
1S4 


this  town  is  pleasant,  and  the  place  has  the  appear 
ance  of  salubrity  and  prosperity.  The  main  per 
of  the  town  is  comprised  in  one  street  along  tin 
national  road.  A  substantial  bridge  here  crosae 
Wills  creek.  Pop.  1830,  518,  and  in  1840,  815 
Cambridgeshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  50  ms.  long,  an< 
25  broad,  bounded  on  the  NW.  by  Lincolnshire 
NE.  by  Norfolk,  E.  by  Suffolk,  S.  by  Essex  an< 
Hertfordshire,  and  W.  by  the  counties  of  Hunt 
ingdon,  Bedford,  and  Northampton.  It  contain 
500,000  acres,  is  divided  into  15  hundreds  and  6 
parishes,  has  a  city,  a  university,  and  8  markt 
towns,  and  sends  6  members  to  Parliament.  l< 
1801  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  89,346.  i 
1811,  101,109,  and  in  1821,  121,909.  Th 
principal  rivers  are  the  Ouse,  Nen,  and  Cam 
The  southern  and  eastern  parts  are  pleasant  an 
healthy,  but  the  northern  part,  called  the  isle  ( 


CAM 

;  _  


CAM 


Ely,  is  low  and  fenny,  from  the  confluence  of 
many  rivers.  AH  the  waters  of  the  middle  part  of 
Eog  ,  which  do  not  flow  into  the  Thames  or  the 
Trent,  run  into  those  fens,  and  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  year  they  are  sometimes  overflowed  by  water, 
or  appear  covered  wilh  fogs.    See  Bedford  Level. 

Cambrilla,  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia,  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall,  and  seated  near  the  sea,  14 
ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Tarragona. 

Camden,  East,  tp.  in  the  Midland  district,  lies 
northerly  of  Ernesttown,  U.  0. 

Camden,  tp.  in  the  co.  of  Kent,  called  also 
Camden  West,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river  Thames, 

opposite  to  Howard,  U.   C.  Town,  Lincoln 

co.,  Me.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,607;  in  1820,  1,825. 

j  Town,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820, 

'1,772.  Town  of  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  oppo- 
site Philadelphia,  ft  is  a  flourishing  village,  ex 
tending  along  the  river.    The  houses  are  neat,  and 

many  elegant.   Pop.  about  650.  Town  of  Kent 

co.,  Del.,  4  ms.,  SW.  from  Dover.  Co.  of 

(N.  C,  bounded  by  Albemarle  sound  SE.,  Pasquo- 
tank co.  and  river  SW.,  Virginia  N.,  and  Curri- 
tuck and  North  river  NE.  ;  length,  38  ms.  ;  mean 
width,  6;  area,  228  sq.  ms. ;  surface  level,  and 
;soil  thin  and  generally  sterile.  Chief  town,  Jones- 
(borough.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,305  ;  and  in  1840, 
fe,663.    Central  lat.  36  15  N.,  Ion.  55'  E.  W.  C. 

I-  Town  and  seat  of  justice  in  Kershaw  district, 

»H.  C,  on  the  left  side  of  the  Wateree  river,  36  ms. 
pE.  from  Columbia,  and  110  NE.  from  Augusta. 
It  contains  200  houses,  and  about  1,000  inhabi- 
tants ;  the  common  buildings  necessary  for  judicial 
purposes,  are  an  academy  and  several  places  of 
[public  worship.  The  river  is  navigable  from  the 
->cean  for  boats  and  other  vessels  of  70  tons,  which 
irenders  Camden  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Two 
rattles  were  fought  here  during  the  revolutionary 
(war:  one,  August  16th,  1780,  in  which  the  army 
pi  the  U.  S.,  under  General  Gates,  was  defeated 
Ipy  the  British  under  Lord  Cornwallis  ;  the  other, 
(April  3,  1781,  between  General  Greene  and  Lordj 

(Kawdon.  Co.  of  Ga.,  forming  the  SE.  angle 

pt  that  State,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean ;  bounded  by 
•fhat  ocean  E.,  by  Florida  S.  and  SW.,  on  the  W. 
limits  uncertain,  and  by  Glynn  N. ;  length,  28 
ms.  ;  mean  width,  25;  area,  700  sq.  ms.  ;  surface 
lat ;  soil  sandy,  and  in  some  parts  marshy  ;  staples, 
sugar,  cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  &c. ;  chief  town,  Jef- 
erson.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,402;  and  in  1840,  6,075.1 

.■Central  lat.  32°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  20  W  

Formerly  Newcomb,  village,  Somers  tp.,  southern 
Dart  of  Preble  co.,  O.,  8  ras.  southward  of  Eaton,  | 
l.he  co.  scat,  and  18  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from 
jrlamilton,  co.  seat  of  Butler  co.    Pop.  in  1837, 

BO.  Port,  NW.  coast  of  America,  in  Prince  I 

(Frederick  sound.  Lon.  W.  C.  56  45,  lat.  56  55  N. ! 
:    Camelford,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on 
he  river  Camel,  24  ms.  W.  of  Launceston,  and 
Z29  W.  by  S.  of  London.    A  great  quantity  of 
J/arn  is  spun  in  this  place  and  its  neighborhood. 
Lon.  4  55  W.,  lat.  50  42  N. 
I    Camels  Rump,  one  of  the  peaks  of  the  Green 
fountains,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Burlington.    Lat.  j 
U  20,  lon.  W.  C.  4  10  E. 

f'amerino,  ancient  and  populous  town  of  Italy, 
n  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  on  a  mountain  near 
he  Appennines  and  the  river  Chiento,  37  ms.  SW. 
of  Ancona.    Lon.  13°  E.,  lat.  43  15  N. 
24* 


Cameron,  post  office,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y. 

Camillus,  post  office,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y .  Pop. 
in  1820,  5,791. 

Caminha,  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  the  province 
of  Entre-Douero-e-Minho,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Minho,  12  ms.  N.  of  Viana.  Lon.  8  29  W.,  lat. 
41  50  N. 

Cammin,  district  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  con- 
verted into  a  principality,  in  favor  of  the  house  of 
Brandenburg,  by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia.  Col 
berg  is  the  capital.  Seaport  of  Prussian  Pome- 
rania, in  the  principality  of  the  same  name  ;  seated 
on  the  Oder,  opposite  the  isle  of  Wollin,  30  ms. 
N.  of  Stettin.    Lon.  14  55  E.,  lat.  54  4  N. 

Campagna,  or  Campania,  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  40  ms. 
SE.  of  Naples.    Lon.  15  19  E.,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Carnpagnia  di  Roma,  anciently  Latium,  pro- 
vince of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastical  State,  extending 
60  ms.  SE.,  along  the  Mediterranean,  to  the  fron- 
tiers of  Naples,  formerly  the  most  delightful  and 
most  populous  country  in  the  world ;  few  villages, 
little  cultivation,  and  scarcely  any  inhabitants,  are 
now  to  be  seen  ;  no  trees,  no  enclosures ;  nothing, 
in  short,  but  the  scattered  ruins  of  temples  and 
tombs,  which  present  the  idea  of  a  country  depop- 
ulated by  pestilence.    Rome  is  the  capital. 

Campaign,  creek  of  O.,  in  Gallia  co.,  falling 
into  Ohio  river,  8  ms.  above  Gallipolis. 

Campbell  co.,  Va.,  bounded  N.  by  James  river, 
NE.  by  Buckington,  SE.  by  Charlotte,  S.  by 
Roanoke  river,  or  Halifax  and  Pittsylvania,  and 
SW.  by  Bedford;  length,  28  ms;  mean  width, 
20  ;  area,  560  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil  va= 
ried  ;  staples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco  ;  chief  town, 
Lynchburg.  Pop.  in  1820,  16,570;  and  in  1840, 
21,030.    Central  lat.  37°  ff„  lon.  W,  C.  2°  W. 

 Court-house  and  post  office,  Campbell  co.,  Va., 

10  ms.  S.  from  Lynchburg.  Co.,  Ky.,  on  both 

sides  of  Licking  river,  opposite  to  the  city  of  Cin- 
cinnati;  bounded  by  the  Ohio  river  N.  and  NE-, 
by  Pendleton  >\,  and  by  Roane  W.  ;  length  32, 
mean  width  10  ms;  area,  320  sq.  ms. ;  surface 
hilly ;  soil  productive ;  staples,  grain,  flour,  whis- 
key, live  stock,  malted  provisions,  and  fruit ;  chief 
town,  Newport.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,022.  Recently 
the  northern  part  of  this  co.  was  struck  off  and 
formed  into  a  new  co.  under  the  name  of  Kenton, 
By  the  census  of  1 840,  the  two  cos.  stood  thus ; 
Kenton,  7,816;  Campbell,  5,214;  total,  13,030. 

Central  lat.  39  N.,  lon.  7  10  W.  Co.,  East 

Tennessee,  in  a  triangular  form,  bounded  by  Ky, 
N.,  by  Clinch  river  SE.,  and  by  Anderson  SW.  ; 
length,  35  ms.  ;  mean  width,  12;  area,  420;  sur 
face  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous ;  soil  fertile  in 
the  valleys  and  along  the  streams ;  staples,  grain, 
flour,  fruit,  and  salted  provisions;  chief  town. 
Jackson'sborough.  Population  in  1820,  4,244  , 
and  in  1840,  6,149.  Central  latitude  36  30  N.,  7 
10  W. 

Campbell's  Point,  cape  of  the  NW,  coast  of  N. 
America,  at  Cooke's  inlet,  SE.  side.  Lon.  W,  C. 
72  75  W.,  lat.  67  6  N. 

Campbells  Grove,  village,  Iredell  co.,  N.  C. 

Campbells  Mills,  post  office,  Abbeville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

Campbell's  Station,  post  office,  Knox  co.,  Tenn, 

Campbellstown,  village,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y., 

post  road  254  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany.  

1S5 


CAN- 


CAN 


Village,  Lebanon  co.,  Pa,,  on  the  road  from  Leba 
non  to  Harrisburg,  18  ms.  from  the  latter. 

Campbellsville,  village,  Green  co.,  Ky,,  on  a 
small  branch  of  Green  river;  post  road  89  ms. 

SSW.  from  Frankfort.  Village,   Henry  co., 

Ky.,  54  ms.  NW.  from  Frankfort. 

Campbellton,  borough  of  Scot.,  in  Argyleshire, 
on  the  peninsula  of  Cantyre.  It  has  a  good  harbor, 
and  its  inhabitants  are  much  engaged  in  the  fishing 
trade.    Lat.  53  29  N.,  Ion.  5  42  W. 

Campbelltown,  village,  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  

Village,  Edgefield  district,  S.  C. 

ipden,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 


coast  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Cape  Roaiers , 
and  from  thence,  crossing  the  mouth  of  the  n\ 
St.  Lawrence,  by  the  W.  end  of  the  island  of  An- 
ticosti,  terminates  at  the  river  St.  John. 

An  act  of  Parliament,  passed  in  1774,  has  re- 
moved the  northern  and  western  limits  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Quebec,  adding  to  its  jurisdiction  all 
lands  comprised  between  the  northern  bounds  ol 
New  York,  the  western  line  of  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  the  Mississippi,  and  the  southern  boundaries 
of  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 

Canada,  a  general  name  for  that  part  of  Cabo- 
tia,  or  British  N.  America,  lying  in  tho  basin  ol 
This  immense  region  lies 


the  St.  Lawrence. 


22  ms,  NE.  of  Gloucester,  and  87  WNW.  of 

London.   Lorn  1  50  W.,  lat.  52  4  N.  Town  !  tween  the  parallels  42  and  50°  N.  and  embra 

of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  in  Overyssel,  with  a  about  30°  of  longitude.  The  value  of  Canada, 
citadel,  and  a  port  almost  choked  up.  It  is  seated  |  a  habitable  country,  is  very  inadequately  estimai 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Yssel,  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  '\  in  the  United  States.  The  soil  and  climate  of  Up- 


44  ms,  NE,  of  Amsterdam. 
52  38  N 

Campeachy,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Merida,  W. 
side  of  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  It  is  noted  for  log- 
wood, which,  however,  does  not  grow  very  near  it. 


Lon.  5  55  E.,  lat.  ;  per  Canada  bears  a  strong  analogy  with  those  fea 
tures  in  New  York  and  the  New  England  States. 

Canada,  as  now  limited,  one  of  the  great  politi 
cal  sections  of  INorth  America,  comprising  two  Brit 
ish  provinces,  called  relatively  Upper  Canada  and 
Lower  Canada,  in  respect  to  their  positions  on  both 


Tt  is  defended  by  a  good  wall  and  strong  forts,  but  |  sides  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river.  In  general  terms 
is  neither  so  rich,  nor  carries  on  such  a  trade  as 'Canada  is  bounded  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  Unit 
formerly,  it  having  been  the  port  for  the  sale.  Lon.  jed  States,  E.  by  New  Brunswick  and  the  gulf  o! 
W.  C.  12  50  W.,lat.  20°  N.— See  Honduras.  St.  Lawrence,  and  N.  rather  indefinitely  by  Lab- 
Camplins,  post  office,  Knox  co.,  Ky,,  post  road  irador,  another  British  territory.  The  inhabitec 
130  ms.  SSE,  from  Frankfort.  [part  of  Canada  lies  between  latitudes  42  and  50c 

Campoli,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteriore,  j  N.,  and  stretching  in  a  NW.  by  W.  directior 


23  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Aquila.  Lon.  43  57  E.,  lat. 
42  42  N. 

Campo  Major,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
100  ms.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  74°  W.,  lat.  38  53N, 
Campredon,  town  of  Spam,  in  Catalonia,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  on  the  river  Ter,  45  ms, 
N.  of  Barcelona,    Lon.  2  16  W.,  lat.  42°  N. 

Campion,  town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  in 
1810,  873;  in  1820,  1,047. 

Canaan,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.  Pop.  in  1810, 

1,275;  in  1820,  1,470.  Town,  Grafton  co., 

N.  H.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,094  ;  in  1820,  1,198.-  

Town,  Litchfield  co.,  Ct.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,202  ; 

in  1820,  2,332.  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y 

1810,  2,079.  Tp.,  Wayne  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1810,  229;  in  1820,  526.  Tp.,  Athens  co., 

O.  Pop.  in  1820,  345..  Tp.,  Madison" co.  For 


1,200  ms.  from  Mingan  settlement  inclusive, 
the  mouth  of  Detroit  river.  The  breadth  varies, 
but  may  be  assumed  at  a  mean  breadth  of  100  ms. 
or  120,000  sq,  ms.  See  head  British  America,  ir 
the  general  article  America,  pp.  58  and  59. 

Canada,  East,  creek,  N.  Y.,  rising  in  Moil 
gomery  and  Herkimer  cos.,  flows  SSW.  abou 
20  ms.  into  the  Mohawk,  which  it  enters  at  Open 
heim. 

Canada,  West,  the  largest  northern  branch  o 
the  Mohawk,  rises  in  Montgomery  co.,  and  flow 
ing  first  W.  20  ms.,  to  the  borders  of  Oneida 
turns  to  the  SE.,  and  flowing  in  that  direction  2( 
Pop.  in  m?.,  falls  into  the  Mohawk  at  Herkimer. 

Canada,  creek,  northwestern  branch  of  Wodfl 
creek,  in  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y 

Canadaway,  creek,  N.  Y.,  in  Chatauque  co.. 


post  village  in  this  tp.  see  West  Canaan.  Tp*>  Renters  Lake  Erie  about  2£  ms.  W.  from  Dunkirk- 


Wayne  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1810,  158.— For  post  vil- 
lage in  Canaan,  Wayne  co.,  see,  Jackson,  Canaan  I 
tp.,  Wayne  co. 

Canaan  Four  Corners,  post  office,  in  the  NE.  | 


Canadaway. — See  Fredonia. 
Canadea,  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  In 
1820,  696. 

Canadian  river,  the  great  southwestern  branch 


angle  of  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  32  ms.  SE.  from  I  of  Arkansas  river,  rises  by  two  large  branches  in 


Albany. 

Canaansville,  village,  Canaan  tp.,  Athens  co., 
O.,  4  ms.  northeastward  of  Athens,  the  county  seat. 

Canada,  or  the  province  of  Quebec.  By  the 
royal  proclamation  of  the  7th  of  October,  1763, 
this  province  was  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  river 
St.  John,  and  from  thence,  by  a  line  drawn  from 
the  head  of  that  river  through  Lake  St.  John,  to 
the  S.  end  of  Lake  Nipissing ;  from  whence  the 
line,  crossing  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake 
Champlain  in  the  45th  parallel  of  N.  lat.,  passes 
along  the  highlands  which  divide  the  rivers  that 
empty  themselves  into  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
from  those  which  fall  into  the  sea ;  and  also  along 
the  N.  coast  of  the  Baye  de  Chaleurs,  and  the 
1S6 


the  mountains  of  New  Mexico,  and  flowing  by 
comparative  courses  about  600  ms,  each,  unite  at 
N.  lat.  35°,  and  18°  W.  from  Washington  city 
Below  the  confluence  of  the  two  principal  branches 
the  Canadian  fork  continues  E.  40  ms. ,  where  it 
unites  with  the  Arkansas,  receiving  in  the  inter' 
mediate  distance  another  large  branch  from  the 
SVV.  For  the  true  position,  course,  and  relative 
extent  of  the  Canadian  Fork,  the  public  stands  in- 
debted to  Major  Long. 

Canadian  sea,  a  term  very  properly  applied  tc 
that  greatest  expanse  and  mass  of  fresh  water  on 
earth,  and  through  which  extends  a  considerable 
part  of  the  inflected  political  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  the  British  provinces  in  North 


CAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAN 


America.  Of  the  lakes  forming  the  component  parts 
of  this  sea,  five  of  them  are  of  surpassing  size,  con- 
stituting as  a  whole  the  far  largest  mass  of  fresh 
water  on  the  earth.  In  latitude,  the  Canadian  sea 
includes  from  the  extreme  southern  shore  of  Lake 
Erie  N.  lat.  40  40  to  the  mouth  of  Neepegon  riv- 
er into  Lake  Superior  N.  lat.  48  30,  8°  lat.  very 
nearly.  The  range  of  the  lakes  are  from  SE.  to 
NW.  nearly,  and  distance  600  ms.  from  the  south- 
eastern  margin  of  Lake  Erie  to  the  northwestern 
of  Lake  Superior.  The  general  breadth  of  this 
region,  including  the  intervening  peninsular  bodies 
of  land,  is  about  350  ms.,  and  area  about  210,000 
sq.  ms.  The  subjoined  table  shows  the  general 
area  of  the  five  great  lakes,  with  their  respective 
greatest  length  and  mean  breadth  : 


Lakes. 

Greatest 
length. 

Mean 
breadth. 

Area  in  stat- 
ute miles. 

superior 

Vlichigan 

Huron 

350 
320 
250 

100 

60 
80 

35,000 
19,200 
20,000 

irie  - 
Ontario 

250 
200 

50 

35 

12,500 

7,000 

93,700 

|  The  immensity  of  the  body  of  water  contained 
|n  these  great  lakes  from  their  great  depth  is  much 
Rnore  matter  of  rational  wonder  than  their  compar- 
ative extent.    Under  the  head  of  Caspian,  it  is 

hown  how  false  is  the  idea  that  the  largest  of  the 
(Canadian  lakes  equals  in  extent  the  vast  inland  sea 

»f  Asia.  In  order  to  save  reference,  we  may  here 
observe,  that  if  to  the  result  of  the  preceding  table 
ke  add  for  other  smaller  lakes  b',300  sq.  ms,  the 
ijake  surface  of  the  Canadian  sea  would  then  be  to 
!pe  Caspian  only  as  100  to  124  ;  but  such  a  calcu 
ation  would  falsify  the  real  facts  in  physical  ge- 
ography.— See  Caspian. 

Ij  A  line  drawn  from  Kingston  at  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Ontario  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Francis  river  in- 
io  the  Georgian  bay  of  Huron,  such  line  and  the 
j'ounding  lake  encloses  a  peninsular  body  of  land 
l[f  300  ms.  in  length  from  SW.  to  NE.,  mean 
vidth  80  ms.,  and  24,000  sq.  ms. 

The  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  very  nearly  com- 
aensurate  with  the  space  enclosed  by  lakes  on  three 
ides  -  E.  by  Erie  and  St.  Clair,  NE.  and  N.  by 
luron,  and  W.  by  Michigan,  comprising  a  land 
rea  of  36,000  sq.  ms.  If  a  third  line  is  drawn 
om  the  head  of  Green  Bay  of  Michigan  to  Fond 
u  Lac,  or  extreme  western  bay  of  Superior,  it  will 
deasure  about  250  ms.,  and  enclose  between  it 
Ind  Lakes  Michigan,  Huron,  and  Superior,  a  pen- 
hsular  space  of  about  24,000  sq.  ms.  If  we  then 
dd  those  three  land  spaces  amounting  in  the  ag- 
regate  to  120,000  sq.  ms.  to  the  lake  summary  of 
3,000,  we  have  as  the  joint  area  of  land  and  water 
13,000  sq.  ms. ;  leaving  the  relative  proportions 
tf  land  and  water  as  40  to  31. 

fable  of  the  relative  heights  of  the  Lakes  Superior, 
Huron,  Michigan,  Erie,  Ontario,  <$fc, 

Feet. 


Superior  - 

luron  and  Michigan 
3rie 


-  641 
■  600 

-  565 


Feet- 

Ontario   -  -  -  -  -  231 

Crooked  Lake,  in  Yates  and  Steuben  coun- 
ties, New  York  -  -  700 
Canandaigua  Lake          -  680 
Aqueduct  at  Rochester     -  499 
Seneca  Lake,  at  Geneva  -  440 
Rome  level         -  420 
Seneca  river,  at  Montezuma         -  -  371 
Cayuga  Lake      -  400 
Lake  Champlain  -  90g 
The  heights  here  given  has  relation  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  lakes,  and  disclose  some  very  important 
physical  facts.    From  these  heights  we  see  that, 
an  increased  elevation  of  the  Atlantic  ocean  of  90g 
feet  would  bring  the  tides  up  the  Sorrel  river  into 
Lake  Champlain,  a  further  rise  of  231  feet,  into 
Lake  Ontario  and  to  the  foot  of  the  Niagara  rap- 
ids.   But  with  less  rise  than  necessary  to  flow  in- 
to Ontario,  the  tides  would  unite  the  waters  of 
Sorrel  and  Hudson,  and  insulate  all  those  parts  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada  northeastwards  from 
these  rivers,  and  such  rise  would  of  course  greatly 
extend  the  water  surface  at  the  expense  of  tha 
of  land. 

Many  have  expressed  the  opinion  verbally,  or 
by  writing,  that  the  sea  of  Canada  is  without  a 
parallel  ;  that  opinion  is,  however,  unfounded  in 
reality.  The  Black  or  Euxine  sea  and  its  river 
inlets  and  outlets,  are,  though  differing  in  features, 
of  a  liko  nature.  The  Don  flowing  into  the  Azoph, 
and  that  sheet  of  water  discharged  again  into  the 
Euxine,  and  the  latter  receiving  from  Europe  the 
Danube,  Dniester,  and  Dnieper,  and  from  Asia,, 
beside  numerous  smaller  streams,  the  Kizel,  Irmak, 
and  Sacaria,  and  discharging  its  surplus  waters  by 
the  straits  of  Constantinople  into  the  Marmora, 
and  from  the  latter,  by  the  Hellespont,  into  the 
archipelago  or  northeastern  part  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean ;  all  afford  similar  phenomena  to  those  of  the 
Canadian  sea. — See  and  compare  with  this,  articles 
Caspian  and  Euxine. 

Canal,  post  office,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y. 
Canal,  Dover,  village,  or  rather  the  post  office 
designation  for  Dover,  on  the  Ohio  canal,  Tusca- 
rawas co.,  O.,  4  ms.  northward  from  and  above 
New  Philadelphia. 

Canal,  Fulton,  the  post  office  name  of  the  village 
of  Fulton,  on  the  Ohio  canal,  Lawrence  tp.,  Stark 
co.,  O.  ;  13  ms.  NW.  of  Canton,  the  county  seat, 
21  NE.  by  E.  of  Wooster,  and  9  ms.  northerly  of 
Mnssillon.  Pop.,  according  to  Ohio  Gazetteer  of 
1837,  600. 

Canandiagua,  lake,  N.  Y.,  in  Ontario  co.,  15 
ms.  in  length  and  1  mile  in  mean  breadth.  It  re- 
ceives  a  number  of  creeks  and  discharges  its  wa- 
ters at  the  village  of  Canandaigua  into  an  outlet 
which  flows  NE.  20  ms.,  joins  Mud  creek  at  Ly- 
ons. The  level  of  Canandaigua  lake  is  about  670 
feet  above  that  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  105  above 
that  of  Lake  Erie,  and  299  above  the  Great  West- 
ern canal  at  Montezuma. 

Canandaigua,  village  and  seat  of  justice  in  On- 
tario co.,  N.  Y.,  on  a  rising  plain  at  the  outlet  of 
Canandaigua  lake.  It  is  one  of  the  most  elegant 
and  thriving  villages  in  the  interior  of  the  United 
States,  extending  in  one  street  near  two  miles  from 
the  lake.  Many  of  the  houses  are  edifices  vying 
in  architectural  magnificence  with  those  of  the 

187 


CAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAN 


most  flourishing  commercial  seaports.  The  style 
of  building  and  gardening  are  so  tastefully  display- 
ed as  to  give  to  Canandaigua  a  peculiarly  interest- 
ing aspect  to  the  passing  traveller.  Lon.  W.  C. 
17'  W.,  lat.  42  54  N.,  207  ms.  W.  from  Albany 
and  90  E.  from  Buffalo.    Pop.  in  1830,  1,830*; 

but,  in  1840,  had  risen  to  5,652  Tp.,  Ontario  on  the  E.  by  Berar,  on  the  S 

co.,  N.  Y.,  including  the  village  of  the  same  name. 1  on  the  W.  by  Baglana 
Pop.  in  1820,  4,680. 

Cananjoharie,  town,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  the  Mohawk  river,  about  40  ms.  westward  from 
Schenectady.    Pop.  in  1820,  4,677. 

Cananore,  large  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  capital  of  the  same  name,  though  populous  for- 
It  was  ceded  by  Tippoo  Sultan,  regent  of  Mysore,  merly,  is  little  better  than  a  desert,  there  being 


145  ms.  SW.  of  Cabul.  Lon.  67  15  E.,  lat.  33° 
N. — See  head  of  Persic  Region,  art.  Asia,  and 
art.  Afghanistan. 

Candeisk,  rich  and  populous  province,  in  the 
Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  subject  to  the  Poonah 
Mahrattas.    It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Malwa, 
by  Dowlatabad,  and 

Candelania,  bay  of,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Atrato 
river.     Colombia. — See  Atrato 

Candia,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  formerly 
Crete,  and  to  the  S.  of  the  Archipelago.  The 


to  the  English  East  India  Company  in  1792.  Lon. 
74  10  E.,  lat.  12°  N. 


nothing  but  rubbish,  except  at  the  bazar  or  mar- 
ket-place ;  and  the  harbour  of  Candia  is  now 


Canara,  province  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  sub- (  for  nothing  but  boats;  but  the  walls  of  the  towi 
ject  to  the  Rajah  of  Mysore.    Its  most  northerly  ,  are  standing,  and  it  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  ar 


r 


port  is  Onore,  in  lat.  14  20  N. 


bishop.    The  products  are  corn,  wine,  oil,  wool, 


Canard,  small  river  of  Upper  Canada,  falls  in-  silk,  and  excellent  honey.    The  climate  of  Can- 
to Detroit  river  between  Amherstsburg  and  Sand- 1  dia  is  delightful.    The  heat  is  never  excessive 
wich.  and  in  the  plains  violent  cold  is  never  felt.    In  ft 

Canaria,  or  The  Grand  Canary,  principal  of  j  warmest  days  of  summer  the  air  is  cooled 
the  Canary  islands,  about  180  ms.  from  the  coast' 
of  Africa,  which  gives  name  to  the  whole.  It  is  a 
fruitful  island,  and  famous  for  the  wine  that  bears 
its  name  ;  the  temperature  of  its  air  is  delightful ; 
and  it  abounds  with  good  water,  with  trees,  herbs, 
and  delicious  fruits.    Here  are  two  wheat  har- 


breezes  from  the  sea.  Except  December  and  5t 
uary,  but  little  cold  is  felt.  The  narrowness 
the  island  exposes  its  entire  surface  to  the  influ- 
ence of  sea  breezes,  which  are  generally  mild  and 
genial.  The  mountains  are  covered  with  a  great 
number  of  odoriferous  plants.  In  a  word,  from 
vests,  in  February  and  May,  and  the  corn  makes  the  hills,  the  vales,  and  the  plains,  on  all  hands 
bread  as  white  as  snow.  It  is  42  ms.  long,  and  !  there  arise  the  most  exquisite  perfumes,  which 
27  broad,  and  lies  18  leagues  W.  by  S.  of  Fuerta-  j  embalm  the  air,  and  render  it  a  luxury  to  breathe 

it.  Candia  is  200  ms.  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth. 


ventura.  Lon.  15  34  W.,  lat.  28  14  N. — See 
Africa,  p.  31.. 

Canary  Islands,  anciently  called  the  Fortunate 
Islands,  on  account  of  their  temperate  healthy  air 
and  excellent  fruits,  are  seven  in  number,  lying  in 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  near  the  continent  of  Africa  ; 
namely,  Palma,  Ferro,  Gomera,  Teneriffe,  Cana- 
ria, Fuertaventura,  and  Laneerota  ;  to  which  may 


It  is  500  ms.  SW.  of  Constantinople.    Lon.  25 

18  E.,  lat.  35  18  N.  Town,  Rockingham  co.,1 

N.  H.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,290;  in  1820,  1,273. 

Candlemas  Isles,  near  the  coast  of  Sandwich 
Land.    Lon.  27  13  W.,  lat.  57  10  S. 

Candor,  tp.  and  post  office,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.f 
on  Cutetant  creek,  10  ms.  NiVW.  from  Owego, 


be  added  several  smaller  isles  as  Graciosa,  Roccas,  i  and  by  post  road  215  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 
Allegranza,  St.  Clare,  Infierno,  and  Lobos.  From  j  Pop.  in  1820,  1,655. 
these  islands  the  Canary  birds  originally  came,  j  Candy,  Kingdom  of  Ceylon,  containing  about 
The  NE.  point  of  these  is  in  lon.  15  38  W.s  lat,  la  quarter  of  the  island.  It  is  full  of  hills,  whence 
28  13  N. — See  Africa,  p.  31.  !  rivulets  proceed,  which  abound  with  fish.  The  in- 
Canary,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Canaria,  habitants  are  dexterous  in  turning  these  rivulets  to 
with  a  bishop's  see,  an  inquisition,  supreme  coun-  Water  their  land,  which  is  fruitful  in  rice,  puis 
cil  of  the  Seven  Islands,  and  a  castle  seated  on  a  and  hemp.  The  king  is  absolute,  and  his  sub- 
hill.    They  have  sugar  houses,  in  which  a  great  jects  are  idolaters.  Capital  of  a  kingdom  of 

quantity  of  sugar  is  made.    The  wine  called  Sack,  the  same  name,  in  the  island  of  Ceylon,  Lon. 
has  hence  been  often  termed  Canary.    It  is  com-  80  42  E,,  lat.  7  45  N. 
puted  that  10,000  hogshead.-?  are  sent  annually  to      Candy's  Creek,  post  office,  Cherokee  nation,  in 
Eng.  in  time  of  peace.    Lon.  15  50  W.,  lat.  28  the  NW.  part,  of  Ga. 

4  N„ — See  Africa,  p.  31.  Cane,  Grotto  del,  famous  grotto,  on  the  banks 


Canastota. — See  Canistota. 
Canavarnal,  bay  of  the  U.  S.,  on  the  Pacific 
coast.    Lon.  W.  C.  47°  W.,  lat,  45  N. 

Cancalle,  bay  on  the  coast  of  Fr  ,  10  ms.  E.  of 
St.  Maloes,  where  the  English  made  a  descent, 
under  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1758,  and 
hence  proceeded  to  burn  the  ships  at  St.  Maloes. 

Candahar,  rich  trading  city  of  Asia,  capital  of 
a  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  While  the  Persian 
and  Mogul  empires  were  severally  undivided,  it 
was  the  frontier  fortress  of  Hindoostan  towards 
Persia ;  and  was  esteemed  the  key  of  the  western 
provinces  of  the  latter,  and  not  unfrequently 
changed  masters,  although  very  strong  by  situa- 
tion, being  surrounded  by  fens  and  rock?.  It  is 
188 


of  Lake  d'Agano,  7  ms.  from  Puzzoli,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples.  A  suffocating  vapour  rises  a  foot 
above  the  bottom  of  this  cave,  and  is  destructive 
to  animal  life.  A  dog  having  his  head  held  in 
this  vapour,  is  convulsed  in  a  few  minute?,  and 
soon  after  falls  motionless  to  the  earth,  hence  the 
name.  The  fellows  who  attend  at  the  cave,  have 
always  some  miserable  dogs,  with  ropes  about  their 
necks,  ready  for  this  cruel  purpose. 

Canea,  considerable  town  of  the  island  of  Can- 
dia, with  a  good  harbor.  The  environs  are  adorned 
with  forests  of  olive  trees,  mixed  with  fields,  vine- 
yards, gardens,  and  brooks,  bordered  with  myrtle- 
trees  and  laurel-roses.  Lon.  24  15  E-,  lat.  35 
20  N. 


CAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  CAN 


Canesus,  small  lake  of  Ontario  co.,  N  Y.,  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  Genesee  river. 

Caneto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Manfuan,  on  the 
iver  Oglio,  often  taken  and  retaken  by  the  French 
md  Austrians.    It  is  20  ms.  W.of  Mantua.  Lon. 
10  22  E.,  lat.  45  9  N. 
i   Caneadea,  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y. 

Canfield,  town,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  190  ms. 
VE.  from  Columbus,  and  about  30  NW.  from 
tfeaver,  in  Penn.    Pop.  in  1820,  787. 

Canina,  capital  of  the  district  of  the  same 
lame,  in  the  N.  part  of  Albania,  a  province  of 
Turkey  in  Europe,  lying  near  the  entrance  of  the 
jrulf  of  Venice,  8  ms.  N.  of  Valona.  Lon.  19 
1i5  E.,  lat.  41  12  N. — See  Joanino. 

Canistota,  village  in  Lenox,  Madison  co.,  N. 
V .,  on  the  great  western  canal,  post  road  27  ms. 
;W.  from  Utica. 

'   Cannay,  one  of  the  western  isles  of  Scotland, 
■>W.  of  the  isle  of  Skye.    This  island  is  fertile, 
md  is  noted  for  vast  basaltic  columns,  which  rise 
ibove  each  other  to  a  great  height,  in  many  suc- 
:essive  ranges,  each  separated  from  the  other  by  a 
;tratum  of  pebbly  concretions.    On  the  E.  side  of 
[the  island,  the  tops  of  an  immense  number  of 
I  hese  columns-appear  at  low  water,  forming  a  sort  of 
Ipuseway  of  surprising   extent,   the   surface  of 
■yhich  is  smooth  and  regular,   like  an  ordinary 
iraved  street. 

I  Cannaughquensing,  village  and  creek,  Butler 
l;o.,  Pa.    Pop.  1,300. 

I  Cannaveral,  cape  of  Florida.  N.  lat.  28  22, 
Ion.  W.  C.  3  35  W.  It  was  off  this  cape  (April 
129,  1814)  that  the  British  brig  Epervier,  of  32 
kuns  and  128  men,  was  captured  by  the  U.S. 
I  sloop  Peacock,  Captain  Warrington,  after  an  ac- 
I  ion  of  42  minutes. 

Cannellon,  village  of  Perry  co.,  Ia.,  situated  on 
M.he  Ohio  river,  opposite  Hawesville,  Hancock  co., 
(Ky.    The  remarkable  circumstances  under  which 
r|:his  village  was  founded,  and  attending  its  exist- 
!  |?nce,  deserve  more  than  a  mere  notice  of  its  name, 
lilt  is  situated  on  the  margin  of  the  Ohio  river,  on 
pne  of  those  comparatively,  with  the  now  highest 
illoods  of  that  stream,  elevated  alluvial  plains  so 
:haracteristic  of  the  banks  of  Ohio,  and  at  the  foot 
'Df  high  bluffs  or  hills.    In  1830,  a  vein  of  mineral 
i  :oal  was  discovered  in  the  adjacent  hills  by  Judge 
A.lmey  McLean,  and  which  discovery  led  on  to 
:he  opening  of  a  stratum  of  from  four  to  six  feet 
)f  coal,  having  some  resemblance  to  the  English 
Cannei  coal ;  hence  the  name.    This  coal  depos- 
ite  is  now  worked  by  a  company,  and  appears  to 
be  of  immense  extent.    The  coal,  sold  at  5  cents 
Iper  bushel,  yields  a  fair  profit.    This  notice  is  de- 
prived from  an  ample  description  given  by  Mr.  F. 
\W.  Hall,  in  a  letter  to  F.  Markoe,  jr.,  Esq.,  and 
published  in  the  National  Intelligencer  of  July  20, 
1843.    The  same  authority  states  the  existence  at 
the  same  locality  of  abundant  iron  ore.  Cannelton 
was  first  named  Coal  Haven,  and  the  name  changed 
to  suit  the  supposed  species  of  coal,  which,  though 
not  identical  with  the  real  Cannei  coal,  is  of  ex- 
cellent quality. 

!  Cannonball,  river,  branch  of  Missouri,  from  the 
W .  below  the  Mandan  village,  and  above  the 
Wetarhoo, 

Cannoncke.  river  of  Georgia,  branch  of  the 
Ogechee. 


Cannomburg,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 
1820,  440. 

Cannonsville,  vill.,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.  ;  by 
postroad,  141  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Canobia,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  on 
Lake  Maggiore,  35  ms.  NNW.  of  Milan.  Lon. 
8  44  E.,  lat.  45  55  N. 

Canoe  Camp,  village,  Tioga  co.,  Pa. 

Canoga,  small  creek,  N.  Y.,  between  Seneca 
and  Cayuga  lakes,  discharges  into  Seneca  outlet. 

Canoge,  the  ruins  of  which  are  at  present  of 
great  extent,  is  a  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 
the  province  of  Agra,  seated  on  the  Ganges,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Calin.  It  is  now  reduced 
to  the  size  of  a  middling  town.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  built  more  than  1,000  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era,  and  to  have  been  the  capital  of  all  Hin- 
doostan, under  the  predecessor  of  Porus,  who 
fought  against  Alexander.  It  is  127  ms.  SE.  of 
Agra.    Lon.  80  13  E.,  lat.  27  3  N. 

Canonicut,  island  in  Naragansett  bay,  belong- 
ing to  the  State  of  R.  I.  The  soil  is  fertile  and 
well  cultivated ;  the  inhabitants  are  about  600. 

Canonsburg,  village,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  on 
the  road  from  Pittsburg  to  Washington,  18  ms. 
from  the  former  and  7  from  the  lattefr  place.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Jefferson  college,  formerly  an  academy, 
but  changed  from  the  latter  to  the  former  in  1802, 
The  college  is  under  the  direction  of  a  president 
and  two  professors.  The  library  contains  about 
1,000  volumes,  and  the  philosophical  apparatus  is 
respectable.  Pop,  1840,  687.  Jefferson  college, 
located  in  the  borough  of  Canonsburg,  was  char- 
tered and  organized  in  1802,  though  with  an  en« 
largetnent  rather  than  any  serious  change  in  its 
objects  of  tuition.  This  institution  had  its  origin 
in  a  Latin  and  clerical  school  formed  at  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Rev.  John  McMillan,  between  2  and 
3  ms.  SE.  from  Canonsburg,  commenced  about 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war.  The  log  cabin 
in  which  this  school  was  held  was  standing  in 
1839  ;  and  in  it  the  writer  of  this  article  has  to  say 
he  stood  in  1789  and  1839. 

Canosa,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Barri,  Between  Canosa  and  the  river 
Osanto  are  still  some  traces  of  the  ancient  town  of 
Cannse,  in  the  plain  of  which  was  fought  the  cel- 
ebrated battle  between  Hannibal  and  the  Romans, 
Lon.  16  32  E.,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Canso,  seaport  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  a  strait 
which  separates  Nova  Scotia  from  Cape  Breton, 
Near  this  town  is  a  fine  fishery  for  cod,  Lon.  55° 
W.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Constat,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Wirtemberg,  seated  on  the  Neckar,  2  ms.  NE,  of 
Stutgardt.    Lon.  19  14  E-,  Int.  48  53  N. 

Cantal,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Auvergne.    The  capital  is  St.  Flour, 

Cantazuro,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cite* 
riore,  near  the  sea,  20  ms.  E.  of  Nicastro.  Lon 
16  47  E.,  lat.  39  3  N. 

Canterbury,  ancient  city  of  Eng.,  the  capital  of 
Kent,  with  an  archbishop's  see,  the  metropolitan 
of  all  Eng.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  pos- 
sesses a  share  of  the  silk  manufactures  introduced 
by  the  Walloons,  who  have  here  a  church  under 
the  cathedral,  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Steur,«26 
ms.  ESE,  of  Rochester,  and  56  of  London.  Lon- 

I  4  E.,  lat.  51  19  N.  Town,  Rockingham  co-; 

189 


CAP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAP 


N.  H.     Pop.  1810,   1,526;  1820,  1,696.  

Town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.    Pop.  1810,  1,812; 

1820,  1,984.  Town,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  between  West  Point 

and  Newburg.  Town,  Kent  co.,  Del.,  between 

Camden  and  Frederica. 

Canton,  or  Quarigtong,  one  of  the  southern 
provinces  of  China,  bounded  on  the  NE.  by  Fo- 
kien,  on  the  N.  by  Kiangsi,  on  the  W.  by  Quan- 
sj  and  the  kingdom  of  Tonking,  and  every  where 
else  by  the  seas.  The  country  is  diversified  with 
hills  and  plains,  and  the  soil  is  in  general  so  fer- 
tile that  it  produces  two  crops  annually.  Canton 
is  the  capital.    See  articles  Asia  and  China 


Capacio,  episcopal  town,  Naples,  in  Principat 
Citeriore,  16  ms.  S.  of  Salerno.    Lon.  15  3 
lat.  40  20  N. 

Capatina,  creek  and  post  office,  Belmont  co 
O.,  12  ms.  below  Wheeling. 

Cape,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.  Pop.  182 
52. 

Cape  Breton,  very  irregular  island  in  the  Gi 
of  St.  Lawrence,  about  100  ms.  in  length,  at 
forming  a  part  of  the  province  of  L.  C,  separati 
from  Nova  Scotia  by  the  strait  or  gut  of  Canso 
The  shores  of  this  island  are  remarkable  for  tl 
antiquity  and  abundance  of  its  fisheries.  The  i 
terior  of  the  island  is  fertile,  and  abounds  wit 


Canton,  large,  populous,  and  wealthy  city  of  j  mineral  coal.    Pop.  about  3,000 


China,  capital  of  the  province  of  that  name,  stands 
on  the  river  Pekiang.  It  is  a  seaport,  and  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  empire.  The  number  of  inhabit- 
ants was  computed  at  1,000,000,  but  later  calcu- 
lations have  made  them  considerably  less.  Lon. 

133  12  E.,  lat.  23  7  N.  Town,  Oxford  co., 

Me.,  67  ms.  NNW.  from  Portland.  Town, 

Norfolk  co.,  Mass.    Pop.  1810,  1,353;  in  1820, 

1,268.  Tp.,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.     Pop.  1810, 

1,374;  in  1820,  1,322.  Town,  St.  Lawrence 

co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  1820,  1,337.  Tp.,  Wash 


Cape  Elizabeth,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  1810,  1,415;  in  1820,  1,688. 

Cape  Girardeau,  co.,  Mo.,  bounded  by  Mis- 
sissippi river  NE.,  New  Madrid  co.  S.,  St.  Francis 
river  W.,  and  St.  Genevieve  co.  N.;  length  48 
ms.;  mean  width  25  ;  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  ;  surface 
mostly  level,  and  in  part  liable  to  annual  submer- 
sion. Soil  fertile ;  staples,  some  cotton,  Indian 
corn,  live  stock,  &c.  Chief  towns,  Jackson  and 
Girardeau.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,968.  Central  iat. 
37  20  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  12  25  W.  Village, 


ngton  co.,  Pa.     Pop.  1810,  1,335;  i'n  1820,  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Miss.,  on  the  right  bank  of 


1,276.  Tp.,  Bradford  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820, 

569.  Tp.,  Stark  co.,  O.    Pop.  1810,  846  ;  in 

1820,  1,398.  Village  and  county  seat,  Stark 

co.,  O.,  on  the  Nimishillen  creek,  over  which,  in 


the  vicinity  of  the  village,  four  fine  bridges  have  Chesapeake  bay. 


the  Miss,  river.    N.  lat.  37  22,  lon.  W.  C.  12 

10  W. 

Cape  Charles,  the  extreme  southern  point  of 
the  peninsula,  between  the  Atlantic  ocean  and 


been  erected,  NW.  from  Steubenville  58,  and 
NNE.  from  Zanesviile  90  ms.  In  1830,  this 
place  contained  1,257  inhabitants,  and  in  1840, 
3,299  ;  distant  25  ms.  a  very  little  S.  of  W.  from 
Ravenna,  34  west  of  New  Lisbon,  55  NW.  of 
Steubenville,  and  8  E.  of  Massillon,  on  the  Ohio 

canal.    N.  lat.  40  48,  lon.  W.  C.  4  25  W.  

Village,  Belmont  co.,  O.    For  Canton,  Belmont 

co.,  see  Bridgeport,  Belmont  co.,  O.  Land  j 

district  of  Ohio,  includes  part  of  Stark,  and  all  of 


Cape  Cod,  remarkable  point  of  land  in  Mass., 
extending  in  form  of  a  long  narrow  peninsula, 
into  the  Atlantic  ocean.  It  forms  a  part  of 
Barnstable  co.  The  extreme  NW.  point  of  this 
cape,  is  at  lon.  W.  C.  6  48  E.,  lat.  42  6  N. 

Cape  Cod  Bay,  between  Cape  Cod  peninsula, 
and  Barnstable  and  Plymouth  counties,  Mass. 

Cape  Farewell,  southern  extremity  of  Green- 
land.   Lon.  W.  C.  33  E.,  lat.  59  58  N. 
Cape  Fear,  southern  extremity  of  Smith's  ia- 


Wayne  and  Richland  co.*.,  and  is  composed  of  21  land>  a*  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river,  N.  (X 


ranges  of  tps.,  comprehended  between  the  Green- 
ville treaty  line  on  the  S.  and  the  Connecticut 
western  reserve  on  the  N.,  excepting  the  seven 


Lon.  W.  C.  1  25  W.,  lat.  33  32  N. 

Cape  Fear  River,  the  most  considerable  river 
which  flows  entirely  in  N.  C.    It  rises  principally 


easternmost  ranges  which  belong  to  the  Steuben-  \in  Rockingham  and  Guilford  counties  ;  whence  it 
vilte  district.    The  land  office  for  this  district  is  :  pursues  a  SSE.  course  to  the  Atlantic  ocean. 


at  Worcester,  in  Wayne  co 


■Viih 


g6j 


Wih 


Cape  Haitien,  or  Cape  Frangois,  town  and 


co.,  Ala.,  on  the  left  "bank  of  the  Alabama  river,  I  seaport  on  the  north  side  of  the  island  of  Haiti,  or 


ibout  40  ms.  by  water  below  Cahaba 


St.  Domingo.      This  place  was  estimated  to  con- 


S.  from  St. 


CantwelVs  Bridge,  town 
mink,  in  Newcastle  co.,  Del.,  9  ms 
George's,  and  19  from  Newcastle. 

Caney  Fork,  branch  of  Cumberland  river,  rises 
in  Warren,  White,  and  Jackson  counties,  in  Ten. 
and,  flowing  NW.,  enters  Smith  co 
into  Cumberland  at  Carthage 


the  Appoquini-  t£Un   a  population  exceeding  10,000,    but  \va9 


nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  on  the  7th  of 
December,  1842.  Lat.  19  50  N.,  lon.  72  ID 
W.  of  London. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  southern  extremity* 
and  falls  I  of  Africa,  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  navigator 
|  Bartholomew  Diaz,  in  1486,  who  gave  it  the 


Cantyre,  the  southern  division  of  Argyleshire,  |  name  of  Cabo  Tormentoso,  from  the  boisterous 

weather  which  he  met  with  near  it;  but  Emanuel, 
king  of  Portugal,  on  the  return  of  Diaz,  changed 
its  name  to  that  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  from  the 
tory,  surrounded  bv  a  group  of  dangerous  rocks,  I  hope  he  entertained  of  finding  a  passage  beyond  it 
called  the  Mull  of  Cantyre.    The  soil,  in  general,  I  to  India;  and  in  this  he  was  not  deceived,  fo 


in  Scotland.  It  is  a  narrow  peninsula  between  the 
Atlantic  ocean  and  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  To  the 
south  the  peninsula  terminates  in  a  great  promon 


is  fertile 

Caorlo,  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on 


Vascode  Gama,  having  doubled  this  cape  on  the 
20th  of  November,  1497,  proceeded  to  India,  and 


the  coast' of  Venetian  Friuli,  20  ms.  NE.'  of  landed  at  Calicut,  on  the  22d  May,  1498  The 
Venice.    It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,    Lon-  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  first  touched  at  by  the 


12  30  E-,  lat.  45  42  N. 
190 


Dutch  in  1600,  and  in  1650  they  established  a  set- 


CAP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


CAP 


tlement  at  this  place,  of  which  they  held  undisturb- 
ed possession  for  near  150  years.  Here  is  a  neat 
town  called  Cape  Town,  rising  in  the  midst  of  a 
desert,  surrounded  by  a  black  and  dreary  moun- 
tains.— See  Cape  Town. 

\  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  colony,  extends  over  all 
the  southern  regions  of  Africa,  surrendered  by 
capitulation  to  the  British  in  1795,  but  was  res- 
tored in  1802,  by  the  treaty  of  Amiens.  It  again 
surrendered  to  the  British,  in  1806;  and  now 
forms  part  of  their  dominions. — See  Africa,  p.  27. 

Cape  Colony,  as  represented  on  Black's  Edin- 
burg  Atlas,  extends  from  Cape  Castle,  on  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  Ion.  18°  E.  London,  to  the 
mouth  of  Kiskamma  river.  Lon.  27  30  E.,  or 
from  W.  to  E.,  along  S.  lat.  33°,  about  540  ms.  ; 
and  from  Cape  Lagullas,  S.  lat.  34  25  to  S.  30°  in- 
iland.  The  British  Government  have  anglicised, 
in  great  part,  the  local  subdivisions.    The  Cape 


1840,  5,324.  Central  lat.  39  10,  lon.  W.  O.  2 
15  E. 

Cape  Neddick,  cape  and  post  office,  Vork  co. , 
Me.,  53  ms.  S.  W.  from  Portland. 

Capestan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aude, 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  near  the  river 
Aude,  and  the  famous  canal  of  Languedoc.  Lon. 
3  8  E.,  lat.  43  21  N. 

Cape  St.  Michael,  seigniory  of  Lower  Canadi, 
in  Surry  co  ,  nearly  opposite  Quebec. 

Cape  Town,  capital  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
colony,  in  Africa.  Lat.  33  56  S.,  lon.  18  23  E- 
from  London,  and  95  23  E.  from  W.  C.  This 
city  stands  on  a  capacious  bay  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  It  is  tolerably  well  built.  Pop.  15,000, 
The  adjacent  country  is  mountainous,  though  the 
valleys  are  fertile  and  well  cultivated.  This  city 
being  the  great  entrepot  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Indian  oceans,  must  be  at  all  times  a  very  im- 


idistrict,  or  extreme  west,  remains,  and  is  followed  i  portant  commercial  position.    Cape  Town,  with 


iby  Stellenboch,  continuing  the  name  on  a  very 
small  scale  of  a  large  former  Dutch  province. 
Ulan  William  now  follows  the  new  Stellenboch, 


the  whole  of  S.  of  Africa,  was  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  in  1814. 

Cape  Vincent,  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  N.  V  , 


bn  the    southern  coast,  extending  from    False  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 
Bery  and  Stellenboch,  Schwellendam  reaches  to      Caphon  Springs,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Va. 
jGauretz  river,  and  is  followed  by  George,  and  the  |     Capitinati,  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Na- 


jBig  Litenhage,  two  districts  nearly  commensurate 
iivith  the  former  Schwellendam  of  the  Dutch.  The 
[former  Graaf  Reynet,  or  eastern  Dutch  province  is 
Iciear  and  along  the  ocean  now  called  George,  and 
inland  next  to  George  Somerset,  and  still  more 


pies,  bounded  N  W.  by  the  province  of  Molisi.  W.  by 
Benevento,  S.  by  Basihcata  and  Terra  di  Bari,  and 
ENE.  and  N,  by  the  Adriatic  sea.  As  a  natural  sec- 
tion, Capitinata  slopes  eastward  from  the  AppenninF 
mountains,  and  is  included  between  latitudes  41° 


northerly,  Graaf  Reynet.  The  inclination  of  the  and  42°  N.  On  the  Adriatic  side,  this  province 
far  greater  part  of  the  Cape  Colony  is  southward,  j  is  indented  by  the  Gulf  of  Manfredonia,  and 
Lhough  towards  its  northern  extreme  flow  the  j  traversed  by  a  spur  of  the  Appeninnes,  protruding 
higher  sources  of  Orange  river,  and  from  its  north- j  the  promontory  of  Mount  Gargan.  The  name, 
western  district  Clan  William,  flow,  beside  some  according  to  Sismondi,  is  derived  from  the  title  of 


pf  lesser  note — the  considerable  volume  of  Olifants 
river.  We  say  considerable,  however,  only  as 
comparative,  since  like  all  the  other  rivers  of 
{Africa,  those  of  the  Cape  are  only  abundant  in 
ivvater  during  the  rainy  seasons. — See  art.  Africa, 
pp.  27,  28. 

;  Cape  Henry,  opposite  Cape  Charles,  the  point 
tto  the  SE.  off  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  bay. 

Cape  Htnlopen,  Sussex  co.,  Del ,  opposite 
((Jape  Mav,  from  which  it  is  distant,  N  W.,  22  ms. 
Lon,  W~.  C  1  57  E.,  lat.  38  44'. 

Cape  Hope,  light-house,  NW.  point  of  ?*1artha's 
vineyard. 

Capelle,  town  ofFr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne, 
lately  in  the  province  of  Picardy,  8  ms.  NE.  of 
Guise,  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1636,  but  re- 
taken the  year  after.  Lon.  3  50  E.,  lat.  49 
p8  N. 

I  Cape  May,  point  of  land  in  the  State  of  N.  J., 
Bformed  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  the  bay  of 
(Delaware.  Lon.  W.  C.  2  18  E.,  lat.  38  56  N. 
I  Cape  May  Court,  House,  village  and  seat  of  j  ustice 
j'n  Cape  May,  co.,  N.  J  ,  a  few  ms.  N.  from  Cape 
May,  34  WE.  from  Bridgetown,  and  74  from 
Philadelphia,  in  the  lat.  of  39°  N.  and  75°  W.— 
See  Middletown. 

|  Cape  May,  co.  of  N.  J.,  the  southern  extre- 
mity of  that  Stale;  bounded  SE.  by  the  Atlantic 

pcean,  W.  by  Delaware  bay,  N.  W.  by  Cumber- 
land, and  by  Tuckahoe,  and  Great  Egg  Harbor 
rivers  N.  E. ;  length  31,  mean  width  10  ms., 
area  310  sq.  ms. ;  surface  level,  soil  sandy.  Chief 
town,  Middletown.     Pop.  in  1820,  4,265,  in 


the  Greek  Governor  Catapan,  when  that  nation 
regained  their  ascendancy  in  that  country,  A.  D. 

982 — 1002.    Capital,  Manfredonia.  -Town  of 

New  Granada,  60  ms.  from  Tunja. 

Capo  Fino,  a  barren  rock  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  with  a  castle  on  its  eastern  peak.  Near 
it  is  a  small  harbor  of  the  same  name,  13  ms.  EbE. 
of  Genoa.    Lon.  8  56  E.,  lat  44  20  N. 

Capo  D'Istria,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Venetian 
Istria,  on  the  Gulf  of  Trieste,  whose  principal 
revenue  consists  in  wine  and  salt.  It  is  8  ms.  S. 
of  Trieste.  Lon.  14  6  E.,  lat.  45  49  N. 

Capolica,  small  river  of  Mexico,  in  the  inten- 
dancy  of  Oaxaca,  flows  into  the  Gulf  Tehuantepec. 
Lon.  W.  C.  19°  W.,  lat.  16°  N. 

Caprala,  isle  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  to  the 
NE.  of  Corsica,  on  which  it  depends.  It  has  a 
strong  castle,  and  is  15  ms.  in  circumference. 
Lon.  10  E.,  lat.  43  5  N. 

Caprana,  nearly  coinciding  with  the  ancient 
Chaiionea  of  Bcetia,  now  Livadia  ;  it  is  a  village 
on  the  ancient  Cephisus. 

Capri,  island  of  Naples,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
opposite  Sorcnto.  A  vast  quantity  of  quails  come 
here  every  year,  forming  the  principal  revenue  of 
the  bishop,  who  is  hence  called  the  bishop  of  Quails. 
It  is  5  ins., in  length  and  2  in  breadth. — —  Capi  - 
tal of  an  island  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong 
castle.  It  was  once  a  delightful  place,  embellished 
with  magnificent  works,  which  were  demolished 
after  the  death  of  Tiberius.  Lon.  14  8  E.,  lat. 
40  11  N. 

Captina,  creek  of  Ohio,  rising  in  the  SW. 

191 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAR 

arats  fine,  o 


angle  of  Belmont  co.,  and  falling  into  the  Ohio 
river  opposite  Captina  island,  23  ms.  by  water 
below  Wheeling. 

Captina,  post  office,  York  tp.,  southeastern  angle 
of  Belmont  co.,  O.,  on  or  near  the  Ohio  river,  about 
15  ms,  a  little  E  of  S.  from  St.  Clairsville,  and 
about  an  equal  distance  below  Wheeling. 

Capua,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora, 
with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  2  ms.  from  the 
ancient  Capua,  and  was  built  out  of  its  ruins.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1 707 ;  and  is 
seated  on  the  Voltumo,  15  ms.  N.  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  19  E.,  lat.  41  7  N. 

Caraccas,  province  of  S.  America,  in  the  former 
Republic  of  Colombia,  included  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  province  of  Venezuela.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  E.  by  Cumana, 
and  on  the  S.  by  New  Granada.  The  coast  is 
rocky  and  mountainous,  interspersed  with  small 
fertile  valleys  ;  in  general  with  a  clear  air  and 
wholesome  climate.    The  chief  town  is  Caraccas. 

Caraccas,  or  SL  Jago  de  Leon,  capital  of  Carac- 
cas. It  is  situated  in  an  elevated  valley  between 
two  mountains,  2,900  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  It  is  subjected  to  earthquakes ;  one  occurred 
March  16,  1812,  which  reduced  great  part  of  the 
city  to  ruins,  and  the  population  from  upwards  of 
32,000  to  less  than  20,000  persons.  Lon.  W.  C. 
10  14  E.,  lat.  10  34  N. 

Caramania,  province  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  the 
8.  part  of  Natolia.  Satalia  is  the  capital. — See 
Asia,  p.  83. 

Caramanta,  province  of  Terra  Firma,  lying  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  Cauca;  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  district  of  Carthagena,  on  the  E.  by  New 
Granada,  on  the  Ss  and  W.  by  Popayan  and  Pa- 
nama. It  is  a  valley  surrounded  by  high  moun- 
tains; and  there  are  rivulets  whence  the  natives  get 
very  good  salt. — —Capital  of  a  province  of  that 
name  in  Terra  Firma,  South  America,  seated  on 
the  Cauca,  240  ms.  NNE.  of  Popavan,  Lon.  75 
15  W.,  lat.  5  18  N. 

Carangas,  small  province  of  Peru,  in  the  Andes, 
to  the  E.  of  Arica,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Des- 
aguadura. 

Carango,  inconsiderable  island  in  the  East  In- 
dies, near  Bombay.  It  affords  nothing  but  some 
rice,  fowls,  and  goals. 

Car&ra,  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  principality  of 
Massa,  between  Massa  and  Sarzana,  5  ms.  from 
each,  Near  this  place  are  quarries  of  marble  of 
various  colors.    Lon.  9  55  E-,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Carasu,  river  of  Natolia,  which  rises  in  Cara- 
mania,  crosses  part  of  Aladula,  and  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean. 

Carasu  Mtstro,  river  of  Romania,  which  rises 
in  Mount  Rhodope,  and  falls  into  the  Archipelago. 

Carasui,  lake  in  Bulgaria,  said  to  be  55  ms.  in 
circumference,  and  to  contain  several  islands.  It 
is  formed  by  a  branch  of  the  Danube,  not  far  from 
its  entrance  into  the  Black  sea. 

Carat,  from  a  berry  of  a  pod  used  for  a  weight 
of  4  grains.  It  is  used  in  weighing  precious  stones, 
and  to  express  the  fineness  of  wrought  or  coined 
gold.  Pure  gold  divided  into  24  equal  parts,  and 
any  number  of  these  parts  taken  away  and  sup- 
plied by  other  metal,  the  mixture  is  then  designated 
by  the  number  of  carats  of  pure  gold.  If,  for  ex- 
ample, allowing  the  whole  mass  24,  two  carats  are 
192 


copper,  the  gold  is  then  termed  22  carats  fine 
11  12ths  gold  and  1  12th  copper. 

Caravacca,  town  of  Spain,  among  the  moun 
tains  near  the  river  Segura,  in  Murcia,    It  is  5( 
ms.  NW.  of  Carthagena.    Lon.  2  5  VV.,  lat. 
5  N. 

Caravan,  from  Arabic  karau,  to  move 
stretch  along,  is  applied,  however,  particularly  tc 
any  body  of  people,  whether  pilgrims  or  merchants 
associated  together  to  traverse  the  great  deserts  o 
Africa  and  Asia.  Hence  caravan-serai,  or  enclosec 
places  of  stoppage  or  of  refreshment  for  caravans, 

Caravan-serai,  composed  of  caravan  and  serai 
an  enclosed  space.  A  kind  of  inn  or  stopping  place 
for  travellers,  pilgrims,  merchants,  &c,  moving 
in  caravan. — See  Seraglio.  This  term  is  spellec 
differently  as  to  the  terminating  syllable,  as  cara 
vansera,  caravan-serai,  and  caravanserail. 

Caravelle,  cape  of  the  island  of  Martinico,  or 
the  NE.  coast.    Lon.  W.  C.  16  4  E.,  lat.  14  55 

Carcassone,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  ol  j 
Aude,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc.    Here  m 
manufactures  of  all  sorts  of  cloth.    It  i3  15  ms.  W 
of  Narbonne  and  400  S.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  25 
lat.  43  14  N. 

Cardiff,  borough  of  S.  Wales  in  Glamorgan  ; 
shire.  It  is  a  large  and  well  built  town.   It  is  seat  j 
ed  on  the  Taafe,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  and  it  hai 
a  considerable  trade  with  Bristol.    Cardiff  is  18 
I  ms.  E.  of  Cowbridffe  and  1 64  W.  of  London.  Lon. 
3  12  W.,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Cardigan,  county  town  of  Cardiganshire,  on  I 
|  the  river  Tyvy,  over  which  is  a  handsome  stone 
bridge;  33  ms.  NE.  of  St.  David's  and  225  WNW 
jof  London.    Lon.  4  38  W.,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Cardigan  bay,  on  the  coast  of  Cardiganshire,  il  I 
the  mouth  of  the  Tyvy,  extending  to  Barsey  is 
!  land,  in  Carnarvonshire.    It  is  40  ms  from  one 
1  cape  to  the  other,  and  affords  secure  shelter  for  1 
ships. 

Cardiganshire,  co.  of  South  Wales,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Merionethshire  and  Montgomeryshire,  i 
on  the  E.  by  Radnorshire  and  Brecknockshire,  on 
the  S.  by  Carmarthenshire  and  Pembrokeshire,  and 
on  the  W.  by  Cardigan  bay.  It  extends  42  ms.  I 
from  N.  to  8.,  and  20  from  E.  to  W.,  and  is  divided 
into  five  hundreds,  containing  six  market  towns, 
and  64  parishes,  extending  over  500,000  acres, 
It  lies  in  the  diocess  of  St.  David's,  and  sends  two 
members  to  Parliament.  The  air  is  milder  here 
than  in  most  parts  of  Wales.  To  the  S.  and  W. 
are  plains  fruitful  in  corn;  but  the  N.  and  E.  parts 
are  a  continued  ridge  of  mountains ;  however,  there 
are  cattle  bred  in  all  parts;  but  they  have  neither 
wood  nor  coals  of  their  own  for  fuel.  They  have 
fish  in  plenty,  with  fowls  both  tame  and  wild. 
Near  the  rivers  are  great  numbers  of  otters ;  and  in 
the  valleys  are  several  lakes.  The  mountains 
abound  with  veins  of  lead  and  silver  ore  ;  and  the 
mines  have  been  worked  several  times  to  great  ad 
vantage  :  Sir  Hugh  Middleton  is  said  to  have  clear- 
ed ,£2,000,  a  month  for  several  years  together, 
which  enabled  him  to  bring  the  New  river  water 
to  London  ;  but  he  expended  the  whole  on  that 
great  object.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tyvy, 
the  Rydal,  and  the  Istwith.  Pop.  in  1801,  42,956  , 
in  1811,  50,260;  and  in  1821,  57,311. 

Cardinal,  chief,  principal,  or  first.  The  ra 
ical  meaning  "  the  foundation— first  principle, 


CAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  CAR 


in  ecclesiastical  dignity.  In  its  original  applica-  j  West.  Indies,,  divided  into  Windward  islands  and 
ion,  which  dates  back  to  the  earliest  ages  of  Leeward  islands. 


hristianity,  the  title  of  cardinal  was  given  to  rcg 
Jar  clergy — bishops,  priests,  and  deacons,  who 
ere  attached  to  a  particular  church,  to  distinguish 
hem  from  clergymen  who  remained  unsettled 
'his  distinctive  application  remained  unchanged 
the  eleventh  century,  when  the  popes,  in  their 
icrease  of  power,  deemed  it  suitable  to  their  views 
have  a  council  of  these  cardinals ;  which,  how 
er,  in  the  first  age  of  the  existence  of  such  coun 
conferred  no  superiority  of  its  members  over 
ler  clergy  of  equal  rank  in  the  church.    But  in 
case  the  laws  of  nature  had  their  course  and 
t — an  increase  of  concentrated  power  Th< 
ion  of  the  popes  finally  fell  into  their  hands 
rban  VIII,  in  1631,  granted  them  the  title  of 
minence,  which  replaced  their  former  title  of  II 
ustrious.   Their  number  had  been  fixed  in  1526 
:t  70,  which  has  remained  the  regular  number,  ex 
t  that  death  rarely  admits  a  full  college.  Many 
linals  have  been  ministers  of  State ;  but  Cardi- 
lal  Fleury,  Prime  Minister  of  France,  and  who 
lied  in  1743,  was  the  last  of  the  order  of  any  note 
ho  have  been,  out  of  the  Papal  States,  called  to 
high  political  station. 

Cardington,  village,  Morventp.,  near  the  south- 
astern  angle  of  Marion,  co.,  O.,  18  ms.  SE.  by 
from  Marion,  the  county  seat,  15  ms.  NNE*. 
rom  Delaware,  and  40  very  nearly  due  N.  from 
'olumbus. 

Cardona,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a 
:astle.  Near  it  is  an  inexhaustible  mountain  of 
alt,  of  several  colors,  which,  when  washed,  be- 
.•omes  white ;  and  there  are  vineyards  which  pro- 
1  ice  excellent  wine.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
lear  the  river  Cardenero,  30  ms  NW.  of  Barce- 
na.    Lon.  1  30  E.,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Carelia,  eastern  part  of  Finland.    It  belonged 

merly  to  Sweden,  but  now  to  Russia. — See  Wi- 

rgh. 

Carentan,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Chan- 
iel,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  with  an  an- 
ient castle,  8  ms.  from  the  sea.  Lon.  I  4  W., 
lat.  49  16  N. 

Cares,  or  Kareis,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 

acedonia,  17  ms.  SE.  from  Salonica. 

Carew,  village  of  Wales,  on  an  arm  of  Milford- 
iaven  ;  remarkable  for  its  ruins. 

Carfagnano. — See  Castle  Nuovo  di  Carfag- 


Carhaix,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep  of  Finisterre, 
on  the  river  Yer,  19  ms.  S.  of  Morlaix. 

Carham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Northumberland, 
5  ms.  E.  of  Kelso. 

Cariaco,  gulf  of  South  America,  in  Cumana, 
extending  between  the  continent,  and  a  long  nar- 
row peninsula  terminated  by  Cape  Araya  NW., 

17  ms.  from  the  city  of  Cumana.  -Small  river 

falling  into  the  gulf  of  the  same  name.  Town 

of  Cumana,  at  the  head  of  the  Cariaco  gulf. 

Cariati,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeri- 
ore,  near  the  gulf  of  Taranto,  25  ms.  N,  of  St.  Se- 
ven no 

Caribbean  sea,  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  ocean 
lying  between  Cuba,  St.  Domingo,  and  Porto  Ri- 
co  on  the  N.  and  the  Republic  of  Colombia  S. — 
See  America. 

Caribbe  islands,  the  most  eastern  islands  pf  the 
25* 


Caribeuf,  island  in  Lake  Superior,  about  100 
ms.  NW.  from  the  falls  of  St.  Mary. 

Carical,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
where  the  French  had  a  settlement,  which  was 
taken  by  the  British  in  1760.  It  stands  at  the 
mouth  of  a  branch  of  the  Cavery,  8  ms.  S.  of 
Tranquebar. 

Carignan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardennes, 
It  was  formerly  called  Ivoix,  and  belonged  to  Lux- 
emburg, but  was  ceded  to  Louis  XIV,  who  changed 
the  name.    It  is  seated  on  the  Chiers,  8  ms.  ESE. 

of  Sedan.  Town  of  Piedmont,  in  a  district  of 

the  same  name,  seated  on  the  river  Po,  12  ms.  S. 
by  W.  of  Turin.  The  heir  apparent,  to  the  throne 
of  Sardinia  is  entitled  "  Prince  of  Carignan." 

Cariman  Java,  cluster  of  islands  to  the  N.  of 
Java,  at  the  principal  of  which  ships  touch  for  re- 
freshment in  their  voyage  to  Borneo.  Lon.  110  12 
E.,  lat  5  56  S. 

Carinacou,  chief  of  the  Granadilla  islands,  in 
the  West  Indies,  16  ms.  NNE.  from  Grenada.  It 
produces  much  cotton,  and  has  a  good  harbor 
Lon.  61  22  W.,  lat.  12  28  N. 

Carinola,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
seated  near  Mount  Massico,  25  ms.  NW.  from 
Naples. 

Carinthia,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Austria,  E.  by  Styria,  S.  by  Camiola  and  Friuli, 
and  W.  by  Tyrol  and  Salzburg.  It  is  mountain- 
ous and  woody,  but  yields  good  pasturage,  and 
abounds  in  excellent  iron  and  lead.  Clagenfurt  ia 
the  capital. 

Carion  Crow,  creek  of  La.,  forming  part  of  the 
limit  between  Opelousas  and  Attacapas. 

Carisbrook  Castle,  ancient  castle  near  Newport, 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  one  mileS.  of  Newport,  now 
the  seat  of  the  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and 
has  a  strong  garrison. 

Caristo,  or  Castel  Rosso,  episcopal  town  of 
Greece,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  island  of 
Negropont.  Lon.  24  35  E.,  lat.  38  4  N. 
Carlentini. — See  Lentini. 
Carlingford,  borough  and  seaport  of  Ireland,  in 
the  co.  of  Lowth,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is 
noted  for  excellent  oysters,  and  seated  on  Carling- 
ford bay,  21  ms.  N.  of  Drogheda.  Lon.  6  0  W., 
lat.  54  11  N. 

Carlinwark,  village  of  Scotland,  at  the  north 
corner  of  a  lake  of  its  name,  7  ms.  NE.  of  Kirk- 
udbright,  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
cotton. 

Carlisle,  city  of  Eng.,  and  the  capital  of  Cum- 
berland. It  is'governed  by  a  mayor,  and  contains 
about  12,000  inhabitants.  Carlisle  has  consider- 
able manufactures  of  coarse  linens,  cottons,  cali- 
coes, muslins,  whips,  and  fish-hooks.  It  is  60  ms. 
S.  of  Edinburgh,  and  301  NNW.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  53  W,,  lat.  54  46  N.  Tp.  in  Middle- 
sex co.  Mass.    Pop.  in  1810,  672  ;  in  1820,  681. 

 Town  in  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in  1820, 

1,583.  Village  and  capital  of  Cumberland  co., 

Pa.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Connedogwinnet  creek,  18 
ms.  W.  by  S.  from  Harrisburg,  37  N.  by  W.  of 
York,  about  NW.  from  Lancaster,  and  118  from 
Philadelphia.  The  county  was  divided  from  Lan- 
caster, and  Carlisle  made  the  principal  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Cumberland  county,  January,  1749-'50- 

193 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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The  town  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  the  houses 
are  built  principally  with  brick  and  limestone,  plain 
and  commodious.  The  streets  are  laid  out  in 
straight  lines,  and  of  a  convenient  width.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  seminary  of  learning,  called  Dickinson 
College,  founded  in  1783,  which,  after  languish- 
ing many  years,  has  been  revived  by  the  exertions 
of  individuals,  and  by  a  liberal  grant.  Pop.  of  the 
borough  and  township  in  1840,  4,351.  Bo- 
rough and  tp.  in  Cumberland  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1810,  2,491  ;  in  1820,  2,908;  and  iff  1840,  the 
borough  and  township  contained  4,S51  inhabitants. 

 -Village  in  Bonrhon  co.,  Ky.  Village  in 

Nicholas  co.  Ky.,  situated  on  a  branch  of  Hink- 
•non's  fork  of  Licking  river,  30  ms.  NE.  of  Lex- 
ington, and  near  about  a  like  distance  SW.  of 

Maysville.  Village  in  Lorain  co.,  Ohio,  3^  ms. 

3.  of  Elyria,  the  county  seat,  5  E.  of  Oberlin,  and 
5  N.  of  Lagrange. 

Carlow,  or  Catherlough,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  28  ms.  in  length  and  8  in 
breadth;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Wicklow  and 
Wexford,  on  the  W.  by  Queen's  co.  and  Kilken- 
ny, and  on  the  N.  by  Kildare.  Town  of  Ire 

land,  in  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Barrow,  16  ms.  NE.  of  Kilkenny.  Lon.  7  14  W 
lat.  52  48  N. 

Carlow,  post  office  in  Hopkins  co.  Ky.,  about 
'i00  m?.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Carlowitz,  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated  on  the 
Danube,  38  ms.  NW.  of  Belgrade.  Long.  20  5 
E.,  lat.  44  45  N.  The  treaty  deriving  its  title  from 
this  town  was  signed  26th  Jan.,  1699,  by  the  min- 
isters of  Turkey,  Germany,  Poland,  Russia,  &c. 

Carlscrona,  or  Carlscroon,  seaport  of  Sweden, 
in  the  province  of  Blekingen.  It  derives  its  ori- 
gin and  name  from  Charles  XL,  who  first  laid  the 
foundations  of  a  new  town  in  1680,  and  removed 
the  fleet  from  Stockholm  to  this  place  on  account 
of  its  advantageous  situation  in  the  centre  of  the 
Swedish  seas.  The  town  contains  about  11,000 
inhabitants.  Formerly,  vessels  in  this  port,  when 
careened  and  repaired,  were  laid  upon  their  sides 
bD  the  open  harbor,  until  a  dock  was  hollowed  in 
a  solid  rock,  in  1 724,  capable  of  receiving  a  first  rate 
man  of  war,  Carlscrona  Is  220  ms.  SW.  of  Stock- 
holm.   Lon.  15  26  E.,  lat.  56  20  N. 

Carhiadt,  capital  of  Croatia,  on  the  river  Kulp, 
140  ma.  S.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  15  21  E.,  lat.  56 

2  N.  Town  of  Sweden,  in  Wermeland,  on  the 

island  of  Tingwalla,  which  is  formed  by  two 
r,r- aches  of  the  Clara  Elbe.  The  town  contains 
13500  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  a  trade  in  iron 
and  wood  across  Lake  Wenner.   It  is  133  ms.  W. 

of  Stockholm.  Lon.  13  43  E.,  lat.  59  16  N.  

Town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of  Wurtsburg, 
seated  on  the  Maine,  16  ms.  N.  of  Wurtzburg. 
Lon.  9  12  E.,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Carlysle,  village  in  Washington  co.,  III.,  on  the 
lett  bank  of  Kaskaskia  river,  27  ms.  SE.  from 
Vandalia. 

Carmagniola,  trading  town  of  Piedmont,  on  a 
small  nver  which  runs  into  the  Po,  14  ms.  S.  of 
Turin.    Lon.  7*45  E.,  lat.  44  51  N. 

Carmel,  a  mountain  in  Palestine,  50  ms.  N.  ol 
Jerusalem- — -Town  in  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

Pop.  in  1820,  153.  -Town  in  Putnam  co.,  N. 

Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,247  — Post  office  in  Ga., 
in  the  Chejrokee  nation, 
194 


Carmi,  village  and  seat  of  justice  in  White  co., 
III.,  on  Little  Wabash,  20  ms.  above  its  mouth,  42 
ms.  from  Shawneetown.    Lat.  38  7  N.,  long.  \V. 

C.  11  5. 

Carmlchaeh,  post  office  in  Green  co.  Pa. 
Carnarvon.  — See  Caernarvon. 
Carnarvon,  tp.  in  ihe  SE.  part  of  Berks  co., 

Pa.     Pop  in  1810,  723;  in  1820,  829.  Tp 

in  the  NE.  part  of  Lancaster,  Pa.    Pop.  in  I8li 
1,084,  and  in  1820,  1,412. 

Carnatic,  country  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoos, 
tan,  extending  from  the  Guntoor  circar,  along  the 
whole  coast  of  Coromandel,  to  Cape  Comorin,  in- 
cluding its  appendages,  which  are  Tanjore,  Marr 
var,  Trichinopoly,  Madura,  and  Tinevelley.  It 
570  ms.  from  N.  to  S..  but  no  where  more  tl 
120  wide,  and  commonly  no  more  than  75. 
1787,  the  East  India  Company  took  the  whole 
ministration  of  the  Carnatic,  and  the  collection 
the  nabob's  revenues  into  their  own  hands.  Arc 
is  the  capital. 

Carnesville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Franklin 
co.,  Ga.,  on  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Broad 
river,  by  postroad  110  ms.  N.  from  Milledgeville. 
Lat.  34  26  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  38  W. 

Carniola,  a  province  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Austria,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Carinthia  and 
Styria,  on  the  E.  by  Sclavonia  and  Croatia,  on  the 
S.  by  Morlachia  and  Istria,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Friuli.  It  is  full  of  rocks  au/1  mountains,  some  of 
which  are  cultivated,  others  naked  and  barren,  and 
others  continually  buried  in  snow.  Laubach  is 
the  capital. 

Carolina,  North.  See  North  Carolina. 
Carolina,  South.  See  South  Carolina. 
Caroline,  town  in  the  NE.  angle  of  Tioga 

co.,  N.  Y.  Tp.  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  including 

the  foregoing  village.    Pop.  1820,  1608.  Co. 

Md.,  between  the  W.  boundary  of  Delaware  and 
Tuckahoe  river,  bounded  E.  by  Del.,  S.  by  Dor- 
chester co.,  W.  by  Talbot,  and  NW.  by  Queen 
Anne;  length  30,  mean  width  8  ms.,  area  240 
sq.  ms.  Surface  level,  and  soil  sandy.  Pop. 
1820,  10,108,  in  1840,  7,806.  Chief  town  Den- 
ton.    Central  lat.  38  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  I  10  E. 

 Co.  of  Va.,  between  the  Rappahannock  and 

North  Anna  rivers,  bounded  SE.  by  Essex,  King 
and  Queen,  and  King  William,  SW.  by  Hanover 
or  North  Anna  river,  NW.  by  Spotsylvania,  and 
NE.  by  Rappahannock  river;  length  30,  mean 
width  20  ms.,  area  600  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and 
soil  generally  composed  of  sand  or  clay,  varying 
very  greatly  in  quality.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and 
tobacco.  Chief  town,  or  rather  seat  of  justice, 
Bowling  Green.  Pop.  1820,  18,008,  and  in 
1840,  17,013.  Central  rat.  38°  N.f  lon.  W.  C. 
0  15  W. 

Caroline  Islands,  group  of,  Polynesia.  See 
Australia,  head  Caroline,  p.  114. 

Carondelet,  or  Vider  Poche,  village  of  Mo.,  in 
St.  Louis  co.,  6  ms.  below  St.  Louis,  and  oppo- 
site Cahokia. 

Carondelet,  canal  of,  at  New  Orleans,  extends 
from  the  bayou  St.  John  2  ms.,  to  a  basin  in  the 
rear  of  the  city.  Vessels  drawing  5  feet  water  en- 
ter the  basin.  By  this  channel,  water  communi- 
cation is  open  from  New  Orleans  into  Lake  Pont- 
chartram. 

Caronitshico,  or  Paraguay,  river  of  Colombia, 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CAR 


n  South  America,  rises  at  N.  lat.  4°,  and  flowing 
learly  N.,  falls  into  the  light  side  of  the  Oronoco, 
it  N.  lat.  3  30,  after  a  comparative  course  of  up- 
wards of  300  ms.  Its  mouth  is  about  100  ms. 
iclow  Angostura,  or  St.  Tome. 

Carora,  city  of  Colombia,  in  Venezuela,  140 
ns.  W.  from  Valentia,  and  70  SW.  from  Coro. 
I  Carpathian,  or  Krapasc  mountains,  mountains 
.vhich  separate  Hungary  and  Transylvania  from 
Poland,  and  Transylvania  from  Wallachia  and 
Moldavia.  The  Carpathian  chain  commences  W. 
pf  Bohemia,  and  inflecting  round  Moravia,  Hun- 
gary, Transylvania,  and  Temcsvaer,  reaches  the 
Danube,  at  Orsova,  and  aie  obviously  continued 
m  the  southern  side  of  the  Danube,  in  a  chain 
.vhich  mingles  with  the  Balcan  to  the  W.  of  and 
iear  Sophia,  extending  in  a  continuous  ridge  up- 
wards of  1,100  ms.    See  Mountains. 

Carpenters1  Point,  village  Orange  to.,  N.  Y. 
f    Carpentras,  episcopal  town  of  France,  in  the 
late  province  of  Provence,  and  capital  of  Venais- 
-in,  on  the  Auson,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  14 
'ms.  NE.  of  Avignon.    Lon.  5  6  E.,  lat.  44  8  N.  i 
I    Carpi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese,  with  a  I 
pstle,  8  nls.  N.  of  Modeua.    Lon.  11  16  E.,  lat. 

,14  41  N.  Town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese, 

^eated  on  the  Adige,  24  nis.  SE.  of  Verona.  Lon. 
ill  39  E.,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Carribean.    See  Caribbean  Sea. 

Carrick  on  Sure,  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tippera- ' 
|ry,  14  m*.  NW;  of  Waterford.    Lon.  7  10  W., 
lat.  52  24  N. 

I  Carrickfergus,  populous  borough  and  seaport  of 
ilrelend,  in  Antrim.,  with  a  castle.  It  is  sealed  on 
a  bay,  in  the  Irish  channel,  of  the  same  name,  85 
Us.  N.  of  Dublin.  Lon.  5  46  W.,  lat.  54  43  N. 
I  Carroll,  co.  of  Md.,  bounded  by  Baltimore  co. 
E-,  Anne  Arundel  S.,  Frederick  W.,  and  York 
laud  Adams  cos.,  Pa.,  N.  Chief  town  Westmin- 
ister.   The  meridian  of  VA  .  C.  passes  very  near 

the  middle  of  this  co.    Pop.  1840,  17,241.  

Co.  Ga.,  bounded  by  Paulding  N.,  Bell  and  Cow- 
eta E  ,  Heard  S.,  and  Stale  of  Alabama  W.  Cen- 
tral lat.  33  35,  Ion.  8  15  W.  of  W.  C.  Co.  of 

Miss.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Yazoo  river,  bounded  N. 
'hy  Yalabasha  co.,  E.  by  Choctaw,  and  S.  by 
Holmes.  Central  lat.  32  ^0  N.,  Ion.  13°  W.  of 
W.  C.  Chief  town  Carrolton.  Pop.  1840, 
10,481. — — Northern  co.  of  Arkansas,  having 
Marion  co.  E.,  Johnson  S.,  Madison  W.,  and 
Tanner  co.,  Mo  N.  Its  N.  side  lies  on  N.  lat. 
36  30,  and  E.  border  nearly  on  16°  W.  of  W.  C. 
Chief  town  Carrollton.  Co.  of  Tenn.,  bound- 
ed N.  by  Henry,  E.  by  Humphrey,  S.  by  Hender- 
son, aud  W.  by  Gibson.  It  is  traversed  by  N. 
<at.  36°,  and  by  11  30  W.  of  W.  C.    Chief  town 

Huntington.    Pop.  1840,  12,862.  New  co.  of 

Ky.,  position  uncertain.    Pop.  1840,  3,966.  

Co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Harrison  S.,  Tuscarawas 
W  .,  Columbiana  N.,  and  Jefferson  E.  Chief 
town'Carroltom    Central  lat.  40  30  N.,  and  lon. 

4  10  W.  of  W.  C.    Pop.  1840,  18,018.  Co. 

of  la.,  bounded  NW.  by  White,  NE.  by  Cass, 
SE.  by  Clinton,  and  S  W.  by  Tippecanoe.  N.  lat  . 
10  30,  and  lon.  9  30  W.  of  W.  C,  intersect  near 
'its  centre.  Chief  town  Delphi.  Wabash  river 
traverses  this  co.  from  NE.  to  SW.    Pop.  10,843. 


side  S.,  and  by  the  Mississippi  river  VV.  It  is 
traversed  by  N.'lat.  42°,  and  12  40  W.  of  W.  C. 

Pop.  1840,  1,849.  Co.  of  Mo.,  bonded  W. 

by  Ray  and  Caldwell,  by  Livingston*  N.,  and 
Chariton  E.,  and  by  Missouri  river  S.  Chief 
town  Keytesville.  Central  lat.  39  20  N.,  and  lou. 
16  20  W.  of  W.  C.    Pop.  1840,  2,423. 

Carrolllon,  formerly  Centreville,  town  and  co. 
seat  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  a  fine  table 
land,  from  which  the  wateis  flow  eastward,  to- 
wards Ohio,  and  westward,  towards  Tuscarawas 
river,  distant  25  ms.  SW.  of  New  Lisbon,  25 
SE.  of  Canton,  20  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  New 
Philadelphia,  and  35  NW.  of  Steubenville.  N, 
lat.  40  38,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  6.    Pop.  1840,  698. 

Carrollton,  village,  Green  co.,  III.,  50  ms.  W. 
from  Vandalia. 

Carron,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Stirlingshire, 
which  rises  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Champsey  Hills, 
and  flows  into  the  Frith  of  Forth,  below  Falkirk. 
Its  stream  is  small,  and  scarcely  deserves  the  no- 
tice of  the  traveller ;  yet  there  are  few  rivers, 
which  have  been  the  scene  of  so  many  memorable 
transactions.  When  the  Roman  empire  was  in  its 
glory,  the  banks  of  Carron  were  its  boundaries  on 
the  NW.,  and  Antoninus's  wall,  which  was  raised 
to  mark  the  limits  of  that  vast  empire,  ran  paral 
lei  to  this  river  for  several  ms.  Two  ms.  from  it? 
source  jt  forms  a  fine  cascade,  called  the  Fail  of  An- 

chinlilly.  Village  of  Scotland,  in  Stirlingshire, 

remarkable  for  its  extensive  foundry,  belonging  to 
the  Carron  Company,  on  the  river  Carron,  1  m. 
Irom  Falkirk,  consisting  of  the  greatest  iron  work* 
in  Europe.  All  sorts  of  iron  goods  are  made  in  it, 
from  the  most  trifling  article  to  a  cannon  that  dis- 
charges S  ball  of  42  lbs.  The  short  piece  of  ord- 
nance, called  a  carronadc,  was  first  made  here,  and 
hen  ;e  received  its  name.  These  works  were  erect- 
ed in  1761,  before  which  time  there  was  not  a  sin- 
;  gle  house  on  the  spot. 

Carrying  river,  sometimes  called  Portage  river, 
river  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  SW.  part  of  lake 
Erie. 

Carsonsville,  village,  Ashe  co.,  N.  C,  post 
road,  195  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Cartago,  city  and  capital  of  Coala  Rica,  ju 
Guatamela,  on  the  Cartago  river,  60  ms.  above  its 
mouth,  into  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya,  and  100  ms.  from 
the  mouth  of  St.  Juano  river.    Lon.  W.  C.  5  40 

W.,  lat.  9  50  N.  Small  river  of  Costa  Rica, 

flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya.  City  of  S. 

America,  near  the  Magdalena  river,  200  ms.  NE. 
by  N.  from  Popayan,  and  100  W.  from  Santa  Fe 
de  Bogota.    Lon.  1°  E.,  lat.  4  40  N. 

Cart,  name  of  two  rivers  of  Scotland,  in  Ren- 
frewshire, distinguished  by  the  appellations  of 
Black  and  White. 

Cartama,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain  near  the  rivlBfcuadala  Medina, 
8  ms.  NW.  of  Malaga.    I^on.^»3  W.,  lat.  36 

40  N.  River  of  Colombia,  iu^5£ew  Granada, 

in  the  province  of  Antioquia,  flows  into  the 
Cauca 

Carter,  co.  of  Tenn.,  on  the  sources  of  the 
Watauga  branch  of  Hol&ton  river,  bounded  by  N. 
Car.  E.  and  SE.,  by  Washington  co.  SW.,  and 
by  Sullivan  N  VV.  It  is  in  form  of  a  triangle,  each 

 ;A  northwestern  co.  of  III.,  bounded  by  Joe  |  side  34  ms. ;  area  560  sq.  ms. ;  surface  hilly,  and 

Daviess  and  Stephenson  N.,  by  O-le  E.,  by  White  -  i  in  part  mountainous  ;  soil,  in  general,  rather  ster- 

195 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAS 


lie,  though  with  some  exceptions  of  excellent  land. 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  &c.  Chief  town  Elizabeth- 
town.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,835;  in  1840,  5,372. 
Ctl.  lat.  3#20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  10  W. 

Carteret,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  S.  and  SE.,  Onslow  W.,  Craven  N., 
Pamlico  Sound  ME.  ;  length  60  ms.,  mean  width 
10,  area  600  sq.  ms.,  soil  sandy,  and  in  general 
sterile,  and  surface  flat,  and,  in  part,  marshy. 
Chief  town,  Beaufort.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,609  ;  in 
1840,  6,591.  Ctl.  lat.  34  45,  on  the  meridian  of 
W.  C. 

Carteret  Island,  island  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean, 
&een  by  Captain  Carteret  in  1767.  It  is  six 
leagues  long  from  E.  to  W.  Lon.  i59°  14  E., 
lat.  8  26  S. 

Carter  s,  post  office,  Stokes  co.,  N.  C,  355  ms. 
SW.  from  W.  C— Post  office,  Scott  co.,  Inda., 
80  ms.  S.  from  Indianopolis. 

Cartersville,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Va.,  on 
James  river,  50  ms.  above  Richmond. 

Carthage,  ruins  of,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Tunis,  near 
a  promontory  called  Cape  Carthage.  Lon.  10  25 
E.,  36  50  N.— Town  of  New  Spain,  in  Costa 
Rica,  with  a  bishop's  see,  360  ms.  WNW.  of  Pa- 
nama. Lon.  85  45  W.,  lat.  10  15  S.-  Village, 

Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.  Village,  Monroe  co.,  N. 

Y.,  below  the  Falls  of  Genesee  river,  2  ms.  N. 
from  Rochester. — —Town  and  seat  of  Justice  in 
Smith  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Cumberland 
river,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Caney  Fork  river, 
about  60  ms.  above  Nashville.    Lat.  36  17  N., 

lon.  W.  C.  8  50  W.  Tp.,  Athens  co  ,  Ohio. 

Pop.    in  1820,  312.  Village,  Hamilton  co., 

Ohio,  8  ms.  NNE.  from  Cincinnati.  This  place 
has  prospered,  and  from  its  central  position  in  the 
co.  has  been  chosen  for  holding  the  annual  Fair  of 
the  Hamilton  Agricultural  Society.  The  mail  is 
received  twice  daily.  Pop.  300.  Village,  Tus- 
caloosa co.,  Ala.,  50  ms.  NW.  from  Cahaba. 

Carthage,  or  Moore  Court  House,  town,  and 
the  principal  seat  of  justice  of  Moore  co.,  N.  C, 
about  40  ms  NW.  from  Fayettevillc,  and  55 
8W  of  Raleigh.  Lat.  35  18,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  23  W. 

Carthagena,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  built 
by  Asdrubal,  a  Carthaginian  general,  and  named 
after  the  city  of  Carthage  It  has  the  best  harbor 
in  Spain,  but  nothing  else  very  considerable.  It 
is  seated  on  a  gull  of  the  same  name,  27  ms. 

S.  of  Murcia.    Lon.  8'  W.,  lat.  37  37  N.  A 

province  of  S.  America,  in  Colombia,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  on  the  N  VV. 
and  N.  by  the  Carribbean  Sea,  on  the  E.  by  Santa 
Martha,  and  on  the  S.  by  Antioquia.  Pop., 
whites,  70,000;  civilized  Indians,  15,000;  and 
about  8,000  black  slaves.  Capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Carthagena,  in  Colombia,  one  of  the  most 
populous,  opulent,  and  beautiful  cities  in  S.  Amer- 
ica. Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  safest  and  best  forti- 
fied in  the  republic  of  Colombia.  The  fortifica- 
tions, both  of  the  city  and  suburbs,  are  built  after 
the  modern  manner  and  lined  with  freestone.  The 
streets  are  broad,  uniform,  and  well  paved.  All 
the  houses  are  built  of  stone  or  brick,  only  one  story 
high,  neat,  and  furnished  with  balconies  of  wood, 
which  is  more  durable  in  that  climate  than  iron, 
the  latter  being  soon  corroded  by  the  acrimonious 
quality  of  the  Atmosphere.  Lon.  W.  C.  50'  E., 
at.  10  24  N. 
196 


Cart  tut  I,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  among 
the  hills  railed  Cartmel  Fells,  not  far  from  the  sea, 
and  near  the  river  Kent,  12  ms.  N.  by  W. 
Lancaster,  and  260  NNW.  of  London.  Lon. 
6  VV.,  lat.  54  12  N. 

Carver,  town,  Plymouth  co.,  Mas?.  Pop. 
1810,  858;  in  1820,  839. 

Carwar,  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  su 
ject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore.  It  is  60  ms.  S. 
E.  of  Goa.  Lon.  74  34  E.,  15°  N. 
Casada. — See  Cosdanga. 
Cassa  Grande,  ruins  of  Mexico,  in,  Sonora, 
the  Rio  Gila.  These  very  extensive  and  curiou 
remains  are  evidently  of  Aztec  construction 
though  separated  above  1,000  ms.  from  the  othc 
existing  monuments  of  that  anciently  civilizei 
people.  The  ruins,  which  are  known  by  pre- 
inence  as  la  Casa  Grande,  are  situated  on  a  plai 
near  the  bank  of  the  Gila.  Lon.  W.  C.  36  25 
W. ,  lat.  33  40  N. — See  Ruins  of  America. 

Casal,  town  of  Italy,  in  Moutserrat,  on  the 
river  Po,  37  ms.  NE.  of  Turin.  J^on.  8  27  E., 
lat.  45  18  N. 

Casal  Maggiore,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Milan,  on  the  river  Po,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Cremona. 
Lon.  10  35  E.,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Casal  Nuova,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  L'lte- 
riore. 

Casanara,  or  Cassinare,  river  of  S.  America, 
in  Colombia,  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Varinag, 
and  flows  E.,  through  the  plains  of  Casanara,  and 
falls  into  the  Meta,  about  200  ms.  above  the  junc- 
tion of  the  latter  with  the  Orinoco. 

Casbin,  or  Caswin,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Agemi,  encircled  by  a  wall  4  ms.  in  circuit.  It 
carries  on  a  great  trade,  and  is  seated  near  the  high 
mountain  Elwend,  where  there  are  fine  quarries  of 
white  marble,  180  ms.  N.  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  52  16 
E.,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Caiscais,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Tajo,  17  ms.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
8  43  W.,  lat.  38  40  N. 
Caschuiv. — See  Cassovia. 
Casco  Bay,  bay  of  Me.,  between  (Jape  Elizabeth 
and  Cape  Small  Point.  It  is  25  ms.  wide,  and  in- 
terspersed with  small  islands.  Lon.  69  30  VV., 
lat.  44  5  N. 

Casdaga,  creek  in  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  the 
middle  branch  of  Conewango  creek  rises  within  5 
ms.  of  Lake  Erie,  and,  flowing  SSE.  20  ms.,  joins 
the  outlet  of  Chatauque  lake,  and  both  unite  with 
the  Conewango  5  ms.  N.  of  the  northern  boundary 

of  Pa.  Post  office,  on  the  Casdaga  creek,  is 

about  60  ms.  SSW.  from  Buffalo. 

Casey,  co.,  Ky.s  bounded  by  Adair  and  Wash- 
ington W.,  Mercer  N.,  Lincoln  NE.,  and  Pulaski 
SE.  ;  length,  30  ms.  ;  mean  width,  12;  area,  360 
sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly  ;  soil  productive;  chief  town, 
Caseyvillc.    Pop.  4,349;  and  in  1840,  4,939. 

Caseyville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Casey 
co.,  Ky.    Lat.  37  22  N.,  lon.  7  32  W. 

Cash,  river  of  Illinois,  rises  in  Union,  flows  SE. 
into  Johnson,  and  thence  SW.,  W.,  S,,  and  SE  , 
into  Ohio,  in  Alexander  co. 

Cash-Clap,  settlement  and  post  office,  Johnson 
co.,  Illinois. 

Cashel,  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tipperary,  with  an 
archbishop's  see,  13  ms.  NW.  ofClonmcl.  Lon. 
7  33  W.,  lat.  52  26  N. 


CAS 


Cashgur,  or  Cashgar,  city  of  Asia,  capital  of  a 
ountry  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  at  the  toot 
I"  the  Himmalaya  mountains,  and  enjoys  a  good 
rade  with  the  neighboring  countries.  Lon.  73  25 
5.,  lal.  41  30  N. 

Cashmere,  town,  from  which  the  country  in 
?hich  it  is  situated  has  derived  its  name,'  is  placed 
n  Black's  Atlas  at  -N.  lat.  34,  lon.  75  10  E.  Loti- 
on, about  200  ms.  nearly  due  E.  from  Attock,  on 

le  Indus.  Province,  or  rather  mountain  valley, 

If  Hindoostan  proper,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
ndus,  on  the  N.  by  the  Himalaya  mountains,  on 
he  E.  and  S.  by  Lahore.  The  valley  or  country 
f  Cashmere  is  80  ms.  long,  and  40  broad ;  and  is 
debrated  for  its  romantic  beauties,  the  fertility  of 
ie  soil,  and  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere, 
arieng  other  curious  manufactures  of  Cashmere  is 
lat  of  shawls  ;  and  the  delicate  wool  of  which  they 
re  made,  is  the  product  of  a  species  of  goat  of  this 
Duntry,  or  of  the  adjoining  Thibet.  Here  are  bred 
bpccies  of  sheep  called  Hundoo,  which  are  em- 
loyed  in  carrying  burdens.  The  Cashmereans 
avc  a  language  of  their  own,  said  to  be  anterior  to 
iat  of  the  Sanscrit;  and  a  religion,  too,  it  is 

".ought,  different  from  that  of  the  Hindoos.-  

arge  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  capital  of  the 
|rovince  or  valley  of  Cashmere.  It  is  seated  on 
IpAi  sides  of  the  Chelun,  285  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Ca- 
lm. Lon.  73  1 1  E.,  lat.  33  49  N. 
[  Cashna,  extensive  empire  of  Africa,  part  of  the 
gion  called  Negroland ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
nezzan  and  Zahara,  on  the  S.  by  the  Niger,  and 

I  the  E.  by  Zamphara  and  Bornou.  It  resembles 
Ijornou  in  climate,  soil,  and  natural  productions, 

id  in  the  color,  genius,  religion,  and  government 
'the  people.  The  rains,  indeed,  are  less  violent 
Ian  those  of  Bornou.  This  country  is  known  in 
hr  books  by  the  names  of  Cassina,  Cashna,  Was- 
nah,  Wangara,  Gangara,  &c. — See  Africa,  page 

|).  Capital  of  the  empire  of  Cashna,  in  Africa, 

b  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Mesuratar  in  16  20  N.  lat. 
Cashville,  village,  Spartanburg,  district  S.  C, 

I I  ms.  N.  from  Columbia. 

!  Casimir,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
ublin.  Lon.  22  3  E.,  lat..  51°  N. 
;  Caspian  sea,  great  inland  sea  of  Asia,  bounded 
n  the  N.  by  the  country  of  the  Kalmucks,  on  the 
•  by  a  tribe  of  the  Turcomans,  on  the  S.  by  Per- 
»,  *nd  on  the  W.  by  Georgia  and  Circassia.  It 
690  ms.  in  length,  reckoning  from  Gurief  to 
cdshetifar,  and  in  no  part  more  than  260  ms.  in 
eadth.  It  has  no  tide  ;  and,  on  account  of  its 
;quent  shoals,  is  navigable  only  for  vessels  draw- 
g  from  9  to  10  feet  water;  it  has  strong  currents, 
id  its  water  is  salt.  There  are  certain  winds  that 
imineer  over  it  with  such  absolute  sway,  thatves- 
Is  arc  often  deprived  of  every  resource  ;  and,  in 
c  whole  extent  of  it,  there  is  not  a  port  that  can 
ily  be  called  safe.  The  surface  of  this  lake  or 
a  bus  been  found,  by  recent  admeasurement,  up- 
mis  of  320  feet  depressed  below  that  ot  the 
uxiiie  or  Black  sea.  Subsequently,  however,  the 
pression  being  so  great  has  been  doubted,  but 
at  the  Caspian  surface  is  far  below  that  of  the 
uxine,  is  regarded  as  an  established  fact. — See 
cad  sea,  or  Asphaltic  sea. 

Fiom  a  very  common  opinion  that  Lake  Supe- 
)r  in  N.  Anrericawas  equal  in  extent  to  the  Cas- 
an,  1  have  taken  some  pains  to  measure  both  on 


good  maps,  and  the  following  is  the  comparative 
result.  The  Caspian  extends  from  N.  lat.  37  15 
to  47  10,  or  within  a  small  fraction  of  10°  of  lat., 
690  ms.  The  mean  width  is  at  least  180  nu. 
These  dimensions  yield  an  area  of  124,000  sq.  nis. 
Lake  Superior  lies  in  the  form  of  a  triangle.  Base, 
from  the  outlet  of  St.  Mary's  to  the  mouth  of  St. 
Louis  river,  350  ms.  The  perpendicular,  from  the 
mouth  of  Redstone  river  to  the  base,  150  ms.  Arr,i 
26,000  sq.  ms. 

So  far,  in  fact,  is  any  one  of  the  Canadian  lake* 
from  being  equal  to  the  Caspian,  that  the  entire 
area  of  Superior,  Huron,  Michigan,  Erie,  and  On- 
tario, only  amount  to  about  93,700  sq.  ms  ,  and 
of  course,  when  taken  together,  are  to  the  Caspian 
as  93  to  124,  or  two-thirds,  very  nearly. — See 
Black  sea,  Canadian  sea,  and  E uxine. 

Caspian,  lake  of  Vt.,  in  Greensborough,  Cale- 
donia CO. 

Caspian  Basin. — This  great  section  of  the  hab- 
itable earth  is  peculiar  in  being  greatly  the  largest* 
extent  having  no  oceanic  communication.  From 
every  appearance  of  the  intermediate  space,  it  is  ob- 
vious that  the  Aral  and  Caspian  once  formed  a  sin- 
gle sheet  of  water.    The  Oxu~,  or  Jihon,  discharg 
ed  one  of  its  branches  into  the  Caspian  until  within 
five  centuries  past;  accumulating  sand  and  dirainu 
tion  of  its  level  have  cloeed  this  inlet  into  the  Cas- 
pian, and  at  present  the  entire  flood  of  the  Jihon 
enters  the  Aral.    In  every  geographical  point  of 
view,  however,  the  Aral  and  Caspian  basins  ought, 
to  be  considered  as  one  natural  section  of  the  ter- 
raqueous earth.    Taken  with  this  latitude,  the  ba- 
sin of  the  Caspian  extends  from  the  sources  of  the 
Jihon,  N.  Iat.  36  0,  to  those  of  the  Kama,  N.  lat. 
61  0,  embracing  25°  of  latitude.    The  greatest 
length  from  the  mountains  of  Indostan  to  the  ex- 
treme northern  sources  of  the  Volga,  2,500  ms.  in 
a  direction  of  NW.  and  SE.   It  is  bounded  on  the 
NE.  by  the  Imans,  or  Belur  Dag,  and  Ural  moun- 
tains; on  the  SE.  by  the  mountains  of  Indostan  ; 
on  the  SVV.  by  the  Caucasus,  or  its  embranchment s 
into  Persia  ;  and  on  the  NW.  the  Valday  hills  sep- 
arate the  confluents  of  the  Baltic  and  White  seas 
from  the  sources  of  the  Volga  and  Kama.  Thj;> 
immense  space  averages  at  least  1,000  ms.  of 
mean  width,  and  2,500,000  sq.  ms.  in  area.  The 
most  remarkable  rivers  of  this  basin  are,  in  Eu- 
rope, the  Volga,  flowing  into  the  Caspian  ;  in  Asia, 
the  Ural,  Kur,  Kizal  Ozein,  and  Tredjend,  enter- 
ing the  Caspian,  and  the  Jihon  and  Sihon  into  the 
Aral  sea. — -See  those  rivers  under  their  respective 
heads. 

Similar  to  the  Mediterranean,  Black,  and  Baltic 
seas,  the  Caspian  has  no  tides,  or  at  least  none 
worthy  notice.  Near  the  shores  it  is  shallow,  and. 
being  subject  to  violent  tempests,  its  navigation  is 
dangerous  and  difficult.  This  deficiency  is  am- 
ply compensated  by  the  Tivers,  particularly  the 
Volga.  This  great  stream,  by  all  its  branches,  the 
Kama,  Oka,  and  Volga  proper,  presents  the  most 
unbroken  river  navigation  on  the  eastern  continent. 
7'he  Oxus,  or  Jihon,  is  also  a  river  of  considera- 
ble magnitude,  and  flowing  NW.  from  Indostan, 
might,  in  the  hands  of  a  civilized  people,  form  part 
of  a  line  of  commercial  communication  between 
Europe  and  Asia;  but  from  the  northern  shores  of 
the  Caspian  to  Indostan  all  is  barbarism,  slavery, 
and  ruin. 

197 


CAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAS 


In  one  circumstance,  the  Caspian  basin  is  peculiar. 
The  surface  of  that  inland  sea  is  the  second  lowest 
depression  on  this  planet,  being,  as  is  already  stat- 
ed  under  the  head  of  Black  Sea,  320  feet  lower 
than  the  surface  of  the  Black  sea.  The  water  of 
the  Caspian  is  considerably  less  salt  than  that  of 
the  Atlantic  ocean. — See  Dead  sea. 

Caspian  Gales,  the  Pylse  Caspix  of  the  an- 
cients, pass  of  Rudbar  of  the  modern  Persians,  and 
pass  of  Gudook  of  the  Tuikmans.  This  was  the 
pn>*»  by  which  Alexander  entered  Hyrcania,  (Kho- 
rasan,)  and  the  most  remarkable  of  the  gaps  in  that 
Chain  of  snow-dad  mountains,  which  separates  I 
Irac  Adgerni  from  Mazanderan.  "  We  finally,  ■ 
.-ays  "Burnes,  "cleared  the  valley  by  the  pass  of 
Gudook,  which  leads  up  to  the  table  land  of  Persia. 
Our  ascent  from  the  dell  was  continued  and  gradu- 
al, and  at  Feerozkoh  we  were  again  6,000  feet 
above  the  sea,"  (the  Caspian.) 

Cassano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan, 
on  the  Adda,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Milan.     Lon.  9  24 

E.,  lat.  45  30  IS".  Town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 

Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  35  ms.  N.  of  Coscn- 
24.     Lon.  16  20  E.,  lat.  39  55  N. 

Cassel,  capital  of  the  landgravate  of  Hcsse-Cas- 
~el,  divided  into  the  old  and  new  town.  The  streets 
are  broad,  the  market  places  spacious,  and  there 
are  lour  churches.  The  castle,  or  palace,  whence, 
there  is  an  extensive  and  delightful  prospect,  is 
built  of  freestone.  The  gardens,  the  arsenal,  and 
the  cabinet  of  curiosities,  deserve  the  attention  of 
travellers.  It  is  seated  on  thcFulda,  40  ms.  SE.  of 

Paderborn.    Lon.  9  29  E.,  lat.  51    19  N.-  

Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North,  and  late 
French  Flanders,  seated  on  a  mountain,  whence 
may  be  seen  32  towns,  and  the  German  ocean, 
though  50  ms.  from  it.    It  is  10  ms.  NE.  of  St. 

Omer.     Lon.  2  36  E.,  lat.  50  48  N.  Strong 

town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhino, 
situated  on  the  Khine,  opposite  Mentz,  with  which 
it  has  a  communication  by  a  bridge  of  boats. 

Cassina,  lake,  so  named  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  in 
honor  of  General  Cass.  It  forms  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  Mississippi  river,  above  lake  Wiunepeg. 

Cassina,  Casltna,  or  Wassana,  country  of  the 
interior  of  Africa,  on  the  Niger. — See  Cabhna  and 
Wassana,  and  art.  Africa,  pp.  21,  22.  . 

(.  assiquiari,  river  of  South  America,  in  Colom- 
bia. It  is  that  singular  stream  which  flows  from 
the  Orinoco  into  the  Rio  Negro,  and  forms  a  con- 
necting channel  between  the  basins  of  the  Orinoco 
and  Amazon  rivers.  According  to  Tanner's  map, 
this  remarkable  separation  takes  place  at  lon.  W. 
C.  10  40  E.,  lat.  3  0  N. 

Cassovia,  or  Cashaw,  strong  town  of  Hungary, 
with  a  line  arsenal,  seated  near  the  river  Horat,  55 
ms.  NE.  of  Agria.    Lon.  21  25  E-,  lat.  46  48  N. 

Caslaaovitz,  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  seated 
on  the  nver  Unna,  which  divides  that  country  from 
Turkey.    Lon.  17  19  E.,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Castk,  race,  or  rather  lineage,  as  it  means  per- 
sons descended  from  the  same  stock.  The  term 
came  into  the  languages  of  Europe  through  the  Por- 
tuguese, and  by  them  from  Indoslan,  and  there 
again  from  "Tchadi,"  Sanscrit.  That  congeries 
of  nations  to  which  we  apply  the  general  name 
Hindoo,  and  who  have  from  time  immemorial  in- 
habited 'hat  great  projection  of  Asia  from  the  Hi- 
malaya mountains  to  Cape  Comorin,  and  from  the 
"  19S 


rivers  Ganges  to  the  Indus,  inclusive,  have, 
the  most  remote  antiquity,  been  subdivided  in 
four  castes,  or  Tchadi.  These  castes  are,  I, 
Brachmins ;  2.  Kshatryas,  or,  as  often  called,  Ra 
jepootras,  soldiers  ;  3.  Vaisayas ;  4.  Sudras, 

The  Brachmins,  or  sacerdotal  caste,  have  m 
tained  a  rank,  influence,  and  power,  unknown 
the  priests  of  any  other  parts  of  the  earth.  T 
arc,  however,  greatly  subdivided  into  orders 
states. 

The  second  caste,  Kshatryas,  or  Rajepr 
"  soldiers,"  might  be  called  the  ruling  class, 
terms  Rajepoots  comes  from  Rajah,  a  ruler,  prir 
or  sovereign,  and  therefore  these  men  of  the  s\ 
denominate  themselves  thus  as  descendants  of 
jahs,  or  princes. — See  the  articles  Rajejioots 
Rnjepootana. 

The  Vaisayas  comprise  the  third  caste  of  the  Hin- 
doos. Their  duties  consist  in  the  various  purgijfc 
of  agriculture,  in  the  field,  garden,  and  pasture, 
and  in  the  disposal  of  landH  property.  Whenfkf 
Vaisayas  adopt  the  life  of  itinerant  merchant,  <he\ 
are  known  by  the  title  of  Banyan.  By  the  laws 
their  caste  they  are  free  from  military  duty,  but  of  I 
ages  many  Vaisayas  have  become  Rajepoots. 
Mahrattas  are  so  generally  descended  from  Vai 
as,  that,  in  order  to  hide  their  origin,  they  clajn 
the  title  of  Rajepoots  nationally,  from  whefc 
comes  Rajepootana  as  a  geographical  term. 

The  Ksboodra,  or  Sudra  caste,  is  the  fourth,  tin 
lowest,  and  most  numerous  class  of  Hindoos.  Tlii 
class  is  devoted  to  servile  labor,  and  in  all  caiei 
where  the  severity  of  original  institutions  have  bo 
been  softened  by  political  necessity,  the  degrada 
tion  of  the  Sudra  is  inhuman.  They  are  compell 
ed  to  work  for  the  Brachmins,  being  considered  a 
created  solely  for  their  use.  They  are  not,  by  lh< 
laws  of  Menu,  allowed  to  collect  property.  The; 
must  never  read  or  hoar  read  the  Vedas,  or  saciw 
books,  nor  are  they  to  be  taught  or  receive  any  re 
ligious  instruction  or  consolation. 

Below  these  four  castes  there  arc  outcasts  aAil 
more  degraded  and  wretched  than  even  the  Iowe* 
Sudra.  Of  these  miserable  objects  of  contempt 
two  classes  are  in  particular  named  :  the  Bunc; 
Sunker  and  Pariah. 

Modifications  of  the  Hindoo  castes  have  been  in 
evitable  ;  even  the  despised  Pariahs  have  been  ad 
mittcd  into  the  armies,  and  shared  in  some  small  dc 
i  gree  the  immunities  enjoyed  by  the  military  caste 
i  but  in  a  general  view,  society,  in  all  the  vast  region 
■  of  Indostan,  is  based  on  these*  primitive  artificw 
distinctions.    Hope  and  moral  and  intellectual  im 
provernent  must  be  alike  unknown  under  the  in 
lluence  of  such  a  system — a  system,  however,  ii 
some  degree,  found  in  all  countries  and  under  a 
modifications  of  society,  and  in  every  society  th 
effects  must  be  in  proportion  to  cause. 

Caslelamara,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principat 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  good  harboi 
15  ms.  SE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  35  E.,  lat.  4 
40  N. 

Castel  Aragonese,  seaport  of  Sardinia,  20 
NE.  of  Sassaria.    Lon.  9  I  E.,  lat.  40  56  N. 

Castel  Baldo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Vcronew 
on  the  river  Adige,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Verona.  Lor 
12  7  E.,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Casielbar,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Mayr 
35  ms.  N.  of  Galvvav.  Lon  9  15  W.,  lat.  53  54  IS 


CAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAS 


,  Castel  Branca,  town  of  Portugal,  capital  of 
tfeira,  situated  on  the  river  Lyra,  38  ms.  NW.  of 
\lcantara.    Lon.  6  40  W.,  lat.  39  52  N. 

Castel-de-Vide,  town  in  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
i  ms.  N.  of  Portalegre.  Lon.  7  31  W.,  lat.  39 
•5N. 

•  Castel,  Folit,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on 

.n  inaccessible  eminence,  near  the  river  Fulvia,  15 

ngt  W.  of  Gironna. 

Castel  Gondolfo,  village  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
iear  Albano.  Near  this  village  is  the  villa  Bar- 
arini,  within  the  gardens  of  which  are  the  ruins 

If  an  immense  palace,  built  by  the  Emperor  Do- 
litian.    It  is  10  ras.  S.  by  E.  of  Rome. 

\\  Castel  Jaloux,  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
rovince  of  Guienne,  now  in  the  department  of  Lot 
nd  Garonne.    It  is  seated  on  the  Avance,  20  ms. 

If.  of  Bazas.    Lon.  0  25  E.,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Castel  Nuovo,  town  of  Venetian  Dalmatia,  skil- 
led on  the  Gulf  of  Cataro,  12  ms  N.  by  VV.  of 
'ataro.    Lon.  14  29  E.,  lat.  42  36  N. 

1;  Castel- Nuovo-di-Carfagnana,  town  of  Italy,  in 
le  Modenese,  with  a  strong  fort.    It  is  the  capi- 

[  il  of  the  valley  of  Carfagnana,  and  seated  on  the 

I|veF  Serchio,  17  ms.  above  Lucca.    Lon.  10  40 

IL  lat.  44  5  N. 

II  Castellane,  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  department 
m  the  Lower  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Provence. 

I  is  seated  on  the  Verdon,  in  a  hilly  country,  27 
Is.  S.  by  E.  of  Senez.    Lon.  6  34  E.,  lat.  43 

.A1 . 

II  Castellon,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  5  ms. 
I(W.  of  Roses.    Lon.  24  53  E.,  lat.  42  18  N. 
II  Castelnaudary,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
I  ent  of  Aude,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  on 

ii  eminence.  The  Languedoc  canal  here  forms  a 
|  pin  about  3,600  feet  in  circumference.  Castel- 

mdary  is  15  ms.  VV.  of  Caroassonne.  Lon.  2° 
1  L  lat.  43  19  N. 

I  i  Castel  Rodrigo,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  pro- 
jince  of  Tra-los-Montes,  30  ras.  NW.  of  Cividad 

odrigo.    Lon.  6  22  W.,  lat.  41°  N. 
■  '  Castiglione,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan, 
,  (ith  a  castle.    It  was  taken  by  the  French  on 
J  ugust  3,  1796.    It  is  20  ms.  NW.  of  Mantua. 
I  (on.  10  32  E.,  lat.  45  23  N. 
>  Castile,  principal  and  most  opulent  of  the  king- 
>ms  into  which  Spain  was  formerly  divided.  It 
>w  forms  the  tw7o  provinces  of  Old  Castile  and 
.ew  Castile. 

Castile,  Old,  province  of  Spain,  192  ms.  in 
"gth,  and  115  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  S.  by 
ew  Castile,  on  the  E.  by  Arragon  and  Navarre, 
the  N.  by  Biscay  and  the  Asturias,  and  on  the 
U  by  Leon.    Burgos  is  the  capital. 
,  Castile,  New,  or  Toledo,  province  of  Spain,  200 
■  a  length,  and  184  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the 
•  by  Old  Castile,  on  the  E.  by  Arragon  and  Va- 
icia,  on  the  S.  by  Murcia  and  Andalusia,  and 
the  W.  by  Estramadura.    It  is  divided  into  3 
rls:  Argaria  to  the  N  ,  Mancha  to  the  E.,  and 
erra  to  the  S.    Madrid  is  the  capital. 
Castile  del  Oro,  or  New  Castile,  in  America, 
e  Terra  Fir  ma. 

\Castile,  post  office  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y. 
Castillara,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Man- 
a,  6  ms.  NE.  of  Mantua.    Lon.  10  54  E  ,  lat. 
j  14  N. 

Castillon,  town  ofF  ranee,  in  the  department  of 


Gironde,  and  late  province  of  Guienne,  famous  for 
a  victory  gained  by  the  French  over  the  English 
in  1451.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dordogne,  25  ms. 
E.  of  Bordeaux.    Lon.  0  2  E.,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Castina,  village  Thompson  tp.,  NE.  part  of 
Seneca  co  ,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  road  from  Til- 
fin,  the  county  seat,  to  Sandusky  city,  18  ms.  NE. 
from  Tiffin,  and  24  SW.  of  Sandusky  city. 

Castine,  village  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Penobscot  bay,  4  ms.  S.  of  Penobscot,  in 
the  lat.  of  44  24  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  9°  E.    It  is 

a  place  of  considerable  foreign  trade.  Tp.  in 

Hancock  co.,  Me.,  including  the  above  village. 
Pop.  in -1810,  1,036,  and  1820,  975. 

Castio,  ancient  Mytelene,  formerly  capital  of  the 
island,  when  called  Lesbos,  now  a  wretched  vil- 
lage.   Lat.  39  15  N. 

Castle  Cart/,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire, 
12  ms.  SE.  of  Wells,  and  112  W.  bv  S.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  32  W.,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Castle  Comb,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire, 
called  from  its  ancient  castle.    It  is  12  ms.  NNF,. 
of  Bath. 

Castle  Hedingham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex, 
7  ms.  SW.  of  Sunbury. 

Castlemans,  the  eastern  constituent  branch  of 
the  Youghiogeny  river,  rises  in  Alleghany  co., 
Md.,  between  Meadow  and  Negro  mountains.  It 
first  flows  NE.,  about  12  ms.,  into  Somerset  co., 
Pa.  Through  the  latter  co.  this  stream  curves  30 
ms.,  and  falls  into  Youghiogeny,  11  ms.  N.  from 
the  Md.  line,  and  opposite  the  eastern  foot  of  Su- 
gar Loaf  mountain.  The  fall  in  this  stream  is 
considerable ;  where  it  is  passed  by  the  United 
States  road  its  bed  is  1,979  feet  above  the  ocean 
level,  from  which  to  its  mouth  it  falls  near  1,000 
feet. 

Castle  Rising, .borough  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  it 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  2  members  to 
Parliament.    The  castle,  whence  it  has  its  name, 
!  has  now  fallen  into  ruins.    It  is  7  ms.  NE.  of 
!  Lynn,  and  103  NNE.  of  London.    Lon.  0  30 
;  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Castleton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  peak  ot  Der- 
byshire, at  the  foot  of  a  rock  above  250  feet  high, 
on  which  are  the  remains  of  a  castle,  ascribed  to 
William  Peverel,  natural  son  of  the  Conqueror. 

 Town  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  20  ms.  E.  of  Mount 

Independence.    Pop.  1,200.  Village  Rensse 

laer  co.,  N.  Y. 

Castletown,  tp.  Richmond  co.,  Staten  Island, 

N.  Y.    Pop.  1820,  1,527.  Capital  of  the  Tsle 

of  Man.    Lon.  4  35  W.,  lat.  53  55  N. 

Caston,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  10  ms. 
NNW.  of  Norwich,  and  113  NE.  of  London. 
Lon.  1  22  E.,  lat.  52  48  N. 

Castor,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  15  ms. 
NE.  of  Lincoln,  and  159  N.  of  London.  Lon. 
0  9  W.,  lat.  53  30  N. 

Castres,  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Tarn,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  of  which  it 
was  recently  an  episcopal  see.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fine  valley,  on  the  Agout,  20  ms.  S.  of  Alby. 
Lon.  2  20  E.,  lat.  43  27  N. 

Castri,  a  small  mud  village,  of  about  200  crowd- 
ed houses,  can  occupy  but  a  very  small  part  of  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Delphi.  "  It  is  situsted,"  says 
Hobhouse,  "a  little  to  the  east  of  a  circular  hol- 
low in  the  mountain,  round  which  are  the  rows  of 

199 


CAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAT 


seats  belonging  to  the  Pythian  stadium.  Above 
Castri  is  a  perpendicular  rugged  rock ;  below  it  is 
a  steep  descent  into  the  vale  of  the  Plistus  ;  on 
the  other  side  of  which  are  the  stony,  Hat,  hills  of 
Mount  Cirphis."  At  Delphi,  all  is  not  only  ruin — 
it  is  desolation.  This  place  was  not,  as  is  com- 
monly supposed,  peculiarly  celebrated  amongst  the 
ancient  Greeks  for  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  but  much 
more  as  being  the  treasury  of  their  wealth.  The 
temples  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  and  in  the  island  of 
Delos,  were  dedicated  as  repositories  of  money,  as 
was  the  temple  at  Jerusalem.  Their  treasures  were 
committed  by  the  Greeks  to  the  sacred  care  of 
A  polio,  and  they  very  carefully  placed  his  shrines 
amongst  the  crags  of  Phocis  and  the  rocks  of  De- 
los.  '"On  the  whole,"  observes  Hobhouse,  on 
the  spot,  "you  would,  I  think,  be  disappointed 
with  the  situation  of  this  place,  [Delphi,]  which  is 
so  hidden  in  a  nook,  or  a  sort  of  natural  amphi 
theatre,  about  a  mile  up  the  mountain,  as  to  afford 
a  prospect,  neither  of  the  depth  of  the  precipice 
below  nor  of  the  height  of  the  rocks  above.  You 
would  be  very  much  at  a  loss  to  guess,  where  a 
town  of  nearly  two  miles  in  circumference  could 
have  been  placed,  for  there  are  not  more  than  two 
•-•mall  spots  of  level  ground  any  where  within  the 
circuit  of  the  present  remains.  You  would  look  in 
vain  for  the  "woods  that  wave,"  as,  except  in  the 
little  olive  grove  surrounding  the  monastery,  there 
is  not  a  single  tree  on  the  rocks  either  above  or  be- 
low. The  laurel  has  again  been  transplanted  to 
her  native  Tempe.  If,  however,  forgetting  the 
poetic  raptures  you  expected  to  feel  in  the  bosom 
of  Pomassus,  you  should  consider  only  the  object 
which  the  Greeks  must  have  had  in  view,  in  offer- 
ing their  wealth  and  the  richest  productions  of  art, 
at  this  favorite  shrine,  you  would  at  once  allow 
that  no  place  could  have  been  selected  better  adapt- 
ed for  the  security  of  their  united  treasures  than 
the  steeps  of  Castri,  which,  to  an  open  enemy, 
must  be  perfectly  inaccessible.  Indeed,  though 
Delphi  was  often  plundered,  yet,  when  a  serious 
resistance  was  made,  the  Gauls,  under  Brennus, 
as  well  as  the  Persians  of  Xerxes  army,  were  re- 
pulsed, and  did  not  dare  to  advance  into  the  for- 
tresses of  the  mountains.  The  same  object  of  se- 
curity induced  the  Greeks  to  fix  their  other  mag- 
nificent temple  of  Apollo  on  the  island  of  Delos. 
which  modern  travellers  have  described  as  one  mass 
of  rugged  rocks." 

The  Phocseans  at  one  time  carried  away  from 
Delphi  10,000  talents,  or  above  8,500,000  dollars 
in  gold  and  silver.  This  plunder  was  made  in  the 
second  sacred  war,  355  years  A.  C.  ;  and  yet, 
enough  of  wealth  and  art  remained  to  excite  the 
admiration  of  Pausanius  five  centuries  afterwards. 
Of  all  those  wonders  of  art  which  once  adorned 
and  rendered  this  place  indeed  sacred,  only  one 
unequivocal  specimen  remains,  that  is,  (he  triple 
twisted  serpentine  column  of  brass,  whose  three 
heads  supported  the  tripod,  dedicated  by  the 
Greeks,  after  the  battle  of  Platsea,  to"  Apollo, 
which  is  still  to  be  seen,  though  mutilated,  in  the 
Hippodrome,  the  Atmeidan  of  the  Turks  in  Con- 
stantinople. 

Castro,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  40  ms.  NW.  of  Rome.    Lon.  U  54  E., 

lat.  42  23  N:  Maritime  town  of  the  kingdom  of 

Naples,  6  ms.  S.  of  Otrantc.    Lon.  18  31  E  ;  lat- 
200 


40  16  N.  Town  of  S.  America,  in  Chili,  ca 

ital  of  the  Island  of  Chiloe.    It  is  180  ms.  S. 
Valdaivia.    Lon.  75  5  W,,  lat.  42  4  S. 

Castro-Marino,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Algar 
It  is  strong  by  situation,  and  seated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Guadiana,  55  ms.  S.  of  Beja.  Lon.  7  12 
W.,  lat  37  6  N. 

C  astro -Xereyna,  town  of  Peru,  remarkable  for 
mines  of  silver,  and  for  good  tobacco,  and  whole- 
some  air.  It  is  125  ms.  SE.  from  Lima.  Lon. 
W.  C.  2  16  E.,  lat.  12  50  8. 

Caswell,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Virginia  or 
Dan  river  N .,  Person  E.,  Orange  8  ,  and  Rock- 
ingham W.,  20  ms    square,  area  400  sq.  no 
surface  hilly,    soil  of  middling  quality.  Ct 
town,  Leesburg.    Pop.  in  1820,  13,253;  and'! 
1810,  14,693.     Ctl.  lat.  36  20  N.,  lon.  W.  J 

2  30  W.  O.  H.,  and  post  office,  Caswell  I 

N.  C,  on  a  branch  of  Dan  river,  100  ras.  N' 
from  Raleigh. 

Cat  Island,  Guanahanni,  or  St  Salvador, 
of  the  Bahamas.  This  was  the  first  land  of  Ar 
ica  discovered  by  Columbus,  Oct.  12th,  1492. 

Cat  Island,  on  the  coa*t  of  Louisiana  and  Mi 
about  6  ms.  long  by  one  quarter  of  a  mile 
width,  lying  between  the  passes  of  Marianne 
SE.  It  was  on  the  outside  of  this  island  thai 
the  British  fleet  lay  during  the  invasion  of  La.  in 
1814  and  1815,  53  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  New 
Orleans. 

Catabambee,  town  and  province  of  Peru,  SW. 
from  Cusco. 

Catahoola,  parish  of  La.,  bounded  by  Concot 
dia  E.  and  SE.,  Rapides  S.  and  SW.,  and  bj 
Ouachitta  NW.  and  N.,  length  80  ms.,  mear 
width  25,  area  2,000  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly  it 
the  SW.  part,  and  level  in  the  NE.  It  is  nearl) 
intersecteu  into  2  equal  sections  by  Ouachitta  riv 
er.  The  soil  is  in  general  extremely  sterile,  anc 
covered  with  pine  timber.  Some  very  productive 
tracts  lie  along  the  streams  upon  the  small  prai 
ries*  and  on  Sicily  island.  Staples,  cotton,  livt 
stock,  and  lumber.  No  town  of  any  consequence 
See  Ocatahoola.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,287  ;  and  ir 
1840,  4,955.    Ctl.   lat.  32°  N.,  lon.   W.  C 

15°  W.  River  of  La.,  rises  in  the  parishes  o 

Natchitoches  and  Ouachitta,  and  flowing  SE., 
ters  the  parish  of  the  same  name,  expands  into  i 
lake  30  ms.  in  length,  by  from  3  to  6  ms.  wide, 
turns  E.,  contracts  again  to  a  river  of  about  71 
yards  wide,  flows  10  ms.  and  joins  the  Ouachittt 
and  forms  Black  river,  after  an  entire  comparativt 
course  of  120  ms.  The  country  drained  by  the  Ca! 
ahoola  is  generally  sterile  pine  woods,  though  on 
siderable  extent  of  good  arable  land  exists  along  am 

near  the  water  courses. — See  Ocatahoola.  Lak< 

of  La.  This  lake  is  remarkable.  It  is  a  natura 
reservoir,  filled  and  emptied  by  turns.  When  th< 
Mississippi  river  is  rising,  it  throws  a  volume  ove. 
the  intermediate  space  into  the  Ouachitta,  which 
thus  swelled,  forces  the  current  to  reflux  into  th< 
Catahoola  lake,  which  then  becomes  filled  ;  but  a; 
the  Mississippi  depresses,  the  water  drains  fron 
the  lake,  and  in  autumn  its  bottom  becomes  on- 
great  meadow  of  succulent  herbage,  with  the  rive 
winding  its  devious  way  through  its  wide-spreat 
plain. 

Cafabau;  river  of  N.  and  S.  Car.,  rises  in  th 
former,  and,  flowing  »E.  by  S.  into  the  latter,  take 


CAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAT 


the  name  of  Wateree,  joins  the  Congaree,  and  to- 
gether forms  the  Santee.    See  Wateree. 

Catalina,  harbor  on  the  E.  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, S.  from  Cape  Bonavista.  Lon.  W.  C.  24 
50  E.,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Catalogue,  or  enumeration  of  the  stars.  The 
earliest  stellar  catalogue  extant  is  that  ascribed  to 
Ptolemy,  and  found  in  the  Almagest.  It  is,  how- 
ever, probable  that  the  catalogue  called  the  Ptole- 
maic was  formed  from  that  of  Hipparchus,  B.  C. 
130,  modified  to  A.  D.  137.  This  primitive  cat- 
dogue  contained  1,022  stars,  and  is  amongst  the 
nost  invaluable  legacies  of  ancient  to  modem 
;cience.  When  science  was  neglected  in  Europe, 
lie  Arabs  in  some  degree  preserved  much  of  the 
incient  astronomy,  and  even  made  additions. 
Stellar  catalogues  were  made  by  Albategnius  and 
Jlug-Beg,  and  which  greatly  modified  the  nomen- 
clature of  the  starry  heavens,  as  many  stars  have 
)n  our  catalogues  Arabic  names.  Tycho  Brahe 
vas  the  first  modern  European  astronomer  who 
ulded  much  to  the  catalogue  in  the  Almagest; 
ievelius  followed;  and  in  1712  appeared  the 
plendid  catalogue  of  Flamstead.  Between  1757 
rid  1762,  M.  de  la  Caille  published  three  cata- 
ogues.  In  1776,  the  Academy  of  Berlin  publish- 
d  a  catalogue  comprising  4,535  stars,  combining 
he  observations  of  Hevelius,  Flamstead,  La  Caille- 
!3radley,  &c.  In  the  great  phenomena  of  the  uni- 
erse  established  by  catalogues,  the  most  remarka- 
le  is  the  extinction  of  some  and  the  appearance  of 
tber  stars,  which  have  always  appeared  at  the 
irmation  of  every  new  catalogue,  when  compared 
vith  those  made  previously. 

Catalonia,  province  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the 
f.  by  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  the  Med- 
erranean  sea,  and  on  the  W.  by  Arragon  and  ! 

alencia.     Its  greatest  extent  from  E.  to  W.  is 
12  ins,  and  from  N.  to  S.  148.    It  is  155  ms.  ! 
n  length  and  100  in  breadth     The  air  is  whole- 
ome  ;  and  it  is  full  of  high  mountains,  covered 
vith  forest  and  fruit  trees.    It  abounds  in  wine,  j 
orn,  and  pulse,  and  there  are  several  quarries  of  j 
larble  of  all  colors,  crystal,  alabaster,  amethysts,  j 
nd  lapis  lazuli.    Barcelona  is  the  capital. 

Catamain,  river  of  South  America,  in  Quito,  I 
ills  into  the  Pacific  ocean,  S.  from  Cape  Blanco. 

Catania,  once  a  celebrated  city  of  Sicily,  on  a 
ulf  of  the  same  name,  with  a  university,  the  only 
ne  in  the  island.  The  land  about  it  is  fertile  in 
orn,  excellent  wine,  and  fruits.  By  an  eruption 
I  J3tna,  in  1669,  it  was  almost  totally  destroyed  ; 
nd  in  1593  it  was  entirely  swallowed  up  by  an 
arthquakc,  which  buried  18,000  people  in  the 
Jins.  It  is  52  ms.  SW.  of  Messina.  Lon.  15 
9       lat.  37  36  N. 

Catanzaro,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulte- 
ore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  mountain, 
3  ms.  SW.  Belcastro.  Lon.  16  48  E.,  lat.  39°  N. 

Cataract,  river,  branch  of  Columbia,  which  it 
)ins  from  the  N.  200  ms.  from  the  Pacific  ocean. 

Cataraugus,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Pa.  S., 
v  Chatauque  W.,  by  Erie  N.,  Genesee  NE.,  and 
Hegany  E.  ;  length  39  ms.,  mean  width  36  ;  area 
,400  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil  productive, 
hief  town  Hamilton.  Pop.  1S20,  4,090  ;  in 
!840,  28,872.     Cent.  lat.  42  15,  Ion.  W.  C.  1 

i5  W  Kiver,  N.  Y.,  in  Cataraugus  co.,  falls 

Ho  Lake  Erie. 

26* 


Catawissa,  town,  Columbia  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 
1820,  2,520. 

Cataro,  town  of  Venetian  Dalrnatia,  on  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  30  ins.  W.  of  Scutari.  Lon. 
18  40  E.,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Cateau.  See  Chateau  Cambresis. 
Categate,  gulf  between  Sweden  and  Denmark, 
by  which  the  Baltic  communicates  with  the  ocean. 
There  is  some  confusion  in  our  geographical  works 
as  respects  what  is  included  under  the  names  of 
Categate  and  Schagerac,  as  they  are  frequently 
confounded,  though  really  distinct.  The  Cate- 
gate is  bounded  S.  by  the  Danish  islands,  W.  by 
Jutland,  E.  by  Sweden,  and  N.  by  the  Schage- 
rac. Mean  length  120  ms.,  mean  width  50,  and 
covering  an  area  of  6,000  sq.  ms.  The  Categate 
is  shallow.  Along  the  Jutland  coast  extends  a 
reef  with  not  more  than  from  3  to  4  fathoms ;  the 
depth  is  greater  on  the  Swedish  shore,  but  the 
general  average  would  fall  below  25  fathoms,  or 
150  feet.  If  the  diminution  is  equal  in  the  Cate- 
gate to  that  shown  to  take  place  in  the  Baltic,  less 
than  400  years  will  leave  the  former  a  sand  bank, 
and  in  the  intermediate  time  the  current  through 
the  sound  and  the  two  belts  must  increase  in  ve- 
I  locity  towards  the  point  of  greatest  depression. 
See  Earth,  Schagerac. 

Catfish  Falls,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y., 
192  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Catharineslaf,  or  Ecatterrinenslaf,  government 
of  the  Russian  empire,  divided  into  two  provin- 
ces, namely,  Catharineslaf,  which  includes  New 
Russia  and  the  late  government  of  Asoph,  and 
Taurida,  which  includes  the  Crimea. 

Catharineslaf,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  built  by  the  late  empress  of  Russia  ;  and  its 
name  signifies  "the  glory  of  Catharine."  It  is 
seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Kiltzin  and  Sa- 
mara, 178  ms.  NE.  of  Cherson.  Lon-.  35  15  E., 
lat.  47  23  N. 

Catherine's  Landing,  village  at  the  head  of 
Seneca  lake,  in  the  NW.  angle  of  Tioga  co.,  N. 
Y.,  4  ms.  N.  from  Catherinestown. 

Catherine,  tp.,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the  head 
of  Seneca  lake,  containing  two  post  offices — Cath- 
arine's Landing  and  Catharinestown.  Pop.  1820, 
1816. 

Catharine  s,  St.,  principal  island  on  the  coast 
of  the  S.  part  of  Brasil,  with  a  harbor  defended  by 
several  forts.  It  is  27  ms.  long,  but  not  more 
than  6  broad.  Lon.  W.  C.  27  43  W.,  lat.  27 
35  S. 

Catherine's,  St.,  island  on  the  coast  of  Ga.,  in 
the  lat.  of  31  30  N.,  lon.  81°  W. 

Catholic  Lkaguk.  The  formation  of  the 
Evangelic  League  had  its  natural  effect  in  exciting 
the  Catholics  of  Germany  to  unite  in  a  counter 
confederation,  under  the  title  of"  Catholic  League," 
into  which  entered  Maximilian,  Duke  of  Bavaria; 
the  Electors  of  Mentz,  Cologne,  and  Treves;  the 
Archbishop  of  Saltzbourg;  the  Bishoos  of  Bam- 
berg, Wurtzberg,  and  Aichstet ;  the  Archdukes  of 
Austria  ;  and  several  other  Catholic  princes  of  the 
empire.  The  Pope  and  King  of  Spain  offered  to 
join  it ;  and  it  was  soon  strengthened  by  two  Pro- 
testant princes — John  George,  Elector  of  Saxony, 
and  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse  Darmstadt.  The  two 
rival  Leagues  prepared  the  fuel  for  the  thiiitt 
years'  war.    See  Evangelic  League. 

201 


CAU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAU 


Catlettsburg,  village,  Greenup  co.,  Ky.,  on 
Ohio  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Sandy,  and  on  the 
NE.  angle  of  the  State  ;  by  postroad,  157  ras.  a 
little  N.  of  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Catlin,  post  office,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y. 

Catmandu,  capital  of  Napaul,  in  Hindoos  an 
proper,  445  ms.  E.  of  Delhi.  Lon.  84  51  E  , 
lat.  28  6  N. 

Cato,  tp  and  town,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  W. 
from  Cross  Lake.    Pop.  1820,  4,021. 

Cato  Four  Corners,  post  office,  Cayuga  co., 
N.  Y  ,  about  16  ms  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Auburn. 

Catoche,  cape,  NE.  promontory  of  Yucatan,  in 
N.  America,  where  the  English  adventurers  from 
Jamaica  first  attempted  to  cut  logwood.  Lon.  W. 
C.  8  50  VV.,  lat.  22  10  N.    See  Honduras. 

Catskill,  town,  Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Hudson  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Catskill 
creek,  8  ms.  from  the  city  of  Hudson,  and  114 
N.  of  N.  Y.  It  is  a  very  thriving,  well-built  vil- 
lage. Pop.  1820,3,510;  1840,  5,339.  Creek, 

Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  Catskill  mountains, 
and  falls  into  the  Hudson  river  at  the  town  of 

Catskill.  Mountains,  range  thfough  N.  Y.,  in 

the  cos.  of  Sullivan,  Ulster,  Green,  and  Schoha- 
rie. Some  of  the  peaks  of  these  mountains,  in 
Windham,  Green  co.,  exceed  3,500  feet,  the 
Round  Top  3,804,  and  High  Peak  3,718. 

Caltack,  or  Cuttack,  the  capital  of  Orissa,  a 
province  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Deccan.  It  is  a 
post  of  consequence,  on  the  Mahanuddy,  as  it  lies 
on  the  only  road  between  Bengal  and  the  Northern 
Circars.  Cattack  is  seated  on  the  Mahanuddy, 
near  its  influx  into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  220  ms. 
SW.  of  Calcutta.    Lon.  86  1  E.,  lat.  20  51  N. 

Caftarick,  village  of  Eng.,  near  Richmond,  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  has  a  bridge 
over  the  river  Swale. 

Cattaro,  town  of  the  Austrian  empire,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cattaro,  30  ms.  SSE.  from  Ragusa.  Lon 
18  58  E.,  lat.  42  22  N. 

Catawessy.    See  Catawissa. 

Catwick,  village  of  Holland,  on  the  German 
ocean,  near  which  the  only  branch  of  the  Rhine 
that  retains  its  original  name  is  lost  in  the  sands, 
it  is  6  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Leyden. 

Cauca,  river  of  South  America,  the  SW."  branch 
of  the  Magdalena,  in  New  Granada ;  rises  near 
the  city  of  Popayan,  at  2  30  N.  lat.,  and  flowing 
N.  a  little  E.,  joins  the-  Magdalena  at  9  30  N. 
lat.,  after  a  comparative  course  of  350  ms. 

Caucasus,  system  of  mountains  between  the 

Euxine  and  Caspian  seas.  Very  high  mountain 

of  Asia,  being  one  of  that  great  ridge  of  mountains 
that  runs  between  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas. 
Of  this  ridge,  mount  Elbours  is  the  highest  and 
most  dilricult  to  pass.  The  top  of  some  of  the 
pecks  rises  to  the  region  of  perpetual  snow,  but 
the  other  parts  are  very  fruitful,  abounding  in 
honey,  corn,  fruits,  hogs,  and  large  cattle.  See 
Asia,  Elbours. 

Caucassian  mountains  are  part  of  an  immense 
chain,  extending  from  Europe  to  India — from  the 
Dardanelles  to  the  sources  of  the  Indus,  Amu, 
Ganges,  and  Burampooter. 

Caucassian  Countries,  so  denominated  from 
the  Caucassian  mountains,  may,  in  general  terms, 
be  regarded  as  spreading  between  lat.  40  and  46°  I 
202 


N.  In  lon.  it  extends  from  37  to  50°  E.  of  Lon- 
don. In  its  greatest  length,  in  a  direction  from 
SE.  to  NW  ,  it  stretches  800  ms.,  from  Bakou, 
near  the  mouth  of  Kur  river,  to  the  3traits  of  Ta- 
man,  between  the  Euxine  and  Asoph  seas,  which 
distance  ami  course  are  nearly  the  same  as  those 
of  the  main  system  of  mountains  from  which  the 
name  is  derived.  The  mean  breadth  of  this  re- 
gion, which  ought  to  be  called  Caucassia,  is  about 
200  ms  ,  and  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  greatest 
length;  area  160,000  sq.  ms.  This  country  is 
comprised  in  two  slopes  of  not  very  unequal  ex- 
tent: one,  the  southward,  is  drained  into  the  Cas- 
pian by  the  Kur,  and  into  the  Euxine  by  the 
very  inferior  stream  of  the  Rione ;  the  opposite,  or 
northern  slope,  is  drained  into  the  Caspian  by  the 
Terek  river,  and  into  the  straits  of  Taman  by  the 
Kooban  river.  So  confused  are  most  descriptions 
of  the  Caucassian  countries,  that  a  clear  view  of 
their  political  divisions  is  of  difficult  construction. 
In  general,  however,  it  may  be  stated  that  the 
southern  slope,  setting  out  from  the  Caspian,  con- 
tains the  provinces  of  Karadagh,  Georgia,  Irac- 
ritia,  Mingrelia,  and  Abasia.  On  the  northern 
side,  advancing  in  the  same  direction,  are  Les- 
ghistan,  Daghistan,  Great  and  Little  Kabardia, 
and  Great  Cherkessc,  (Circassia.)  It  is  evident, 
from  inspection  on  a  general  map  including  the 
whole  three  sections,  that  Caucassia  is  only  the 
northeastern  part  of  an  immense  natural  section  of 
Asia,  comprising  Circassia  NE  ,  Lesser  Asia  W.,  ! 
and  the  combined  basins  of  the  Euphrates  and 
Tigris  SE  ,  and  embracing  a  surface  exceeding  five 
hundred  thousand  sq.  ms.    See  art.  Asia 

Caucasus,  government  of  the  Russian  empire, 
divided  into  the  two  provinces  of  Astracan  and  Cau- 
casus. The  province  of  Caucasus  comprises  the 
Cuban,  and  all  that  district  to  the  E.  and  S.  now 
in  the  possession  of  Russia,  between  the  rivers  Don 
and  Cuban,  and  between  the  Black  sea  and  the 
Caspian,  extending  as  far  as  the  confines  of  Geor- 
gia. As  laid  down  on  Black's  Atlas,  Caucasus  has 
the  sea  of  Asoph  N  W  ,  the  Kooban  river  separates 
it  from  Circassia  SW.,  on  the  SE.  the  Terek  riv- 
er separates  it  from  Kabardia  and  Daghistan;  it 
reaches  the  Caspian  sea  on  the  E  ,  on  the  NE.  the 
Manitch  river  separates  it  from  Astracan,  and  on 
the  N  VV.  the  Kougoi  river  separates  it  from  the 
Don  Cossack.  Length  from  the  Don  river  to  the 
Caspian  500  ms  ,  mean  breadth  about  100,  and 
area  50,000  sq.  ms.  It  is  traversed  nearly  centri- 
cally  by  N.  lat  45°.  Capital  city,  Georgievsk..  I 
Caudebec,  rich  and  populous  trading  town  of 
Fr  ,  in  the  dep  of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  prov  ince 
of  Normandy,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  thr 
Seine,  18  ms.  N  W.  of  Rouen.  Lon.  1  26  E  , 
lat.  49  31  N. 

Caughnawago,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.. 
on  the  river  Mohawk,  30  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Schen 
ectady  and  206  NNW.  of  N  Y. 

Caune,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of  Tarn,  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated  near  the  moun- 
tains where  the  river  Agout  has  its  source-  It  is 
21  ms.  NE.  of  Castres.  Lon.  2  43  E  ,  lat.  43 
40  N. 

Caaterets,  village  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep  of  the  Up- 
per Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Bigorre,  noted 
for  its  mineral  water.    It  is  18  ms.  SW.  of  Bag- 

'  neres. 


CAX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CAY 


Cauvery,  or  ~Cavery,  considerable  river  of  the 
aeninsula  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  among  the 
Uauts,  and  watering  Seringapatam  and  Tanjore,  en- 
ers  the  bay  of  Bengal,  by  several  mouths,  be- 
ween  Cuddalore  and  Trichinopoly,  after  acom- 
jarative  course  of  300  ms. 

)  Cava,  considerable  and  populous  town  of  Na- 
ples, in  Principato  Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see  ; 
;eated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Metelian,  3  ms.  W.  of 
Salerno  Lon.  14  55  E.,  lat.  40  26  N. 
!  Cavaillon,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  Venaissin.  It  lately 
iad  an  episcopal  see,  and  was  subject  to  the  Pope 
t  is  seated  on  the  Durance,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Avig- 

lon.    Lon.  5  17  E  ,  lat.  43  34  N.  Town  of 

5t.  Domingo,  on  the  NW.  peninsula,  16  ms.  W. 

j]ky  S.  from  St.  Louis. 

Cavalry,  direct  from  the  Italian  cavalleria, 
oldiers  on  horseback.  It  is  evident  from  pictorial 
epresentations  -in  the  catacombs  of  Egypt,  and 
roin  scripture,  that  the  Egyptians,  as  remote  as  15 
>r  16  centuries  B.  C.  used  cavalry  in  war.  Amongst 
he  Greeks  the  war  of  Messina,  B.  C.  743,  was  ' 
he  first  instance  recorded  in  history  of  the  use  of 
avalry.  With  proportions,  varying  from  time 
nd  circumstances,  cavalry  and  infantry  have  min-  I 

Ined  or  superseded  each  other  in  the  armies  of 

most  nations  not  in  the  savage  state,  for  the  last  i 
j»,000  years     In  Europe,  under  the  title  of  "Men- 
\t-arms"  French  gendarme,  cavalry  for  many  cen- 
karies  was  the  principal  military  force  ;  but  the  in- 
koduction  of  gunpowder,  the  victories  gained  by  > 
lie  Swiss  foot  over  the  Austrian  and  Burgun-  \ 

Ijian  horse,  and  the  close  column  of  the  Spanish  j 
nfantry,  which  no  cavalry  was  found  capable  of  I 

I  reakinjr,  gradually  restored  the  great  dispropor- 

lion  of  infantry  over  cavalry  in  European  armies 

lb  pretty  near  what  they  were  under  the  Romans 

i  n  their  most  military  age. 
I  Cavan,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  [lister, 

Yyl  ms.  in  length  and  23  in  breadth  ;  bounded  on 
he  N.  by  Fermanagh  and  Monag-han,  on  the  E 
>y  the  latter  co.  and  Louth,  on  the  W.  by  Leit-  j 

i  lim,  and  on  the  S.  by  Lonford,  West  Meath,  and  ; 

1  'Cast  Meath.  It  has  but  two  towns  of  any  note,  Ca-  j 
ran  and  Kilmore.    It  sent  6  members  to  the  Irish  j 

'arliament,  and  it  contains  37  parishes.  Bo- 

ough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Cavan,  60 
ns.  NW.  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  23  W.Jat.  54  51  N. 

Cavendish,  town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  N. 
iiie  of  Black  river,  between  Wethersfield  and  Lud- 
ow,  32  miles  SE.  of  Rutland  river.  Population 
1,016. 

CavexviHe,  village,  Orange  co.,  Va.,  104  ms. 
N'W.  of  Richmond  and  109  SW.  fronvW.  O. 

Cavete,  seaport  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of 
juconia. — See.  Manilla. 

Caviana,  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon 
iver,  about  100  ms.  in  circuit.  Lon.  W.  C.  28°, 
2.  lat.  10'  N. 

Cavina,  town  in  the  island  of  Manilla,  with  a 
trong  castle,  a  harbor,  and  a  dock.  It  is  10  ms. 
rom  the  city  of  Manilla. 

Cuivood,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  E.  riding  of 
Yorkshire,  12  ms.  S.  of  York  and  186  NW.  of 
-ondon.  Lon.  1°  W.,  lat.  53  47  N. 

Caxamarca,  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  territory 
>f  its  own  name,  on  the  river  Tunguragua.  It  was 
loted  for  a  sumptuous  palace  belonging  to  the  In- 
:as,  and  a  magnificent  temple  dedicated  to  the  sun. 


It  is  300  ms.  NNE.  of  Lima.  Lon.  W.  C.  32' 
E.,  lat.  7  25  S. 

Caxamarquilla,  city  and  province  of  Peru,  on 
the  river  Tunguragua,  to  the  N.  of  Caxamarca. 

Caxatamba,  city  and  province  of  Peru,  nearly 
midway  between  Lima  and  Caxamarca.  Lon.  W. 
C.  30'  VV.,  lat.  10  30  S. 

Caxton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cambridgeshire,  10 
ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Cambridge  and  49  N.  of  London. 
Lon.  10'  W. 

Caya,  river  of  Portugal,  which  rises  near  Port- 
alegre,  and  running  SE.  divides  Spain  from  Por- 
tugal, and  falls  into  the  Guadiana  at  I3ad;ijoz. 

Cay a/wga. — See  Cicyahoga. 

Cayambe  Urcu,  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the 
Andes.  Tt  is  19,386  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean,  150  ms.  NE.  from  Chiinborazo  and  nearly 
on  the  equator. 

Cayenne,  rich  town  and  island  on  the  coast  of 
Guiana,  in  S.  America,  capital  of  the  French  set- 
tlements there,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Dutch  colony  of  Surinam.  The  French  settled 
here  in  1635,  but  left  in  1654,  and  was  successive- 
ly in  the  possession  of  the  English,  French,  and 
Dutch  ;  but  the  latter  were  expelled  by  the  French 
in  1677.  The  island  is  about  16  ms.  in  circum- 
ference, and  is  only  separated  from  the  continent 
by  two  rivers.  By  a  particular  formation,  uncom- 
mon in  islands,  the  land  is  highest  near  the  water 
side  and  low  in  the  middle.  Hence  it  is  so  full  of 
morasses  that  all  communication  between  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  it  is  impossible,  without  taking  a 
great  circuit.  Cayenne  pepper,  sugar,  and  coffee, 
are  the  principal  commodities.  Lon.  W.  C.  24 
45  E.,  lat.  5°  N. 

Cayes,  seaport  of  the  NW.  part  of  St.  Domin- 
go, 50  ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis.  Lon.  W.  C.  4° 
E  ,  lat.  19  12  N. 

Cayuga,  lake,  N.  Y.,  commences  at  the  mouth 
of  Fall  creek,  in  Tompkins  co  ,  and  extending 
nearly  N.,  with  a  mean  width  of  2  ms.  40  ms.,  to 
the  village  of  Cayuga,  where  it  again  contracts  in- 
to a  small  river,  which,  a  short  distance  below  Cay- 
uga, unites  with  the  Seneca  outlet.  Cayuga  lake 
forms  part  of  the  natural  channel  of  water  commu- 
nication from  the  Grand  canal  of  N.  Y.  to  the  Sus- 
quehanna river.  A  steamboat  already  runs  be- 
tween Ithica  and  Cayuga.  County,   N.  Y., 

bounded  S.  by  Tompkins,  W.  by  Cayuga  lake, 
Cayuga  outlet,  and  Seneca  co  ,  NW.  by  lake  On- 
tario, N.  by  Oswego,  and  E  by  Onandago  and 
Courtland  ;  length  55  ms.,  mean  width  1 3 i  ms  ; 
area  740  sq.  ms.  ;  surfice  in  general  hilly,  with  a 
very  productive  soil.  Staples:  grain,  flour,  whis- 
key, live  stock,  sailed  meat,  butter,  cheese,  &c. 
Chief  town  Auburn.  Pop.  in  1820,  38,897  ;  in 
1830,  47,947;  and  in  1840,  50,338.  Central 

lat.  42  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C  30'  E.  Creek  and 

post  office,  Erie  co  ,  N.  Y.     The  post  office  is 

about  12  ms.  from  Buffalo.  Town,  Cayuga  co., 

N.  Y.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cawiga  outlet,  on  the 
road  from  Auburn  to  Geneva,  10  ms.  from  the  for- 
mer and  12  from  the  latter  place.   A  steamboat  now 

plies  between  Cayuga  and  Ithaca.  Creek,  N.  Y., 

rises  in  Genessee,  and  flowing  W.  into  Erie  co., 
joins  Buffalo  river  5  ms.  above  its  mouth  at  Buffa- 
lo harbor. 

Cayula,  tp.,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.  Prp.  in  1820, 
1,889, 

203 


CEF 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CEN 


Cazenovia,  town,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  near  the 
head  of  Chenango  river,  about  40  ms.  W.  from 
Utica  and  130  W.  from  Albany.  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,909. 

Cazimer,  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the  palatin- 
ate of  Lublin,  seated  on  the  Vistula,  80  ms.  E.  of 
Zarnaw.    Lon.  22  3  E.,  lat.  51°  N. 

Cebu,  one  of  the  most  southerly  of  the  Philip- 
pine mountains. 

Cecil,  co.,  Md.,  forming  the  NE.  angle  of  the 
State,  bounded  N.  by  Pa.,  E.  by  Del.,  S.  by  Kent 
co.,  and  W.  by  Chesapeake  bay  and  Susquehanna 
river;  length  21  ms.,  mean  width  12  ms  ;  area 
250  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  generally  level,  though  not 
actually  flat ;  soil  varied ;  much  good  land  on  the 
streams.  Staples  .  grain,  flour,  fruit,  whiskey,  and 
salted  meat.  Chief  town  Elkton.  Pop.  in  1820, 
16,018  ;  and  in  1840,  17,232     Central  lat  39  30 

N.,  lon.  W.  C  1  20  E   Tp. ,  Washington  co., 

Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,167;  1820,  1,154. 

Cecillon,  post  office,  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  formerly 
called  Savington. 

Cedar  Branch,  post  office,  Beaufort  district,  S.C. 

Cedar  Creek,  village,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J., 
about  60  m*.  E.  from  Philadelphia.  Tp.,  Sus- 
sex co,  Del.  Pop.  in  1810,  3,874,  in  1820, 
2,280. 

Cedar,  creek,  Rockbridge  co.,  Va.  is  a  small 
stream  failing  into  the  left  side  of  James  river. 
The  natural  bridge  over  this  creek,  which  gives 
name  to  the  co.,  is  in  itself  a  very  curious  pheno- 
menon, which  there  are,  however,  in  America, 

several  others  of  a  similar  nature.  Creek,  and 

post  office,  in  the  northern  part  of  Shenandoah  co., 
Va.,  postroad,  180  ms.  NVV.  from  Richmond.— — 
Town,  Howard,  co.,  Mo. 

Cedar-creek  mouth,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Ky. 

Cedar  Grove,  post  office,  Union  district,  S.  C, 
about  70  ms.  NVV.  from  Columbia. 

Cedar  Grove,  post  office,  Wilson  co.,  Tenn., 
26  ms.,  NE.  from  Murfreesboro. 

Cedar,  lake,  British  N.  America,  between  Lake 
Winnipeg,  and  the  Saskatchewine  river.  Lon.  W. 
C.  22  30  W  ,  lat.  53°  N. 

Cedar  point,  cape,  St.  Mary's  co.   Md.,  SE. 

side  of  the  mouth  of  Patuxent  river.  In  Charles 

co.,  Md  ,  at  the  mouth  of  Nanesmy,  or  Nanjemoy 
river. 

Cedars,  village,  U.  C,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  30  ms.  above  Montreal. 

Cedar  Shoals,  post  office,  Chester  district,  S.  C, 
88  ms.  N.  from  Columbia. 

Cedarville,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  IS.  J.  

Post  office,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.  Post  office, 

Perry  tp.,  northern  part  of  Brown  co.,  O.,  on 
Little  Miami  river,  about  22  ms.  nearly  due  N.  of 
Georgetown,  the  county  seat,  and  16  ms.  NE.  of 
Batavia,  the  county  seat  of  Clermont  co. 

Cedonga,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ulte- 
riore,  2  ms.  NW.  of  Melfi.  Lon.  15  38  E., 
lat.  41  5  N. 

Cejalonia,  considerable  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, on  the  coast  of  Livadia,  and  opposite  the 
Gulf  of  Lepanto.  It  is  fertile  in  oil,  and  excel- 
lent muscadine  wine.  It  is  subject  to  the  Vene- 
tians, and  the  capital  is  of  the  same  name.  Lon. 
20  36  E.,  lat.  38  22  N. 

Cefalu,  seaport  of  Sicily.     Lon.    13  58  E 
lat.  38  25  N. 
204 


ll  01 


Celitno,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteriore, 
a  mile  from  the  lake  of  Celano.    Lon.  13  39  E 
lat.  41  56  N. 

Celaya. — See  Silao. 

Celebes,  or  Macassar,  island  in  the  Indian  oce 
to  the  E.  of  Borneo.    The  Dutch  have  str 
forts  here,  by  which  they  keep  the  natives  in  a 
Lon.  from  *116°  to  124°  E.,  lat.  1  30  N.  to 
30  S. 

Celestins,  monks  of  the  order  of  St.  Bene 
diet,  founded  by  Pope  Celestin  V.,  about  A.  D 

1295. 

Cenada,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  Trevisano, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  18  ms.  N.  of  Trevigio.  L< 
12  26  E.,  lat.  46  2  N. 

Cenis,  mountain  which  is  a  part  of  the  Al 
and  separates  the  marquisate  of  Susa  from 
Morianne. 

Cexsus,  from  census,  evaluation  or  enumera- 
tion. In  the  United  States  an  enumeration  of  the 
whole  people  taken  every  tenth  year  ;  but  more 
loosely  applied  to  every  enumeration  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  a  State,  town,  &c,  whether  universal 
as  to  the  limits  embraced,  general,  or  partial 
taxables,  men  subject  to  military  service,  or  w! 
ever  other  object. 

Central  America,  new  Republic  of  N.  America, 
formed  from  the  late  Spanish  Captain  Generalship 
of  Guatemala;  which  see,  as  also  America,  p.  55. 

Central  Square,  village,  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y., 
120  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Centre  harbor,  tp.,  in  Strafford  co.,  N.  H. 
Pop.  in  1810,  349,  in  1820,  486. 

Centre,  co.,  Penn.,  bounded  by  Huntingdon 
S.,  Clearfield  W.,  Lycoming  NW.,  N.,  and  NE.; 
Union  E.,  and  Mifflin  SE.  Length  58  ms., 
mean  width  26;  area  1,500  sq.  ms.  Surface 
mountainous,  and  soil  in  general  rocky  and  sterile, 
though  much  good  land  skirts  the  streams,  parti- 
cularly the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 
Staples — grain,  flour,  whiskey,  livestock,  salted 
meat  and  lumber.  Chief  town,  Bellefonte.  Pop. 
1820,  13,786,  and  in  1840,  20,492.  Central 

lat.  41°  N  ,  lon.  W.  C.  0  20  E.  Tp.  Union 

co.,  Pa   Pop.  in  1S20,  2,094. — -Tp.,  Green 

co.,  Pa.     Pop.  in  1820,  795.  Tp.,  Butlerco., 

Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  742,  in  1820,  972.  Post 

office,   Delaware  co.,   O.  Tp.,   Monroe  co., 

O.     Pop.  in   1820,  1,292.  Tp.  Morgan  co., 

O.    Pop.  in  1820,  *77.  Tp.  Columbiana  co., 

O.     Pop.  in  1810,  1,103,  in  1820,  1,437.  

Post  office,  Natchitoches  parish,  La.  Post  office, 

Guilford  co.,  N.  C,  69  ms.  NVV.  from  Raleigh. 

Ventreburg,  or  Cenirebury,  tp.  and  post  office, 
southwestern  part  of  Knox  co.,  O.,  on  the  stage 
road  from  Mount  Vernon  to  Columbus,  13  ms.  SW. 
of  the  former,  and  32  NNE.  from  the  latter  place. 

Centre-furnace,  Centre  co.,  Pa. 

Centre-harbor,  town  N.  H.  Strafford  co  ,  on 
Winnipiseogee  lake. 

Centre  Square,  post  office,  Montgomery  co.  Pa., 
20  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

CentreviUe,  post  oflice,  Kent  co.,  R.  I.,  1 1  ms. 

SW.  from  Providence.  Town,  Alleghany  co., 

N.  Y.     Pop.    1820,  421.  Town,  Crawford 

c0.}  pa.  Post  office,  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  marked 

on  the  post-office  list  107  ms.  from  Albany.  

Post  office,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  28  ms.,  from 
Trenton.  Village,  and  seat  of  justice  in  Queen 


CER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHA 


Anne  co.,  Md.,  on  Corsica  creek,  branch  of 
Chester  river,  12  ms.  S.  from  Chester,  and  36 
SE.  from  Baltimore.     In  this  town  there  is  an 

icademy.  Village,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  23  ms. 

3W.  by  W.  from  W.  C.  Village,  Pendleton 

listrict  S.  C.  Post  office,  Wilkes  co.,  Ga., 

39  ms.    NW.    from   Milledgeville.  Village, 

iFayetle  co.,  Ky.,  with  an  academy.  Village, 

Fairfield  co.,  6.,  on  the  road  between  Lancaster 

ind  Columbus,  and  14  ms.  from  each.  Town, 

Montgomery  co.,  O.,  9  ms.  SE  from  Dayton. 
This  village  stands  on  a  fine  rising  ground,  and 
is  composed  of  one  street  along  the  main  road  from 
Dayton  to  Lebanon,  14-  ms.  nearly  due  N.  from 
:he  latter,  7  from  Dayton,  15  SW.  by  W.  of 
Xenia.    Pop.  in  1830,  326,  in  1837,  400,  1840, 

150.  Post  office,  Columbiana  co.,  O.,  150  ms. 

\E.  from  Columbus.  Village,  and   seat  of 

ustice,  in  Wayne  co.,  Ia.,  on  the  main  fork  of 

he  W.  branch  of  the  White-water  river.  

Post  office,  Hickman  co.,  Tenn.,  75  ms.  SW.  by 

W.  from  Murfreesborough.  Post  office,  Amity 

:o.,  Miss.,  58  ms.   SW.   from  Monticello.-  

Post  office,  Bibb  co  ,  Ala.,  on  the  Cahaba  river, 
tbout.  70  ms.  N.  from  the  village  of  Cahaba. 
;   Cephalonia. — See  Cefalonla. 
1   Cepeta,  town  of  Peru,  on  the  Faticaco  lake, 
i)0  ms.  NW.  from  La  Paz. 

Ceram,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  one  of  the 
Moluccas,  to  the  W.  of  New  Guinea,  140  ms.  in 
length,  and  40  in  breadth.  It  is  mountainous  and 
jvoody ;  and  the  Dutch  once  had  a  fortress  to 
ceep  the  natives  in*  subjection,  and  to  defend  the 
Spice  Islands,  having  destroyed  the  clove  trees 
iere.  Lon.  from  126°  to  129°  E.,  lat.  3°  S. 
I  Cerdagna,  small  district,  partly  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  and  partly  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Roussillon. 
3uycerda  is  the  capital  of  the  Spanish  part,  and 
,4ont  Lewis  of  the  French. 

i  Cerenza,  town  of  Naples  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 
vith  a  bishop's  see;  seated  on  a  rock,  12  ms. 
,VW.  of  St.  Severino.  Lon.  17  2  E.,  lat.  39 
53  N. 

Cerestown,  town,  McKean  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
j810,  142,  in  1820,  425. 

Ceret,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Eastern 
5yrenees,  and  late  province  of  Roussillon,  with  a 
nagnificent  bridge  of  one  arch  over  the  Tet.  It  is 
2  ms.  from  Perpignan.  Lon.  2  46  E.,  lat.  42 
16  N. 

Cerigo,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  to  the  S.  of 
he  Morea,  and  to  the  N.  of  Candia,  formerly 
:nown  by  the  name  of  Cytherea,  and  noted  for 
eing  the  birth  place  of  Venus.  It  is  45  ms.  in 
ircumference,  full  of  mountains,  and  has  a  small 
own  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  23  22  E.,  lat.  36 
'ON. 

Cerines,  seaport  of  Cyprus,  with  a  castle,  and 
Greek  bishop's  see.    Lon.  33  35  E.,  lat.  35 
9  N. 

Cerney  North,  village  of  Eng.,  Gloucestershire, 
ear  the  downs  where  Cirencester  races  are  run. 
Jn  an  adjacent  field  is  a  camp  of  considerable  ex- 
?nt.  It  is  4  ms.  from  Cirencester. 
;  Certosa,  celebrated  Carthusian  monastery  in  the 
uchy  of  Milan,  4  ms.  from  Pavia.  Its  park  is 
urrounded  by  a  wall  20  ms.  in  circumference,  and 
ontains  several  villages, 


Cervera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  an  a  river 
of  its  own  name,  22  ms.  NW.  of  Tarragona. 
Lon.  1  9  E.,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Cervia,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  10  ms. 
SE.  of  Ravenna.    Lon.  12  17  E.,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Cesena,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Savio,  15  ms.  SE.  of 
Ravenna.    Lon.  12  20  E.,  lat.  44  25  N. 

Cette,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated 
at  the  place  where  the  canal  of  Languedoc  begin?, 
between  Montpelier  and  Agde,  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean sea.    Lon.  3  42  E.,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Ceva,  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  Tanaro,  with 
a  fort,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Mondovi.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  April,  1796.  Lon.  8  10  E.,  lat. 
41  26  N. 

Cevennes,  mountainous  country  in  the  south  of 
France.  The  Cevennes,  when  taken  in  their  ut- 
most extent,  branch  from  the  Pyrenees  in  Arriege, 
and  extend  NE.  through  Arriege,  Ande,  Herault, 
Gard,  Lozere,  and  Ardeche,  to  the  River  Rhone. 
This  chain  is  about  240  ms.  in  length,  but  in  no 
part  very  elevated.  Mount  Jura  and  the  Voges 
are  evidently  parts  of  the  same  ridge  with  the  Ce- 
vennes. 

Cevero  Vostochnoi.    See  Severo  Vostochnoi. 

Ceuta,  seaport  of  Africa,  now  belonging  to 
Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the  straits  of  Gibraltar. 
Lon.  5  20  W.,  lat.  35  50  N. 

Ceylon,  large  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  250 
ms.  in  length,  and  195  in  breadth.  In  general 
the  air  is  very  good,  and,  though  the  country  b, 
full  of  mountains,  there  are  fertile  valieys.  In 
some  places  there  are  rich  mines,  whence  are  got 
rubies,  sapphires,  topazes,  and  other  stones  of  less 
value.  The  Portuguese  were  the  first  Europeans 
who  settled  on  this  island,  but  the  Dutch  soon 
drove  them  away,  and  established  themselves  on 
all  the  principal  places  along  the  coast.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1796,  all  the  Dutch  forts  and  settlements 
were  taken  by  the  English.  Lon.  from  80°  to  82° 
E.,  lat.  from  6°  to  10°  N. 

Chablais,  province  of  Savoy,  bounded  on  tho 
N.  by  the  lake  of  Geneva,  on  the  E.  by  Vallas,  on 
the  S.  by  Faucigny,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Gene- 
vois.    Thonon  is  the  capital. 

Chablis,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne  and  the  province  of  Burgundy,  remarkable 
for  white  wines.  It  is  15  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Aux- 
erre.    Lon.  3  59  E.,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Charco,  a  vague,  indefinite,  and  now  obsolete 
term  for  the  plains  of  Tucuman  and  adjacent 
places. 

Chactaws,  nation  of  Indians  residing  in  the 
State  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  on  the  waters  of 
Tombigbee,  Pearl,  Pascagoula,  and  Big  Black 
rivers 

Chaeronea.    See  Caprana. 

Chadoole.    See  Chaicatok. 

Chagre,  fort  of  South  America,  in  the  province 
of  Darien,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  to  the  SW.  of  Porto  Bello.  It  was  taken 
by  Admiral  Vernon  in  1740.    Lon.  W.  C.  2  30 

W.,  lat.  9  20  N.  River  of  North  America,  in 

the  province  of  Panama,  rises  in  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien,  between  the  Day  of  Panama  and  Point 
San  Bias,  at  N.  Ion,  9°,  lon.  W.  C.  1  30  W., 

205 


CHA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  CHA 


and,  flowing  W.  by  comparative  courses  60  ms  , 
turns  to  N.  30  ms  ,  falls  into  the  Carribbean  sea, 
between  Porto  Bello  and  Conception.  It  is  navi- 
gable only  a  short  distance  for  sea  vessels  to  Cru- 
ces,  but  for  boats  down  stream  it  is  the  channel  of 
commerce  between  the  two  oceans. 

Chagrin,  small  river  of  Ohio,  rising  in  Geauga 
and  Portage  cos.,  O.  The  main  or  most  remote 
branch  rises  in  the  townships  of  Aurora  and  Man- 
tua, Portage  co.,  and  thence,  entering  the  tp.  of 
Solon,  Cuyahoga,  flows  by  a  general  northern 
course  of  25  ms.  along  the  eastern  border  of  that 
co.  into  the  tp,  of  Willoughby,  where  it  receives 
an  eastern  branch  from  Geauga  co  ;  continuing 
thence  a  northern  course  of  10  ms.,  falls  into  Lake 
Erie,  near  the  extreme  northeastern  angle  of  Cuy- 
ahoga co.  Now  Willoughby,  most  NE.  tp.  of 

Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio     See  Willoughby. 

Chagrin  River,  village  and  port  on  Chagrin  riv- 
er, near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Erie.  The  sums 
received  at  the  respective  post  offices  affords  an  ex- 
cellent general  rule  to  estimate  the  relative  import- 
ance of  places;  and  if  we  adopt  this  rule  in  the 
present  case,  it  speaks  well  for  Chagrin  River, 
where,  by  the  post  office  list,  it  appears  that  in 
1835  $305  77  were  paid  in  at  that  office.  It  is 
20  ms.  NE.  of  Cleveland,  and  10  SW.  of  Fair- 
port,  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  river. 

Chagrin,  town  Cuyahoga  co.,  Del.  Pop. 
1820,  733. 

Chagrine,  river  of  Ohio,  in  Cuyahoga  and 
Geauga  cos.,  running  nearly  along  the  line  «f  sep- 
aration, but  entering  Lake  Erie  in  the  former. 

Chais  Dieu,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Velay.  Its 
Benedictine  abbey  was  much  celebrated.  It  is  12 
ms.  E.  of  Brioude.    Lon.  3  4  E.,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Chaldea.    See  Irac  Arabia. 

Chaleur,  large  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
renca,  separating  New  Brunswick  from  Lower 
Canada,  Ristigouche  river  enters  its  head  lat.  48 
North 

Chalk  Level,  post  office  Pittsylvania  co  ,  Va., 
179  ras.  by  postroad  from  Richmond. 

Chalons-sur ■  Saone,  ancient  city  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Saone  and  Loire,  lately  an  epis- 
copal see  in  the  province  of  Burgundy,  on. the  Sa- 
one, 35  ms.  S.  of  Dijon.  Lon.  4  57  E.,  lat.  46 
47  N. 

Chalons-sur -Marne,  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Marne,  lately  an  episcopal  see  in  the 
province  of  Champagne.  It  contains  15,000  in- 
habitants, 40  miles  southwest  of  Verdun,  and  95 
east  of  Paris.  Longitude  4  27  E.,  latitude  48 
57  N. 

Chamb,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Ba- 
varia, capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  seated  on 
the  river  Chamb,  37  ms.  NE.  of  Ratisbon.  Lon. 
12  55  E.,  lat.  49  14  N. 

Chambfrry,  populous  town,  the  capital  of  Sa- 
voy, with  a  castle.  It  is  watered  by  many  streams 
which  have  their  sources  in  St.  Martin's  Hill,  and 
run  through  several  of  the  streets.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1792.  It  is  27  ms.  NE.  of 
Grenoble,  and  85  NW.  of  Turin.  Lon  5  50  E., 
lat.  45  35  N. 

Chambersburg,  town  and  seat  of  justice  in 
Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  situated  on  the  Conegocheague 
creek,  11  ms.  SW,  of  Shippensburg,  50  of  Car- 
206 


lisle,  and  143  W.  of  Philadelphia.    This  is  j 
thriving  town,  being  seated  in  the  bosom  of  a  very 
fertile  limestone  valley,  and  a  populous  settlemen 
Lon.  W.  C.  0  32  W.,  lat.  39  57  N.  Pop.  182 

about  1,000,  and   in  1840,  3,239.  Villa 

Butler  township,  in  the  northern  part  ofMon 
gomery  county,  Ohio,  10  or  12  ms.  above  and  J 
of  Dayton. 

Chambly,  seigniory,  and  town  of  L.  C,  in  Bee 
ford  and  Kent  cos.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sorel 
river,  12  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Montreal. 

diamond, 4town  of  France,  in  the  department 
Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Lyonno 
on  the  river  Giez,  17'ms.  S.  of  Lyons.  Lon. 
55  E.,  lat.  45  29  N. 

Champagne,  late  province  of  France,  162  rn 
in  length,  and  112  in  breadih,  bounded  on  the  J 
by  Hainault  and  Luxemberg,  on  the  E.  by  Lor- 
rain  and  Franche  Comte,  on  the  S.  by  Burgundy, 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Isle  of  France  and  Soisson- 
nois.  It  now  forms  the  department  of  Ardennes, 
Aube,  Marne,  and  Upper  Marne. 

Champaign,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Logan 
NW.  and  N-,  by  Union  NE.,  Madison  E.,  Clark 
S.,  and  Miami  W.;  length  29  ms.,  width  16,  ares 
460  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  level,  and  part 
flat  and  swampy  ;  soil  exuberantly  fertile,  produc- 
ing grain,  particularly  maize,  and  fruits  in  abun< 
dance.  Chief  town  Urbanna.  Pop.  1820, 
8,479,  1840,  17,721.  Central  lat.  40  8,  lon.  W. 
C.  6  45  W. 

Champion,  Tp.  and  post  town,  Jefferson  co., 

N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,080.  S.  Road,  post 

office,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  Champion  tp., 
about  20  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Sackett's  Harbour, 

and  157  NW.  from  Albany.  Village,  Geauga 

co.,  Painesville  tp.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  in  Trumbull 

co.,  Ohio. 

Champlain,  lake  of  N.  America,  extending 
from  Whitehall,  in  N.  Y.,  in  a  N.  direction  112 
I  ms.  to  Ashisland  in  Canada,  with  a  width  from  1 
to  16  ms.  Its  shores  are  mostly  bold  and  rocky, 
in  some  places  they  are  precipitous.  From  the 
NW.  angle  it  receives  the  discharge  of  lakf 
George,  from  the.  S.  Wood  creek,  Paulet  and  Hub- 
berton,  and  from  the  east,  Otter,  Onion,  La  Mr> 
elle,  and  Missisque  rivers.  From  the  W.,  Bou- 
quet, Sable,  Saranac  and  Chazy.  Its  outlet  is  the 
river  Sorelle.  Considerable  commerce  is  carried 
on  upon  this  lake,  amounting  to  perhaps  8,000 
tons  of  shipping.  Lake  Champlain  is  now  united 
to  Hudson  river  by  a  navigable  canal,  cut  from 
Whitehall  to  a  point  on  Hudson  river  below 
Glenn's  Falls.  This  lake  was  discovered  and  named 
by  M.  Champlain,  first  governor  of  Canada,  in 
1611.  In  1814  a  British  fleet  and  army  attacked 
Plattsburg,  in  Clinton  co  ,  at  the  mouth  of  Sara- 
nac. On  the  11th  September  this  fleet  was  at- 
tacked, defeated,  and  nearly  entirely  captured  by  a 
squadron  of  U.  S.  vessels,  and  the  invading  armj 
compelled  to  retreat  precipitately    into  Canada. 

 Tp.  and  post  town,  in  Clinton  co.  N.  Y 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,611. 

Chancay,  province  of  Peru,  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  bounded  N.  by  Santa,  W.  by  the  Pacific, 
S.  by  Cereado,  E.  by  Canta,  and  ISE.  by  Caxa- 

tamba.  Capital  of  the  province  of  the  samf 

name,  is  50  ms.  NW.  from  Lima.  Lon.  W.  C. 
10'  W.,  lat.  10  20  S. 


CHA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHA 


Chanceford,  Upper,  town,  York  co.,  Penn. 
3op.  in  1810,  966;  in  1S20,  1,248. 

Chanceford,  Lower,  tp.,  in  York  co.,  Penn. 
Jop.  in  1810,  818;  in  1820,  965. 

Chancellor ville,  village,  Spottsylvania  co.,  Va., 
'5  ms.  N.  from  Richmond. 

Chanca,  rich  and  considerable  town  of  Egypt, 
t>  ms.  from  Cairo,  at  the  entrance  of  the  desert 
finch  leads  to  Mount  Sinai. 

Chanda,  considerable  city  of  Berar,  in  the 
)eccan  of  Hindoostan,  subject  to  the  chief  of  the 
Eastern  Mahrattas.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of 
he  Godavery,  70  G.  ms.  S  of  Nagpour.  Lon. 
'9  40  E  ,  lat.  20  10  N. 

Chandernagore,  large  town  of  Hindoostan 
'roper,  in  Bengal.  It  was  a  French  settlement, 
nd  had  a  very  strong  fort,  destroyed  by  Admiral 
Vatson  in  1757;  and  in  1793  the  English  again 
ispossessed  the  French  of  this  settlement.  It  is  a 
eat  and  pretty  large  town,  and  is  seated  2^  leagues 
bove  Calcutta,  with  an  excellent  harbor. 

Chandler's  Gore,  Oxford  tp.,  Maine.    Pop.  in 
810,  9;  in  1820,  42. 

Chang-hai,  town  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Ciang-nan.    In  this  town,  and  the  villages  depen- 
ent  on  it,  are  more  than  200,000  weavers  of 
.ommon  cotton  cloth.  This  city  is  situated  on  the 
[  outh  or  right  side  of  the  Blue  river,  near  its 
jhouth,  N.  lat.  33  30,  long.  12  121  E.  of  Lon- 
I  on.  By  English  writers,  it  is  now  named  Shang- 
I  ae,  and  described  as  an  immense  mart  of  foreign 
I  nd  domestic  trade.    It  is  one  of  those  laid  open 
)  foreign  commerce  by  a  recent  treaty  between 
Jhina  and  Great  Britain.    Distant  about  60  ms. 
elow  Nankin. 

Chan  manning,  city  of  Thibet,  which  has  been 
lie  residence  of  the  Grand  Lama.  It  is  130  ms. 
V.  of  Lassa.    Lon.  89  45  E.,  lat.  31°  N. 

Channeray,  village  in  Ross-shire,  Scotland, 
i;ear  the  Frith  of  Murray,  30  ms.  W.  of  Elgin. 

Chan-si,  province  of  China,  and  one  of  the 
mallest  in  the  empire,  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Jetcheli,  on  the  S.  by  Honan,  on  the  W.  by 
^hen-si,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  great  wall.  The 
limate  is  healthy  and  agreeable,  and  the  soil  gen- 
rally  fertile,  though  the  country  is  full  of  mountains. 
I  Chan-long,  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
5.  by  Petcheii  and  part  of  Honan,  on  the  S.  by 
Ciang  nan,  on  the  E.  by  the  sea,  and  on  the  N. 
»y  the  sea  and  part  of  Petcheii.  The  country  is 
veil  watered  by  lakes,  streams,  and  rivers. 

Chaos,  Gr.,  and  literally  means  a  frightful 
■pening,  an  enormous  abyss,  in  which  a  dark  and 
irofound  obscurity  reigns.  The  supposed  confu- 
ton  of  all  elements  before  Creation  .gave  order. 

Chapala,  lake  of  Mexico,  in  Guadalaxara,  or 
alisco,  it  is  50  ms  long,  and  about  20  wide, 
inited  at  iis  eastern  extremity  with  the  river  St. 
ago,  or  Tololotlan. 

Chapel  Hill,  village,  Orange  co.,  N.  C,  on  a 
ranch  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about  14  ms  S.  of 
lillsborough,  and  24  W.  of  Raleigh.  The  situ- 
tion  in  an  elevated  and  broken  country,  is  pleas- 
nt  and  healthy.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
f  N.  C.  This  seminary  was  incorporated  in 
788,  and  liberally  supported  by  public  donations, 
nd  private  benefaction.  The  revenues  are  at 
resent  ample.  The  office  i  s  are,  a  president  and 
professors     The  students  exceed  100. 


Chapel  in  Frith,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire, 
with  a  poor  market  on  Saturday,  seated  on  the 
confines  of  the  Peak,  7  ms.  SE.  of  Manchester, 
and  165  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  55  W.,  lat. 
53  22  N. 

Chapel  Island,  bay  of  Honduras. 
Chapman,  tp.,  Lycoming  co.,  Penn.    Pop.  in 
1820,  355. 

Chaptico,  town,  St.  Mary's  co  ,  Md.,  12  ms. 
NW.  of  Leonard  town,  and  56  from  Washington. 

Charabon,  seaport  on  the  N.  coast  of  Java,  in 
the  Indian  ocean,  150  ms.  E.  of  Batavia.  Lon. 
109  10  E.,  lat.  6°  S. 

Charadra,  ancient  Charadrus,  traverses  the 
plain  of  Marathon,  and  enters  the  strait  between 
Atlica  and  Negiopont. 

Charaton,  east,  and  Charaton  west,  two  rivers 
of  Missouri,  rising  in  the  angle  between  Des 
Moines  river,  and  Grand  river,  and  flowing  S. 
falls  into  the  Missouri  220  ms.  above  St.  Louis, 
and  120  below  the  mouth  of  Kansas  river. 
Charaton,  co. — See  Chariton. 
Charcas,  province  of  S.  America,  on  the  sources 
of  the  Madeira  and  Hilcomaya,  having  Potosi  S  , 
Andes  W.,  Coochabamba  N  ,  andE.  by  indefinite 
limits.  It  is  included  in  the  United  Provinces  of 
La  Plata.    Lon.  W.  C.  10  E.,  lat.  20°  S. 

Chard,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  6  ms.  W.  of  Crewkerne,  and  141 
W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3  18  W.,  lat.  50 
52  N. 

Chardon,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Geauga  co., 
Ohio,  12  ms.  from  tbe  mouth  of  Grand  river,  and 
168  NE.  from  Columbus.  Lat.  41  35  N.,  lon. 
W.  C.  4  15  W.  Pop.  in  1840,  446.  Chardon 
is  situated  on  the  table  land,  from  which  flow 
branches  of  Chagrin,  Grand,  and  Cuyahoga  rivers, 
and  supposed  to  be  elevated  600  feet  above  Lake 
Erie,  from  which  it  is  distant  in  direct  line  about 
13  miles.  The  mail  stages  from  Pittsburg  and 
Zanesville  meet  at  this  place,  and  a  daily  line  of 
stages  pass  through  frorn'Fairport,  on  Lake  Erie, 
to  Wellsville,  on  the  Ohio  river ;  distance  94  ms. 
Distance  of  Chardon  from  Warren,  NW.,  35 
ms.,  30  N.  from  Ravenna,  and  28  E.  by  N.  from 
Cleveland. 

Charente,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  late  prov- 
ince of  Angoumois.  River  in  the  W.  ofFr., 

the  ancient  Carantanus,  rises  in  Upper  Vienne,  and 
after  a  course  of  about  100  ms.  falls  into  the  sea, 
8  ms.  below  Rochefort.  It  is  navigable  to  Roche- 
fort  for  vessels  of  large  tonnage.  Dep.  of  Fr., 

bounded  by  Lower  Charente,  Deux,  Sevres,  Vi- 
enne, Upper  Vienne,  and  Dordogne.  Pop.  330,- 
000,  sq.  ms.  2,240.    Capital,  Angouleme. 

Charente,  Lower,  dep.  of  Fr.,  consisting  of 
the  two  late  provinces  of  Aunis  and  Saintonge. 

Saint's  is  the  capital.  Dep.  of  Fr.,  bounded 

by  the  Atlantic  ocean  W.,  and  in  the  interior  by 
Gironde,  Dordogne,  Deux-Sevres.  and  La  Vendee. 
Pop.  400,000,  area  2,800  sq.  ms, 

Charenion,  the  name  of  two  towns  in  France, 
the  one  upon  the  Marmaude,  in  the  dep.  of  Allier, 
the  other  on  the  river  Seine,  4  ms.  S.  of  Paris, 
once  famous  for  its  protectant  church. 

Chare.tte,  town  of  Missouri,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Missouri  river,  50  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  that 
stream. 

Charite,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Nievre,  and 

207 


CHA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  CHA 


late  province  of  Nivernois.  The  town  derives  its 
name  from  the  charity  of  the  late  prior  of  the  Ben- 
edictine Clunistes,  upon  whose  bounty  it  subsisted 
in  a  time  of  scarcity.   Lon.  3  10  E.,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Chariton,  co.  of  Missouri,  bounded  S.  by  .Mis- 
souri river  and  Howard  co.,  W .  by  Ray  co.,  E.  by 
Ralls  co.,  and  N.  by  the  State  line.  This  co.  is 
drained  by  the  two  Charaton  rivers.  Chief  town, 
Chariton.    Central  lat.  39  30  N.    Lon.  W.  C. 

15  30  W.    Pop.  in  1840,  4,746.  Village  and 

seat  of  justice,  Chariton  co.,  Mo.,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Missouri  river,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  two 
Charatons.    N.  lat.  39  9,  lon.  W.  C.  15  25  W. 

Charjoo,  or  CJiarjooe,  city  of  Asia,  in  Bokhara, 
situated  on  the  Oxus  river,  about  80  ms.  southward 
of  the  city  of  Bokhara,  and  on  the  great  road  from 
Bokhara  to  Persia.  The  Oxus,  Jihoon,  ot  Amoo 
river,  as  it  is  severally  called,  is  here,  according  to 
Burnes,  650  yards  wide,  and  from  25  to  29  feet 
deep.  According  to  the  same  author,  the  river 
here  is  sometimes  frozen,  and  passable  on  the  ice. 
Lat,  38  16  N.,  lon.  62°  E. 

Charkof,  or  more  correctly  Kharkof,  province 
of  Russia,  on  the  sources  of  the  Vorskla,  branch  of 
the  Dnieper,  and  the  Donetz  branch  of  the  Don. 
Charkof,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Donetz.  Lon.  36  26 
E  ,  lat.  50°  N. 

Charlemont,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
Armagh,  seated  on  the  river  Blackwater,  6  ms.  S. 

of  Dungannon.  Lon.  6  37  W.,  lat.  54  44  N.  

Fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  co.,  of 
Namur,  ceded  to  the  French  by  the  treaty  of  Ni- 
meguen.    It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  25  ms.  SW. 

of  Namur.    Lon.  4  40  E.,  lat.  50  6  N.  Tp., 

Franklin  co.,  Mass.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,081. 

Charlenionte,  tp.,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.  Pop. 
1,000. 

Charlero;/,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  co  , 
of  Namur,  on  the  Sambre,  18  ms.  W.  of  Namur. 
Lon.  4  30  E.,  lat.  50  20  N. 

Charles,  co.,  Md.,  on  the  Potomac;  bounded  by 
St.  Mary's  and  Patuxent  river  E.,  by  Prince 
George  N.,  and  by  Potomac  river  W.  and  S.  ; 
length,  30  ms. ;  mean  width,  15;  area,  450  sq. 
ms.  ;  surface  hilly  ;  soil  in  part  sandy,  and  in  gen- 
eral of  middling  quality  ;  staples,  grain,  Hour,  to- 
bacco, &c.  ;  chief  town,  Port  Tobacco.  Pop.  in 
1820,  16,500;  and  in  1840,  16,023.    Central  lat. 

3S  30,  and  on  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  Cape  on 

the  coast  of  Labrador,  NE.  from  the  straits  of 

Belleisle.    Lon.  W.  C.  21  40  E.,  lat.  52  25.  

River,  Mass.,  which  flows  into  Boston  harbor, 
near  that  town 

Charles,  Cape,  Va. — See  Cape  Charles. 

Charles  City,  co.,  Va.,  on  the  peninsula  be- 
tween James  and  Chickahominy  rivers ;  bounded 
by  the  James  SE.  and  SW.,  Henrico  co.,  N  YW, 
and  by  the  Chickahominy  river,  or  New  Kent,  and 
James  city  cos.  NE.  ;  length,  26  ms.  ;  mean  width, 
8;  area,  200  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly,  or  rolling;  soil 
thin,  or  of  middling  quality  ;  staples,  grain,  flour, 
and  tobacco  ;  chief  town,  a  post  village  25  ms.  SE. 
from  Richmond.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,255;  and  in 
1840,  4,774.  Central  lat.  37  15  N.,  and  on  the 
meridian  of  W.  C. 

Charles,  Cape,  promontory  on  the  SW.  part  of 
the  strait  entering  into  Hudson's  bay.  Lon.  75  15 
W.,  lat.  62  10  N. 

Charles,  Fort,  a  fortress  of  Ireland,  at  the  en- 
20S 


trance  of  Kinsale  harbor.    Lon.   2 '23  W.,  | 
51  IN. 

Charleston,  R.  I. — See  Charlestown.  m 
Charleston,  town,  Montgomery' co.,  N.  Y.  Po 

in  1820,  5,365.  District,  S.  C,  between  Sa 

tee  and  Combahee  rivers  ;  bounded  by  the  Atlan 
ocean  SE.,  Colleton  SW.,  Orangeburgh  a 
SumpterN  W.,  andSantee  river,  or  Williamsbur] 
and  Georgetown  districts  NE.  ;  length,  55^  ms 
mean  width,  about  30  ;  area,  1,750  sq.  ms.  ;  si 
face,  in  general,  level,  part  flat  and  marshy, 
sandy.  The  soil  partakes  of  a  variety  of  feature 
some  tracts  are  in  a  high  degree  productive 
general  it  is,  however,  of  middling  quality.  Si 
pies,  rice  and  cotton.  Chief  town,  Chariest 
city.  Pop.  in  1820,  55,432.  Central  lat.  33°  j 
and  lon.  W.  C.  3°  W.,  intersect  almost  exactly 

the  centre  of  this  district.  Village,  Chariest 

tp.,  Portage  co.,  O.,  5  ms.  E.  of  Ravenna,  and  1 
ms.  NE.  of  Columbus.  It  lies  on  the  direct  r< 
from  Ravenna  to  Warren,  about  23  ms.  SW. 

W.  of  the  latter  place.  Town  and  seat  of  ju 

tice,  in  Chrke  co.,  la.,  near  the  Ohio  river  and  the 
mouth  of  Eleven  mile  creek,  15  ms.  above  Louis- 
ville.   Pop.  1,550.    Lat.  38  28  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

8  38  W.  Town  on  the  SW.  side  of  the  island 

of  Nevis,  in  the  W.  Indies.  It  is  the  seat  of  gov 
ernment,  and  defended  by  a  fort.    Lon.  W.  C. 

14  30  E.,  lat.  16  40  N.  Village,  Cheshire  co., 

N.  H.,  on  Connecticut  river,  51  ms.  W.  from 

Concord.  Tp.  and  village  in  the  SE.  angle  o! 

Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  40  ms.  NW.  by  VV.  from 
Albany. 

Charleston,  City,  and  seaport,  Charleston  dis- 
trict, S.  C,  at  the  junction  of  Cooper  and  Ashley 
rivers.  Lon.  W.  C.  2  51  W.,  79  54  W.,  from 
London,  lat.  32  50  N.  ;  112  ms.  SSE.  from  Co- 
lumbia, and  550  SSW.  from  Washington.  Ashley 
river  js  navigable  20  ms.  above  the  city  by  vessel* 
of  considerable  burden ;  but,  being  placed  on  a 
low  spot,  of  ground,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ocean, 
it  is  subject  to  be  inundated  by  high  tides,  and  has 
often  suffered  from  this  cause,  as  well  as  by  firefe 
and  tremendous  whirlwinds.  The  harbor  is  united 
to  Santee  river  by  a  fine  navigable  canal,  22  ms. 
in  length,  which  opens  to  its  merchants  the  trade 
of  the  interior  of  S.  C.  and  N.  C.  The  harbor 
has  two  channels  of  entrance,  the  deepest  of  which 
admits  vessels  drawing  16  feet  water.  The  en- 
trance of  the  harbor  is  defended  by  a  fort  on  Sulli- 
van's island,  about  6  ms.  below  the  city.  This 
fort  repelled  the  attack  of  a  British  fleet  under  Sir 
P.  Parker,  in  the  revolutionary  war,  with  a  very 
destructive  effect  to  the  assailants. 

Charleston  is,  nevertheless,  a  capital  of  great 
riches  and  commerce  ;  the  exports  of  1803  amount- 
ing to  $7,8 1 1 , 108  ;  and  in  1815  its  tonnage  ex- 
ceeded 36,470  tons.  The  banks  of  the  rivers, 
above  and  below  the  town,  are  beautified  with  fine 
plantations,  and  walks  interspersed  with  rows  ot 
trees.  The  streets  that  lie  E.  and  W.  run  in 
straight  lines  from  river  to  river,  and  are  intersected 
by  others  at  right  angles,  though  they  have  one 
common  fault  of  being  too  narrow,  some  of  them 
being  not  above  35  feet  wide.  Most,  if  not  all  of 
them,  are  provided  with  subterranean  drains  that 
carry  off  the  water  and  filth  of  the  city.  The 
houses  lately  built  are  principally  of  brick,  and 
some  of  them  in  a  style  of  comparative  grandeur 


CHA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


CHA 


Free  colored.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtoIO  - 
10  to  24  - 

24  to  36  .... 

36  to  55  - 

55  to  100- 

100  and  upwards  • 

Total  free  colored 

253 
161 
105 
48 
16 
0 

251 
296 
232 
124 
69 
3 

583 
975 

975 

1,558 

Slaves.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtoIO  - 

10  to  24  .... 

24  to  36  - 

36  to  55  - 

55  to  100  - 

100  and  upwards  - 

Total  slaves  • 

1,893 
1,825 
1,581 

802 
231 
2 

2,089 
2,313 
2,312 
1,273 
347 
5 

6,334 
8,339 

8,339 

14,673 

SUMMARY. 

Whites           -           -           -           -           -  13,030 
Free  colored     •           -            -           -                 1 ,558 
Slaves           .....  H,673 

Total'      -           -           -           -           -  29,261 

nd  elegance.  The  chief  public  edifices  are  an  ex- 
hange,  a  state-house,  a  bank,  an  armory,  and  a 
ublic  almshouse,  with  ten  or  a  dozen  places  of  re- 
gious  worship.  Here  are  two  banks. 
The  orphan  asylum  is  a  very  respectable  founda- 
on,  consisting  of  a  large  and  spacious  building, 
rhere  150  children  are  protected,  clothed,  fed,  and 
lucated.  A  library  society,  formed  some  years 
ast,  have  now  a  library  exceeding  13,000  volumes, 
'his  city  has  kept  full  pace  with  the  other  great 
?aport  towns  of  the  U.  S.  In  1790,  the  inhabi- 
ints  amounted  to  16,359;  in  1800,  to  18,711. 
s  subsequent  advance  is  seen  by  the  annexed  table. 

Population  in  1810. 
ree  white  males         -  5,863 
ree  white  females       -  5,705 
ill  other  persons  except  Indians  not  taxed  1,472 
laves  -  -  -  11,671 


'otal  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
ree  white  males  - 
ree  while  females  -  -,  - 

otal  whites  - 
free  persons  of  color,  males 
ree  persons  of  color,  females  = 
Naves,  males  - 

laves,  females  -  -  - 

lotal  population  in  1820 

f  these,  foreigners  not  naturalized 
;ngaged  in  agriculture 
'ngaged  in  manufactures 
'ngaged  in  commerce  - 

Population  in  1830. 

whites  - 
laves  and  free  colored 

lotal  population  in  1830 

[  Progressive  population  of  Charleston. 

po  - 

B00  - 

B10  -  -  -  - 

320  ----- 

B30  - 

;340  - 

Distributive  population  of  Charleston, 


24,71: 


5,323 
5,330 


10,653 
623 
852 
5,695 
6,957 


24,780 


425 
164 
887 
1,138 


12,928 
17,361 


30,289 

16,359 
18,711 
24,711 
24,780 
30,289 
29,261 

1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


f  too  • 

Ho  15  • 
Mo  20  - 
f'to30  ■ 
'to 40  - 
"to  50  - 
Mo  60  • 

to  70  - 
'to 80  - 
'to  90  • 

to  100  - 

0  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males. 


900 
648 
660 
699 
1,662 
1,196 
622 
283 
99 
49 
6 
2 
I 


6,827 
6,203 


13,030 


Females. 


918 
620 
558 
787 
1,400 
854 
486 
315 
158 
81 
20 
6 
0 


6/203 


2T 


Charleston,  island  at  the  bottom  of  Hudson's 
bay.  -  Lon.  79  5  W.,  lat.  52  3  N. 

Charledown,  New,  town  of  Penobscot  co.,  Me., 
28  ms  NNW.  from  Bangor. 

Charlestown,  tp.,  and,  alternately  with  Keene, 
seat  of  justice,  in  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  on  Connec- 
ticut river,  42  ms.  W.  from  Concord,  and  30  S. 
from  Dartmouth  college.  A  fine  bridge  over  the 
Connecticut  river  unites  this  beautiful  village  with 
the  opposite  shore  in  Vermont.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1,50,1  ;  in  1820,  1,702.  Lat.  43  14  N. — -The 
principal  town  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  opposite 
to  Boston,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Charles 
river,  over  which  is  constructed  an  elegant  bridge 
This  town  stands  upon  the  elevated  peninsula  be- 
tween Mystic  and  Charles  rivers.  Besides  the  Bos- 
ton bridge,  leading  into  Prince  street  in  that  city, 
another  leads  over  the  inner  harbor  to  Cambridge. 
Bridges  cross  also  over  Mystic  river,  and  open 
communication  with  Maiden,  Chelsea,  and  Salem. 
The  State  prison  of  Massachusetts  is  located  in  this 
town ;  and  on  the  point  opposite  Lynn  and  Ship 
streets,  in  Boston,  the  United  States  have  a  navy 
yard,  extending  over  about  60  acres,  on  which 
have  been  erected  the  necessary  buildings  to  carry 
on  the  business,  and  accommodate  the  officers  and 
men  attached  to  the  establishment.  The  battle  of 
Breed's,  generally,  though  erroneously  called  Bunk- 
er's Hill,  was  fought  in  this  town,  June  17,  1775. 
A  splendid  monument,  completed  and  consecrated 
this  year,  (1843,)  on  the  day  of  anniversary  of  this 
battle,  now  crowns  the  hill  where  it  was  fought. 
Pop.  of  this  city  in  1830,  8,783;  in  1840,  had 

risen  to  11,484.  Tp.,  including  the  preceding 

village,  in  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.    Pop.  in  1810;, 

4,959;  in  1820,  6,591.  Tp.  in  Washington 

co.,  R.  I.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,174;  in  1820,  1,160. 

 Village  in  Washington  co.,  R.  I.    It  is  re- 

209 


CHA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHA 


markable  for  being  the  residence  of  the  greater  part 
of  the  Narragansett  Indians  that  still  remain  (to 
the  number  of  350)  in  this  State.  They  are 
peaceable  and  well  disposed  toward  the  Govern- 
ment, and  speak  the  English  language.  Tp. 

and  town  in  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  7  ras.  above  Nor- 
ristown.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,580;  in  1820,  2,069. 

 Village  in  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  on  the  W.  side  of 

Northeast  river,  10  ms.  W.  from  Elkton.  Vil- 
lage in  Jefferson  co.,  Va.,  73  ms.  NW.  from  W. 

C.  Village  of  Kenhawa  co.,  Va.,  on  the  point 

of  confluence  above  the  junction  of  Kenhawa  and 
Elk  rivers.  In  Brooke  co.,  Va.  See  Wells- 
burg.  Tp.  in  Jackson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  road 

from  Jackson,  the  county  seat,  to  Athens,  county 

seat  of  Athens  co. — See  Reed's  Mills.  Village 

in  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  same  as  otherwise  called 
Charleston;  which  see.  t 

Charkville,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
Cork,  30  ms.  N.  of  Cork.  Lon.  8  30  W.,  lat.  52 
23  N.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Arden- 
nes, and  late  province  of  Champagne.  The  streets 
arc  as  straight  as  a  line,  and  the  houses  of  an 
equal  height,  covered  with  slate.  Here  is  a  mag- 
nificent square,  and  in  the  centre  a  handsome  foun- 
tain. It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  near  Meziers,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  bridge  and  a  causeway, 
16  ms.  NW.  of  Sedan,  and  115  NE.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  45  0  E.,  lat.  49  50  N. 

Charlotte,  co.  in  New  Brunswick;  bounded  by 
the  bay  of  Fundy  S.,  and  by  the  St.  Croix  and 
Passamaquoddy  bay  W.  Chief  town  St.  Andrews. 

 —Town  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  in 

Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  at  the  distance  of  10  ms.  S. 
of  Burlington,  and  13  N.  of  Vergennes.  Vil- 
lage in  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Braddock's  bay. 
The  village  is  at  the  mouth  of  Genessee  river.— — 

Town  in  Charlotte  co.,  Va.— See  Maryville.  

Co.  in  Va.,  on  Staunton  river;  bounded  by  Lu- 
nenburg E.,  Mecklenburg  SE.,  Halifax,  or  Roan- 
oke river  SW.,  Campbell  NW.,  Buckingham  and 
Prince  Edward  NE. ;  length  33  ms.,  mean  breadth 
IS;  area  600  sq.  rn3.  ;  surface,  pleasantly  variegat- 
ed by  hill  and  dale,  and  well  watered.  Part  of  the 
ooil  aiong  the  streams  excellent.  Staples,  grain, 
flour,  tobacco,  live  stock,  and  some  salted  provi- 
sions. Chief  town  Maryville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
13,290;  in  1840,  14,595.    Central  lat.  37  0  N., 

lon.  W.  C.  1  35  W  C.  H.  and  post  office  in 

Charlotte  co.,  Va.,  105  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 
~ — Village  and  seat  of  justice  in  Mecklenburg  co., 
N.  C,  on  Sugar  creek,  a  branch  of  Cataba  river, 
46  ms.  S.  of  Statesville,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance SW.  of  Salisbury.  Lat.  35  16  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  3  43  W.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  in  Dick- 
son co.,  Ten.,  30  ms.  W.  from  Nashville.  Lat. 

3fi  6  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  15  W.  Village  in  S. 

C,  at  the  junction  of  Tugaloo  and  Broad  rivers. 

 River,  bay,  and  harbor,  W.  coast  of  E.  Florida. 

The  river  rises  in  the  interior  of  the  peninsula,  and 
flows  W.  into  the  bay.  Lon.  W.  C.  4  30  E.,  lat 
26  30  N. 

Char  lot  teburg,  town  in  Brunswick  co.,  N.  C. 

C  harlot  tehall,  post  office  in  St.  Mary's  co.,  Md., 
near  the  Patuxent  river,  56  ms.  SE.  from  Wash- 
ington. 

Charlottenburg,  town  of  Brandenburg,  3  ms. 
from  Berlin,  on  the  Spree. 

Charlottes,  Queen,  Island,  island  in  the  South 
210 


inia 


Pacific  ocean,  first  discovered  by  Captain  Wallis 
in  the  Dolphin.  It  has  abundance  of  good  water| 
cocoa  nuts,  palm  nut?,  and  scurvy  grass.  Lat  19 
18  S.,  lon.  138  4  W. 

Charlotte's  Town,  Prince  Edward's  islaod,  in 
the  bay  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  a  deep  bay  south  side 
of  the  island. 

Chariot  test  own,  formerly  Rouseau,  the  capital 
of  Dominica,  21  ms.  SE.  of  Prince  Rupert's  bay, 
on  a  point  of  land  on  the  SW\  side  of  the  island' 
Lon.  61  25  W.,  lat.  15  25  N. 

Charlottesville,  town  of  Norfolk  co.,  U.  C,  on 
Lake  Erie  Village  and  seat  of  justice  in  Albe- 
marle co.,  Va.,  on  Rivanna  river,  86  ms.  NW. 
from  Richmond.  The  Central  college  of  Virginia 
was  located  at  this  place  in  1817.  Lat.  38  3 
lon.  W.  C.  1  28  W. 

Charlton,  tewn  in  Worcester  co.,  Mass.  Pop 

in   1810,  2,180,  -In   1820,2,131.  Town  in 

Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,953  —  I 

Village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  an  eminence  that  com-  j 
inands  a  fine  view  of  the  Thames.  Charlton  is  6 

ms.  ESE.  of  London.  Island  of  James's  bay.  J 

Lon.  W.  C.  3  0  W.,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Charmes,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Voa- 1 
ges,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  seated  on  the 
Moselle,  over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge,  8  ms. 
E.  of  Mirecourt.     Lon.  6  17  E.,  lat.  48  21  N.  - 

Charnwood,  or  Charley  Forest,  a  rough,  open! 
tract  of  England,  in  the  NW.  part  of  LeicesWr-1 
shire. 

Charoltes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  SaoneandJ 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Reconce,  24  ms.  WNW.  of  Macon.  Lon. 
4  24  E.,  lat.  46  28  N. 

Charon,  river  of  Upper  Canada,  enters  Lake  Sfrl 
perior. 

Charost,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre,  audi 
late  province  of  Berry,  seated  on  the  Am  on,  6  ms  j 
NE.  of  Issoudun.    Lon.  .2  10  E.,  lat.  47  I  N.  ,  I 

Chartiers  Creek,  of  Washington  and  Alleghany  I 
counties,  Pa. ;  rises  near  Waahington,  in  the  I 
former,  and,  flowing  NNE.  into  the  latter,  falkl 
into  Ohio  river,  4  ms.  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  ntiM 
'gable  at  high  water  for  boats  going  down  strearr  1 
from  M organza,  at  its  main  forks,  2  ms.  from  Can 
nonsburg. 

Chartiers,  tp  in  Washington  co  ,  Pa.  Pop. ir  | 
1810,  1,747;  in  1820,  1,330. 

Chartres,  ancient  city  of  Fr,  in  the  dep.  o 
Eure  and  Loire,  and  lale  province  of  Beauce. 
The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Fr.,  and  its 
steeple  is  much  admired.  The  principal  trade  con 
sists  in  corn  It  is  seated  on  the  Eure,  45  m? 
SW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  34  E  ,  lat.  48  27  N. 

Chartreuse,  or  Grand  Chartreuse,  lately  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  monasteries  in  Fr.,  8  ms 
N.  of  Grenoble,  now  converted  into  a  kind  of  ar- 
senal.   Lon.  5  49  E.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Charibdis,  famous  whirlpool  in  the  strait  o 
Messina,  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  opposite  the  cele- 
brated Scylla,  in  Italy.  According  to  the  poets, 
it  was  very  formidable  to  mariners  ;  but  it  is  sail 
to  have  been  entirely  removed  by  the  dreadfu 
earthquake  in  1783.  On  diving  into  it,  then 
were  found  vast  gulfs  and  whirlpools  below,  whicl 
produce  all  the  commotion  on  the  surface  of  th* 
water. 

Chatahooche,  river  of  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Fa. ;  rise 


CHA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHA 


in  the  Appalachian  mountain?,  and,  flowing  by 
comparative  courses  about  300  ms.,  joins  the 
Flint,  and  forms  the  Appalachicola  ;  which  see. 

Chatauga,  village,  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
the  road  from  Plattsburg  to  St.  Regis,  40  ms. 

IN W.  from  the  former,  and  35  NNE .  from  the 

ildtter. 

Chataughque,  lake  in  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y., 
near  the  line  which  divides  that  $tate  from  Pa  , 
and  about  10  ms.  from  the  SE.  side  of  Lake  Erie. 
The  waters  of  this  lake  are  discharged  by  the 
Conewango  creek  into  the  Alleghany  river  at 
Warren. 

I  Chatauque,  co.,  N.  Y.,  forming  the  SW.  an- 
gle of  that  State  on  Lake  Erie;  bounded  by  Pa 
,8.  and  SW.,  by  Lake  Erie  NW.,  by  Erie  co  , 
N.  Y.,  NE.,  and  by  Cattaraugus  E.  ;  length  on 
;Pa.  37  ms.  from  E.  to  W.,  and  19  wide  from  N. 
to  S. ;  the  residue  in  form  of  a  triangle,  37  ms. 
base,  with  an  altitude  of  19.  The  whole  area 
1,050  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly  and  rocky,  with  a 
very  productive  soil  Staples,  grain,  whiskey, 
lour,  live  stock,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief 
•own,  Mayville.  Pop.  1820,  12,568;  in  1840, 
117,975.    Cent.  lat.  42  20,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  15  W. 

Chateau -Bryant,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Britanny,  with 
in  old  castle,  24  ms.  S.  of  Rennes.  Lon.  1  16 
W.,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Chateau-  Chambresis,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep. 
|>f  the  North  and  late  province  of  the  Cambresis, 
js  12  ms.  SE.  of  Cambray.  Lon.  3  40  E.,  lat' 
\Z  7  N. 

Chateau- Chinon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
.Vievee,  and  late  province  of  Nivernois,  with  a 
lonsiderable  manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is  seated  on 
he  Yonne,  near  the  source  of  that  river,  36  ms. 
fi.  of  Nevers     Lon.  4  8  E.,  lat.  47°  N. 

Chateau-Dauphin,  strong  castle  of  Piedmont, 
18  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Saluces.  It  was  taken  by 
he  French  and  Spaniards  in  1743,  and  restored 
La  1748  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Chateau-du-Loir,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
iirte  and  late  province  of  Maine,  on  the  Loir,  22 
Ins.  SE.  of  Mans,  and  97  W.  of  Paris.  Lon  0 
30  E.,  lat.  47  40  N. 

>  Chateau-Dun,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
»f  Eure  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Beauce 
The  streets  are  straight,  the  houses  uniform,  and 
he  great  square  is  very  spacious.  It  is  seated  on 
in  eminence,  near  the  Loire,  30  ms.  N.  of  Blois, 
ind  72  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  22  E.,  lat.  48 
I  N. 

Chateaugay,  river,  rises  in  N.  Y.,  Franklin 
md  Clinton  cos.,  and,  entering  L.  C,  flows  NE. 
nto  Lake  St.  Louis.  The  country  from  which 
his  stream  takes  its  source  is  low  and  swampy. 
'  Village,  Clinton  co  ,  N.  Y. 

Chateauguay,  village,  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y. 
Jop.  1820,  828.  Seigniory,  L.  C  ,  Hunting- 
Ion  co.,  on  the  Chateauguay  river,  15  ms.  SW. 
rom  Montreal. 

Chateau-  Gontier,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  and 
ate  province  of  Maine,  seated  on  the  river  Maine, 
vith  a  castle.  It  has  a  mineral  spring ;  its  trade 
onsists  in  linens  ;  and  it  is  22  ms.  NW.  of  An- 
ders, and  147  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  36  E.,  lat. 
17  47  N. 

Chateau- London,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep,  of 


Seine  and  Marne,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of 
France,  5  ms.  S.  of  Nemours,  and  50  S.  by  E. 
of  Paris     Lon.  2  38  E.,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Chateaulin,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Finis- 
terre  and  late  province  of  Brittany,  18  ms.  N.  of 
Quimper,  on  the  river  Auzon,  where  there  is  a 
salmon  fishery. 

Chateau- Meillant,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Cher  and  late  province  of  Berry,  9  ms.  E.  of 
Chatre.  Here  is  a  castle,  with  a  tower  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Julius  Caesar. 

Chateauneuf,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cher 
and  late  province  of  Berry,  16  ms.  S.  of  Bourges. 
It  is  the  name  of  two  other  inconsiderable  towns  in 

France.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure  and 

Loire  and  late  province  of  Beauce,  12  ms.  NE. 

of  Chartres.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 

Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou, 
seated  on  the  Sarte,  12  ms.  N.  of  Angers. 

Chateau- Renaud,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Indre  and  Loire  and  late  province  of  Touraine,  20 
ms.  NW.  of  Amboise,  and  88  SW.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  1  W.,  lat.  47  33  N. 

Chateuroux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  late  province 
of  Berry.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and  is 
seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  Indre,  15  ms. 
SW.  of  Issoudun,  and  148  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 
5  E.,  lat.  46  46  N. 

Chateau-Thierry,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Aisne  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  on  the 
river  Maine.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  inimitable 
La  Fontaine,  and  is  27  ms.  SW.  of  Rheims,  and 
97  N  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  33  E  ,  lat.  49  2  N. 

C hotel,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Vosgeg 
and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  seated  on  the  Mo- 
selle, 8  ms.  E.  of  Mirecourt. 

C hotel- Chalon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Jura  and  late  province  of  Franche  Comte,  20  ms. 
S.  of  Dole.    Lon.  5  38  E  ,  lat.  46  46  N. 

C hotelier ault,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  d?p.  of  the 
Vienne  and  late  province  of  Poitou,  seated  on  the 
Vienne,  over  which  is  a  handsome  stone  bridge. 
It  is  noted  for  its  cutlery,  watchmaking,  and  the 
cutting  of  false  diamonds.  It  is  22  n^NNE.  of 
Poitiers,  and  168  SSW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  44  E., 
lat.  46  50  N. 

Chatjield,  tp.  and  village,  NE.  part  of  Craw- 
ford co.,  O.,  on  the  main  road,  through  Bucyrus, 
from  Columbus  to  Sandusky  city,  12  ms.  a  little 
E.  of  N.  from  Bucyrus,  the  county  seat. 

Chatham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  adjoining 
Rochester,  and  seated  on  the  Medway.  It  is  one 
of  the  principal  stations  of  the  royal  navy  ;  and  the 
yards  and  magazines  are  furnished  with  ail  sorts  of 
naval  stores.  It  has  about  500  houses,  mostly 
low,  and  built  with  brick  ;  the  streets  are  narrow 
and  paved;  and  it  contains  about  3,000  inhabit- 
ants. The  principal  employment  of  the  laboring 
hands  is  ship  building  in  the  King's  yard  and  pri- 
vate docks.    It  is  31  ms.  ESE.  of  London.  Lon. 

0  36  E.,  lat.  51  22  N.  Tp..,  Kent  co.,  U. 

C,  on  Lake  St.  Clair.  Town  of  York  co., 

L.  C,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ottawa  river. — — 
Town  of  Northnmberland  co.,  New  Brunswick, 

on  Miramachi  river.  Tp.,  Coos  co.,  N.  H, 

Pop.  1810,  201  ;  in  1820,  298.  Town,  Barn- 
stable co.,  20  ms.  E.  from  Barnstable,  Mass. 
Pop.  1810,  1,334;  in  1820,  1,630.  Tp.,  op- 
posite Middletown,  Middlesex  co,,  Ct,  Pop.  1810, 

211 


CHA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHE 


3,258;  in  1820,  3,159.  Town,  Columbia  co., 

N.  Y.     Pop.    1820,  3,372.-  Town,  Morris 

co.,  N.  J.,  13  ms.  NW.  from  Elixabethtown. 

Pop.  1810,  2,019  ;  in  1820,  1,832.  Village, 

Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Newport  turnpike,  16 

ms.  SW.  from  West  Chester.  Co.  of  N.  C, 

on  both  sides  of  Cape  Fear  river,  bounded  by 
Randolph  W.,  Orange  N.,  Wake  NE.,  Cumber- 
land SE.,  and  Moore  S.  ;  length  33,  width  26 
ms. ;  area  860  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil  va- 
ried. Staples,  grain,  tobacco,  8cc,  Chief  town, 
Pittsburg.    Pop.  1820,  12,661  j  in  1840,  16,242. 

Central  lat.  35  40,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  20  W.  

Town  ol  Chesterfield  district,  S.  C,  on  the  right 

bank  of  Pedee  river,  100  ms.  from  Columbia.  

Co.,  Ga.,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  SE., 
Ogechee  river  or  Bryan  SW.,  Effingham  NW., 
Savannah  river  NE. ;  length  27,  mean  width  15 
ms. ;  area  400  sq.  ins.  Surface  level,  and  in  part 
low  and  marshy.  Soil  in  general  rather  sterile, 
though  tracts  of  very  fertile  land  are  found  along 
the  rivers.  Staples,  rice  cotton,  tobacco,  and 
some  sugar.  Chief  town,  Savannah.  Pop.  1820, 
14,737;  in  1840,  18,801.    Central  lat.  32°  N., 

Ion.  W.  C.  4  20  W.  Bay  of  Florida,  or  a 

common  name  for  that  part  of  the  west  coast  of 
that  peninsula  extending  from  Punta  Larga,  or 
Cape  Roman,  to  the  mouth  of  Shark  river,  be- 
tween lat.  25  and  26°.  Tsland  in  the  Pacific 

ocean.    Lon.  W.  C.  100  W.,  lat.  43  40  S.  

Island  in  the  Pacific  ocean.    Lon.  W.  C.  95° 

W.,  lat.  13  32  S.  Strait,  on  the  NW.  coast 

of  North  America,  between  King  George  and  Ad 
miralty  islands.  Lon.  W.  C.  57°  W  ,  lat.  58°  N 

Chatham  Four  Corners,  town,  in  the  tp.  of 
Chatham,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.    This  is  a  differ 
ent  post  office  from  that  called  Chatham,  in  the 
same  township. 

Chastillon-les-Dombes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Ain,  and  late  province  of  Bresse,  12  ms.  W.  ol 
Bourg. 

Chatillon-sur-Indre,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Indre,  and  late  province  of*  Berry,  10  ms.  S.  of 
Loches.    Lon.  55'  E.,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Chatillonsur- Loire,  town  of  Fr.,  14  ms.  NE. 
from  Aubigny. 

Chatillonsur- Mum e,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Marne  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  27  ms. 
S.  of  Rheims.    Lon.  4  5  E.,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Chatillonsur -Seine,,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  di- 
vided into  two  by  the  river  Seine.  It,  has  ironworks 
in  its  neighborhood,  and  is  36  ms.  NW.  of  Dijon. 
Lon.  4  35  E.  lat.,  47  42  N. 

Chatre,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre,  and 
late  province  of  Berry,  seated  on  the  river  Indre, 
37  ms.  from  Bourges.  It  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  cattle.    Lon.  1  55  E.,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Chatsworth,  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  Peake  of 
Derbyshire,  near  the  river  Derwent,  6  ms.  W.  ol 
Chesterfield. 

Chaudiere  falls,  on  the  Ottawa  river,  U.  C,  30 
feet  high.  They  are  a  little  above  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Radeau,  and  below  Lake  Chaudiere. 

Chaudiere  lake  is  formed  by  the  widening  of  the 
Ottawa  river  above  the  mouth  of  the  river  Radeau 
and  below  Lake  Chat,  U.  C. 

Chaudiere,  riviere  a  la,  or  Catjish  creek,  runs 
into  Lake  Erie  W.  of  Long  Point,  U.  C. 
212 


Chaudiere  river,  L.  C.,  rises  on  the  hilly  region 
from  which  the  Connecticut  and  Kennebec  have 
their  sources.  It  flows  nearly  N.  from  Megantic  1 
about  100  ms.,  and  falls  into  St.  Lawrence  6  ms 
above  Quebec.    It  was  by  the  channel  of  thi 
stream  that  General  Arnold  reached  the  St.  La' 
rence  river  early  in  the  revolutionary  war.    It  is 
precipitous  and  unnavigable  stream.    The  scene 
along  its  banks  has  excited  the  admiration  of 
travellers  who  have  visited  it. 

Chaulness,  town  of  Fr.,  7.  ms.  SW.  from  F 
ronne.  Town  of  Fr.,  20  ms.  ESE.  from  Pari 

Chaumont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Uppt 
Marne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  on 
mountain,  near  the  river  Marne,  14  ms.  S.  of  Joi 

ville.  Lon.  5  9  E.,  lat.  48  8  N.  Town  of  Fr 

in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  I: 
of  France,  30  ms.  NW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  7  I 
lat.  49  18  N.  Village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Ght 

mont  bay.  Bay  of  Lake  Ontario,  Jefferson  c 

N.  Y.,  to  the  N.  of,  and  communicating  by,  a  str 
with  Sackett's  Harbor. 

Chauny,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne, 
the  river  Oise,  20  ms.  E.  of  Noyon.  Lon.  3 
E  ,  lat.  49  17  N. 

Chaves,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province 
Tra-los  Montes,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mount! 
on  the  river  Tarnega.    Between  the  town  and  the 
suburb  Magdalena  is  an  old  Roman  stone  bridge. 
It  is  20  ms.  SW.  of  Braganza.    Lon.  7°  W.,  lat. 
41  45  N. 

Chazy,  two  small  rivers  of  N.  Y.,  Clinton  cot, 
fall  into  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  tp. 

of  Champlain.  Town,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y.,  186 

ms.  N.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,313. 

Cheadle,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  on  the 
most  fertile  part  of  the  Moorland,  12  ms.  NE.ol 
Stafford.    Lon.  1  56  W.,  lat.  53  N. 

Cheam,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  adjoining  to 
which  is  the  site  of  the  village  of  Codington,  oi 
Cudington.    Cheam  is  13  ms.  SSW.  of  London, 

Cheat,  river  of  Va.,  which  rises  in  Randolph 
co.,  and  after  running  a  northwardly  course  falls 
into  the  Monongahela  near  the  line  that  divides 
that  State  from  Pa.  At  its  junction  with  the  Mori 
ongahela  it  is  about  200  yards  wide. 

Chebrechin,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  province  ol 
of  Russia  and  palatinate  of  Belskow.  Lon.  23  51 
E.,  50  35  N. 

Chebukto,  harbor,  near  Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia. 
Lon.  W.  C.  13  18  E.,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Chebuotequoin,  is  one  of  the  lakes  on  the  com- 
munication between  Lake  Simcoe  and  the  Rice 
lake,  U.  C. 

Chedabucto,  bay  of  the  NE.  coast  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, opening  into  the  strait  between  Cape  Breton 
and  Nova  Scotia.    Lon.  W.  C.  15  50  E.,  lai  4;. 

25  N. 

Cheder,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  fa- 
mous for  its  cheeses,  which  are  as  large  as  those  oi 
Cheshire,    It  is  3  rns.  E.  of  Axbridge. 

Chedworth,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
4  ins.  WSW,  of  Northlech,  situated  on  the  decliv- 
ity of  two  hills.  In  this  parish,  in  1760,  a  Roman 
bath  was  discovered  ;  and  near  it  is  a  tumulus,  in 
which  great  quaniities  of  human  bones  have  been 
found. 

Cheeks' s  cross  roads,  post  office,  Hawkins  CO., 
Tenn. 


CHE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.^ 


CHE 


Cheitore,  or  Oudipour,  town,  in  a  province  of 
he  same  name  in  Hindoostan  proper.  Tt  was  a 
ortress  and  city  of  great  extent,  situated^  on  a 
nountain;  but  it  has  been  in  ruins  since  the  time 
f  Aurungzebe  in  1681,  and  had  once  before  ex- 
erienced  a  like  fate  from  the  hands  of  Acbar  in 
567.  It  is  120  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Nagpour.  Lon. 
4  56  E.,  lat.  25  21  N. 

Chelm,  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Russia,  capital 
f  a  palatinate  of  its  own  name.  It  is  100  ms. 
ZSE.  of  Warsaw.  Longitude  23  29  E.,  latitude 
,1  20  N. 

Chelmer,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  which  rises 
ear  Thaxted,  and  flows  by  Dunmow  and  Chelms- 
3rd  to  Maiden,  where  it  joins  the  Blackwater,  and 
arming  the  estuary  called  Blackwater  Bay,  or 
lalden  water,  enters  the  German  ocean. 

Chelmsford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex  co.,  situ 
ted  in  a  beautiful  valley,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
'helmer  and  Can.  In  1793,  an  act  of  parliament 
/as  obtained  to  make  the  Chelmer  navigable  hence 
)  Maiden.  Chelmsford  is  21  ms.  WSW.  of  Col- 
hester,  and  29  ENE.  of  London.    Lon.  33'  E., 

it.  51  43  N.  Tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.  Pop. 

i  1810,  1,396;  in  1820,  1,535.  Very  flour- 

ihing  village,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  in  Chelmsford 
|».,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Merrimack  river, 
[|6  ms.  NW.  from  Boston.  Here  the  Middlesex 
I  anal  joins  the  Merrimack  river  by  several  locks. 
I  Chelsea,  village  of  Eng,  on  the  north  bank  of 
Ipe  river  Thames,  a  mile  W.  from  Westminster, 
^jemarkable  for  a  magnificent  hospital  of  invalids 
nd  decrepit  soldiers.    Here  is  abo  a  physic  garden 

elonging  to  the  company  of  apothecaries.  Vil- 

ige  and  seat  of  justice,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  on  a 
ranch  of  White  river,  25  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S.  from 
fontpelier.    Lat.  43  59  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  51  E. 

 Tp.,  Suffolk  co.,  Mass.,  3  ms.  NE.  from 

ioston.    Pop.  in  1810,  594  ;  in  1820,  642. 
■  Chelsea  Landing,  village  and  port  in  Norwich, 
Jew  London  co.,  Ct.,  on  the  point  between,  and 
t  the  junction  of  the  Shetucket  and  Yantic  rivers, 
4  ms.  above  New  London. 

Cheltenham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
oted  for  its  mineral  waters,  which  are  somewhat 
ke  those  of  Scarborough.  It  is  9  ms.  NE.  of 
iloucester,  and  95  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon. 
:  21  W.,  lat.  51  55  N. 
Cheltenham. — See  Chitlenham. 
Chelum,  or  Jhylum,  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
eing  the  westernmost  of  the  five  eastern  branches 
f  the  river  Indus.  It  rises  above  Cashmere,  wa- 
sra  that  city,  and,  flowing  through  the  province  of 
h.at  name  in  a  SW.  direction,  joins  the  Indus 


san's  island ;  it  contains  about  300  acres  of  arable 
land  ;  the  other  parts  are  meadow  and  marsh. 

Chenal  Ecarte,  Tsle  dey  U.  C,  in  the  river  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  the  tp.  of  Cornwall,  contains 
from  7  to  800  acres;  the  soil  is  good. 

Chenal  Ecarte  river,  U.  C,  runs  nearly  parallel 
to  the  river  Thames,  and  empties  itself  at  the  en- 
trance of  river  St.  Clair. 

Chenango,  river,  N.  Y.,  one  of  the  main  con- 
stituent branches  of  Susquehannah,  rises  in  Madi* 
son,  and,  flowing  SSW.  100  ms.,  joins  the  Sus- 
quehannah at  Binghampton,  in  Broome  co.  

Tp.,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,626. 

 Co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Broome  S.,  Cortland 

W.,  Madison  N.,  Otsego  and  Deleware  E.  ;  length 
36  ms.  ;  mean  width  25 ;  area  900  sq.  ms.  ;  sur- 
face hilly,  and  soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and 
pasturage.  Staples,  grain,  floor,  whiskey,  fruit, 
live  stock,  salted  provisions,  and  lumber.  Chief 
town,  Norwich.  Pop.  in  1820,  31,215;  and  in 
1840,  40,785.  Central  lat.  42  30  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  1  30  E. 

Chenango  Forks,  village  at  the  junction  of  the 
Tonioga  and  Chenango  rivers,  and  in  Chenango 
co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  above  Chenango  Point. 

Chenango  Point,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the 
junction  of  Chenango  river  with  the  Susquehannah, 

Chenaub,  or  Chunaub,  branch  of  the  Indus, 
river,  the  Acessines  of  the  Greek  historians  of  the 
Macedonian  expedition  into  India.  The  name 
Chenab  of  Burnes,  as  spelt  by  him,  is  that  perpet- 
uated from  the  particular  stream  of  the  Punjaub,  to 
the  influx  of  the  united  waters  of  that  region  into 
the  Indus  at  Mittun. — See  Punjaub.  Jylum,  the 
Hydaspes  of  the  Greeks,  the  Bahut  of  Abul  Fazel, 
is  the  most  westerly  of  the  five  rivers,  rising  in  and 
flowing  to  the  NW.,  down  the  fine  valley  of  Cash- 
mere, and  known  there  by  the  name  of  Vedusta. 
Drawing  its  principal  confluents  from  the  Himalaya 
mountains,  it  winds  gradually  to  the  SSW.,  and, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  400  ms  ,  falls  into  the 
Chenaub  atTrimmo.  Chenaub,  which  gives  name 
to  the  united  streams  of  the  Punjaub,  is  the  Aces- 
sines of  the  Greeks,  rises  in  the  Himalaya  moun- 
tains, between  the  sources  of  the  Jylum  and  those 
of  the  Ravee,  flows  first,  like  the  Jylum,  to  the 
NW.,  down  the  valley  of  Cashmere,  winding  gra- 
dually to  the  SW.,  and,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  400  ms.,  receives  the  Jylum,  and  50  ms.  still 
lower  the  Ravee,  from  the  northeastward.  One 
hundred  miles  below  the  influx  of  the  Ravee,  the 
Chenaub  unites  with  perhaps  a  superior  stream,  the 
Sutledge.  The  Chenaub,  now  a  really  great  river, 
passes  near  Oooh,  in  the  country  of  Daoudpotra,  and 


elow  Moultan.    It  is  joined  by  a  vast  number  of  flowing  to  the  southwestward  50  ms.,  joins  the 


treams  in  its  course.  This  river  is  the  famous 
lydaspes  of  Alexander,  and  is  sometimes  called 
iehut. 

Chemali,  village  of  Natolia. 
Chemiur,  river,  la.,  falling  into  Lake  Michigan. 
Chemnitz,  or  Kemnitz,  town  of  Saxony,  36 
is.  WSW.  from  Dresden.    Lon.  12  50  E.,  lat. 

0  46  N. 

1  phemnilz,  town  of  Bohemia,  30  ms.  SE.  from 
)resden. 

Chemung,  town,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  8ms.,  SE. 
-om  Newtown.    Pop.  1,350. 

Chenal  Ecarte  Isle,  U.  C,  near  the  entrance  of 
le  river  St.  Clair  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  E.  of  Har- 


lndus,  after  an  entire  comparative  course  of  600 
ms.  Ravee,  or  Ravey,  rises  in  the  southern  slopes 
of  the  Himalaya,  between  the  sources  of  the  Che- 
naub and  Beeaoo.  General  course  southwestward, 
and  comparative  length  400  ms.  to  its  junction 
with  the  Chenaub,  about  40  ms.  above  Moultan. 
Sutledge,  called  the  Gorra,  or  Charra,  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  course,  rises  in  the  Chinese  territory  to 
the  northward  of  the  Himalaya,  and  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  the  Sampoo,  Gogra,  Ganges, 
Indus,  and  also  with  the  other  rivers  of  the  Pun- 
jaub. It  is  the  Hesudrus  of  Pliny,  the  Zaradrus  of 
Ptolemy,  and  the  Saranges  of  Arican,  and  though 
in  N.  lat,  31°,  the  fountains  are  amongst  perpetual 

213 


CHE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHE 


snows,  above  17,000  feet  elevation.  Flowing  to  the  pendicular.  It  is  18  ms.  N.  of  Bristol,  and  12 
northwestward  250  ms.,  the  Sutlege  inflects  to  the;  W.  of  London.  Lon.  2  36  W.,  lat.  51  42  IS 
southwestward,  pierces  the  Himalaya,  and  from  Cher,  river  of  Fr.,  rises  near  Bellegarde,  an 
thence  250  ms.,  receives  from  NW.  the  Beas,  the  after  a  course  of  150  ms.  joins  the  Loire  a  littl 

Hyphases  of  the  Greeks,  and  thence  300  ms.  to  its  below  Tours.  Dep.  of  Fr.,  including  pa 

junction  with  the  Chenaub.    If  continued  to  the  the  late  province  of  Berry.  Bourges  is  the  ca 


Indus,  the  entire  length  of  the  Sutledge  would  be 
850  ms.    The  waters  of  the  Sutledge  are  pale; 


apiti 


Cherasco  considerable  town  of  Piedmont,  capiti 
of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  at  the  confluenc 


ms.  SE.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  58  E.,  lat.  44  45  N, 
Cheraiv,  post  office,  Darlington  district,  S.  C.  t 
100  m«.  NE.  from  Columbia. 

Cherburg,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  th 
channel,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  50  rut 
NW.  of  Caen.    Lon.  1  33  E.,  lat.  49  38  N. 
Cheresoul,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  capital  < 


those  of  the  Chunaub  reddish  ;  the  difference  visible  of  the  Sturia  and  Tanaro,  upon  a  mountain  2 
many  miles  below  their  junction.  Beyah,  or 
Beeas,  though  ranked  as  one  of  the  Five  rivers,  is 
in  reality  only  the  main  confluent  of  the  Sutledge, 
flowing  between  the  latter  and  Ravee,  with  a  com- 
parative course  of  about  250  ms. 

The  entire  surface  included  in  the  Punjaub,  or 
valley  of  Chenaub,  is  about  63,000  sq.  Eng.  ms., 

and  politically,  is  very  nearly  commensurate  with  Curdistan,  150  ms.  N.  of  Bagdad.  Lon.  44  l 
the  territory  of  the  Seiks.    According  to  Burnes,  E.,  lat.  35  50  N. 

the  Sutledge  is  a  navigable  stream  far  above  its  Cherokee,  from  the  Indian  Chellokee,  post.  officj 
confluence  with  the  Beeas.  \  MeArthur  tp.,  Logan  co.,  6  ms.  northward  ( 

Chene,  Isle  du,  in  Lake  Ontario,  lies  off  the 
easterly  coast  of  Marysburgh,  U.  C,  and  close 
to  the  land. 

Chene,  Pointe  an,  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
lies  E.  of  the  river  de  la  Traverse,  and  nearly  op- 


posite to  St.  Regis,  U.  C. 

Chene,  Portage  du,  on  the  Ottawa  river,  im- 
mediately below  Lake  Chaudiere,  U.  C. 

Chene,  Riviere  du,  runs  into  the  bay  of  Mic- 
hipicoten,  Lake  Superior,  W.  of  river  Michipico- 
ten,  U.  C. 


Belfontaine,  the  county  seat,  and  24  m?.  SSW 
from  Kenton,  co.  seat  of  Hardin  co. 

Cherkesse  or  Circassia,  is  thus  described  in  gene 
raltermsby  G.  Poulett  Cameron.  CherkessenH', 
be  divided  into  four  different  and  distinct  division* 
The  first  is  that  of  the  province  ofAbazak;^ 
second  is  formed  of  the  three  large  districts  jc 
A  baza,  Natukgoitch,  and  Shapshook,  which  com 
prise  the  whole  of  the  seacoast  from  Soochoum 
Kale  to  Anapa;  the  third  is  that  of  the  plain 
situated  between  the  Kooban  and  Laba  riven 


Chene,  Blanc,  small  river,  Ark  ,  the  S.  branch  composed  of  the  provinces  of  Zadooz,  Gurghenai 
of  Little  Missouri.  Magoish,   Adhugor,  and  Damedgoee ;   and  tb 

Chene,  river,  La.,  rises  in  the  marshes  SE.  fourth  and  last  division,  the  largest  and  the  richest 
from  the  English  Bend,  below  New  Orleans;  is  that  comprehended  in  the  fertile  fields,  unrival 
flows  parallel  to  the  Mississippi,  and  falls  into  led  pastures,  and  picturesque  valleys  lying  be 
Chandeleur  bay,  about  10  ms.  E.  from  Fort  St.  tween  the  Kooban  and  Terek  and  known  unde 
Philip.  An  inlet  connect*  the  Chene  with  the  the  general  term  of  the  Great  and  Little  Kabardaa 
Terra  aux  Boeufs  river.  As  laid  down  in  Black's  Atlas,  Cherkesse,  or  Cir 

ChenowitKs  post  office,  Washington  tp.,  W.  casia,  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kooban  river 
part  of  Darke  co.,  O.,  about  15  ms.  westward  of  along  the  NE.  coast  of  the  Black  sea,  300  ms. 
Greenville  the  county  seat.  and  thence  300  ms.  inland  and  eastwards  to  th 

Chennwittis,  post  office,  Darke  co.,  O  ,  postroad,  borders  of  Daghastan.  Breadth  various,  and  ii 
81  ms.  W.  from  Columbus,  and  about  75  a  little  defined,  no  where  probably  reaching  to  100  Eng 
W.  of  N.  from  Cincinnati.  ms.    In  this  sweep,  however,  in  addition  to  othe 

Chen-si,  one  of  the  most  extensive  provinces  of  .  and  great  variety  of  scenery,  rises  the  magnificen 
China,  bordering  on  the  great  wall.  It  is  divided  Mount  Elbrouz,  or  as  usually  written  Elburz 
into  two  parts,  the  Eastern  and  Western.  Sin- 1  Circassia  lies  between  N.  lat  42°  and  45°,  am 
gan-ssonis  the  capital. — See  China.  (between  37°  and  47°  E.  London. 

Chen-yan,  or  Moug-den,  capital  of  eastern  !  Cherokees,  nation  of  Indians  residing  in  Tenn. 
Chinese  Tartary,  (or  country  of  the  Mantchoo  Ala.,  and  Miss.  Schools  and  missionary  esla 
Tartars,)  and  of  a  dep.  of  the  same  name,  which  blishments  have  been  established  among  this  peo 


bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  great  wall  of  China,     pie  ;  but  more  effic 


means  of  civilizatioi 


Chepelio,  insland  in  the  bay  of  Panama,  3  ms.  jhave  been  introduced  through  the  agency  of  agri 
from  the  city  of  Panama,  which  it  supplies  with  [culture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  The  Cherokee 
provisions  and  fruit.  Lon  80  15  W.,  lat.  8  46  N.  'have  made  the  most  extensive  and  effective  ad 


Chepatchet  Creek,  northwestern  branch  of 
Pawtucket  river,  rises  in  the  N  W.  angle  of  Pro- 
vidence co.,  R.  I. 

Chepatchet,  flourishing  village,  Providence  co., 
R.  I.,  on  Chepatchet  creek,  16  ms.  NW.  from 
Providence. 

Chepstow,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Monmouthshire, 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Wye,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Severn.  It  is  walled  around,  has 
a  handsome  high  bridge  over  the  river,  and  sends 
provisions  and  other  commodities  to  Bristol.  The 
tide  is  said  to  rise  higher  here  than  in  any  other 
part  of  Europe;  it  swelling  to  50  or  60  feet  per- 
214 


vance  in  the  arts  and  modes  of  polished  life,  of  an* 
nation  of  Indians  within  the  limits  of  the  U.  S 
Cherry  Creek,  rises  at  the  foot  of  the  Blu> 
Mount,  on  fhe  N.  side,  inNorthampon  co.,  Penn. 
near  the  Windgap,  and  running  ENE.  along  th< 
foot  of  the  mountain,  falls  into  the  Delaware,  a 
its  entrance  into  the  Watergap  ;  it  is  not  navigable 
is  rapid,  and  has  several  mills  erected  in  it. 

Cherrujield,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Me,  30  ms 
W.  from  Machias.  Pop.  in  1810,  181,  in  1820 
241. 

Cherry  Grove,  post  office,  St.  Clair  co  ,  III 
postroad,  59  ms.  SW.  from  Vandalia. 


CHE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


CHE 


Cherry  Island,   in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon. 

V.  (J.  80°  W.,  lat.  11  27  S.  In  the  North- 

m  ocean,  between  Norway  and  Greenland, 
on.  20  5  E  ,  lat  74  30  N. 

Cherry  Ridge,  post  office,  Wayne  co.,  Penn. 

Cherry  Tree,  post  office,  Venango  co.,  Penn. 

Cherry  Valley,  village,  Otsego  co  ,  jN.  Y.,  12 
is.  NE.  of  Cooper's  town,  and  60  W.  of  Albany. 

is  an  ancient  establishment.     Manv  of  the 


-Tp.  Ot- 
Pop.  in 


ouses  built  in  the  old  Dutch  mode, 
igo  co,,  N.  Y-,  including  the  villagi 
920,  3,684. 

O.,   14  ras.  SE.  from  Jefferson  the  county 
*>al,  and  192,  N  E.  from  Columbus. 
,  Cherry  Tree,  town,  Venango  co.,  Penn.1  Pop. 
810,  391,  in  1820,  297.  - 

I  Chcrryton,  seaport  of  trie.  Eastern  shore,  Va., 
Northampton  county 


below  the  influx  of  the  Potomac,  to  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  the  mean  width  exceeds  20  ms.  There  is 
perhaps  no  other  bay  on  earth  with  shores  so  much 
and  deeply  indented  as  the  Chesapeake. 
Chesapeake,  village  Cecil  co.,  Md. 
Chesham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bucks,  12  ms.  SE. 
of  Ailesbury,  and  29  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon. 
0  36  W.,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Cheshire,  English  co.,  palatine,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Lancashire,  on  the  NE.  by  Yorkshire,  on 
the  E.  by  Derbyshire,  on  the  SE.  by  Staftbrd- 


-Tp.  and  post  office  in  Ashtabula  ;  shire,  on  the  S.  by  Shropshire,  on  the  W.  by 

Denbighshire  and  Flintshire,  and  on  the  NW.  by 
the  Irish  sea.  This  co.  extends  33  ms.  from  N. 
to  S.,  and  42  from  E.  to  W.,  without  including  a 
peninsula,  13  ms.  in  length  and  6  in  breadth, 
which  projects  into  the  Irish  sea,  or  a  narrow  tract 
of  land  which  stretches  between  Lancashire  and 


Cherryville,  village,  Northamoton  oo.,  Penn.,  j  Derbyshire,  to  Yorkshire,  on  the  NE.  Pop.  1801, 
i  the  Berwick  road,  13£  ms.,  NW.  from  Bethle-1  191,751,  in  1811,  227,031,  in  1820,  270,098. 


em,  and  4  from  the  Lehigh  Watergap.  Post 

rfice,  Rapides  parish,  La. 
Cherso,  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  with  a 
i\vn  of  the  same,  name,  near  Croatia,  belonging 
*  the  Venetians.  The  soil  is  stony,  hut  it  abounds 
it  wine,  cattle,  oil,  and  excellent  honey.  Lon. 

40  E.,  lat.  45  11  N. 
9  Cherson,  capital  of  New  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Catharineslaf.  It  is  a  new  town  erected 
W  Catharine  II.  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Dnei- 
pr,  10  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ingulec.  It 
H  intended  to  be  the  principal  maTt  of  all  the  corn- 


It  is  remarkable  for  its  cheese  and  rock  salt. 

Cheshire,  co.  of  N.  H.,  forming  the  SW.  angle 
of  the  State,  bounded  S.  by  Mass.,  W.  by  Vt.,  or 
Ct.  river,  N.  by  Grafton,  and  E.  by  Hillsborough  ; 
60  ms.  in  length,  mean  width  20,  area  1,200  sq.  ms. 
Surface  hilly  and  rocky,  but  delightfully  variega- 
ted, well  watered,  and  the  soil  productive  in  grain, 
fruits,  and  pasturage.  Chief  towns  Keene  and 
Charleslown.  Pop.  1920,  45,376,  and  in  1840, 
26,429.    Central  lat.  43°  N.,  and  lon.  4  E.  from 

W.  C,  intersect  in  this  co.  Town  Berkshire 

co.  Mass.,  140  ms.  WNW.  from  Boston.  Pop. 
odities  of  export  and  import.  It  has  a  dock,  for  I  1810,  1,315,  in  1820,  1,202.— — Town  New 
le  construction  of  large  vessels,  from  which  1  Haven  co.,  Ct.,  13  ms.  N.  from  New  Haven.  It 
wcral  men-of-war  and  merchant  ships  have  been  !is  the  seat  of  the  Episcopal  academy  of  Ct.- — — - 
ready  launched.    It  is  supplied  with  fuel  by  Tp.,  including  the  preceding  town,  New  Haven 

seds  only,  of  which  there  is  an  inexhaustible  co.,  Ct.    Pop.  1810,  2,288,  in  1820,  2,281.  

►rest  in  the  shallows  of  the  Dneiper,  opposite  the  Tp.  Gallia  co.r  Ohio.    Pop.  1820,  446 
Rail 


pwn.  Kails,  and  even  temporary  houses,  are 
fcade  of  them.  They  are  tall  and  strong,  and 
pbrd  shelter  to  various  kinds  of  aquatic  birds, 
bme  of  which  are  very  beautiful.  The  fortifica- 
ons  are  made,  and  the  plantations  formed,  by 
palefactors,  who  amount  to  some  hundreds.  In 
kis  place,  in  1790,  the  excellent  Mr.  Howard, 
o  well  known  for  his  plans  of  reform  of  the  dif- 
fcrent  hospitals  and  prisons  of  Europe,  fell  a 
lictim  to  his  indefatigable  humanity.  Cherson 
t  50  ms.  E.  of  Oczakow.  Lon.  33  10  E.,  lat. 
6  5  N. 


Vil- 
lage Addison  tp.,  Gallia  co  ,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
river,  10  ms.  above  and  N.  of  Gailipolis. 

Chesnut  creek,  of  Va.,  enters  the  Great  Keu- 
hawa  river,  near  the  N.  C.  line. 

Chesnut  Hill,  post  office  Strafford  co.,  N.  K., 

58  ms.  from  Concord.  Post  office  Philadelphia 

co.  Pa.,  8  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia.  North- 
ampton co.,  Pa.  See  Chesnut  Hill.  Post  of- 
fice Orange  co  ,  Va.;  postroad  40  ms.  NW.  from 

Richmond.  Post  office,  Hall  co.,  Ga.,  80  ms. 

NNW.  from  Milledgevjlle. 

Chesnut  Ridge,  one  of  the  ridges  of  the  Appal- 


Chertsey,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  in  a  low  wet  i  achian  mountains,  extending  from  Md.,  through 
ituation  not  far  from  the  river  Thames,  over!  the  cos.  of  Fayette,  Westmoreland,  and  Indiana, 
■  Inch  is  a  handsome  stone  bridge  of  7  arches.    It  iri  Pa. 


i  7  ms.  W.  of  Kingston,  and  20  W.  by  S.  of 
tendon.    Lon.  0  20  W.,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Chert,  ancient  town  of  Poland,  in  Massovia,  15 
is.  from  Warsaw.    Lon  21  8  W.,  lat.  52  1  N. 

Chesapeake  Bay  has  its  entrance  between  Cape 
'hades  and  Cape  Henry,  in  Va.,  18  ms.  wide, 
nd  it  extends  180  ms.  to  the  N.,  dividing  Vir- 
inia  from  Md ;  through  this  extent  it  is  from  7  to 
8  ms.  broad,  and  generally  9  fathoms  deep,  af- 
>rding  many  commodious  harbors,  and  a  safe  nav- 
*ation.  It  receives  the  Susquehannah,  Potomac, 
iappahannock,  York,  and  James  rivers,  which 
re  all  large  and  navigable. 

Chesapeake  bay  is  in  fact  a  continuation  of  the 
•usquehannah  river  below  tide  water.  The  gen- 
ral  breadth  through  Md.  is  about  10  ms.,  but 


Chester,  town  of  Eng  ,  and  the  capital  of  Che- 
shire, 20  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Liverpool,  38  SW.  of 
Manchester,  and  182  NW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  3 

W.,  lat.  52  12  N.  Town  of  Lunenburg,  SE. 

coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  Mahone  bay,  25  ras.  S. 

from  Windsor,  and  20  SW.  from  Halifax.  

Town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  25  ms.  SE.  from 
Concord.    Pop.  1810,  2,030,  in  1820,  2,262. 

 Town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  20  ms.  NW. 

from  Springfield.    Pop.  1820,  1,526.  Town, 

Ct.,  in  Say  brook,  Middlesex  co.  Village,  Go- 
shen, Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  Town,  Warren  co., 

N.  Y.,  90  ms.  N.  from  Albany,  and  25  NW. 

from  Whitehall  Town,  Warren  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  1820,  1,018.  West.    See  West  Chester. 

 Town,  Morris  co.,  N.  J.    Pop.  1810,  1,175, 

215 


CHE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHE 


in  1820,  1,212.  Tp.,  Burlington  co.,N.J. 

Pop.  1810,  1,839,  in  1820,  2,253. 

Chester,  co.  Pa.,  bounded  by  Md.  SW.,  Lan- 
caster W.,  Berks  NW.,  Montgomery  NE.,  and 
Delaware  co.  and  the  State  of  Del.  SE.;  length 
about  38  ms.,  mean  width  19^,  area  732  sq.  ras. 
This  co.  is  extremely  diversified  in  its  surface. 
The  western  part,  towards  Lancaster  co.,  is  hilly, 
and  even  mountainous,  whilst  those  sections  skirt- 
ing Md.  and  Del.,  though  not  level,  are  much  less 
elevated  than  the  W.  and  NW.  parts  of  the  co. 
Octararo  creek,  Northeast  river,  and  Elk  river, 
rise  in  the  SW.  part  of  Chester  co.,  and,  flowing 
southward,  into  Md.,  fall  into  the  Susquehannah, 
or  Chesapeake  bay.    The  centre  of  the  co.  is 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Brandywine,  Chester, 
Ridley,  and  some  smaller  creeks  entering  Delaware 
river.    The  Schuylkill  limits  the  co.  on  the  NE. 
The  soil  is  also  greatly  varied,   changing  from 
rocky  to  the  productive  limestone  valleys,  extend-  j 
ing  from  the  river  Schuylkill  SW.,  across  the  wa- 1 
ters  of  the  Brandywine.    The  staples  are  numer-j 
ous,  consisting  of  every  article  of  agricultural  pro- j 
duction  suitable  to  the  climate,    Chief  town  West 
Chester.     Pop.  1820,  44,455,  in  1840,  57,513,! 
or  77  to  the  sq.  m.    Central  lat.  40°  N.}  Ion. 
I  20  E.  W.  C. 

Chester,  borough  on  Delaware  river,  Delaware ! 
co.,  Pa.,  15  ms  SW.  from  Philadelphia-  Pop.! 
1820,  657.  This  is  a  very  ancient  town,  and; 
was  the  seat  of  the  first  Legislature,  after  the  arri-l 
val  of  William  Penn,  but  has  long  been  stationary  I 

in  point  of  growth.  Tp.  Delaware  co.,  Pa. 

Pop.  1810,  including  the  borough,  1,056,  in  1820, ' 

638,  exclusive  of  the  borough.  River  of  the. 

Eastern  shore  of  Md.  and  Kent  co.,  Del.,  rises  in 
the  latter,  and,  flowing  nearly  SW.  into  the  for- j 
mer,  separates  Queen  Anne  and  Kent  cos.,  and 

falls  into  the  Chesapeake  bay  at  Love  point.  

Village,  Shenandoah  co.,  Vra.,  17  ms.  SW.  from  I 

Winchester.  Tp.,   Wayne  co.,   Ohio.    Pop.  ! 

1820,   551.  Tp.,   Clinton  co  ,   Ohio.  Pop.; 

1820,  1,171.  Tp.,  Geauga  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 

1820,  269.  Tp.,  Knox  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1820, 

697.-  Village  and  co.  seal,  Meigs  co.,  Ohio, 

situated  between  the  two  branches  of  Shack  river, 
about  24  ms.  SE.  from  Athens,  38  ms.  by  land 
SW  of  Marietta,  and  27  ms.  above  and  NNE. 

from  Gallipolis.  Post  office,  Butler  co.,  Ohio, 

100  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus,  and  30  NW.  from 
Cincinnati.  District  of  S.  C,  on  Wateree  riv- 
er, bounded  by  Fairfield  S.,  Broad  river  or  Union 
W.,  York  N.,  Catawba  river  or  Lancaster  E.; 
length  22,  width  18  ms.,  area  about  400  sq.  ms. 
Surface  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and 
well  watered.  Soil  of  middling  quality.  Staple.-, 
grain,  tobacco,  live  stock,  &c.  Chief  town  Ches- 
terville.  Pop.  1820,  14,389,  and  in  1840, 
17,747.    Central  lat.  34  40,  Ion.  W.  C.4  10  W. 

 Court-house  and  post  office,  Chester  district, 

S.  C.    See  Chesterville.  River  of  W.  Florida, 

flowing  into  Pensacola  bay. 

Chester  Cross  Roads,  village,  Chester  tp.,  west- 
ern part  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  9  ms.  westerly  of 
CharJon,  the  county  seat,  and  19  very  nearly  due 
E.  from  Cleveland. 

Chester  Factory,  post  office,  Hampden  county, 
Mass.,  7  ms.  SE.  from  Chester. 

Chesterfield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  on  a 
216 


hill  between  the  rivulets  Ibber  and  Rother,  22  ms. 
N.  of  Derby,  and  149  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1 

27  W.,  lat.  53  18  .N.  Tp.  in  Kennebec  co., 

Me.  Pop.  in  1810,  430;  in  1820,  612.  Town 

in  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  11  ms.  SW.  from  Keenc. 

Pop.  in  1830,  2,110.  Town  in  Hampshire  co., 

Mass.  Pop. .in  1810,  1,408;  in  1820,  1,447.  

Tp.  in  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  point  between  the 
Riviere  au  Sable  and  Lake  Champlain,  18  ms.  S. 
from  Pittsburgh.  Pop.  667.  Tp.  in  Burling- 
ton co.,  N.  J.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,839;  in,  1620, 
2,087.  Co.  of  Va.,  opposite  Richmond,  be- 
tween Appomatox  and  James  rivers;  bounded  by 
Powhatan  NW.,  James  river  NE.,  andSE.  by  S. 
by  the  Appomatox  river;  length  30,  mean  width 
1 6  ms.  ;  area  about  480  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and 
soil  of  middling  qualify,  in  general,  though  con- 
siderable tracts  upon  the  streams  are  in  a  high  de 
gree  productive.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobac- 
co. Chief  town  Manchester.  Pop.  in  1820, 
18,003,  and  in  1840,  17,148.  Central  lat.  37  18 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  40  W.  C.  H.  and  post  of- 
fice in  Chesterfield  co.,  Va.,  15  ms.  S.  from  Rich 
mond.  N.  lat.  30  17,  lori.  W.  C.  0  32  W.— w 
District  of  S.  C,  bounded  by  N.  Car.  N.,  Marl- 
borough district,  or  Great  Pedee  river,  E.,  Dar 
lington  SE.,  and  Kershaw  and  Lancaster  districts, 
or  Jjynch  creek,  SW.  ;  length  30,  mean  width  16 
ms.  ;  area  780  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  soil  sandj 
in  general,  and  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town 
Chesterville.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,645,  and  in  1840, 
8,574.    Central  lat.  34  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  U. 

W.  C.  H.  and  post  office  in  Chester  district, 

S.  C,  about  10  ms.  SW.  from  Sneadsborough, 

N.  C,  and  111  NE.  from  Columbus.  Inlet, 

or  strait,  extending  to  an  unknown  distance  west- 
ward from  Hudson's  bay  outlet.    Lon.  W.  C.  13. 

20  IV  ,  lat.  63  30  N.  Key,  north  side  of  lh< 

island  of  Cuba. 

Chestertoion,  seaport,  and  se.it  of  justice  foi 
Kent  co.,  Md.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cheste 
river,  40  ms.  SSE.  from  Baltimore.  Lon.  W.  C 
1  0  E.,  lat.  39  13  N.  Pop.  700.  A  very  re 
spectable  academy  exists  in  this  town,  the  remain: 
of  Washington  college,  founded  there  in  1782,  bu 
subsequently  removed. 

Chesterville,  town  in  Kennebec  co,,  Me.,  at  ' 

Sandy  river,  30  ms.  NW.  from  Augusta.  Vil 

lage  in  Kent  co.,  Md.;  66  ms.  NE.  from  Annapo 

lis:.  Village  in  the  western  part  of  Knox  co. ,  O. 

14  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Mount  Vernon,  28  SE 
by  E.  from  Marion,  county  seat  of  Marion  co  ,  anc 
42  ms.  NNE.  from  Columbus.  The  office  vtw 
formerly  called  Mill's  Cross  Roads. 

Chestnut  Hill,  tp.  in  Northampton  co.,  Pa.  Pop 
in  1810,  1,128  ;  in  1820,  1,026. 

Chesuncook,  lake  of  Me  ,  crossed  by  the  line  l>e 
tween  Somerset  and  Penobscot  counties.  It  rc 
ceives  from  the  NW.  the  upper  Penobscot,  am 
several  lesser  streams. 

Chetimaches,  lake  of  La.,  between  the  Atchafa 
laya  and  Teche  rivers,  is  about  40  ms.  in  length 
with  a  breadth  of  from  1  to  6  ms.  It  is  shallow 
and  environed  by  a  low,  annually  inundated,  an< 
uninhabitable  country.  At  high  water,  it  coiomu 
nicates  in  every  direction  with  the  Atchafalaya,  ant 
at  all  seasons,  at  its  SE.  extremity  with  the  Tech. 
river. 

Chetican  Head,  cape  on  the  NW.  coast  of  tn 


CHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CHI 


)d  of  Cape  Breton.    Lon.  W.  C.  16  14  E., 
U  46  40  N. 

Cheviaux,  Point  mix,  on  the  north  shore  of 
jake  Ontario,  and  to  the  eastward  of  river  of  Can- 
iraska,  U.  C. 

Cheviot,  Eng.,  district  in  Northumberland,  to 
he  SW.  of  Wooler,  on  the  borders  of  Scotland, 
.umous  for  the  free  chace,  much  used  here  by  the 
English  and  Scots  gentry.  The  adjacent  coun- 
ry  being  hilly,  is  called  the  Cheviot  hills,  of  which 
•ne  is  so  high  that  it  is  seen  60  ms.  off,  and  is  the 
irst  land  discovered  by  ships  coming  from  the  E. 
Phis  is  the  Cheviot  famous  for  the  fierce  encounter 
etween  ihe  English  and  Scots,  under  the  earls 
'ercy  and  Douqlas,  which  is  celebrated  in  the  bal- 

ad  of  Chevy  Chace.  Village  in  Greene  tp., 

(Hamilton  co.,  O.,  7  ms.  NW.  from  Cincinnati, 
f  Chevotiere,  river  in  L.  C.,  flows  into  St.  Law- 

(ence  from  the  N.,  40  ms.  above  Quebec.   •  !  Paft  of  Hampden  co., 

Chiapa,  province  of  Guatamala;  bounded  NW.  j  from  Boston. 
!nd  N.  by  Vera  Cruz,  E.  by  Yucatan,  SE.  by  Vera  Chicas  y  Tarija,  province  of  South  America,  in 
;'az,  SW.  by  Guatamala  proper.  It  is  an  inland  '  Potosi,  now  appertaining  to  the  United  Provinces 
ountry,  drained  by  the  Sumasinta  and  Tabasco  I  of  La  Plata.  It  is  drained  by  the  Rio  Grande  and 
:ivers,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Central  ;  Pilcomayo,  and  bounded  W.  by  the  Andes.  Cen 
lit.  16  30  N.  '     tial  lat.  24  0  S.,  ion.  W.  C.  10  0  E. 

Chichester,  Eng.,  capital  of 


seat  of  justice  for  Cook  co.,  situated  on  the  south- 
western side  of  Lake  Michigan,  at  N.  lat.  41  52, 
long.  10  42  W.  of  W.  C,  and  about  220  ms- 
NNE.  of  Vandalia.  This  place  is  now  an  incor 
porated  city,  and,  by  the  census  of  1840,  contain 
ed  a  population  of  4,470.  Besides  the  common 
edifices  of  a  county  seat,  one  of  the  United  States 
land  offices  is  located  at  Chicago. 

Chicama,  small  river  of  Peru,  falls  into  the 
Pacific  ocean  20  ms.  NW.  from  Truxillo.  Lat. 
7  45  S. 

Chicasaws,  nation  of  Indians  settled  on  the  head 
branches  of  the  Tombecbe,  Mobile,  and  Yazoo  riv 
ers,  in  the  NW.  of  Ga.,  and  NE.  of  Ala. 

Chickapee,  river  in  Mass.,  rises  in  the  counties 
of  Franklin  and  Worcester,  flows  SW.  into  Hamp 
den,  where  it  turns  W.,  and  falls  into  Connecti- 
cut river  at  N.  Springfield.- — Village  in  the  SE. 

Mass.,  95  ms.  SW.  by  W. 


The 


prin-* 


Chiapa-el  Real,  town  in  North  America,  in  the 
rovince  of  its  own  name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Its  cipal  manufacture  is  malt  and  needles.    Its  mar- 
Irincipal  trade  consists  in  cocoa  nuts,  cotton,  and  ket  ls  noted  for  fish,  wheat,  barley,  malt  and  oats  ; 
jugar.    Lon.  W.  C.  16  10  VV.,  lat.  17  10  N.        the  finest  lobsters  in  Eng.  are  bred  in  the  Levant; 

Chiarsnza,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  the  and  it  is  observable  that  this  river  unlike  most 
Ilorea,  opposite  the  island  of  Zante.    Lon.  21  35  others,  is  very  low  in  winter,  but  in  summer  often 
lat.  37  50  N.  overflows  its  banks.    It  is  61  ms.  SW.  of  London. 

Chiari,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bresciano,  where  kon.  48'  W.,  lat-  50  50  N.  Town,  Rocking- 

he  Imperialists  defeated  the  French  in  1701.  Lon.  •  nafn  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  in  1810,951;  in  1820, 
0  17  E.,  lat.  45  30N.  j  1,010. 

Chiaro  Monte,  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  mountain,  j     Chichester,  Upper,  tp.,  Delaware  co  ,  Penn. 
|5  ms.  W.  of  Syracuse.    Lon.  14  59  E.,  lat.  37!  Pop.  in  1810,  417.;  in  1820,  413. 
I  N.-'  Chichester,  Lower,  tp  ,  Delaware  co.,  Penu. 

Chiavenna,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a;  PoP-  in  1810,  511  ;  in  1820,  502. 
Jountry  of  the  same  name,  under  the  sovereignty  '     Chickahominy,  xiv9t,  Va.,  branch  of  the  James 


river,  rises  in  Hanover,  and  flowing  SE.  separates 
Charles  city  from  Hanover ;  New 


f  theGrisons.    It  is  a  trading  place,  especially  in  , 
Fine  and  delicate  fruits;  but  its  chief  support  is  Henrico  and 

(he  transport  of  merchandise,  it  being  the  principal  [Kent  and  James  city  falls  into  James  above  Point 
ommunication  between  the  Milanese  and  Germa-  j  Comfort  It  is  navigable  for  12-feet  vessels,  8  ms. 
ly.  Chiavenna  is  seated  near  the  lakes  of  Chia- 1  Chickasaw  Agency,  post  office,  Miss.,  130  ms. 
fenna  and  Como.    Lon  9  19  E.,  lat.  46  19  N.    I  8  VV.  from  Huntsvilie. 

J  Chiavenna  Laghetto  di,  small  lake  of  the  coun-  i  Chickasaw  Bluff,  high  bank  of  the  Miss,  river, 
ry  of  the,  Grisons,  in  Swisserland,  near  the  town  !  H5  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio,  at  the  NW. 
f  Chiavenna,  remarkable  for  its  delightful  views,  ;  angle  of  the  Stale  of  Miss. 

vhich  are  wild  and  magnificent.  It  is  surrounded  !  Chickasawhay,  River,  northeastern  and  main 
y  barren  rocks,  craggy,  and  rising  into  spires  j  branch  of  Pascagoula,  State  of  Miss. — See  Pas- 
prinkled  with  snow.    The  bases  of  these  dreadful !  cagoula.   The  Chichasawhav  rises  in  the  counties 


'recipices  are  lost  in  the  overshadowed  water,  dan- 
erous  on  account  of  its  malignant  vapors,  and  af- 
xding  no  asylum,  scarcely  a  landing  place,  to 


of  Kemper,  Neshoba,  and  Lauderdale.  N.  lat. 
32  40,  flows  nearly  S.,  through  pine  forests,  crosses 
Clark,  Wayne,  and  Greene,  and  enters  Jackson 


he  crews  of  those  frail  boats,  which  are  caught  un-  ■  co.,  on  the  borders  of  which,  at  N.  lat.  30  57,  it 
varily  in  the  violent  storms  to  which  it  is  subject.  |  joins  Leaf  river  and  forms  Pascagoula.    The  en 


Chicago,  small,  but  very  important  river  enter- ! 
tig  Lake  Michigan  at  its  southern  extremity.  The 
ountry  over  which  it  flows  is  a  low,  flat  prairie.  | 
Rs  mouth  is  obstructed  by  a  bar,  over  which  ves-  j 
els  drawing  more  than  3  feet  water  cannot  enter,  ' 
hough  inside  adequate  depth  is  found  for  ships  of 
Imost  any  tonnage.  The  postage  between  Chi-  ■ 
ago  and  Riviere  aux  Plains,  a  branch  of  Illinois,  i 
only  about  9  ms.   At  high  water,  vessels  of  con 


tire  length  of  Chickasawhay  is  about  120  ms. 

Chidley,  Cape,  on  the  northeastern  coast  of 
Labrador,  has  Davis's  Straits  NE.,  and  the  bay  of 
UngayaSW.  Lon.  W.C.  12  10 E.,  lat.  60  12N. 

Chielcfa,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  the 
Morea.  It  was  taken  by  the  Venetians  in  1685  ; 
but  the  Turks  retook  it."  Lon.  22  28  E.,  lat.  36 
35  N.,  12  ms.  W.  from  Kolikithia. 

Chiemsee,  lake  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  which 


iderable  size  already  pass,  and  a  canal  is  contem-  j  contains  an  island  and  town  of  the  same  name 

plated  to  unite  Lake  Michigan  with  Illinois.  j  The  island  is  17  ms.  in  circumference,  and  the 

Vt  of  entry  and  flourishing  town  of  Illinois,  and  I  town  is  22  ms.  WSW.  of  Saltzburg. 

23*  217 


CHI 


CHI 


Chieri,  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  declivity  of 
a  hill,  in  a  pleasant  country,  bounded  on  all  sides 
by  hills  covered  with  vines.  It  is  8  ms.  E.  of 
Turin. 

Chifti,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  Abruzzo 
Citeriore.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the 
river  Pescara,  8  ms,  SW.  of  Pescara.  Lon.  15 
7  E.,  lat.  42  20  N. 

Chifuncte,  river,  La.,  in  St.  Tammany,  rises  in 
the  N.  part  of  that  parish,  flowing  SSE,  50  ms., 
falls  into  lake  Ponchartrain,  in  a  direction  nearly 
N.  from  the  city  of  New  Orleans.  There  is  depth 
of  water  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chifuncte  sufficient 
to  admit  vessels  drawing  6  or  7  feet  water,  as  far 
as  the  mouth  of  the  BogueFalaya, 

Chigneete,  bay  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  NW.  arm 
of  the'  bay  of  Fundy. 

Chigwell,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  10  ms. 
NE.  of  London.  It  is  noted  for  a  free  school, 
founded  by  archbishop  Harsnett,  who  had  been 
vicar  of  this  place,  and  lies  buried  in  the  church. 

Chihuahua,  State  of,  one  of  the  States  of  the 
republic  of  Mexico,  bounded  S.  by  Durango,  W. 
by  Sonoray  Sinaioa,  N.  uncertain,  and  E.  by 
Coahuila  y  Texas.    Capital  Chihuahua.    N.  lat. 
28°,  and  lon.  28°  W.  from  WL.  C.  intersect  ac- 
cording to  Tanner's  map  of  Mexico,  about  75  ms. 
SW.  from  the  city  of  Chihuahua.    Extent  and 
pop.  uncertain.    The  features  of  Chihuahua  are 
in  great  part  similar  to  those  of  Durango,  though 
the  great  Plateau  or  table  land  of  Anahauc  is  here 
less  elevated  than  farther  to  the  S.     A  very  great ! 
deficiency  of  water  is  the  most  serious  impediment,  ! 
however,  to  the  general  pop.  of  this  part  of  Amer-  j 
ica,  and  is  one  of  the  many  traits  of  resemblance ! 
between  central  N.  America  and  central  Asia,  j 
The  seasons  of  what  was  the  Promncias  Internas, 
now  the  northern  States  of  Mexico,  have  winters j 
of  excessive  rigor,  even  more  so  than  can  be  ac-  j 
counted  for,  either  from  la^or  elevation  of  surface. 

See  art3.  Earth  and  Mexico.  City,  capital  of 

Che  State  of  the  same  name  in  the  republic  of  Mex- 
ico, situated  near  the  river  Conchos,  a  branch  of 
Rio  Grand  del  Norte,  in  the  province  of  New  Biscay.  : 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  Internal  Provinces,  and  en- 
vironed by  some  very  rich  mines.  Pop.  12,000. 
Lat.  28  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  27  20  W.  . 

Chilesburg,  village,  Caroline  co.,  Va.,  68  ms. 
S.  from  W.  C 

Chili,  large  country  of  S.  America,  on  the 1 
coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  Diego 
d'Almagro  in  1525,  extending  from  the  desert  of 
Attacamas  S.  lat.  24  30,  to  Chiloe  S.  lat.  44°.  | 
The  mountainous  part  of  it  is  possessed  by  the 
Puelches,  Araucos,  and  other  tribes  of  its  original  j 
inhabitants,  who  are  still  formidable  neighbors  to 
the  Spaniards.     That  part  of  Chili,  therefore,  I 
which  may  be  properly  deemed  Spanish,  is  a : 
narrow  district,  extending  along  the  coast  from  j 
the  desert  of  Attakamas  to  the  Island  of  Chi-  j 
loe,  above  900  ms.    Though  bordering  on  the  tor- ' 
rid  zone,  it  never  feels  the  extremity  of  heat,  be- 1 
ing  screened  on  the  E.  by  the  Andes,  and  re-  j 
freshed  from  the  W.  by  cooling  sea  breezes.  The 
fertility  of  the  soil  corresponds  with  the  benignity 
of  the  climate,  and  is  wonderfully  accommodated 
to  European  productions.    The  most  valuable  of 
these,  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  abound  in  Chili  a£  if  j 
they  had  been  native  in  the  countrv.    Here  all  the  I 
218 


4on- 
.  


fruits  imported  from  Europe  attain  to  full  maturity  ; 
and  ihe  animals  not  only  multiply  but  improve. 
The  horned  cattle  are  of  larger  size  than  those  ol 
Spain  ;  and  its  horses  excel  in  beauty  and  spirit 
the  famous  Andalusian  race,  from  which  they 
sprung.  Nature,  too,  has  enriched  Chili  with 
valuable  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead. 
The  population  of  Chili  has  been  for  the  last  2 
centuries  increasing ;  and  at  present,  besides  the 
independent  tribes  of  natives,  exceeds,  it  is  proba- 
ble, 1,500,000.  Since  Feb.,  1818,  this  fine  coun- 
try  has  been  virtually  one  of  the  civilized  nations 
of  the  earth,  and  was  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  so  recognised  in  the  Congress  ol 
1821-22.  Township  and  post  village,  Mon- 
roe co.,  N.  Y.,  between  Black  creek  and  Get 
see  river,  10  ms.  SW.  from  Rochester. 

Chilka,  lake  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan, 
which'bounds  the  5  Circars  on  the  N.  It  lies  or 
the  coast  of  the  bay  of  Bengal,  and  seems  thi 
effect  of  the  breach  cf  the  sea  over  a  flat  sandj 
surface,  whose  elevation  was  something  above  th« 
level  of  the  country  within.  It  communicates 
with  the  sea  by  a  very  narrow  but  deep  opening. 

Chilian,  province  of  Chili,  bounded  on  the  E 
by  the  Andes,  on  the  N.  by  Maule,  W.  by  Itata 

and  S.  by  Arauco.  Capital  of  the  province  o 

the  same  name,  on  the  Chillau  river  Lon.  W  l 
C.  6°  E.,  lat.  35  30  N. 

Chilicothe,  city  and  seat  of  justice  in  Ross  co.  I 
Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Sciota,  4l| 
ms.  S.  from  Columbus,  and  73  E.  by  N.  frail 
Cincinnati.    Lon.  W.  C.  5  53  W.,  lat.  39  2! 
N.    The  site  of  the  town  is  a  plain  or  river  level 
but  the  adjacent  country  rises  into  bold  hills  of  fror 
200  to  300  feet,  affording  a  fine  diversity  of  surl 
face.    It  was  laid  out  in  1796,  and  in  1810  th  I 
tp.  contained  1,369,  and  in  1820,  2,426  inhab 
itants.    There  are  in  this  town  2  printing  offices 
1  bank,  and  about  40  mercantile  stores.  Manufac 
turing  establishments  are  numerous  and  flourish 
ing.    The  site  of  this  beautiful  town  is  a  paii«i 
a  peninsular  plain  between  the  river  Sciota  an  1 
Paint  creek.  -It  stands  on  the  ground  once  occo  I 
pit d  by  a  people  gone  truly  to  oblivion  ;  mounds  o 
tumuli  still  remain  around  the  mansions  of  civili 
zation,   one  of  which  stood  where  houses  no* 
stand.    Amongst  the  new  creations  of  .the  grcs 
central  valley,  there  are  few  indeed  which  present 
more  deep  interest.    The  great  Ohio  canal  pasain 
through  the  place  renders  it  of  easy  approach 
and  few  will  visit  it  and  regret  the  expense  of  lim 
or  money.    Pop.  in  1840,  3,977;  but  a  resider 
of  Chilicothe  informed  me  that  the  present  pop.  ( 
that  town,  (1843,)  from  a  census  taken  by  itsow 
officers,  must  reach,  if  not  exceed,  5,000.  Th 
canal  crosses  Paint  creek  by  an  aqueduct  well  art 
substantially  constructed.    Distance  45  ms.  S.  c 
Columbus,  70  SW.  of  Zanesville,  34  from  Lai 

caster,  and  36  NE.  from  Hillsborough.  Lan 

district,  is  composed  of  the  9  westernmost  of  the  2 
range  ot  tps.  of  the  U.  S.  army  lands.  Th 
refugee  tracts,  and  the  7  westernmost  of  the  2 
ranges  of  tps.  of  the  U.  S.  lands  S.  of  the  refuge 
tract.  It  includes  parts  of  Delaware,  Knox,  Licli 
ing,  Franklin,  Fairfield,  Pickaway,  Ross,  Athen. 
Hocking,  Lachfor,  Lawrence,  Pike,  Sciota,  an 
Gallia  counties,  but  not  the  whole  of  either. — ■ 
Township,  in  Ross  county,  Ohio.    Population  i 


CHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DIG  HON ARY. 


CHI 


CAPITAL  CITIES. 

Kansuh, 
Ngan-Hoei, 
Setchuen, 
Kiangsoo, 
Honan, 
Hoopih, 


PROVINCES. 

Lantcheou. 
Neanking. 
Tchingtoo. 
Tchingkiang. 
Kaifong. 
Wuchang. ; 


Queacheow,  or  Kuei  Theou,  Kueiyang 
Tchanecru 


810,  1,369  ;  in  1820,  2,426;  including  the  town 
if  Chilicothe. 

Chillicothe,  Old,  tp.,  Ross  co.,  O.    Pop.  in 
820,  199. 

Chillisquaque,  tp.,  Northumberland  co.,  Pa. 
>op.  in  1810,  1,505;  in  1820,  1,035. 

Chilmarh,  town,  Dukes  co.,  Mass.,  in  the  is- 
lind  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  Pop,  in  1810,  723  ; 
:i  1820,  695. 

Chilo>  village,  Franklin  tp.,  and  very  near  the 
outheastern  angle  of  Clermont  co.,  O.  This 
lace,  formerly  called  Meehanicsbuvg,  is  situated 
n  the  northern  or  right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  about 
•2  ms.  SSE.  from  Batavia,  and  12  ms.  SW.  from 
Georgetown,  co.  seat  of  Brown  co. .  Pop.  in  1830, 

26.  Village,  Clermont  co.,  O.,  95  ms.  SW. 

oin  Columbus. 

i  CMoe,  group  of  islands  and  gulf  of  South  Amer-j  was  remoddeled,  and  formed  into  three  govern- 
:a,  in  southern  Chili.    The  islands  extend  nearly  j  ments,  named  Ching-King,  Hing-King,  and  He- 

Loung-Kiang,  and  all  placed  on  the  same  footing 
with  other  provinces  of  China  proper. 

The  following  explanations  of  the  literal  mean- 


Hoonan, 
Keangsee. 
Ganhwuy, 
Chekiang, 

Fuhkeen,  or  Fookiang, 
Kwangtung,  or  Canton, 
Kwangs^e, 
Yunnan, 


Nanchang. 

Nanking. 

Hanscheou 

Foucheou 

Canton. 

Kueiling. 

Yunnan. 


In  our  books  generally,  and  on  our  maps,  Mant- 
chooria  is  named  and  marked  as  connected  with, 
though  distinct  from,  China.  This  has  not  been 
the  case  for  nearly  a  century  past.  In  the  reign  of 
Kien-Lung,  which  began  in  1723,  Mantchooria 


arallel  to  the  opposite  coast.  The  principal  is- 
[ind,  from  which  this  archipelago  was  named,  ex- 
reeds  100  ms  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  from 


5  to  30,  and  lying  between  S.  lat.  41  50  and  43  ing  of  the  names  of  the  great  divisions  of  China 


\0,  Ion.  VV.  C.  3°  E. 


|  were  extracted  from  the  "  Chinese  Register,"  print- 
!  Chifpanzinco,  city  of  Mexico,  situated  on  the  j  ed  in  English  at  Macao.  They  are  inserted  in  this 
puthern  slope  of  Analuac,  3,542  feet  above  the  J  Dictionary  as  serving  to  show  the  long  duration  of 
Wei  of  the  ocean,  surrounded  by  beautiful  fields}  the  language  and  political  subdivisions  of  this  great 
I  wheat  and  orchards,  on  the  road  from  Mexico  to  country. 


Icapulco.  Lat.  17  40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  22  20  W. 
[j  Chilqucsy  Mosques,  small  province  of  Peru, 
BW.  from  Cusco,  on  the  sources  of  the  Grand  Pa- 
1,    Central  lat.  14°  S. 

Chiltern,  Eng.,  chain  of  chalky  hills,  running 
|om  E,  to  W.  through  Buckinghamshire,  and 
prming  the  S.  part  of  the  county.    They  are  cov- ; 
red  in  various  parts  with  woods  ;  and  some  of  the  j 
jminences  are  of  considerable  height,  and  afford ; 
!ch  prospects.    The  air  on  these  heights  is. ex-] 
remely  healthful ;  the  soil,  though  stony 
jood  crops  of  wheat  and  barley.    This  district  be- 
ings to  the  crown,  which,  from  time  immemorial, 
las  had  an  officer  under  it,  with  the  title  of  Stew- 
rd  of  the  Chiltern  Hundreds. 
I  Chimalapa,  small  river  of  Mexico,  in  Oajaca; 
►  flows  S.  into  the  gulf  of  Tehuantepec. 

Chimborazo,  mountain  of  South  America,  in 
hain  of  the  Andes.  Lon.  1  20  S.,  about  100 
is.  S W.  from  Quito.  This  immense  cone  can  be 
een  far  into  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  presents  to  the 
ye  of  the  mariner  a  most  magnificent  object.  It. 
ses,  according  to  Humboldt,  to  21,440  feet, 
'hat  illustrious  traveller  ascended  its  slope  as  high 
3  19,300  feet — the  highest  point  on  the  globe  ever 
scended  by  man.  It  is  covered  for  several  thou- 
md  feet  by  perpetual  snow,  and  generally  sur- 
ounded  by  fogs. 

China,  vast  empire  of  A4a,  comprising  China 
roper,  Mandshuria,  Thian  Chanpelou,  or  "  coun- 
•y  beyond  the  Thian  Chan  mountains ;"  Zoonga- 
a,  Mongolia,  Thibet,  Corea,  with  several  islands 
long  the  coast  of  China  proper.— See  head  of 
?hina,  under  article  Asia,  pp.  94,  96. 

Provinces  <ftid  their  principal  cities  of  China 
proper. 


PROVINCES. 


CAPITAL  CITIES 


Pechilee,  Pekin,  capital  of  the  empire. 

Shanting.  or  Changtung,  Tsinanfou. 
Shansee,  Tayuen. 
Shensec,  Caifong. 


Chixa,  from  Tsin,  the  first  cr  amongst  the 
1  most  ancient  dynasties  who  ruled  the  country.  It 
is  not,  however,  the  sacred  name;  the  Chinese  call 
their  country  "  Chung-Kwo,"  the  middle  country. 

Cheilee  signifies  "source  of  direct  rule,"  and 
with  the  suffix  "  Pih"  North,  comes  "Pih-Cheilee," 
which  Europeans  have  corrupted  into  Pechelee. 

Shantung  signifies  "East  of,"  and  Shanse 
"  West  of  the  Hills." 

Honan,  "South  of  the  Yellow  river,"  as  nan 
produces  |  signifies  south. 

Keang  nan  denotes  "South,"  and  Keangsee 
"  West  of  the  Yang-Tse-Kiang,  or  Blue  river." 

Kang-Soo  and  Nganhway  are  the  more  modern 
subdivisions  of  Kiangnan,  and  derive  their  names 
from  three  of  the  principal  cities  they  contain ;  such 
as  Keang-Ning,  (Nanking,)  "Tranquil  City  on 
the  River;"  Yang-Tse-Kiang,  Soo  Tchow,  "The 
Blissful  Region;"  and  Hwuychow,  "Region  of 
Excellence,"  from  the  latter,  the  provincial  name 
Nganhwuy. 

Foukeen,  or  "The  Happy  Settled  Region." 
Chekiang,  "  Province  of  the  nver  Che." 
Hoo-Kwang,  "The  Broad  Region  of  the  Lakes," 
comprising  the  two  provinces  of — 
Hoopih,  "North,"  and 
Hoo-nan,  "South  of  the  Lakes." 
Sheu-Kan  is  named  like  most  of  the  other  unit- 
ed  provinces  of  Cliina  from  its  two  parts — 
Shen-See,  "Western  defiles;"  and 
Kan-Suh,  "Voluntary  Reverential." 
Szechuen,  literally  "The  Four  Streams." 
Leang-Kwang,    "The   Two   Wide  spreading 
Provinces,"  comprises  the  "  Eastern"  and  "  West 
em  Broad  Provinces" — 

Kwang-Tung  (Canton)  and 
Kwangsee;  both  south  of  the  mountains  which 
separate  them  from  Kweichew,  Hoonan,  Keang- 
See,  and  Fuhkien. 

Yun-Kwei,  from  uniting  the  first  syllables  of— 
Yunan  "  Cloudy  South  ;"  and 

219 


OH  I 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CHO 


Kwei-tchow,  "  Noble  Region." 


21  ms.  E.  of  Bristol  and  94  W.  of  London,  L 


China,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.  Pop.  in  1820,  2  8  W.,  lat.  51  27  N. 


894.  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1 820,  780. 

China  Grove,  post  office,  Rowan  co.,  N.  C, 
130  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh.  Post  office,  George- 
town district,  S.  C. 

Chinca,  seaport  of  Peru,  seated  on  a  river,  in  a 
valley  of  its  own  name,  90  ms.  S.  Lima.  Lon. 
W.  C.  45'  E.,  lat.  13  10  S. 

Chine,  La,  village  of  L.  C,  6  ms.  from  Mon- 
treal, upon  the  same  island.  It,  is  the  upper  part 
of  that  city :  here  all  boats  arrive  from,  and  depart, 
which  are  employed  in  the  commerce  of  the  St. 


C  hip p  civ  an,  mountains  of  N.  America.  Tl 
great  chain  is  the  principal  spine  of  that  con 
nent,  and,  by  various  names,  extends  from 
isthmus  ol  Darien  to  the  Frozen  ocean,  throu 
60°  of  lat.,  or  4,150  ms.    In  Mexico  it  is  know 
by  the  general  term  Anahuac.    Further  nort 
the  Spaniards  designate  it  as  the  mountain 
New  Mexico.    In  the  U.  S.,  it  is  known  as 
Rocky  mountains;  hi  Cabotia,  or  British  Ameri 
ca,  by  its  true  native  name,  Chippewan  or  Chip 
pewyan.    In  Mexico  and  Guatimala,  it  rises  inti 
volcanic  summits,  elevated  far  above  the  regi 


Lawrence  or  Ottawa  rivers.    A  canal  is  completed 
from  La  Chine  to  Montreal,  in  order  to  obviate  the  of  perpetual  snow.    Popocatepetl,  Citlaltepetl, 
dangers  of  the  intervening  rapids  of  St.  Louis.        Peak  d  Orizaba,  Pico  Fraile3,  and  Coffrede  R 

Chin-India. — This  new  term  in  physical  geog-!  te,  all  rise  above  13,500  feet.    In  the  U.  S. 
raphy  has  been  introduced  into  that  science  by  j  elevation  of  this  chain  remains  undetermined 
Malte  Brun  with  great  propriety.    That  great  pro-!  must  be  considerable,  from  the  length  and  ra 
jection  of  Asia  extending  southward  from  Thibet  j  of  the  streams  flowing  from  its  opposite  si 
and  China,  and  between  the  bay  of  Bengal  and  the!  Recent  accounts,  though  not  very  definite,  gi 
Chinese  sea,  had  never  before  the  publication  of ,  very  elevated  character  to  many  of  the  peal 


Malte  Brun's  Geography  received  a  definite  dis- 
tinctive name.  Chin-India  is  highly  appropriate 
as  respects  population  and  position.  Arracan  the 
Birman  empire,  and,  in  some  slight  degree,  Siam 
and  Malacca,  were  influenced  by  Hindoo  languages, 
religion,  and  civilization ;  whilst  the  manners,  lan- 
guage, and  literature  of  China  are  visible  in  j 
Tonquin,  Cochin  China,  Cambodia,  and  Laos,  j 
See  the  different  sections  under  their  respective 


this  system,  in  the  region  from  which  rise 
Missouri  and  Columbia  rivers. 

Chippeway,  small  river  or  creek,  Lincoln 
U.  C.  ;  falls  into  Niagara  river  at  the  village c 

Chippeway.  Village  of  Lincoln  co.,  U.  C. 

on  Niagara  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Chippewa 
creek.    Here  a  sanguinary  battle  was  fought  be 
tween  the  British  and  the  U.  S.  armies,  July 
1814.  Village  and  tp.  in  the  extreme  north 


head?.  J  easternmost  part  of  Wayne  co.,  O.,  18  ms.  NE 

Chinon,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  In-  of  Wooster,  and  11  ms.  NW.  of  Fulton,  on  th 
dre  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine,  on  :  Ohio  canal.  The  place  is  often  called  Doylestowr 
the  Vienne,  10  ms.  N.  of  Richelieu  and  150  SW.  j  and  so  named  on  the  maps;  but  for  the  directio 
of  Paris.    Lon.  22'  E.,  lat.  47  12  N.  I  of  letters  the  post  office  name  is  given  at  the  ' 

Chinsura,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  Ben-!  of  the  article.  River  of  the  U.  NW. 

gal.    It  is  a  settlement  of  the  Dutch,  and  is  sealed'  tory  ;  course  of  45  ms.  ;  opens  into  a  wide 
on   the   river   Hoogly,  nearly  midway  between  j  and  turns  to  NW.  18  ms.;  it  joins  the  CI 
Chandernagore  and  the  old  town  of  Hoogly.    Itjpeake  bay  betweeen  Cook's  point  and  Tilgh 
contains  several  good  houses  and  a  church,  with  a  j  island. 

little  mole  projecting  into  the  river.    It  was  taken  |     Chivalry,  French  knight ;  what  appertait 
by  the  English  in  1795.  [knighthood. 

Chiny,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  capital  of  a|  Cholera,  an  epidemic,  if  not  a  contagious  di' 
country  of  the  same  name,  in  Austrian  Luxem-|ease.  In  it>  worst  form,  it  is  called  Asiati 
burg,  57  ms.  W.  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  5  37  E,,  i  Cholera,  and  has  obtained  a  historical  as  well  a 
lat.  49  45  N.  |  geographical  importances*  one  of  the  great  scow 

Chios,  Scio,  or  Kio,  by  the  Turks  called  Saki  |ges  of  mankind.  About  1816  this  disease  reaobe 
Saduci,  an  island  lying  near  ihe  coast  of  Ionia,  in  j  Indostan  trom  China,  and  in  August,  1817,  brok 
Asia  Minor,  about  100  ms.  W.  of  Smyrna.  It  is  I  out  at  Jessore.  Its  progress  was  westwarJ."  ! 
mountainous  and 'rocky,  and  about  100  ms.  in  cir-j  reached  Astracan  in  1823,  from  which  it  sprea 
cuit.  It  abounds  with  excellent  wines ;  and  from]  over  Russia,  and  in  1830  ravaged  Western  Ei 
thence  the  ancients  had  their  nectar.  rope,  and  soon  afterwards  burst  out  in  the  U.  £ 

The  cause  and  all  other  circumstances  attendin 


Chios,  capital  of  the  above  island.  It  stands  on 
the  E.  coast ;  is  as  well  built  as  most  of  the  towns 
in  the  Levant,  the  Genoese  having  been  long  in 
the  possession  of  it.  The  natives  pretend  that 
Homer  was  born  here,  and  show  a  place  they  call 
his  school,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Epos,  about,  4  ms. 
from  the  city.    Lon.  27  5  E.,  lat.  38  6  N. 

Chiourlic,  ancient  town  of  Romania,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  47  ms.  W.  of  Constantinople, 
Lon.  27  57  E.,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Chiozzo,  anciently  Fossa  Claudia,  a  town  and 
island  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Venice,  with  a 
harbor  defended  by  a  fort.  It  is  18  ms,  S.  of  Ve- 
nice.   Lon.  12  9  E.,  lat.  45  17  N. 

Chippenham,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts.,  on 
the  Avon,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge  of  16  arches. 
220 


this  last  visitation  of  the  Asiatic  cholera  agree  t 
nearly  with  the  description  given  by  Villani  an 
other  writers  of  what  was  then  called  "plague, 
from  1330  to  1350,  that  we  may  safely  considi 
the  cause  identical  of  these  fearful  phenomena. 

Chopuuish,  river  in  the  Rocky  mountains  ;  fal 
into  the  right  side  of  the  Kooskooshee,  a  branch  i 
Lewis  river. 

Chorges,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Upp1 
Alps,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  burnt  by  tl 
duke  of  Savoy  in  1692.  It  is  10  ms.  E.  of  Gaj 
Lon.  6  23  E.,  lat.  44  35  N. 

Chorley,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  neartl 
source  of  a  rivulet  called  Chor,  not  far  from  tl 
river  Yarrow,  6  ms.  SSE-  of  Preston,  and  2C 


CHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CHU 


nV.  of  London.    Lonodn  2  42  W.,  lat.  53 
8  N. 

■  CAu/a,  post  office,  Blount  co.,  Tenn.,  about  80 
is.  E.  from  Murfreesboro. 

Chouan,  name  given  to  those  who,  during  the 
arly  part  of  the  French  Revolution,  rebelled 
gainst  the  new  Government.  The  Chouans 
'ere  chiefly  of  the  western  provinces  of  Fr.,  and, 
lough  suppressed,  the  term  seems  to  be  perma- 
ently  introduced  into  the  French  language,  to 
iesignate  robbers,  burglars,  and  other  outlaws. 

Chowan,  river  of  N.  C,  formed  by  the  united, 
treams  of  the  Meherin,  Nottaway,  and  Blackwa- 
?r,  all  rising  in  Va.,  but  flowing  into  N.  C.  The 
,'howan  opens  by  a  very  wide  estuary  into  Albe- 
marle sound.  Co.  of  N.  C,  on  the  north  side 

f  Albemarle  sound,  bounded  by  Chowan  river 
N,,  Gates  N.,  Perquimans  E.,  and  Albemarle 
ound  S.  ;  length  22,  mean  width  9  ms. ;  area  200 
q.  ms.  Surface  flat,  and  in  part  swTampy.  Soil 
n  general  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town, 
Sd^nton.  Pop.  1820,  6,464;  in  1840,  6,993. 
Pent.  lat.  36  10  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  20  E. 

Ckowle,  town  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  with  a 
llarbor  for  small  vessels,  which  is  fortified.  It  is 
5  ms.  S.  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  45  E.,  lat.  18 
I2  N. 

9  Chremniiz,  chief  mine  town  in  Upper  Hun- 
lary,  90  ms  NE.  of  Presburg.  Lon.  19  27  E., 
Sat.  48  59  N. 

I  Christchurch,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire, 
It  the  confluence  of  the  Avon  and  Stour,  98  ms. 
feW.  of  London.    Lon.  1  46  W.,  lat.  50  45  N. 

 Parish  of  Charleston  district,  S.  C. 

I  Christian,  co.  of  Ky.,  W.  by  Trigg  and  Cald- 
vell,  iN.  by  Hopkins  and  Muhlenburg,  E.  by 
Todd,  and  S.  by  Montgomery  co  ,  Tenn.  Length 
U3,  mean  breadth  15  ms.,  and  area  about  500  sq. 
Ins.  Chief  town,  Hopkinsville ;  which  see  for 
at.  and  lon.    Pop.  of  this  co.  in  1820,  10,459  ; 

n  1840,  14,006.  Tp.,  Lawrence  co.,  Ark. 

jPop.  1820,  1,222. 

Christiana,  village,  Madison  tp.,  in  the  NE. 
part  of  Butler  co.,  O.,  14  ms.  NE.  of  Hamilton, 
imd  very  nearly  a  like  distance  SW.  from  Dayton. 

\  Cily  of  Southern  Norway,  in  the  government 

bf  Aggerhuys,  at  the  extremity  of  a  fertile  valley 
forming  a  semi-circular  bend  along  the  shore  of 
the  beautiful  bay  of  Biorming,  which  forms  the !  freesborough. 


Baltic,  and  capital  of  Blekingen.  Iti  is  13  ms. 
NE.  of  Carlescroon.  Lon.  16  47  E.,  lat.  56 
26  N. 

Christianburg,  fort  of  Africa,  on  the  gold  coast 
of  Guinea,  subject  to  the  Danes.  Lon.  1  55  E., 
lat.  4  10  N. 

Christiansburg,  village  near  the  very  extreme 
angle  of  Champaign  co  ,  O.,  18  ms.  SW.  by  W. 
from  Urbana,  and  18  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from 
Springfield,  the  county  seat  of  Clark  co.,  and  60 

ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Columbus.  Post 

office  and  seat  of  justice,  Montgomery  co.,  Va., 
40  ms.  SW.  from  Fincastle,  and  220  SW.  by 
W.  from  Richmond.  N.  lat.  37  14,  lon.  W.  C. 
3  12  W. 

Christian  sand,  city  and  government  of  Nor- 
way, on  the  SW.  coast.  The  harbor  is  excellent. 
Lon.  8  3  E.,  lat.  58  8  N. 

Christian  Sound,  opens  between  Capes  Om- 
mamay  and  Decision,  and,  extending  SE.  off 
King  George's  island,  unites  Prince  Frederick 
sound  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  W.  C.  57° 
W . ,  lat.  of  the  opening  into  the  Pacific  56  15  N. 

Christiansville,  village,  Mecklenburg  co.,  Va., 
on  the  Meherin  river,  243  ms.  from  Washington. 

hristina,  St.,  one  of  the  islands  in  the  South 
Pacific  ocean,  called  the  Marquesas.  Lon.  139  9 
W.,  lat.  9  56  S. 

Christmas  Island,  island  in  the  North  Pacific 
ocean,  so  named  by  Capt.  Cook,  on  account  of 
his  first  landing  there  on  Christmas  day.  It  is 
45  ms.  in  circumference,  uninhabited,  and  desti- 
tute of  fresh  water,  but  has  abundance  of  fine 
turtle.    Lon.  157  30  W.,  lat.  1  59  N. 

Christmis  Sound,  sound  of  South  America,  in 
Terra  del  Fuego.    Lon.  70  2  W.,  lat.  55  21  S. 

Christopher,  St.  or  St.  Kitt's,  one  of  the  lee- 
ward islands  in  the  West  Indies,  60  ms.  west  of 
Antigua.  It  was  formerly  inhabited  by  the  French 
and  English  ;  but  in  1713  it  was  ceded  to  the  lat- 
ter. It  is  20  ms.  in  breadth,  and  7  in  length,  and 
has  high  mountains  in  the  middle,  whence  rivulets 
flow,  which  are  of  great  use  to  the  inhabitants. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1782,  but  restored 
the  next  year.    Basseterre  is  the  capital. 

Chronology  and  Astronomy.  See  Appendix. 
Chuckey  Bend,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  Ten.  ; 
by  post  road,  270  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Mur- 


north  extremity  of  the  gulf  of  Christiana.  The 
:astle  of  Aggerhuys  is  built  on  a  rocky  eminence 
on  the  west  side  of  the  bay,  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  city.  Christiana  is^30  ms.  from  the  open 
sea,  and  290  N.  by  W.  from  Copenhagan.  Lon. 

10  50  E.,  lat.  59  6  N.  Town,  Newcastle  co  , 

Del  ,  on  Christiana  creek,  9  ms.  above  Wilming- 
ton, and  37  SW.  from  Philadelphia.  Pop.  1810, 
including  the  village  of  the  sanfe  name,  6,698  ; 

in  1820,  8,355.  Creek  of  Del.  ;  is  formed  by 

the  Red  Clay  and  White  Clay  creeks,  and  Chris- 
tiana creek  proper,  which  unite  near  Christiana 
bridge  ;  turns  to  NE.,  and  joins  the  Brandy  wine 
at  Wilmington.  Vessels  drawing  14  feet  water 
'ascend  to  Wilmington,  and  those  of  5  or  6  to 
iChristiana  bridge. 

Christian,  Great,  small  island  between  Crete 
ana  Santorin.  It  is  the  ancient  Ascamia.  Lon. 
25  15  E.,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Christianople,  strong  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the 


Chucuito,  province  of  Upper  Peru,  now  apper- 
taining to  the  united  provinces  of  La  Plata.  It 
lies  along  the  west  side  of  Titicaca,  SE.  from  Ar- 
equipa.  Chicuito,  the  capital,  is  on  the  lake. 
Lon.  W.  C.  6  30  E.,  lat.  16  30  S. 
Chucuito,  lake.  See  Titicaca. 
Chudleigh,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  seated 
near  the  river  Teigne,  9  ms.  SW.  of  Exeter,  and 
185  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3  39  W.,  lat 
50  38  N. 

Chunar,  fort  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Allahabad.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ganges, 
20  ms  above  the  Banares,  and  is  built  on  a  rock, 
which  is  fortified  ail  round  by  a  wall,  and  towers 
at  various  distances.  At  the  end,  overlooking  the 
river,  is  situated  the  citadel,  which  has  formerly- 
been  strong.  This  fort  is  said  to  be  of  the  highest 
antiquity,  and  originally  built  by  the  Hindoos.  In 
the  citadel  is  an  altar,  consisting  of  a  plain  black 
marble  slab,  on  which  the  tutelary  deity  of  the 

221 


CHU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CIN 


place  is  traditionally  supposed  to  be  seated  at  all 
times,  except  from  sunrise  till  nine  in  the  morn- 
ing, when  he  is  at  Benares,  during  which  time, 
from  the  superstition  of  the  Hindoos,  attacks  may 
be  made  with  a  prospect  of  success.  Chunar  has 
always  been  considered  as  a  post  of  great  conse- 
quence on  the  Ganges,  from  its  insulated  situation,. 


sponding  in  some  degree  to  the  ancient  Susia 
bounded  N.  by  Irac  Agemi,  E.  by  Farsistan,S. 
the  Persian  gulf,  and  west  by  the  Tigris  river. 

Chtmistry,  derived  by  Webster  from  the  Ar 
bic  kimria,  the  occult  art  or  science  from  kamai, 
to  conceal.  It  differs  only  apparently  in  original 
meaning  from  alchemy,  as  the  latter  is  compounded 


projecting  forward  to  a  great  extent,  and  being  of  of  al  (the)  and  chimi,  chymistry.  As  now  used, 
considerable  height.  At  this  place  is  kept  the  this  term  means  both  the  art  and  science  of  deter- 
magazine  of  ammunition  and  artillery  for  the  brig  ]  mining,  by  every  form  of  analysis  and  synthesis, 
ade  of  Cawnpore.  It  is  385  ms  N  W.  of  Calcut-[  the  relative  properties  of  bodies,  their  aetion  upon 
ta.    Lon.  85  50  E.,  lat.  25  10  N. 

Chunaub,  or  Jenaub,  river  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, one  of  the  five  eastern  branches  of  the  Indus. 
It  runs  through  Cashmere  and  Lahore,  between 


^ach  other,  and  modifications  by  mixture,  &c. 
I  Few  reflect  on  the  universality  of  this  science  and 
I  art  united.  Every  trade  or  profession,  having  for 
|  object  the  compounding  or  modification  of  matter, 
the  Chelum  and  the  Rauvee.    Its  general  course  I  is  practical  chymistry,  from  the  production  of  metal 


is  from  NE.  to  SW.,  and,  after  leaving  Jummoo, 
is  through  a  flat  country,  gradually  approaching  to 
the  Chelum.  It  is  united  with  both  these  rivers  at 
some  distance  above  Moultan.  Its  junction  with 
the  Chelum,  about  80  ms.  above  Moultan,  is  effect- 
ed wiih  great  violence  and  noise,  and  no  less  dan- 
ger to  navigators.  The  Chunaub  is  the  Acessines 
of  Alexander. 

Chun's  Store,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  Tenn., 
200  ms.  E.  from  Murfreesboroueh. 


from  the  ore  to  baking  of  a  loaf  of  bread.  As  a  sci- 
ence, there  is  no  other  the  study  of  which  is  so 
universally  requisite  and  useful.  A  good  work,  in 
a  popular  form,  on  chymistry,  is  a  most  valuable 
laboi-saving  machine,,  and  ought  to  be  in  the  libra- 
ry of  every  family.  But  such  a  treatise  ought  to 
embrace  the  ordinary  arts  of  life,  such  as  working, 
baking,  washing  of  all  kinds  of  clothing,  the  prop- 
erties of  matter  used  in  these  operations,  and,  in 
fine,  whatever  could  contribute  to  teach  the  laws 


Chun-te-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  ofj  of  nature  to  the  world  at  large. 


Petcheii,  with  nine  populous  cities  of  the  third 
rank  under  its  jurisdiction 


Ciampa,  or  Chiampa,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bound- 
und  S.  by  the  Indian  ocean,  on  the 


I  ed  on  the  E 


Chouquibama,  town  of  Peru,  near  Camana  and  j  N.  by  Cochin  China,  and  on  the  W.  by  Cam- 


Arequipa.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  district  of  Con- 
desuyos. 

Church,  "  House  of  God."  In  English,  if  we 
gave  the  sound  according  to  etymology,  we  would 
have,  with  slight  difference  of  vowel  intonation, 
the  Scots  Kirk.  The  original  of  the  term,  there 
is  little  doubt,  is  the  Greek  word  for  circle,  an  en- 
closed place,  &c 

Church  Creek,  village  Dorchester  co.,  Md.,  7 
ms.  SW.  from  Cambridge. 

Church  Strettnn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire, 


bodia. 

Cicasica,  province  and  city  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces of  La  Plata,  on  the  river  Dessagudro,  and 
W.  from  Cochabamba.  Central  lat.  18°  S.,  lon. 
W.  C.  9°  E. 

Cicero,  town,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1820,  1303. 

Ciclui,  or  Ciclugh,  frontier  tuwn  of  Dalmatia, 
on  a  rocky  hill  on  The  W.  bank  of  the  Narentha. 
Lon.  18  22  E.,  lat  43  29  N. 

Cilicia,  now  the  SE.  part  of  Caramania,  in 


14  ms.  S.  of  Shrewsbury,  and   153  WNW.  of.  Asiatic  Turkey.    This  singular  triangular  valley 


London.    Lon.  2  46  W.,  lat.  52  32  N. 


occupies  the  region  adjacent  to  the  NE.  angle  ol 


Churchhill  Fort,  fort  on  Churchhill  river,  on  |  the  Mediterranean,  between  that  sea,  Pamphylia, 


the  E.  side  of  Hudson's  bay.  Lon.  17  3  W.  W. 
C,  lat.  58  48  N. 

Churchhill,  village  Queen  Anne  co.,  Md.,  on 
Southeast  creek,  a  branch  of  Chester  river,  about 
9  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Chestertown,  and  the  same  dis- 
tance N.  by  E.  of  Centreville.  Village,  Abbe- 
ville district,  S.   C.  Village,  Trumbull  co., 

Ohio.  Cape  in  Hudson's  bay,  40  ms.  E.  from 

the  mouth  of  Churchhill  river.    Lon.  W  C.  16° 

W.,  lat.  58  54  N.  River  of  New  South 

Wales,  falling  into  Hudson's  bay  at  Fort  Church- 
hill, 29  ms.  from  the  cape  of  the  same  name. 

Church  Fort,  on  Hudson's  bay,  at  the  mouth 
of  Churchhill  river.  Lat.  59°  N.,  lon.  17°  W. 
from  W.  C. 

Church  Town,  village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  55 
ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Church  Tract,  post  office,  Alleghanv  co.,  New 
York. 

Churchville,  village,  Middlesex  co. 
NE.  by  E.  from  Richmond 


Cappadocia,  Armenia,  and  the  mountains  oi 
Amanus. 

Cilley,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Camiola.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same 
name,  and  seated  on  the  Saan,  36  ms.  NE.  ol 
Laubach.    Lon.  15  15  E.,  lat.  46  31  N. 

Cimbrisham,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  Schonen. 
Lon.  13  30  E-.,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Cina'oa,  called  also  San  Felipe  de  Santiago, 
town  of  Mexico,  in  Sonoro.  Lon.  W.  C.  30  50 
W.,  lat.  25  50  N.    Pop.  10,000. 

Cincinnati,  is  a  large  commercial  city,  and  seat 
of  justice  for  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.  It  is  situated 
on  the  N.  bank^»f  Ohio  river,  opposite  Newport, 
Ky.,  and  about  20  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Great  Miami  river,  at  the  S  W.  corner  of  the  State. 
The  town  was  laid  off  in  January,  1789,  adjacent 
to  Fort  Washington,  which  had  been  erected  dur- 
ing the  autumn  previous.  It  was  settled  by  emi- 
Va.,80  ms.  [grants  from  N.  J.  and  the  New  England  States, 
|  but  did  not  extensively  improve  until  after  General 


Chusan,  island  on  the  E.  coast  of  China,  wherej  Wayne  had  defeated  the  hostile  Indians  in  August, 


the  English  East 
tory.    Lon.  124c 


India  Company 
E.,  30°  N. 


had  once  a  fac- 


1791.  Since  that  period,  however,  it,  together 
with  the  adjacent  country,  has  rapidly  progressed 


Chusestan,  province  of  Modern  Persia,  corre-!in  population,  wealth,  and  internal  improvements 
222 


CIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CIN 


Among  the  public  buildings  are  two  presbyte- 
ian,  two  methodist,  one  episcopalian,  and  one 
riends' meeting  house,  besides  an  elegant  and  cost- 
y  court-house  and  jail,  and  2  extensive  market 
ousesjr  one  of  which,  called  the  lower  market,  is 
uilt  with  triple  rows  of  pillars  300  feet  long.  The  j 
larkets  are  held  in  them  four  days  in  a  week,  two 
ays  at  each,  alternately.  Here  are  also  several 
nanufacturing  establishments  for  cotton  and  wool-j 
n  goods,  for  paper,  and  for  silver,  brass,  copper,  \ 
nd  iron  wares,  and  machinery  of  various  descrip- 1 
ions.  Here  are  also  four  printing  offices,  three  of  j 
phich  print  weekly  newspapers,  likewise  four  book: 
tores,  a  type  foundry,  and  a  manufactory  for) 
making  cards  for  carding  machines.  One  of  thej 
machines  in  this  establishment  is  a  great  specimen  ) 
f  human  ingenuity.  By  the  simple  process,  i 
nerely,  of  a  boy  turning  a  small  crank,  the  wire  | 
s  drawn  from  a  reel,  cut  oft'  at  a  suitable  length,! 
ent  into  card  teeth,  the  leather  perforated,  and 
seth  set  therein,  all  by  the  one  process  above  men- 
liimed. 

In  January,  1819,  a  medical  college  was  estab-j 
.shed  here  by  the  Ohio  Legislature;  and  during! 
■he  same  month  the  Cincinnati  college  was  also  | 
jhartered,  both  of  which  are  now  progressing,  with  \ 
j  prospect  of  becoming  useful  institutions  for  the  I 
[pestern  country.  The  faculties  of  both  colleges 
|re  in  some  measure  united,  and  both  occupy,  j 
lonjointly,  the  public  edifices  designed  for  their  j 
ccommodation. 

Cincinnati  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  old  ter- , 
■tori a  1  government  until  1800,  and  in  January, 
819,  was  incorporated  as  a  city.  Distance,  S.  i 
ly  W.  from  Dayton,  52  ms.,  110  SW.  from  Co-i 
limbus,  93  W.  by  S.  from  Chillicothe,  and  82  N.  j 
v  E.  from  Frankfort,  in  Ky.  Lat.  39  6  N.,  Ion.  j 
[V.  C.  7  25  W. 

The  following  account  of  the  local  t?ituation  of; 
Cincinnati,  and  enumeration  and  description  of  the1 
rarious  public  edifices  and  improvements,  are  tak- 
m  from  Doctor  Daniel  Drake's  valuable  «'  Picture! 
m  Cincinnati  and  the  Miami  country,"  published 
n  1815.   I  have  repeated  this  rather  long  and  now 
lertainly  only  historical  description  in  fact  as  his- 
tory, but  may  preface  it  by  noticing  the  far  most 
Important  improvement  of  Cincinnati — the  Miami 
anal,  which  joins  the  Ohio  in  the  city,  and  the 
>avement  of  the  river  front. 

M  Its  site  is  the  eastern  part  of  a  tract  of  alluvial  • 
>r  bottom  land,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  a  chain  of  I 
idges,  on  the  W.  by  Mill  creek,  on  the  S.  by  the ; 
iver,  and  on  the  E.  by  Deer  creek,  a  brook  which 
>riginates  in  the  neighboring  uplands.  The  area 
'f  all  this  plain  is  about  4  sq.  ms.  It  is  unequally 
ilevated,  and  the  upper  and  lower  tables  have  re- 
vived from  the  inhabitants  the  names  of  Hill  and 
bottom.  The  latter  (gradually  widening)  stretch- 
's westA'ardiy  from  the  mouth  of  Deer  creek,  where 
t  is  but  200  feet  broad,  to  the  interval  lands  of 
Vlill  creek.  Its  medium  breadth  is  about  800  feet 
The  i\W.  portions  of  this  slip  are  the  lowest. 
They  have  been  overflown  a  few  times  since  the 
Settlement  of  the  town,  and  in  March,  1793,  the 
phole  of  this  plain  was  inundated.  The  hill  rises 
kbout  50  feet  above  the  bottom.  The  ascent, 
•vhich  is  at  first  steep,  soon  becomes  gradual,  and 
Continues  for  the  distance  of  nearly  1,000  feet, 
t-vhen  the  surface  declines  gently  to  the  base  of  the 


adjoining  highlands.  The  medium  breadth  of  this 
table  is  about  one  mile.  Its  western  portions  arc 
uneven,  and,  towards  Mill  creek,  descend  to  the 
level  of  the  bottom.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river  the  valley  has  nearly  the  same  expansion. 
The  ranges  of  hills  bordering  these  extensive  plains 
intersect  each  other  in  such  directions  as  to  com- 
pose an  imperfect  square,  through  the  N£.  and 
SW.  angles  of  which  the  Ohio  enters  and  passes 
out.  Being  variously  divided  by  streams  and  rivu- 
lets, lying  at  different  distances  from  the  town,  and 
having  a  dense  covering  of  tall  trees,  these  ridges 
afford  a  pleasant  termination  to  the  view. 

"  Philadelphia  seems  to  have  been  the  model  af- 
ter which  that  portion  of  this  town  first  laid  out 
was  planned.  Between  Broadway  and  Western 
Row  there  are  six  streets,  each  66  feet  wide,  run- 
ning from  the  river  N.  16  0  W.,  and  lying  396 
feet  asunder.  These  are  intersected  at  right  an- 
gles by  others  of  the  same  width,  and  at  the  same 
distance  frem  each  other,  except  Water  and  Front 
streets,  and  Second  and  Third  streets,  the  former 
of  which  are  nearer,  and  the  latter,  on  account  of 
the  brow  of  the  hill,  more  distant.  Not  a  single 
alley,  court,  or  diagonal  street,  and  but  one  com- 
mon was  laid  out.  The  blocks,  or  squares,  were 
each  divided  into  eight  lots,  99  by  198  feet,  ex- 
cept those  lying  between  Second  and  Third  streets, 
which  made  ten  los  each,  and  those  between  front 
and  Water  streets.  The  out-lots,  81  in  number, 
contain  4  acres  each,  and  lie  chiefly  in  the  N.  of 
the  town.  This  plan  was  not  deposited  in  the 
public  archives  for  record  until  the  29th  of  April, 
1802.  The  streets  in  that  part  of  the  town  laid 
out  by  John  C.  Symmes  are  but  60  feet  wide. 
Those  intersecting  the  river  ran  N.  44  0  W.,  and 
lie  at  the  same  distance  from  each  other  as  the 
streets  in  the  original  town ;  but  the  cross  streets 
are  nearer,  and  hence  the  lots  of  this  quarter  are 
shorter.  The  plan  of  this  survey  was  not  record- 
ed by  the  proprietor  till  the  12th  of  September, 
1811.  The  reservation  of  the  General  Govern 
ment  was  surveyed  so  as  to  connect  the  plats  just 
described.  The  different  subdivisions  will  be  bes* 
understood  by  a  reference  to  the  engraved  plan. 

"  The  new  Presbyterian  church  is  a  very  spa- 
cious  brick  edifice,  measuring  68  by  85  feet.  Its 
eastern  and  narrower  front  looks  towards  Main 
street,  and  is  cornered  with  square  turrets  crowned 
with  cupolas.  From  the  rear  is  an  octagonal  pro- 
jection, for  a  vestry.  The  roof  is  of  common  form 
The  height  from  the  ground  to  the  eaves  is  only 
40  feet,  to  the  top  of  the  cupola  80,  which  is  less 
than  either  side,  including  the  towers,  and  hence 
the  aspect  of  the  building  is  low  and  heavy.  The 
stair  cases  are  in  the  basement  of  the  turrets,  and 
are  entered  without  passing  into  the  house.  The 
inside  is  divided  into  112  pews,  and  5  capacious 
aisles. 

"  The  Episcopalian  church,  in  Sixth  street,  is  a 
handsome  and  commodious  brick  edifice,  40  by  55 
feet,  well  furnished  with  doors  and  windows,  or- 
namented with  a  balustrade,  and  finished  inside 
with  taste.  N 

"The  Cincinnati  college,  on  Walnut  street,  in 
the  rear  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  is  an  exten- 
sive two-story  brick  edifice,  consisting  of  two  ob- 
long wings,  extending  from  Walnut  street  88  feet 
deep.  Near  the  front,  they  are  connected  by  an 
v  223 


CIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CIO 


Whites. — A<ies. 


apartment,  for  stair  cases,  18  by  30  feet,  out  of  Free  colored  males 
which  arises  a  dome-capped  peristyle,  designed  for        Do.  females 
an  observatory.    The  front  of  this  intermediate  I 
apartment  is  to  be  decorated  with  a  colonnade,  j 
forming  a  handsome  portico,  12  feet  deep  and  30 
feet  long.    The  front  and  each  side  are  ornament- 
ed with  a  pediment  and  Corinthian  cornice.  The 
aspect  of  the  building  is  light  and  airy. 

"The  buildings  of  the  Cincinnati  Manufacture  

ing  Company,  on  the  bank  above  Deer  creek,  are 

numerous  and  extensive  ;  the  main  edifice  is  150  

feet  long,  from  20  to  37  feet  wide,  and  from  2  to  4    n  S  . 
stories  high.  5  to  in 

"  The  most  capacious,  elevated,  and  perma-  j  J9 }°  ^ 
nent  building  in  this  place  is  the  steam-  mill,  erect-  120  to  30 
ed  in  the  years  1812,  '13,  and  '14,  on  the  river '30  to  40 
beach,  upon  a  bed  of  horizontal  limestone  rocks,  ''50  to  60 
and  in  high  floods  is  for  its  whole  length  exposed  ;6<»to70 
to  the  current.    The  foundation  is  62  by  87  feet,  |  gj  £  80 
and  about  10  feet  thick.    Its  height  is  110  feet, 
and  the  number  of  stories  nine,  including  two  above 
the  eaves.    To  the  height  of  40  feet,  the  wall  is 
battered,  or  drawn  in ;  above,  it  is  perpendicular. 
The  cornice  is  of  brick,  and  the  roof  of  wood,  in 
the  common  style.    It  has  24  doors  and  90  win- 
dows.   The  limestone  with  which  it  was  built  was  \  " 
quarried  at  various  places,  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  j 

and  measures  in  the  wall  6,620  perches.    Besides  j  

this,  it  swallowed  up  90,000  bricks,  14,800  bush- 1  OtoIO 
els  of  lime,  and  81,200  cubic  feet  of  timber.  Its  J2{j|| 
weight  is  estimated  at  15,655  tons.  Through  the  (30  to  55 
building  there  is  a  wall  dividing  each  story  into  two  >  55  to  100 


528 
562 


Total  free  colored 
Total  population 

Population  in  1840. 


24,8 


90  10  100 

100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males. 


3,451 
2,066 
1,816 
2,216 
7,321 
3,800 
1,496 
673 
302 
92 
16 
4 
1 

23,254 
20,844 


44,098 


Fet 


Free  colored.— Ages. 


unequal  apartments,  the  one  designed  for  manufac 
luring  flour,  the  other  for  receiving  wool  and  cotton 
machinery,  a  flaxseed  oil  mill,  fulling  mill,  and 
several  other  machines." 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males         -  1,358 
Do.   do.    females       •  -  -  1,100 

All  other  persons  except  Indians,  not 

taxed  ...  82 

Slaves  -  -  -  -  none 


100  and  upwards 


Total  colored 


Males.  1  F 


206 
291 
315 
146 


1,005 
1,235 


2.240 


ST'  M.MAHY. 


Total  whites 
l  Total  colored 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 
Do.    do.  females 


2,540 


Aggregate.  - 

Progressive  pop  u  lation . 


4,919 
4,290 


18in 
1820 
1830 
1840 


2.5* 
9,64 
-4,63 
■16,35 


Cinque  Porta,  Nornian  F tench,  and  I 
Five  Ports.    The  term  is  applied  to  five 


Total  whites 
Free  persons  of  color, 

Do.  do. 
Slaves,  males  - 
Do.    female  - 


lieralh 
hnvem 

9  209  on  tne  eastern  coast  of  England,  Hastings,  Rom 


males 
females 


219 
214 
none 


Total  population  in  1820 

Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  agriculture  - 
Do.    in  manufactures 
Do.    in  commerce  - 


Population  in  1830. 


White  males 
Do.  females 


Total  whites 
224 


ney,  Hythe,  Dover,  and  Sandwich.  Winchelse; 
and  Rye  are  often  connected  with  the  Cinqm 
j  ports.    The  original  cause  of  giving  a  distinct  pr 
none  jganization  to  these  ports  was  their  relative  posi 

 ition  towards  Fr.,  and  their  importance  as  defen 

),642  |sive  positions  against  invasion  from  that  kingdom 
j  A  warden  (keeper  or  guardian)  is  still  appointe< 
over  the  Cinque  ports,  and  each  sends  two  inem 
bers  to  Parliament. 

Cinthiania,  Harrison  co..  Ky, — See  Cynthiana 
Cintra,  cape  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura 
called  the  rock  of  Lisbon,  on  the  north  side  of  th« 
entrance  of  the  Tajo.    On  it  is  a  town  of  th 
!  same  name,  14  ms.  W.  of  Lisbon..    Lon.  9  3< 
2,485  W.,  lat.  38  46  N. 

Ciotat,  seaport  of  Fr..  in  the  dep.  of  the  Mouth 
of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  Provence,  de 
23,741  fended  by  a  strong  fort.     It  is  famous  for  Musca 


240 
99 
753 
313 


11,256 


CIT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CLA 


ine  wine,  and  is  seated  on  the  bay  of  Laquee, 
otvveen  Marseilles  and  Toulon.  Lon.  5  4(5  E., 
t.  43  12  N. 

Circars,   Northern,  5  provinces  on  the  west 
oast  of  the  bay  of  Bengal.    They  were  originally 
enominated  Northern,  from  their  position  in  re- 
peat to  Madras,  on  which  they  depend.    Of  the 
northern  Ci rears,  Cicacole,  Rajamundry,  Ellore, 


nd  Condapilly,  are  in  the  possession  of  the  Eng-  a  bishop's 
sh,  and  Guntoor  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Nizam, 
'he  first  4  extends  from  the  north  bank  of  the 
[isfna  to  Chilka  lake,  forming  a  narrow  slip  of 
ountry  350  ins.  long,  and  from  26  to  75  broad, 
'ounded  by  mountains  and  extensive  forests  on  the   10  ms 
ide  opposite  the  sea.    The  English  Circars  had   12  N. 
cen  ceded  to  the  French  by  the  Nizam  of  the 
)eccan,  in  1753;  but  they   were  conquered  by 


City  Point,  village  and  port  of  entry,  in  Prince 
George  co.,  Va.,  on  James,  at  the  mouth  of  Ap- 
pomattox river,  20  ms.  below  Richmond. 

Ciudad-Real,  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Man- 
cha.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  dressing 
leather  for  gloves.  It  is  2  ms.  from  the  Gaudiana, 
and  90  S.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  25  W.,  lat.  38  58  N. 
Ciudad-Rodrigo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  with 


seated  on  the  river  Aqua.la,  40 
ms.  SW.  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  5  58  W.,  lat. 
40  33  N. 

Civita-di- Friu li,  small  but  ancient  town  tf 
Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli,  seated  on  the  Natisona, 
E.  of  Udena.     Lon.  13  15  E.,  lat.  46 


si  CI 


Civita-di-Penna,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzza  Ulteriore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  near  the 
ive  in  1759,  and  produce  an  annual  river  Salino,   35  ms.  NE.  of  Aquila.    Lon.  14 


evenue  of  £360,000.— See  Guntoor. 

Circassia,  country  of  Asia.  This  country  has 
)ng  been  celebrated  for  the  extraordinary  beauty 


52  E.,  lat.  42  27  N. 

Civita-Castilana,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Rornana,  on  a  high  rock,  at  the  foot  of  which 


fits  women  ;  and  here  it  was  that  the  practice  of  is  a  river,  which  falls  into  the  Tiber.    It  is  25  ms. 


loculating  for  the  small  pox  first  began.  Terki, 
:e  principal  city,  is  seated  in  a  very  spacious  plain, 
ery  swampy  towards  the  sea  side,  in  43  23  N. 
it.  ;  it  is  about  2  ms,  in  compass,  well  fortified 
l  ith  ramparts  and  bastions  in  the  modern  style, 
;  ell  stored  with  cannon,  and  has  always  a  con- 
Jderable  garrison  in  it,  under  »the  command  of 
i  governor. — See  Cherkese. 

|  Cirencester,  a  considerable  borough  of  Eng., 
l  Gloucestershire.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest  marts 
l  Eng.  fur  wool,  and  is  18  ms.  SE.  of  Glou- 
fester,  and  89  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  58  W., 
it  51  43  N. 


NW.  of  Rome.    Lon.  12  35  E.,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Civita-Vecchia,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  with  an  arsenal.  Here  the 
Pope's  galleys  were  formerly  stationed,  and  it 
was  a  free  port ;  but  the  air  is  unwholesome.  It 
is  35  ms.  NW.  of  Rome.  Lon.  11  51  E.,  lat. 
42  5  N. 

Clackamus,  river,  U.  S.,  enters  the  Wallamut, 
of  Columbia. 

Clackmannan,  small  town  in  Scotland,  and 
capital  of  the  county  of  the  some  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Forth,  and  stands 
on  a  hill,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  castle,  com- 


1  Circleville,  village,  and  seat  of  justice  in  Pic-  !  Standing  a  noble  prospect.    It  is  23  ms.  N.  by  E. 
away  co.,  O.,  on  the  east  side  of  Sciota  river,  !  of  Glasgow.    Lon.  3  40  W.,  lat.  56  5  N. 
t  W.  lon.  W.  C.  5  5  lat.   39  36  N.  26  ms.  j     Clackmannanshire,  co.  of  Scotland,  bounded 
elow  Columbia.    It  derives  its  name  from  some  on  the    E.    by    Fifeshire,  on  the  N.  and  W. 


ncient  works  in  a  rude  circular  form,  on  the  site 
f  which  it  is  situated.  The  adjacent  country  is 
jmongst  the  most  fertile  of  the  Ohio  valley.  The 
|te  of  Circleville  is  an  undulating  plain,  and 


by  Perthshire ;  and  on  the  S  by  the  Forth. 
It  is  8  ms.  in  length,  and  5  in  breadth.  The 
oountry  is  plain  and  fertile  towards  the  Firth, 
producing  corn  and  pasture  in  abundance.  This 


ment.  It  is  watered  by  the  rivers  Forth  and  Dt 
van.    Pop.  in  1801,  10,858,  in  1811,  10,010; 


mugh  extensive  remains  of  human  works  really  shire,   with  Kinross,  sends  1  member  to  parlia 
jxisted  on  that  plain,  much  of  what  has  been  so 
igarded,  was,  and  is,  the  work  of  nature.  The 

''hole  subsoil  is  clay,  admixed  with  sand  and  peb-  and  in  1821,  13,263 

le,  similar  to  the  formation  of  so  much  of  O.,  j  Clagenfurt,  town,  of  Germany,  capital  of  Co- 
i ,  and  111.  The  Ohio  canal  passes  along  the  rinthia,  50  ms.  S  W.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  20 
DUthem  margin  of  the  town,  giving  great  water  E.,  lat.  46  53  N. 

ower  and  commercial  advantage  to  the  place.        j     Claiborne,  co.,  Tenn.,   between  Clinch  and 
Cirenza,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  Basilicata,   Powell's  rivers;  bounded  by  Va.,  N.,  by  Haw- 

the  river  kin's  co..  in  Tenn.,  E.,  Clinch  river,  or  Granger, 


ith  a  bishop's  see.     It  is  seated  on 
Irandono,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  97  ms. 
1.  of  Naples.    Lon.  16  10  E.,  lat.  40  44  N. 

Cittadello,  seaport  and  capital  of  Minorca,  on 
le'VV.  side  of  that  island.  Lon.  3  34  E.,  lat. 
9  54  N. 

Cdta-di-Castelh,  populous  city  of  Italy,  capi- 
d  of  a  country  of  the  same  name  in  Umbra, 
ith  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tiber,  27  ms. 
W.  of  Urb'mo.    Lon.  12  18  E.,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Ci/ta-Nouva,  city  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
-ncona,  containing  16  churches  and  convents 
"ithin  its  walls,  and  15  without.  It  is  seated  on 
ie  Gulf  of  Venice,  10  ms.  S.  of  Loretto.  Lon. 
3  40  E.,  lat.  43  16  N.  seaport  of  Venetian 


and  Knox  SE.,  and  Powell's  river,  or  Campbell, 
NW.  :  length  40,  mean  width  10  ms.  ;  area  400 
sq.  ms  ;  surface  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous  ; 
soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Taze- 
well. Pop.  in  1820,  5,508,  and  in  1840,  9,474. 
Central  lat.  36  25  N  ,  lon.  W.  C.  6  40  W. 
 Co.,  Miss.,  bounded  NW.  by  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Big-black  rivers,  E,  bounding  co., 
uncertain,  and  S.  by  Jefferson  ;  surface,  except 
along  the  bounding  rivers,  hilly  ;  length  32  ms., 
mean  width  12;  area  384  ;  soil  varied,  productive 
on  the  alluvion  of  the  streams,  but  towards  the 
eastern  pan  sterile  pine  woods.  Staple,  cotton. 
Chief  town,  Gibsonport.    Pop.  in  1820,  5,963, 


Ura,  with  a  bishop's  see,  60  ms.  E.  of  Venice,  and  in  1840,  13,078.  The  32°  N.  lat.,  and  14° 
•on.  14  2  E.,  Lat.  45  36  N.  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  intersect  in  this  county. 


29 


225 


GL.A 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CLA 


Claiborne  Fort,  town  on  the  left  bank  of  Ala-| 
bama  river,  in  Monroe  co.,  Ala,,  at  the  head  of 
schooner  navigation.  25  ms.  E.  from  fort  St. 
.Stephens. 

Ciameci,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Nievre, 
and  late  province  of  Nivernois.  Ciameci  is  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Beuvron  and  Yonne,  112 
ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  36  E.,  lat.  47 
28  N. 

Claphan,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  noted  for 
many  handsome  villas,  which  chiefly  surround  a 
beautiful  common  ;  3  ms.  SW.  of  London. 

Clara,  St.,  small  island  of  S.  America,  in  Peru, 
in  the  Bay  of  Guayaquil,  70  ms.  SW.  of  Guayaquil, 

Lon.  82  20  W.  lat.  2  20  S.  Small  island  or 

rather  rock,  one  of  the  Canaries,  between  Lan- 
cerota,  and  Allegranza. 

Clare,  town  of  Suffolk,  with  a  manufacture  of 
baize.  It  is  seated  near  the  Stour,  15  ms.  S.  of 
St.  Edmund's  Bury,  and  56  NE.  of  London. 
Lon.  0  36  E,,  lat  52  12  N. 

Clare,  St.  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Munster,  55  ms.  in  length,  and  38  in 
breadth ;  bounded  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  the 
Shannon,  which  separates  it  from  Tipperary, 
Limeric,  and  Kerry,  on  the  W.  by  the  Atlantic, 
and  on  the  N.  by  Galway.  It  contains  2  market 
towns  and  73  parishes,  and  before  the  Union  sent 

4  members  to  the  Irish  parliament.  Town  of 

Ireland,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
17  ms.  NW.  of  Limeric.  Lon.  8  46  W.,  lat. 
52  52  N. 

Claremont,  town,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.  Pop. 

in  1810,  2,094;  in  1820,  2,090.  Village  in 

the  last  noticed  tp.,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  on 
Sugar  river,  52  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Concord. 

Clarence,  tp.,  in  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 

in  1820,  3,278.  Tp.,  Stormont  co.,  U.  C, 

on  the  Ottawa  river. 

Clarence,  Duke  of,  straits  on  the  NW.  coast 
of  N.  America,  between  Duke  of  York  and 
Prince  of  Wales  islands  ;  and  between  Prince  of 
Wales  island  and  Point  Barry.  Lon.  W.  C.  56° 
WT.  lat.  56  30  N. 

Clarendon,  village  of  Eng.,  3  ms.  E.  from  Salis- 
bury, where  Henry  II  summoned  a  council  of  the 
barons  and  prelates,  in  1164,  who  enacted  that 
body  of  laws,  since  called  the  Constitutions  of 

Clarendon.  Town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  30  ms. 

W.  from  Windsor.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,800.  Tp. 

and  post  town,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y.,  13  ms.  W. 
from  Rochester,  S.  from  Erie  canal,  and  SE.  from 
Batavia. 

Clarens,  or  Chalillard,  village  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  delightfully  situated  not  far 
from  Vevay,  on  an  eminence,  whose  declivity 
slopes  gradually  towards  the  lake  of  Geneva. 

Claridon,  tp.  and  village,  Geauga  co.,  O.,  by 
the  post  office  list  170  ms  NE.  from  Columbus, 
30  ms.  due  E.  from  Cleveland,  and  28  ms.  NW. 
from  Warren,  co.  seat  of  Trumbull  co.  Pop.  of 
the  tp.  in  1820,  588 

Claringion,  small  village  on  the  western  bank 
of  Ohio  river,  Salem  tp.,  Monroe  co.,  18  ms.  E. 
from  Woodsfield,  the  co.  seat,  and  about  55  ms. 
by  land  route  above  Marietta. 

Claritza,  seaport  of  European  Turkey,  in  the 
ancient  Thessaly,  to  the  S.  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Peneus.    Lon.  22  54  E.,  lat.  39  45  N. 
226 


i 


■ 

Clark,  tp.,  Ciinton  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,21U.  Tp,  Brown  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,892.  Co.  of  Va.,  bounded  N.  by  Jefferson, 

E.  by  Loudon,  S.  by  Fauquier  and  WTarren,  and 
W.  by  Frederic.    It  lies  westward  of  the  Bl 
Ridge,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Shenandoah  rivi 

 Co.  of  Georgia,  bounded  by  Madison 

Jackson  N.,  the  Appalatchee  river  separates  it 
the  W.  from  Walton  and  Morgan,  and  havm§ 
Green  S.,  and  Oglethorpe  E.    N.  lat.  34°  tr; 
erses  its  northern  border.    Central  lon.  6  30  W 
W.  C.  Chief  town,  Watkinsville.  Pop.  in  18 

10,522.  Eastern   co.  of  Mississippi,  hav 

Wayne  S.,  Jasper  W*,  Lauderdale  N.,  and  W 
ington  and  Sumpter  cos.  of  Alabama  E.  Ceni 
lat.  32°  N.,  lon.  II  40  W.  of  W.  C.  C 
town,  Quitman.    It  is  traversed  in  a  southern 
rection  by  the  main  eastern  branch  of  Pascago' 

river.    Pop.  in  1840,  2,986.  Co.  of  ArkanBaa 

having  Pike  and  Hempstead  W.,  Union  S.  am 
SE.,  and  Hotspring  N.  N.  lat.  34°,  and  lon. 
W.  of  W.  C,  intersect  in  this  co.  Slope  so 
ward,  and  drained  by  the  main  Washitau  ri 
Chief  town,  Greenville.  Pop.  in  1840,  2,309 
Clarke,  co.  of  O.,  bounded  W.  by  Miami,  Ch 
paigne  N.,  Madison  E.,  Greene  S.,  and  Mi 
gomery  SW.  Area,  412  sq.  ms.  The  slope  o 
this  co.  is  to  the  southwest,  and  in  that  directioi 
traversed  by  Mad  river,  Little  Miami  river,  am 
Darby  creek,  have  their  sources  in  the  southeasten 
part,  and  in  the  northwestern  rise  and  flow  fron 
some  branches  of  Great  Miami.  The  soil  is  of  un 
surpassed  fertility.  The  national  road  enters  j 
little  N.  of  the  middle  of  the  eastern  border,  am 
inclining  a  little  S.  of  W.  divides  the  co.  into  twt 
not  very  unequal  portions.  It  is  also  traversei 
nearly  centrically  by  N.  lat.  39  55.  Springfield  i 
the  co.  seat.   Pop.  in  1830,  13,074;  and  in  1840 

16,882.  The  extreme  NE.  co.  of  Missouri 

bounded  S.  by  Lewis  co.,  SE.  by  the  Mississipp 
river,  and  NE.  by  Desmoines  river.  Chief  town 
St.  Francisville.    Central  lat.  40  25  N.,  lon.  j 

40  W.  of  W.  C.    Pop.  in  1840,  2,846.  -Co. 

Ia.,  bounded  by  the  Ohio  river  SE.,  Harrison  SW. 
Washington  W.  and  NW.,  Jennings  N.,  and  Jet 
ferson  NE.  ;  length  26  ms. ;  mean  width  19 ;  arei 
500  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  but  soil  generally  ver 
productive.  Chief  town,  Charleston.  Pop.  ii 
1820,  8,079  ;  and  in  1840,  14,595.    Central  lat 

38  30,  lon.  W.  C.  8  30  W.  Co.,  Ky.,  bound 

ed  by  Kentucky  river  N.,  Madison  and  Fayctt 
SW.,  Bourbon  NW.,  Montgomery  NE.,  and  Es 
till  SE. ;  length  25  ms. ;  mean  width  8  ;  area  20' 
sq.  ms.  ;  surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  produc 
tive.  Chief  town,  Winchester.  Pop.  in  1820 
11,449;  and  in  1840,  10,802.  Lat.  38°  N  ,  am 
lon.  7°  W.  from  W.  C,  intersect  in  the  SW.  par 

of  this  co.  Co.,  Ala.,  bounded  W.  by  Tombig 

bee  river,  N.  by  Marengo,  and  E.  by  Monroe 
length  45,  mean  width  14  ms. ;  area  840  sq.  ma 
Surface  rather  hilly,  and,  except  on  the  stream? 
soil  sterile.  Chief  town,  Jackson.  Pop.  in  1820 
5,839;  and  in  1840,  8,640.  Central  lat.  31  40 
lon.  W.  C.  10  50  W. 

Clarks,  post  office,  Cochocton  co.,  O. 
Clarkesville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Mont 
gomery  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the  point  of  land  formed  b' 
the  junction  of  Cumberland  and  Red  rivers,  45  rns 
by  land  below  Nashville.    Lat.  36  28  N.,  Ion.  W 


CLA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CLE 


J.  10  11  W.  Town,  Clarke  co .,  la.,  at  the 

ower  part  of  the  rapids  of  Ohio. 

Clarkesborough,  town,  Jackson  co.,  Ga.,  on  a 
>ranch  of  Oconee  river,  10  ms.  S.  from  Jefferson. 

Clarkesburg,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.  on  Hoo- 
ack  river,  33  ms.  NNW.  from  Lenox.    Pop.  in 

810,  231  ;  in  1820,  274.'  Town,  Montgomery 

o.,  Md.,  on  the  road  from  W.  C.  to  Fredericktown, 
J5  ms.  from  the  former,  and  15  from  the  latter 

>Iace.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Harrison 

•o.,  Va.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Monongahela, 
10  ms.  SSW.  from  Morgantown.    I,at.  39  18  N., 

on.  VV.  C.  3  20  W.  Village,  Habersham  co., 

ja.,  140  ms.  NW.  of  Augusta.  Village,  Ross 

:o.,  O,,  16  ms.  NW.  from  Chilicothe,  and  30  ms. 

t  little  W.  of  S.  from  Columbus.  Town  and 

eat  of  justice,  Lewis  co.,  Ky.,  on  a  creek  of  Ohio 
liter,  25  ms,  by  land  NNW.  from  Washington, 
Ky.    Lat.  38  44  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  10  W. 

Clark's  Ferry,  post  office,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa. 
 Post  office,  Columbiana  co.,  O. 

Clark's  field,  post  office,  Huron  co.,  O.,  137 
ns.  NNE.  from  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on  the 
veekly  post  route  from  Norwalk,  the  co.  seat,  to 
Medina,  in  Medina  co.,  12  ms.  eastward  of  the 
ormer,  and  36  westward  of  the  latter  place. 

Clark's  Fork,  river,  one  of  the  great  branches 
'M  the  Yellow  Stone,  falls  into  that  stream  from  the 
lp.,  about  100  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Bighorn 
fiver. 

I  Clarkson,  town,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,612. 

I  Clarkson,  village,  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  9  ms. 
iastward  of  New  Lisbon,  and  on  the  middle 
load  thence  to  Beavertown,  in  Penn. 

Clark's  Store,  post  office,  Martin  co.,  N.  C, 
>ost  road  120  ms.  E.  from  Raleigh. 
!  Clark's  Store  and  post  office,  Hamilton  co., 
)hio,  18  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Cincinnati,  6  ms. 
aortherly  of  Elizabethtown,  and  3  ms.  S  of  New 
laven. 

Clark's  River,  the  great  middle  branch  of  Co- 
umbia  river,  rises  in  the  Chippewan  mountains,  in- 
erlocking  with  the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  flows 
$W.,  W.  and  N  W.,  by  a  course  of  about  800  ms., 
oins  Lewis's  river  and  forms  the  Columbia. 
1  Clarkstoivn,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Rockland 
:o.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,808. 

Clarksville,  village,  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  85  ms 

SW.  from  Columbus.  Green  co.,  Penn. — See 

Clarkesville.  Village,  Wayne  co.  Penn.  

tillage,  King  and  Queen  co.,  Va.,  50  ms.  NE. 

>om  Richmond.  Village,  Habersham  co.,  Ga., 

140  ms.  N.  from  Milledgeville. — See  Clarksville. 

 Village,  Pike  co.,  Mo.,  on  the  Miss,  river, 

33  ms.  NNW.  from  St.  Charles,  and  93  in  asim- 

lar  direction  from  St.  Louis.  Village,  Clark 

o.,  Ala.,  12  ms.  NE.  from  St.  Stephens.  Vil- 

age,  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  10  ms.  westward  of  Wil- 
nington,  the  co.  seat,  and  13  ms.  eastward  of 
fiebanon,  co.  seat  of  Warren  co. 

Ciaverack,  tp.,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in 

1820,  2,813.  Village,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y., 

1  ms.  E.  of  Hudson. 

Claude,  St.,  handsome  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
>f  Jura,  and  late  province  of  Franche  Compte. 
>etween  3  high  mountains,  on  the  river  Lison, 
md  owes  its  origin  to  a  celebrated  abbey,  built  in 
425,  in  this  then  barren  and  uninhabited  country. 


The  cathedral  is  extremely  elegant.  In  this  city 
are  many  public  fountains  with  large  basins.  It  is 
35  ms.  NW.  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  18  E.,  lat.  46 
24  N. 

Clausenburg%  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the 
river  Samos,  60  ms.  NW.  of  Hermanstadt.  On 
one  of  the  gates  is  an  inscription  in  honor  of  the 
emperor  Trajan.    Lon.  23  20  E.,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Clay,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  on  an  arm  of 
the  sea,  between  two  rivers,  20  ms.  NW.  of  Nor^ 

wich.    Here  are  some  large  salt  works.  Co. 

of  Ken.,  on  the  head  waters  of  Cumberland  and 
Kentucky  rivers,  bounded  by  Knox  SE.,  Rock- 
castle W.,  Madison,  Estell,  and  Floyd  N.,  and 
Floyd  E.  ;  length  50,  mean  width,  about  40  ms.  ; 
area,  2,000  sq.  ms.  ;  surface,  very  hilly  and  rocky  ; 
soil  in  some  places  productive,  but  in  general  of 
middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Manchester.  Pop. 
in  1820,  4,393;  in  1830,  3,548;  and  in  1840, 
4,607.    Ctl.  lat.  37  25  N.,  lon.  6  30  W.  from 

W.  C.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Clay  co.,  Mo., 

post  road,  286  ms.  up  the  Missouri  river,  above 

St.  Charles,  and  300  from  St.  Louis.  Village 

in  western  part  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Maumee  turnpike,  16  ms.  westward  of  Lower  San- 
dusky. 

Clay-ponds,  light-house  on  Cape  Cod,  Mass. 

Claysville,  village,  Washington  co.,  Penn.,  on 
the  U.  S.  turnpike  road,  10  ms.  W.  from  the  bo- 
rough of  Washington,  and  20  E.  from  Wheeling. 
This  village  contains  about  30  houses  in  one  street 

along  the  road.     Pop.  in  1840,292.  Village, 

Harrison  co.,  Kentucky,  48  ms.  NE.  from  Frank- 
fort. 

Clayton,  Perry  co.,  Ohio. — See  Rehoboth,  same 

co.  and  State.  Eastern  tp.,  Perry  co.,  Ohio, 

on  the  waters  of  Hockhocking  river. 

Claytonville,  village,  Rabun  co. ,  Ga.,  160  ms. 
NNW.  from  Milledgeville. 

Clayville,  as  in  post  office  list,  or  Claysville,  as 
in  Ohio  Gazetteer,  village,  Westland  tp.,  Guern- 
sey  co  ,  Ohio,  10  ms.  SSW.  of  Cambridge  the  co. 
seat,  18  ms.  almost  exactly  E.  of  Zanesville,  and 
11  ms.  SE.  of  Norwich  on  the  National  road. 

Clear,  Cape,  promontory  of  a  little  island  on 
the  S.  of  Ireland.    Lon.  11  45  W.,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Clear,  creek  of  Ohio,  joining  the  Great  Miami 
from  the  left,  in  the  NE.  corner  of  Butler  co. 

Clear,  Creek,  tp.,  Warren  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in 

1820,  2,444.  Tp.,  Richland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 

in  1820,  309.  On  the  maps  the  village  in  Clear 
creek  tp.,  Richland  co.,  is  called  Vermillion;  the 
post  office  is,  however,  named  Clear  creek,  and 
situated  18  ms.  NE.  of  Mansfield  and  23  ms.  N  W. 
of  Wooster,  co.  seat  of  Wayne  co.  Tp.,  Fair- 
field co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1810,  1126;  in  1820, 
1,174. 

Clearfield,  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  waters  of  Sus- 
quehanna, bounded  by  Inda.  W.,  Jefferson  NW., 
M'Kean  N.,  Lycoming  NE.,  and  Centre  SE.  ; 
length  45,  breadth  32  ms.,  area  1425  sq.  ms. 
This  co.  is  yet  but  very  thinly  peopled,  though 
much  of  the  soil  is  excellent,  and  the  climate  de- 
lightful. It  is  a  true  Alpine  region,  rich  in  the 
most  varied  scenery.  Clearfield  is  drained  by  the 
higher  creeks,  and  W.  branches  of  Susquehan- 
nah,  particularly  Sinnamahoning  and  Mushannon 
creeks.  Some  of  the  waters  of  Toby's  creek, 
Sandy  creek,  and  Mohulbuctitun  branches  of  Al- 

227 


CLE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CLE 


leghany  river  rise  on  and  flow  from  the  western 
part  of  this  county.  The  surface  is  generally  bro- 
ken, and  much  of  it  mountainous.  There  are  ex- 
tensive indications  of  metallic  ores,  particularly 
iron.  Chief  town,  Clearfield.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,342;  and  in  1840,  7,834.    Ctl.  lat.  1  30  N., 

Ion.  W.  C.  1  30  W.  Borough,  post  office, 

and  seat  of  justice,  Clearfield  co.,  Penn.,  on  the 
point  of  land  between  the  VV.  hranch  of  the  Sus- 
quehannah  and  Clearfield  creek.  N.  lat.  41  1, 
Ion.  VV.  C.  1  28  W. 

Clearfield  Bridge,  village,  Clearfield  co.,  Penn., 
14  ms.  S.  from  the  borough  of  Clearfield. 

Clearfield,  tp.,  Butler  co.,  Penn.  Pop.  in  1810, 
288  ;  in  1820,  515. 

Clear  Fork,  post  office,  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  72 
ms.  NNE.  from  Columbus. 

Clear  Spring,  post  office,  Washington  co.  Md., 
about  midway  between  Hancockstown  and  Ha- 
gerstown,  13  ms.  from  each. 


Cleveland, 


Cuyahoga  co., 
Ohio,  on  Ohio 


Cleaveland.  — 
Ohio. 

Cleves,  village,  Hamilton  co., 
river,  16  ms.  below  Cincinnati. 

Clebury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  on  the 
river  Rea,  28  ms.  SE.  of  Shrewsbury,  and  136 
NW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  23  W.,  lat.  52  21  N. 

Cleracy  or  Clair ac,  lately  in  the  province  of 
Guienne,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Lot  and  Garonne. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Lot,  10  ms.  N  W.  of  Agen. 
J. on.  25'  E.,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Clermont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse 
and  late  territory  of  Barrois,   127  ms.  NW.  of 

Paris.    Lon.  5  9  E.,  lat.  49  34  N.  Town  of 

Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise  and  late  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France,  37  ms.  N.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  25 

E.,  lat.  49  25  N.  Considerable  city  of  Fr.,  in 

the  dep.  of  Puy  dc  Dome,  and  late  province  of 
Auvergne.  Many  Roman  antiquities  are  found  in 
the  neighborhood.  There  are  also  some  mineral 
springs ;  and  that  of  the  suburb  of  St.  Allyre  has 
formed  a  natural  b'  idge  over  the  brook  into  which 
it  falls.  It  is  called  the  mineral  bridge,  and  car- 
riages may  pass  over  it.  Clermont  contains  30,- 
000  inhabiiants ;  and  has  manufactures  of  rat- 
teens, druggets,  serges,  and  leather.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  celebrated  Pascal,  and  is  300  ms-.  8, 

of  Paris.    Lon.  3  10  E.,  lat.  45  47  N.-  Tp. 

and  post  office,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  K. 
side  of  Hudson  river,  and  15  ms.  S.  of  the  city  of 

Hudson.  The  tp.  has  1,154  inhabitants.  Co., 

Ohio,  bounded  by  Ohio  river  E.  and  SE.,  Hamil- 
ton W.,  Warren  N.,  and  Brown  E.  ;  length  32 
ms.,  mean  width  13,  area  416  sq.  ms.  A  great 
portion  of  the  suil  is  of  first-rate  quality.  Siaples, 
grain,  flour,  and  salt  provisions.  Pop.  in  1820, 
15,820,  and  in  1840,  23,106.  Ctl.  lat.  N.  39°, 
and  W.  lon.  7°  from  W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co. 

Cleric's  Island  lies  in  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean,  be- 
tween the  coast  of  Kamschatka  and  that  of  N. 
America.  It  was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in 
1788,  and  was  so  named  in  honor  of  Captain 
Clerk,  his  second  in  command.  A  landing  could 
not  be  effected.  Near  its  E.  extremity  is  a  little 
island  remarkable  for  having  three  elevated  rocks 
upon  it.  It  is  quite  uninhabited.  Lon.  W.  C. 
92  30  W.,  lat  63  15  N. 

Clery,  village  of  Fr.,  9  ms.  SW.  of  Orleans, 
once  famous  for  the  pilgrimage  to  our  Lady  of  Cle- 
22S 


ry.    Here  was  the  tomb  of  that  monster  Lewis  X 
who  appeared  in  white  marble  as  the  saint  ami  p 
roit  king. 

Cleveland,  tp.,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.  Pop.  in  18! 

547;  in  1820,  606.  City  and  county  seat,C 

ahoga  co.,  O,  at  the  mouth  of  Cuyahoga  river, 
Lalfc  Erie.    Lon.  W.  C.  4  44  W.,  lat.  41 
N.    Cleveland,  from  its  position  at  the  northe 
termination  of  the  Ohio  canal,  is  a  place  of  gr 
and  increasing  importance.    The  site  is  about 
feet  above,  and  commands  a  most  expansive  pi 
pect  over  Lake  Erie.    Its  progressive  populai 
proves  its  solid  prosperity  :  Pop.  in  1S25,  500  ; 
1830,  1,000;  in  1834,  4,300;  in  1837,  6,50 
in  1840,  7,037,  including  the  township.  T 
place  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1816,  and 
a  city  in  1836.    The  first  settlement  was  tig 
there  in  1797,  distance  by  post  roads  about  15l 
ms.,  but,  by  actual  calculation,  the  bearing  fron 
Columbus  to  Cleveland  is  N.  37  50  E.,  and  dis 
tance  139  ms.,  the  course  passing  about  10  ms 
westward  of  Millersburg,  4  ms.  westward  of  Woos 
ter,  and  3  ms.  eastward  of  Medina,  by  postroai 
130  ms.  northwestward  of  Pittsburg. 

Cleves,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  .o 
Westphalia,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine 
It  is  a  fine  country,  delightfully  variegated  wit! 
hills,  woods,  fields,  towns,  and  villages;  and  is  sub 

ject  to  the  King  of  Prussia.  City  of  YVestpha 

lia,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Cleves.  It  is  seated  or 
the  eastern  side  of  three  hills,  about  a  mile  W.  o: 
the  Rhine,  with  which  it  communicates  by  mcani 
of  a  canal,  which  is  large  enough  for  great  barge6. 
It  has  a  castle  built  by  Julius  Caesar  It  has  been 
often  taken  and  retaken ;  the  last  time  by  the 
French  in  1794.    It  is  15  ms.  SE.  of  Nimeguen. 

Lon.  6  50  E.,  lat.  51  45  N.  Town  of  Va., 

King  George's  co.,  on  the  Rappahannock.  A 

small  village  in  Hamilton  co.  O.,  15  ms.  NW<  by 
W.  of  Cincinnati. 

Cleybroolx,  Great  and  Litlle,  two  villages  ol 
Eng.,  in  Leicestershire,  on  the  NW.  side  of  Lut- 
terworth. They  are  supposed  to  have  been  a  part 
of  Cleycester,  situated  1  mile  to  the  W..  which  was 
a  flourishing  city  of  the  Roinans,  and  where  their 
bricks  and  coins  have  been  frequently  found. 

Clief,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Northamptonshire,  30 
ms.  NE.  of  Northampton  and  88  NNW.  of  Lofe* 
don.    Lon.  37'  W.,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Clifford,  tp.,  Susquehannah  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1820,  681. 

Clifton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Westmoreland,  3 
ms.  SSE.  of  Penrith.  Village  of  Eng.,  in  Glou- 
cestershire, near  Bristol,  noted  for  the  hot  well  in 
its  neighborhood,  upon  the  lower  Avon,  at  the  foot 
of  St.  Vincent's  rock. — —Town  of  Buckingham 

co.,   L.   C.  Village  in  the  northern  part  of 

Green  co.,  Ohio,  10  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from 
Xenia,  and  9  ms.  S.  of  Springfield,  co.  seat  of 
Clark  co.  This  place  is  remarkable  for  the  pecu- 
liar position  of  its  cotton  factory,  which  is  thus 
noticed  in  the  Ohio  Gazetteer:  "  The  factory  is  wor- 
thy of  particular  notice,  it  being  built  directly  over 
the  river  (Little  Miami)  at  the  falls,  where  the 
er  enters  a  chasm  in  the  rocks,  from  30  to  70  feet 
in  depth,  and  from  20  to  50  wide.  The  building  is 
72  feet  long  by  40  wide,  and  3  stories  high,  and  will, 
when  completed,  employ  from  70  to  80  bands. 
There  is  abundance  of  water  power  yet  unimproved 


CLI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CLW 


distance  45  ms.  SW.  of  Columbus,  and  21  ms. 
^E.  by  E.  of  Dayton." 

Clinch,  navigable  river  of  the  State  of  Tenn., 
vhich  rises  in  Clinch  mountain,  and  after  running 
lirough  Powell's  Valley,  flows  into  the  Tennes- 
ee  river  at  SW.  Point,  or  Kingston,  and  forms 

'ennessee.  Mountain  of  Tenn.,  ranges  be- 

»veen  Clinch  and  Holston  rivers. 

Clingaris,  post  office,  Chester  co.,  Pa. 

Clinton,  tp.,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C.  Town, 

^enncbeck  co.,  Me.,  by  postroad  81  ms.  NE.  from 
'ortland.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,356.  Village,  One- 
la,  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Oriskanny  creek,  9  ms.  WSW. 
lorn  Utica.  Hamilton  College,  near  this  village, 
as  incorporated  in  1812,  and  from  the  liberal  sup- 
port given  by  public  and  private  patronage,  is  a 
ouiishing  institution.  It  is  under  the  direction 
if  a  president,  3  professors,  and  2  tutors ;  the  stu- 

BBts  about  70.  Co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  L.  C. 

.,  Lake  Champlain  E.,  Essex  co.  S.,and  Frank- 
n  W.;  length  40  mean  width  35  ms.;  area  1,400 
[.  ms.  It  forms  the  NE.  angle  of  the  State.  The 
uface  is  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous ;  soil 
merally  indifferent.  Chief  town,  Plattsburg. 
jop.  in  1820,   12,070;  and  in   1840,  28,157. 

pentral  lat.  44  45  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  20  E.-  

o.  of  Lincoln,  IT.  C,  on  Lake  Ontario.  Tp., 

nox-  co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1810,  714;  in  1820,  834. 
I — Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  518. 

I — Tp.,  Jackson  co.,  O. '  Pop.  in  1820,  338.  

,p.,  O.,  on  the  waters  of  Little  Miami,  bounded 
|  Warren  W.,  Green  and  Fayette  N.,  Fayette 
,  Highland  SE.,  and  Brown  S.  ;  length  22, 
?an  width  18  ms.  ;  area  390  sq.  ms.  Surface 
i-ersitied  by  hill  and  dale  ;  soil  generally  highly 
oduclive.  Chief  town,  Wilmington.  Pop.  in 
|20,  8,085.    Central  lat.  39  25,' Ion.  W.  C.  6 

■!  w. 

In  the  Ohio  Gazetteer,  with  much  that  our 

nts  will  not  admit,  we  find  the  following  on 
Linton  co.  O.  :    "  The  general  surface  of  the  co. 

level,  but  sufficiently  rolling  for  cultivation.  Its 
caracter  in  different  parts  derives  its  qualities  from 
It  three  classes  of  land  into  which  the  co.  is  di- 
•jled.    There  are — 1,  prairie,  or  open  meadow  ; 

dry,  level  wood  lands,  of  an  excellent  quality  ; 
Mow  swamp,  of  a  deep  soil.  The  third  class,  or 
lv  swamp  lands,  are  invariably  found  at  the  head 
•  water  courses,  and,  from  their  peculiar  situation, 
easily  reclaimed." 

The^e  extracts  are  made  the  more  as  they  not 
<ly  illustrate  the  features  of  Clinton  county,  but 
i  o  those  of  central  and  western  Ohio  generally. 
Mnton  county  occupies  a  table  land  from  which 
|v  numerous  confluents  of  Little  Miami  west- 
'  rdly  and  those  of  Paint  creek  eastwards.  Those 

io  would  lcok  on  a  map  of  this  county,  and  who 
're  acquainted  only  with  a  hilly  or  mountainous 
tiutry,  would  of  course  suppose  the  fountains 
1  re  to  be  found  in  valleys  or  slopes  ;  but  directly 
■  reverse  is  the  case  over  a  large  portion  of  Ohio, 
flp  in  like  manner  over  Indiana  and  Illinois;  nor 
It  an  easy  matter  to  give,  by  any  description, 
correct  or  even  tolerable  conception  of  such  a 
Mntry  to  those  who  have  not  seen  others  of  simi- 
li  features. 

Clinton,  village  on  Ohio  canal,  NW.  part  of 
ftrk  co.,  O.,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Canton,  the  county 
tt,  and  4  ms.  from  Doylestown,  or  Chippewa, 


Wayne  co.  Village,  Parke  co.,  Ia.,  on  the  rijrht 

bank  of  Wabash  river.    Lat.  39  40,  Ion.  W.  C. 

10  20  W.  Village,  Anderson  co.,  Tenn.,  on 

the  right  bank  of  Clinch  river,  150  ms.  a  little  N. 
of  E.  from  Murfreesboro'.    Lat.  30  5,  Ion.  W. 

C.  7  12  W.  Village,  Samson  co.,  N.  C,  about 

70  ms.  S.  from  Raleigh.  Village  and  seat  of 

justice,  Jones  co.,  Ga.,  22  ms.  W.  from  Milledge- 
ville.    Lat.  33  1  N  ,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  48  W. 

Clinton  Hollow,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  is  situ- 
ated between  the  tps.  of  Rhinebeck  and  Pough- 
keepsic,  and  lies  along  the  Hudson  river.  Pop.  in 
1820,  6,611.  The  post  office  is  90  ms.  S.  of  Al- 
bany. 

Clintonville,  village,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  by 
post  road  145  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 

Clissa,  fort  of  Dalmatia,  taken  from  the  Turks 
by  the  Venetians.  It  is  seated  on  a  craggy  moun- 
tain, 6  ms.  N.  of  Spalatro.  Lon.  17  31  E.,  lat. 
44  10  N. 

Clisson,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  on  the  river 
Seure,  12  ms.  S.  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  28  W.,  lat. 
47  1  N. 

Clithero,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  near 
Pendil  Hill,  36  ms.  SE.  of  Lancaster  and  213 
NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  21  W.,  lat.  53  54  N. 

Clockville,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  41  ms. 
W.  from  Utica. 

Clogher,  episcopal  town  and  borough  of  Ireland, 
in  Tyrone.    Lon.  6  50  W.,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Clonmel,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Tip- 
perary,  seated  on  the  river  Sure,  19  ms.  SE.  of 
Tipperary.    Lon  7  27  W.,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Clopton's  Mills,  post  office,  Putnam  co.,  Ga., 
16  ms.  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

Cloud,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  4  ms.  W.  from  Paris, 
on  the  Seine.  One  of  the  royal  palaces  is  in  this 
place. 

C lough  Mills,  post  office,  Laurens,  S.  C. 

Cloutieraville,  post  office,  Natchitoches  parish, 
La.,  between  Natchitoches  and  Rapides,  25  ms. 
SE  from  the  former  and  35  N  W.  from  Alexandria. 

Clover  Dale,  post  office,  Bottetoutt  co.,  Va., 
179  ms.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Clover  Garden,  post  office,  Chatham  co.  ,N.  C, 
47  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Clover  Hill,  post  office,  Blount  co.,  Tenn.,  150 
ms  in  an  easterly  direction  from  Murfreesboro'. 

Clovcrville,  post  office,  Delaware  co  ,  N.  Y.,  90 
ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Cloway,  river,  and  lake  of  British  North  Amer- 
ica. The  lake  lies  about  30°  W.  from  W.  C,  at 
lat.  62  30  N.,  and  discharges  its  waters  to  the 
SW.,  which,  flowing  about  200  ms  ,  enters  Great 
Slave  Lake.    Lon.  W.  C.  35°  W.,  lat.  62  N. 

Cloyne,  episcopal  town  and  borough  of  Ireland, 
in  the  co.  of  Cork,  16  ms.  E  of  Cork.  Lon.  H° 
W.,  lat.  41  54  N. 

Cluny,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Saone  and  Loire  and  late  province  of  Burgundy, 
remarkable  for  its  late  famous  Benedictine  abbey. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Grosne,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Macon. 
Lon.  4  33  E.,  lat.  46  24  N. 

Cluse,  town  of  Savoy,  in  Faucigny,  seated  on 
the  Arve,  22  ms.  SE.  of  Ceneva.  Lon.  6  29  E  , 
lat,  45  57  N. 

Clwyd,  celebrated  vale  of  Denbighshire,  ex- 
tending from  its  tipper  end  to  the  Irish  sea,  above 

229 


CO  A 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COC 


20  ms.,  its  breadth  varying  from  3  to  8,  according 
to  the  approach  or  recess  of  the  high  mountains 
enclosing  it,  through  which,  in  different  parts,  are 
gaps  formed  by  nature  for  entrances.  A  river  of 
the  same  name,  which  rises  in  the  middle  of 
the  co.,  runs  along  this  vale,  and,  having  entered 
Flintshire,  falls  into  the  Irish  sea, 

Clyde,  river  in  Scotland,  which  rises  in  An- 
nandale,  falls  into  the  sea,  over  against  the  Isle  of 

Bute.  River  of  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  which  falls 

into  Lake  Memphremagog,  at  its  SE.  corner.  

Village  on  the  great  Western  oanal,  in  Seneca  co., 
N.  Y.,  18  ms.  JNTE.  from  Geneva,  and  25  NW, 
from  Auburn. 

Clyde  River,  of  N.  Y.,  formed  by  the  outlet  of 
Canandaigua  lake  and  Mud  creek.  These  two  lat- 
ter unite  at  Lyons,  in  Wayne  co.  The  outlet  of 
Canandaigua  lake  issues  from  that  sheet  of  water 
at  the  village  of  Canandaigua,  flows  thence  a  little 
E.  of  N.,  8  ms.,  int©  the  tp„  of  Manchester,  where 
it  turns  abruptly  to  the  E.,  in  which  direction  it 
eontinues  12  ms.,  .to  Phelps,  having  received  from 
the  southward  the  large  accession  of  Flint  creek. 
Below  Phelps  the  Canandaigua  again  turns  to  al- 
most due  N.,  8  ms.,  to  Lyons,  where  it  joins  Mud 
creek. 

Mud  creek  rises  as  far  S.  as  the  head  of  Canan- 
daigua lake,  having  its  source  in  the  tp.  of  Naples, 
from  which  it  flows  25  ms.  nearly  due  N.,  through 
Ontario  co.,  to  Farmington.    Here  it  turns  NE. 
10  ms,,  reaches  Palmyra,  where  it  winds  to  the! 
E.,  and  follows  the  latter  course  by  a  very  wind- 
ing channel  of  15  ms.,  unites  with  the  Oanandai- I 
gua  at  Lyons.    These  streams  are  of  importance,  i 
as  they  contribute  to  supply  the  Erie  canal.  The 
Clyde,  from  its  head  at  Lyons  to  its  influx  into  the  j 
Seneca  river,  has  a  winding  course  of  about  20  ms., ! 
with  a  fall  of  21  feet. 

Clydesdale,  wild  district  of  Scotland,  in  the  S.  I 
part  of  Lanarkshire.     Amid  the  mountains  here, 
particles  of  gold  have  sometimes  been  washed  down 
by  the  rains  and  streams  of  water;  but  this  tract! 
is  chiefly  remarkable  for  producing  metals  of  infe-j 
rior  worth.    The  veins  of  lead  lie  mostly  N.  and  | 
E.,  and  their  thickness,  which  seldom  exceeds  40 
feet,  varies  greatly  in  different  parts.    The  scanty 
pasture  here  feeds  some  sheep  and  cat'le. 

Coahuila  y  Texas,  State,  one  of  the  States  of 
the  republic  of  Mexico,  bounded  S.  by  New  Leon, 
SW.  by  Durango,  W.  by  Chihuahua,  N.  uncer- 
tain, aud  E.  by  the  State  of  Tamaulipas.  This 
State,  the  extent  of  which  is  uncertain,  lies  upon 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Great  Cordillera  or  Plateau, 
upon  which  is  situated  Durango  and  Chihuahua. 
Rivers,  and  even  spring  water,  rare  in  the.  two  lat 
ter,  become  abundant  in  some  parts  of  Coahuila. 
The  immense  volume  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte 
traverses  this  State  from  NW.  to  SE.  Though  ex- 
actly E.  from  Chihuahua,  the  climate  of  Coahuila 
is  much  more  exposed  to  heat  in  summer,  though 
the  winters  arc  alike  severe  in  both  places  ;  and  in 
both  rains  are,  when  they  do  occur,  excessively 
heavy  and  durable,  falling  in  torrents,  but  droughts 
are  as  durable.  However,  except  some  small  tracts 
near  the  seacoast,  the  whole  of  the  northern  States 
of  Mexico  are,  in  a  peculiar  manner,  salubrious. 
See  Mexico.  N.  lat.  28°,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  24° 
W.,  intersect  in  Coahuila  y  Texas.  Chief  towns 
Monielovez  and  Saltillo. 
230 


Coal  Mines,  Chesterfield  co.,  Va. 

Coal's  Mouth,  post  office,  Kenhawa  co 
P  Coanamine,  river  of  Guiana. 

Coaguago,  NW.  and  main  branch  of  Dela1 
river,  rises  in  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  SW 
near  the  NE.  corner  of  Pa.,  where  it  turns  ab 
ly  to  SE. 

Coast  Castle,  cape,  and  principal  settlement 
English  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  with  a  strong 
del.    It  is  30  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  St.  George  del  M 
na.    Lon.  0°,  lat.  5  6  N. 

Coatsville,  post  office,  Chester  co.,  Pa. 

Coa'es  Tavern,  York  district,  S.  C,  97  ms. 
from  Columbia. 

Coates  Prairie,  post  office,  Callowav  co.,  \ 
110  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  St.  Louis.  " 

Cobagua,  river  in  South  America.  Islam 

the  Caribbean  sea.    Lon.  W.  C.  13  34  E.,  lat 
50  N. 

Cobbescompte,  river  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
drain  of  a  number  of  small  lakes  between  Ken 
bee  and  Androscoggin,  which  unite  in  the  town 
Gardner,  and  enter  the  right  side  of  Kennebec  ri 

Cobb's  Corners,  village,  Mantua  tp.,  Port 
co.,  Ohio,   12  ms.  NNW.  from  Ravenna,  ar 
about  30  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Warren,  a 
seat  of  Trumbull  co. 

Coberly's,  post  office,  Allen  tp.,  Union  co 
ms.  NW.  of  Marysville,  the  county  seat,  am 
ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Bellefontaine,  the  county  se 
of  Logan  county. 

Cobham,  village,  Dinwiddie  co,,  Va.,  on  tl 
S.  side  of  James  river,  opposite  to  Jamestown,  ar 
about  12  ms.  S.  of  Williamsburg. 

Cobijah,  seaport  of  Peru,  Lat.  22  24  S.,  lo 
W.  C.  7°  E.  The  bay  of  Cobijih  is  opposite  ll 
desert  of  Attacamas. 

Coblentz,  ancient  city  of  Germany,  in  the  elc 
torate  of  Treves,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Knit 
and  Moselle,  50  ms.  NE.  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  I 
E.  lat.  50  24  N. 

Cobleskill,  town,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.  Po 
1820,  2,440. 

Coburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
Franconia,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  san 
name,  with  a  college,  a  fort,  and  a  castle.  Tfi 
town  and  its  principality  belongs  to  the  house 
Saxony.    It  is  seated  on  the  Itch,  20  ms.  N. 
Bamberg.    Lon.  11  18  E.,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Cob  urn's  Store,  post  office,  Mecklenburg  cc 
N.  C,  170  ms.  SW.  from  Columbia. 

Coca,  river  of  Columbia,  is  the  nortlnve&te 

branch  of  the  Napo;   which  see.  Town 

Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  near  which  is  a  strong  cs 
tie  for  State  prisoners.  It  is  seated  among  im>u 
tains,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Morvedro  an<J  El 
zena,  25  ms.  NNE.  of  Segovia.  Lon  3  34  \V 
lat.  41  17  N. 

Cochabamba,  province  of  the  united  provinc 
of  La  Plata,  bounded  W.  by  the  Andes,  S.  I 
Charcas,  and  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Pa 
and  Magdalena  rivers.  It  is  a  fine  healthy  and  fe 
tile  country,  of  about  4,500  sq.  ms.,  and  peopl 
by  100,000  inhabitants.  Central  lon.  W.  C.  1 
E.,  lat.  18°  S. 

Cochecton,  village,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  t 
bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  at  Cochecton  Falls, ' 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Newburg,  and  50  ms.  S. 
by  E.  from  Montrose,  in  Susquehanah  co.,  Pa. 


COL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COL 


Cochieim,  town  in  the  electorate  of  Treves, 
rmerly  imperial.     It  was  forced  to  surrender 

the  French  in  1794,  and  is  seated  on  the  Mo- 
lle,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7  2  E., 
t.  50  12  N. 

Cochin,  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  in 
ravancore.  It  is  a  Dutch  settlement,  and  was 
,.ptured  by  a  British  fleet  in  1795.    It  is  120  ms. 

by  E-  of  Calcut.  Lon.  75  30  E.,  lat. 
)°  N. 

Cochin  China,  kingdom  of  Asia ;  bounded  on 
e  E.  by  the  Eastern  ocean,  on  the  N.  by  Ton- 
lin,  on  the  W.  by  Cambodia,  and  on  the  S.  by 
iampa. 

Coldingham,  healthy  tract  near  the  coast  in  the 
u  of  Berwick,  in  Scotland. 

Colding,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland,  Te- 
arkable  for  its  bridge,  over  which  all  the  cattle 
iss  that  go  from  Jutland  into  Holstein,  and  pay 

small  toll,  which  brings  in  a  considerable  rev- 
,iue  to  the  king.  It  is  situated  at  the  extremity 
[  a  bay  of  the  Little  Belt,  50  ms,  S.  by  E.  of 
/ilburg,  on  an  eminence  in  a  pleasant  country 
ounding  with  game.  Lon.  10  15  E.,  lat.  53 
>  N. 

i  Cold  Spring,  village.  Suffolk,  co.,  N.  Y.,  at 
ie  head  of  a  small  bay  ot  Long  Island  Sound, 

id  38  ms.  from  N.  Y.  Post  office,  Cape  May 

.,  N.  J. 

Cold  Spring  ove,  near  Burlipgton,  N.  J. 
J  Coldstream,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  county  of 
isrwick,  on  the  Tweed,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
:me  bridge.  Lon.  2  5  W.,  lat.  55  36  N. 
Coiebrook  Dak,  in  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  a 
inding  glen  on  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  be- 
reen  two  vast  hills,  which  break  into  various 
'rms,  being  all  thickly  covered,  and  forming 
autiful  sheets  of  hanging  woods.  Here  are 
e  most  considerable  iron  works  in  Eng.,  and  a 
•irious  bridge  over  the  Severn,  constructed  en- 

•ely  of  cast  iron.  Tp.,  Berks,  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

:  1810,  792,  in  1820,  1,046. 
Coiebrook,  town,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in 

J 10,  325,  in  1820,  470.  Town,  Litchfield 

.>.,  Conn.,  on  the  west  branch  of  Farmington 
ver,  between  Barkhamstead  and  Norfolk.  Pop. 
250. 

Coiebrook  Meeting-house,  post  office,  Litch- 
;ltl  co.,  Conn,  in  the  tp.  of  Coiebrook,  32  ms. 
W.  from  Hartford. 

Colenet,  Cape,  cape  of  the  island  of  New  Ca- 
donia,  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  164  56  E., 
t.  20  30  S. 

Colerain,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
ondonderry,  on  the  rivery  Bann,  25  ms.  NE.  of 
ondonderry.  Lon.  6  39  W.,  lat  55  16  N. 
— Tp.  in  Bedford  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  876, 

1820,  986.  Tp.  and  post  office  in  Franklin 

>,  Mass.,  10  ms.  NW.  from  Greenfield.  Pop. 

1820,    1,961.  Tp.,    Lancaster  co  ,  Pa. 

op.  in  1810,  834,  in  1820,  1,088.  Village, 

ertie  co.,  N.  C,  postroad,  174  ms.  NE.  by  E. 

Dm  Raleigh.  Village,  Camden  co.,  Ga.,  on 

:.  Mary's  river,  30  ms.  above  St.  Mary's.  

p.,  6  ms.  sq.,  in  the  NE.  corner  of  Ross  co.,  O., 

which  is  situated  the  town  of  Adelphi.  Pop.  1810, 

16,  in  1820,  866,  in  1840,  1,281.  Village, 

elmont  co.,  O.,  NE.  from  Clearsville.  Pop.  in 
HO,  471,  in  1820,  778.     The  village  in  Cole- 


rain,  Belmont  co.,  is  situated  on  the  road  from 
Wheeling  to  Cadiz,  6  ms.  NW.  of  the  latter 

place.  Tp.  Hamilton  co.,  O.,  on  the  E.  side 

of  the  Great  Miami  river,  15  ms.  from  its  mouth, 
and  opposite  to  Crosby.  Pop.  in  1810?  1,058,  in 
1820,  1,906,  in  1840,  2,272.  For  post  office,  in 
this  tp.,  see  Bevis'  tavern. 

Colerain  Forge,  post  office,  Huntingdon  co., 
Pa. 

Coles  Forge,  and  post  office,  one  mile  westward 
of  the  Ohio  canal  and  Scioto  river,  and  9  ms.  N 
NW.  of  Portsmouth. 

Coles  Grove,  village,  Pike  co.,  111.,  postroad 
112  ms,  from  Vandalia. 

Coleshill,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire,  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Coin,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge.  It  is  11  ms.  NW.  of  Coventry, 
and  105  of  London.  Lon.  1  35  W.,  lat.  52 
32  N. 

Colesville,  tp.  and  village,  Broom  co.  N.  Y., 
between  Susquehannah  and  Chenango  rivers,  35 

ms.  E.  from  Owego.  Village,  Montgomery 

co.  Md.,  15  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C.  Village, 

Chesterfield  co.,  Va.,  152  ms.  from  W.  C,  and 
31  S.  Richmond. 

Coleford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  14 
ms.  S.  of  Hereford,  and  123  W.  bv  N.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  40  W.,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Colima,  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  a  fertile 
valley  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river,  near  the  N.  Pacific  ocean,  300  ms.  W. 
of  Mexico,  in  Valladolid,  now  Mechiacan,  near 
a  volcanic  mountain.  Lon.  W.  C.  26  10;  lat. 
19  20  N. 

Colioure,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Rousillon. 
It  is  a  small,  but  a  strong  town,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  10  ms.  SE  of  Perpignan.  Lon. 
3  8  E.,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Coin,  village  or  Bohemia,  28  ms.  E.  from 
Prague. 

Colle,  town  of  Tuscany,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Sienna. 
Lon.  11  7  E.,  lat.  43  16  N. 

College  Grant,  tp,-,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.  Pop. 
in  1820,  33. 

College,  from  con  and  lego,  together.  The  most 
common  application  of  this  term  is  to  designate  a 
seminary  of  learning,  and  in  particular,  one  dedi- 
cated to  the  study  of  the  ancient  or  classical  lan- 
guages. Any  body  of  persons,  however,  legally 
assembled  to  perform  any  legal  purpose,  may  be 
correctly  called  a  college,  hence,  college  of  electors, 
college  of  physicians,  &c.  It  is  also  applied  to 
the  edifices  in  which  the  object  of  coming  to- 
gether is  to  be  effected. — See  art.  University, 
Academy,  §c. 

College,  tps.  are  two  tracts  of  land  each  6  ms. 
sq.,  situated  in  the  centre  of  Athens  co.,  O.,  ad- 
joining each  other,  the  one  on  the  N.  the  other  S. 
Through  the  northernmost,  runs  the  Hockhock- 
ing  river,  adjacent  to  many  parts  of  which  are 
several  tracts  of  excellent  land.  The  names  of 
those  tps.  arose  from  the  circumstance  of  their 
having  been  granted  as  a  donation  to  the  college 
of  Athens  ;  the  right  of  soil  to  which,  belongs  ex- 
clusively to  the  said  college. — See  Athens,  O.  

Tp.,  O.,  six  ms.  sq.,  in  the  western  border  of 
of  Butler  co  ,  belonging  to  the  Miami  university. 
See  Oxford. 

231 


COL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COL 


College  Corners,  post,  office  in  the  extreme 
northwestern  angle  of  Butler  co.,  0.  It  is  at  a 
settlement,  partly  in  Butler  and  Preble,  cos.,  O., 
and  in  Franklin  and  Union  cos.,  Ia.,  about  20  nts. 
northwestward  of  Hamilton,  16  ms.  SW.  from 
Eaton,  and  5*  from  Oxford,  and  16  NE.  of 
Brookville,  Ia. 

College  Hill,  Columbia  collage,  and  post  office, 
D.  C,  2  ms.  N.  from  the  capitol,  and  on  the  road 
from  VV.  C.  to  Rockville,  Fredericktown,  &c. 

Colleton,  district  S.  C,  bounded  by  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  and  Charleston  district  SE.,  Beaufort 
SW.,  Barnwell  and  Orangeburgh  NW.,  and 
part  of  Charleston  NE.  ;  length  57  ms.,  mean 
width  30  ;  area  1,700  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally 
flat,  and  soil,  except  on  the  streams,  of  indifferent 
quality.  Staples — rice,  cotton,  and.  tobacco.  Chief 
town,  Waterborough.  Pop.  in  1820,  26,373, 
and  in  1840,  25,548.  Central  lat.  32  45  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  3  35  W. 

Collins'  Cross  Roods,  post  office,  Colleton  dis- 
trict S.  C,  about  70  ms.  S.  from  Columbia. 

Collins''  Mills,  post  office,  Jefferson  co  ,  N.  Y., 
190  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Collins1  Settlement,  post  office,  Lewis  co.,  Va., 
post  road,  360  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Collinsville,  village,  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa  ,  post- 
road,   153    ms.    W.  from   Harrisburg.  Post 

office,  Butler  co.,  O.,  1 0  ms.  northly  of  Hamil- 
ton, and  16  a  little  E.  of  S.,  from  Eaton. 

Collmore's  ridge,  plantation  in  Lincoln  co.  Me. 

Colmar,  city  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the  dep.  of  Up- 
per Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Upper  Alsace. 
It  is  seated  near  the  river  III.,  35  ms.  S.  by  W.  of 
Strasburg.    Lon.  7  27  R.,  48  5  N. 

Colmars,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Lower  Alps,  lately  in  the  province  of  Provence, 
20  ms.  E.  of  Digne.    Lon.  6  35  E.,  lat.  44  7  N. 

Colmagarod,  town  of  Russia,  is  an  island  form- 
ed by  the  river  Dwina,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Archangel. 
Lon.  39  42  E.,  lat.  64  14  N. 

Coin,  name  of  several  of  the  small  rivers  in 
Eng.,  the  chief  of  which  rises  near  Clare,  in  Suf 
folk,  and  passing  by  Halstead  and  Colchester,  in 
Essex,  falls  into  the  German  ocean,  between  Mer- 
sey island  and  the  mainland.  In  the  inlets  and 
pools,  at  the  mouth  of  this  river,  are  bred  the  fa- 
mous Colchester  oysters. 

Colnbrook,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bucks,  on  the  river 
Coin,  17  ms,  W.  of  London.  Lon.  25'  W.,  lat. 
51  29  N. 

Colne,  town,  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  on  a  hill, 
214  ms,  Ni\W.  London.  Lon.  2  5  W.,  lat. 
53  50  N. 

Colnet,  cape  of  New  California,  SW.  from  the 
town  of  St.  Thomas  and  bay  of  Virgins.  Lon.  W. 
C.  40  50  W.,  lat.  31  40  N. 

Coloca,  town  of  S.  America,  in  the  upper  part 
of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sienna,  on  the  river  Guapey. 
Lon.  W.  C.  12  50  E.,  lat.  13  20  S. 

Colochina,  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Morea,  50 
ms.  SE.  of  Misitra.  Lon.  23  22  E.,  lat.  36  32  N. 

Colocza,  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Danube, 
capital  of  the  co.  of  Bath,  57  ms.  SE.  of  Buda. 
Lon.  18  29  E.,  lat.  46  38  N, 

Cologna,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan,  26  ms. 
SW.  of  Padun.    Lon.  17  27  E.,  lat.  45  14  N. 

Cologne,  electorate  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  the  Lower  Rhine,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the 
232 


duchy  of  Cleves  and  Guelderland,  on  the  E.  b' 
the  duchy  of  Berg,  on  the  S.  by  the  archbishopri 
of  Treves,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  duchy  of  Juliers 
It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  countries  in  the  empire 
abounding  with  all  the  necessaries  of  life.- 
cient  city  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  electoral 
Cologne,  with  a  bishop's  tee  and  a  lamous 
versity,  seated  on  the  river  Rhine,  17  ms. 
Julier,.    Lon.  7  10  E.,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Colombia,  one  of  those  confederated  republic 
formed  out  of  part  of  what  was  Spanish  America 
but  since  dissolved.  We  retain  the  name  in  orde 
to  preserve  the  annexed  table,  as  it  may  9eive  a 
element  of  reference. 


npire 

?: 


Departments. 


Orinoco 


Venezuela  - 


Sulia 

Boyaci.a,' 

Cundinamarca 

Cauca 

Magdalena 


Provinces. 


f  Guayana 
J  Cumaua 
J  Barcelona 
iMargaetta 
S  Caraceaa 
l  Barinas 
f  (Joro 
/  j  ruxillo 
1  Merida 
(.Maricaibo 
|  Tunja 
j  Soecuno 
\  Pamplona 
[.Casanare 
|  Bogota 
!  Aniioquia 
]  Mariquita 
LNeiba 
5  Popayan 
I  Choco 
r  Carihagena 
)  Santa  Martha 
C  Rio  Hacha 
Quito 

Qu  ijos,  Majas 

Cueuca 

Jaen 

Mainas 

Loja 

Guayaquil 

Panama 

Vera-rua 


Provincial 
pop. 


45,000 
70,000 
45,000 
15,000 
350,000 
80,000 
30.U00 
33,4U0 
50,000 
46.700 
200,000 
150,000 
75,000 
[  19,000 
172,000 
104,000 
45,000 
50,00  ) 
171,000 
22,000 
170,000 
62,700 
7,000 
250,000 
35,000 
78,000 
13,000 
56,000 
48,000 
90,000 
50,000 
30,000 


2,644,t00 


Depart 
mental 
pop. 


175,000 
430,000 


162,100 


414,000 


371,000 
193,000 


550,000 
80,000 


Colombo,  town  of  Ceylon,  and  seat  of  the  Britit 
establishments  on  that  island.    Lat.  7  4  N. 

Colombotz,  castle  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Bu 
garia,  on  a  hill,  under  which  is  the  strong  pass  ( 
Urania. 

Colomey,  or  Colomia,  town  of  Poland,  in  Re 
Russia,  seated  on  the  river  Pruth,  42  ms.  SE.  ( 
Hahtz.    Lon.  25  40  E.,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Colonna,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna. 

Colorado,  river  of  Mexico,  in  the  Provincias  Ir 
ternas,  or  rather  unconquered  country,  N  W.  ( 
Sonora  and  New  Mexico.  This  stream  rises  in  tb 
mountains,  which  give  also  source  to  the  conflueni 
of  Missouri,  Colombia,  and  Rio  Grande  del  Nortt 
at  N.  lat.  41,  and  W.  lon.  from  W.  C.  35°.  Ii 
general  course  is  SW.  by  S.,  receiving  numeraii 
and  large  branches  from  the  E.,  joins  the  Rio  Gik 
N.  lat.  33°,  dilates  into  a  very  wide  estuary,  whir 
has  received  the  distinctive  name  of  the  Gulf  ( 
California,  The  regions  watered  by  this  gret 
river  are  very  defectively  known.  Its  entire  length 


COL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COL 


1  the  gulf  is  included,  exceeds  1,200  ms.  River 

if  Mexico,  province  of  Texas,  rises  in  the  unex- 
ilored  country  between  the  Red  and  Rio  Grande 
ivers,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  N.  lat.  29° 

W.,  Ion,  W.  C.  19°.  River  of  S.  America, 

ises  in  the  Andes,  8.  lat.  32°,  and  pursuing  a 
SE,  course,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  lat. 
t0°  S.,  after  an  entire  length  of  700  ms.  by  com- 
>arative  courses. 

Colorno,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Parmasan,  near 
he  Po,  8  ms,  from  Parma.  The  duke  of  Parma 
lad  a  pleasure  house  here,  which  was  one  of  the 
nost  delightful  in  Italy,  and  the  gardens  were  very 
me.    Lon.  10  22  E.,  lat.  44  54  N. 

Coltme,  post  office,  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.,  156 
is.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Coloswar,  large  town  of  Transylvania,  where 
lie  States  meet.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Samos, 
7  ms.  NW.  of  Weissemburg,  and  120  E.  by  S. 
f  Vienna.    Lon.  23  15  E.,  lat.  46  53  N. 

Colouni,  Cape  of,  ancient  promontory  of  Su- 
ium,  in  Attica,  being  the  SE.  extremity  of  Greece, 
r.d  indeed  of'continental  Europe.  Cape  Sunium 
'as  visited  by  Mr.  Hobhouse  in  1810,  who  has 
iven  a  pretty  detailed  account  of  the  ruins  of  the 
pnple  of  Minerva  Sunias,  from  the  still  standing 
'hite  marble  columns  from  which  the  modern 
ame  of  the  cape  is  derived.  The  view  from  Cape 
jolouni  presents,  on  the  W.,  the  promontory  Ke- 
Jpheke,  and  very  near  to  that  head  land  the 
brupt  rocky  island,  now  called  Gaidaronessi,  an- 
ent  Patroclus,  and  still  farther,  Archinda,  for- 
erly  Belbina.  The  view  to  the  N.  is  soon  ter- 
minated by  the  pine-covered  marble  peaks  of  Lau- 
um.  To  the  S.  the  view  is  unlimited  except  by 
lie  horizon  ;  the  islands  of  Macronesi,  Zea,  Ther- 
ia,  and  Serpho,  and,  in  clear  weather,  Andros, 
line,  and  other  islands,  enrich  this  fine  perspec- 
jve.  Mr.  Hobhouse  rather  hastily  contradicts 
ausanius,  where  the  latter  asserts,  that  the  spear  j 
hd  statue  of  Minerva  on  the  Acropolis,  at  Athens,  ! 
mid  be  seen  from  Sunium.  It  is  probable  that, 
inch  could  be  seen  from  the  summit  of  the  temple 

Minerva,  when  entire,  that  cannot  be  visible 
lorn  the  surface  of  the  ground;  and  it  is  also 
■obable  that  the  moderns  too  much  restrict  what 
ias  meant  by  Cape  Sunium.    As  it  is,  this  cape 

ust  afford  olie  of  the  most  splendid  views  in  the 
r>rld.  Hobhouse  closes  his  account  of  its  sweep 
I  observing,  that  beyond  Macronesi  is  Zea,  then 

licnnia,  and  next  Serpho,  all  long  low  land  lying 

a  line  successively,  so  as  to  have  the  appearance 

one  large  island  stretching  to  the  S.    The  high 
ndsof  Argolis,  about,  the  Cape  Scylleum,  that 
nn  the  other  extremity  of  the  Saronic  gulf,  are  j 
so  visible  at  a  distance  of  two  or  three  and  twenty  : 

iles.  1 

C&lourie,  a  village  of  Greece,  on  the  island  of 
e  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  deep  bay  meri- 
ted in  our  notice  of  the  island.  It  contains  700 
>uses,  with  perhaps  2,500  inhabitants,  composed 

<»reeks  and  Albanians,  and  with  no  Turks. 

Cohuri,  the  ancient  Salamis,  is  about  5  ms. 
marc,  and  indented  by  a  deep  bay  from  the  W. 

is  separated  from  Attica  by  a  narrow  strait  not 
jore  than  300  yards  wide,  and  from  Megaris  by 
fcother  still  more  narrow.  The  Bay  or  Gulf  of 
ilamis,  so  famous  as  being  the  scene  of  perhaps 
e  most  important  naval  battle  ever  fought,  ex- 
30* 


tends  between  the  island  and  the  main  about  10 
ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  about  3  ms.  The  island 
is  rocky  and  elevated,  but  with  a  good  soil;  extent 
something  about  20  sq.  ms.  Enjoying  the  effects 
of  sea  air,  the  harvest  of  Salamis,  according  to 
Strabo,  is  finished  before  those  of  the  main  land  are 
commenced.  It  contains  two  large  villages,  Co- 
louri  and  Acupelaki.  "The  island  seems  unculti- 
vated," says  Hobhouse,  "except  in  the  narrow 
valleys  between  the  hills,  near  Colouri,  and  Acu- 
pelaki, where  wheat  and  barley  are  grown."  There 
are  some  thin  pine  forests  on  the  mountains.  The 
slopes  are  supplied  with  springs  of  good  water. 
The  women  of  Salamis  are  of  a  fine  shape  and 
handsome  face,  superior  to  the  Athenians  of  the 
same  condition.  They  have  the  free  ingenuous  air, 
without  any  of  the  vulgarity  of  the  peasant,  and 
their  whole  manner  is  a  happy  mixture  of  the 
sprightliness  of  the  Albanian,  and  the  politeness  of 
the  Greek  female, 

Columbia,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  30  ms.  N.  of  Lan- 
caster. Pop.  1830,  443;  1840,  620.  Wash- 
ington co.,  Me.,  18  ms.  W.  of  Machias.  Pop. 

1830,  663  ;  1840,  843.  Co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded 

E.  by  Mass.,  S.  by  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  W. 
by  the  Hudson  river,  separating  it  from  Greene 
co.,  N.  Y.  Length  from  S  to  N.  30,  mean  width 
18,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Slope  westward,  to- 
wards the  Hudson.  The  soil  of  this  county  is 
favorable  to  agriculture,  though  broken,  and  in 
part  even  mountainous.  Its  chief  town,  the  city 
of  Hudson,  is  situated  on  bold  rising  ground,  on 
the  bank  of  Hudson  river,  and  very  near  the  mid- 
distance  of  the  county  along  that  stream,  at  N.  lat. 
42  13,  lon.  W.  C.  3  11  E.,  117  ms.  N.  of  N. 
Y.,  and  28  S.  of  Albany.  Pop.  of  the  co.  1830, 
38,325;  in  1840,  43,252.  Tn  1830  the  city  of 
Hudson  contained  5,392  inhabitants,  and  in  1840 
5,672.  Co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  NW.  by  Lyco- 
ming, NE.  by  Luzerne,  by  Schuylkill  SE.,  and 
by  Northumberland  SSW.  and  W.  Length  35, 
mean  width  20,  and  area  700  sq.  iris.  N.  lat.  41° 
and  lon.  3'  E.  W.  C.  intersect  near  its  centre. 
Slope  to  the  southward,  and  SE.  part  traversed 
by  the  north  branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  Hilly, 
and  part  mountainous,  but  with  much  excellent 
soil.    Chief  town,  Danville.    Pop.  1830,  20,049  ; 

in  1840,  24,267.  Village,  West  Hampfield 

tp.,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Sus- 
quehanna river,  10  ms.  W.  from  Lancaster.  The 
new  road  from  Philadelphia,  through  Lancaster, 
reaches  the  Susquehanna  at  Columbia;  distance 
8 1  ms.  Here  the  canal  commences,  and  ascends 
the  Susquehanna.  The  village  extends  chiefly 
near  the  river  and  canal,  but  also  rises  up  the 
rather  abrupt  slope,  affording  very  beautiful  sites 
for  houses.  Population  1830,  2,047;  in  1840, 
2,719. 

Columbia,  District  of  scat  of  the  U.  S.  Gene- 
ral Government.  It  is  composed  of  a  tract  10  ms. 
square,  lying  nearly  in  a  NE.,  SW.,  NW.,  and 
SE.  direction,  on  both  sides  of  the  Potomac.  It 
was  formed  out  of  a  part  of  Prince  George's  and 
Montgomery  cos.,  in  Md.,  and  part  of  Fairfax  co. , 
Va.,  and  was  ceded  by  Md.  and  Va.,  respectively, 
to  the  United  States  in  1790,  and  in  1800  became 
the  seat  of  the  U.  S.  General  Government.  It 
now  contains,  besides  the  city  of  Washington, 
properly  so  called,  Alexandria  and  Georgetown. 

233 


COL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COL 


See  these  places,  under  their  respective  heads.  It 
is  under  the  immediate  government  of  Congress, 
and  for  local  purposes  subdivided  into  Washing- 
ton city,  county  of  Washington,  Alexandria,  and 
Georgetown.  The  surface  of  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia is  generally  very  pleasantly  diversified  by 
hill  and  dale.  The  soil,  in  its  natural  state,  rather 
sterile;  but,  from  the  nature  of  its  base,  is  easily 
improved,  as  is  shown  by  successful  examples  of 
astonishing  increase  of  fertility  by  manure  and 
skilful  culture,  which  have  enabled  those  who 
adopted  and  pursued  the  practice  to  produce  great 
variety  of  fruit  and  other  vegetables  to  supply  the 
markets  of  the  three  cities.  The  climate  is  es- 
teemed very  healthy.  The  lat.  of  the  capitol  is 
38  52  45  N.,  and,  within  a  very  small  fraction, 
77°  W,  from  the  royal  observatory,  near  London. 
The  mean  temperature  about  55°  Fahrenheit. 
Similar  to  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  Baltimore, 
and  Richmond,  Washington  city  stands  immedi- 
ately below  the  primitive  range,  and  at  the  head 
of  tide  water.  As  the  project  of  a  canal  from  W. 
C,  over  the  Appalachian  chain  into  the  basin  of 
the  Miss.,  is  an  object  of  public  attention,  the  fol- 
lowing table  of  comparative  heights  is  inserted  un- 
der the  present  arUcle  : 

Table  of  the  ascents  and  descents  from  tide  water, 
in  Potomac  river  at  Georgetown,  to  Lake  Erie, 
at  the  town  of  Cleveland,  by  route  of  Potomac, 
Youghiogany,  Monongahela,  Ohio,  Big  Bea- 
ver, and  Cuyahoga  rivers. 


Where  from. 


Georgetown  to  Gr't  Falls 

Harper's  Ferry 

Shenandoah  falls 

Cumberland 

Mouth  of  Savage  creek  - 

Summit  level  - 

Mouth  of  Deep  creek,  a 

branch  of  Youghiogany 

river 

Down  Youghiogany  river 
to  Smithneld,  on  U.  S. 
road 

Connelsville  - 

Mouth  of  Youghiogany  - 

Pittsburg 

Mouth  of  Big  Beaver  river 
Up  the  latter  to  foot  of 

Falls 
Head  of  Falls  - 
Warren 

Summit  level  between 
the  sources  of  Big  Bea 
ver  and  Cuyahoga  riv- 
ers- 
Level  of  Lake  Erie,  at 
the  mouth  of  Cuyahoga 
i  iver  at  Cleveland    ~  - 


Miles. 


40 
54 
130i 
31 
11 


12 

188 
219 

233 


219 


2714 
309 
349 
367 
397 

398$ 

401 

451 


461 
531 


Tide 


Bises 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 


Falls 


Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 
Do 

Kiees 
Do 
Do 


Do 
Falls 


Feet. 


39 
43 
312 
446 
1503 


342 


739 
507 
87 
11 
106 

12 
44 
104 


143 

182 

225 
537 
983 
2486 


2141 


1405 
898 
811 
800 
694 

706 
750 
854 


907 

565 


In  the  United  States  a  difference  of  relative  level 
of  400  feet  is  equivalent  to  a  degree  of  latitude  in 
relative  temperature.  See  article  United  Stales, 
From  this  constitution  of  our  atmosphere,  a  canal 
from  W.  C.  to  Pittsburg  would  virtually,  as  re- 
spects temperature,  inflect  to  lat.  43°  N.  I  have 
inserted  this  remark  from  having  found,  in  almost 
all  reviews  of  this  important  matter,  an  entire  ne- 
glect of  so  necessary  an  element  as  relative  height. 

The  following  tables  will  exhibit  the  progressive 
advance  and  state  of  the  population  of  the  District 
of  Columbia. 
>  234 


Population  of  1810 — 
Free  white  males  - 
Free  white  females  - 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed  - 
Slaves  - 

Total  population  in  1810  - 

Population  in  1820 — 
Free  white  males  - 
Free  white  females 

Total  whites  - 
Free  persons  of  color,  males 
Free  persons  of  color,  females  - 
Slaves,  males  - 
Slaves,  females  - 


8,1 

2,5 

5,; 

24,< 


11, 

22, 
1,7 
2, 
3, 
3,3 


Of  this  population  there  were — 
Foreigners,  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  agriculture 
Engaged  in  manufactures 
Engaged  in  commerce  - 

In  1830,  the  population  of  the  District  stood  th 

Washington  City. 


Males. 

Fern's. 

Whites 

6,581 

6,798 

Free  colored  • 

1,342 

1,787 

Slaves 

1,010 

1,309 

Total. 


1 
1 


Washington  county,  without  the  city. 


Whites 
Free  colored 
Slave;> 


Population  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
by  caste  and  pursuit. 

District  of  Columbia. 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Feioales 

0to5  .... 

2,354 

5  to  10  - 

1,755 

U~< 

10  to  15  - 

1,764 

1,89 

15  to  20  - 

1,728 

20tp30  • 

2,891 

30  to  40  - 

1,953 

40  to  50  - 

1,201 

50  to  60  - 

724 

1=0  to  70  - 

312 

70  to  80  - 

115 

8  Ho  90  • 

21 

90  to  100- 

2 

100  and  upwards  - 

2 

14,822 

15,835 

Total  whites  - 

30,657 

COL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COL 


Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


OtolO  - 
Jto24  - 
i  to  36  - 

13  to  55  - 
5  to  100-  * 
'30  and  upwards 


Total  free  colored 


Slaves.— Ages. 


)tol0  - 
'J  to  24  - 
1  to  36 


00  and  upwards  - 

1  Total  slaves 

\    Total  aggregate 


Males. 


1,168 

948 
562 
525 
237 
13 


3,453 
4,908 

8,361 


Males. 


747 
338 
275 
96 
4 


2,058 
2,636 


4,694 


Females. 


1,208 
1,455 
1,027 
813 
390 
15, 


4,908 


Females. 


630 
977 
498 
370 
158 
3 


2,636 


43,712 


In  the  foregoing  are- 
White  persons  who  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years 


Do.  deaf  and  dumb,  14  to  25 
Do.      do.      do.     over  25 

Do.  whole  number  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  - 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge 

Do.  do.      at  private  charge 

Whole  number  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining. 
Agriculture  - 
Commerce  • 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 

Do.      on  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions  .... 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  services 
Universities  or  colleges  - 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools  • 

Do.  students  in 

Primary  and  common  schools 

Do.  scholars  in 

Do.  at  public  charge  - 

Total  number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age, 

who  cannot  read  or  write 
Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are  deaf  and 

dumb  ----- 
Do.  blind  - 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  private  charge 
Do.         do        do       public  do 


384 
240 
2,278 
126 
80 
203 
15 
2 
224 
23 
1,389 
29 
851 


1,033 


Census  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  1830  and  1840  compared. 


Census. 

White. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Grand 
total. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Total. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Total. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Total. 

Washington  in  1840  - 
Do         1830  - 

Increase 
Decrease 

Washington  county  in  1840 

Do                  1830  - 

Increase 
Decrease 

ieorgetown  in  1840  - 
Do        1830  - 

Increase 
Decrease 

lexandria  in  1840  - 
'       Do        1S30  - 

Increase 
Decrease 

dexandria  county  in  1840 
Do  1830 

Increase 
Decrease 

n  the  District,  1840  - 
Do         1830  . 

Increase 
Decrease 

8,196 
6,581 

1,615 

1,098 
1,015 

83 

8,647 
6,798 

16,843 
13,379 

1,949 
1,342 

2,859 
1,793 

4  808 
3;i35 

649 
1,010 

1,064 
1,309 

1,713 
2,319 

23,364 
18,833 

4,531 

1,849 

3,464 

607 

1,066 

1,673 

361 

245 

- 

606 

861 
712 

1,959 
1,727 

141 

163 

147 
104 

288 
267 

465 
606 

357~ 
393 

822 
999 

3,069 
2,993 

149 

232 

'  22 

43 

21 

141 

327 
515 

36 

177 

76 

2,290 
3,052 

2,834 
3,006 

5,124 
6,058 

589 
500 

814 

709 

1,403 
1,209 

458 
660 

785 
1,175 

7,312 
8,442 

762 

172 

934 

89~ 

105 

194 

188 

202 

390 

1,130 

2,748 
2,712 

3,010 
2,969 

5,758 
5,681 

664 
565 

963 
816 

1,627 
1,381 

444 
462 

630 
739 

1,074~ 
1,201 

8,459 
8,263 

36 

41 

77 

99 

147 

246 

~18 

109 

127 

196 

490 
401 

483~ 
401 

973 
802 

110 
179 

125 
176 

355 

173 
177 

127 
179 

300 
356 

1,508 
1,513 

89 

82 

171 

69 

51 

120 

8,361 
6,163 

4 

52 

56 

5 

14,822 
13,763 

15,835 
13,891 

30,657 
27,654 

3,453 
2,646 

4,908 
3,517 

2,058 
2,772 

'  2,636 
3,288 

4,694 
6,060 

43,712 
39,877 

1,059 

1,944 

3,003 

sor 

1,391 

2,198 

714 

652 

1,366 

3,835 

From  its  position  Columbia  is  necessarily  the 
entre  of  a  very  extensive  and  increasing  com- 
nerce.  Formerly  the  different  falls  in  the  Poto- 
lac  were  overcome  by  short  canals  around  them, 
vhich  answered  the  purpose  of  passing  the  produce 
own  in  the  spring  and  fall.  This  difficulty  is 
ow  got  over  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal 
ommencing  at  Georgetown,  and  is  now  navigable 


to  above  Hancock.  The  canal  is  of  large  dimen- 
sions, being  60  feet,  and  can  receive  a  great  depth 
of  water  ;  from  its  breadth  boats  move  up  with  the 
same  velocity  as  on  a  broad  river.  The  canal 
passes  through  Georgetown,  locking  down  into  a 
basin  at  Rock  creek,  from  which  it  is  continued 
along  the  margin  of  the  western  part  of  Washing- 
ton, at  the  mouth  of  the  Tyber,  and  thence  through 


*  This  table  was  supplied  by  John  Sessford,  Esq.,  the  worthy  statist  of  the  District. 


235 


COL 


COL 


the  city  canal  to  the  navy  yard  ;  another  branch, 
now  in  progress,  extends  to  Alexandria,  crossing 
the  Potomac  at  Georgetown,  over  a  splendid  aque- 
duct, and  from  which  the  Alexandrians  expect  to 
reap  great  benefit  of  the  trade  of  the  upper  country, 
particularly  of  coal,  when  the  canal  reaches  Cumber- 
land. The  quantity  of  flour  and  other  domestic 
produce,  brought  down  the  Potomac  annually,  is 
very  considerable.  The  principal  shipping  inter- 
est of  this  district  centres  at  Alexandria,  but 
extensive  business  is  also  done  at  Georgetown. 
Washington  itself  possesses  an  excellent  harbor  at 
the  junction  of  the  Eastern  Branch  with  the  Po- 
tomac, and  on  which,  forming,  indeed,  part  of  the 
city,  is  situated  the  navy  yard,  opposite  to  which 
the  depth  of  water  admits  vessels  of  the  largest  ton- 
nage. 

A  college  has  been  organised  in  Washington 
city,  as  have  also  a  medical  society,  a  botanical 
society,  and  the  Columbian  institute.  The  name 
of  the  college,  from  that  of  the  District,  is  "  Co- 
lumbian college."  The  buildings  belonging  to  this 
institution  are  beautifully  situated  on  a  hill  of  con- 
siderable elevation,  north  of  Washington,  as  are 
relative  to  Georgetown,  those  of  the  Catholic  col- 
lege. Near  Alexandria  is  a  flourishing  episcopal 
seminary.  Extensive  bridge  facilities  will,  when 
completed,  unite  the  three  cities;  and  at  present 
those  over  Rock  creek  are  spacious  and  substantial. 

Columbia,  village  Fluvanna  co  ,  Va.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Rivanna   river,  by  postroad  50 

ms.   above   Richmond.  Court-house,  Tyrrell 

co.,  N.  C,  on  a  creek,  S.  side  of  Albemarle 

sound,  by  postroad  200  ms.  E.  of  Raleigh.  As 

stated  in  the  post  office  list,  is  the  name  of  the 
county  seats  and  post  offices  in  Marion  co.,  Miss., 

Maury  co  ,  Tenn.,  Adair,  Ky.,  Boone.  Mo.  

Seat  of  justice,  for  Richland  district  of  S.  C,  is 
situated  on  the  left  or  E.  bank  of  Congaree  river, 
below  the  junction  of  Broad  and  Saluda  river?:, 
almost  exactly  on  the  intersection  of  N.  lat.  34°, 
and  Ion.  4°  W.  of  W.  C.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  S. 
C.  college,  and  contains  the  suitable  buildings  for 
judicial,  legislative,  and  religious  purposes.  It  is 
by  the  post  office  tables  stated  "  506  ms.,"  and  we 
may  add  southwesterly  from  W.  C.  It  is  united 
to  Charleston  by  a  railroad  through  Orangeburg, 
and  into  the  Charleston  and  Augusta  railroad  at 
Branchville.    Pop.   1830,  3,500,  and  in  1840, 

4,340.  Southeastern  tp.,  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 

containing  the  village  of  the  same  name,  6  ms. 
above  and  eastward  of  Cincinnati.  This  place  is 
interesting,  from  the  fact  of  its  being  the  second 
spot  in  the  now  State  of  Ohio,  on  which  civilized 
man  made  a  settlement.  On  November  16,  1789, 
Major  Stites  and  25  others  commenced  a  block 
house,  which  was  virtually  the  foundation  of  Co- 
lumbia. In  1820  the  tp.  contained  2,814,  in 
1830  the  inhabitants  amounted  to  3,015,  and  in 
1840,  3,043.  The  tp.  contains  3  post  offices- 
Columbia,  Madisonville,  and  Pleasant  Ridge. 

Columbia,  or  Oregon.  The  name  Columbia, 
given  to  this  river,  was  derived  from  that  of  an 
American  vessel,  Columbia  Redivina.,  commanded 
by  Captain  Robert  Grey,  who,  on  the  1 1th  of  May, 
1792,  entered  it,  and  was,  if  not  the  original  dis- 
coverer, the  first  who  made  its  existence  generally 
known.  Oregana  is  the  Spanish  name  of  wild 
marjoram,  and  it  is,  with  much  probability  of  cor- 
236 


rectness,  supposed  that  the  Spaniards,  who,  n« 
doubt,  were  the  first  discoverers,  bestowed  thenars 
from  finding  that  herb,  or  some  other  resembliri| 
it,  on  the  banks.  This  great  and  very  importan 
river  will  be  more  amply  noticed  under  the  articli 
Oregon  Territory.    See  also  art.  America, 

Columbia,  tp  ,  Lawrence  co.,  Ark.    Pop.  it 

1820,  520.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Adai 

co.,  Ky.,  on  Russell's  creek,  branch  of  Greer 
river.  Lat.  37  10,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  4  W,  ;  by  post 
road,  122  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Frankfort 

Pop.  1840,  486.  Village,  Tyrrell  co.,  N.  C.: 

by  postroad,  187  ms.  E.  from  JRalcigh.  Vil 

lage  and  seat  of  justice  in  Maury  «o.,  Tenn.  Lat 

35  38  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  3  W.  Village,  St 

Clair  co.,  111.  ;  by  post  road,  93  ms.  SW.  froq 

Vandalia.  Village,  Boone  co.,  Mo.,  o*r  th< 

left  bank  of  Missouri  river,  below  the  mouth  n 
Roche  Percee  river,  about  160  ms.  by  land  W. 
from  St.  Louis. 

Columbiana,  county  of  O.,  bounded  by  Beave 
co.,  Pa.,  E.,  Trumbull,  O.,  N.,  Portage  NW., 
Stark  W.,  Carroll  SW.,  Jefferson  S.,  and  Ohk 
river  SE.  On  the  northern  side  it  is  30  ms.  froir 
E.  to  W.,  but  narrow  on  the  south  side.  Th( 
mean  breadth  does  not  exceed  24  ms.  ;  area  721 
sq.  ma.  The  general  slope  southeastward,  toward' 
tho  Ohio,  though  a  small  part,  towards  its  westerr 
border,  declines  towards  the  Tuscarawas  river, 
and  the  northwestern  gives  source  to  the  extreow 
fountains  of  Big  Beaver.  The  body  of  the  count) 
is  drained  by  the  different  confluents  of  Little 
Beaver.  On  the  southeast  side,  near  Ohio,  the 
surface  is  hilly,  but,  receding  from  that  river,  be- 
comes moro  level.  Pure  water  is  every  when 
found  common,  and  water  limestone,  as  well  a? 
iron  ore  and  mineral  coal,  abound.  "Saltwatei 
abounds  in  the  marl  in  the  north,  and  iron  in  the 
centre." — Ohio  Gazateer.  The  soil  is  good  gene- 
rally, and  in  many  places  highly  productive.  Thf 
prospects  of  this  county  may  be  anticipated  from 
the  following:  "The  Sandy  and  Beaver  canal  ex- 
tends through  the  centre  of  the  co.  from  E.  to  W., 
and  the  Wellsville  and  Fairport,  and  Liverpool  and 
Ashtabula  railroads,  will  traverse  it  from  S.  to  N. 
The  contemplated  railroad  from  Pittsburg  W., 
whenever  made,  must  ascend  the  valley  of  Little 
Beaver,  by  the  side  of  the  Sandy  and  Beaver  ca- 
nal." In  lat.  it  extends  from  40  34  to  41  02  X., 
and  in  Ion.  W.  C.  from  3  45  to  4  10  W.  County 
seat,  New  Lisbon.  Pop.  1820,  22,033;  in  1830, 
35,508  ;  in  1840,  40,378. 

Columbiana,  village  in  Fairfield  tp.,  Columbi- 
ana co.,  O.,  10  ms.  NE.  of  New  Lisbon  and  25 
a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Warren,  the  county  seat  of 
Trumbull  co. 

Columbian  Grove,  post  office,  Lunenburg  co., 
Va.  5  by  postroad,  102  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

C olumbiaville,  village  on  Kinderhook  creek, 
Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  N.  from  Hudson, 
and  23  S.  from  Albany. 

Columb,  St.,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on  a 
hill,  10  ms.  W.  of  Bodmin.  Lon.  4  52  W.,  lat. 
50  30  N. 

Columbton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire.  It 
has  a  woolen  manufacture,  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Columb,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge.  It 
is  12  ms.  NE.  of  Exeter,  and  164  W.  of  London- 
Lon.  3  23  W.,  lat.  50  53  N. 


COL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COL 


Columbus,  town  on  the  N.  side  of  Chenango  co., 
V.  Y.,  30  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Utica.  Pop. 

920,  1,805.  Postoffice,  Luzerne  eo.,  Pa.  

3o.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  S.  C.  SW.,  Robeson 
f  W.,  Bladen  NE.,  and  Brunswick  SE.  Length 
:2  ms.,  mean  width  13;  area  about  400  sq.  ms. 
Surface  flat,  lying  between  the  Wagimaw  river 
nd  Great  Swamp  'creek.  Soil  generally  but  of 
niddling  quality.  Chief  town,  Whitesville.  Pop. 
820,  3,912:  in  1840,3,911.    Lat.  34  20  N., 

in.  W.  C.  4°  W.  The  name  of  a  post  office 

[i  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  Burlington,  N.  J., 
Van-en,  Pa.,  Muscogee,  Ga.,  Lowndes,  Miss., 
lenipstead,  Ark.,  Polk,  Tenn.,  Hickman,  Ky,, 
idams,  111.,  Bartholomew,  la. 

Columbus,  city,  seat  of  government  for  the 
Hate,  and  co.  seat  of  Franklin  co.,  O.  This  now 
eautiful  and  increasing  city  stands  on  ground 
mich  was  occupied  by  open  fields  previously  to 
"ebruary,  1812,  when  it  was  selected  for  the  fu- 
lre  capital  of  Ohio,  under  the  designation  of 
F  the  high  bank  of  Scioto  river,  opposite  Franklin- 
>n."  In  1816  it  was  incorporated  as  a  borough, 
;nd  in  1834  as  a  city.  The  editor  of  the  Ohio 
Gazetteer  estimated,  in  1837,  the  population  at 
,000.    The  census  of  1840  gives  : 


Whites. — Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

k  to  5 

391 

368 

[to  10 

270 

292 

Itodo       -              -  - 

239 

272 

I  to  30 

284 

317 

[to  40 

931 

r-75 

rto50  .... 

499 

284 

[  to  60      -           -  - 

247 

170 

ho  70 

108 

78 

ho  80 

48 

38 

ho  90 

8 

12 

j  to  100  - 

3 

5 

!0  and  upwards. 

3,034 

2,441 

2.441 

Total  .... 

5,475 

State  Penitentiary,  Asylum  for  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
Lunatic  Asylum,  and  the  buildings  erected  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  "  the  institution  for 
the  instruction  of  the  blind."  In  addition  to  the 
quiet  superinduced  by  their  isolation  from  each 
other,  and  from  the  body  and  noise  of  the  city, 
those  edifices  afford  splendid  ornaments  around  the 
eastern  hemisphere  of  Columbus. 

The  Theological  Seminary  for  the  German  Lu- 
therans, standing  to  the  southward  of  the  city,  be- 
tween the  road  leading  to  Chillicothe  and  the  Sci- 
oto river,  is  another  detached  edifice  which  gives 
ornament  and  variety  to  the  place. 

The  penitentiary,  an  immense  and  really  splen- 
did building,  stands  northward  of  and  above  the 
city,  and,  with  a  road  intervening,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Scioto  river.  "If,"  as  said  a  gentleman 
who  visited  this  enclosure  with  the  writer,  "we 
could  regard  this  as  an  immense  workshop,  what 
a  fine  establishment  it  would  be  !"  Is  it  really 
not  more  1  For,  is  it  not  an  establishment  where 
vice  is  at  least  neutralized,  and  physical  strength, 
allied  to  misguided  intellectual  resource,  in  place 
of  being  exerted  injuriously,  are  made  subservient 
to  useful  purposes  1 

Columbus  stands  at  N.  lat.  39  56,  Ion.  W.  C. 
5  56,  and  very  nearly  on  the  same  meridian  with 
Detroit,  Chillicothe,  Portsmouth,  at  the  mouth  of 
Scioto,  Knoxville,  in  Tenn.,  Milledgeville,  in 
Ga.,  the  mouth  of  Suwanne  river,  in  Fa.,  and 
Tortugas  Keys,  the  last  dry  land  of  Fa.,  west- 
ward of  Thompson's  island.  By  direct  line,  it  is 
139  ms.  S.,  37  50  W.  of  Cleveland,  110  ms.  by 
post  road  NE.  from  Cincinnati,  68  NE.  by  E. 
from  Dayton,  and  45  N.  from  Chillicothe.  The 
subjoined  table  may  be  found  useful  on  a  route  so 
much  travelled  on  : 


Aggregate  white  and  colored,  6,048. 


■  The  whole  adjacent  country  to  Columbus  is  an 
nmense  and  moderately  undulating  plain.  At 
e  city  the  Scioto  flows  very  nearly  a  due  south- 
n  course,  the  bank  on  which  the  city  stands  be- 
g  20  or  30  feet  higher  than  the  opposing  one,  on 
,e  western  side.  On  the  maps  Franklinton  is  laid 
>wn  as  if,  like  Columbus,  it  was  situated  on  the 
ver  bank ;  but  in  fact  the  former  ,is  rather  above 
mile  distant  from  the  latter  place.  The  Frank- 
Uon  side  may  be  comparatively  called  bottom 
nd,  as  it  is  some  feet  lower  than  that  on  which 
mds  Columbus ;  but  in  fact  the  sub-soil  of  both 
ies  is  composed  of  similar  material — sand,  gra- 
1,  and  rounded  pebble — amongst  which  fossil 
:>od  is  found  at  all  depths  vet  penetrated.  See 
I  Ohio. 

From  its  recent  creation  to  this  time,  (1840,) 
a  period  of  28  years,  the  advance  of  Columbus 
ay  well  excite  astonishment,  even  in  the  Ohio 
|lley,  where  every  thing  announces  gigantic 
owth.  To  say  nothing  in  particular  of  the  edi- 
;es  common  to  seats  of  government  and  of  law 
r  counties,  or  of  places  of  public  worship  com- 
on  to  every  Christian  community,  Columbus 
esents  objects  highly  worthy  of  notice,  in  the 


Places. 


Ms. 


Ms. 


Wheeling,  over  Ohio  river,  to  Bridgeport 
St.  Clairsville,  county  seat  Clermont  co. 
Morristown,  Clermont  co. 
Fairview,  Guernsey  co. 
Middletown,  Guernsey  co. 
Washington,  Guernsey  co. 
Cambridge,  county  seat  Guernsey  co. 
New  Concord,  Muskingum  co. 
Norwich,  Muskingum  co. 
Zanesville,  county  seat  Muskingum  co. 
Gratiot  - 

Brownsville,  Licking  co. 
Hebron,  Licking  co.  - 
Juray,  Licking  co. 
Etna,  Licking  co. 
Reynoldsburg,  Franklin  co.  •• 
Columbus,  Franklin  co. , 


1 

1 

10 

11 

9 

20 

11 

31 

2 

33 

6 

39 

9 

48 

10 

58 

2 

60 

13 

73 

12 

85 

14 

87 

13 

100 

2 

102 

109 

7 

116 

127 

Columbus,  village  in  Bartholomew  co.,  Ia.,  at 
the  junction  of  Sugar  creek  and  Blue  river,  about 

40  ms.  SSE.  from  Indianapolis.  Village  at  the 

Chalk  bank,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  Hickman  co., 

Ky.,  20  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio.  Village 

in  McMinn  co.,  Ten.,  by  post  road  126  ms.  SE. 

from  Murfreesborough.  Postoffice,  Monroe  co., 

Miss. 

Columbus  Four  Corners,  post  office  in  Chenan- 
go co.,  N.  Y. 

Columna,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  ©f 
Moscow,  50  ms.  SE.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  38  25  E., 
lat.  55  5  N. 

Colvin's  Tovern,  post  office  in  Culpeper  co., 
Va.,  87  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

237 


COM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CON 


Com,  populous  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi, 
100  ms.  N.  of  Ispahan,  Lon.  51  56  E.,  lat.  34 
5  N. 

Cumachio,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Fer- 
rarese.  The  air  is  bad,  for  which  reason  it  is  in- 
habited by  a  few  fishermen  only.  It  is  seated  in  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  27  ms.  SE.  of  (Ferrara. 
Lon.  12  10  E.,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Comachio,  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrarese,  be- 
tween the  two  mouths  of  the  river  Po.  It  is  10 
ms.  in  circumference,  but  dry  in  several  places,  and 
on  one  part  a  town  of  the  same  name  is  built. 

Comanagotta,  town  of  South  America,  in  Terra 
Firma,  10  ms.  W.  of  Comana.  Lon.  64  40  W., 
lat.  10  10  N. 

Comb- Abbey,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire, 
3  ms.  from  Coventry. 

C'ombakee,  river  in  S.  C,  rises  between  Savan- 
nah and  Santee  rivers,  and  flows  SE.  into  St.  He- 
lena sound. 

Comb-Martin,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  on 
the  British  channel,  where  it  has  an  inlet,  which 
runs  through  the  town.  It  is  but  a  small  place,  5 
ms.  E.  of  Ilfracomb,  and  176  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  2  W.,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Comines,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North, 
and  late  French  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Lis,  5  ms. 
S  W.  of  Menin.    Lon.  3  4  E.,  lat.  50  45  N. 

Comite,  small  river,  rising  on  the  limit  between 
Louisiana  and  Mississippi,  and,  flowing  nearly  S., 
crosses  New  Feliciana  in  the  latter  State,  and  falls 
into  the  Amite,  12  ms.  E.  from  Baton  Rouge. 

Commercey,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse, 
and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  with  a  magnificent  castle, 
built  by  Cardinel  de  Retz.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Meuse,  160  ms.  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  44  E.,  lat. 
48  40  N. 

Commune,  in  its  original  sense,  meant  republic  ; 
inhabitants  of  a  State,  a  town,  or  a  village,  having 
the  same  laws  and  privileges.  At  present,  in  such 
European  Governments  where  they  exist,  the  com- 
munes answer  most  nearly  to  the  English  township, 
and  are,  respectively,  the  ultimate  or  lowest  politi- 
cal division.  In  the  United  States,  where  this  di- 
vision of  counties  have  been  adopted,  they  are,  in 
the  northeastern  States,  called  towns,  but  south- 
west and  west,  townships,  with,  however,  no  es- 
sential dfference  of  meaning  or  purpose. 

Como,  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  situated  in  a  valley,  enclosed  by 
fertile  hills,  on  the  S.  extremity  qf  a  lake  of  the 
same  name.  The  houses  are  neatly  built  of  stone, 
and  the*  cathedral  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  white 
marble,  hewn  from  the  neighboring  quarries.  Co- 
mo is  80  ms.  NE.  of  Turin.  Lon.  9  7  E.,  lat.  45 
45  N.  The  largest  lake  in  Italy,  in  the  Mila- 
nese. It  is  88  ms.  in  circumference,  but  not  above 
C  ms.  over  in  any  one  part. 

Comoro,  islands,  five  islands  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
between  the  coast  of  Zanguebar  and  the  N.  part  of 
the  island  of  Madagascar.  They  are  called  Hin- 
zuan,  Mayotta,  Mohilla,  Angezeia,  and  Comora. — 
See  Hinzuan  and  Africa,  p.  30. 

Comorin  cape,  the  most  southern  point  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  Lon.  77  32  E.,  lat.  7 
50  N. 

Comorra,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name.  It  is  so  well  fortified 
that  the  Turks  could  never  take  it.    The  greatest 

238 


part  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  the  Greek  religi 
It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  in  the  island  of  sS 
70  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  18  5  E., 
47  46  N. 

Compeigne,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  O 
and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  It  ha 
palace,  in  which  the  kings  of  France  often  resi< 
The  Maid  of  Orleans  was  taken  prisoner  here 
1430.  It  is  seated  near  an  extensive  forest,  at  ( 
confluence  of  the  Aisne  and  Ouse,  45  ms.  NE 
Paris.    Lon.  2  55  E.,  lat.  49  25  N. 

Composiella,  celebrated  town  of  Spain,  ca] 
of  Galicia,  with  an  archbishop's  see  and  a  uni 
sity.  The  archbishop  is  one  of  the  richest  prel 
in  Spain,  having  70,000  crowns  a  year.  F 
this  town  the  military  order  of  St.  Jago,  or 
James,  had  its  origin.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsu 
formed  by  the  Tambra  and  Ulla,  265  ms.  NW 

Madrid.    Lon.  8  17  W.,  lat.  42  52  N.  To 

of  Mexico,  in  Guadalaxana,  near  the  mouth  of  t 
Santiago  river.    Lon.  W.  C.  27  30  W.,  lat. 
15  N. 

Compton,  tp.  in  Bergen  co.,  N.  J.  Pop 
1820,  2,818. 

Conajohary,  town  in  Montgomery  co.  N. 
on  the  S.  side  of  Mohawk  river,  41  ms.  W.  by 
of  Schenectady,  and  57  NW.  from  Albany. 

Conawango,  small  river  flowing  from  Chatai 
and  Cassada  lakes,  Chatauqueco.  N.  Y.,  and,  ei 
tering  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  Alleghany  river 
Warren. 

Concan,  low  tract  of  country  on  the  west  coa 
of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  From  this  tra 
rises  abruptly  that  stupendous  wall  of  mountaii 
called  the  Gauts.  It  is  subject  to  the  Mahratta 
and  lies  between  15°  and  20°  N.  lat.— See  Asia 

Concarneau,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Fii 
isterre,  and  late  province  of  Brittany,  with  a  cast! 
12  ms.  SE.  from  Quimper.  Lon.  4  2  E.,  lat,  4 
46  N. 

Conception,  seaport  of  Veragua,  in  the  Cari 
bean  sea,  90  ms.  W.  from  Panama.    Lon.  W.  ( 

30  20  W.,  lat.  8  0  N.  Small  town  or  postc 

the  coast  of  New  California.    Lon.  W.  C.  42  S 

W.,  lat.  34  40  N.  Bay  of  Newfoundland,  b 

tween  the  point  of  Grates  and  Cape  St.  Franci 
Central  lat,  47  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  24  0  E.— 
Town  of  New  Granada,  on  the  Meta. 

Conception  del  Pao,  town  of  Colombia,  in  Ve 
ezuela.    Lon.  W.  C.  11  50  E.,  lat.  8  45  N. 

Conception,  town  of  Chili,  on  the  Pacific  ocea; 
with  a  very  large  harbor.  It  has  been  often  talu 
and  ravaged  by  the  native  Americans,  and  is  aeab 
on  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  230  ms.  N.  of  Bak 
via.    Lon.  W.  C.  3  40  E.,  lat.  36  40  S. 

Conchos,  river  of  Mexico,  in  Durango,  rises  in 
range  of  mountains  in  the  western  part  of  that  pro 
ince,  and  flows  first  S.,  then  E.,  and  finally  tun 
nearly  to  due  N.,  falls  into  the  right  bank  of  R 
Grande  del  Norte,  a  little  above  N.  lat.  31°  aft 
a  comparative  course  of  about  300  ms. 

Conclave,  from  Latin  Conclavium .-  means : 
apartment  separated  from  any  other,  and  ctosi 
under  lock  and  key.  The  term  is  particularly  a 
plied  to  the  assembly  of  cardinals  for  the  electit 
of  a  pope.  The  conclave  and  its  constitutional  re 
ulations  were  fixed  by  the  Council  of  Lyons,  A. 
1 274.    The  place  of  St.  Peter  of  the  Vatic  in. 

Concord,  town  and  seat  of  Government  of 


CON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CON 


. ,  in  Merrimack  co. ,  stands  on  the  right  bank  of 
errimack  river,  65  ms.  NNW.  from  Boston. 
[  lat.  43  12,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  30  E.  By  means 
■  the  Middlesex  canal,  and  other  improvements 
.  the  Merrimack  river,  Concord  has  direct  inland 
.mmunication  with  Boston  and  Newburyport. 
,ie  tp.  in  1820  had  a  pop.  of  2,830,  and  in  1840, 

897.  Tp.,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in 

20,  1,126.  Town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  18 

NW.  from  Boston.  It  is  alternately  with 
imbridge  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co.    Pop.  in 

;20,  1,788.  Town,  Essex  co.,  Vermont,  on 

.mnecticut  river,  40  ms.  NE.  from  Montpelier. 
— River  of  Mass.,  rising  in  Norfolk,  but  having 
3st  of  its  sources  and  course  in  Middlesex  co.  ;  it 
jls  into  the  Merrimack  below  Chelmsford.  The  fine 
iddlesex  canal  is  chiefly  supplied  with  water  by 

»s  stream.  Town,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  by 

jst  road  52  ms.  NNW.  from  Albany.  Tp., 

fie  co.,  N.  Y.,  25  ms.  SSE.  from  Buffaloe. 

j»p.  in  1820,  278.  Tp.,  Chester  co.,  Penn., 

|  Chester  creek.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,032.  Town, 

issex  co.  Delaware,  on  Broad  creek,  branch  of 

iinticoke  river,  50  ms.  S.  from  Dover.  Vil- 

|je,  Franklin  co.,  Penn.,  by  post  road  72  ms. 

HrV.  from  Harrisburg.  Village,  Campbell  co., 

fji  ,  by  post  road,   118  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 

[ilchmond.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  Cabarras 

H.,  N.  C,  on  a  small  branch  of  Rocky  river, 
ftt.  35  26  N.,  Idn.  W.  C.  3  32  W.    By  post 

Hid  143  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh.  Tp., 

lie  co.,  Penn.    Pop.  in  1820,  53.  Village, 

Bauga  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road  163  ms.  NE  from 

Mrfumbus,  and  30  ms.  NE.  of  Cleveland.  

[p.,  Fayette  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  347.  

!).,  Highland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,035. 
j— Tp.,  Miami  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  591. 
— Tp.,  Ross  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,234. 
— Tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  in  1820, 

[|9.  Tp.,  Champaign  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  in 

[bo,  507.  Tp.,  Washington  co.,  Mo. 

[  Concord  Meeting  House  and  post  office,  Dela- 
I  are  co.,  Penn. 
i Concordat,  convention,  chiefly  applied  to  trea- 
[s  between  the  sovereigns  of  France  and  the 
pes.,  relating  to  ecclesiastical  affairs. 
Cuncordiu,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Mi- 
udola,  on  the  river  Schia,  5  ms.  W.  of  Miian- 

la.    Lon.  11  13  E.,  lat.  44  52  N.  Town 

Italy ,  in  Venetian  Friuli,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
i.  SmW.  of  Udina.   It  is  now  almost  ruined, 

id  the  bishop  resides  at  Porto  Gruaro.  Par- 

i  of  La.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Miss.,  bounded 
(he  Miss,  river  E.  and  SE.,  by  Red,  Black, 
d  Tensau  rivers  SW.  and  W.,  and  by  Washi- 
u  N.  ;  length  112  ms.,  mean  width  15,  area 
out  1,680  sq.  ms.,  surface  a  uniform  alluvial  flat, 
)st  part  of  which  is  annually  submerged  by  the 
cflow  of  the  Miss,  and  Washitau  rivers.  Like 
~>si  other  parts  of  La.  liable  to  such  periodical 
errlow,  only  the  comparatively  elevated  river 
ugins  are  capable  of  cultivation.  What  soil 
m,  however,  be  made  arable  is  exuberantly  pro- 
ictivc.  Cotton  is  the  most  abundant  staple, 
lief  town,  Concordia.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,626, 
<l  in  1840,  9,414.    Lat.  31  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

30  W.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  in  Con- 

rdia  parish,  La.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Miss., 
posite  Natchez.    Pop.  about  150.  Village, 


Harrison  tp.,  SW.  part  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  about 
15  ms.  SE.  of  Greenville,  the  co.  seat,  and  15 
ms.  NE.  of  Centerville,  Wayne  co.,  Indiana. 

Condavir,  fort  in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan, 
and  the  principal  post  of  Guntoor,  one  of  five  Cir- 
cars.  It  is  strongly  situated  on  a  mountain,  16 
ms.  W.  of  Guntoor. 

Conde,  strong  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  N.  and  French  part  of  Hainault.  It 
has  a  castle,  and  gave  the  title  of  prince  to  a 
branch  of  the  late  royal  family.  Conde  is  seated  on 
the  Scheldt,  7  ms.  NE.  of  Valenciennes,  and  117 
N.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  39  E.,  lat.  50  27  N, 
 Town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Cal- 
vados and  late  province  of  Normandy.  It  is  15 
ms.  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  37'  W.,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Condecedo,  cape  of  N.  America,  in  Yucatan, 
100  ms.  W.  of  Merida.  Lon.  W.  C.  27°  W., 
lat.  20  50  N. 

Condesuois  de  Arcquipa,  province  of  Peru,  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Condom,  large  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  and  late  province  of  Gascony.  It 
was  lately  an  episcopal  see,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Baise,  22  ms  W.  of  Auch.  Lon.  36°  E.,  lat. 
44  1  N. 

Condore,  capital  of  a  number  of  islands  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  It  produces  mangoes,  which  grow 
on  trees  as  large  as  apple  trees ;  the  fruit  is  of  the 
size  of  a  small  peach,  and  when  ripe  has  a  pleas- 
ant smell  and  taste.  The  inhabitants  are  small  in 
stature,  well  shaped,  and  of  a  dark  olive  complex- 
ion, their  faces  are  long,  with  straight  black  hair, 
small  black  eyes,  high  noses,  thin  lips,  white  teeth, 
and  little  mouths.  The  English  East  India  Com- 
pany had  a  settlement  here  in  1701  ;  but  the  fac- 
tors falling  out  with  the  natives,  most  of  them 
were  murdered,  and  the  rest  driven  thence  in  1705. 
on.  107  26  E.,  lat.  2  40  N. 
Condotieri,  Hal.  Leset.crs.  In  the  history  of 
Italy,  adventurers  who,„in  the  14th  and  15th  cen- 
turies, formed  themselves  into  mercenary  military 
bands,  and,  under  leaders  chosen  by  themselves, 
old  their  services  to  those  States  or  princes  who 
paid  them  best. 

Condrieu,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Lyonnois, 
remarkable  for  its  excellent  wines.  It  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  a  hill  near  the  Rhone,  17  ms.  S.  of 
Lyons.    Lon.  4  53  E.,  lat  45  23  N. 

Conococheague,  small  river  of  Penn.  and  Md., 
rises  in  the  former  by  two  branches,  one  heading  on 
the  boundary  between  Perry  and  Franklin  coun- 
ties, and  between  North  and  Tuscarora  moun- 
tains, and  the  other  near  Chambersburg,  interlock- 
ing with  the  sources  of  the  Conedogwinet.  The 
two  branches  flow  to  the  S.,  unite  between  Green- 
castle  and  Mercersburg,  and  entering  Maryland  fall 
into  the  Potomac  at  Williamsport.  This  river, 
from  Chambersburg  to  its  mouth,  nearly  separates 
the  slate  and  limestone  ranges. — See  Kiitatiilny 
Valley. 

Conecuh,  river,  Ala,,  rises  SE.  from  the  junc- 
tion of  the  C  oosa  and  the  Tallapoosa,  and  assu- 
ming a  SW.  direction  is  augmented  by  a  great 
number  of  large  creelcs  from  the  N.,  continues  by 
comparative  courses  about  120  ms,,  where  it  passes 
N.  lat.  31°,  enters  Florida  and  turns  to  nearly  8., 
pursues  that  direction  generally,  but  by  a  curve  to 

'239 


CON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  CON 

— t 


the  westward  is  finally  lost  in  the  bay  of  St.  Marta 
de  Galvez,  or  northern  arm  of  Pensacola  Bay. — 
See  Connecuh.  Co.  of  Ala.,  bounded  by  Flor- 
id* S.,  Monroe  W.  and  NW.,  Butler  N.,  and 
Covington  E.  It  is  36  ins.  each  side,  except  a 
triangle  of  about  112  sq.  ms.  at  its  NW.  corner ; 
area  1,184  sq.  ms.  Surface  rather  waving  than 
hilly  ;  soil  generally  sterile,  except  on  the  streams  ; 
staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Sparta.  N.  lat.  31 
15,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  10°  W.  intersect  near  the 
centre  of  this  co.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,713,  and  in 
1840,  8,197. 

Conedogwinei ',  small  river  of  Cumberland  co., 
Penn.,  rising,  however,  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Franklin  co.  Its  course  is  nearly  NE.  between  N. 
and  S.  mountains,  and  passing  about  1  mile  N. 
from  Carlisle  falls  into  the  Susquehannah  about  2 
ms.  above  Harrisburg.  Similar  to  the  Conoco- 
cheague,  the  Conedogwinet,  though  not  uniformly, 
yet  generally  separates  the  slate  and  limestone 
ranges. 

Concmaugh,  river  of  Pa.,  rises  in  Cambria  and 
Somerset  counties,  and,  assuming  a  course  to  N  W., 
pierces  the  Laurel  mountain,  and,  separating  In- 
diana and  Armstrong  from  Westmoreland  co.,  joins 
the  Alleghany  about  70  ms.  above  Pittsburg.  Va- 
luable salt  works  have  been  erected  on  this  river, 
near  the  mouth  of  Loyalhannon  creek.  The  salt 
water  was  a  comparatively  recent  discovery,  but 
yields  at  present  above  100  bushels  of  salt  per  diem. 

 Village  of  Cambria  co  ,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820, 

116.  Tp.  in  Cambria  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820, 

807.  Tp.  in  Indiana  co  ,  Pa.     Pop.  in  1820, 

1,555.  Tp.  in  Somerset  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in 

1820,  378. 

Conequenessing,  tp.  in  Butler  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1820,  977. 

Conestogoe,  small  river  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pa., 
rising  on  the  borders  of  Chester,  Berks,  and  Leba- 
non counties,  and,  flowing  SE.  through  the  centre 
of  Lancaster  co.,  falls  into  the  Susquehannah  river 
about  10  ms.  below  Columbia,  and  an  equal  dis- 
tance S.  from  the  city  of  Lancaster.  This  tine 
stream  drains  one  of  the  most  productive  and  best 

cultivated  tracts  in  the  United  States.  Tp.  in 

Lancaster  co.,  Pa.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,805. 

Conewago,  creek  of  Pa.,  separating  Lancaster 
and  Dauphin  counties,  and  falling  into  the  Sus- 
quehannah river  4  ms.  below  Middletown.  A 

much  more  considerable  stream  than  the  preceding, 
rising  in  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  and  flowing  NE.  into 
York,  over  which  it  passes  to  the  Susquehannah, 

into  which  it  falls  5  ms.  below  Middletown.  

Tp.  in  York  co.  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  945.  Tp. 

in  Adams  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  839. 

Conewango  creek,  or  small  river  of  N.  Y.  and 
Pa.  It  is  formed  by  the  outlet  of  Chatauque  lake 
and  other  large  creeks  from  Chatauque  and  Catta- 
raugus counties,  N.  Y.  These  unite  in  the  former, 
and,  turning  S.,  enter  Warren  co.,  Pa.,  falls  into 

Alleghany  river  at  the  village  of  Warren.  

Post  office  in  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y.  Tp.  in 

Warren  co.,  Pa. 

Conjlans,  name  of  several  inconsiderable  vil- 
lages in  France  and  one  in  Savoy. 

Congaree,  river  of  S.  C,  formed  by  the  Broad 
and  Saluda  rivers.    Below  the  junction  of  the  two 
latter  at  Columbia,  the  former  flows  30  ms.,  and 
unites  with  the  Wateree  to  form  the  Santee. 
240 


Congleton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire,  on  th 
river  Dane,  7  ms.  S.  of  Macclesfield,  and  164  N\V 
of  London.    Lon.  2  10  W.,  lat.  53  8  N. 

Congo,  country  of  Africa. — See  Africa,  p.  26. 

Congo  river. — See  Zaire. 

Congress,  village  in  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  on  Kill 
buck  creek,  11  ms.  a  little  W.of  N.  from  Wooster 
the  county  seat.  It  is  the  northeastern  post  town  o 
Ohio,  and  one  of  those  places  which  have  risen  a 
if  by  miracle  in  a  recent  wilderness.  Pop.  in  1820 
250.. 

Conhocton,  branch,  one  of  the  constituents  o 
the  Tioga,  rises  in  the  NW.  part  of  Steuben  co. 
N.  Y.,  flows  SE.  70  ms.,  and  joins  the  Caniste. 

at  Painted  Post,  and  forms  the  Tioga.  Tp.  ii 

Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,560. 

Coni,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a  territory  o 
that  name,  with  a  citadel.  It  surrendered  to  th< 
French  in  April,  1796.  It  is  seated  on  the  conflu 
ence  of  the  Gresse  and  Sture,  35  ms.  S.  of  Turin 
Lon.  7  45  E.,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Coningseck,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  20  ms.  N.  of  Constance 
Lon.  9  20  E.,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Conington,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Huntingdonshire 
near  Stilton. 

Coniston-Mere,  lake  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire 
which  affords  plenty  of  char.  It  is  5  ms.  W.  o 
Winandermere. 

Conjunction,  in  astronomy,  means  that  anj 
two  planets,  the  earth  inclusive,  have  the  same  lon 
gitude,  without  regard  to  latitude. 

Connaught,  province  of  Ireland,  130  ms.  lour, 
and  84  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Leinster  ant 
Munster,  on  the  S.  by  the.  latter  province,  or 
the  W.  and  N.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  NW, 
by  Ulster. 

ConeaUsville,  village  in  the.  NW.  part  of  Craw 
ford  co.,  Pa.,  20  ms.  NW.  from  Mead vi lie,  ant 
35  SW.  from  Eric. 

Coneatt,  tp.  in  Crawford  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  ir. 
1820,  265. 

Conncaut  creek,  of  O.  and  Pa.,  rises  in  Ashta- 
buia,  Erie,  and  Crawford  counties,  unites  in  thi 
former,  and  falls  into  Lake  Erie  in  the  NE.  angle 

of  Ohio.  Post  office  at  the  mouth  of  Conneaui 

creek,  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  30  ms.  SW.  by  W/ 

from  Erie.  Village  and  port  of  Ashtabula  co., 

Ohio,  seated  on  the  point  above  the  mouth,  and 
westward  of  Conncaut  river,  20  m?.  NE.of  Jeffer- 
son, the  county  seat,  and  about  35  ms.  NW.  of 
Meadville,  in  Pa.  This  is  one  of  the  towns  on  the 
lake  border  of  the  United  States  which  proves  thr 
certain  benefit  of  improving  harbors  at  public  ex- 
pense. "There  are,"  as  stales  the  author  of  the 
Ohio  Gazetteer,  1837,  "in  Conncaut  24  mercan- 
tile houses.  The  following  is  the  number  of  ar- 
rivals and  departures  :  Arrivals. — Vessels  275, 
steamboats  760.  Departures. — Vessels  265,  steam 
boats  759.  There  are  owned  at  this  port  7  schoon- 
ers, aggregate  tonnage  391  tons.  Two  others,  o( 
the  largest  class,  are  now  being  built.  There  is 
also  one  steamboat  owned  here  of  375  tons  bur- 
den."   Pop.  in  1840  of  village  and  tp.,  2,642. 

Connecticut  river. — This  noble  stream  naes  on 
the  border  of  L.  C,  and,  flowing  nearly  S.,  sepa- 
rates N.  H.  from  Vt.,  and  thence  crossing  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Connecticut,  enters  Long  Island 
sound. 


CON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CON 


Connecticut  is  amongst  the  most  curious  of  the 
\tlantic  rivers.  Its  extreme  northern  sources  are 
n  a  hilly,  though  not  mountainous  country,  at  N. 
At.  45  10,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of  the  St. 
?rancis  branch  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  with 
hose  of  the  Kennebec,  and  thence  assuming  a 
ourse  of  a  little  W.  of  S.,  down  a  valley  between 
wo  ranges  of  mountains,  as  far  as  N.  lat.  42  43. 
Thence  crossing  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  in 

i  direction  nearly  due  S.  to  Middletown,  in  the 
alter,  where  it  turns  to  NE.,  and  finally  enters  the 
ound  at  41  16  N.  lat.  Its  entire  basin  is  about 
:80  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  45,  drain- 
ng  an  area  of  12,600  sq.  ms. 

Though  the  basin  of  Connecticut  is  almost  en- 
irely  on  a  primitive  rock,  and  though  passing  one 
mall  ridge  of  mountains  near  Middletown,  it  is 
,ievertheless  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  10  feet 
water  to  that  place,  above  the  mountain  pass  36 
is.,  following  the  windings  of  the  stream  ;  and  by 
essels  drawing  7|  feet  to  Hartford,  15  ms.  still 
igher.  The  latter  place  is  at  the  head  of  ship 
avigation,  but  though  considerably  obstructed  by 
dls,  rapids,  and  shoals,  the  navigation  of  this  river 
as  been  so  much  improved  by  dams,  locks,  and 
hort  canals,  as  to  admit  boats  of  considerable  ton- 
age  to  ascend  to  and  descend  from  the  Fifteen 
lile  falls  above  Haverhill,  upwards  of  250  ms., 
allowing  the  stream  from  Long  Island  sound.  This 

ii  very  considerably  the  deepest  inland  navigation 
i  the  United  States  east  from  the  Hudson. 

Connecticut,  State  of  the  U.  S.  has  the  follow - 
ig  limits  : 

'n  Long  Island  sound 
few  York  - 
lassachusetts  - 
hode  Island  - 
Area  4,750  sq.  ms.,  3,040,000  acres;  extend- 
!ig  from  N.  lat.  41°  to  N.  lat.  42,  and  Ion.  W. 
.  from  4  18  to  5  12  E. 

The  coast  of  this  State  is  finely  diversified  by 
arbors,  of  which  New  Haven,  New  London, 
ridgeport,  and  Norwich,  are  the  principal.  The 
onnecticut  opens  a  navigation  to  sea  vessels 
»  Hartford,  and  the  Thames  to  Norwich.  The 
tale  is  also  traversed  in  every  direction  by  good 
')ads.  The  face  of  the  country  is  most  delight- 
illy  varied  by  mountains,  hills,  and  dales,  which, 
Jded  to  the  well  calculated  aspect  of  the  farms 
id  the  neatness  of  the  buildings,  gives  to  the 
hysiognomy  of  Connecticut  a  most  seductive  ap- 
earance. 

The  manufacturing  industry  of  this  State  has 
aen  carried  to  a  greater  comparative  extent  than 
:>y  other  of  the  United  States.  Its  manufactured 
id  agricultural  staples  embrace  a  great  variety  of 
tides,  such  as  tin  ware,  nails,  glass,  hats,  fire- 
ms,  &c.  ;  horses,  mules,  butter,  cheese,  Indian 
>m,  beef,  pork,  &c. 

Connecticut  being  settled  in  the  first  instance 
/  an  enlightened  people,  the  interests  of  educa- 
m  has  been  ever  interwoven  in  her  colonial  and 
tate  policy.  Yale  College,  in  New  Haven,  is  at 
16  head  of  her  literary  institutions.  This  respect- 
ive seminary  has  produced  some  of  the  most  fin- 
jhed  scholars  in  the  U.  S.  Several  other  literary 
tablishments  exist  in  the  State,  the  principal  of 
hich  are  a  Theological  Episcopal  Seminary,  in 
31* 


Miles. 

-  96 

-  81 

-  85 

-  50 


New  Haven  ;  Bacon  Academy,  in  Colchester  ;  an 
Episcopal  Academy,  in  Cheshire;  and  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb  Asylum  at  Hartford. 

In  1790,  Connecticut  contained  237,946,  and 
1800,  251,002  inhabitants.  Its  subsequent  ad- 
vance in  population  can  be  seen  by  the  following 
tables  : 

Population  in  1810 — 
Free  white  males  - 
Free  white  females 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed  -  -  -  6,453 

Slaves  -  310 


126,37.3 
128,806 


Total  population  in  1810  .  261,942 

Population  in  1820— 

Free  white  males         -  -  130,807 

Free  white  females       -  .  136,374 

Total  whites    -  267,181 

Free  persons  of  color,  males     -  -  3,863 

Free  persons  of  color,  females  -  -  4,007 

Slaves,  males  -          -           -  -  37 

Slaves,  females            -          -  -  60 

All  other  persons         -          -  lyo 

Total  population  in  1820  -  275,248 

Of  these — 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  568 

Engaged  in  agriculture            -  -  50,518 

Engaged  in  manufactures         -  _  17,541 

Engaged  in  commerce  -  -  3,581 
Population  to  the  square  mile  58. 

The  following  tables  show  the  distributive  popu- 
  lation  of  1840. 


Whites.— A?es. 


0  to  5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males.  Females. 


19,021 
17,420 
17,270 
16,718 
26,097 
19,056 
13,355 
9,121 
5,727 
3,381 
1,034 
92 


?,300 


free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  free  colored 


Males. 


1,165 
710 
746 
331 

4 


3,891 


18,253 
16,889 
15,964 
16,478 
27,120 
20,110 
14,863 
10,792 
7,220 
4,274 
1,436 
153 
4 


153,556 
148,300 


301,6 


Females. 


967 
,238 
860 
715 
433 


4,214 
3,891 


8,105 


241 


CON 


GEOGRAPHICAL,  DICTIONARY. 


CON 


Slaves,  males  - 
Slaves,  females  - 

Total  slaves 

Aggregate 


White  persons,  deaf  ami  dumb,  under  14  years  of 


age 

Do.  from  14  to  2" 
Do.  over  25 


Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge  -  114 
Do.  do.  private  charge   -  -  384 

Do.  total  insane  idiots  - 
Colored  persons  deaf  and  dumb  - 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  private  charge 
Do.  do.  public  charge  - 
Total  persons  employed  in- 
Mining 
Agriculture 
Commerce 

Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  of  the  ocean 
Canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
Universities  or  colleges  - 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools  - 
Do.  students  in  ~ 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in 
Scholars  at  public  charge 
White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 
or  write  • 


m 

141 

LOS 


498 
8 
13 
20 
24 

151 

50,955 
2,743 
27,932 
2,700 
431 
1,697 
1,666 
4 
832 
127 
4,865 
1,619 
65.739 
10,912 

526 


Population  of  Connecticut  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Free  whites. 

Free  colored 

Slaves. 

Counties. 

CO 

male 

CL> 

"3 

male 

ales. 

imale 

<D 
fa 

u 

fa 

fa 

o 
H 

Hartford  - 

26,560 

27,787 

584 

698 

55,629 

New  Haven 

23,062 

24,073 

674 

765 

6 

2 

48,619 

N.  London 

21,389 

21,334 

815 

925 

44,463 

Fairfield  - 

23,788 

24,792 

666 

669 

1 

1 

49,917 

Windham 

13,412 

14,069 

293 

301 

1 

4 

23,080 

Litchfield  - 

19,593 

19,817 

521 

516 

1 

40,448 

Middlesex 

11,941 

12,498 

203 

236 

1 

24,879 

Tolland  - 

8,555 

9,186 

135 

104 

17,980 

Total 

148,300 

153,556 

3,881 

4,214 

8 

9 

310,015 

Progressive  population  of  Connecticut  by  counties. 


Counties. 

Pop.  1820. 

Pop.  1830. 

Pop.  1840. 

Fairfield 

42,734 

47,010 

49,917 

Hartford 

47,264 

51,131 

55,629 

Litchfield 

41,267 

42,858 

40,448 

Middlesex 

22,404 

24,844 

24,879 

New  Haven 

39,616 

43,847 

48,619 

New  London 

35,943 

42,201 

44,463 

Tolland 

14,330 

18,702 

28,080 

Windham 

31,684 

27,082 

17,980 

275,242 

297,675 

„,  310,015 

600 
740 
836 
336 
600 
600 
450 
600 

4,762 


Connecticut  having  maintained,  nearly  from  its 
existence,  the  same  boundaries,  its  progressive  pop- 
ulation affords  valuable  statistical  facts.    As  far  as 
data  can  he  procured,  it  contained  in — 
242 


1700 
1749 
1775 
1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 


-  30,0 

-  100,0 

-  197, 

-  23-3 

-  251 

-  2G1, 
■  27£ 

-  29' 

-  31( 


Ratio  of  increase  in  50  years  from  1 790  to 
1,303,  very  nearly;  or,  for  1,000  at  the  begit 
of  the  period  of  50  yerfrs  the  State  contained 
at  its  termination. 

Connelsvilh,  village  and  tp.  in  Fayette 
Pa.,  on  the  NE.  side  of  Youghiogany  river,  12  ; 
NE.  from  Union,  31   W.  from  Somerset,  a 
ahout  45  SE.  of  Pittsburg.    Pop.  in  1820,  6C 

Conners,  post  office,  Gallatin  co.,  Ky.,  68  rr 
NNW.  from  Frankfort. 

Connor,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Antrii 
6  ms.  N.  of  Antrim.     Lon.  6  6  E.,  lat.  j 
59  N. 

Connorsville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Faye 
co.,  Ta.,  on  White-water  river,  65  ms.  SE  by 
from  Indianopolis.    Lat.  39  38  N.,  lon.  W.  i 

8  4. 

Connotten,  or  more  correctly  Gnadenltutte 
creek  of  Ohio,  falls  into  the  Tuscaiawas,  in  Ti 
carawas,  co.  Fairfield  tp.,  this  creek  rises  in  H; 
rison  and  Carroll  co. 

Connotten  or  Conoten,  village,  near  t!>e  he 
of  Conotten  creek,  Harrison  co.,  N.  tp.,  12  n 
NNW.  of  Cadiz,  and  1 1  southward  of  Carroltc 

Connowingo,  village,  near  Connowingo  Fa 
in  Susquehannah,  NW.  angle  of  Cecil  co.,  Mi 
18  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Elkton,  and  35  N 
from  Baltimore. 

Conquest,  town,  Cayuga,  co.,  N.  Y.,  14  rr 
in  a  direction  nearly  N.  from  Auburn. 

Conquet,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Fin 
terre  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  with  a  go 
harbor  and  road.  It  is  12  ms.  W.  of  Bre 
Lon.  4  41  W.,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Conrad's  Store,  post  office,  Rockingham  c 
Va.,  by  postroad,  161  ms.  NW  from  Richmon 
and  an  equal  distance  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Constable,  French,  a  corruption  of  commi 
table  or  comes  stabuli.  During  many  ages,  t 
office  of  constable,  was  amongst  the  highest  digr 
ties  both  in  Fr.  and  Eng.  In  Fr.  it  fell  into  d 
suetude  after  the  execution  of  the  Constable  Sair 
Paul,  1475,  but  revived  by  Francis  I,  and  final 
suppressed  in  1627.  In  Eng.,  this  office  was  i 
troduced  and  made  hereditary  by  William  the  Co 
queror,  but  suppressed  by  Henry  VIII.  In  Gre 
Britain  and  the  United  States  it  is  still  in  existenc 
but  brought  down  to  a  low  degree,  comparative! 

Constable,  town,  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.  TI 
tp.  lies  along  L.  Canada  line,  on  the  waters 
Chataugay  river,  about  midway  been  Ogdensbu 
and  Montreal.    Pop,  in  1820,  637. 

Constance,  city  of  Suabia,  with  a  bishop's  se 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  between  the  upper  and  low 
lakes  of  Constance.  It  is  35  ms.  NE.  of  Zuri 
The  inhabitants  scarcely  amount  to  3,000.  Lo 

9  10  E.,  lat.  47  38  N. 

Constance,  Lake,  one  of  the  most  consideraL 
lakes  of  Switzerland,  which  it  separates  fro 
Suabia,   that  part   excepted  where  the  city 


CON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  CON 


onstance  is  seated  on  its  S.  side.  Like  all  the 
kes  in  Switzsrland,  this  is  deeper  in  summer 
lan  in  winter; which  is  owing  to  the  first  melt- 
g  of  the  snow  from  the  adjacent  mountains. 
Constance,  city  of,  from  its  position,  and  con- 
juity  to  the  Swiss  Canton  of  Thurgau,  is  mostly 
presented  on  our  maps  as  a  Swiss  city,  which 
)wever,  it  never  was.  About  1513,  when  Ap- 
■nzell  was  admitted  to  the  rank  and  rights  of  a 
anton,  the  people  of  Constance  applied  for  ad- 
ission,  but  defeated  their  own  object  by  demand- 
g  more  than  the  Swiss  Government  would  con- 
m,  and,  as  exclaims  Mallet,  "The  decree  con- 
rnned  Conslance.  to  be  in  future,  only  a  poor, 
tscurc,  and  defenceless  town,  the  fruit  of  its  own 
ant  of  foresight." 

Constantia,  district  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
nsisting  of  two  farms,  which  produce  the  well 
sown  wine  so  much  prized  in  Europe,  and 
iowii  by  the  name  of  Cape  or  Constantia  wine. 
— Town,  Oswego,  co.,  J\.  Y.,  on  the  N.  side 

the  Oneida  lake,  about  20  ms.  N.  from  Manlius. 
>}).  1820,  767. 

Constantino.,  strong  and  considerable  town  of 
frica,  in  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  and  capital  of 
(erritory  of  (he  same  name.  It  is  the  largest  and 
ongest  in  all  the  eastern  parts,  and  seated  at  the 
lip  of  a  great  rock.  There  is  no  way  to  it  but  by 
?ps  cut  out  of  the  rock;  and  the  usual  way  of 
inishing  criminals  here  is  to  throw  them  down 
;e  cliff.  Here  arc  many  Roman  antiquities,  par- 
j'.ularly  a  triumphal  arch.  It  is  75  ms.  from  the 
j.  a,  and  210  E.  by  8.  of  Algiers.    Lon.  7°  E., 

f\„  3G  4  N.  Town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 

lj.th  a  castle  seated  on  a  mountain,  40  ms.  NE. 
Seville.    Lon.  5  35  W.,  lat.  3?  40  N. 
Constantinople,  capital  of  the  Turkish  empire. 
H  is  of  a  triangular  form,  and  seated  between  the 
f  jaek  Sea  and  the  Archipelago,  on  a  neck  of  land 
I  at  advances  towards  Natolia,  from  which  it  is 
'parated  by  a  strait  a  mile  in  breadth.     The  sea 
Marmora  washes  its  walls  on  the  S.,  and  a  I 
ilf  of  the  .strait  of  Constantinople  does  the  same 
f  the  NE.    It  was  anciently  called  Byzantium, 
lit  the  name  was  changed  by  Constantine  the 
reat,  who  made  it  the  seat  of  the  Roman  Empire 
the  E.    It  was  taken  in  1453,  by  the  Turks, 
,io  have  kept  possession  of  it  ever  since.  The 
and  seignior's  palace,  called  the  Seraglio,  is  on 
e  sea  side,  surrounded  by  walls  flanked  with 
wers,  and  separated  from  the  city  by  canals.  It 
mds  on  the  site  of  ancient  Byzantium,  the  E. 
'int  of  the  present  city,  and  is  3  ms.  in  circum- 
ence.    The  castle  of  Seven  Towers  is  a  State 
isou,  and  stands  near  the  sea  of  Marmora,  at 
e  W.  point  of  the  city  from  the  Seraglio;  and 
the  N  W,  point,  without  the  walls,  is  the  imperial 
lace  of  Aijub,  with  a  village  of  the  same  name. 
ie  number  of  houses  in  Constantinople  is  pro- 
gious;  but,  in  general,  they  arc  mean,  and  all  of 
'em  constructed  of  wood,  and  the  roofs  covered 
Hh  hollow  tiles.      The  public,  edifices  alone  are 
I  ilt  in  masonry  in  a  very  solid  manner.  The 
fleets  are  narrow,  badly  paved,  and  dirty;  and 
|e  people  are  infested  with  the  plague  almost 
iery  year.    The  inhabitants,   who  are  said  to 
lountto  520,000,  are  half  Turks,  two-thirds  of 
e  other  half  Greeks  or  Armenians,  and  the  rest 
ws.    Here  ;ire  a  great  number  of  ancient  monu- 


ments still  remaining ;  particularly  the  superb 
temple  of  St.  Sophia,  built  in  the  sixth  century, 
which  is  converted  into  a  mosque,  and  will  con- 
tain 100,000  persons  conveniently.  Between  the 
two  mosques  of  sultan  Solyman  and  Bajazet  is  the 
old  seraglio,  in  which  are  shut  up  all  the  wives 
of  the  deceased  sultans,  and  also  such  women  as 
have  displeased  the  grand  seignior.  The  bazars, 
or  bazesteins,  are  large  square  buildings,  covered 
with  domes,  supported  by  arcades,  and  contain  all 
sorts  of  goods,  which  are  there  exposed  to  sale. 
The  circumference  of  this  city  is  by  some  said  to 
be  15  ms.,  and  by  Mr.  Toumefort,  25  ms. ;  to 
which  if  we  add  the  suburbs,  it  may  be  34  ms.  in 
compass.  The  suburb  called  Pera  is  charmingly 
situated  ;  and  is  the  place  where  the  ambassadors 
of  England,  France,  Venice,  and  Holland,  reside. 
This  city  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  triangle  ;  and  as 
the  ground  rises  gradually,  there  is  a  view  ef  the 
whole  town  from  the  sea.  The  public  buildings, 
such  as  the  palaces,  the  mosques,  bagnios,  and 
caravansaries,  for  the  entertainment  of  strangers, 
are  many  of  them  very  magnificent.    Lon.  29  20 

E.,  lat.  41  4  N.  Straits  of  ancient  Thracian 

Bosphorus,  is  the  outlet  of  the  Black  Sea,  into 
the  Marmora.  It  is  with  all  its  windings  some- 
thing more  than  20  ms.  The  width  very  unequal ; 
the  narrowest  part  at  the  castles,  about  6  ms. 
above  Constantinople,  is  not  much  more  than 
half  a  mile.  The  outlet  from  the  Black  Sea  has 
all  the  appearance  of  having  been  formed  by  some 
convulsion  of  nature. — See  Bosphorus  and  Con- 
stantinople. 

Constantinow,  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia, 
on  the  river  Selucza,  62  ms.  NE.  of  Kaminieck. 
Lon.  27  20  E.,  49  58  N. 

Coy  st  ell  at  j  on,  from  two  Latin  words  mean- 
ing, collecting  together,  stars.  As  an  astronomi- 
cal term,  means  a  stellar  groupe,  and  a  general 
name.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  groups  are 
what  is  called  particularly  the  twelve  constellations 
of  the  Zodiac.  This  artificial  division  of  the  stars, 
as  is  proven  by  the  Book  of  Job,  precedes,  by  a  long 
series  of  ages,  any  artificial  record  under  the  title 
of  Astronomy.  We  stand  indebted,  according 
to  all  known  evidence,  for  this  primary  part  of 
Astronomy  to  the  Shemitic  nations  of  south- 
western Asia,  and  northeastern  Africa.  This 
conclusion  is  proven  by  many  of  the  names,  and 
there  is  no  rational  doubt,  were  adopted  to  guide 
caravans  in  their  courses  over  the  sandy  and  rocky 
deserts,  and  for  that  purpose  were  used  in  aid  of 
land  commerce  long  previous  to  their  use  in  direct- 
ing mariners.  Another  interesting  reflection  rises 
here,  and  that  is,  that  if  the  above  theory  is  cor« 
rect,  the  Heavens  were  parcelled  by  man  into 
stellar  divisions,  under  separate  names,  previous 
to  any  attempt  to  give  separate  continental  titles  to 
the  natural  or  national  sections  of  the  earth. 

Consul,  from  consulo,  to  watch  over,  to  take 
care  of.  From  B.  C,  509,  or  the  245th  year  of 
Rome,  until  the  reign  of  Augustus,  with  oc- 
casional interruptions,  two  magistrates  under  this 
title,  and  annually  chosen,  supplied  the  place  of 
the  kings  of  the  still  more  ancient  Rome.  Under 
the  emperors,  until  the  reign  of  Justinian,  when 
the  office  was  utterly  abolished,  it  was  merely 
honorary.  In  modern  times,  consuls  aie  com- 
mercial agents  appointed  by  Government,  with 

243 


s 


CON  GEOGRAPHIC  A 


special  powers  to  regulate,  and  decide  upon  com- 
mercial transactions.  It  is  quasi  a  diplomatic 
trust,  Peters's  Digest,  Vol.  1,  581  sec.  8,  and 
Davis  nr.  Packard,  7th  Peters,  276. 

Contacook,  river  of  N.  H.,  rises  in  Cheshire 
co.,  and  flowing  NE.  over  Hillsborough,  falls 
into  the  Merrimack  at  Concord. 

Contesso,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  on  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  ancient  Strymonicus 
Sinus,  in  the  Archipelago,  200  ms.  \V.  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  23  58  E.,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Conti,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Somme,  and 
late  province  of  Picardy.  It  formerly  gave  the 
title  of  prince  to  a  branch  of  the  royal  family  of 
France.  It  is  seated  on  the  Seille,  14  ms.  SW. 
of  Amiens,  and  62  N.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  13  E., 
lat.  49  42  N. 

Continent,  as  a  geographical  term,  is  in  an 
especial  manner  vague,  and  is  only  useful  compar- 
atively to  designate  between  two  bodies  of  land  of 
unequal  extent.  The  application  to  the  great  land 
protuberances  of  the  earth  has  been  accidental,  ar- 
bitrary, and  in  part  contradictory  ;  as  examples  of 
the  latter,  Alrica  and  Asia  are  distinguished  as 
.separate  continents,  whilst  America  is  included 
under  one  general  name,  though  the  two  former 
are  united  by  an  isthmus  or  neck  no  where  under 
60  ms.  in  width,  and  the  latter  composed  of  two 
expansions  of  land,  united  by  an  isthmus  which 
does  not,  at  the  narrowest  part,  amount  to  a  width 
of  20  ms.  Asia  and  Europe  are  regarded  as  (wo 
continents,  though  connected  by  land  through  18£° 
of  lat.,  or  near  1,300  ms.  Europe  is  only  a  pro- 
longation of  Asia. 

Contrecoeur,  seigniory,  Surry  co  ,  L.  C,  on 
the  right  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  both 
aides  of  Sorelle  river. 

Conversano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
12  ms.  SE.  of  Bari.    Lon.  17  6  E.,  lat.  41  20  N. 

Convocation,  an  assembly  called  by  summons. 
In  Eng.  the  grand  convocation,  when  formed,  con- 
sists of  an  upper  and  lower  house  ;  the  former  of 
archbishops  and  bishops,  the  latter  of  inferior  clergy. 

Conway,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Carnarvonshire,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Conway,  18  ms.  ENE.  of  Car- 
narvon, and  235  WNW.  of  London.    Lon.  4  1 

W.,  lat.  53  20  N.  River  of  N.  Wales,  which, 

flowing  through  a  fcriile  vale  of  the  same  name, 
along  the  whole  eastern  border  of  Carnarvonshire, 
falls  into  the  Irish  sea,  at  the  town  of  Conway. 

 Town  of  Sudbury  co.,  New  Brunswick,  on 

the  right  bank  of  St.  John's  river,  and  near  the  bay 
of  Fundy.  Northeast  town,  Strafford  co.,  N. 

H.  ,  on  Saco  river,  by  post  road  67  ms.  NE.  from 
Concord.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,365.  Town,  Frank- 
lin co.,  Mass.,  on  a  branch  of  Deerfield  river,  15 
ms.  NNW.  from  Northampton,    Pop.  in  1820, 

I,  705. 

Conway  Centre,  post  office,  Strafford  co.,»N. 
II.  The  tp.  of  Conway  is  the  northeastern  angle 
of  the  co.  The  centre  post  office  is  67  ms.  NE. 
from  Concord.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820,  1,365. 
The  village  of  Conway  is  distinct  from  the  Centre 
post  office.  The  former  is  N.,  and  the  latter  S.  of 
Saco  river. 

Conway  borough,  village  on  Waccamaw  river, 
Horry  district,  S.  C,  100  ms.  NE.  from  Charles- 
ton.   Lat.  33  46  N.,  lon.  W.  C,  2  3  W 

Conyatt,  tp.,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.— See  ConcatL 
244 


L  DICTIONARY.  COO 


Conyngham,  village,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  in 
copeck  valley,  upon  the  turnpike  leading  from  Ber- 
wick to  Bethlehem.  It  is  12  ms.  from  the  Susque- 
hannah  at  Berwick,  and  18  ms.  from  the  Lehigh, 
at  Lausanne.  It  is  built  upon  one  street,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Buck  mountain. 

Conza,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ulleriore 
52  ms.  E.  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  35  E.,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Cooch's  Bridge,  post  office,  New  Castle  co., 
Delaware. 

Cook's  river,  large  river  of  N.  America,  whicl 
flows  into  the  N.  Pacific  ocean.  It  was  discoverer, 
in  1778,  by  Captain  Cook,  who  left  a  blank  for  iti 
name,  which  was  filled  up  by  the  Earl  of  Sand 
with.  This  river  was  traced  as  high'as  lat.  61  3( 
N.,  which  is  above  70  leagues  from  its  mouth,  ii 
lon.  152°  W. 

Cook's  Law- Office,  post  office,  Elbert  co.,  Ga.. 
65  ms.  NNE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Cook's  Set  tlement,  post  office,  St.  Ucncvievi 
co.,  Mo.,  about  60  ms.  S.  from  St.  Louis. 

Cook's  Strait,  strait  dividing  the  two  islands  o 
which  New  Zealand  is  composed  :  it  is  about  4  o 
5  leagues  broad.    Lat.  41°  S.,  lon.  174  30  E. 

Cookstown,  village  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mo 
nongahcla  river,  in  the  northwest  angle  of  Fayetti 
co.,  Pa.,  23  ins.  SSE.  from  Pittsburg. 

Cooksvitle,  village,  Ann  Arundlc  co.,  Md.,  by 
post  road  53  ms.  from  Annapolis,  and  61  fron 
Washington  City. 

Coolbaugh's,  post  office,  Wayne  co.,  Pa. 

Coolspring,  tp.,  Mercer  co.,  Pa.  Population  n 
1820,  596. 

Coolville,  village,  Athens  co.,  O.,  110  ms.  8E* 
from  Columbus.  This  village  is  situated  on  tin 
right  bank  of  Hockhocking  river,  6  ms.  by  wale 
above  its  mouth,  21  ms.  by  post  road  SSE.  c 
Athens,  and  26  SW.  of  Marietta. 

Cooper  s  Bridge,  post  office,  Putnam  co.,  Ga.1 
38  ms.  NNW.  from  Milledgeville. 

Cooper,  river,  S.  C,  falls  into  Charleston  liar 
bor,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  city.  The  Santee  canal 
which  unites  Charleston  harbor  with  Santee  river 
is  extended  from  the  head  of  Cooper  river. — Set 
Santee. 

Cooper's  Ferry,  from  Philadelphia  to  the  uppc 
extremity  of  Camden  village,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J 
There  is  a  post  office  at  the  Ferry  house. 

Cooper's  Town,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Olscgi 
co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Otsego  lake,  W.  side  of  its  outlet 
into  Susquehannah  river;  or  rather  it  is  here  tha' 
the  Susquehannah  commences.  The  situation  c 
Cooperstown  is  in  a  high  degree  picturesque?  th< 
lake  spreads  to  the  N.  between  hills,  which  rise  oi 
both  sides  to  a  considerable  elevation,  clothed  will 
timber  to  their  summits.  The  roads  winding  alon: 
those  steeps,  present  the  traveller  with  con^Unt  fa 
rying  landscapes.  The  village  is  compactly  buil 
on  uneven  ground,  on  the  W.  or  right  side  of  th 
outlet;  and,  with  the  farm  houses  in  theiinr.iedial 
vicinity,  contains  about  200  houses,  and  abou 
1,000  inhabitants;  66  ms.  W.  from  Albany,  an> 
45  SE.  from  Utica.  N.  lat.  42  42,  Ion.  W.  C 
2  5  E. 

Cooper,  co.,  Mo.,  between  Osage  and  Missoui 
rivers.  Boundaries  and  extent  uncertain.  Sur 
face  of  the  country  diversified,  with  considerahl 
prairie:  the  alluvial  soil  of  the  rivers  is  of  first  rat 
quality.    Chief  town,  Boonvillc.    Pop.  in  182(J 


COP 


959;  and  in  1840,  10,484.  Lat.  of  Boonvillc, 
ie  seat  of  justice,  39  53  N.,  15  20  W.  W.  G. 

Coords. — See  Asia,  p.  82. 

Coos,  northern  co.  of  N.  H.,  bounded  by  Con- 
rcticut  river  NW.,  by  L.  C,  N.,  by  Maine,  E., 
f  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  S.,  and  by  Grafton  SW. ; 
ngth  84  ms.  ;  mean  width  20;  area  1,680  sq. 
s.  The  highest  mountains  in  the  U.  S.  arc  in 
Lis  co.  ;  the  White  hills  rising  to  7,300  feet  above 
e  level  of  the  ocean.  Independent  of  the  moun- 
ins,  the  face  of  the  country  is  in  general  broken, 
*ry  hilly,  and  highly  picturesque.  Much  of  the 
>il  is,  however,  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage, 
hief  town,  Lancaster.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,549; 
id  in  1830,  8,390;  in  1840,  9,849.  Lat.  44  30 
.,  and  Ion.  6°  E.  from  W.  C,  intersect  near  the 
ntrc  of  this  co. 

Coosa  River,  theN  W.  and  main  branch  of  Ala- 
una,  rises  in  the  NW.  part  of  Ga.,  flowing,  first, 
W.  about  100  ms.,  enters  Alabama,  and  gradu- 
ly  turns  to  a  S.  course  nearly,  in  which  direction 
continues  200  ms.  to  its  junction  with  the  Talla- 
iosa,  or  head  of  Alabama  river.  It  is  boatable, 
merally,  to  Weetumka  falls,  7  ms.  above  its 
outh,  and  at  high  water,  to  the  junction  of  Etow- 
h  and  Oostenalah  rivers,  in  Ga. 

Coomivatchy,  river,  S.  C,  falls  into  Port  Royal 
nmd.  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Beaufort  co., 

C,  lying  on  the  Coosahatchie  river,  about  75 
s.  SW.  by  W.  from  Charleston.  Lat.  32  32  N., 
n.  W.  C.  3  58  W. 

C oosawda,  village,  Autauga  co.,  Ala.,  on  the 
;ht  bank  of  Alabama  river,  6  ms.  below  the  junc- 
)n  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers,  and  about 
)  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Cahaba. 

II  Coosahatchie. — See  Coosawatchic. 
|  Coots,  or  more  correctly  Kutztown,  a  well  built 
llage  of  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  a  branch  of  Maiden 
eek,  and  on  the  road  from  Reading  to  Alientown, 
¥  ms.  from  each. 
Copais,  now  Topolias,  a  very  remarkable,  and 
e  largest  lake  in  Greece,  situated  in  Boeotia,  and 
about  twelve  miles  long  and  four  broad.  Be- 
ic.-i  many  brooks,  the  Copais  receives  into  its 
)rthwest  angle  a  river  of  some  magnitude,  the 
ephissus,  from  the  mountains  of  Doris  and  Phocis. 
he  Copais  has  no  over  ground  outlet ;  its  waters 
e  discharged  by  a  subterranean  passage  into  the 
ulf  of  Negropont.  This  funnel  being  too  narrow 
•  admit  a  large  volume,  the  lake  is  much  swelled 
:  the  winter  and  spring  by  the  melting  of  the 
ountain  snows  and  by  rain,  overflowing  the  adja- 
•nt  flats,  and,  subsiding  during  summer  and 
itumn,  give  to  Bceotia,  now  Livadia,  its  prover- 
ally  heavy,  damp,  and  unwholesome  climate, 
ake  Copais  is,  in  fact,  the  lower  part  of  one  of 
ose  interior  basins  of  which  this  planet  affords 
any  other  examples  of  far  greater  magnitude, 
ich  as  the  Caspian,  Aral,  Cashgar,  &.C.,  in  Asia, 
id  Lake  of  Titicaca,  in  South  America,  &c. 

-!  Copapa,  post  office,  Lorain  co.,  O.,  by  the  post 
.  'ad  196  ms.  NNE.  from  Columbus, 
j  Copeland's,  post  office,  Telfair  co.,  Ga  ,  77  ms. 
.  from  Millcdgcville. 

Copenhagen,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Den- 
ark,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  island  of 
ealand,  upon  a  fine  bay  of  the  Baltic  sea,  not  far 
|om  the  strait  called  the  Sound.  Lon.  13°  E., 
t.  55  30  N.    Copenhagen  is  the  best  built  city 


of  the  N.  ;  for,  although  Petersburg  excels  it  in 
superb  edifices,  yet,  as  it  contains  no  wooden 
houses,  it  does  not  display  that  striking  contrast  of 
meanness  and  magnificence,  but  in  general  exhibits 
a  more  equable  and  uniform  appearance.  This 
city  is  5  ms.  in  circumference,  and  seated  on  the 
E.  shore  of  the  isle  of  Zealand,  300  ms.  SW.  of 
Stockholm,  and  500  NE.  of  London.— See  Amak. 

 Town,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  road  from 

Utica  to  Sackctt's  Harbor,  12  ms.  SE.  from  Wa- 
tertown. 

Copely,  tp.  and  village,  in  the  SE.  part  of  Me- 
dina co.,  O.  Copely  Center,  the  village,  is  6  ms. 
westward  of  Acron,  on  Ohio  canal,  29  ms.  NE.  ot 
Wooster,  and  29  almost  exactly  S.  of  Cleveland. 

Cope's  Mills,  and  post  office,  Jefferson  co.  O. 

Copiapo,  cape,  town,  and  province  of  northern 
Chili.  The  province  lies  between  the  Andes 
mountains  and  Pacific  Ocean.  The  town  is  near 
the  Cape  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  W.  C.  6  15 
E.,  lat.  26  55  S. 

Copilowats,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Bui 
garia.    Lon.  36  35  E.,  lat.,  46  40  N. 

Copopa,  village  in  Columbia,  the  most  eastern 
tp.  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  eastward  of 
Elyria,  the  co.  seat,  and  20  ms.  SW.  of  Cleve- 
land. 

Coporia,  town  of  Ingria,  in  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Petersburg,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name.    Lon.  29°  E.,  lat  59  34  N. 

Copper-Mine,  river  of  British  N.  America,  en- 
tering the  sea,  according  to  Hearne  the  discoverer. 
Lon.  W.  C.  34°  W.,  lat.  69°  N. 

Copper-Mine-Pomt,  U.  C,  on  the  S.  side  ol 
Lake  Superior,  between  Mamonce  point  and  Mon- 
treal river. 

Coperxicax  System  from  Nicholas  Copernicus, 
who  revived  in  his  Astronouria  Instaurata  the  true 
astronomical  system  of  the  universe. 

Kopp,  Korrs,  modern  Egyptians,  which,  though 
derived  by  writers  from  many  other  sources,  is 
evidently  only  an  inflexion  of  "the  same  term 
.Egypt,  Egyptians.  Thus  only  modified  or  dis- 
torted, as  there  is  little  doubt  but  what  we  now 
pronounce  Egypt  with  the  g  soft,  was  anciently 
pronounced  Egopt,  the  g  hard;  if  so,  we  see  at 
once  the  etymology  of  Copt. 

Coquet,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Northumberland, 
which,  crossing  the  centre  of  that  county,  fallb 

into  the  German  Ocean  at  Warkworth.  Island 

on  the  coast  of  Northumberland,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Coquet. 

Coquimho,  seaport  of  Chili,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name.    It  has  often  been  pillaged  by  the 

English.  Lon.  W.  C.  5  42  W.,  lat  29  54  S.  

Province  of  Chili,  between  the  Andes  mountains 
and  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  a  most  delightful  re- 
gion, enjoying  almost  perennial  spring.  Coquim- 
bo  is  the  capital. 

Cora,  capital  of  the  island  of  Samso. 

Coraco,  cape  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of 
Metelin  and  Lesbos. 

Corah,  or  Corahjehenabad,  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  Dooab,  subject  to  the  nabob  of  Oude. 
It  is  60  ms.  SSW.  of  Lucknow.  Lon.  79  45  E., 
lat.  26  5  N. 

Corbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principal!  tv 
of  Waldeck.  10  ms.  NW.  of  Waldeck.  Lon.  8 
58  E.,  lat.  51  20  N. 

245 


COR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


Corbeck,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  3  rns.  S. 
of  Louvain.    Lon.  4  49  E.,  lat.  50  50  N.  ] 

Corbeil,  town  of  Fr,,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and  I 
Oise  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  Fr.,  seated  on  ' 
the  Seine,  17  ins.  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  26  E.,  i 
lat.  48  33  N. 

Corbie,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Somme  and  late  province  of  Picardy,  with  a  late 
celebrated  Benedictine  abbey,  seated  on  the  Som- 
ine,  10  ids-,  E.  of  Amiens.  Lon.  2  38  E.,  lat. 
49  54  N. 

Corby,  town  of  Germany,  on  the  confines  of 
Westphalia,  with  a  famous  abbey,  whose  abbot  is 
a  sovereign  prince.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  30 
ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat. 
5 1  50  N. 

Cordova,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, remarkable  for  its  antiquity,  and  for  having 
preserved  its  splendor  and  riches  through  so  many 
ages,- it  being  well  known  to  the  Romans  by  the 
name  of  Corduba.  In  A.  D.  759,  Addoulrah- 
man,  only  heir  of  the  Ommaid  line,  fixed  his  royal 
residence  at  Cordova.  Then  began  those  flourish- 
ing ages  of  Araban  gallantry  and  magnificence, 
which  rendered  the  Moors  of  Spain  superior  to  all 
their  cotemporaries  in  arts  and  arms,  and  made 
Cordova  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities  of  the 
world  When  Europe  was  buried  in  ignorance  and 
debased  by  brutality  of  manners,  it  became  the 
centre  of  politeness,  industry,  and  genius.  Great 
and  expensive  monuments  of  architecture  were  un- 
dertaken and  completed  by  many  of  these  Spanish 
inonarehs,  whose  remains  no  body  can  behold 
without  being  strongly  impressed  with  a  high  idea 
of  the  genius  of  the  artists,  as  well  as  the  gran- 
deur of  the  prince  who  carried  thein  into  execu- 
tion It  is  seated  on  the  Guadalquiver,  over  which 
is  a  magnificent  stone  bridge.  The  trade  consists 
in  wine,  silk,  and  Cordovan  leather.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood are  a  vast  number  of  orange  and  lemon 
trees.  The  best  horses  in  Spain  come  hence. 
Cordova  is  75  ms.  NE.  of  Seville,  and  137  S.  by 

W.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  4  4 W  .,  lat.  32  10  N.  

Town  of  S.  America,  in  Tucuman,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  180  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  St.  Jago.  ft  is 
situated  in  an  extensive  level  country.    Lon.  W. 

C.  13°  E.,  lat.  31  20  S.  Extensive  province 

of  the  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  of  which 
the  preceding  place  of  the  same  name  is  the  capi- 
tal. Its  limits  are  uncertain;  its  population  esti- 
mated at  about  75,000  ;  chief  trade  mules  and 

horses.  Flourishing  town  of  Mexico,  in  Vera 

Ciuz,  containing  about  4,000  inhabitants,  60  ms. 
W.  from  Vera  Cruz,  and  140  ESE.  from  Mexico. 
Lon.  W.  C.  20°  W.,  lat.  18  50  N. 

Cordovan,  light-house  of  Fr.,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gironde,  55  ms.  NW.  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  1 
9  W.,  lat.  45  36  N. 

(Jorca,  peninsula  of  Asia,  extending,  between 
China  and  Japan.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
^lanshuria,  on  the  E.  by  the  sea  and  isles  of  Ja- 
pan, on  the  S.  by  the  ocean,  and  on  the  W.  by 
the  gulf  and  province  of  Leao  tong.  The  Corean 
kingdom  is  tributary  to  China,  but  does  not  form 
a  part  of  China  proper. — See  art.  Asia. 

Corentin,  small  river  of  Guiana,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  W.  from  Berbice. 

Core  Sound,  on  the  coast  of  N.  C,  extends  from 
Beaufort  inlet  to  Pamlico  Sound,  20  ms.  in  length. 
246 


Corfe-Castle,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire- 
It  is  seated  in  a  peninsula  called  the  Isle  of  Pur- 
beck,  on  a  river  between  two  hills,  on  one  of 
which  stands  the  castle,  formerly  a  place  of  great 
importance.  It  is  21  ms.  E.  of  Dorchester,  and 
120  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  2  4  W.,  lat.  50 
36  N. 

Corfu,  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  near  Alba- 
nia, subject  to  the  British  Government,  and  forms 
the  principal  part  of  the  republic  of  the  7  islands, 
or  Ionian  Republic.  It  is  defended  by  an  impreg- 
nable castle.    Lon.  20°  E.,  lat.  39  40  N  

Ancient  Corcyra,  capital  of  the  island  of  Corfu. 
It  is  a  very  strong  but  ill  built  town,  with  about 
15,000  inhabitants.    Lon.  20°  E.,  lat.,  39  40  N. 

Coria,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  sealed 
on  the  Alagon,  120  ms.  SW.  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
5  30  W.,  lat.  40°  N. 

Corinth,  now  called  Corantho,  or  Gorame,  z  cel- 
ebrated city  in  the  Morea.  It  was  one  of  the  most 
important  places  in  Greece,  on  account  of  it. 
ation  on  the  isthmus  into  the  Morea  ;  its  castloou 
the  top  of  an  almost  inaccessible  rock  ;  its  harbors 
on  the  Gulfs  of  Lepanto  and  Egina ;  its  riches 
and  its  architects,  sculptors,  and  painters,  who 
were  the  most  skilful  in  Greece.  It  is  now  greatly 
decayed,  for  the  houses  are  not  contiguous,  but  in- 
termixed with  fields  and  gardens,  which  make 
it  look  like  a  village.  The  country  about  it 
abounds  with  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  and  from  the 
castle  is  a  fine  prospect  over  the  sea  to  the  E.  and 
VV.  and  a  fertile  country  N.  and  S.  The  inhab- 
itants are  chiefly  Christians  of  the  Greek  church. 
It  is  40  ms.  NW.  from  Athens.  Lon.  23  3  E., 
lat.  38  14  N. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of,  in  the  Morea,  a  neck  pj 
land  which  joins  the  Morea  to  Livadia,  and  reaches 
from  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto  to  that  of  Egina.  The 
narrowest  part  of  it  is  6  ms.  over  ;  and  on  a  mount 
there,  called  Oneius,  were  formerly  celebrated  the 
Isthmian  games.  Julius  Caesar,  Caligula,  and 
Nero,  in  vain  attempted  to  cut  a  channel  through 
the  isthmus;  they  therefore  built  a  wall  acioss  il 
called  Hexamillium,  because  it  was  6  ms.  in 
length.  This  was  demolished  by  Amurath  II., 
rebuilt  by  the  Venetians,  and  levelled  a  second 
time  by  Mahomet  II. 

Corinth,  town  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  20  ms. 

NNW.  from  Bangor.    Pop.  in  1820,  296.  

Town,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  about  30  ms.  SE  .from 

Montpelier.     Pop.  1,900.  Town  in  Saratoga 

co.,  N.  Y.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,400. 

Corriita,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  23  ms.  E. 
of  Salamanca.    Lon.  5  49  W.,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Cork,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Mun 
ster,  80  ms.  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth,  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Kerry  and  the  Atlantic,  on  the  N. 
by  Limerick,  on  the  E.  by  Waterford,  and  on  the 
S.  and  SE.  by  St.  George's  Channel.  It  contain* 
232  parishes.  It  is  fertile  and  populous,  and  ha; 
two  remarkable  rivers,  the  Blackwater  and  Lee. 

Cork,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Cork.  It  is  a  neat, 
wealthy,  and  populous  place,,  on  the  river  Lee, 
where  it  has  a  commodious  harbor.  It  is  the  first 
town  of  Ireland  for  trade,  except  Dublin.  It  is  14 
ms.  from  St.  George's  channel,  and  124  SW.  ol 

Dublin     Lon-  8  23  W.,  lat.  51  54  N.  Village 

in  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  13  ms.  SW.  of  Jefferson, 
the  county  seat. 


COR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COR 


Cor/al,  town  of  Asia  Minor,  near  the  Gulf  of 
Is  Nickmid,  near  the  ruins  of  Chalcedon. 

Corlin,  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  seated  on 
the  river  Perstan,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Golberg.  Lon.  15 
47  E.,  lat.  54  16  N. 

Cormackiti,  cape  of  Cyprus,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  island.  Tt  is  probably  so  called  from  the  an- 
cient group  of  small  islands  called  Carpassae. 

Garment  in,  fortress  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Gui- 
nea, belonging  to  the  Dutch.  Near  it  is  the  town, 
which  is  large  and  populous.  Lon.  0  15  W.,  lat. 
5  30  N. 

Cormery,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre  and 
Loire,  on  the  Indre,  8  ms.  from  Tours.  Lon.  0 
28  E.,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Cornersburg,  village  in  the  southern  part  of 
Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  It  is  situated  at  the  corners 
if  four  townships,  4  ms.  from  each  of  four  other 
villages,  Canfield,  Youngstown,  Broadman,  and 
Austintown,  and  also  about  20  ms.  SSE.  of  War- 
ren, the  county  seat. 

Comet,  castle  on  the  island  of  Guernsey.  Lon. 
i  40  W.,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Corneto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Mart  a,  3 
ns.  E.  of  the  sea,  and  37  NW.  of  Rome.  Lon. 
ill  53  E.,  lat.  42  15  N. 

Cornish,  town  in  York  co.,  Me.  It  is  a  moun- 
ainous  country,  situated  on  Saco  river.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,088.  Village  in  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H., 

>n  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  about  20  ms. 
i  IX.  of  Charleston.    Pop.  in  1820, 1,701. 

Cornville,  town  in  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  44  ms. 
V.  from  Hallowell.  Pop.  in  1810,  504 ;  in  1820, 
552. 

Cornwall,  county  which  forms  the  SW.  extremi- 
y  of  Eng,,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Devonshire,  on 
he  S.  by  the  English  channel,  and  on  the  NW. 
•y  St.  George's  channel.  This  county  is  80  ms. 
ong,  40  broad,  and  250  in  circumference,  contain- 
ng  960,000  acres.  Pop.  in  1801,  188,269  ;  in 
811,  216,687 ;  and  in  1821,  257,447.  Its  chief 
ivers  are  the  Tamar,  Tale,  Cober,  Loo,  Camel, 
'^owe,  Haile,  Lemara,  Kense,  and  Aire.  Its  prin- 
ipal  ^capes  or  headlands  are  the  Lands  End,  the 
wizard,  Cape  Cornwall,  Deadman's  Head,  Rame 
lead,  &c,  and  a  cluster  of  islands,  145  in  num- 
ber, called  the  Scilly  isles,  supposed  formerly  to 
lave  belonged  to  the  mainland,  though  now  30 
os.  distant,  abounding  with  antiquities,  particu- 
arly  druidical.  As  Cornwall  is  surrounded  by  the 
ea  on  all  sides  except  the  E.,  the  summers  are  less 
ot  and  the  winters  less  cold  than  in  other  parts 
f  England,  and  the  spring  and  harvest  are  observ- 
d  to  be  more  backward.  The  soil,  as  it  is  shal- 
jw,  is  not  very  fruitful,  especially  in  the  centre  or 
ie  hilly  parts  ;  the  valleys  are  very  pleasant  and 
-rtile,  yielding  great  plenty  both  of  corn  and  pas- 
ire.  The  Phenicians  early  visited  these  coasts, 
3ine  think  400  or  450  years  before  Christ.  It  de- 
ves  its  chief  importance  from  its  minerals.  The 
lines  of  tin  are  numerous,  and  are,  in  general, 
ery  rich  in  ore ;  these  have  rendered  this  county 
unous  in  all  ages.  The  copper  mines  are  also  nu- 
merous .and  rich  in  ore.  In  many  cavernous  parts 
t  the  rocks  are  found  transparent  crystals,  called 
ornish  diamonds,  they  being  very  brilliant  when 
ell  polished.  The  King's  or  the  Queen's  (if  the 
iter  is  Queen  regent  at  the  time  of  the  birth)  eld- 

* 


est  son  is  born  Duke  of  Cornwall,  and  derives  a 
revenue  not  only  from  lands  appertaining  to  the 
duchy,  but  from  the  mines  of  tin  and  copper;  he 
has  under  him  an  officer  called  Lord  Warden  of 
the  Stannary  Courts,  whose  jurisdiction  extends 
over  the  mines  and  miners  of  Cornwall  and  De- 
vonshire; and  he  appoints  in  his  privy  council  the 
sheriff  of  the  former  county.    Launceston  is  the 

capital.  Tp.  of  U.  C,  co.  of  Stormont,  on  the 

left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  between  Osnaburg 

and  Charlottenburg.  Village  in  Stormont  co., 

U.  C,  nearly  opposite  the  Indian  village  of  St. 

Regis.  Tp.  in  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  on  Otter  river, 

36  ms.  S.  from  Burlington.    Pop.  1,280.  

Town  in  Litchfield  co.,  Con.,  10  ms.  NW.  from 
Litchfield.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,662.  There  is  a  fo- 
reign missionary  school  in  this  town.  Tp.  in 

Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  52  ms.  above  the  city  of  N. 
Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,020. 

Cornwall-bridge,  village  in  Litchfield  co.,  Cr. 

Cornwallis,  co.  of  L.  C,  between  Devonshire 

and  Gaspe.  Town  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  W. 

coast,  45  ms.  NW.  from  Halifax. 

Cornwallis  Point,  cape  of  North  America.  Lon. 
W.  C.  57  0  W.,  lat.  57  0  N. 

Corny,  ancient  Apamea,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Euphrates  and  Tigris. 

Coro,  seaport  of  Colombia,  in  Venezuela,  on  the 
Caribbean  sea,  230  ms.  from  Caraccas.  Lon.  W. 
C.  7  20  E.,  lat.  11  20  N. 

Corornandel,  Coast  of,  the  most  eastern  part  of 
the  Hither  India,  lying  between  10°  and  20°  N. 
lat.  and  79  30  and  86  30  E.  lon.  It  is  terminat- 
ed by  Golconda  on  the  N.,  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal 
on  the  E.,  by  Madura  on  the  S.,  and  by  Bisnagar 
proper  on  the  W.  Some  geographers  consider  the 
southern  limit  of  Golconda  to  be  Cape  Comorin, 
and  the  northern  Masulipatam.  On  this  coast, 
Madras,  or  Fort  St.  George,  Pondicherry,  and  ma- 
ny other  European  forts  and  factories  are  situated, 
from  whence  chintz,  calicoes,  and  muslins,  are  ex- 
ported to  Europe,  together  with  some  diamonds. 
There  is  not  a  port  for  large  ships  on  the  whole 
coast.  Madras  is  the  principal  town.  The  name 
Corornandel  comes  from  Sanscrit  Tchora — Manda- 
len. — See  Monsoons. 

Coron,  seaport  of  the  Morea,  seated  on  a  bay, 
15  ms.  SE.  of  Modon.  Lon.  21  50  E.,  lat.  36 
50  N.  It  is  the  ancient  Appolonia  Corinthi  Tern- 
plum  of  Messenia,  near  the  promontory  of  Acritas, 
now  Cape  Gallo. 

Coronation  cape,  cape  of  the  island  of  New  Cal- 
edonia, in  the  South  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  167  8 
E.,  lat.  22  5  S. 

Corregio,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  Modenese,  with  a  castle,  9 
ms.  NE.  ofReggio.  Lon.  11  12  E.,  lat.  44  46  N. 

Correze,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containing  the  late  prov- 
ince of  Limosin.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river 
which  falls  into  the  Vezere,  after  having  watered 
Tulles  and  Brives.    Tulles  is  the  capital. 

Corrientes,  cape  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  South 
America,  in  Novita.    Lon.  W.  C.  0  10  W.,  lat. 

5  30  N.  Cape  of,  SW.  part  of  Cuba.  Lon. 

W.  C.  7  30  W.,  lat.  21  40  N.  Cape  of  Mex- 
ico, in  Guadalaxara.  Lon.  W.  C.  28  25  W.,  lat. 
20  22  N. 

Corrina,  tp.  in  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  Pop.  in 
1820,  411. 

247 


COR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COS 


Corsham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts.  Here  are 
sortie  considerable  clothiers.  It  is  4  ms.  SW.  of 
Chippenham. 

Corsica,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  between 
8°  and  10°  E.  Ion.,  and  41°  and  43°  N.  lat.  On 
the  S.  it  is  separated  from  Sardinia  by  the  strait  of 
Bonifacio;  to  the  E.  it  has  the  Tuscan  sea;  to 
the  N.  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  ;  and  to  the  W.  it  is  op- 
posite to  the  coasts  of  France  and  Spain.  It  is 
150  ms.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  40  to  50  in 
breadth.  On  the  coast  are  many  excellent  harbors. 
The  air  is  very  unwholesome,  and  the  land  hilly, 
full  of  stones,  and  cultivated  very  poorly  ;  how- 
ever, the  valleys  produce  wheat,  and  the  hills  fruits, 
viz  :  olives,  figs,  grapes,  almonds,  and  chestnuts. 


)hio 


It  stands  in  the  forks  of  Indian  creek,  25  ms 
WSW.  from  Jeffersonville,  at  the  rapids  of  Ohio 
Pop.  about  1,200.    Lat.  38  15  N.,  Ton.  W 
9  2  W. 

Cos.    See  Stanchio. 
orzola,  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on 
coast  of  Dalmatia.    Lon.  17°  E.,  lat  43  16 

Cosenza,  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  Calabri: 
Citeriore,  with  an  archbishop's  see  and  a  castle 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Crate,  11  ms.  from  th' 
sea,  and  105  SE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  10  E. 
lat.  39  20  N. 

Coshocton,  village  on  the  Delaware,  in  Sullivai 

co.,  N.  Y.,  60  ms.  W.  from  Newburg.  Co 

of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Knox  VV,,  Holmes  N.,  Tus 
They  have  horses,  also,  of  a  very  fiery  nature.  Be-  carawas  E.,  Guernsey  SE.,  Muskingum  S.,  am 
sides,  there  are  mines  of  iron,  and  a  great  deal  of  j  Licking  SYV.  Greatest  length  from  E.  to  W 
fish  and  coral  on  the  coast.  There  is  a  ridge  of  i  36  ms.,  24  ms.  wide,  and  area  560  sq.  ms.  Th 
mountains  which  divides  the  island  into  two  parts,  !  surface  of  Coshocton  is  very  diversified.  As  i 
the  N.  and  S.  The  capital  is  Bastio.  It  belongs  I  whole,  the  country  is  hilly,  and  part  on  the  Tus 
to  France,  and  forms  two  departments,  Golo  and  j  carawas  might  be  ealled  mountainous.     In  th 


Liamore.  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  late  Emperor  of 
France,  was  born  on  this  island,  at  Ajaccio. 

Corsoer,  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  isle  of  Zealand,  on  a  peninsula,  in  the  Great 
Belt.  It  has  a  good  harbor  for  light  vessels,  and 
is  defended  by  a  citadel.  Lon.  11  12  E.,  lat.  55 
12  N. 

Curie,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  island  of  Corsica, 
seated  partly  at  the  foot  and  partly  on  the  decliv- 
ity of  a  rock,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tavignano 
and  Restonica.  On  the  point  of  a  rock,  rising 
above  the  rest,  at  the  back  of  the  town,  is  a  castle, 
which  has  only  one  winding  passage  to  climb  up, 
in  which  only  two  persons  can  go  abreast.  It  is 
27  ms.  SW.  of  Dastia.  Lon.  9  26  E.,  lat.  42  6  N. 

Cortis,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Ramillies.  Lon.  4  59  E., 
lat.  50  46  N. 

Cortlandt,  town,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.  From 
its  vicinity  to  the  capital,  it  has  been  well  settled 

and  highly  improved.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,421.  

Co.  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  heads  of  the  Toniogo  river, 
branch  of  Chenango,  bounded  by  Tompkins  and 
Cayuga  W.,  Onondago  N.,  Madison  NE.,  Che- 


Ohio  Gazetteer  it  is  said  truly  :  "The  valleys  o 
the  different  streams  are  beautiful,  rich,  and  fer 
tile  ;  while  the  hills  are  mostly  well  adapted  fo 
cultivation,  and  afford  good  wheat  land."  It  is: 
county  peculiarly  well  watered.  At  Coshocton 
the  county  seat,  and  about  6  ms.  SE.  of  the  centr 
of  the.county,  the  union  of  Tuscarawas  and  Wal 
bonding  forms  Muskingum  river — the  former  froi! 
the  eastward  and  the  latter  from  the  west.  Se 
Walhonding  river  and  Ohio  canal.  Below  Cos 
hocton,  the  Muskingum  assumes  a  course  of  a  lit 
tie  W.  of  S.,  and  in  that  direction  continues  to  th 
influx  of  Wills  creek,  which,  entering  from  Guern 
sey,  flows  thence  along  the  southern  border  c 
Coshocton.  All  the  northwestern  and  central  pai 
of  this  county  are  watered  by  the  Walhondnii 
and  its  confluents,  as  are  the  eastern  by  those  c 
the  Tuscarawas.  Salt  water  is  found  in  this  coun 
ty,  chiefly  in  the  southeastern  part.  Bituminou 
coal  is  found  in  nearly  every  section  of  the  county 
and  indications  of  iron  and  lead  ores  have  beende 
tected  on  the  sources  of  Walhonding.  By  th 
census  of  1820,  the  population  of  this  count; 
amounted  to  7,086;  it  had  risen  to  11,162  ii 


nango  E.,  and  Broome  S.  ;  length  25  ms.,  mean   1830,  supposed  to  be  16,000  in  1837,  and  by  th 


width  20  ;  area  500  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  but 
well  timbered  and  watered.  Soil  productive  in 
grain,  fruits  and  pasturage,  Chief  town,  Homer. 
Pop.  1820,  16,507  ;  in  1840,  24,607.  Central 

lat.  42  36  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  50  E.  Town, 

Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.    See  Courtlandt.  Town, 

Cortlandt  co.,  N.  Y.    See  Courtlandt. 

Cortona,  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  famous  acad- 
emy, 32  ms.  E.  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  52  W.,  lat. 
43  20  N. 

Corunna,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Groyne.  It  is  situated  on  a  fine 
bay  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  about  32  ms.  N.  of 
Compostella.    Lon.  8  19  W.,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Corvo,  the  smallest  island  of  the  Azores.  It 
derives  its  name  from  the  abundance  of  crows 
found  upon  it.  It  has  about  600  inhabitants,  who 
cultivate  wheat  and  feed  hogs.  Lon  31  5  W., 
lat.  39  42  N. 

Cory  don,  post  office,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.  See 
Croydon. 

Corydon,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Harrison 
co.,  Ia.,  and  also  seat  of  government  for  that  State. 
243  « 


census  of  1840  was  found  21,590.  In  lat.  it  ex 
tends  from  40  10  to  40  27  N.,  and  in  lon.  W.  C 

4  40  to  5  12  W.  Town  and  county  seat  o 

Coshocton  co.  -  The  site  is  very  fine  on  the  left  o 
eastern  side  of  Muskingum  river,  directly  below  th 
mouth  of  Tuscarawas  river,  and  opposite  Roscoc 
at  the  mouth  of  Walhonding,  the  two  towns  con 
nected  by  a  substantial  wooden  bridge  on  ston 
piers.  The  town  of  Coshocton  stands  on  fou 
benches  running  parallel  to  and  rising  in  successio 
from  the  river.  By  the  canal,  41  ms.  from  New 
ark,  and  135  from  Cleveland.  By  post  road,  2 
iris,  northward  of  Zanesville,  35  NE.  of  Newark 
and  68  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus.  N.  lat.  40  17 
lon.  W.  C.  4  55.    Pop.  1840,  625. 

Cosmopolite,  from  two  Greek  words,  /cosmo? 
the  world  pr  earth,  and  polis,  a  city.  The  terr 
means,  therefore,  a  citizen  of  the  world.  Ko; 
mography  essentially  means  the  same  as  geogr:i 
phy.    See  art.  Geography. 

Cossiriissa,  small  island  of  Greece,  near  the  ai 
cient  Ios,  modern  Nio.  Lon.  25  44  E  ,  lat  3 
36  N. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


COT 


Coslin,  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  10  ms. 
E.  ofColberg. 

Cosne,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Nievre  antl 
late  province  of  Nivernois.    It  is  seated  at  the 

onfluence  of  the  Loire  and  Noain,  88  ins.  S.  of 
Paris.  Lon.  3  6  E.,  lat.  47  23  N. 
j  Cossacs,  the  Chozars  of  the  middle  ages,  are  a 
jeople  inhabiting  the  confines  of  Poland,  Russia, 
fartary,  and  Turkey.  They  are  divided  into  the 
(osakki-si-Parovi,  the  Kosakki-Donski,  and  the 
Uralian  Cossacs.  The  Cossacs  are  tall  and  well 
nade,  with  nquiline  noses,  and  a  good  mien.  They 
ire  hardy,  vigorous,  and  brave,  but  fickle  and  wa- 
tering. The  Uralian  Cossacs  dwell  in  their  vllla- 
:<  S  along  the  banks  of  the  Ural,  and  their  chief 
own  Uralsk.  The  country  which  the  Kosakki- 
a-Parovi  inhabit  is  called  the  Ukraine  ;  and  their 
owns  are  built  of  wood,  after  the  manner  of  the 
iassians.  The  Kosakki-Donski  dwell  on  both 
ides  of  the  Don,  are  under  the  protection  of  Rus- 
ta,  and  profess  the  same  religion.  See  Ukraine 
•  nd  Uralian  Cossacs. 

Cvssimbazar,  small  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  | 
n  Bengal,  nearly  adjacent  to  Moorshedabad.    It  j 
las  been  at  all  times  the  residence  of  the  different 
European  factors,  this  being  the  centre  of  their 
rade.    It  is  seated  on  an  island,  in  Hoogly  river, 

10  ms.  N.  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  85  22  E.,  lat.  23 
ON. 

Costagnazzar,  highest  mountain  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  in  Romania,  anciently  called  Haemus. 

Cuslo  Rica,  province  of  N.  America,  in  Guati- 
lala,  bounded  on  the  NE.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
o,  on  the  SVV.  by  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  theNW. 
y  Nicaragua,  and  on  the  SE.  by  Veragua.  New 
arthage  is  the  capital. 

Colapaxi,  mountain  and  volcano  of  Colombia, 
i  Quito,  rising  to  nearly  18,900  feet  above  the 
vel  of  the  ocean.  It  is  the  most  enormous  and 
iost  elevated  volcano  known.  Its  eruptions  are 
equent  and  terrible.  The  most  memorable  since 
ie  Spanish  conquest  of  Quito  were  in  1698,  1738, 
742,  1744,  1766,  1768,  and  in  1803. 

Colbus,  town  of  Lower  Lusatia,  subject  to  the 
mg  of  Prussia.  It  is  noted  for  excellent  beer, 
itch,  and  the  cultivation  of  flax.  It  is  seated  on 
te  river  Spree,  60  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
1  12  E.,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Cote  d" or,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containing  part  of  the 
te  province  of  Burgundy.    Dijon  is  the  capital. 

Cutes  da  Nurd,  dep.  of  Fr.,  so  named  from  its 
)rtherly  maritime  position,  containing  pait  of  the 
te  province  of  Bretagne.  St.  Brieux  is 'the  cap- 
il. 

Cote-saus  dessein,  town  of  Mo  ,  on  the  Missou- 
ri ver,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Osage  river.    It  is 
e  temporary  seat  of  government. 
Colignac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  and 
'e  province  of  Provence,  on  the  river  Argens. 
Cutiswold,  or  Cotswold  Hills,  long  tract  of  high  j 
ound  in  the  east  part  of  Gloucestershire,  Eng.,  | 
lording  in  many  places  a  fine  short  grass  for  the  j 
-d  of  sheep,  and  others  are  devoted  to  the  growth 
|  corn. 

Cutile,  or  Cote  Isle,  post  office,  Rapides  parish, 

r 

Cotton  Gin  Port,  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
onroe  co.,  Miss.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Tombigbee 
■  er,  at  lat.  33  50  N.,  about  80  ms.  SW.  from 

32* 


Huntsville,  in  Ala.  Lat.  33  55  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
11  28  W. 

Cotton  Port,  town  and  seat  of  justice  of  Lime- 
stone co.,  Ala.,  one  mile  from  the  left  bank  of  the 
Tennessee,  on  Limestone  creek,  40  ms.  SW.  from 
Huntsville.    Lat.  34  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  5  W. 

Cotuit,  village,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.  ;  by  post- 
road  81  ms.  from  Boston. 

Coua/,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisnc,  9  ms. 
N.  of  Soissons.    Lon.  3  13  E.,  lat.  49  31  N. 

Coudersport,  village,  Potter  co.,  Pa.,  on  and 
near  the  sources  of  Alleghany  river,  45  ms.  SE. 
from  Hamilton,  in  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y.,  and 
177  NW.  from  Harrisburg. 

Coumassic,  or  Coomassie.    See  Ashantte. 

Council  Bluff,  on  the  right  or  west  side  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  a  short  distance  above  the  mouth 
of  Kansas  river.  Lat.  41  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  19 
40  W. 

Councirs  Store,  post  office,  Ashe  co.,  N.  C.  ; 
by  post  road  240  ms.  NW.  by  VV.  from  Raleigh. 

Count,  comitatis,  originally  meant  companion  ; 
but  has  long  been  adopted  as  a  title  on  continental 
Europe  ;  rather  equivocal,  answering  somewhat  to 
both  earl  and  lord,  English  titles.  In  office, 
count  and  earl  are  correlative. — See  County. 

County,  Fr.  compt,  Latin  contitatas.  Amongst 
our  Anglo-Saxon  ancestors,  that  division  we  de- 
nominate a  county,  was  called  shire,  from  shiran, 
to  cut  off,  or  set  off.  After  the  Norman  conquest 
of  England,  the  term  county  was  introduced  into 
that  kingdom ;  hence  the  often  used  compound 
terms:  county  of  Lancashire,  county  of  Shrop- 
shire, &c.  Hampshire,  a  State  of  the  United 
States,  derives  its  name  from  the  original  Saxon 
mode  of  expression.  In  the  United  States  the 
highest  county  executive  officer  still  retains  the 
original  Saxon  title,  with  some  inflection  from 
schir  gerefa,  sheriff,  the  latter  shortened  from 
shire  reeve. 

Countsville,  post  office,  Lexington  district,  S. 
C,  27  ms.  from  Columbia. 

Courland,  duchy  of  Europe,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Baltic,  E.  by  Livonia,  and  on  the  S. 
and  W.  by  Poland.  It  is  divided  into  Courland 
proper  and  Semigalia  ;  its  length  is  about  150  ms., 
and  its  breadth  is  in  some  places  30,  in  others 
scarcely  10,  and  towards  the  SE.  it  stretches  to 
a  point.  The  country  swells  into  gentle  hills, 
and  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  and  flax.  It  is  now 
a  part  of  Russia.    Mittau  is  the  capital. 

Cournoyer,  seigniory,  L.  C,  Surry  co.,  on  the 
Richelieu  river. 

Coursenville,  post  office,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  by 
postroad  90  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Courtableau,  river  of  La.,  in  Opelousas,  form- 
ed by  the  junction  of  two  large  creeks,  the  Boeuf, 
and  Crocodile,  which  unite  10  ms.  N.  from  St. 
Landre,  seat  of  justice  for  the  parish  of  St.  Landre, 
Opelousas,  and  flowing  SE.  about  35  ms.  com- 
parative course  falls  into  the  Atchafalaya.  It  is 
the  commercial  outlet  from  Opelousas  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi river. 

Court lan dt,  town,  West  Chester,  co.,  N.  Y. 
See  Cortlandt. 

Courtlandt,  town  in  W.  part  of  Cortlandt  co., 

N.  Y.,  35  ms.  SE.  from  Auburn.  Village, 

Lawrence  co.,  Ala. 

Courtray,  town  of  the  Austrian  Netherlands, 

249 


COV  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  CRA 


on  the  river  Lis,  22  ms.  E.  of  Ypres.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  April,  1794,  in  whose 
possession  it  still  remains.  Lon.  3  6  E.,  lat. 
50  50  Iff. 

Cmtrtwright's,  post  office,  Fairfield  co.,  O., 
about  18  ms.  SE.  from  Columbus,  and  10  ms. 
NW.  of  New  Lancaster. 

Couserans,  late  province  of  Fr.,  lying  along 
the  river  Satat,  and  forming  with  Foix  the  dep.  of 
Arriege. 

Coufances,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Channel  and  late  province  of  Normandy.  It  is  22 
ms.  N.  of  Avranches.  Lon.  1  23  E.,  lat.  49 
3  N. 

Coutras,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of  Dordogne, 
and  late  province  of  Perigord,  seated  on  the 
Dordogne,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Bourdeaux.  Lon.  0 
3  W.,  lat.  40  4  N. 

Coventry,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire.  It 
is  a  co.  of  itself,  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  has  a 
a  communication  with  the  Staffordshire  Grand 
Trunk,  by  a  canal  to  Fradley  ;  and  by  another 
canal,  which  joins  the  Oxford  canal  at  Braunston, 
it  has  a  communication  with  the  Thama-.  Cov- 
ventrv  is  91  ms.  NW.  of  London.    Lon.  1  28 

W.,  'lat.  52  28  N.  Town,  Orleans  co.,  Vt., 

48  ms.  N.  from  Montpelier.  Tp. ,  Grafton  co., 

N.  H.    Pop*  in  IS  10,  162,  in  1820,  315.  

Town  in  Tolland  co.,  Conn.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,938, 

in  1820,  2,058.  Tp.,  Kent  co.,  K.  I.  Pop. 

1810,  2,928,  in  1820,  3,139.  Town,  Chen- 

angoco.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  SSW.  from  Norwich; 
by  postroad   148  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

 Tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810,  1608, 

in  1820,   1,977.  Tp.,  Portage  co.,  O.  Pop. 

in  1820,  400. 

Covert,  town,  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y.,  between  Ovid 
and  Hector,  and  between  Cayuga  and  Seneca 
lakes,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Geneva.  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,439. 

Covington,  town,  Geneseee  co.,  N.  ST.,  on  Al- 
len's creek,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Batavia      Pop  , 

1820,  2,144   Tp.,  Tioga  co.,   Pa  ,  formerly 

Putnam.  Pop.  in  1820,  555.  Tp.,  Clear- 
field co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1820,  90.  Tp.,  Law- 

rence    co.,   Pa.    Pop.    1820,   373.  Village, 

Botetourt  co.  Va.,  by  postroad  220  ms.  W.  from 

Richmond.  Post  office,  Newton  co.,  Ga  ,  by 

postroad  77  m-.  NW.  from  Milledgeville.  Po-t 

office,  formerly  Newberry,  near  the  NW.  corner 
of  Miami  co.,  86  ms.  W.  of  Columbus,  28  a  lit- 
tle W.  of  N.  of  Dayton,  and  12  ms  NW.  of 
Troy.  Village,  and  seat  of  justice,  Washing- 
ton co.,  Ill  ,  on  Kaska>kia  river,  46  ms.  SW.  from 
Vandaha,  and  50  SE.  by  E.  from  St.  Louis.  Lat. 

30  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12  22  W.  Co.  Miss., 

bounded  by  the  Choctaw  country  NW.,  Wayne 
E.,  Perry  S.,  and  Lawrence  W.j  length  20  ms., 
mean  widtli  25;  area  750  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly 
Some  good  soil,  but  in  general  sterile,  and  clothed 
with  pine  timber.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,230,  and  in 
1840,  2,717.  Central  lat.  31  41  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  12  30  W.  Co.,  Ala  ,  traversed  by  Cone- 
cuh river  ;  bounded  S.  by  Florida,  W.  by  Cone- 
cuh co.,  N.  by  Butler  and  Pike,  and  E.  by  Dale. 
It  is  30  ms.  from  W.  to  E.,  and  36  from  N.  to  S.; 
area  1080  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  3115,  and  lon.  W.C. 
9  15  W.  intersect  in  this  co.     Pop.  in  1840, 

2,717.  Village,  St.  Tammany  parish,  La., 

250 


on  St.  Joseph's  bay,  33  ms.  NW.  from  New  Or- 
leans. 

Covington  City,  seat  of  justice  for  Kenton  co., 
Ky.,  opposite  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  on  the  bank 
of  Ohio,  below  t.he  mouth  of  Licking  river,  by 
which  it  is  separated  from  Newport.  The  great 
road  from  the  central  part  of  Ky.  to  Cincinnati 
passes  through  this  town.  A  bridge  over  Lick- 
ing river  connects  it  with  Newport.  Pop.  of 
Covington  city,  2,026,  in  1840. 
.  Coivan's  Store,  post  office,  Cabarras  co  ,  N.  C, 
about  80  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Cowbridge,  corporate  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Gla- 
morganshire. It  is  called  by  the  Welsh  Pont- 
Van,  from  the  stone  bridge  over  the  river,  which 
soon  after  falls  into  the  Bristol  channel.  The 
streets  are  broad  and  paved  ;  and  here  the  assizes 
for  the  county  are  held.  It  is  12  ms.  VV.  of 
Cardiff  and  176  of  London.  Lon.  3  33  W.,  lat. 
51  28  N. 

Cowdcrsport ,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Pot- 
ter co.,  Pa — See  Coudersport. 

Cowliskce,  river,  branch  of  Columbia,  falling 
into  the  latter  from  the  N. 

CoweSy  seaport  on  the  NE.-  side  of  the  isle  of 
Wight,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Portsmouth.  Lon.  1  15 
W.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Cowpasture,  river  of  Va.,  rising  in  the  valley 
of  the  Appalachian  mountains,  flows  SW.,  and 
forms  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  James  river. 

Cowpen  Furnace,  town,  Spartanburg  district, 
S.  C  ,  100  ms.  NiNW.  from  Columbia. 

Cowpens,  Spartanburg  district,  S.  C.  Here  the 
U.  S.  army,  under  General  Morgan  defeated  that 
of  the  British  under  General  Tarlton,  January 
17,  1781. 

Cowpershill,  village,  Robertson  co.,  N.  C, 
by  post  road  92  ms.  SSW.  from  Raleigh. 

Cox's  Bridge,  post  office,  Lenoir  co.,  N.  C.,. 
91  m>.,  by  postroad  SE.  from  Raleigh. 

Cox's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Coshocton  ce.,  : 
O.,  80  ms.  by  postroad  NE  from  Columbus. 

CoxsaJeie,  or  Coxsackie,  town,  Green  co.,  N. 
Y.,  20  ms.,  S.  from  Albany.    Pop.  1820,  2,355. 

Cozumel,  island  of  N.  America,   on  the  E.; 
coast  of  Yucatan,  where  Cortez  landed  and  re-, 
freshed  his  troops,  before  he  attempted  the  con 
quest  of  Mexico.     It  abounds  with  fruits,  pul 
cattle,  and  fowls.     The  oiiginal  natives  pos 
the  island,  but  are  subject  to  Spain. 

Crab  Meadow,  post  office,  Suffolk  co.,  N. 
on  Long  Island,  133  ms.  E.  from  the  city  of  N. 

Crab  Orchard,  post  office,  Preston  co  ,  V 
300  ms.  by  post  roadNW.  from  Richmond. 

Cracatoa,  southernmost  of  a  cluster  of  islands 
the  entrance  of  the  straits  of  Sunda.    The  pop 
considerable,  and  its  coial  reefs  afford  small 
ties  in  abundance.    Lon.  105  56  E.  lat.,  8  6  N. 

Cracow,  city,  formerly  the  capital  of  Poland, 
where  the  kinss  were  elected  and  crowned.    It  is 
seated  on  the  Vistula,  136  ms.  SSW.  of  Warsaw 
Lon.  19  50  E.,  lat.  50  10N. 

Craftsburg,  town,  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  28  ms.  N. 
from  Montpelier. 

Craigie's  Milk,  post  office,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  by 
post  road  39  ms.  NNW.  from  Portland. 

Craig  point,  W.  coast  of  N.  America,  on  Duke 
of  York's  island.  Lon.  W.  C.  55  20  W.,  lat. 
56  30  N. 


CRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CRE 


Craigmillar,  ruinous  castle,  2  ms.  SE.  of  Ed- 
inburgh, in  which  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  resided 
after  her  return  from  Paris,  in  1562.  Her  French 
retinue  were  lodged  in  an  adjacent  village,  thence 
called  Little  France. 

Crail,  borough  in  Fifcshire,  at  the  month  of  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  7  ms.  SE.  of  St.  Andrew's.  Lon. 
2  36  W.,  lat.  56  15  N. 

Crainburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carnlola,  on 
the  river  Save,  20  ms.  NW.  of  Laubach.  Lon. 
14  5  E.,  lat.  46  36  N. 

Crahame,  tp.  in  the  co.,  of  Northumberland, 
U.  C,  lies  VV.  of  Murray,  and  fronts  lake  Ontario. 

Crammond,  small  village  of  Midlothian,  Scot., 
remarkable  for  the  traces  of  a  Roman  station. 

Cramruond  Water,  river  of  Scot.,  in  Edinburgh- 
.  shire,  called  also  the  Almond.    For  several  ms.  it 
divides  this  co.  from  Linlithgowshire,  and  (alls  into 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  village  of  Crammond. 

Cramptori!s  Gap,  post  office,  Washington  co., 
Md.,  by  post  road  59  ms.  NNW.  from  W.  C. 

Cranbourn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire.  It 
is  well  watered  with  streams,  and  has  a  fine  chase. 

Cranberry  Islands,  two  small  islands  on  the 
coast  of  Maine,  SE.  from  the  town  of  Desart,  and 
forms  part  of  Hancock  co. 

Cranberry,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.,  9  ms. 

E.  from  Middletown.  Tp.,   Buller  co.,  Pa 

Pop.  in  1810,  543;  in  1820,  765. 

Cranberry  Creek,  post  office,  Montgomery  co., 
N.  Y.,  40  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Cranbrook,  town  in  Kent,  13  ms  S.  of  Maid- 
stone, and  52  SE.  of  London.  Lon.  39'  E.,  lat. 
51  4  N. 

Cranesville,  town,  Williams  co.,  O.,  14  ms. 
NW.  of  Fort  Defiance,  and  36  ms.  SE.  of  Fort 
Wayne,  in  fndiana,  and  on  the  intermediate  road. 

Craney  Island,  in  the  mouth  of  James  and  Eli- 
zabeth rivers,  Va.  It  is  small,  having  only  suffi- 
cient extent  for  a  fort,  which,  with  Fort  George, 
commands  the  entrance  of  both  rivers. 

Cranganore,  town  and  fort  on  the  coast  of  Mal- 
abar, until  lately  subject  to  the  Dutch,  by  whom  it 
i  was  taken  from  the  Portuguese  in  1662.  Cranga- 
nore is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  24  ms.  N. 
by  W\  of  Cochin.     Lon.  76  30  E.,  lat.  10  23  N. 

Cranston,  tp.,  Providence  co.,  R.  I.,  between 
Providence  river  on  the  E.,  and  Sciticase  tp.  on 
the  W.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,274. 

Crato,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  7  ms.  E. 
of  Portalegre.  It  has  29  parishes  under  its  juris- 
diction, beside  the  capital  priory  belonging  to  the 
order  of  Malta.    Lon.  7  20  W.,  39  6  N. 

Craven,  co.  of  N.  C,  in  Newborn  district.  It 
is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Neus ;  bound- 
ed by  Carteret  S.,  James  SW.,  Lenoir  and  Green 
N  W.,  Pitt  N.,  Beaufort  NE.,  and  Pamlico  Sound 
E. ;  length  60,  mean  width  17  ms.  ;  area  1,020 
sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  flat ;  soil  in  part  sandy 
and  marshy.  Chief  town,  Newbem.  Pop.  in 
1820,  13,394;  and  in  1840,  13,438.  Central  lat. 
35  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  45'  W. 

Crawford,  village,  Orange  co.,  N.  V-.,  by  post 

,road  109  ms.  S.  from  Albany.  Co.,  of  Pa., 

bounded  by  Erie  N.,  Warren  E.,  Venango  SE., 
Mercer  S.,  and  State  of  Ohio  W.  ;  length  47, 
mean  width  24  ms.  ;  area  about  1,130  sq.  ms. 
Surface  gently  hilly,  and  soil  productive  in  grain, 
*ruits,  and   pasturage,    Chief  town,  Meadville. 


Pop.  in  1820,  9,397;  and  in  1840,  31,720.  Cen- 
tral ion.  3°  W.  from  W.  C,  and  lat.  41  40  N., 

intersect,  in  this  co.  Co.,  Mich.  Boundaries 

and  extent  uncertain.  Pop.  in  1820,  492.  Co. 

of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Upson  and  Talbot  W.,  Marion 
S.,  Houston  SE.,  Pulaski  and  Twiggs  E.,  Eche- 
conna  r'ver,  branch  of  Ockmulgee  river,  separating 
it  from  Bibb  NE.,  and  Monroe  N.  Chief  town, 
Knoxville.  Central  lat.  32  30,  lon.  7  12  W.  of 
W.  C.  Pop.  in  1840,  7,981.  Co.  of  Arkan- 
sas, having  Washington  N.,  Johnson  E.,  Scott  S., 
and  Texas  W.'  It  is  traversed  and  divided  into 
two  not  very  unequal  sections  by  Arkansas  river. 
Central  lat.  35  20,  lon.  16  15  W.  of  W.  C.  Pop. 

in  1840,  4,266.  Co.,  O.,  bounded  by  Seneca 

N.,  Huron  NE.,  Richland  E.,  Marion  S.,  Hardin 
SW.,  and  Hancock  NW.  Greatest  length  E.  and 
W.,  and  being  3  tps.  wide,  the  breadth  is  18  ms., 
area  594  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  N.  40  42 
to  40  58,  and  in  lon.  W.  C.  from  5  45  to  6  23  W. 
With  the  exception  of  a  part  of  the  two  south- 
eastern tps.,  this  co.  is  drained  by  the  higher  con- 
stituents of  Sandusky  river.  The  surface  is  gene- 
rally fiat,  but  the  very  gentle  slope  is  northward. 
Extensive  prairies  exist,  some  of  which  might  be 
called  swamps.  It  was  called  for  the  lamented 
Col.  Crawford,  who  was  burned  to  death  by  the 
savages,  on  one  of  its  plains,  in  1782.  It  was  or- 
ganized in  January,  1826,  and  the  co.  seat  fixed  at 
Bucyrus.    Pop.  in  1830,  4,778;  and  in  1840, 

13, 152.  Co.  of  la.,  on  Ohio,  below  its  junction 

with  Great  Blue  river;  bounded  by  Ohio  SE.,  by 
Perry  SW.,  Dubois  W.,  Orange  N.,  Washington 
NE.,  and  Harrison  E.  ;  length  22  ms.,  mean  width 
12,  area  264;  surface  hilly,  and  soil  generally  pro- 
ductive. Chief  town,  Fredonia.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,583;  and  in  1840,5,282.    Central  lat.  38  20 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9  20  W.  Co.,  III.,  bounded 

by  Clark  N.,  Wabash  river  E.,  Edwards,  Wayne, 
and  Jefferson  S.,  and  Bond  W.  ;  length  75  ms., 
mean  width  35,  area  2,625  ;  surface  pari  hilly,  and 
part  flat,  with  much  good  soil  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,024;  and  in  1840,  4,422.  Central  lat.  39°, 
and  lon.  1 1°  W.  from  W.  C,  intersect  in  this  co. 

 Co.,  Mo.,  having  Gasconade  and  Franklin 

N.,  Washington  E.,  Ripley  S.,  and  Pulaski  co. 
and  Gasconade  river  W.  The  greater  part,  of  the 
surface  is  drained  northeastwardly  by  the  higher 
branches  of  Merrimack  river.  Chief  town,  Steel- 
ville.    Pop.  in  1840,  3,561. 

Crawford's,  post  office,  Estill  co.,  Ky.,  by  post 
road,  77  ms.  SE.  from  Frankfort. 

Crawfordsville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Ia.,  50 
ms.  SSE.  from  Indianopolis. 

Crecy,  or  Cressy,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Picardy  ; 
remarkable  for  the  victory  gained  by  Edward  III. 
in  1346.    It  is  32  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Calais. 

Credit  river,  U.  C,  discharges  itself  into  Lake 
Ontario,  between  the  head  of  that  lake  and  York, 
in  the  Mississaga  territory.  It  is  a  great  resort 
for  these  and  other  Indian  tribes,  and  abounds  in 
fish. 

Cr edition,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire.  It 
has  a  considerable  manufacture  of  serges,  and  is 
seated  between  two  hills,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Exeter 
and  181  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  3  45  W., 
lat.  50  41  N. 

Creegerstown,  or  Creagerstown,  on  the  Mon- 

251 


CRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CRI 


ococy  creek,  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  on  the  road  from 
Frederick  to  Gettysburg,  in  Pa  ,  12  ms.  from  the 
former  and  22  from  the  latter  place. 

Creek  Indians,  or,  more  correctly,  Muscogees, 
inhabiting  the  western  part  of  Georgia  and  E.  part 
oi  Alabama. 

Creek  Agency,  post  office,  Crawford  co.,  Ga.,  63 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Creetown,  small  port  of  Scotland,  on  the  E.  side 
of  Wigton  bay,  in  Kirkcudbrightshire.  Here  sev- 
eral sloops  are  constantly  employed  in  carrying  sea- 
shells  coastwise,  or  importing  coal  and  lime  from 
Cumberland. 

Creiff,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Perthshire,  with  an  an- 
nual fair  for  cattle,  one  of  the  greatest  in  Scotland. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Earn,  20  ms.  W.  of  Perth. 

Creil,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  late- 
ly in  the  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  seated  on 
the  Oise,  5  ms.  E.  of  Senlis.  Lon.  2  43  E.,  lat. 
49  13  N. 

Crema,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Cremasco,  with 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Serio,  20  ms. 
N.  of  Placentia.    Lon.  9  50  E.,  bit.  45  25  N. 

Cremiu,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Isere,  and 
late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  \ 
of  a  mountain  near  the  Rhone,  20  ms.  NE.  of 
Vienna.    Lon.  5  20  E.,  lat.  45  44  N. 

Cremnitz,  principal  mine-town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, 70  ms.  NE.  of  Presburg.  Lon.  19  6  E.,  lat, 
48  32  N. 

Cremona,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Cremon- 
ese,  defended  by  a  strong  castle.  The  streets  are 
broad  and  straight,  the  houses  well  built,  the: 
churches  handsome,  and  the  squares  large.  It  was 
the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  had  an  university.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Po,  30  ms.  NW.  of  Parma.  Lon. 
9  58  E.,  lat.  45  8  N. 

Cremonese,  territory  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Mi- 
lan ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Mantua,  on  the  N.  by 
Bresciano,  on  the  W.  by  Cremasco,  and  on  the  S. 
by  Parma.  It  is  fertile  in  wine  and  fruits.  Cre- 
mona is  the  capital. 

Crempen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Holstein,  5  ms.  from  Hamburgh. 

Cresapsburg,  or  Cresapsiown,  village,  Alle- 
ghany co.,  Md.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Potomac  river, 
7  ms.  SW.  of  Cumberland,  8  N.  of  Frankford,  and 
155  from  Washington. 

Crescentino,  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  river  Po. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1704,  and  by  the  al- 
lies in  1706.  It  is  20  ms.  NE.  of  Turin.  Lon.  8° 
E.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Crespy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  32  ms.  NW. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  2  35  E.,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Crest,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Drouse,  and 
late  province  of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  Drome, 
15  ms.  SE.  of  Valence.  Lon.  5  26  E.,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Crevecseur,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North, 
and  late  province  of  Cambresis,  on  the  Scheldt,  5 
ms.  S.  of  Cambray.  Lon.  3  20  E.,  lat.  50  6  N. 
 Town  and  fort  of  Dutch  Brabant,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Dommel  with  the  Maese,4  ms.  NW. 
of  Boise-le-Duc.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1794,  when  they  overran  Holland. 

Creuse,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containing  the  late  province 
of  Marche.    Gueret  is  the  capital. 

Creuse  river.    Part  of  the  Otto  way  river  is  -so 
called  above  les  Alumets. 
252 


Creutznach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  ot 
the  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  castle  on  an  eminence. 
It  has  been  frequently  taken  and  retaken.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Nahe,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge, 
20  ms.  SW.  from  Mentz.  Lon.  7  55  E.,  lat.  4<j 
44  N. 

Crewkerne,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire, 
near  a  branch  of  the  Parret,  25  ms.  S.  of  Wells 
and  132  WSW.  of  London.  Lon.  3°  W.,  lat. 
50  50  N. 

Creivsvi/le,  town,  Goochland  co.,  Va.,  lying 
on  the  S.  side  of  South  Anna  river,  a  branch  of 
the  Pamunkey  river,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Columbia  and 
122  from  Washington. 

Crickhowel,  town  of  Wales,  in  Brecknockshire, 
on  the  river  Usk,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Brecknock  and 
149  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  3  7  W.,  lat.  5) 
49  N. 

Cricklade,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts.  It  is  al- 
most surrounded  by  the  Thames,  and  is  25  ms  W. 
by  S.  of  Oxford  and  83  W.  by  N.  of  London. 
Lon.  1  50  W.,  lat.  51  38  N. 

Crimea,  or  Crim  Tartary,  the  ancient  Taurica 
Chersonessus,  a  peninsula  of  Europe,  bounded  on 
|  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  Black  sea,  on  the  N.  by  the 
province  of  Catharinenslaf,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  the  isthmus  of  Perekop,  and  on  the  NE. 
and  E.  by  the  sea  of  Asoph  and  the  strait  of  Caffa. 
The  mountains  are  well  covered  with  woods  fit  for 
the  purpose  of  ship-building,  and  contain  plenty  of 
wild  beasts.  The  valleys  consist  of  fine  arable 
land  ;  on  the  sides  of  the  hills  grow  corn  and  vines 
in  great  abundance;  and  the  earth  is  rich  in  mines. 
But  the  mountaineers  are  as  careless  and  negligent 
as  the  inhabitants  of  the  deserts,  slighting  all  these 
advantages;  and,  like  their  brethren  of  the  low- 
lands, are  sufficiently  happy  if  they  are  in  posses- 
sion of  a  fat  sheep  and  as  much  bread  as  serves 
them  to  eat.  In  1783  the  Russians  took  posses- 
sion of  the  country  with  an  army  ;  the  following 
year  it  was  ceded  to  them  by  the  Turks ;  and  the 
peaceable  possession  of  the  whole  was  secured  to 
them  in  1791,  by  the  cession  of  the  fortress  of  Oc- 
zakow.  The  Crimea  is  divided  into  two  parts,  by 
mountains  which  run  E.  and  W.  The  N.  division 
is  flat,  poor,  and  fit  for  pasturage  only.  In  the  8. 
parts  the  valleys  are  astonishingly  productive,  and 
the  climate  extremely  mild,  from  the  exclusion  ot 
those  violent  winds  by  which  the  N.  division  is 
frequently  incommoded.  Besides  the  ports  of  Kerth 
and  Jenikale,  the  road  of  Caffa,  and  the  harlior  of 
Baluclava,  there  is,  near  Sebastapol,  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  in  the  world.  The  Crimea  now 
forms  one  of  the  two  provinces  of  the  government 
of  Catharinenslaf,  under  the  name  of  Taurida ;  in 
some  late  maps  it  is  called  Taurica.  Achmetschet 
was  made  the  capital  in  1785. 

Crio,  cape,  ancient  Criumetopon  promontory, 
SW.  point  of  the  island  of  Crete.  The  name 
means  ram's  head,  and  was  also  applied  to  the  most 
southern  point  of  the  Taurica  Chersonessus,  now 
called  by  the  Turks  Karadje  Bowroun,  or  "  Black 
Nose,"  or  Ajadag,  "Holy  Mountain." 

Cris,  Big  and  Little,  two  points  on  the  N.  shore 
of  Lake  Superior,  U.  C,  E.  of  Isle  Grange,  and 
surrounded  by  islands ;  between  these  points  is  a 
noted  and  safe  harbor. 

Crissu,  ancient  Crissa,  village  of  Greece,  on 
mount  Parnassus. 


CRO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CRO 


Croatia,  formerly  a  part  of  the  ancient  lily ri- 
iin,  now  a  province  of  Hungary,  bounded  on  the 
by  Sclavonia,  on  the  E.  by  Bosnia,  on  the  S. 
;  Dalmatia  and  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  and  on  the 
7.  by  Carniola.  The  greatest  part  of  it  belongs 
i  the  house  of  Austria.  Carlstadt  is  the  capital, 
he  people  of  this  country  are  called  Croates. 
!  Croghan's*  village  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
.  side  of  Sandusky  river,  opposite  Fort  Stephen 
>n,  98  rns.  N.  from  Columbus,  and  18,  by  water, 
»ove  the  mouth  of  Sandusky  river.  Pop.  in 
320,  78. 

Crogan's  Gap,  post  office  in  Cumberland  co.,  Pa. 

Croia,  town  of  Albania,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
■ated  near  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  13  ms.  NE.  of  Du- 
,zzo.    Lon.  19  27  E.,  lat.  42  6  N. 

Croisic,  or  Croisil,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep. 

Lower  Loire,  lately  in  the  province  of  Bretagne. 

is  seated  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  between  the 

ouths  of  the  Loire  and  Vilaine,  35  ms.  W.  of 

antes.    Lon.  2  31  W.,  lat.  47  17  N. 

Croix,  St.,  river  of  N.  America,  which  forms 
ie  NE.  boundary  of  the  United  Slates,  and  falls 
ito  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Cro mack -water,  lake  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland, 
?tween  the  Buttermere-water  and  Lowes-water, 
ith  each  of  which  it  is  connected  by  the  river 
rocker.  It  is  4  ms.  long,  and  near  half  a  mile 
<er;  beautified  with  3  small  isles,  one  of  them  a 
jck. 

Cromarty,  co.  of  Scotland,  which  comprehends 
jirt  of  a  peninsula  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Frith,  to 
hich  it  gives  name.  It  is  bounded  on  all  sides  by 
oss-shire,  except  on  the  E  ,  where  it  is  bounded 
i  the  Murray  Frith.  It  is  12  ms.  from  E.  to  W., 
id  3  in  the  greatest  breadth. 

Cromarty,  capital  of  the  shire  of  Cromarty,  at 
e  mouth  of  the  Frith  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
3  ms.  N.  of  Inverness.  Lon.  3  53  W.,  lat.  57 
1  N. 

Cromer,  town  of  England,  in  Norfolk,  near  the 
erman  ocean.  The  inhabitants  are  now  chiefly 
shermen,  and  the  best  lobsters  on  this  part  of  the 
>ast  arc  taken  here.  It  is  22  ms.  N.  of  Nor- 
ich,  and  127  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  15  W., 
t.  63  0  N. 

Cromford,  village  of  England,  in  Derbyshire,  on 
ie  river  Derwent,  2  ms.  N.  of  Wirksworth. 

Cronach,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bish- 
3ric  of  Bamberg,  with  a  citadel,  25  ms.  NE.,jpf 
amberg.    Lon.  11  35  E.,  lat.  50  27  N. 

Cronborg,  strong  fortress  of  Denmark,  on  the 
le  of  Zealand,  near  Elsinore,  which  guards  the 
issage  of  the  sound.  Not  far  from  this  is  Hara- 
ss garden,  said  to  be  the  spot  where  the  murder 

his  father  was  perpetrated.  Lon.  12  54  E.,  lat. 
6  0  N. 

Cronenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  landgra- 
Ue  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  at 
'e  foot  of  a  mountain,  10  ms.  N.  of  Frankfort,  on 
;e  Maine.    Lon.  8  40  E.,  lat.  49  55  N.  . 

Crnnstadt,  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  on  the 
land  of  Retusari,  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  It  has 
good  harbor,  which  is  the  station  of  the  Russian 
?et,  and  great  magazines  of  naval  stores,  as  well 
-  docks  and  yards  for  building  ships.  It  is  12  ms. 
P.  of  Petersburg.    Lon.  29  56  E.,  lat.  59  56  N. 

Crooked,  creek  of  Pa.,  falls  into  the  Alleghany 
om  the  E.,  20  ms,  below  Kittanning. 


Crooked  Island,  island  in  the  group  of  Baha- 
mas, between  Crooked  Island  passage  and  Maya-  • 
guana  passage.    Lon.  W.  C.  2  40  E.,  lat.  22 
30  N. 

Crooked  Island  Passage,  NW.  from  Crooked 
Island,  and  stretching  from  the  old  Bahama  chan- 
nel to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  between  Crooked  and 
Yuma,  or  Long  Island..  * 

Crooked  Lake,  lake  of  N.  Y.,  partly  in  Steuben 
and  partly  in  Ontario  cos.  Its  outlet  is  into  Sen- 
eca lake. 

Crooked  River,  Maine,  rises  in  Oxford  co.,  and, 
flowing  SSE  ,  enters  Cumberland  co.,  falls  into 

Scbago  lake  after  a  course  of  about  40  ms.  

Camden  co.,  Ga.,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  be- 
tween the  Santilla  and  St.  Mary's  rivers.  III., 

branch  of  Illinois  river,  joining  that  stream  from 
the  NW.,  75  ms.  above  its  mouth. 

Crosby,  tp  ,  lies  to  the  northward  of  Leeds,  and 

to  the  westward  of  Bastard,  U.  C.  Village  in 

Hancock  co.,  Me.  Tp.  in  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 

on  the  W.  side  of  Great  Miami  river,  opposite 
Colerain.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,721. 

Cross  Canal,  post  office  in  Camden  co.,  N.  C, 
251  SSE.  from  W.  C,  and  about  200  NE.  by  E. 
from  Raleigh. 

Cross  Cape,  NW.  coast  of  America,  forming 
the  SE.  point  of  opening  into  Cro^s  sound.  Lon. 
W.  C.  59  0  W.,  lat.  58  0  N. 

Cross  Creek,  town  in  Washington  co.,  P.,  about 
20  ms.  NW.  from  Washington,  the  county  seat  of 
justice.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,908.  Tp.  in  Jeffer- 
son co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,651. 

Cross  creeks,  two  creeks  flowing  into  Ohio  river  : 
one  rises  in  Washington  co.,  Pa  ,  and,  flowing  W. 
into  Brooke  co.,  Va.,  falls  into  Ohio  river  5  ms. 
below  Steubenville ;  the  other  enters  directly  op- 
posite the  preceding  from  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

Cross  island,  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth 
of  Machias  bay,  and  forming  a  part  of  Washington 
co.    Lon.  W.  C.  9  38  E.,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Cross  Keys,  post  office  in  Union  district,  S.  C, 
75  ms.  NNW.  from  Columbia. 

Cross  Lake,  a  dilatation  of  Seneca  river,  between 
Onondago  and  Cayuga  cos.,  N.  Y. 

Cross  Plains,  village  in  the  eastern  part  of  Fay- 
ette co.,  Ky.,  12  rns.  SE.  from  Lexington. 

Cross  River,  village  in  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y. . 
20  ms.  NNE.  from  New  York  city. 

Cross  Roads,  village  in  New  London  tp.,  Ches- 
ter co.,  Pa.,  between  London  Grove  and  Little 
Britain,  near  the  Maryland  line,  and  about  18  ms. 

westward  from  Wilmington,  in  Del.  Village  in 

Kent  co.,  Md  ,  on  the  road  from  Frederick  to  New 
Market.  Village  in  Madison  co.,  Ohio. 

Cross  Smnd,  between  King  George's  island  and 
the  continent  of  North  America.  Lon.  W.  C.  from 
58°  to  50°  W..  lat  58°  N. 

Crosswicks,  village  in  Burlington,  co  ,  N.  J., 
on  Crosswick's  creek,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Trenton. 

Crossen,  handsome  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  rivers  Bobar  and  Oder,  in  a  country  abounding 
with  wine  and  fruit.  The  bridge  over  the  Oder  is 
fortified,  and  it  is  35  ms.  NW.  of  Glogaw.  Lon. 
15  49  E.,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Croton  river,  rises  in  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  and, 
after  passing  into  N.  Y.,  falls  into  the  North  river, 
or  Tappan  bay. 

253 


CUB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CUB 


Croton,  village  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
*  Hudson,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Croton  river,  4 
ins.  above  Sing  Sing,  and  6  ms.  below  Peekskill. 

Croiona,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Sr.  Seve- 
rina.    Lon.  17  27  E.,  lat.  39  9  N. 

Crouch,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  which,  rising 
near  Horndort,  terminates  its  course  in  the  Ger- 
man ocean,  between  Burnham  and  Foulness  island. 

Crow  creek,  falls  into  the  right  side  of  Tennes- 
see river,  25  ms.  below  Nickojack,  and  opposite 
Crowtown. 

Crow  land,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  11 
ms.  N.  of  Peterborough,  and  93  N.  by  W.  of 
London.    Lon.  0  10  VV.,  lat.  52  41  N. 

Crowland,  tp.,  in  the  co.  of  Lincoln,  U.  C, 
lies  W.  of  Willoughby,  and  is  watered  by  the 
Welland. 

Crown  Point,  town  of  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Lake  Champlain,  12  ms.  N.  from  Ticonderoga. 
Pop.  1820,  1,522.  Lon.  W.  C  3  33  E.,  lat.  44 
3  N. 

Crowsnest,  one  of  the  peaks  of  the  Highlands, 
near  Hudson  river,  N.  Y.  Elevation  above  tide 
water  1,330  feet. 

Crowsville,  village,  Spartanburg  district,  S.  C. 

Croxton,  village  in  Brush  Creek,  the  extreme 
northern  tp.  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  about  20  ms. 
NNW.  from  Steubenville,  and  16  E.  from  Oar- 
rollton. 

Croydon,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  near  the 
source  of  the  Wandle,  surrounded  in  a  manner 
with  hills,  and  has  a  hospital  and  free  school, 
founded  by  archbishop  Whitgift.    It  is  9  ms.  S. 

from  London.     Lon.  0  1  W.,  lat.  51  20  N.  

Tp.,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  35  ms.  NW.  from 
Concord.    Pop.  1820,  1,060. 

Cruces,  town  of  Colombia,  in  Panama,  on 
Chagre  river.    Lon.  W.  C.  2  10  VV.,  lat.  9  20  N. 

Crugerstown.    See  Creegerstown. 

Chusadf.,  from  a  cross  worn  on  the  shoulders 
of  those  who  undertook,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
11th  century,  to  march  from  Europe  to  the  Holy 
Land,  for  the  purpose  of  wresting  it  from  the  Ma- 
hometans. These  expeditions  were  reiterated,  and 
the  same  insignia  placed  on  their  coats  and  ban- 
ners, by  European  armies  marching  against  infi- 
dels in  Asia  and  Africa,  but  also  against  the  Pagan 
nations  of  northern  Europe,  and  against  the  Al- 
bigenses,  &c,  amongst  Christians. 

Cruxhaven,  small  maritime  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  S,  part  of  the  duchy  of  Bremen,  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  70  ms.  NW.  of  Ham- 
burgh. 

Cryptog.oious,  from  Greek  krupfos,  conceal- 
ed or  secret,  and  gamos,  marriage,  used  as  a  bo 
tanical  term  for  such  vegetables  whose  sexual  or- 
gans cannot  or  have  not  been  discovered.  Mush- 
roons  and  truffles  are  examples. 

Cuba,  island  of  the  West  Indies,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  700  ms.  in  length, 
and  about  60  in  mean  width,  or  42,000  sq.  ms. 
superficial  area.  On  the  E.  side  it  begins  at  20 
20  N.  lat.,  touches  the  tropic  of  Cancer  on  the 
N.,  and  extends  from  74°  to  85  18  W.  lon.  from 
London,  and  from  3°  E.  to  8°  W.  from  W.  C. 
It  lies  60  ms.  W.  of  Hispaniola,  85  ms.  N.  from 
Jamaica,  80  ms.  to  the  E.  of  Yucatan,  and  100  to 
the  S.  from  Cape  Florida-  It  commands  the  en- 
254 


trance  of  the  gulfs  both  of  Mexico  and  Florida, 
also  the  windward  passages.  It  was  discovered 
Columbus  in  1492.  The  Spaniards  are  en 
masters  of  it,  having  extirpated  j^he  natives.  T 
is  varied,  in  part  extremely  productive.  Ext 
sive  savannahs  chequer  the  the  interior.  A  ch 
<>f  not  very  elevated  mountains  ranges  nearly 
entire  length  of  the  island.    This  ridge  is  s 

I  posed  to  be  rich  in  minerals-  The  produce 
composed  chiefly  of  coffee,  sugar,  ginger,  cas; 

'wild  cinnamon,  and  very  good  tobacco,  called 

]  the  Spaniards  cigarros.  The  hills  run  through 
middle  of  the  island  from  E,  to  VV.,  but  near 
coast  the  land  is  generally  level,  and  many  ri 

I  lets  flow  from  the  hills  to  the  N.  and  S.  'J 
hundredth  part  of  this  island  is  not  yet  clear 

!  The  true  plantations  are  mostly  confined  to 
beautiful  plains  of  the  Havana,    Matanza*,  ? 

,  near  St.  Jago, 

1  The  following  statistical  notices  of  the  island 
Cuba  are  extracted  from  an  article  in  the  Southi 

!  Patriot,  printed  at  Charleston,  which  the  editoi 
thai  paper  informs  us  is  from  the  pen  of  a  geni 

[man  who  has  had  access  to  the  best  sources  of 
formation  : 

Property  and  products. — During  the  last  sc\ 
years  the  average  crop  has  been  300,000  boxes 
sugar,  of  400  lbs.  each,  and  25,000,000  lbs. 
coffee.  When  the  census  was  taken  in  1801, 
note  was  made  of  the  number  of  churches,  hous 
farms,  &c,  by  which  it  appears  that  there  w 
then  204  churches,  42,268  houses,  1,762  fa1' 
houses,  623  sugar  e-tates,  779  coffee  plantatio; 
1,601  tobacco  plantations,  830  breeding  fnn 
1,193  pastures,  354  beehive  farms,  17  cocoa  pli 
tations. 

Commerce. — In  1803  the  exports  from  the  K 
vana  were  estimated  by  Baron  Humboldt 
§8,000,000;  158,000  boxes  of  sugar,  which 
'considered  worth  $10  per  box,  50,000  arrobas 
coffee,  worth  §5  the  arroba,  40,000  arrobas 
wax,  at  §18  the  arroba.  In  1821  the  expo 
were:  236,669  boxes  of  sugar,  792,509^  arrnl 
of  coffee,  15,724^  arrobas  of  wax,  26,664j  arrol 
of  molasses,  4,646^  pipes  of  rum  ;  showing  an  ; 
crease  in  the  exports  of  the  island  of  78,669  bo> 
of  sugar,  742,509  arrobas  of  coffee,  and  a  dirain 
tion  of  24,276  arrobas  of  wax. 

The  number  of  vessels  that  entered  the  port 
the  Havana  in  1821  was  1,322,  exclusive  of  3 
small  coasters.  Of  these  385  were  Spanish,  6 
American,  128  English,  72  French,  25  Dutch, 
j  Bremen,  13  Danish,  9  Hamburgers,  6  Portugue: 
15  Swedish,  4  Sardinians,  3  pirates,  prizes,  I  Pn 
jsian,  and  1  Hanoverian. 

In  1822  there  entered  1,396  vessels,  of  whi 
j  386  were  Spanish,  669  American,  1  18  English,  I 
•French,  18  Dutch,  12  Hamburgers,  7  Bremen, 
Danish,  7  Portuguese,  4  Swedes,  2  pirates,  priz* 

2  Sicilians,  1  Oldenburger,  1  Sardinian,  and 
Columbian,  a  prize. 

Population  In  1805  the  island  of  Cubaco 

tained  to  Baron  de  Humboldt,  432,000  inhai 
tants,  of  which  there  were — 
Whites  -  162,0 

Free  colored  -  90,0' 
Slaves  -  -  180,0- 

432,0' 


CUB 


CUB 


Fm  1804  to  1817  there  were  imported, 

laves  - 
\iich,  added  to  the  number  of  slaves 

xisting  in  1804 


-  95,000 


-  108,000 


203,606 


199,145 


4,401 


1820  - 

1821  - 

1822  - 

1823  - 

1824  - 

1825  - 


-  692,840 

-  717,089 

-  740,700 

-  766,624 

-  793,400 

-  821,000 


Similar  to  every  large  section  of  America,  the 
island  of  Cuba  is  only  commencing  to  be  peopled. 
The  aggregate  given  in  the  preceding  table  for 
1825,  only  supposes  about  20  to  the  sq.  in.  Cuba 
would  amply  support  200  to  the  sq.  m.,  or  admit 
a  pop.  of  7  or  8  millions.  Jamaica,  in  1812,  had 
a  collective  pop.  of  80  to  a  sq  m.  ;  and  at  this  ratio 
Cuba  would  have  2,800,000  inhabitants. 

Though  from  climate  and  soil  the  productions 
of  Cuba  may  be  considered  as  comprising  nearly 
all  the  tropical  plants,  yet  it  is  probable  coffee  will 
continue  to  be  the  principal  vegetable  staple.  In- 
fluenced by  the  intrinsic  value  of  this  island,  and 
the  paucity  of  general  information  on  the  subject, 
I  have  given  place  to  a  succinct  account  of  coffee 
cultivation  in  Cuba. — Nat.  Int.,  Nov.  13//<,  1824. 

Commerce  of  the  Island  of  Cuba. — Very  full 
and    precise   statements   of  the  commerce  and 
finances  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  are  annually  pub- 
lished by  the  government  of  that  flourishing  col- 
130  !  ony,  which  exhibit  a  flattering  picture  of  its  wealth 
j  and  resources. 

-  §15,19S,465  45 
Tolal  amount  of  exports  -    13,595,017  81 

Of  the  imputations,  §3,576,706  99  were  from 

(excepting 


'h  slave  population,  according  the  cen- 
jus  of  1817- 

J  Loss  - 

)y  the  census  taken  in  1817,  it  appears  that  the 
Uulation  then  amounted  to  625,099  inhabitants, 
©j.vhich  259,260  were  whites,  108,057  free  col- 
ol  persons,  and  199,  i 45  slaves. 

The  island  is  divided  into  two  provinces,  under 
t  present  government,  Havana  and  Cuba.  The 
I  vince  of  Havana,  lately  erected  into  a  bishop- 
r  comprehends  Matanzas,  Trinidad,  Santo  Es- 
j.  ta,  Remedios,  and  Villa  Clara.  It  contains  a 
j..  of  431,377,  of  which  197,678  are  whites, 
t  506  free  colored  persons,  126,2 13  slaves,  14,- 
()  troops,  and  25,000  transient. 

The  province  of  Cuba  comprehends  the  districts 
ciontiago  de  Cuba,  Bayamo,  Holgium,  Baracoa, 
a!  Puerto  Principe,  and  contains  a  pop.  of 
15,702  inhabitants;  of  which  59,722  are  whites, 

135  free  colored  persons,  63,071  slaves,  4 
Dps,  and  9,286  transient  persons. 

The  number  of  African  slaves  imported,  from  the ,  Total  amount  of  import 
jr  1800  to  1821,  amounts  to  175,054. 
The  city  of  Havana,  by  the  census  of  1817, 
■tained  within  the  walls  140,618  inhabitants,  '  Spanish  ports,  and  in  Spanish  vessels, 
ijluding  transient  persons.     Of  those,   37,885  $725,019  62  at  Havana,  and  §19,820  at  Mantan- 
^:e  whites,   9,010  fee  colored,    12,361    free 1  zap,  in  foreign  vessels.)    Of  the  remaining  §1 
|eks,  2.542  colored  slaves,  21,799  black  slaves;  621,758  25,  §796,512  12  was  in  deposit  for  entry 
|  598  permanent  population  of  the  city  and  sub- !  into  Havana,  the  balance  from  foreign  ports,  as 

j  follows  :  In  Spanish  vessels,  §3, 178,596  3  I  ;  from 
|  the  United  States,  §3,542,935  37;  Hanscatic  ci- 
$4,489,000 :  ties,  §1,618,806  63;  England,  §1,257,964  18; 

|  France,  $805,824  43  ;    Belgium    and  Holland, 
318,776  §299,390   56;    Portugal,    §52,241  25;  Italy, 
13,658,961  (§35,643  31  ;   Denmark,  §32,745  06;  Sweden, 
§1,098. 

Of  the  exportations  §2,173,537  61  were  to 
Spanish  ports  and  in  Spanish  vessels,  (excepting 
§10,631  81  from  St.  Jago,  and  §9,735  87  fiom 
Havana  in  foreign  vessels.)  Of  the  remaining 
§11,421,480  20,  §737,009  75  was  in  deposit  for 
export  at  Havana,  the  balance  to  foreign  ports,  as 
follows:  In  Span^h  vessels,  §993,404  19  ;  U. 
Slates,  §3,108,466  43  ;  Hanseatic  cities,  §2,104,- 
476  68;  England,  §2,10.1,686  50;  Russia,  $1,- 
072,479  06  ;  Belgium  and  Holland,  §4S0,336  50  ; 
Italy,  §371,123  06  ;  France,  §360,999  75  ;  Swe- 
den, §52,661  50;  Portugal,  §22,451  87;  Den- 
mark, §11,159  87;  Turkey,  §1,225. 
Importation — National  commerce  §3,576,703  00 
Foreign  "  10,825,246  12 
On  deposit  for  entrv      796,512  13 


|e  annual  consumption  of  the  same 

s  estimated  at  - 
'. e  value  of  articles  wrought  up,  as 

»ricks,  &c,  at  - 
Hue  of  the  produce  exported,  at 

-i-rnue. — The  annual  receipts  from 

ustom-house  amount  to  about 
brr,  direct  taxes 


§2,400,000 
1,000,000 


3,400,000 
3,643,868 


Deficit  ....  243,868 
According  to  Baron   Humboldt,   in  1804  the 

i  enue  of  the  whole  island  produced  §2,300,000, 
1  the  deficit  was  made  up  by  an  annual  supply 

im  Mexico  of  §1,326,000. 

The  deaths  in  1821,  in  the  Havana,  were 
'>40  whiles,  2.126  blacks  and  colored  persons — 

jal  4,460.    Births  in  the  same  year,  4,326. 

'  e  excess  of  deaths  to  births  is  owing  to  the  num- 

;  of  strangers  and  negroes  imported,  who  die  of 

j  black  vomit. 

Prom  the  preceding  elements,  it  is  shown  that 
I  pop.  of  this  very  important  island  increased 
fm  1805  until  1817,  from  432,000  to  625,099. 

is  increment  is  very  nearly  at  the  rate  of  3^  per 

it.;  and,  adopting  this  ratio,  the  pop,  of  Cuba 

s,  in 

18  -  -  -  -  -  646,875 

19  -  -  -  -  -  669,415 


Exportation — 

National  com- 
merce 

Foreign  com- 
merce 

On  deposit  for 
export 


15,198,465  25 


§2,173,537  62 
10,684,470  44 

737,009  75  13,595,017  81 


Balance 


L, 603,447  44 
255 


CUB  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


The  number  of  different  vessels  of  different  na- 
tions which  entered  (he  different  ports  in  the  Island 
in  1832  was  1,842,  of  which  982  at  Havana,  267 
at  Matanzas,  250  at  St.  Jago,  154  at  Trinidad, 
and  other  ports  189.  886  were  American,  673 
Spanish,  107  English,  and  the  remaining  176  of 
12  other  nations.  The  number  which  has  sailed 
from  the  ports  in  the  Island  in  the  same  period, 
1,731. 

The  amount  of  duties  on  imports  for  the  same 
period,  was  $3,880, 103  81;  on  exports,  $912,- 
074  94.—  Total  $4,792,178  75. 

Imports — From  Spain,  gold  and  silver,  $58,704  ; 
provisions,  $687,412;  bread-stuffs,  $644,943  ;  li- 
quors, $923,127  ;  manufactures,  $815,968  ;  other 
articles,  $446,553.— Total,  $3,576,707.  From 
the  United  States,  gold  and  silver,  $374,045  ;  pro- 
visions, $1,815,453;  bread-stuffs,  $183,063;  li- 
quors, $97,413;  manufactures,  $777,275;  other 
articles,  $295,687.—  Total,  $3,542,936.  From 
the  Hanseatic  cities,  gold  and  silver,  $2,069; 
provisions,  $20,609;  liquors,  $80,206;  manufac- 
tures, $1,390,  100  ;  other  articles;  $125,222.— 
Total,  $1,618,806.  From  England,  gold  and  sil- 
ver, $31,443  ;  provisions,  $19,535;  bread-stuffs, 
$2,650;  liquors,  $47,572;  manufactures,  $1,019,- 
211  ;  other  articles,  $137,553.— Total,  $1,257,- 
964.  From  France,  gold  and  silver,  $8,500;  pro- 
visions, $46,537;  liquors,  $299,273;  manufac 
tures,  $367,455  ;  other  at  tide?,  $84,059. — Total, 
$805,824.  From  Belgium  and  Holland,  gold  and 
silver,  $1,424;  provisions,  $55,058  ;  liquors, 
$36,157;  manufactures,  $169,566 ;  other  articles, 
$37,185.— Total,  $299,390.  From  Portugal,' 
provisions,  $50,088;  liquors,  $1,985;  manufac- 
tures, $168.— Total,  $52,241.  From  Italy,  pro- 
visions, $12,558  ;  liquors,  $9, 176  ;  manufactures, 
$8,956;  other  articles,  $4,953.— Total,  $35,643. 
From  Denmark,  gold  and  silver,  $9,835  ;  provis- 
ions, (  $5,306 ;  bread  -stuff's,  $6,642;  manufac- 
tures,' $8,072;  other  articles,  $2,790.  Total, 
$32,745.     From  Sweden,  manufactures,  $1,098. 

Exports — To  Spain,  produce,  $1,225,888; 
gold  and  silver,  .$57(1,526  ;  other  articles,  $371,- 
123.— Total,  $2, 173,507.  To  the  United  States, 
produce,  $2,902,345;  gold  and  silver,  $92,202  ; 
other  articles,  $1 13,919.— Total,  $3,108,466. 
For  more  recent  document  on  the  Island  of  Cuba, 
see  art.  West  Indies. 

Cuba,  post  office,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.,  post 
road  290  ins.  SVV.  by  W.  of  Albany.  Vil- 
lage, Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  5  ms.  S.  of  Wilmington, 
the  co.  seat,  and  45  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Cincin- 
nati. City  of  the  Island  of  Cuba. — See  St.  Jago, 

Cuba,  or  Aicuba,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo,  36  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Evora.  Lon.  7  10  W., 
lat.  38°  N. 

Cuba^ua,  barren  island  of  S.  America,  be- 
tween that  of  Margaretta  and  Terra  Firma,  where 
the  Spaniards,  in  1509,  established  a  fishery  of 
pearls.    Lon.  W.  O.  12  10  E.,  lat.  10  25  IN. 

Cuban,  large  river,  formed  by  the  junction  of 
many  streams  that  rise  in  the  countries  between 
the  Black  sea  and  the  Caspian.  It  divides  the 
Abkhas  and  Circassians  from  part  of  Caucasus. 
The  Cuban  falls  into  the  sea  of  Asoph  by  one 
mouth,  and  into  the  Black  sea  by  another.  The 
island  of  Jenicale  lies  between  those  outlets  and 
forms  the  eastern  side  of  the  straits  of  Caffa,  The 
256 


straits  themselves  have  been  evidently  formed  ! 
the  alluvian  of  the  Cuban.  This  river  has  a  coi 
paraiive  course  of  NVV.  by  W.  about  300  ms. 

Cuban,  or  Cuban  Tartary,  country  of  Asia, 
the  Russian  province  of  Caucasus,  bounded  ontl 
W.  by  the  sea  of  Asoph,  on  the  N.  by  the  riv 
Don,  which  separates  it  from  Europe,  on  the  1 
by  the  deseit  of  Astracan,  and  on  the  S.  by  t! 
river  Cuban,  which  divides  it  from  Circassia,  ai 
the  country  of  the  Abkhas. 

Cuckjield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  13  m 
NW.  of  Lewes,  and  40  S.  by  W.  of  Londoi 
Lon.  12'  W.,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Cuddalore,  town  on  the  coast  of  Coromaiide 
belonging  to  the  English,  very  near  the  place  uhe 
Fort  St.  David  once  stood.  It  is  naturally  a  stror 
situation.  It  was  once  taken  by  the  French,  i 
1781  ;  and  in  1783  it  stood  a  severe  sl'ge  again 
the  English,  which  was  ended  by  the  intelligent 
received  of  peace.  It  is  80  ms.  S.  of  Madra, 
Lon.  79  45  E.,  lat.  II  41  N. 

Cuddapa,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoo 
tan,  ceded  by  Tippo  Sultan  to  the  Nizam  of  th 
Deccan.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pennar,  95  ms.  W 
by  N.  of  its  entrance  at  Gangapalnam  into  th 
bay  of  Bengal,  and  140  NW.  of  Madras.  Loi 
78  47  E.,  lat.  14  3  N. 

Cuenca,  town  and  province  of  Colombia,  i 
Quito.  The  province  lies  between  Piura,  Jae 
and  Guayaquil.  The  town  stands  a  short  distanc 
E.  from  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  on  the  road  frot 
Valladolid  to  Quito,  120  ms.  SW.  from  the  latte 
Pop.  15,000.    Lon.  W.  C.  2  16  W.,  lat.  2  55  g 

Cuenza,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  m 
the  river  Xucar,  74  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  .\1adric 
Lon.  1  55  W.,  lat.  40  7  N. 

Cuernavaca,  ancient  Quanhuahuac,  city  t| 
Mexico,  in  the  state  of  Mexico,  on  the  south  de 
clivity  of  the  Cordillera,  of  Guchilaque,  in  a  tern 
peiaie  and  delicious  climate,  where  the  fruits  o 
southern  Europe  come  to  full  maturity.  Eleva 
tion  above  the  Pacific  ocean  5,428  feet,  for; 
W.  C.  22°  W.,  lat.  18  56  N.,  about  40  fel 
SSW.  from  Mexico. 

Caiaba,  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  captain  general 
ship  of  Maltagrosso,  on  a  branch  of  Paragua- 
river.     Lon.  W.  C.  21°  E.,  lat.  15  30  S. 

Culebras,  river  of  Veragua,  falling  into  th< 
Caribbean  sea. 

Culembach,  town  of  Franconia,  capital  of  i 
rnargravate  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  '>n  th* 
Maine,  25  ms.  NE.  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  I  1  33  E 
lat.  50  11  N. 

Culemburg,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderlaud,  or,  tlv 
river  Leek,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Utrecht.  Lou.  5  IS 
E  ,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Culiacan,  town  of  the  State  of  Sonora  Siiw 
loa,  in  the  republic  of  Mexico,  opposite  the  soutl. 
end  of  California.    Lon.  10  85  W.,  lat.  24°  i\. 

Cullen,  small  town  of  Scotland,  on  the  coast  o' 
Bamffshire,  40  ms.  NW.  of  Aberdeen.  Near  it 
are  seen  thiee  lofty  spiring  rocks,  formed  of  flinty 
masses,  called  the  Three  Kings  of  Cullen.  Lon 
2  40  W.,  lat.  57  40  N. 

Culliton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  seated 
on  the  Cully,  17  ms.  SE.  of  Exeter,  and  154  W. 
by  S.  of  London.    Lon.  3  6  W.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Culloden,  village  in  Scotland,  3  ms.  E.  of  In- 
verness. 


CUM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


CUM 


Cullodens,  post  office,  Monroe  co.,  Ga.,  68 
is.  SW.  from  Milledgeville. 

Cullumpton.    See  Cullumbfon. 

Culm,  town  of  Western  Prussia,  near  the  Vis- 
ila,  60  ms.  S.  of  Dantzie.  Lon.  18  30  E.,  Iat. 
3  24  N. 

Culmore,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Lon- 
mderry,  on  the  coast  of  Loughfoyle,  5  ms.  N. 

Londonderry.    Lon.  7  3  W.,  lat  55  8  N. 

Culpeper,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Orange  S., 
adison  SW.,  the  Blue  Ridge  or  Shenandoah 
W.,  Fauquier  NE.  and  E.,  and  Spotsylvania 
E.  Length  30  ins.  ;  mean  width  18;  area  540 
L  ms.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified  by  hills, 
illeys,  and  mountains,  with  much  excellent  soil, 
aples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco.  Chief  town, 
airfax.  Pop.  1820,  20,942 ;  in  1840,  11,393; 
it,  including  the  population  of  Rappahannock, 
i,257,)  cut  off  from  Culpeper  subsequent  to  1830, 
e  aggregate  would  be  50,650  in  1840.  Lat.  38 
)  N.  and   lon.  W.  C.  1°  W.  intersect  in  this 

».  Court   house  and   post  office,  Culpeper 

..,  Va.  ;  by  post  road  77  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Cuirass,  borough  of  Scotland,  on  the  Frith  ol 
>rth,  in  a  tract  of  country  between  Clackmanan- 
ire  and  Kinrosshire,  which  is  reckoned  an  ap- 
udagc  of  the  co.  of  Perth.  Lon  3  34  W.,  lat. 
:  4  N. 

Cumana,  province  of  Colombia,  on  the  Carib- 
an  sea,  bounded  by  that  sea  N.,  the  Gulf  of  Pa- 

and  the  Atlantic  ocean  NE.,  S.  by  Guayana, 
A  VV.  by  Venezuela.  See  Columbia. 
Cumana,  city  and  capital  of  the  province  of 
imana,  near  the  Gulf  of  Curaico,  on  a  sandy 
lin.  This  place,  like  Caraccas,  is  subject  to 
thquakes.    Lon.  W.  C.  12  50  E.,  lat.  10 

N. 

Cumanacoa,  town  of  Cumana,  40  ms.  S.  from 
;imana. 

Cumberland,  co.  of  Eng.,  bounded  on  the  N. 
I  Scotland,  on  the  E  by  Northumberland,  Dur- 
1  n,  and  Wc  itinorcland,  on  the  S.  by  Lancashire, 
.  I  on  the  VV.  by  the  Irish  sea  and  Solway  Frith.  J 
'  e  length  from  IS.  to  S.  may  amount  to  55  ms.,  | 
I  the  breadth  does  not  exceed  40.  It  is  wellj 
!  tared  with  rivers,  lakes,  and  fountains,  but  none ' 
Ms  streams  are  navigable.  In  some  places  there! 
«  very  high  mountains.  The  air  is  keen  and  j 
1  icing  on  these  mountains,  towards  the  N.,  and 
climate  is  moist,  as  in  all  hilly  countries.  The] 
•  miry  produces  great  quantities  of  coal,  some  • 
I  J,  abundance  of  the  mineral  earth  called  black 
1  J,  several  mines  of  lapis  calaminaris,  and  an  in- 

<  usiderable  pearl  fishery  on  the  coast  near  Ra- 
v 'glass.  The  Skiddaw  is  the  principal  moun- 
1 1,  and  the  chief  rivers  arc  the  Eden  and  Der- 
mt.  The  lakes  in  Cumberland  are  the  Derwent 
1  iter,  Bossenthwaite  Water,  Buttermere  Water. 

<  >mack  Water,  Lowes  Water,  Uls  Water,  West 
■iter,  Ennerdale  Water,  Elder^  Water,  Broad 
Iter,  &c.  Carlisle  is  the  capital.  Pop.  1801, 
J.230;  in  1811,  133,744;  in  1821,  156,124. 

''umber land,  co.  of  Me  ,  bounded  by  the  Atlan- 
t  ocean  SE  ,  by  Saco  river  or  York  SW.,  Ox- 
UNW.  and  N-,  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec 
Isrs  NE.  and  E.  Length  36  ms.,  mean  width 
l|  area  about  1,000  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  greatly  va- 
'* — the  seacoast  being  broken  by  deep  bays  and 
c  imered  by  numerous  islands  ;  the  interior  hilly, 
33* 


though  interspersed  by  several  lakes,  of  which 
Sebacook  or  Sebago  is  the  principal.  Soil  pro- 
ductive in  pasturage,  though  in  general  rather 
sterile.  Chief  town,  Portland.  Pop.  in  1820, 
49,445;  1830,  60,113;  1840,  68,658.  Lat.  43 
45  N.  and  lon.  W.  C.  6  45  E.  intersect  in  this 
county. 

Cumberland,  co.  of  N.  J.,  bounded  by  Dela- 
ware bay  S.  and  SW.,  Salem  NW.,  Gloucester 
NE.,  and  Cape  May  SE.  Length  30  ms.,  mean 
width  15;  area  450  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally 
flat,  and  soil  sandy.  Chief  town,  Greenwich. 
Pop.  1820,  12,668;  1840,  14,374.  Cent.  lat. 
39  20,  lon.  2°  E.  W.  C. 

Cumberland,  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  York  and 
Adams  SE.,  Franklin  SW.,  Perry  NW.  and  N.t 
and  Susquehanna  river  NE.  Length  34  ms., 
mean  width  16  ;  area  545  sq.  ms.  This  country 
lies  in  the  fine  valley  between  South  and  North 
mountains,  and  is  watered  by  the  Conedogwinet 
creek.  The  SE  side  of  the  valley  is  based  on 
limestone,  and  NW.  on  clay  slate.  The  surface 
is  gently  hilly,  and  soil  productive  in  grain,  pas- 
turage, and  fruit.  Staples,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
flour,  whiskey,  apples,  cider,  peach  and  apple 
brandy,  live  stock,  and  salted  provisions.  Chief 
town,  Carlisle.  Pop.  1820,  23,606  ;  in  1840, 
30,953.    Central  lat.  40  10,  lon.  15  W.  W.  C. 

Cumberland,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Alle 
ghany  co.,  Md.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Potomac  river, 
on  both  sides  of  the  mouth  of  Wills's  creek,  135 
ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Baltimore,  and  70  SE. 
from  Brownsville,  on  Monongahela  river.  At 
Cumberland  the  U.  S.  road  commences.  This 
village  is  537  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic 
tides.  It  is  neat  and  well  built,  and  contains  many 
dvyelling  houses.  Pop.  1,000.  Lat.  39  38  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  1  46  W.  This  place  has  rapidly  in- 
creased within  a  few  years.  It  is  already  reached 
by  railroad  from  Baltimore  and  W.  C.,  where  the 
cars  meet  the  western  stages.  When  the  canal 
along  the  Potomac  is  completed,  a  great  addi- 
tional importance  will  be  given  to  this  town. 

Cumberland  Head,  peninsula  on  the  north  side 
of  Lake  Chainplain,  in  Clinton  co. 

Cumberland,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Amelia 
and  Prince  Edward  SE.  and  S.,  Buckingham 
NW.,  .lames  river  or  Goochland  NE.,  and  Pow- 
hatan E.  Length  32,  mean  width  10  ms.  ;  area 
320  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  varied  in 
quality.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco. 
Chief  town,  Cartcrville.  Pop.  1820,  11,023; 
in  1840,  10,400.  Central  lat.  37  25  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  1  10  W. 

Cumberland,  tp.  U.  C,  and  lies  partly  in  the 
co.  of  Stormont,  and  partly  in  Dundas,  and  is  the 

sixth  tp.  in  ascending  the  Ottawa  river.  rCo. 

of  New  Brunswick,  at  the  head  of  the  bay  of  Fun- 

dy.  Bay,  between  Cumberland  Head  and  the 

mouth  of  the  Saranac  river,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y. 
Plattsburg  stands  at  the  head  of  this  bay,  at  the 

mouth  of  the  Saranac.  Tp.,   and  extensive 

manufacturing  district,  in  Providence,  R.  I.  Pop. 

in   1810,  2,110;  in   1820,   2,653.  Tp.,  in 

Adams  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820,  1,022.  Tp.,  in 

Greene  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  1810,  1,591;  and  in  1820, 
1,731. 

Cumberland  Valley,  tp.  in  Bedford  co.,  Pa. 
Pop.  1810,  570;  in  1820,  683. 

257 


GUM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CUR 


Cumberland,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Cumber- 
land co.,  Va.,  56  ms.  W.  from  Richmond.  

Town  of  New  Kent  co.,  Va.,  on  the  Panumkey 

river,  65  ms.  ENE.  from  Richmond.  Co.  of 

N.  C.,  bounded  by  Robeson  and  Bladen  S.,  Moore 
and  Chatham  NW.,  Wake  N.,  Johnson  NE.,  and 
Sampson  E.  ;  length  50,  mean  width  30  ms;  area 
950  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly  ;  soil  of  middling  qual- 
ity ;  staples,  grain,  flour,  tar,  turpentine,  and  to- 
bacco. Chief  town,  Fayetteville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
14,546 ;  and  in  1840,  15,284.  Cent.  lat.  35  10  N., 

W.  Ion.  W.  C.  2°.  Co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by 

Tennessee  S.,  Barren  W.,  Adair  N.,  and  Wayne 
E.  ;  length  47,  mean  width  22  ms.  ;  area  1,034 
sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Burkville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
8,058.    Central  lat.  36  40,  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  8°. 

 Town,  O.,  on  Buffaloe  Fork  of  Wills's  creek, 

southwestern  part  of  Guernsey  co.,  O.,  16  ms.  S. 
of  Cambridge,  and  on  the  road  thence  to  McCon- 

nellsville.  Island  on  the  coast  of  Ga.,  extending 

from  Santilla  to  St.  Mary's  river.  It  is  generally 
a  level  sandy  plain,  but  with  some  fertile  spots. 
This  island  lies  between  lat.  30  42  and  30  58  N., 
having  Cumberland  sound  S.,  and  St.  Andrew's 
found  N.    It  is  a  part  of  Camden  co. 

Cumberland,  river,  rises  on  the  western  .slopes 
of  Cumberland  mountain,  and  flows  nearly  W. 
through  Knox,  Whitley,  Pulaski,  Wayne,  and 
Cumberland  cos.,  in  Ky.  ;  turns  to  SW.  and  en- 
ters Tennessee,  through  which  it  flows  by  a  gene- 
ral western  course,  though  curving  considerably  to 
the  S.  After  having  traversed  or  bounded  in  Ten- 
nessee, the  cos.  of  Jackson,  Smith,  Wilson,  Sum- 
mer, Davidson,  Robertson,  Montgomery,  Dickson, 
and  Stewart,  the  Cumberland  turns  nearly  N.  and 
re-enters  Ky.,  passing  through  the  cos.  of  Chris- 
tian, Caldwell,  and  Livingston,  and  finally  enters 
the  Ohio  river,  1 1  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Tennes- 
see. The  Cumberland  Jny  comparative  courses 
flows  in  Upper  Ky.  220  ms.  ;  in  Tennessee  170; 
and  in  Lower  Ky.,  50;  having  an  entire  compara- 
tive course  of  440  ms.,  upwards  of  350  of  which 
are  navigable  at  nearly  all  seasons. 

Cumberland,  East,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me., 
9  ms.  SSE,  from  Portland. 

Cumberland  Ford,  post  office,  Knox  co.,  Ky,, 
138  ms.  SSE.  from  Frankfort. 

Cumberland  Furnace,  post  office,  Cumberland 
co.,  N.  J.,  by  post  road  83  ms.  S.  from  Trenton. 

Cumberland  Gap,  post  office,  Claiborne  co. , 
Tennessee,  180  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Murfreesboro. 

Cumberland  Home,  one  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  factories  on  Saskatchawaine  river,  at  the 
outlet  of  Pine  Island  lake.  Lon.  W.  C.  25°  W., 
lat.  54°  N. 

Cumberland  Hill,  post  office,  Providence  co., 
R.  I,,  12  ms.  N,  from  Providence. 

Cumberland  Mountains,  one  of  the  ridges  of  the 
Appalachian  chain,  and  the  continuation,  in  Va., 
Ky.,  and  Tenn.,  of  the  Laurel  mountains  of  Pa. 
As  a  separate  ridge,  Cumberland  mountain  dis- 
tinctly commences  SW.  from  the  Great  Sandy 
river,  and  following  a  direction  of  nearly  SW., 
separates  Ky.  from  Va.,  and  entering  Tenn.  trav- 
erses that  State,  and  entering  Ala.,  crosses  Tennes- 
see river,  and  gradually  terminates  in  the  N.  part 
of  Alabama. 

Cumbray,   Great  and  Little,  two  islands  of 
Scot.,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  to  the  E.  of  the  isle 
258 


of  Bute.  The  former  is  remarkable  for  its  excel 
lent  freestone  quarries,  and  the  ruins  of  an  ancien 
cathedral,  dedicated  to  St.  Columba. 

Cummington,  town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  21 
ms.  NW.  from  Northampton.  Pop.  in  1810 
1,009;  and  in  1820,  1,060. 

Cumree,  tp.,  Berks  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1810 
2,017;  in  1820,  2,462. 

Current,  tp.,  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas.  Pop.  u 
1820,  422. 

Cunningham,  most  northerly  division  of  Ayr 
shire,  Scot.  The  NW.  angle  of  this  district 
though  mountainous,  affords  rich  pasturage.  It 
chief  town  is  Irvin. 

Cunningham's  island,  situated  at  the  wester 
end  of  Lake  Erie,  and  southeasterly  from  the  Bas 
islands,  State  of  Ohio. 

Cunningham's,  post  office,  Washington  co. 
Ky.,  post  road  44  ms.  SSW.  from  Frankfort. 

Cunningham's  Store,  post  office,  Person  co 
N.  C,  post  road  64  ms.  NNW.  from  Raleigh. 

Cupar  in  Angus,  small  town  of  Scot.,  in  Forfai 
shiie,  wholly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  line 
cloth. 

Cuper,  royal  borough  of  Scot.,  in  Fifeshire,  an 
the  co.  town.  It  is  seated  in  a  rich  valley  on  th 
N.  side  of  the  Eden,  8  ms.  WSW.  of  St.  At 
drew's.    Lon.  2  55  W.,  lat.  56  15  N. 

Curagoa,  island  off  the  coast  of  Colombia,  i 
the  Carribbean  sea,  30  ms.  long  and  10  broad, 
is  a  barren  spot,  destitute  of  fresh  water,  and  in 
portant  as  a  commercial  station.    Central  lon.  V 
C.  8  20  E.,  lat.  12  5  N. 

Curdistan,  country  of  Asia,  seated  between  hY 
'  Turkish  empire  and  Persia,  lying  along  the  easter 
coast  of  the  river  Tigris,  and  comprehending  gre. 
part  of  ancient  Assyria.  It  is  the  Carduchi  i 
A'enophon.  Some  of  the  inhabitants  live  in  towi 
and  villages,  and  others  rove  from  place  to  p!ao 
having  tents  like  the  wild  Arabs,  and  being  robbe 
like  them.  Their  religion  is  partly  Christian! 
and  partly  Mahometanism,  but  they  are  very  loo: 
in  regard  to  either.  Recent  information  has  give 
great  interest  to  Curdistan,  which  renders  necessai 
a  more  ample  notice. — See  Koordistan. 

Curfew,  from  Norman  Fr.  couvre-feu,  cove 
fire.  The  term  comes  from  an  order  of  Willitn 
the  Conquerer,  under  which,  at  a  certain  hour,  ger 
erally  8  in  the  evening,  bells  were  rang,  when  tl 
inhabitants  were  compelled  to  cover  up  their  fi\ 
and  retire  to  rest.  Gray's  elegy  has  immortalizf 
the  term  in  English  literature. —  "The  curfew  tol 
the  knell  of  parting  day." 

Curia-Maria,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Arab 
Felix,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river  Prin 
Lon.  55  25  E.,  lat.  17°  N. 

Curico,  town  of  Chili,  on  the  road  from  Chulla 
to  Santiago.    Lon.  W.  C  6  10  E.,  lat.  34  85  j 

Curiches  Haff,  a  bay  of  Polish  Prussia.  It  is  i 
reality  the  outlet  or  estuary  of  the  Memel,  ar 
reaches  about  70  ms.  from  Labiau  to  Memel. 

Curin,   ancient  Cyrene,  tp.  and  seaport 
Africa,  on  the  Mediterranean.    N.  lat.  32  25,  loi 
21°  E.  London.    It  stands  very  nearly  at  mid-di 
tance  between  Alexandria,  in  Egypt  and  Tripol 
and  about  500  ms.  air  line  from  each. 

Curlins,  post  office,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C,  po 
road  91  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Currant  River,  Missouri,  one  of  the  westei 


CUT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


CtfZ 


onfluents  of  the  Black  river,  brasch  of  White 
iver. 

Currituck,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Va.  N., 
itlantic  ocean  E,,  Albemarle  sound  S.,  and  Pas- 
uotank  W.  ;  length  42  ms.,  mean  width  10;  area 
20  sq.  ms.  Surface  level,  and  soil  generally 
indy  and  barren.    Pop.  in  1820,  8,098  ;  in  1840, 

,703.    Central  lat.  36  10,  Ion.  W.  C.  1°  E.  

5.  H.  and  post  office,  Currituck  co.,  N.  C,  40 
is.  SSE.  from  Norfolk,  in  Va.,  and  bv  the  post 
:>ad  243  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Raleigh.' 

Currituck  Inlets,  two  openings,  between  three 
ilands,  into  Currituck  co.,  N.  C. 

Curcoliers,  a  group  of  small  islands  of  Livadia, 

1  the  Gulf  of  Patras,  ancient  Echinades  Insula?. 
Cunvinsville,  village,  Clearfield  co.,  Pa.,  7  ms. 

W.  from  the  borough  of  Clearfield. 

Curzola,  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
aast  of  Dalmatia,  ancient  Corcyra  Nitra,  about  20 
is.  long.  It  belongs  to  Austria,  and  has  a  town 
f  the  same  name.  Lon.  17  15  E.,  lat.  36°  N. 
— Capital  of  the  island  of  Curzola.  Lon.  17  6 
L  lat.  43  12  N. 

Cushing,  tp.,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  situated  on  St. 
eorge's  river,  about  50  ms.  NE.  of  Portland, 
op.  in  1810,  532;  in  1820,  600. 

Cussewago  Creek,  branch  of  French  creek, 
hich  it  joins  at  Meadville, 

Cussewago,  tp.,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
820,  642. 

Cushai,  river  of  N.  C,  which  falls  into  Albe- 
marle sound. 

Cusset,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Allier, 
tely  in  the  province  of  Bourbonnois,  17  ms.  N. 
'Roanne.    Lon.  4  5  E.,  lat.  46  17  N. 

Custrin,  capital  of  the  new  marche  of  Branden- 
irg,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Oder  and  Warta,  46 
s.  E.  by  N.  of  Berlin.    Lon.  14  40  E.,  lat. 

2  40  N. 

Cusa  Leuvu,  river  of  South  America.  It  rises 
the  Andes  mountains,  and  in  the  province  of 
endoza,  and,  assuming  a  SE.  course,  separates 
e  United  provinces  of  La  Plata  from  Patagonia, 
id,  after  a  comparative  course  of  about  600  ms., 
lis  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  S.  lat.  41°,  be- 
/een  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  and  the  bay  of 
t.  Mathias. 

Cutahogue,  post  office,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
ong  Island,  58  ms.  E.  from  the  city  of  N.  York. 

Cutais,  capital  of  Imeritia,  and  the  residence  of 
s  sovereign.    The  remains  of  its  cathedral  seem 

prove  that  it  was  once  a  considerable  place,  but 

now  scarcely  deserves  the  name  of  a  village, 
on.  43°  E.,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Cutch,  island  and  district  of  Indostan,  situated 
tween  the  delta  of  the  Indus  river  and  the  penin- 
la  of  Guzerat,  having  the  province  of  Sinde 
W.  and  N.,  Marwar  NE.,  the  Guicowar  E,. 
'Jlf  of  Cutch  S.,  and  the  Indian  ocean  W.  The 
n  of  Cutch,  which  separates  it  from  Sinde,  is 
ther  an  immense  salt  marsh  than  a  gulf.  From 
e  NW .  it  receives  part  of  the  surplus  water  of 
e  Indus,  and  into  the  eastern  part  is  discharged 
|e  Loony,  Puddar,  and  other  smaller  rivers. 
>me  part  of  Cutch  is  fertile,  but  generally  the 
untry  is  sterile.  Extent  from  W.  to  E.  180 
' ,  mean  breadth  about  50.  The  tropic  of  Can- 
r  traverses  the  northern  side  of  Cutch.  Bhooj, 
uatqd  near  the  centre,  is  its  capital. 


Cutch  Gundava,  eastern  district  of  Beloochis- 
tan,  and  W.  of  the  Indus  river,  comprising  a  part 
of  the  valley  between  the  two  main  chains  of  the 
Solyman  mountains.  It  is  drained  by  a  stream  we 
may  call  the  river  of  Gundava,  and  which,  issuing 
from  the  valley  through  a  mountain  gorge,  falls; 
into  the  Indus  at  Sehwun.  N.  lat.  29°  passes  nearly 
centrically  over  Gundava. 

Cuttock,  district  of  Hindoston,  in  Orissa,  S. 
from  Bengal,  and  between  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and 
a  range  of  mountains.  In  this  country  is  the  fa 
mous  temple  of  Juggernaut.  It  lies  between  lat. 
19°  and  22°  N. 

Cuyahoga,  river  of  O.,  rises  in  Geauga  co.,  flowa 
SW.  into  Portage,  in  which  it  turns  first  W.,  and 
on  the  W.  border  of  the  county,  nearly  N.,  enters 
Cuyahoga  co.,  and  falls  into  Lake  Erie  at  Cleve 
land,  after  a  comparative  course  of  80  ms.  This 
river  forms  a  part  of  the  natural  channel  through 
which  the  grand  central  canal  of  Ohio  has  been 
formed. 

Cuyahoga,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  E.  by  Geauga, 
SE.  by  Portage,  by  Medina  S.,  Lorain  W.,  and 
Lake  Erie  N.  and  NE.  Length,  directly  E.  and 
W.,  30  ms.,  but  along  its  Lake  Erie  border,  about 
42  or  43  ms.,  the  area  550  sq.  ms.  The  progres 
sive  pop.  of  this  co.  is  rather  remarkable,  even  in 
Ohio;  1810,  1,495,  in  1820,  6,328,  in  1830, 
10,361,  again  in  1840,  26,506.  County  seat 
Cleveland. 

The  whole  co.  belongs  to  the  Lake  Erie  slope, 
the  descent  rapid,  as  is  fully  shown  in  the  Ohio 
canal,  by  the  great  difference  of  height  between  the 
Cuyahoga  aqueduct,  in  NW.  angle  of  Portage  co,, 
and  Cleveland.  General  aspect  hilly,  soil  tolera- 
bly good.  On  the  western  side  the  co.  is  traversed 
in  a  northern  direction  by  Rock  ridge.  The  lo- 
cally very  important  stream  of  Cuyahoga  traverses 
also  northerly,  and  divides  the  co.  into  two  not 
very  unequal  sections ;  the  eastern  part  is  also 
traversed  northerly  by  Chagrin  river.  In  lat.  it 
extends  from  41  16  to  41  40  N.,  and  lon.  from 
4  26  to  4  58  W.  of  W.  C. 

Cuyahoga,  falls  and  village,  Talraadge  tp.,  Por- 
tage co.,  Ohio.  Here  are  the  great  falls  in  Cuya- 
hoga river,  about  240  feet,  affording  an  immense 
water  power,  which  has  already  been  made  avail- 
able in  part;  however,  only  a  small  part.  The 
Pa.  and  Ohio  canal  passes  this  village,  and  joins 
the  Ohio  canal,  4  ms.  distant  at  Akron.  It  is  al- 
ready a  place  of  great  and  increasing  business.  In 
its  vicinity  exist  the  only  stratum  yet  found,  on  the 
Erie  slope  of  Ohio,  of  mineral  coal.  This  stratum 
is  now  extensively  worked. 

Cuyo,  province  of  the  united  provinces  of  La 
Plata,  in  Peru,  bounded  by  the  Andes  W. 

Cuzco,  town  of  Peru,  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  Incas.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
and  is  built  in  a  square  form,  in  the  middle  of 
which  is  the  best  market  in  all  America ;  4  large 
streets  terminate  in  the  square,  which  are  all  as 
straight  as  a  line,  and  regard  the  four  quarters  of 
the  world.  It  contains  8  large  parishes  and  5  re- 
ligious houses,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  is 
about  50,000,  of  which  three-fourths  are  the  ori- 
ginal Americans.  Streams  of  water  run  through 
the  town,  which  are  a  great  convenience  in  so  hot 
a  country,  where  it  seldom  rains.  It  is  320  m 
S.  of  Lima.    Lon.  73  47  W.,  lat.  12°  S. 

259 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DAH 


Cuzumel,  small  island  in  the  Caribbean  sea,  E. 
from  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  Lon.  W.  C.  8  20 
W.,  lat.  19°  N. 

Cy lades,  ancient  name  of  the  Grecian  islands, 
SE.  from  Attica,  and  so  called  Jrom  lying  round 
the  island  of  Delos.  The  principal  of  these  is- 
lands, advancing  from  the  N.,  were  Andros,  Teno, 
Myconus,  Rhrenea,  Delos  ;  to  the  W.  were  Sy- 
ros,  Ceos,  Cythnus,  Seriphus,  Syphnus,  and  Mc- 
los ;  and  to  the  S.  from  Delos  were  Naxos,  Paros, 
Amorgos,  and  Astypalaea. 

Cynthianna,  village  on  the  S.  fork  of  Licking 
river,  36  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Frankfort,  and  34 
NNE.  from  Lexington.    This  place  is  the  seat  of 

justice  for  Harrison  co.    Pop.   1840,  978.  

Village  on  Loranie's  creek,  northwestern  part  of 
Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  westward  of  Sidney,  the 
county  seat,  and  about  20  ms.  NE.  of  Greenville, 
in  Darke  co. 

Cyprus,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  near  the 
coast  of  Syria.  The  soil  is  an  excellent  fertile 
clay,  and  if  the  natives  were  industrious,  they 
might  make  it  a  paradise.  The  exports  of  the  is- 
land are  silk,  wool,  and  wine.  Nieosio  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Cyr,  St.,  village  of  France,  2  me.  from  Ver- 
sailles. 

Cythianna,  village  Posey  co.,  by  post  road  202 
ms.  SE.  from  Indianapolis. 

Czackthurn,  strong  place  of  Austria,  between 
the  rivers  Drave  and  Muhir,  100  ms.  S.  of  Vien- 
na.   Lon.  17  10  E.,  lat.  46  44  N. 

CzAR,or  Tzaii,  applied  now  only  to  the  Emper- 
or of  Russia,  but  it  is  probable  that  the  common 
derivation,  from  Caesar,  is  erroneous.  As  a  suffix 
it  is  fully  supported  by  analogous  connexion  that 
it  is  the  same  title  found  in  Nebuchadnezar,  Bel- 
teshezar,  Nebu-zar-aden,  &c. 

Czaslau,  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name.  Here  is  the  highest  tow- 
er in  Bohemia.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Croden- 
ka,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  33  E.,  lat. 
49  50  N. 

Czenstokow,  town  of  Poland,  in  Cracovia,  on 
the  river  Watte,  50  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Cracow. 
Lon.  19  15  E.,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Czercassi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  Ukraine,  near 
the  |Dnieper,  85  ms.  SE.  of  Kiow.  Lon.  32 
5  E.,  lat.  49°  N. 

Czernic,  town  of  Carniola.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  lake,  which  is  15  ms.  in  length,  and  5  in 
breadth,  and  produces  fish  and  corn  every  year; 
for  when  the  waters  fall  from  the  mountains  it  be- 
comes full,  and  abounds  with  fish,  and  after  some 
time  it  sinks  into  the  earth,  and  then  it  is  cultivat- 
ed, and  produces  grass  and  corn.  A  similar  rou- 
tine of  phenomena  occurs  in  several  lakes  in  Lou- 
isiana. See  Ocatahoola,  Black,  Spanish,  4*c, 
lakes.    Lon.  15°  E.,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Czernikou,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  duchy 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  Dezna,  70  ms.  N.  by  E. 
of  Kiow.    Lon.  31  53  E.,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Czersko,  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Vistula,  20 
ms.  NW.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  21  31  E.,  lat.  52 
26  N. 

Czongrodt,  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory of  the  same  name,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Teisse  and  Keres,  13  ms,  N.  of  Sagedin.  Lon. 
20  54  E.,  lat  46  36  N, 

260 


I>. 

Dubul,  town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  or 
the  coast  of  Concan,  75  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Bombay 
Lon.  72  50  E.,  lat.  18°  N. 

Dacca,  city  of  Hindoostan  proper,  on  the  E 
quarter  cf  Bengal,  between  the  Ganges  and  Bra 
mapootra,  about  100  ms.  NE.  of  Calcutta.  1 
has,  or  had,  a  vast  trade  in  muslins,  and  manufac- 
tures, the  most  delicate  ones  among  those  whirl 
are  most  sought  after  in  Europe;  the  cotton  i 
produced  within  the  province.  Dacca  is  situatei 
100  ms.  above  the  month  of  the  Ganges,  and  18* 
by  the  road  from  Calcutta.  As  the  latter  rosp,  thi 
former  declined. Lon.  90  25  E.,  lat.  23  55  N. 

Dachaw,  town  of  Bavaria,  on  a  mountain  nea 
the  river  Amber,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Munich.  Lon 
11  30  E.,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Dacheet,  river  of  Ark.  and  Lou.,  rises  in  th< 
former,  and,  flowing  S.  into  the  latter,  falls  inu 
the  head  of  Lake  Bistineau. 

Dachstein,  town  of  France,  in  the  departmen 
of  Lower  Rhine  and  late  province  of  Alsace.  Lon 
7  45  E.,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Dafar,  or  Dofar,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  seat 
ed  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the  SE.  coa  I 
Lon.  53  25  E.,  lat.  16  30  N. 

Dagenham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  9  ms 
E.  by  N.  of  London.  A  great  breach  was  mailt 
here  by  the  Thames  in  1703. 

Dachestan,  or  Daghestan,  meaning  country  o 
mountains,  province  of  Russia,  bounded  S.  an< 
and  SW.  by  the  Caucassian  mountains,  NW.  Ii\ 
Kabardah,  N.  by.  Terek  river,  separating  it  lion 
the  province  of  Caucasus,  and  E.  by  the  Caspiai 
sea.  Length,  along  the  Caspian,  250  ms.,  mear 
breadth  about  50  ms.,  area  12,500  sq.  ms.  It  i 
drained  by  numerous  small  rivers  flowing  from  th< 
Caucassian  mountains  northeastward  into  the  Cas 
pian.  On  the  recent,  and  much  more  than  thi 
former,  natural  limit,  between  Europe  and  Asia. 
Daghestan  forms  the  extreme  SE.  province  of  tin 
former.  Its  SE.  angle  on  the  Caspian  is  is  at  N 
lat.  40  37.    Principal  towns  Derbent  and  Tarki 

Dahlonega,  lat.  33  33,  lon.  7  13  W.  of  W. 
C,  village  and  mint  town,  Lumpkin  co.  Georgia, 
about  125  ms.  NNW.  of  Milledgeville,  and  neat 
200  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  of  Columbus,  in  S.  C 
It  is  situated  between  the  Etowah  and  Chestatec 
rivers. 

Dagno,  town  of  Albania,  capital  of  the  distric 
of  Ducagni,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  near  thi 
confluence  of  the  Drino  and  Nero,  13  ms.  SE.  o 
Scrutari.    Lon.  19  39  E.,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Dago,  or  Dagao,  island  in  the  Baltic,  on  th* 
coast  of  Livonia,  between  the  Gulfs  of  Finland  am 
Riga.  It  is  of  a  triangular  figure,  and  is  20  ms. 
in  circumference,  and  has  two  castles,  called  Da 
gerwort  and  Paden.  Lon.  22  56  E.,  lat.  58  44  N 

Dagsborough,  village  in  Sussex  co.,  Del.  lying 
on  Pepper  creek,  a  stream  that  runs  into  Rehobotl 
bay,  and  about  18  ms.  S.  from  Lewistown.  Pop. 

1.500.  Tp.  in  Sussex  co.,  Delaware,  contain 

ing  the  village  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  in  1820. 
2,204,  and  in  1840,  2,324. 

Dahl,  the  finest  river  of  Sweden,  which  flowf 
through  Dalecarlia  and  Gestriciu,  and  falls  into  th* 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  to  the  E.  of  Gesle.    Near  Es 


PAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DAM 


arleby,  it  forms  a  celebrated  cataract,  scarce  infe- 
ior  to  the  fall  of  the  Rhine,  atLauffen. 

Daltumy,  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of 
luinea,  to  the  N.  of  Whidah.  It  is  supposed  to 
:ach  from  the  seacoast  about  500  ms.,  or  200  ms. 
dand,  though  no  European  has  penetrated  half 
ie  distance.    The  capital,  Abomay,  lies  about 

50  N.  lat.,  and  between  the  3d  and  4th  de- 
reesE.  Ion.,  reckoned  from  the  meridian  ofGreen- 
-ich. 

Daily's,  post  office  in  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa. 

Dalaca,  island  of  the  Red  sea,  opposite  the  coast 
f  Abex,  72  ms.  in  length  and  15  in  breadth.  It 

fertile  and  populous,  and  remarkable  for  a  pearl 
shery.  The  inhabitants  are  negroes,  and  great 
lemies  to  the  Mahometans. 

Daleburg,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Dalia, 
>ated  on  the  Lake  Wenner,  50  ms.  N.  of  Gotten- 
irg.    Lon.  11  59  E.,  lat.  58  32  N. 

Dalecarlia,  province  of  Sweden,  near  Norway, 
75  ms.  in  length  and  100  in  breadth.  It  is  full 
'  mountains,  abounding  in  mines  of  copper  and 
on,  some  of  which  are  of  a  prodigious  depth.  The 
<wns  are  small,  and  the  inhabitants  are  rough,  ro- 
lst,  and  warlike. 

Daletown,  village  in  Wilcox  co.,  Ala. 

Dalia,  province  of  Sweden,  bounded  on  the  N. 
/  Dalecarlia,  on  the  E.  by  Wermeland  and  Lake 
/enner,  on  the  S  by  Gothland,  and  on  the  N. 
/  Norway  and  the  sea. 

Dalkeith,  town  of  Scotland,  Edinbnrgshire,  with 
igreat  weekly  market  for  corn  and  oatmeal.  It 
|  6  ms.  SE.  of  Edinburg.  Lon.  3  12  W.,  lat. 
i  54  N. 

Dallas,  co.  in  Alabama,  bounded  by  Wilcox  S., 
arengo  W.,  Greene  NW.,  Perry  N.,  Autauga 
E.,  and  Montgomery  E. ;  length  45  ms.,  mean 
idth  24,  area  1,080  sq.  ms.    Surface  generally 
lly  pine  woods.    Soil  on  the  streams  fertile,  par- 
'.ularly  on  Alabama  river.   Staple,  cotton.  Chief 
wn  Cahaba.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,003,  and  in  1840,  | 
>,199.    Central  lat.  32  23,  lon.  W.  C.  10  0  W.  i 
— Tp.  in  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  455.  I 
Dalmatia,  country  of  Europe,  formerly  a  king- 
•m.    It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bosnia,  on  the  ' 
by  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  E.  by  Servia,  i 
Id  on  the  W.  by  Croatia.    It  is  divided  into  Ve- ; 
tian,  Turkish,  Ragusan,  and  Hungarian  Dalrna- 
i.    Spalatro  is  the  capital  of  Venetian,  and  Her- 
govina  of  Turkish  Dalmatia  ;  Ragusa  is  the  capi-  ] 
I  of  the  republic  of  Ragusen  ;  the  Hungarian  part 
ntains  five  districts,  and  Segna  is  the  capital, 
ie  air  is  wholesome,  and  the  soil  fruitful. — See 
orlachia. 

Dalton,  town  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  at  the 
urce  of  a  river,  in  a  champaign  country,  not  far 
»m  the  sea,  and  the  ancient  ca-le  is  made  use  of 
keep  the  records  and  prisoners  for  debt  in  the 
erty  of  Furness.  It  is  19  ms.  NW.  of  Lancas- 
,  and  273  1NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  18  W., 

.  54  14  N.  Town  in  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  at 

3  Fifteen  Mile  falls.    Pop.  in  1810,  235;  in 

20,  347.  Tp.  in  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  on  j 

b  Housatonic  river,  above  Lenox.  Pop.  in  1810, 

0  ;  in  1820,  817.  Town  in  Grafton  co.,  N. 

,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  river.  Tp. 

[Berkshire,  Mass  ,  about  130  ms.  W.  of  Boston. 
—Post  office  at  Dover,  Sugar  Creek  tp.,  southeast- 

1  part  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  E.  of  Woos- , 


ster,  and  18  W.  of  Canton,  and  on  the  interme- 
diate road.  It  is  a  very  flourishing  village,  with  a 
population  exceeding  400,  and  supplied  with  a 
daily  mail. — See  Dover,  Ohio. 

Dam,  town  of  Groningen,  seated  on  the  Dam- 
ster,  3  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  15  SW.  of  Embden. 

Lon.  6  48  E.,  lat.  53  22  N.  Town  of  Prussian 

Pomerania,  seated  on  the  Oder,  10  ms.  SE.  of 
Stettin.    Lon.  14  50  E.,  lat.  53  31  N. 

Damar,  town  of  Arabia  Felix.  Lon.  49  25  E., 
lat.  16  0  N. 

Damariscolta,  river  of  Maine,  or  rather  a  long, 
deep  bay,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  into 
Lincoln  co.,  between  Boothbay  and  Bristol. 

Damascus,  the  Demeshk,  or  Bar-el-sham  of  the 
Orientalists,  city  and  capital  of  the  Pachalic  of  Sy. 
ria,  in  the  Ottoman  empire.  It  stands  on  the  small 
river  Barida,  200  ms.  S.  from  Antioch,  and  150 
ms.  SE.  from  Jerusalem.  Lat.  33  35  N.,  lon.  36 
30  E.  The  climate  is  almost  an  unfading  spring 
and  summer  admixed.  Eastern  authors  call  Da- 
mascus one  of  the  four  terrestrial  paradises. 

The  form  of  this  city  is  a  nearly  square  of  1£ 
ms.,  with  an  extensive  suburb.  Perhaps  no  other 
city  in  the  world  is  so  completely  supplied  with  ex- 
cellent fresh  water.  The  Barida,  or  Barady,  flow- 
ing from  the  mountains  of  Syria  afford  a  supera- 
bundance of  that  delicious  fluid,  and  the  whole  city 
abounds  in  gushing  fountains.  Pachalic  of  Tur- 
key, in  Asia,  of  which  the  city  of  Damascus  is  the 
capital.  It  contains  nearly  all  northern  Syria,  ex- 
tending to  Caramania  on  the  N.,  and  to  Palestine 
S.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Mediterranean, 

and  on  the  E.  by  deserts  of  sands.  Tp.  in 

Wayne  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1810,  391  ;  in  1820, 

366.  Village  in  the  NE.  part  of  Frederick  co., 

Md.,  on  the  road  from  New  Market  to  Barnestown. 

 Village  in  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  by  postroad  150 

ms.  NW.  from  Columbus.  Village,  eastern 

part  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  north  or 
left  bank  of  Maumee  river,  10  ms.  below  and  east- 
ward of  Napoleon,  the  county  seat. 

Damascoville,  post  office  at  the  village  of  Da- 
mascus, northwestern  part  of  Columbiana  co.,  O., 
15  ms.  NW.  of  New  Lisbon. 

Damaun,  seaport  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan, 
at  the  entrance  ot  the  Gulf  of  Cambay.  It  is  sub- 
ject to  the  Portuguese,  and  is  50  ms.  S.  of  Surat. 
Lon.  72  25  E.,  lat.  20  20  N. 

Dames  Gore,  tp.  in  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  Pop. 
in  1820,  28.— See  Dana. 

Damgartin,  town  of  Swedish  Pomerania,  on  the 
Recknils,  18  ms.  W.  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  12  57 
E.,  lat.  54  16  N. 

Damietta,  ancient  and  rich  town  of  Egypt,  seat- 
ed at  one  of  the  eastern  mouths  of  the  Nile,  with 
a  good  harbor.  It  is  rounded  in  a  semicircle,  two 
leagues  and  a  half  from  the  mouth  of  the  Nile. 
The  tongue  of  land  on  which  Damietta  is  situated, 
straitened  on  one  side  by  the  river,  and  on  the  other 
by  the  W.  extremity  of  Lake  Mentzale,  is  only 
from  two  to  six  ms.  wide  from  E.  to  W.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  innumerable  rivulets  in  every  direc- 
tion, which  render  it  the  most  fertile  spot  in  Egypt. 
It  is  there  that  nature,  lavishing  profusely  her 
pomp  and  riches,  presents  flowers,  fruits,  and  har- 
vests, at  every  season  of  the  year.  Damietta  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  their  expedition  to  Egypt 
in  1799. 

2GI 


DAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DAN 


Damiano,  St.,  town  of  Italy,  in  Monsterrat,  18 
ins.  W.  by  N.  of  Vercelli.  Lon.  8°  E.,  lat.  45 
33  N. 

Damme,  strong  town  of  Flanders,  on  the  canal 
between  Slnys  and  Bruges. 

Dam's  Mills,  post  office,  York  co.,  Me.,  27  ms.  I 
from  Portland. 

Dan,  river  of  N.  C,  which,  rising  in  the  State 
ofVa.,  runs  in  a  serpentine  course  near  the  line 
which  divides  the  two  States.  Near  Mecklenburg 
it  falls  into  the  river  Roanoke,  and  loses  its  name 
in  that  of  the  greater  stream.  The  falls  at  Dan- 
ville, near  the  line  between  Va.  and  N.  C,  im-, 
pedes  the  navigation  ;  but  measures  have  been ' 
taken  to  form  a  canal  around  this  obstruction,  ! 
which,  if  completed,  will  render  the  Dan  naviga-  j 
ble  to  its  junction  with  Irvine  river. 

Dana,  tp.,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.  Pop.  in  1810,  | 
625  ;  in  1820,  664. 

Danbury,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  situated  on  a 
hill  5  ms.  E.  of  Chelmsford  and  16  W.  of  the  sea. 
The  spire  of  the  church  was  burnt  with  lightning 
in  1750,  but  was  soon  after  rebuilt,  and  forms  a  sea- 
mark. Tp.,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  25  ms.  NW. 

from  Concord.  Pop.  in  1810,  345  ;  in  1820,  467. 
 -Town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  10  ms.  N.  of  Ridge- 
field  and  about  33  N  W.  of  New  Haven.  This  town 
and  a  large  quantity  of  military  stores  lodged  there 

were  burnt  by  the  British  troops  in  1777.  Tp., 

Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  54  ms.  SW.  from  Hartford. 

Pop.  in  1810,  3,606;  in  1820,  3,873.  Tp., 

Huron  co.,  O.,  on  the  peninsula,  between  Sandus- 
ky bay  and  Portage  river.    Pop.  in  1820,  157. 

Danby,  town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  21  ms.  S.  of 

Rutland.     Pop.  1,700.  Town,  Tioga  co.,  N. 

Y,  10  ms.  N.  from  Spencer.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,001. 

Dancey's  store,  post  office,  Northampton  co., 
N.  C. 

Dandridge,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Jefferson 
co.,  Tenn.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Broad  river,  on 
the  road  from  Knoxvillej  to  Greenville,  45  ms. 
above  the  former  place. 

Danger,  Isles  of,  three  islands  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific ocean,  seen  by  Commodore  Byron  in  1765. 
They  appeared  crowded  with  people,  but  were  so 
surrounded  by  rocks  and  breakers  that  it  was  un- 
safe to  attempt  to  land.  The  commodore  sup- 
posed them  to  be  the  islands  seen  by  Quiros  in  the 
beginning  of  the  17th  century,  and  named  Solo- 
mon's islands.    Lon.  169  28  W.,  lat.  10  15  S. 

Daniel's  Lot,  post  office,  Nash  co.,  N.  C,  61 
ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Danielsville,  village,  Spottsylvania  co.,  Va.  

Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Madison  co.,  Ga.,  on 
a  branch  of  Broad  river,  80  ms.  N.  from  Milledge- 
ville. 

Dansville,  tp.,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,565. 

Danneberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the  Tetze,  near  the  Elbe, 
40  ms.  SE.  of  Lunenburg.  Lon.  11  29  E.,  lat. 
53  4  N. 

Dansby's,  post  office,  Oglethorpe  co.,  Ga.,  about 
70  ms.  NNE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Danborough,  post  office,  Plumstead,  Bucks  co., 
Pa.,  on  the  P.  and  Easton  post  road. 

Dantzic,  capital  of  western  Prussia,  standing  on 
a  branch  of  the  Vistula,  about  4  ms.  above  where 
H  falls  into  the  Baltic,  in  lon.  16  36  E.,  lat.  54 
262 


20  N.  This  city  is  famous  in  history  on  many  ac 
counts,  particularly  that  of  its  being  formerly  a 
the  head  of  the  Hanseatic  association,  commonl 
called  the  Hanse  towns.  It  is  large,  beautiful 
populous,  and  rich  ;  its  houses  are  generally  fiv 
stories  high  ;  and  many  of  its  streets  are  plants 
with  chestnut  trees.  The  houses  are  well  built  o 
stone  or  brick,  six  or  seven  stories  high,  and  fh 
granaries  are  still  higher,  to  which  the  ships  \i 
close,  and  take  in  their  lading.  The  establish^ 
religion  is  the  Lutheran ;  but  Roman  Catholics 
Calvinists,  and  Anabaptists,  are  tolerated.  The  in 
habitants  have  been  computed  at  200,000,  butothe 
computations  have  made  them  considerably  less.  Be 
sides  corn,  of  which  great  quantities  are  exported 
they  trade  in  naval  stores,  and  a  great  variety  o 
other  articles.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vistula,  near  tk 
gulf  of  Angil,  in  the  Baltic,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Mari 
enburg  and  160  NW.  of  Warsaw. 

Danube,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  Europe 
called  the  Ister  by  the  ancients.  It  rises  at  or  neu 
Doneschingen,  in  Suabia,  and  flows  NE.  by  Ulm 
then  E.  through  Bavaria  and  Austria,  by  Ratisbon 
Passau,  Ens,  and  Vienna;  it  then  enters  Hunga 
ry  and  runs  SE.  by  Presburg,  Buda,  and  Belgrade 
after  which  it  divides  Bulgaria  from  Morlachia  am 
Moldavia,  discharging  itself  by  several  channel 
into  the  Black  sea.  It  begins  to  be  navigable  fo 
boats  at  Ulm,  and  receives  several  large  rivers  as  i 
passes  along.  It  is  so  deep  between  Buda  and  Bel 
grade,  that  the  Turks  and  Germans  have  had  men 
of-war  upon  it;  yet  it  is  not  navigable  to  the  Blacl 
sea,  on  account  of  the  cataracts. 

The  entire  length  of  the  Danube  is  about  i,20( 
ms.    It  is  remarkable  for  containing  three  basins 
that  of  Suabia  and  Bavaria  near  its  source,  am 
that  of  Austria  and  Hungary  in  the  middle,  am 
that  of  Bulgaria  and  Valachia  near  the  Black  sea 
The  basin  of  this  fine  river  extends  in  a  directioi 
jfrom  NNW.  1,000  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  o 
1 200,  and  contains  200,000  sq.  ms.,  or  about  m 
j  one  fifteenth  part  of  all  Europe  ;  but,  as  a  produc 
tive  tract,  from  the  general  fertility  which  prevail 
lin  all  its  minor  basins,  but  particularly  in  the  mid 
J  die,  the  Danube  sustains  a  population  which  fa 
'exceeds  the  comparative  rank  of  its  basin.  Fron 
the  arbitrary  division  of  provinces,  it  is  difficult  ti 
'fix  the  number  of  inhabitants  existing  upon  thi 
region,  but  the  mass  must  be  immense,  as  it  "i 
composed  of  the  far  greater  part  of  the  inhabitant 
of  Wurtemburg  and  Bavaria — at  least  five  se  enth 
of  all  the  empire  of  Austria ;  with  Croatia,  Bosnis 
Servia,  Bulgaria,  Valachia,  and  Moldavia,  am 
cannot  fall  short  of  33,000,000.    If  we  estimat 
the  entire  population  of  Europe  at  240,000,000 
the  valley  of  the  Danube  must  sustain  one-seventl 
of  the  whole  mass.  Lying  between  the  parallels  o 
42  and  50°  N.,  the  climate  is  mild,  and  except  som< 
parts  of  Hungary,  and  near  its  mouth,  the  air  o 
the  Danube  basin  is  healthy.    Its  most  souther) 
point  is  the  sources  of  the  Morava,  in  Servia,  am 
the  most  northern,  those  of  the  Marsch,  which  i 
receives  between  Vienna  and  Presburg. 

As  a  navigable  basin,  however,  the  Danub 
basin  falls  far  below  either  that  of  the  Volga  o 
the  Dneiper.  The  former  is  traversed  by  twi 
of  mountains ;  one  extending  N.  from  the  chaii 
of  Tyrol,  and  the  second,  branching  in  a  simila 
direction  from  the  Hsemus,  crosses  the  Danube  a 


DAK  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


DAR 


irsova,  and  continuing  N.,  unites  with  and  forms 
continuation  of  the  mountains  of  Transylvania, 
'hough  navigable,  therefore,  in  each  minor  basin, 
lis  noble  stream  cannot  yet  be  passed  from  source 
>  mouth. 

The  mouth  of  the  Danube  has  never  been  pos- 
issed  by  a  really  civilized  people  ;  the  Turks  only 
iake  ruin  ;  and  neither  Austria  nor  Bavaria  have 
mailed  themselves  of  the  full  advantages  of  their 
lare  of  one  of  the  greatest  streams  of  the  earth. — 
ee  Tiess,  or  Theisse.  The  name  of  the  Danube, 
erman  Donow,  as  also  Don,  &c,  is  most  proba- 
y  derived  from  Celtic  Dian,  Damn,  force,  vio- 
nce,  &c. 

Danube,  circle  of  the  Upper,  one  of  the  great 

visions  of  Bavaria.     Capital,  Eichstadt.  

ircle  of  the  Lower,  one  of  the  great  sub-divis- 
ns  of  the  Kingdom  of  Bavaria.  Capital,  Pasau. 
i  Danube,  Circle  of,  district  of  the  Grand  Duchy 
|  Baden.    Capital,  Villingen. 

Danube,  District  of,  one  of  the  sub  divisions  of 
e  kingdom  of  Wertemberg. 

Danube,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in  1820, 
187. 

Danvers,  Village,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  about  1  m. 
.  from  Salem.  This  village  is,  in  reality,  a  con- 
luation  of  Salem.    It  is  noted  for  the  extent  and 

iportance  of  its  manufactures.  Tp.,  Essex 

i.,  Mass.,  including  the  foregoing  village.  Pop.  in 
HO,  3,127;  in  1820,  3,646;  and  in  1840,5,020. 
,  Danville,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine.    Pop.  in 

<20,  1,085.-  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Cale- 

>nia  co.,  Vt.,  25  ms.  NE.  from  Montpelier.  Pop. 

1240.  Town   Steuben   co.,  N.   Y.  Pop. 

566.-  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Columbia 

i.?  Penn.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Susquehan- 
.ih,  25  ms.  above  Northumberland.    N.  lat.  40 

Ion.  W.  C.  1  36  W.  Village,  Pittsylva- 

a  co.,  Va.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Dan  river,  150 
s.  SVV.  from  Richmond.  It  is  a  very  thriving 
ace,  situated  at  the  falls  of  Dan  river.  The  nav- 
ation  for  boats  is  uninterrupted,  except  by  low  wa- 
r  in  summer  and  autumn  thus  far.  Canal  im- 
plements are  in  operation  to  permit  boats  to 
lss  the  falls  at  Danville,  and  will,  when  comple. 
(J,  open  water  commmunication  to  Henry  and 
itiick  counties  in  Virginia,  and  to  Rocking- 
'im  and  Stoke  counties  in  North  Carolina. 
— Town,  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky,  40  ms.  south- 
ard of  Frankfort.  Pop.  in  1840,  1,223.  Post 

fice,  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  NE.  by  E.  from  Mount 
ernon,  on  the  road  thence  to  Millersburg,  20  ms. 

W.  by  W.  from  the  latter.  Co.  seat,  Hen- 

icks  co.,  la.,  situated  20  ms.  W.  of  Indianap- 
s,  and  22  NE.  by  E.  from  Greencastle.    N.  lat. 
'  46,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  22  W. 
Darby,  village,  Lower  Darby  tp.,  Delaware  co., 
mn  ,  7  ms.  SW.  of  Philadelphia.  Pop.  in  1840, 

267.  Village,  Madison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in 

40,  466. 

Darby  Creek,  village,  Union  co.,  Ohio,  in  Ge- 
,me  tp  ,  southwestern  angle  of  the  co.,  20  ms. 
NW.  of  Columbus,  and  10  SE.  of  Marysville, 
.  seat  of  Union  co. 

Darby  River,  one  of  the  western  branches  of 
ioto  river,  rises  In  Union,   Champaign,  and 
anklin  cos.  ;  comparative  course  65  ms.,  falls 
o  Scioto  about  one  m.  ahove  Circleville. 
Darby's  post  office,  Columbia  co.,  Ga.,  which, 


from  the  post  office  list,  is  109  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of 
the  State  capital. 

Darby  vil/e,  village  on  Darby  river,  12  ms.  N  W. 
by  W.  of  Circleville.  Pop.  in  1840,  1,050,  in- 
cluding the  tp. 

Darda,  town  and  fort  of  Lower  Hungary,  built 
by  the  Turks  in  1686,  and  taken  by  the  Austrians 
the  next  year.  It  is  seated  on  the  Drave,  at  the 
end  of  the  bridge  of  Esseck,  8  ms.  S.  of  Baran- 
whar,  and  80  ms.  NW.  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  19 
56  E.,  lat.  45  45  N. 

Dardanelles,  two  castles  of  Turkey,  on  each 
side  of  the  ancient  Hellespont,  now  the  strait  of 
Gallipoli,  the  SW.  entrance  of  which  they  com- 
mand ;  the  one  is  called  Sestos,  seated  in  Roma- 
nia, the  other  Abydos,  in  Natolia.  At  the  latter, 
the  cargoes  of  all  ships  sailing  from  Constantino- 
ple are  searched.  Longitude  26  30  E.,  latitude 
46°  N. 

Dardanelles,  Straits  of,  and  those  of  Gallipoli 
are  different,  though  often  confounded.  About  12 
ms.  from  the  open  Archipelago,  within  the  Helles- 
pont, the  strait  turns  to  nearly  NVV.  and  SE,  and 
contracts  to  less  than  an  English  mile.  Here  the 
Sultan  Bajazet  I.  built  two  castles,  one  on  each 
side,  called  the  Dardanelles,  from  which  the  whole 
strait  is  often  vaguely  named.  Above  the  Darda- 
nelles the  strait  turns  to  NE.  and  SW.,  and 
widens  considerably ;  but  again  22  ms.  higher, 
and  immediately  below  where  the  Marmora  sea 
opens,  and  on  the  European  side,  stood  the  an- 
cient town  of  Gallipolis,  now  Gallipoli  ;  here  the 
strait  is  again  contracted  to  less  than  a  mile,  and  is 
the  proper  Gallipoli. 

Dardenne,  town,  St.  Charles  co.,  Mo.  I  find 
this  place  marked  on  the  post  office  list  110  ms. 
from  St.  Charles,  an  evident  mistake  either  in  dis- 
tance or  locality. 

Darfoor,  kingdom  of  central  Africa,  to  the  W. 
of  Sennaar  and  Abyssinia. 

Darel-Humara,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
built  by  the  Romans.  Its  trade  consists  in  oil  and 
corn  ;  and  it  is  seated  on  a  mountain.  Lon.  6  35 
W.,  lat.  34  20  N. 

Darien  Isthmus,  which  unites  the  two  Ameri- 
cas. The  narrowest  part  is  from  the  bay  of  Pa- 
nama to  that  of  Mandingo,  which  does  not  ex- 
ceed 20  ms.  from  bay  to  bay.  The  intermediate 
space  is  mountainous,  though  not  very  elevated. — 
See  art.  America,  p.  54. 

Darien,  province  of  Colombia,  in  New  Grana- 
da, is  bounded  by  Novita  S.,  the  Pacific  ocean  and 
bay  of  Panama  W.,  province  of  Panama  NVV,, 
Gulf  of  Darien  NE.,  and  Choco  E.  See  Co- 
lombia. Large  gulf  stretching  into  Colombia, 

between  Darien  and  Carthagena.  It  receives,  at 
its  extreme  head,  the  rivers  Atrato  and  Guacaba. 

 Tp.,  Fairfield  co  ,  Ct.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,126. 

 Town  and  seaport,  M'IntOsh  co.,  Ga.,  on  the 

N.  side  and  principal  channel  of  the  Alatamaha, 
12  ms.  above  the  bar  and  190  below  MilledgevilJe. 
The  town  is  situated  upon  a  sandy  bluff,  and  has 
advanced  in  wealth  and  pop.  with  great  rapidity. 
Tn  1810  the  number  of  inhabitants  only  a  little  ex- 
ceeded 200 ;  it  now,  (1843,)  probably,  contains 
ten  times  that  number.  It  has  a  bank  with  a  cap- 
ital of  $150,000.  A  steamboat  navigation  has  been 
opened  from  this  town  to  Milledgeville.  The 
bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Alatamaha  has  12  feet 

263 


DA R  (iEOGKAPHlCAL  DICTIONARY.  DAK 


water  at  ordinary  tides.  But  little  comparative 
expense,  it  is  probable,  would  procure  a  much 
greater  depth,  and  admit  merchant  vessels  of 
the  largest  class.  Lon.  W.  C.  4  37  W.,  lat.  31 
23  N. 

Dark,  co.,  bounded  by  Mercer  N.,  Shelby  NE., 
Miami  and  Montgomery  SE.,  Preble  S.,  and 
Wayne  and  Randolph  co.,  Ia,  W.  It  is  34  by 
21  ms.,  area  about  700  sq.  ms.  The  extreme 
source  of  the  Mississinewa  branch  of  Wabash  is 
in  the  SW.  angle  of  this  co. ;  from  the  SW.  angle 
flow  some  creeks  of  White-water  river  ;  and  along 
the  southern  border  rise  the  extreme  fountains  of 
Franklin  creek  ;  but  the  great  body  of  the  co. 
is  drained  by  the  headwaters  of  Stillwater  river. 
General  slope,  southeasterly.  Surface,  diversified, 
but  generally  rather  level.  Soil,  productive.  The 
extreme  northern  angle  of  this  co.,  is  the  mem- 
orable P'ort  Recovery,  on  the  ground  of  St.  Clair's 
defeat,  Nov.  3,  1791,  and  regained  by  General 
Wayne,  in  1794,  and  named  from  that  fact.  In 
lat.  this  co.  extends  from  39  54  to  40  23  N., 
and  in  lon.  W.  of  W.  C.  from  7  20  to  7  43. 
Pop.  in  1820,  3,717;  in  1830,  6,204,  and  in 
1840,  13,282.    County  seat,  Greenville. 

Darking,  or  Dorking,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry, 
on  the  river  Mole,  23  ms.  SW.  of  London.  Lon. 
0  14  W.,  lat  51  17  N. 

Darlaston,  village  of  Eng.,  near  Stone,  in 
Staffordshire,  where  are  the  remains  of  a  castle  on 
a  hill. 

Darling  Inland,  the  largest  of  two  islands  in 
the  entrance  of  Lake  Simcoe,  U.  C. 

Darlins,  village  on  Owl  creek,  Knox  co.,  O., 
15  ms,  E.  from  Vernon. 

Darlington,  town  of  Eng-,  in  the  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, in  a  fiat,  on  the  river  Skerne,  which  falls 
into  the  Tees.  It  has  a  spacious  market  place, 
and  a  long  stone  bridge  over  the  river.  A  curious 
water  machine  for  grinding  optical  glasses,  and 
spinning  linen  yarn  has  been  erected  here,  the 
invention  of  a  native  of  the  town.  Darlington  is 
19  ms.  S.  of  Durham,  and  239  N.  by  W.  of 
London.    Lon.  1  25  W.,  lat.  54  32  N. 

Darlington  Township,  in  the  co.  of  Durham, 
IJ.  C,  lies  to  the  W.  of  Clarke,  and  fronts  on 
Lake  Ontario. 

Darlington,  district,  S.  C.  ;  bounded  by  Sump, 
tor  SW.,  Kershaw  W.,  Chesterfield  NW.,  Marl- 
borough NE.,  and  Marion  and  Williamsburg, 
SE.  ;  length  34  ms.,  width  28  ;  area  950  sq.  ms. 
Lying  between  Lynch's  creek  and  Great  Pedee 
river,  the  surface  is  rather  level  than  hilly ;  and 
generally  of  middling  quality.  Staple,  cotton, 
Chief  town,  Darlington.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,949, 
in  1830,  13,728,  and  in  1840,  14,822.  Central 

lat  34  15  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3°  W.  Village  and 

seat  of  justice,  Darlington  district,  S.  C.  ;  on 
Black  creek,  very  near  the  centre  of  the  district, 
40  ms  E  from  Camden.  Post  office,  Hart- 
ford co.,  Md. 

Darmstadt,  capital  of  the  landgravate  of  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  with  a  castle,  where  its  own  prince 
generally  resides.  It  has  handsome  suburbs  and  a 
good  college.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  30  ms.  NW.  of  Heidelberg.  Lon.  8  40 
E.,  lat.  49  43  N. 

Darnestown,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Md.,  by 
postroad-65  ms.  from  W.  C. 
264 


Darrtown,  village  in  Milford  tp.,  Butler  co. 
Md.,  8  ms.  NNW.  of  Hamilton,  and  5  nearly 
E.  from  Oxford.  It  is  a  fine  country  village,  witl 
a  pop.  of  250. 

Dart,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  whicl 
rises  at  the  foot  of  Dartmore  Hills,  crosses  Dart 
moor  to  Ashburton,  and  falls  into  the  Eti^lisl 
channel,  at  Dartmouth. 

Darfford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the  Da 
rent,  not  far  from  its  influx  into  the  Thame? 
Here  are  the  remains  of  a  fine  nunnery,  founded 
by  Edward  III.  The  town  is  finely  watered  b) 
two  or  three  very  good  springs,  and  is  full  of  inn 
by  reason  of  its  being  a  great  thoroughfare  from 
London  to  Dover.  It  is  16  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Lon 
don.    Lon.  0  16  E.,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Dartoion,  village,  Butler  co.,  O.,  by  postroai 
111  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus. 

Dartmoor,  extensive  moorish  tract  of  Eng., 
in  Devonshire;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  bleak  lull 
and  extending  southward  quite  through  the  ccntrt 
of  the  county  to  the  sea.  It  is  watered  by  tin 
river  Dart.  On  this  moor  prison-barracks  wen 
erected  during  the  late  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  U.  S.  Here  on  the  6th  of  April,  181.0, 
by  order  of  the  commandant,  7  American  pri 
soners  were  massacred,  and  56  dangerously 
wounded. 

Dartmouth,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Devon^im 
near  the  river  Dart,  near  its  fall  into  the  sea,  and  ha, 
a  spacious  harbor  defended  by  a  fort.  It  has  y 
considerable  trade  to  the  S.  of  Europe  ami  i 
Newfoundland,  as  well  as  a  share  in  the  coasting 
traffic.  It  contains  three  churches,  and  is  30  ms. 
SSW.  of  Exeter,  and  204  W.  by  S.  of  Loudon. 
Lon.  3  45  W.,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Dartmouth  College.  This  institution  is  located 
in  the  town  of  Hanover,  Grafton  co.,  N.  II 
It  was  founded,  1769,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Eleazer 
Wheelock,  and  named  in  honor  of  William,  earl 
of  Dartmouth,  one"  of  its  most  munificent  I 
factors.  In  1797,  a  medical  institution  was  an- 
nexed to  the  college.  The  officers  of  this  college, 
are,  a  president,  4  professors,  2  lecturers,  and  '■> 
tutors.  The  number  of  students,  ordinarily  about 
150,  and  from  50  to  60  medical  students.  Tilt 
college  library  exceeds  4,000  volumes;  and  two 
other  libraries  with  about  2,000  volumes  each 
have  been  formed  by  associations  of  students. 
The  medical  department  possesses  a  laboratory, 
anatomical  museum,  2  lecture  rooms  and  chapel 
The  college  has  attached  to  its  other  establish- 
ments an  extensive  and  valuable  philosophical 
and  chemical  apparatus.  The  site  of  Dartmouth 
college  is  pleasant  and  healthful,  which,  with  liw 
judicious  arrangement  of  concerns,  have  rendered 
it  a  very  flourishing  institution.  Its  fund- 
chiefly  drawn  from  lands,  amounting  to  about 
1,600  dollars,  annually.  This  revenue,-  added  to 
the  sums  paid  by  students  yields  a  neat  yearly 

amount  of  about  §4,000.  Town  and  seaport, 

Mass.,  Bristol  co.  It  is  situated  on  the  NW.  side 
of  Buzzard's  bay,  about  75  ms.  S.  of  Boston. 
Pop.  in  1820,  3,636. 

Darvills\  post  office,  Dinwiddie  co.,  Va.,  30 
ms.  S.  from  Richmond. 

Dassen-Eyland,  or  Isle  of  Deer,  one  of  the 
three  small  islands  to  the  N.  of  the  Cape  of  Goed 
Hope,  so  called,  on  account  of  the  great  number 


DAU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DAY 


deer,  which  were  first  carried  thither  in  1601. 
ere  are  also  sheep  whose  tails  weigh  from  10  to 
l  pounds.    Lon.  18  7  E.,  lat.  33  25  S. 
Davenport,  tp.  and  village,  Delaware  co.,  N. 
.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,384. 

Daventry,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  North- 
iptonshire,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  10  ms.  W.  of 
orthampton,  and  72  NW.  of  London.  Lon. 

10  W.,  lat.  52  15  N. 

David  Point,  cape  of  the  island  of  Grenada, 
.theN.  Lon.  W.  C.  15  26  E.,  lat.  12  20  N. 
David's,  St.,  city  of  Wales  in  Pembrokeshire, 
a  barren  soil,  on  the  river  Hen,  scarcely  a  mile 
Din  the  seashore.  It  was  once  a  considerable 
ice,  and  the  cathedral  is  said  to  have  the  highest 
jf  of  any  in  Eng.  It  is  24  ms.  NW.  of  Pem- 
ake,  and  255  W.  by  N.  of  London.    Lon.  5 

W.,  lat.  51  56  N. 
David,  Fort  St.,  English  fort  on  the  coast  of 
iromandel.  It  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  the 
ench  in  1758,  and  has  not  yet  been  rebuilt.  It 
80  ms.  S.  of  Fort  St.  George.  Lon.  79  45  E., 
.  11  30  N. 

Davidson,  co.,  Tenn.,  situated  on  the  W.  side 
Cumberland  mountains,  bounded  by  Robertson 
.,  Summer  NE.,  Wilson  and  Rutherford  E., 
illiamson  S.,  and  Dickson  W.  Length  26  ms., 
?an  width  22  ;  area  570  sq.  ms.  Surface  rather 
even  than  hilly;  soil  generally  fertile.  Chief 
vn,  Nashville,  Pop.  1820,  20,154;  in  1840, 
,509.  Central  lat.  36  10  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9 
,  W.  Post  office  and  seat  of  justice,  Law- 
pee  co.,  Ark. 

Davidsonville,  village,  Ark.,  175  ms.  by  post- 
id  from  Little  Rock. 

Davidstoivn,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  10 
:.  above  Trenton,  on  the  Asanpink  creek. 
Davies,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Ohio  river 
,  Breckenridge  NE.,  Ohio  SE.,  Muhlenburgh 
,  Hopkins  SW.,  and  Henderson  W.  Length 
,  mean  width  20  ms.  ;  area  600  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
:e  hilly,  except  near  the  streams  ;  soil  generally 
xluctive.  Chief  town,  Owensburg.  Pop.  in 
40,  8,331.    Central  lat.  37  40,  lon.  W.  C. 

i°  W.  Co.  of  la.,  between  the  two  main 

inches  of  White  river,  bounded  by  Dubois  SE. 
4S.,  Gibson  SW.,  Knox  W.,  Sullivan  NW., 
d  Monroe  and  Lawrence  NE.  Length  60  ms., 
:an  width  15;  area  900  sq.  ms.  Pop.  1840, 
720.  Cent.  lat.  38  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10'  V/. 
Davisburg,  village,  Christian  co.,  Ky. 
Davis's  Straits,  an  immense  opening  into  Hud- 
i'«  and  Baffin's  bays,  between  North  America 
J  Greenland.  This  inland  sea  bears  to  the 
W.  and  SE.  Davis's  Straits  is  an  arm  of  the 
i  between  Greenland  and  North  America,  dis- 
ced by  Captain  Davis  in  1585,  whilst  in  search 
a  NW.  passage.  This  sheet  of  water  is  very 
properly  called  a  strait,  as  the  general  width 
m  Greenland  to  Labrador  is  upwards  of  500 
•  It  is  in  fact,  with  its  termination,  (Baffin's 
v,)  a  great  inland  sea. 

Davis's  Store,  post  office,  Bedford  co.,  Va., 
1  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 
Daun,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of 
eves,  seated  on  the  Lezer,  at  the  foot  of  a 
untain,  on  which  is  a  castle.  It  is  12  ms.  N. 
Mount  Royal. 

Dauphin,  river  of  British  North  America,  flow- 
34* 


into  Little  Winnipic  lake.    Lon.  W.  C.  23°  W., 

lat.  52  20  N.  Island  of  Ala.,  nff  the  mouth  of 

Mobile  bay.  It  is  a  sandy  flat,  covered  with  a 
few  trees  about  6  ms.  long,  and  irom  2  ms.  to  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  wide.  The  Pass  au  Heron  into 
Mobile  bay  enters  from  Pascagoula  sound,  north 
from  Dauphin  island ;  the  main  pass  enters  be- 
tween the  island  and  Mobile  Point. 

Dauphin,  co.  of  Pa.,  on  the  east  side  of  Sus- 
quehanna river,  bounded  by  Lancaster  and  Leba- 
non SE.,  by  Susquehanna  river  W.,  Northum- 
berland N.,  and  Schuylkill  NE.  Length  33  ms., 
mean  width  16;  area  528  sq.  ms.  This  co.  is 
extremely  diversified  in  surface.  The  SE.  part  of 
the  co.  is  hilly  and  broken,  but  with  a  soil  highly 
productive.  The  Swatara  rises  in  Schuylkill,  and 
traverses  Lebanon  into  Dauphin,  passing  over  the 
southeastern  section  of  the  latter,  into  the  Susque- 
hanna river.  This  part  of  the  co.  lies  below  the 
Kittatinny  range  of  mountains,  and,  covering 
about  230  sq.  ms.,  is  subdivided  into  nearly  equal 
portions  by  the  limestone  and  slate  regions.  See 
Kittatinny  Valley.  Above  the  Kittatinny  moun- 
tain, the  residue  of  the  co.  is  excessively  broken 
by  mountains  and  hills,  with  a  generally  sterile 
soil.  The  staples  of  Dauphin  are  grain,  flour, 
whiskey,  salted  provisions,  and  live  stock.  Chief 
town,  Harrisburg.  Pop.  1820,  21,663;  in  1840, 
30,118.  Central  lat.  40  25  N.,  lon.  15'  E.  of 
W.  C. 

Dauphin  Fort,  seaport  of  St.  Domingo,  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  island.  Lon.  W.  C.  4  40  E.,  lat. 
19  41  N. 

Dauphiny,  late  province  of  Fr.,  extending  40 
leagues  from  N.  to  S.,  and  36  from  E.  to  W., 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Rhone,  N.  by  the 
Rhone  and  Savoy,  S.  by  Provence,  and  E.  by  the 
Alps.  Two-thirds  of  Dauphiny  are  intersected 
by  mountains,  which  afford  good  pasturage,  and 
plenty  of  timber  (fir  trees  in  particular)  for  the 
building  of  ships.  The  valleys  afford  wheat,  and 
the  hills,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Rhone,  excellent 
wines,  olives,  and  silk.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Rhone,  Durance,  Isere,  and  Drome.  It  now 
forms  the  departments  of  Drome,  Isere,  and  Upper 


Dax,  or  Acqs,  ancient  town  of  F..,  in  the  dep. 
of  Landes,  and  late  province  of  Gascony,  with  a 
bishop's  see  and  some  famous  hot  baths.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Adour,  24  ms.  NE.  of  Bayonne. 
Lon.  1°  W.,  lat.  43  42  N. 

•  Dayton,  flourishing  village,  and  county  seat  of 
Montgomery  co.,  O.,  situated  on  the  eastern  side 
of  Great  Miami,  immediately  below  the  mouth  of 
Mad  river.  N.  lat.  39  46,  lon.  7  08  W.  of  W. 
C.  It  is  situated  on  a  plain,  or  rather  two  plains, 
as  the  body  of  the  town  occupies  ground  10  or  15 
feet  lower  than  the  second  rise  on  which  the  houses 
are  extending.  The  Miami  canal,  which  is  con- 
nected with  Hamilton  by  a  side  canal  and  basin, 
passes  directly  through  Dayton ;  and  here  the  bus- 
tle of  boats  and  machinery  mingles  with  the  ordi- 
nary business  of  life,  and  gives  to  the  place  all  the 
aspect  of  a  commercial  mart.  The  place  is  indeed 
insulated,  as,  about  a  mile  above  the  town,  the 
water  of  Mad  river  is  taken  out,  and,  after  giving 
unlimited  water  power  to  the  inhabitants,  is  thrown 
into  the  canal  and  Miami  river.  The  canal  is 
lined  with  factories  of  various  kinds,  which  we  are 

26r> 


DEA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DEA 


unable  to  enumerate,  but  cannot  avoid  observing 
that  whoever  visits  this  place  for  the  first  time  will 
find  much  to  admire  of  prosperity.  In  November, 
1795,  a  Mr.  Ludlow  laid  out  the  town,  and  named 
it  Dayton,  but,  like  others  in  a  wilderness,  at  first 
progressed  slowly.  The  first  brick  house  here 
was  built  in  1805,  and  the  sul joined  table  wi 


Jerusalem,  about  28  ms.  direct  distance  from  tb 
Mediterranean,  hes  an  elevation  above  that  sea,  i 
regard  to  temperature  and  height,  equal  to  5^°  ( 
lat.,  allowing  400  feet  to  be  equal  to  1°,  as  to  in 
fluence  on  aerial  temperature,  and  of  upwards  c 
8°  above  the  Dead  sea,  with  similar  allowance  o 
16  ms.,  the  air  distance  from  Jerusalem  to  th 


show  its  advance  in  population  and  its  ad  vance  !  Dead  sea.    If  correct,  (and  we  have  no  doubt  the 


in  wealth  has  been  in  a  higher  ratio 


Population  in  1810 

-  383 

Do 

1820 

-  1,139 

Do 

1828 

-  1,097 

Do 

1930 

-  2,954 

Do 

1831 

-  3,258 

Do 

1833 

-  4,000 

Do 

1839 

-  6,000 

Do 

1840 

-  6,067 

[are  so  sufficiently  for  general  purposes,)  these  el< 


Deacon,  literally  a  minister  or  servant,  the  low 
t  degree  of  holy  orders.    In  the  Presbyteria 


Deardoff's  Mills  and  village,  in  Wayne  tp 
The- proportion  of  churches  and  other  public '  northwestern  part  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  O.,  about 
buildings  is  fully  maintained  in  Dayton  ;  and,  in  ms.  NW.  of  New  Philadelphia,  and  8  ms.  wes 


fine,  it  is  amongst  the  great  manifestations — one  of 
the  greatest — of  the  irresistible  growth  of  society 
in  the  Ohio  valley.  Lat.  39  42  N.,  Ion.  7  8  W. 
W.  C. 

Dayton,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  O.,  in  which 
the  preceding  town  is  situated.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,530. 


ward  of  Bolivar  on  the  Ohio  canal. 

D  avertown,  village,  in  the  northwestern  pa 
of  Morgan  co.,  O.,  14  ms  NW.  of  McConriell: 
ville,  and  16  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Zanesvillt 

Debrecen,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of 
district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  106  ms.  E.  of  Bud; 
Lon.  22  11  E.,  lat.  47  32  N. 


Debretzin,  town  of  Hungary,  and  the  seat  of 
very  respectable  academy,  possessing  a  library 


Deadman's  Head,  cape  in  Cornwall,  between 
St.  Maw's  and  Fowey. 

Dead  Sea,  ancient  lake  of  Asphalites,  is  the  j  upwards  of  20,000  volumes.    The  number  of  sti 
lower  depression  of  a  valley  of  Asia,  generally  dents  is  considerable,  exceeding  500.  It  is  situate 
known  by  the  name  of  the  river  Jordan.    The 'about  160  ms.  ESE.  from  Vienna. 
Dead  sea  is  a  sheet  of  water  extending  about  NNE.  I    Decatur,  town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  9  ms.  YY 

and  SSW.  60  ms.  ;  mean  breadth  10,  and  area  600  'from  West  Union.    Pop.  in  1820,  902.  Vi 

sq.  ms.  Similar  to  most  of  the  Asiatic  lakes  lage  in  the  SE.  part  of  Brown  co.,  O.,  13  ms.  SI 
having  no  outlet,  the  water  of  the  Dead  sea  is  from  Georgetown,  the  county  seat,  and  10  ms  \\ 

brackish,  though  more  so,  from  all  accounts,  than  |of  West  Union,  in  Adams  co.  Village,  Unio. 

any  of  the  others.    The  Jordan  takes  its  rise  in  district,  S.  C.  Village,  De  Kalb  co.,  Ga.,  si 

the  mountains  of  ancient  Galilee,  but  soon  swells  ;  uated  at  the  junction  of  the  two  main  railroads  i 
into  Lake  Meron,    10  or  12  ms.  long,  though  Georgia,  by  post  road  90  ms.  NW.  of  Milledge 


narrow;  contracts  thence  10  or  12  ms.  iato  a 
river,  and  again  opens  into  the  much  larger  lake 
of  Genesareth,  or  sea  of  Tiberius.  This  latter,  20 
ms.  long  and  widest  part  8,  is  again  terminated  by 
the  real  Jordan,  which,  by  a  general  course  of  75 
ms.  to  the  southward,  is  lost  in  the  Dead  sea, 
about  25  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Jerusalem. 
The  entire  valley  is  about  180  ms.  from  S.  to  N., 
with  a  mean  width  of  60;  area  10,600  sq.  ms., 
lying  between  lats.  31°  and  33  30  N.  The  Arabs 
call  this  lake  Bahr-el-Loud,  "  Water  of  Lot." 
It  has  all  the  appearance  of  having  once  been  the 
scene  of  volcanic  action. 

In  regard  to  the  relative  height  of  the  city  of 
Jerusalem  with  that  of  the  Mediterranean  and 
Dead  sea,  the  following  appeared  in  the  National 
Intelligencer  of  the  17th  January,  1842,  right  hand 
column,  page  1  :  <c  A  letter  was  read  from  the  late 
lamented  Sir  David  Wilkie  to  Mr.  Harvey,  con- 
taining the  result  of  his  barometric  observations  to 
determine  the  level  and  depression  of  the  Dead 
sea,  being  the  last,  if  not  the  only,  scientific  labor 
of  that  celebrated  man.  No  barometer  had  ever 
before  been  carried  to  the  Dead  sea,  and  the  obser- 
vations of  Sir  David  Wilkie  showed  a  depression 
of  1,198  76-100  feet  below  the  Mediterranean, 
and  the  elevation  of  Jerusalem  as  2,262  feet  also 
above  the  latter,  points  to  which  previous  obser- 
vers had  neaily  approximated." 

From  combining  there  elements,  it  appears  that 
266 


ville.  Village,   Morgan  co.,  Ala.  Villa? 

and  C.  H.,  Adams  co.,  Ia.  Village,  Meigs  co.: 

Tenn.  Village,  Howard  co  ,  Mo.  Village 

Macon  co.,  III.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Ac 

ams  co.,  Ia.,  on  St.  Mary's  river,  132  ms.  NW 

of  Indianapolis.  Village  and  seat  of  justic* 

Newton  co.,  Miss. 

Deal,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Kent.  It  is  seated  o 
the  strait  of  Dover,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Cinqu 
Port  of  Sandwich,  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  ha 
about  1,000  houses,  which  are  mostly  built  of  brick 
The  inhabitants  amount  to  4,500,  and,  as  no  mai 
ufacture  is  carried  on  here,  they  chiefly  depend  o 
the  seafaring  men  who  resort  hither.  The  port  , 
defended  by  two  castles  ;  Deal,  or  Walmar  eastl 
to  the  S.,  and  Sandown  castle  to  the  N.  Betwee 
this  place  and  the  Godwin  Sands,  are  the  Dowm 
where  the  ships  usually  ride  at  their  leaving  i 
coming  into  the  river  Thames.  It  is  7  ms.  S.  h 
E.  of  Sandwich  and  72  E.  bv  S.  of  London.  Lor 

1  29  E.,  lat.  51  13  N.  ^Village  of  N.  J.,  o 

the  seashore,  in  Monmouth  co.,  famous  as  a  wa 
tering  place,  7  ms.  S.  from  Shrewsbury. 

Dearborn,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.    Pop.  i 

1820,  463.  Co.,  Ia.,  on  the  Ohio  river,  boom 

ed  by  the  State  of  Ohio  and  the  Ohio  river  E 
Switzerland  S.,  Ripley  W.,  and  Franklin  N. 
length  27  ms.,  mean  width  15  ms  ;  area  aboul40 
sq.  ms.  Surface  very  hilly,  though  with  a  prodiu 
tive  soil.    Chief  town,  Lawrenceburg.    Pop  i 


DEC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DEE 


820,  11,468;  and  in  1840,  19,257.    Central  lat. 

9  18  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  00  VV.  River,  a  west- 

m  branch  of  Missouri,  into  which  it  falls  above 
ie  rapids.  % 
Debcn,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  which  rises 
oar  Debenhain,  and  expands  into  a  long  narrow 
rni  of  the  German  ocean,  a  little  to  the  N.  of 
Jarwich. 

Debenhain,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  near  the 
cad  of  the  Dohcn,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  24  ras. 
!.  Bury  St.  Edmund's  and  84  NE.  of  London. 
,od.  1  17  E.,  lat.  52  22  N. 
Usee  an,  southern  part  of  Indostan,  coining, 
ecording  to  some, from  "Dakkan,"or  "the  south? 
lid  from  "Daxine,"  "  the  country  on  the  right," 
L-cordiug  to  others.  It  has  at  all  times  been  a 
ague  term  as  to  its  northern  boundary.  In  the  5th 
[entury  it  had  Vijanagara,  or  Bisagur,  for  cap- 
al,  and  comprehended,  under  the  title  of  "the 
ingdom  of  the  Deccan,"  the  countries  included 
rider  the  modern  provinces  Khaudeish,  Dovvlate- 
ad,  Bejapour,  Golconda,  Berar,  and  Gundwana. 
l  its  most  extended  sense,  "  the  Deccan"  coin- 
rises  all  Indostan  to  the  southward  of  the  Ma- 
anuddy  and  Nerbuddah  rivers,  or  from  N.  lat 
1°  on  the  bay  of  Bengal,  and  22°  on  the  gulf  of 
iambay.  This  great  region  is  from  Cape  Como- 
B  due  N.  something  more  than  1,000  ins.,  with 
breadth  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mahanuddy  to 
lat  of  the  Nerbuddah  of  900  ms.;  the  area  at  least 
50,000  sq.  ms.  With  the  exception  of  the  deep, 
lough  narrow,  valleys  of  the  Nerbuddah  and  Tap- 
I  rivers,  which  incline  westward,  and  a  long  and 
fii  ,i  narrow  strip  west  of  the  Ghauts  along  the 


Nievrc,  and  late  province  of  Nivcrnoise,  seated 
in  an  island  formed  by  the  Loire,  16  ms.  SE.  of 
Nevcrs.    Lon.  4  31  E.,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Deckendorf,  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  seated 
near  the  Danube,  37  ms.  SE.  of  Katisbon.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1641.  Lon.  12  55 
E.,lat.  48  42  N. 

J)cc/:erstown,  village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the 
Papacossing  branch  of  Wallkill  river,  20  ms. 
NNE.  from  Newtown  and  102,  a  little  E.  of  N. 
from  Trenton. 

Dkclutation,  distance  of  a  star  from  the  Equa- 
tor N.,  or  S.,  the  opposite  of  longitude. 

Deddington,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire.  It 
is  16  ms.  N.  of  Oxford,  and  70  WN  W.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  12  W.,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Dedkam,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  looted  for 
an  ancient  large  church,  which  has  a  line  Gothic 

steeple.    It  is  6  ms.  N.  of  Colchester.  Town, 

and  scat  of  justice,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  situated 
on  the  S.  side  of  Charles  river,  about  1 1  ms.  from 
Boston.    Pop.  2,493. 

Dee,  river  of  N.  Wales,  which  rises  in  Merio- 
nethshire, in  N.  Wales,  and  runs  E.  to  the  bor- 
ders of  Denbighshire,  where  turning  N.  it  washes 
the  walls  of  Chester,  and  then  with  a  broad  chan- 
nel falls  into  the  Irish  sea  Kiver  of  Scotland, 

which  rises  in  Aberdeenshire,  amid  the  mountains 
of  Mar  forest,  and  flows  through  a  wild  country 
till  it  reaches  the  fertile  vale  of  Brae-mar  whence 
it  proceeds  in  an  easterly  direction  to  Aberdeen 
below  which  it  falls  into  the  British  ocean.  Over 
it  there  is  a  bridge  of  seven  arches.  It  abounds 
ith  salmon,  so  as  to  form  one  of  the  greatest  salmon 


lalabar  coast;  the  residue  and  more  than  the  five-  j  fisheries  in  Scotland.  River  of  Scotland,  which 

xths  of  the  Deccan  slopes  eastwards,  and  is  drain-  rises  in  the  NW.  part  of  Kircudbrightshire,  and 
1  into  the  bay  of  Bengal,  by  beside  many  of  lesser 'joining  the  Ken  below  New  Galloway,  falls  into 


Dnsequence,  by  the  rivers  Cavery,  Punnair,  Pen- 
air,  Kistnah,  Godavery,  and  Mahanuddy. 
f  One  very  striking  circumstance  distinguishes  the 
(eccan  from  that  part  of  Indoostan  to  the  north- 
ard  of  the  Nerbuddah.  East  of  the  western 
ihauts  and  rising  from  Cape  Comorin,  a  plateau 
r  table  land  stretches  to  the  Vindhia  mountains 
ear  the  Nerbuddah.  From  this  elevated  tract  the 
vers  fall  with  such  rapidity  as  to  render  them  use- 
m  as  navigable  channels — a  characteristic  directly 
ie  reverse  of  the  gentle  current  of  the  Ganges  and 
ndus,  as  well  as  most  of  their  confluents.  If  we 
upposc  the  oceanic  surface  to  be  gradually  ele- 
cted, all  central  Indostan  would  be  inundated, 
nd  an  immense  sea  formed  from  the  gulf  of  Ben 
al  to  the  delta  of  the  Indus,  whilst  much  of  the 
)eccan  would  remain  an  elevated  island,  bearing 
i  these  circumstances  a  strong  resemblance  to 
pain.  This  superior  elevation  gives  to  the  cen- 
al  Deccan  a  climate  more  temperate  than  that  of 
ie  lower  parts  of  the  basins  of  the  Ganges  and 
ndus. 

Deception,  bay  of  N.  America,  on  the  Pacific 
cean.    Lon.  W.  C.  48  W.,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Deception  Passage,  strait  of  N.  America  on 
ie  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  W.  C.  48  W.,  lat.  47 
10  N. 

:  Decision  Cape,  south  point  of  an  island  lying 
letween  Prince  of  Wales'  Island,  and  King 
•forge's  island.  Lon.  W.  C.  56  56  W.,  lat. 
6  5  N. 

Dccise,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 


the  Irish  sea  at  Kircudbright. 

Deeping,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  on 
the  Wetland,  in  a  fenny  country,  6  ms.  E.  of 
Stamford,  and  90  N.  of  London.  Lon.  0  21 
W.,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Deep  Creek,  post  office,  Pasquotank  co  ,  N.  C. 

 -Post,  office,  Norfolk  co.,  Va.,  9  ms.  from 

Norfolk. 

Deep  River,  in  N.  C,  one  of  the  main  and 
higher  branches  of  Cape  Fear  river. 

Deer  Creek,  southwesternmost  tp.,  Pickaway 

co.,  O.    Pop.   in  1820,   1,532  Tp.  of  O.', 

Madison  co.  Pop.  in  1820,  584. 

Deerjield,  town,  and  tp.  Rockingham  co.,  N. 

H.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,133.  Town,  Franklin  co., 

Mass  ,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  17 
ms.  N.  from  Northampton.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,868. 

 Tp.  of  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  opposite  Utica,  on 

the  Mohawk.     Pop.  in  1820,  2,344.  Town, 

Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.    Pop.  1,900.  Tp.  in 

the  SE  angle  of  Portage  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820, 

430.  Village  in  the  western  part  of  Morgan 

co.,  O.,  10  ms.  W.  of  McConnellsville.  Pop.  in 

1820,   558.  Village  in  the  southeasternmost 

part  of  Portage  co.,  O.,  16  ms.  SE.  of  Ravenna, 
the  co.  seat,  and  about  30  ms.  NW.  of  New 
Lisbon.  'Pp.,  of  Ross  cp.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820, 

I,  804.  Village,   Augusta  co.,   Va.,    by  the 

postroad  152  ms  NNW.  from  Richmond. 

Dcerfield  River,  rises  in  Vt.,  and  flowing  S. 
enters  Mass.,  turns  to  nearly  E.,  and  falls  into 
Connecticut  river,  between  Greenfield  and  Deerfield. 

267 


DEL 


Deerficld  Sheet,  village  in  the  northern  part  of'  tatinny  mountain.     The  general  physiognomy  o 


Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.,  and  on  Cohansey  creek, 
between  Woodbury  and  Bridgeton,  64  ms.  SSw! 
from  Trenton,  and  35  S.  from  Philadelphia. 

Deer -field i -ilk,  village,  on  the  Little  Miami  river, 
14  ms.  SSE.  of  Lebanon,  and  about  22  ms.  nearly 
due  E.  of  Hamilton,  co.  scat  of  Butler  co. 

Decring,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.  Pop. 
in  1820,  1,415. 

Deer  Me,  island  and  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  9 
ms.  SE.  from  Castine.    Pop.  1,500. 

Deerhursi,  village  of  Eng.,  3  ms.  S.  of  Tewkes- 
bury, in  Gloucestershire,  subject,  by  its  low 
.situation,  to  frequent  inundations  from  the  Severn. 

Deer  Park,  village,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop. 
in  1820,  1,340. 

Defiance,  village  and  co.  seat,  Williams  co.,  O., 
situated  on  the  point  between  Maumee  and  Au- 
glaize rivers,  NE.  at  their  junction,  in  the  S.  E. 
angle  of  the  co.,  20  ms.  above  Napoleon,  county 
seat  of  Henry. 

Dcir.se,  or  Dcynse,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  on  the  Lis,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Ghent. 
Lon.  3  39  E.,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Dcir-cl-kamar,  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 
Pachalic  of  Syria,  and  the  capital  of  the  country 
of  the  Druses. 

Dc  Kalb,  town,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Oswegatchie  river,  20  ms.  above  its  junction  with 
the  St.  Lawrence.      Pop.  1820,  709,  in  1840, 

1,531.  Court  house  and  post  office,  De  Kalb 

co.,  Geo.,  marked  on  the  post  office  list  701  ms. 
from  W.  C,  and  158  from  Milledgeville. 

Dela^oa,  bay  of  Africa,  on  the  Indian  ocean. 
Lat.  27  S. 

Delaware,  co.  ofN.  Y.,  having  Broome  and 
Chenango  W.,  Otsego  N.,  Schoharie  and  Green 
NE.,  Ulster  and  Sullivan  SE.,  and  Delaware 
river  separating  it  from  Wayne  co.  Pa.,  SW. 
Length  45  ms.,  mean  width  30,  and  area  1,350 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  42,  and  lon.  2°  E.  of  W.  C.  inter- 
sect in  this  co.  Population  in  1820,  26,587,  in 
1830,  32,933,  and  in  1840,  35,396.  Chief  town, 
Delhi. 

Delaware,  co.  of  Pa.,  having  Chester  W.  and 
N  W.,  Montgomery  N.,  Philadelphia  co.  and  river 
Delaware  E. ;  and  New  Castle  co.,  State,  of  Del. 
S.,  area  220  sq.  ms.  Lat.  from  N.  39  47  to  40 
05  lon.  W.  C,  from  1  28  to  1  48  E.  Chief  town, 
Chester.  Pop,  in  1820,  14,810,  in  1830,  17,361, 
and  in  1840,  19,791. 


the  Susquchannah  and  Delaware,  every  where  re 
markable,  is  in  no  other  place  so  striking  as  in  ihi 
valley  between  the  Kittatinny  mountain  and  thi 
continuation  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  below  Eastor 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Lehigh.  This  river  has  ; 
very  crooked  course  above  and  even  below  t h< 
Blue  mountains;  the  country  is  very  mountainou 
through  which  it  passes,  until  it  leaves  the  water 
gap.  It  continues  hilly  along  its  bank 
the  mountain  as  far  down  as  Well's  falls  helov 
the  village  of  New  Hope,  in  Bucks  co.  It  ha 
many  rapids  and  shallows  along  its  whole  length 
until  it  reaches  Trenton  falls,  where  it  meets  tm 
tide.  Boat  navigation  is  very  difficult  above  Eas 
ton.  From  Easton  to  the  tide,  the  navigation  ha 
been  improved,  and  at  present,  a  very  considm 
ble  trade  is  carried  on  in  this  part  of  the  river. 

In  the  Kittatinny  valley,  25  ms.,  by  comparativi 
courses,  below  the  Delaware  Watergap,  the  Le 
high  comes  in  from  the  NW. 

The  latter  stream  claims  a  very  large  share  o 
attention,  as  being  one  of  the  great  channels  fron 
which  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  indeed  thi 
whole  Atlantic  coast,  is  destined  to  receive  exhaust 
less  supplies  of  coal. 

This  branch  of  the  Delaware  rises  in  Wavne 
Luzerne,  and  Northampton,  and  is,  emphatically 
a  mountain  stream.  Flowing  first  to  SW,  curve 
to  S.  and  SE.,  pierces  the  Kittatinny  moun 
tain,  crosses  the  Kittatinny  valley  in  a  SE.  di 
rection,  is  turned  by  the  SE.  mountain  at  Allen 
town,  where  it  winds  to  the  NE.,  and  joins  th 
Delaware  at  the  borough  of  Easton,  after  a  com 
parative  course  of  about  80  ms.  See  L>high 
Below  the  SE.  mountain,  the  Delaware  turns  ! 
a  SE.  course  35  ms.,  to  where  it  leaves  the  pri 
mitive,  and  falls  into  the  alluvial  formation  at  th 
head  of  tide-water.  Continuing  over  the  alluvial 
4  or  5  ms.,  the  Delaware  again  turns  to  SW. 
nearly  parallel  to,  and  about  5  ms.  distant  from 
the  primitive  ledge,  in  which  direction  it  Hows  b 
comparative  courses,  35  ms.,  to  the  mouth  of  tli 
Schuylkill.  Respecting  the  Schuylkill,  it  is  sufii 
cient  to  observe,  that  it  has  its  principal  sourer 
in  Northampton  and  Schuylkill  counties:  that 
general  course  is  from  NW.  to  SE.,  by  compn 
rative  courses,  120  ms.  Few  secondary  river 
of  the  American  continent  are  destined  to  liecom 
of  equal  importance  with  the  Schuylkill  as  a  chair 
nel  of  inland  navigation.      The  general  course  o 


Delaware,  river  of  the  U.  S.  The  Delaware j  SW.  is  maintained  by  the  Delaware,  about  30  ni1- 
basin,  intervening  between  that  of  Susquehannah  I  below  the  mouth  of  the  Schuylkill,  or  about  5  m 
and  that  of  the  Hudson,  extends  about  250  ms.  '  below  New  Castle.  Here  the  river,  already  con 
from  N.  to  S.,  with  a  mean  width  of  60  ms.  ex-  siderably  expanded  in  width,  opens  into  a  wi<l 
tending  over  an  area  of  15,600  sq.  ms.    The  triangular  bay,  65  ms.  in  length,  and  30  wi,i< 


Delaware  rises  by  two  branches  in  the  Catsberg 
draining  the  angle  between  the  Susquehannah  and 
Schoharie  branch  of  Mohawk.  The  sources  of 
the  Delaware  flow  SW.  by  comparative  courses, 
50  ms.,  through  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  unite  at 
the  NE.  angle  of  Pa.,  and  turn  at  right  angles  to 
a  course  of  SE.,  following  the  latter  direction,  by 


between  Capes  Henlopen  and  May.  Sec  Schtiyl 
kill. 

Delaware  Bay,  the  estuary  of  the  Delawar 
river,  between  N.  J.,  and  Pa.,  and  between  IS 
J.  and  Del.  This  bay,  in  strictness,  commence 
at  Trenton,  at  the  head  of  tide-water,  but  is  usual 
ly  computed  from  Fisher's  point  below  New  Gtrtl 


comparative  courses  70  ms.,  to  the  NW.  angle  of  to  Capes  May  and  Henlopen.    Thus  restricted 


N.  J.,  and  the  base  of  the  Kittatinny  mountain  ; 
again  turning  with  the  mountain  to  the  SW.,  fol- 
lows that  course,  along  its  base,  by  comparative 
courses,  40  ms.,  to  the  mouth  of  Broadhead  creek, 
where  the  river  again  turns,  and  passes  the  Kit- 
26S 


is  about  65  ms.  long,  and  varying  in  width  froi 
3  to  30  ms.  It  admits  the  entrance  of  the  large* 
vessels  though  much  impeded  by  shoals. 

Delaware,  one  of  the  U.  S.  This  State  i 
bounded  by  an  exterior  limit,  from  its  SE.  angi 


DEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DEL 


t  Fenwick's  island  to  Cape  Henlopen  20  ms. 

Wong  the  right  shore  of  Delaware  bay  90 
Uound  the  semicircle  of  12  ms.,  radius 

from  New  Castle    -        -        -        -  25 

hence  nearly  S.  along  Md.        -       -  87 

'hence  due  E.  to  Fenwick's  Island       -  36 

laving  an  entire  outline  of         -  258 

Vrea  2,120  sq.  ms.,  equal  to  1,356,800  acres.  Ex-  ' 
reme  length   from    S.  to  N.  96  ms.  ;  greatest  j 
readlh  along  its  southern  boundary  36  ms.    Ex-  I 
aiding  from  lat.  38  29  to  39  54  N. 
The  State  of  Delaware,  from  its  confined  extent 
ncl  position,  presents  the  most  uniform  surface  of 
ny  of  the  great  political  sections  of  the  United 
tates.    That  part  of  Dela.  bordering  on  Pa.  rises 
ito  hills  of  some  little  elevation,  and  is  extremely 
ell  watered.   Receding,  however,  down  Delaware 
or  rather  along  the  intervening  peninsula  be- 
;veen  that  and  Chesapeake  bay,  the  face  of  the 
;>untry  becomes  more  monotonous,  and  finally 
nks  to  a  general  level.    Some  parts  of  the  lower 
dions  of  the  State  are  marshy,  some  sandy,  but 
iterspersed  with  productive  tracts.    The  respect- 
e  fertility  of  the  different  divisions  of  the  State 
jin  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  different  counties, 
ith  their  comparative  population. 
In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  the  soil  is  well 
ell  adapted  to  the  production  of  grain  and  pastu- 
re.   Grain  and  flour  are  therefore  staple  com- 
lodities.   For  the  manufacture  of  the  latter  article, 
iw  places  in  any  country  can  possess  greater  natural 
icilities  than  does  higher  Delaware.  Brandywine 
■eck,  rising  on  the  primitive  and  secondary  for 
lations  in  Pa.,  is  precipitated  over  considerable 
i.pids  in  its  passage  from  the  primitive  rock  to  the 
luvial  tract  below.    Red  Clay  and  White  Clay 
eeks,  branches  of  Christiana  river,  present  simi- 
r  features  to  Brandywine,  and,  taken  together, 
ford  an  uncommon  assemblage  of  seats  for  mills 
id  other  manufactories.    Much  has  been  done  to 
■prove  those  natural  advantages.  Manufactories 
paper,  gunpowder,  and  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
ive  been  extensively  established. 
For  political  and  local  purposes  Delaware  is  sub- 
vided  into  the  following  counties,  having  the 
ipulation  respectively  annexed  in  1820: 
ew  Castle     -  27,899 
ent  -----  20,793 
ussex  -  .  .  .  24,057 


Population  of  Delaware  in  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


72,749 

State  capital,  Dover. 

In  the  convention  held  at  Philadelphia,  in  1787, 
e  inhabitants  were  computed  at  37,000.  Ac- 
■rding  to  the  census  of  1790,  they  amounted  to 
>,000;  in  1800,  they  had  risen  to  64,273. 

"rogrcssivc  papulation  of  Delaware  by  counties. 


Counties. 

Pop.  1810. 

Pop. 1820. 

Pop. 1830. 

Pop. 1840. 

'w  Castle  - 
mil 

ssex 

gregates 

27,899 
20*793 
24,037 

29,720 
19,913 
27,113 

33,120 
23,093 

72,674 

72,749 

70,743 

75,085 

0to3  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  • 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 

100  ami  upward: 


Total  whites 


Free  colored.— Ae,t 


0  to  10  - 
10  to  21  - 

4  to  36  - 
36  to  55  * 
to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  free  colored 


Males.  Females. 


4,751 
3,839 
3,404 
3  337 
5,707 
3,469 
2,173 
1,311 
S37 
320 
92 
9 
3 

29,302 
29,259 

58,561 


Males.  Females. 


2,740 
2,679 
1,392 
1,163 
615 
7 


1,1)2(3 


2,618 
2,457 
1,415 
1,127 
662 
14 


8,293 
8,626 


16,919 


Slaves.— Ages. 

Males 

Females. 

OtolO  - 

10  to  24  .... 

to  36  - 
36  to  55  - 

55  to  100  .... 
100  and  upwards  - 

442 
676 
170 

53 
30 
0 

375 
551 
194 
76 
37 
1 

1,371 

1,231 
1,371 

Total  slaves  - 

2,605 

SUMMARY. 

Whites           -  - 

Free  colored 

Slaves 

-  58.561 

-  16,919 

-  2,605 

Total                '  - 

,  -  78,085 

White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumh,  under  14  years  of  age 

Do.  from  14  »o  25           -            -            -            -  17 

Do.  above  25    -            -           -            -           -  12 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb             -            -            -  47 

Do.  blind        -                      -           -           -  15 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  -----  22 

Private  charge         •    -            -            -  30 

Total  whites  insane,  Lc.            -           -  52 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb  8 
Do.  blind         -            -           -           -            -  18 
Do.  insane  and  idiots     -            -            -            ■  2-S 
Total  of  persons  employed  in— 

Mining           .....  5 

Agriculture     -            -            -            -    ,       -  16.015 

Commerce       .....  '467 

Manufactures  and  trades            -            -         .  -  4,060 

Navigation  on  the  ocean            -            -           -  401 

Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers       -           •            •  235 

Learned  professions      -           -           -           -  199 

Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  -  1 

.  269 


DEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DEI, 


Delery,  seigniory,  L.  C,  Huntington  co.,  ni 
the  Sorellc  river,  27  ras.  SSE.  from  Montreal.  IsU 
Aux  Noix  is  in  tins  seigniory. 

Delft,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  ii 
Holland.  It  is  clean  and  well  built,  with  canal, 
in  the  streets,  planted  on  each  side  with  trees.  Ii 
is  about  2  ms.  in  circumference,  and  has  a  fine  ar 
senal  well  furnished.  It  is  noted  for  a  considerate 
~—  manufacture  of  earthen  ware.    It  is  sealed  on  tlx 

Population  of  Delaware,  by  countm,  from  the  Schi    8  mg<  NW>  0f  Rotterdam,  and  30  ms.  SW 


r*otal  «f  persons  employed  in— 
Universities  or  colleges  -  ' 

Po.  si.uilp.nls  in  - 
Academies  and  Grammar  schools 
Do.  students  in  -  -  - 

Primary  and  common  schopls 
Do  scholars  in  - 
Scholars  at  public  chargfi 

Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  agp,  who 
cannot  read  or  write  - 


1 

23 
20 
764 
152 
6,024 
1,571 

4,832 


census  of  1840. 


Counties. 


New  Castle 

Kent 

Sussex 

Total  Dela're 


Whites. 


12,79 

6.R-5 
0,577 


13,009 
6,7:}:5 
9,560 


29,302 


Free 
solar ed. 


U98 


547G  3297 
2952  2875 


5121 


3626  8293  1371 


Slaves. 


Total. 


12341  78,0-5 


of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  4  24  E.,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Dtlflshaven,  fortified  town  of  Holland,  on  tin 
N.  side  of  the  Macse,  with  a  canal  to  Delft,  &c 
It  is  between  Rotterdam  and  Schiedam,  not  3  ms 
from  each. 

i     Delfzy,  fortress  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netheri 
lands  on  the  river  Damsler,  13  ms.  NE.  of  Gro' 

_  !  ningen. 

I  !     Delhi,  province  of  Hindoostan  proper,  boundei 

19V  19^2  0,1  tue  N  W.  hy  Lahore,  on  the  NE.  by  Serinagur 
796|    25,093  on  the  E.  by  the  Rohilla  country,  on  the  S.  bj. 

Agra,  and  on  the  W.  by  Moultan.    Having  beer 
the  seat  of  continual  wars  for  above  50  years,  it  i 
almost  depopulated  ;  and  a  tract  of  country  tha 
Delaware,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Franklin  S.>  possesses  every  advantage  that  can  be  desired  fron 
Union  \V.,  Marion  N.,  Knox  NE.,  and  Licking  |  nature,  contains  the  most  miserable  of  inhabitants 
SE. ;  greatest  length  E.  and  W.  27  ms.  ;  mean  lit  is  now  all  that  remains  to  the  great  Mogul  n 

breadth  23,  and  area  620  sq.  ms.    The  slope  of  his  once  extensive  empire.  Capital  of  the  pro 

ibis  co.  is  southward,  and  in  that  direction  drained  jvince  of  the  same  name,  in  Hindoostan  proper 
by  Sciota,  Whetstone,  and  Walnut  rivers,  with  |  seated  on  the  river  Jumna.  It  is  the  nominal  cap 
their  numerous  tributary  creeks.  Surface  flat  or  j  ital  of  all  Hindoostan,  and  was  the  actual  capita 
rolling,  and  soil  productive.  In  lat  it  extends  I  during  the  greatest  part  of  the  time  since  the  Ma 
from  40  8  to  40  30  N.,  and  in  lon.  from  5  42  to  j  hometan  conquest.  Delhi  is  80  ms.  NNE.  1 
0  12  W.  of  W.  C.  Chief  town,  Delaware-  Pop.  Bombay.  Lon.  77 
in  1820,  7,639;  in  1830,  11,504;  and  in  1840, 

22,060.  Town  and  co.  scat,  Delaware  co.,  O., 

situated  on  the  western  side  of  Whetstone  river, 
24  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Columbus,  83  ms.  a 
little  W.  of  S.  of  Sandusky  city,  and  33  ms.  SW. 
by  W.  from  Mount  Vernon.  N.  lat.  40  18,  and 
almost  exactly  6°  W.  of  W.  C.  in  lon.  Springs, 
impregnated  with  mineral  substances,  are  said  to 
abound  in  the  vicinity  of  this  town.  One,  "  Tlte 
Mineral  Spring,"  in  the  immediate  neighborhood, 
is  much  frequented,  and  splendid  accommodations 
arc  already  provided  for  visiters.  This  particular 
spring  is  of  the  class  called  "  While  Sulphur" 
The  village  of  Delaware  was  laid  out  in  1808,  and 

now  contains  about  100  dwelling  houses.  Pop.  in  |  ference,  but  now  destitute,  or  nearly  so,  of  inhab 
1830,  527  ;  and  in  1840,  898.  Co.,  la.,  having  tants.    Lon.  25  59  E.,  lat.  37  30  N 


Bombay.    Lon.  77  40  E  ,  28  37  N.  ViUjg 

and  seat  of  justice,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  th 
Coquago  branch  of  Delaware.     N.  lat.  42  18,  lor 

VV.  C.  2  5  E.  Tp.,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  in 

eluding  the  foregoing  village.    Pop.  1820,  2,28.c 
Delichi,  river  of  Albania,  the  Acheron  of  th 
ancient  poets,  who  feigned  it  to  be  in  hell. 

Ddmenhorst,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  co.  i 
Delmenhorst,  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Holstein  ()i: 
denburg.  Pop.  2,000.  It  is  seated  on  the  Deln 
near  the  Weser,  8  ins.  SW.  of  Bremen. 

Delos,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  now  calle 
Dili.  There  are  abundance  of  fine  ruins,  suppose 
to  be  of  the  temples  of  Diana  and  Apollo,  whoi 
birth  place  it  is  said  to  be.    It  is  6  ms.  in  circun 


Henry  S.,  Madison  W.,  Grant  and  Blackford  N., 
and  Randolph  E.  Central  lat.  40  10,  lon.  W.  C. 
8  20  W.  Length  24  ms,  breadth  18,  and  area 
432  sip  ms.  The  northern  part  is  traversed  and 
drained  by  Mississincwa  river,  and  most  of  the 
residue  by  the  higher  branches  of  the  main  fork  of 
White  river.  Slope  westward.  Chief  town,  Men- 
cic.  Pop.  in  1830,  2,374;  and  in  1840,  8,843. 
 Co.  of  Iowa,  having  Jones  and  Linn  S.,  Fay- 
ette and  Clayton  N.,  and  Dubuque  E.  It  is  24 
ms.  sq.  ;  area  576  sq.  ms.  General  slope  south- 
eastward. Central  lat.  44  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  14 
10  W.  Not  included  in  the  census  of  1840. 
Delaware  Cily,  town  of  the  State  of  Delaware, 


Delphi,  or  Delphos,  town  of  Livadia,  seated  i 
a  valley  near  Mount  Parnassus.  It  was  famot 
for  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  which  people  came  fro; 

all  parts  to  consult.  Village  Onondago  co  ,  P" 

York. 

Delsperg,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  bishopr 
of  Basle,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Soleure.  Lon.  7  2 
E.,  lat.  47  17  N. 

Delta,  part  of  Lower  Egypt,  between  th 
branches  of  the  Nile  and  the  Mediterranean.  Th 
ancients  called  it  the  isle  of  Delta,  because  it  is  i 
the  shape  of  a  triangle,  like  the  Greek  letter  of  th 
name.  It  is  130  ms.  along  the  coast,  from  Dam 
etta  to  Alexandria,  and  70  on  ihe  sides,  from  tl 
place  where  the  Nile  begins  to  divide  itself. 


on  Delaware  river,  mouth  of  George's  creek,  and 

eastern  termination  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  I  the  most  plentiful  country  of  all  Egypt,  am 
canal,  and  New  Castle  co.    By  post  road  35  ms.   rains  more  here  than  in  other  parts,  but  its  fert 


nearly  due  N.  of  Dover,  the  State  capital,  and  8 
ms.  southwardly,  and  below  New  Castle. 
270 


ty  is  chiefly  owing  to  the  inundations  of  the  Nil 
The  principal  towns  on  the  coast  are  Dannctt 


DEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DEN 


{osetta,  and  Alexandria.  It  is  from  the  estuary 
»f  the  Nile,  having  been  designated  by  the  Greek 
)elta,  that  the  regions  near  the  mouths  of  all  large 
lluvial  rivers  are  now  so  named,  though  of  very 
ifterent  outlines.  See  art.  Egypt,  from  page  1 1 
to  15. 

Dtlvinaki,  village  of  European  Turkey,  in  Al- 
ania,  30  ms.  NW.  from  Joannin,  inhabited  by  per- 
iaps  2,000  Greeks,  who  are  chiefly  employed  in  agri- 
ulture.  It  is  a  place  of  some  trade,  being  situated 
n  the  main  route  from  Butrinto  to  Joannin,  dis- 
antfrom  the  former  place,  in  a  nearly  NE.  direc- 
ion,  50  ms. 

Delvino,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
:0  ms.  inland,  and  eastward  from  Butrinto,  and 
bout  30  ms.  SW.  from  Delvinaki.  These  two 
jwns  have  been  often  confounded,  but  are  very  dis- 
inct,  the  former  being  much  the  most  considera- 
te place,  containing  8,000  inhabitants.  Says 
lobhouse,  from  Butrinto  it  is  7  hours  (21  ms.) 
a  an  eastern  direction  to  Delvino,  a  town  of  8,000 
ihabitants,  and  the  seat  of  a  pasha  of  two  tails, 
ow  (1809)  subdued  by  Ali.  From  Delvino  it  is 
hours  NE.  to  the  village  of  Navitza,  and  thence 
hours  more,  and  in  the  same  direction,  to  Del- 
inaki. 

Demer,  river  which  rises  in  bishopric  of  Liege, 
raters  Hasselt,  Diest,  Sichem,  Arschot,  and 
techlin,  below  which  it  joins  the  Senne,  and 
ikes  the  name  of  Rupel. 

Demarara,  river  of  South  America,  in  Guiana, 
ses  about  lat.  4°  N.,  and,  flowing  nearly  N.  200 
is. ,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  10  ms.  E.  from 

ie  mouth  of  Isiquibo  river.  Province  of  Gui- 

tia,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Demarara  river. 

was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  the  King  of  the 
<>therlands,  in  1814. 

Demerary,  settlement  in  Guiana,  on  a  river  of 
ie  same  name,  3  leagues  W.  of  Paramaribo. 

Demmi?i,  ancient  town  of  Pomerania,  in  the 
achy  of  Stettin,  seated  on  the  river  Peen.  Lon. 
3  22  E.,  lat.  53  52  N. 

Democracy,  post  office,  name  of  the  village  of 
mity,  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Mount 
ernon. 

Demona,  fort  of  Piedmont,  on  the  river  Sture, 

0  ms.  SW.  of  Coni.  Lon.  7  28  E.,  lat.  48  18 
iorth. 

Demopolis,  town  of  Marengo  co.,  Ala.,  situated 
a  the  E.  side  of  Tombigbee  river,  about  a  mile 
dow  the  mouth  of  Black  Warrior  river,  17  or  18 
is.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Linden,  the  county 
sat,  and  by  post  road  C4  ms.  SSW.  of  Tuscaloo- 
u  N.  lat.  32  30,  Ion.  W.  C  11  1  W.  De- 
opolis  is  a  central  point,  and  is  of  easy  access  to 
e  cos.  of  Sumpter,  Pickens,  Greene,  Perry,  and 
irt  of  Dallas,  Wilcox,  Clarke,  and  Washington, 
e  greater  part  of  them  populous  and  wealthy, 
id  all  of  them  intelligent  and  enterprising. 
Demerit's  Comer,  post  office,  Seneca  co.,  N. 
ork. 

1  Denain,  village  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ie  North,  and  late  province  of  Hainault.  It  is 
ated  on  the  Scheldt,  8  ms.  W.  of  Valenciennes. 
Denbigh,  co.  town  of  Denbighshire,  situate  on 
e  side  of  a  rocky  hill,  on  a  branch  of  the  river 
iwvde,  27  ins.  W.  of  Chester,  and  208  NW.  of 
pndon.    Lon.  3  35  W.,  lat.  53  1 1  N. 

•  Denbighshire,  oounly  of  WTales,  bounded  on  ihe 


S.  by  Merioneth  and  Montgomeryshire?,  on  the  N. 
by  Flintshire  and  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  W.  by 
Caernarvon  and  part  of  Merionethshire.  It  is 
about  40  ms.  long  and  21  broad.  The  air  is 
wholesome,  but  sharp,  the  co.  being  pretty  hilly, 
and  the  snow  lying  long  on  the  tops  of  the  moun- 
tains. The  soil  in  general  is  barren.  The  chief 
commodities  are  black  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  rye, 
and  lead  ore.  The  co.  sends  two  members  to 
Parliament.  Pop.  1801,  60,352,  in  1811,  64,- 
240,  and  in  1821,  74,511. 

Dender,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hainault, 
which  waters  Leuze,  Ath,  Lessines,  Grammonl, 
Ninove,  and  Alost,  and  joins  the  Scheldt  at  Deti- 
dermonde. 

Dendermonde,  city  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
ders. It  is  surrounded  by  marshes  and  fine  mea- 
dows, which  can  be  covered  with  water,  and  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dender  and  Scheldt, 
16  ms.  W.  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  4  10  E.,  lat.  51  3 
North. 

Denia,  ancient  seaport  of  Spain  in  Valencia. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  Med- 
iterranean, 52  ms.  E.  of  Alicant.  Lon.  36'  E., 
lat.  38  44  N. 

Denis,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Paris. 
Here  is  an  ancient  and  magnificent  church,  in 
which  were  the  tombs  of  many  of  the  French  kings  ; 
and  in  the  Treasury,  among  other  curiosities,  the 
swords  of  St.  Louis  and  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and 
the  sceptre  of  Charlemagne.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Crould,  near  the  Seine,  5  ms.  N.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  26  E  ,  lat.  48  56  N. 

Denmark. — Denmark  is  situate  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Baltic  sea,  between  53°  and  58°  N.  lat.,  and 
7°  and  13°  E.  Ion.,  and  is  composed  of  a  large  pen- 
insula and  a  number  of  islands,  the  total  superficial 
area  of  which  is  supposed  to  amount  to  about  21,- 
000  square  English  ms.  The  kingdom  of  Den- 
mark, properly  so  called,  comprises  only  the  pen- 
insula of  North  Jutland,  the  islands  between  Jut- 
land and  Sweden,  and  the  island  of  Bornholm. 
To  these  possessions  have  been  added,  at  different 
times,  the  duchy  of  Schleswick,  or  South  Jutland, 
the  Faroe  islands,  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  the  duch- 
ies of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg,  with  the  lordship 
of  Pinneburg,  the  co.  of  Ransau,  and  the  city  of 
Altona,  which  originally  formed  part  of  the  Ger- 
man empire,  and  as  sovereign  of  which  the  King 
now  ranks  as  a  member  of  the  Germanic  confede- 
ration. 

The  kingdom  of  Denmark  has  been  for  a  long 
time  divided  into  bailiwicks,  the  administration  of 
which  is  entirely  separated  from  the  judicial  de- 
partment ;  but  in  the  duchies,  which  are  also  di- 
vided into  bailiwicks,  the  bailies  are  not  at  once 
ministerial  and  judicial  officers. 

In  the  following  table  the  first  column  contains 
the  names  of  the  bailiwicks,  and  the  second  the 


cos.  or  islands  in  which  they  are  situate. 

Bailiwicks. 

Counties— Islands. 

I.  Kingdom  of  Denmark. 
Copenhagen 
Frederic  ksbur? 
Holbeck 
Soro 
Freest  o 

Zealand 

 and  Sansoe 

  and  Mopii 

211 


DEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DEN 


TABLE— Continued. 


Bailiwicks. 


Counties — Islands. 


Maribo 

Offense 

Svenbor^ 

Hioring 

Aalborg 

Thissed 

Viborg 

Randers 

Aarlniiies 

Skanderborg 

Veile 

Ringkiobing 

Kibe 

Faroe 

II.  Duckies. 

Gottorp 

Flenslorg 

Tondern 

Apenrade  and  Lygnmkloster 
Haderslev 

Hytten  and  Stapelholm 
Husinn,  Bredsted,  and  Eidersted 
iEro 

Nord  borg 

Sonderborg 

Femeren 

Separate  districts  of  Eckernf.rde  and 

Frederiksort,  Cappelm,  &c. 
Sieinborg 
Ditinarsh 
Kendsburg 
Ransau 
Pinneberg 
Altona 

Kheinbeck,  Trittan,  and  Tremsbuttel 

Rethvisch,  Reinfeld,  and  Ttavendal 

Segeberg 

Neumunster 

Ploen  and  Arensbroek 

Bonlesholm,  Kiel,  and  Kronhagen 

(Jismar 

Separate  district  of  Preetz,  &c. 

Raizeburg 

Lauenburg 

Steinhorsl 

Schwarzenberg 

Separate  district  of  Moeln 


Falster  and  Laaland 
Fyen 

Fyen  and  Lansreland 
North  Jutland 


Faroe  islands 
Schleswig 


Mro  island 
Als  island 


Femeren 


Schleswig 
Holstfin 


Lauenburg 


Principal  (owns,  with  their  populati 


Copenhagen 

Altona 

Aalborg 

Odense 

Flensborg 

Schleswig 

Tonningen 

Rendsburg 

Kiel  - 

Elsinore 


120,000 
27,000 
9,000 
7,000 
16,000 
8,000 
4,000 
8,000 
8,000 
7,000 


The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  kingdom  ;  that  of  Zealand,  Funen, 
Laaland,  Falster,  and  North  Jutland,  according  to 
a  census  taken  in  1834;  that  of  Schleswig,  Hol- 
stein,  Lauenburg,  Faroe,  and  the  foreign  posses- 
sions, for  1832  : 

Zealand,  Moen,  and  Samsoe  -  464,607 

Funen,  Langeland,  and  Thaasinge  -  167,062 
Laaland  and  Falster  -  -  66,186 

North  Jutland  -  525,952 

Bornholm     -  24,645 


1,248,452 


Schleswig  - 
Holstein 

272 


-  360,000 

-  404,000 


40,000 
7,000 


51,000 
7,000 


Lauenburg  -  . 

Faroe  islands 

Foreign  possessions  : 

Iceland  - 

Greenland  - 

Christianborg,  and  other  sta- 
tions on  the -Coast  of  Gui- 
nea -  -  44,000 

The  islands  of  Santa  Cruz, 
St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John, 
West  Indies       -  -  47,000 

Tranquebar,  and  factories  on 

the  coast  of  Coromandel  -  60,000 


811,001 


20lJ,00( 


Total  population  of  the  monarchy  2,268,45! 

Denmark,  village,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Blaci 
river,  on  the  road  Irom  Utica  to  Sackett's  harbor 

 Tp.,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,745 

 Town,  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  on  Saco  river 

Pop.  in  1820,  792.  Village  in  Denmark  lp. 

Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  about  18  ms.  E.  of  Jefferson 
the  co.  seat,  and  15  SE.  of  Ashtabula. 

Dennis,  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  about  J 

ms.  from  Barnstable.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,997.  

Village,  Amelia  co.,  Va. 

Dennis  Creek,  village,  Cape  May  co.,  N.J. 
by  the  post  road  101  ms.  nearly  S.  from  Trenton 
The  village  of  Dennis  Creek  stands  on  a  creek  o 
that  name  about  30  ms  S.  by  E.  from  Bridgeton. 

Denny  sville,  town,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  oi 
the  left  bank  of  Denny's  river,  23  ms.  NE.  fron 
Machias,  and  17  N  W.  from  Eastporl. 

Denny's  River,  rises  in  Madybemp  lake,  Wash 
ington  co.,  Me.,  flowing  SE.,  falls  into  Cobbes 
cook  bay. 

Density,  that  property  of  bodies  compriaiHj 
the  quantity  of  matter,  and  is  the  opposite  of  rar 
ity.  In  a  philosophical  sense  density  lias  no  rela 
tion  to  extent,  hardness,  or  fluidity,  as,  for  exam 
pie,  quicksilver  is  a  very  dense  medal,  though  fluid 
at  the  common  temperature  of  even  the  coldes 
parts  of  the  earth,  having  a  specific  gravity  nea 
fifteen  fold  greater  than  distilled  water,  whilst  th> 
diamond,  the  hardest  of  all  known  bodies,  has  onl; 
a  specific  gravity  of  about  3  ;  of  course  quicksilver 
a  fluid,  is  five-fold  more  dense  than  the  diamond 
Mass,  when  used  as  a  term  in  physical  science 
has  a  close  similarity  to  density  ;  and  in  the  slid; 
of  astronomy  it  is  of  the  greatest  import* .ice  t 
clearly  distinguish  between  mass  and  bulk,  as  iti 
the  mass  or  real  quantity  of  matter  in  a  planet 
and  not  its  size,  which  gives  it  influence  by  at 
traction  on  other  planets. 

Denton,  village  and  capital  of  Caroline  co.,  Md. 
standing  on  the  E.  side  of  Choptank  river,  aboi! 
7  ms.  E.  from  Hillsborough,  and  8  S.  fron 
Greensborough  N.  lat.  39°,  and  Ion.  1°  E.  fron 
W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co. 

Dentrecasteaux's  Channel,  separates  Bruny' 
island  from  Van  Dieman's  land. 

Deposit,  post  office,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  01 
Delaware  river,  105  ms.  W.  from  Catskill. 

Depot,  post  office,  Monroe  co.,  Michigan  Terri 
tory,  58  ms.  SW.  from  Detroit. 

Deptford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  4  ms.  E.  t 
London.  It  has  a  bridge  over  the  river  at  Havens 
bom,  near  its  influx  into  the  Thames,  where 


DER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DES 


nee  had  a  deep  ford,  from  whence  it  had  its 
ame.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  docks,  and  for 
le  king's  yard  and  storehouses.  It  was  anciently 
illed  West  Greenwich.  It  is  divided  into  Upper 
id  Lower  Deptford,  and  has  two  parish  churches. 
ere  is  a  hospital,  incorporated  by  Henry  VIII., 
died  Trinity  House  of  Deptford  Strand.  It  con- 
ins  21  houses;  a  more  modern  structure,  and  a 
ner  one,  called  Trinity  Hospital,  contains  36. 
oth  these  are  decayed  pilots,  or  masters  of  ships, 
•  their  widows,  who  have  a  handsome  monthly 
lowance.    Deptford  is  4  ms.  E.  from  London. 

on.  4'  E.,  lat.  51  30  N.  Tp.,  Gloucester  co., 

.  J.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,281. 
Derbane. — See  Terre  Bonne,  (good  land.) 
Dera  Gkazee  Khan,  city  of  Caubool,  on  the 
L  side  of  the  Indus  and  directly  opposite  to  the 
notion  with  that  great  stream  of  a  canal  of  nav- 
ation  into  the  Chenaub  river  below  the  city  of 
oultan.  It  was  this  canal  which  led  to  the  mod- 
n  error  of  a  separate  influx  of  the  Punjaub  riv- 
s  into  the  Indus.  Dera  Ghazee  Khan  is,  by  the 
idus,  about  100  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the 
henaub.  N.  lat.  30°,  Ion.  70  30  E. 
Derra  Ismael  Khan,  city  of  Caubool,  situated 
l  the  western  or  right  bank  of  the  Indus,  and 
ry  nearly  mid-distance  between  the  main  forks 
that  river  at  Attock,  and  the  influx  of  the  Che- 
iub  or  water  of  the  Punjaub  at  Mitun,  and  about 
10  ms.  from  each. 

Derbent,  seaport  and  fortress  of  Persia,  in  the 
ovince  of  Schirvan,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
ispian  sea.  The  town  is  inhabited  chiefly  by 
;rsians,  Tartars,  and  a  few  Armenians.  It  is 
id  to  have  been  built  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
d  is  surrounded  by  high  brick  walls.  The  for- 
'ss  surrendered  to  the  Russians  in  May,  1796, 
:er  a  siege  of  10  days.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
Mount  Caucasus.  Lon.  50°  E.,  lat.  42  8  N. 
Derby,  co.  town  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  on 
a  Derwent,  over  which  is  a  handsome  stone 
dge.  In  1 734  a  machine  was  erected  here  by 
r  Thomas  Lambe  for  the  manufacturing  of  silk, 
3  model  orf  which  was  brought  from  Italy.  Derby 
ssesses,  also  a  considerable  manufacture  of  silk, 
tton,  fine  worsted  stockings ;  and  has  a  fabrick 
porcelain  equal,  if  not  superior  in  quality,  to 
y  in  the  kingdom.  Several  hands  are  employed 
the  lapidary  and  jewellery  branches ;  and  Der- 
shire  marbles,  spars,  and  crystals,  are  wrought 
to  a  variety  of  ornamental  articles.    Derby  is 

ms.  N.  of  Coventry,  and  126  NNW.  of  Lon- 

n.    Lon.  1  25  W.,  lat.  52  58  N.  Village, 

m  Haven  co.,  Ct.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hou- 
onick,  at  its  junction  with  the  Naugatuck  river, 
lis  place  is  remarkable  for  its  mills  and  other 
inufactories,  erected  at  the  falls  of  the  Nauga- 

>k  and  Eight-Mile  rivers.  Town,  Orleans  co., 

•  ,  on  the  Lake  Memphramagog.  Tp.,  New 

iven  co.,  Conn.    Pop  in  1820,  2,088. 
Derbyshire,  co.,  of  Eng.,  bounded  on  the  N. 

Yorkshire,  on  the  E.  by  Nottinghamshire,  on 
i  S.  by  Leicestershire  and  Warwickshire,  on  the 
.  by  Staffordshire,  and  on  the  N  W.  by  Cheshire, 
lies  on  the  diocess  of  Litchfield  and  Coventry, 
ids  four  members  to  Parliament,  and  contains 

hundreds,  11  market  towns,  and  106  parishes, 
is  near  59  ms.  in  length  from  S.  to  N ;  abo'ut 

in  breadth  on  the  N.  side,  but  on  the  S.  not 
35*  ' 


more  than  6.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Der- 
went, Dove,  Erwash  and  Trent.  Pop.  in  1801, 
161,142;in  181 1, 185,487  ;  and  in  1821,  213,333. 
See  Greut  Britain. 

Dereham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk.  The  mar- 
ket is  noted  for  wool  and  yarn.  It  is  14  ms.  W. 
of  Norwich,  and  100  NNE.  of  London.  Lon. 
1°  E.,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Derenburg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Halberstadt. 

Dereote,  or  Deiroute,  town  of  Egypt,  in  the 
isle  formed  by  the  canal  from  Cairo  to  Rosetta. 
Here  is  a  magnificent  temple.  Lon.  31  45  E., 
lat.  30  40  N. 

Dermon,  tp.,  Fayette  co.,  Penn.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,379. 

Derne,  town  of  B^irbary.  It  is  the  capital  of  a 
district  in  Tripoli,  near  the  coast.  Lon.  31  45 
E.,  lat.  30  40  N. 

Derry,  tp.,  Dauphin  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  Swa- 
tara  creek,  12  ms.  from  Harrisburg.  Pop.  in  1820, 

2,256.  Tp.,  Mifflin  co.,  Penn.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,551.  Tp.,  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn.  Pop. 

1820,  2,301.  Tp.,  Columbia  co.,  Penn.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,662.  Tp.,  Guernsey  co,,  Ohio. 

Pop.  in  1820,  902. 

Derp,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Riga, 
with  a  University.  It  lies  near  the  river  Ambec,  50 
ms.  NW.  of  Pskof.  Lon.  26  15  E.,lat.  58  30  N. 

De  Ruyter,  town  in  the  SW.  angle  of  Madison 
co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,214. 

Dervise,  Persian,  signifying  poor,  an  order  of 
religious  persons,  mostly  in  Mahomedan  Asia, 
They  are  divided  into  sub-orders,  and  bear  no 
slight  resemblance  to  the  monks  of  Europe. 
Though  Mahomedans,  the  Dervises  preceded  the 
existence  of  that  form  of  religion,  as  there  has  ex- 
isted in  Caucasian  Asia,  from  the  earliest  ages,  en- 
thusiasts making  poverty  and  privation  in  this 
world,  professed  means  of  securing  happiness  in 
that  to  come. 

Derwent,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  which 
rises  in  the  high  Peak,  passes  Derby,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  Trent,  on  the  borders  of  Leicester- 
shire. River  of  Eng.,  in  Yorkshire,  which, 

rising  in  the  N.  riding,  flows  into  the  Ouse  below 
York.  River  of  Eng.,  in  Durham,  which,  flow- 
ing for  some  time  between  Durham  and  Northum- 
berland, falls  into  the  Tyne  above  Newcastle.  

River  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  which,  flowing 
through  the  lakes  of  Derwent-water,  and  Bas- 
sertthwaite  water  to  Cockermouth,  enters  the  Irish 
Sea  near  Workington. 

Derwent-water,  lake  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  in 
the  vale  of  Keswick.  It  is  3  ms.  in  length,  and  1| 
ms.  wide. .  Five  islands  rise  out  of  this  lake,  which 
add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  appearance.  On 
one  of  them  is  an  elegant  modern-built  house. 

Desaguero,  river  of  South  America. — See  Col- 
orado. River  of  South  America,  in  La  Paz, 

flows  N.  into  Lake  Titicaca. 

Deseada,  one  of  the  French  Caribbee  islands,  in 
the  West  Indies.  It  is  10  ms.  long  and  5  broad, 
and  is  generally  the  first  land  that  is  made  in  sail- 
ing to  the  West  Indies.    Lon.  61  20  W.,  lat.  16 

40  N.  Cape,  on  the  NW.  coast  of  Terra  del 

Fuego.    Lon.  W.  C.  15'  E.,  lat.  52  52  S. 

Des  Moines,  large  branch  of  the  Mississippi,  rises 
at  N.  lat.  43  40,  and  lon.  W.  C.  18°  W.  It 

273 


DEV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DIA 


thence  flows  SE.by  comparative  courses  350  ins. 
falls  into  the  Mississippi,  about  130  ms.  by  water 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri. 

Desna,  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Dnieper  from 
the  NE.  at  Kiov. 

Desolation,  cape,  on  the  SW.  coast  of  Terra  del 
Fuego,  South  America.    Lon.  W.  C.  10  30  E., 

lat.  54  55  S.  Cape  of  Greenland.  Lon.  W.  C. 

30  E.,  lat.  61  45  N. 

Despage. — See  Fox  river. 

Des  Planes,  river,  branch  of  Illinois,  rises  to  the 
W.  from  Lake  Michigan,  and  flowing  S.  joins  the 
Kankakee  from  the  E.  and  forms  Illinois.  At  sea- 
sons of  high  water  a  channel  is  open  between  the 
Des  Planes  and  Chicago  rivers. — See  Chicago. 

Dessau,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony,  and  province  of  Anhalt.  It  be 
longs  to  its  own  prince,  and  is  seated  on  the  Elbe, 
37  ms.  N.  ofLeipsic.  Lon.  12  22  E.,  lat  5153N. 

Destruction,  or  Queen  Hythe,  island  in  the  U. 
S.,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  the  coast  of  N.  Amer- 
ica.   Lon.  W.  C.  47  50  W.,  lat.  47  37  N. 

Dethmold,  town  of  Westphalia,  on  the  river 
Wehera,  15  ms.  N.  of  Paderborn.  Lon.  8  55  E., 
iat.  52°  N. 

Detroit,  town  and  capital  of  the  State  of  Michi- 
gan. It  is  situated  on  the  western  bank  of  the  strait 
St.  Clair,  or  Detroit  river,  between  Lake  Erie  and 
Lake  St.  Clair;  18  ms.  N.  of  the  W.  end  of  the 
former,  and  9  ms.  below  the  latter.  The  fort, 
town,  and  State  of  Michigan,  were  delivered  up  by 
the  British  in  July,  1796,  according  to  treaty.  Lon. 
W.  C.  5  50  W.,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Detroit  river,  or  strait  of  St.  Clair,  issues  from 
Lake  St.  Clair  and  enters  the  W.  end  of  Lake 
Erie,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  line  between 
the  United  States  and  Upper  Canada.  In  ascend- 
ing it  its  entrance  is  more  than  3  ms.  wide,  but  it 
perceptibly  diminishes,  so  that  opposite  the  fort, 
18  ms.  from  Lake  Erie,  it  does  not  exceed  half  a 
mile  in  width  ;  and  from  thence  to  St.  Clair  it  wi- 
dens more  than  a  mile.  The  channel  of  the  strait 
is  gentle  and  wide,  and  deep  enough  for  shipping  of 
great  burthen,  although  it  is  incommoded  by  sev- 
eral islands,  one  of  which  is  more  than  7  ms.  in 
length.  These  islands  are  of  a  fertile  soil,  and, 
from  their  situation,  afford  a  very  agreeable  appear- 
ance. The  length  of  the  river  is  28  ms.,  and  sev- 
eral streams  fall  into  it,  chiefly  from  the  NW,  viz: 
Bauche,  Clora,  Curriere,  Detroit,  and  Huron  riv- 
ers. There  are  several  wind-mills  on  the  Detroit; 
and  an  orchard  adjoining  almost  every  house.  The 
settlers  are  numerous,  and  the  improvements  hand- 
some and  extensive.  When  the  trees  are  in  blos- 
som, the  prospect  as  you  pass  through  the  strait  is 
perhaps  as  delightful  as  any  in  the  world. 

Detroit,  le  Petit,  on  the  Ottowa  river,  is  below 
the  upper  main  forks  of  the  Ottawa  river. 

Dettingen,  village  of  Germany,  in  the  territory 
of  Hanau,  between  Hanau  and  Aschaffenburg,  4 
ms.  from  each. 

Deva,  seaport  of  Spain,  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  in 
the  province  of  Guipuscoa,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Bilboa. 
Lon.  2  40  W.,  lat.  43  24  N. 

Devento,  town  of  Bulgaria,  with  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop's see,  seated  on  the  river  Paniza,  65  ms. 
NE.  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  37  33  E.,  lat.  42  33  N. 

Deventer,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  and 
the  capital  of  Overyssel,  with  a  university.    It  is 
274 


surrounded  by  strong  walls,  and  seatedon  the  rive 
Yssel,  50  ms.  E.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5  56  E.,  lat 
52  18  N. 

Deverte,  bay  of  New  Brunswick,  on  the  NE 
coast.    Lon.  W.  C.  13  10  E.,  lat.  46°  N. 

Devetto,  or  Zagorria,  town  in  Bulgaria,  not 
from  the  see  of  a  Greek  archbishop.  It  is  situa 
near  the  Black  sea,  100  ms.  N.  of  Constantino^ 
Lon.  27  22  E.,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Devizes,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts, 
manufacture  of  serges  and  other  woolen  sti 
It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  sends  two  members  to  Par 
ment,  and  is  24  ms.  NW.  of  Salisbury  and  89 
of  London.    Lon.  2  2  W.,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Devon,  river  of  Scot.,  Perthshire,  over  whic 
the  beautiful  vale  of  Glendevon,  is  a  great  curi 
ty,  called  the  Rumbling  bridge.    It  consists  of 
arch  thrown  over  a  horrible  chasm,  worn  by 
river,  about  80  feet  deep,  and  very  narrow.  I 
other  places  the  river  has  forced  its  way  in  a  su 
prising  manner  through  the  rocks.    At  the  Oha 
dron-lin  it  has  worn  away  the  softer  parts  of  th 
stone,  and  formed  immense  pits,  into  which  tt 
water  falls  with  a  tremendous  noise.    Below  thii 
the  whole  river  is  precipitated  in  one  sheet  from 
height  of  40  feet. 

Devonshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  70  ms.  long  and  6 
broad,  bounded  on  the  NW.  and  N.  by  the  Bri 
tol  channel,  E.  by  Somersetshire  and  Dorsetshiri 
SE.  and  S.  by  the  English  channel,  and  W.  I 
Cornwall.  It  contains  1,600,000  acres;  is  dpi 
ed  into  32  hundreds  and  398  parishes  ;  and  h: 
one  city  and  35  market  towns.  The  air  is  so  mi 
in  the  valleys  that  the  myrtle  grows  unsheiterec 
but  it  is  cold  and  bleak  in  the  mountains.  Tl 
soil  is  various ;  for  the  low  grounds  are  natural 
fertile,  and  the  hills  are  very  barren.  In  the  eai 
em  part  there  is  plenty  of  good  corn  and  fine  pa 
turage  for  sheep,  where  the  grounds  are  dry  ai 
chalky.  The  southern  part  is  remarkably  fertil> 
and  fruit  trees  are  plentiful,  especially  apples,  wi 
which  a  great  quantity  of  cider  is  made.  The  princip 
rivers  are  the  Tamar,  Taw,  Torridge,  Ex,  Teig 
and  Dart.  Exeter  is  the  capital.  Pop.  in  180 
343,001  ;in  1811,  383,308  ;  and  in  1821,.439,04 

Deuprag,  town  of  Thibet,  in  the  co.  of  sini 
gur,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Allaknanda 
with  the  Ganges,  23  ms.  S.  of  Siniagur. 

Deuteronomy,  from  deuteros  two,  and  nomc 
second  law,  or  second  publication  of  the  law. 

Deux  Ponis,  or  Zewybrucken,  late  drchy 
Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  The  cou 
try  is  mountainous,  but  celebrated  for  mines 
quicksilver,  and  yields  abundance  of  corn,  woo 
and  wine. 

Deux  Ponts,  town  of  Germany,  once  the  capii 
of  the  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  magnifice 
palace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Erbach,  49  ms.  .\M 
of  Strasburg  and  50  SW.  of  Mentz.  Lon.  7  i 
E.,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Devon,  co.,  U.  C,  S.  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  b 
tween  Hertford  and  Comwallis  counties. 

Dexter,  village  in  the  southern  part  of  Peno 
cot  co.,  Me.,  125  ms.  NE.  from  Portland. 

Diarbeck,  or  Diarbekir,  province  of  Asiatic  Ti 
key,  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  bound 
on  the  N.  by  Armenia,  E.  by  Curdistan,  S. 
frac-Arabia,  and  W.  by  Syria.    It  was  the  ancie 
Mesopotamia. — See  Asia,  p.  84. 


DIE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DIN 


Diarbekir,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  capital  of 
he  province  of  Diarbek.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ti- 
gris, 150  ms.  NNE.  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  39  40  E., 
at.  37  18  N. — See  Asia,  p.  83, 

Dias  Creek,  post  office  in  Cape  May  co.,  N.  J., 
•>y  postroad  108  ms.  S.  from  Trenton. 

Dichotomy,  Gr.  dichotomos,  divided  in  two 
;qual  parts.  In  astronomy,  the  moon  is  dichoto- 
nised  at  the  first  and  last  quarter,  as  at  each  of 
hese  phases  that  satelite  is,  as  seen  from  the  earth, 
me-half  enlightened  and  one  half  in  the  dark. 
Though  now  rendered  useless  by  better  methods, 
he  position  of  the  moon,  the  earth,  and  the  sun, 
vhen  the  former  is  dichotemised,  was  the  first  me- 
hod  used  to  measure  or  to  calculate  the  distance 
rom  the  earth  to  the  sun,  and,  though  defective, 
vas  an  immense  advance  in  science,  as,  if  it  failed 
;o  secure  real  distances,  it  disclosed  the  enormous 
lisparity  between  the  relative  distances  of  the  sun 
nd  moon  from  the  earth. 

Dickinson,  tp.  in  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in 

820,  495,  Tp.  in  Cumberland  co.,  Pa.  Pop. 

a  1820,  2,007. 

Dickinson's,  post  office  in  Franklin  co.,  Va., 
07  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Dick's,  river  in  Ky.,  rises  in  Rockcastle  and  Lin- 
oln  counties,  and,  flowing  NN  W.,  separates  .Mer- 
er from  Garrard  counties,  falls  into  Kentucky  river 

0  ms.  NE.  from  Harrodsburg. 

Dickson,  co.  of  Middle  Ten.,  bounded  by  Hick- 
!ian  S.,  Humphreys  W.,  Stewart  NW.,  Mont- 
iOmery  N.,  Robertson  NE,  and  Davidson  and  Wil- 
|amson  E.  ;  length  26  ms.,  mean  width  20  5  area 
80,  Surface  hilly  in  general ;  soil  generally  of 
ut  middling  quality.  Chief  town  Charlotte.  Pop. 
k  1820,  5,190;  in  1840,  7,074.  Central  lat.  36 
'  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  30  W. 
:  Die,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Drome,  and  late 
rovince  of  Dauphiny.  It  was  lately  an  episcopal 
l?e,  and  is  seated  on  the  Drome,  24  ms.  SE.  of 

alence.    Lon.  5  23  E.,  lat.  44  42  N. 
;  Diepholt,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a  coun- 
y  of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the  Elector  of 
tanover.    It  is  seated  on  the  Dummer  Lake,  30 
is.  NW.  of  Minden.  Lon.  8  45  E.,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Dieppe,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine, 
idd  late  province  of  Normandy,  with  a  good  har- 
ar,  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  river  Arques,  an 
Id  castle,  and  two  piers.    It  is  not  now  so  con- 

derable  as  formerly.  It  is  30  ms.  N.  of  Rouen,  and 
32ms.  NW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  9  E.,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Diesenhofeen,  considerable  town  of  Switzerland, 

1  Thurgaus,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  5  ms.  S.  of 
ehaffhausen.    Lon.  8  42  E.,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Sliest,  town  of  Austrian  Brabant,  on  the  river 
'emer,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Louvain.  Lon.  5  9  E., 
it.  50  59  N. 

Diet,  (Latin  Dies,  a  day,)  a  title  given  to  the 

incipal  National  Assembly  or  Legislature  of  ma- 
V  countries  of  modem  Europe,  principally,  how- 

er,  among  the  Teutonic  nations. 
•  Dietz,  town  of  Wetevaria,  capital  of  a  county 

the  same  name,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  sub- 
ct  to  the  Prince  of  Nassau  - Dillenburg,  and  is  seat- 
!l  on  the  Lahn,  16  ms.  E.  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  7 
!>  E.,  lat.  50  12  N. 

1  Dieuze,  town  of  Fr..  now  in  the  dep.  of  Meur- 
e,  lately  in  the  province  of  Lorraine,  remarkable 
r  wells  of  salt  water,  which  produce  much  salt. 


It  is  seated  on  the  Scille,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Nancy. 
Lon.  6  45  E.,  lat.  48  53  N. 

Diez,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Vos- 
ges,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Meutthe,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Luneville-  Lon.  7 
4  E.,  lat,  48  20  N. 

Digby,  tp.  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  bay  of  Anna- 
polis, 18  ms.  SW.  from  Annapolis. 

Digest,  from  digero,  to  put  in  order.  This  ti- 
tle has  been  given  to  a  collection  of  Roman  law, 
made  by  Tribonian,  under  the  Emperor  Justinian, 
supposed  to  have  been  more  digested,  or  put  in 
better  order,  than  were  the  Pandects.  It  is,  how- 
ever, doubtful  whether  in  reality  Pandects  were  not 
so  named  by  the  Greeks,  and  the  same  work  called 
digest  by  the  Latins. 

Dighton,  town  and  port  of  entry  in  Bristol  co., 
Mass.,  on  the  right  side  of  Taunton  river,  39  ms. 
S.  from  Boston,  and  7  S.  from  Taunton.  Pop.  in 
1820,  653. 

Dingmans  Ferry,  post  office  in  Pike  co. ,  Pa. 

Dignan,  town  of  Istna,  3  ms.  from  the  Gulf  of 
Venice.    Lon.  13  5  E.,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Digne^  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Lower 
Alps,  and  late  province  of  Provence,  with  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  famous  for  its  hot  baths,  and  seat- 
ed 30  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Embrun.  Lon.  6  12  E., 
lat.  44  10  N. 

Dijon,  ancient  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cote 
d'Or,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  has  an 
academy  of  sciences  and  belles-lettres.  The  pub- 
lic structures  are  very  fine.  Dijon  is  seated  in  a 
pleasant  plain,  which  produces  excellent  wine,  be- 
tween two  small  rivers,  48  ms.  NE.  of  Autun.  The 
inhabitants  are  computed  at  20,000.  Lon.  5  7  E., 
lat.  47  19  N. 

Dili. — See  Delos. 

Dilla,  Mount,  remarkable  promontory  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  20  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Tellicherry. 
Lon.  75  2  E.,  lat.  12  1  N. 

Dille's  Bottom,  village  in  Mead  tp.,  Belmont  co., 
Ohio,  situated  on  Ohio  river,  by  postroad  12  ms. 
below  Wheeling,  and  18  SE.  of  St.  Clairsville. 

Dillenburg,  town  of  Weteravia,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  subject  to  the  Prince  of 
Nassau  Dillenburg.  It  is  22  ms.  NW.  of  Mar- 
purg.  Lon.  8  27  E.,  lat.  50  48  N.  On  the  13th 
of  November,  1567,  was  born  in  Dillenburg,  Mau- 
rice Prince  of  Orange,  son  of  William  Prince  of 
Orange  and  Anne  of  Saxony,  and  who,  from  the 
age  of  17  years  until  his  death  in  1624,  April  23, 
at  the  Hague,  was  the  champion  of  the  Dutch  re- 
public, and,  in  no  small  degree,  of  hu  man  liberty 
in  Europe. 

Dillengen,  town  of  Suabia.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Danube,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Augsburg.  Lon.  10 
20  E.,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Dillardsville,  village  in  Rutherford  co.,  Ten. 

Dillsburg,  post  office  in  York  co.,  Pa. 

Dimotuc,  town  of  Romania,  on  a  mountain,  sur- 
rounded by  the  Merizza,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Adriano- 
ple.    Lon.  26  15  E.,  lat.  41  35  tN. 

Dinant,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  he  dep.  of  the  N. 
Coast,  lately  in  the  province  of  Bretagne.  It  is 
seated  on  a  craggy  mountain,  at  the  foot  of  which 
is  the  river  Ranee,  20  ms.  S  •  of  St.  Malo.  Lon, 

1  58  W.,  lat.  48  20  N.  Town  of  Westphalia, 

in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  near  the  Meuse,  12  ms. 
S.  of  Namur.    Lon.  4  58  E.,  lat.  50  17  N. 

275 


DIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DNI 


Dinasmondy,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Merionethshire, 
18  ms.  S.  of  Bala,  and  196  NW.  of  London.  Lon. 
3  40  W.,  lat.  52  37  N. 

Dinchurch,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  in  Rom- 
ney  Marsh.    It  is  3  ms.  NE.  of  Rornney. 

Dinckenspil,  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the  river 
Wernitz.  It  has  a  great  and  little  council :  the 
former  is  a  mixture  of  Roman  Catholics  and  Lu- 
therans, but  the  little  one  is  all  Roman  Catholics. 
It  carries  on  a  trade  in  cloth  and  reaping-hooks, 
and  is  37  ms.  SW.  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  10  20 
E.,  lat.  49  0  N. 

Dingelfing,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Bava- 
ria, seated  on  the  Iser,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Landschut. 
Lon.  12  36  E.,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Dingle,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Derry, 
seated  on  Dingle  bay,  4  ms.  W.  of  Limerick.  Lon. 
8  40  W.,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Dingman's  Ferry,  over  the  Delaware  river, 
post  office  in  Pike  county,  Pennsylvania,  28  miles 
above  Delaware  Water  Gap,  and  eight  below  Mil- 
ford. 

Dingwall,  royal  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Ross- 
shire,  seated  at  the  head  of  the  Frith  of  Cromarty, 
15  ms.  W.  of  the  town  of  Cromarty.  Near  it  runs 
the  river  Conel,  famous  for  producing  pearls. 
Some  linen  yarn  is  manufactured  here,  and  there  is 
a  lint-mill  in  the  neighborhood.  Lon.  4  23  W., 
lat.  57  45  N. 

Dinwiddie,  co.  of  Va.,  situated  on  the  SW. 
side  of  Appomalox  river,  which  separates  it  from 
Chesterfield  co.  ;  bounded  by  Brunswick  SW., 
Nottoway  W.,  Amelia  NW.,  Chesterfield  NE., 
Prince  George  E.,  and  Sussex  and  Greenville 
SE. ;  length  27,  mean  width  22  ms. ;  area  about 
600  sq.  ms.  Surface  uneven  rather  than  hilly. 
Soil  in  many  places  of  first  quality,  and  in  general 
good  second  rate  land.  Chief  town  Petersburg. 
Pop.  in  1820,  13,792,  and  in  1840,  22,558.  Cen- 
tral lat.  37  0  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  45  W.  C.  H. 

and  post  office  in  Dinwiddie  co.,  Va.,  42  ms.  S. 
from  Richmond. 

Disappointment,  Cape,  cape  of  the  island  of 
Southern  Geo.,  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean.    Lon.  36 

15  W.,  lat.  54  58  S.  It  is  the  N.  point  of  the 

mouth  of  Columbia  river.  Lon.  W.  C.  48  0,  lat. 
46  19  N. 

Dismal  Swamp,  so  called,  a  low,  marshy  tract 
of  country,  between  Chesapeake  bay  and  Albe- 
marle sound,  embracing  the  southern  parts  of  Nor- 
folk and  Nansemond  cos.,  Va.,  and  some  of  the 
northern  parts  of  Gates,  Pasquotank,  and  Camden 
cos.,  N.  C.  What  is  properly  called  the  Dismal 
Swamp  [is,  however,  only  the  central  parts  of  a 
much  more  extended  alluvial  tract. 

From  the  general  course  of  the  Blackwater  and 
of  the  Chowan  rivers,  below  their  junction,  an  ex- 
tensive flat  peninsula  is  formed  between  Albemarle 
sound,  Chesapeake  bay,  and  James  river,  of  about 
70  ms.  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  by  50  mean  width, 
E.  and  W.,  or  3,500  sq.  ms.  This  extensive 
flat  region  is  occupied  by  Currituck,  Camden,  Pas- 
quotank, Perquimans,  Chowan,  and  Gates  cos., 
in  N.  C,  and  by  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Nansemond, 
Norfolk,  and  Princess  Anne  cos.,  Va.  It  is  the 
central  part  which  is  occupied  by  the  Dismal 
Swamp,  but  much  of  the  residue  is  marshy,  yet  by 
the  census  of  1820,  the  10  cos.  domprise  a  pop. 
of  87,510  inhabitants.  The  canal  already  execu- 
276 


ted  between  the  Albemarle  sound  and  Nansemond 
rivers  penetrates  this  tract. 

Diss,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  on  the  rivei 
Waveny,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  at  the  W.  end 
of  the  town  is  a  large  muddy  lake,  abounding  with 
eels.  Here  are  manufactures  of  sail  cloth,  liner 
cloth,  hose,  and  stays.  It  is  19  ms.  S.  of  Nor- 
wich,  and  92  NNE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  9  E. 
lat.  52  25  N. 

Dili,  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Cam 
bay,  in  the  deccan  of  Hindoostan,  3  ms.  long  anc 
1  broad.  On  it  is  a  large  fortified  town  of  th< 
same  name,  built  of  freestone  and  marble,  anc 
it  contains  some  fine  churches,  erected  by  tb< 
Portuguese;,  about  the  time  they  took  possession  o 
the  island,  in  1515.  It  is  pretty  large,  and  forti 
fied  by  a  high  stone  wall,  well  furnished  with  can 
non.  The  trade  of  the  town,  once  so  important 
is  almost  entirely  removed  to  Surat.  It  is  180  m> 
W.  by  S.  of  Surat,  and  200  NW.  of  Bombay 
Lon.  69  52  E.,  lat.  20  43  N. 

Divax,  Arabic,  (diouan,)  council  of  State,  am 
by  extension  the  place  or  seats  on  which  the  min 
isters  are  seated.  In  the  latter  signification,  thi 
term  has  been  adopted  into  several  European  Ian 
guages. — Collection  of  Oriental  amorous  Poetry.- 
See  Ghazals. 

Dividing  Creek,  post  office,  Cumberland  co. 

N.  J.  Small  stream  of  Va.,  flowing  into  Ches 

apeake  bay,  between  Northumberland  and  Lancas 
ter  cos. 

Division,  tp.,  NE.  part  of  Tompkins  co., 
York. 

Dixan,  first  town  in  Abyssinia,  on  the  side  o 
Taranta. 

Dixjield,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Mu.,  18  ms.  NE 
from  Paris.    Pop.  1820,  595. 

Dixhill,  post  office,  Suffolk  co.,  Long  Island 
N.  Y. 

Dixmont,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  20  nu 
VV.  from  Bangor.    Pop.  1820,  555. 

Dixmude,  town  of  Austrian  Flanders,  wliic!' 
has  been  often  taken.    It  was  forced  to  surrende 
to  the  French  in  1794,    It  is  celebrated  for  its  ex' 
cellent  butter,  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Yperlet 
10  ms.  NW.  of  Ypres.  Lon.  2  57  E.,  lat.  51  2  N 
Dixon,  tp.,  Preble  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1820,  841 
Dixon's  Entrance,  W.  coast  of  North  America 
between  Queen  Charlotte  and  Prince  of  Wales  u 
lands.    Lon.  W.  C.  55°  W.,  lat.  54°  N. 
Dixon's  Springs,  post  office,  Smith  co.,  Tenr 
Dixville,  tp.,  Coos  co.,  N.  H,    Pop.  1820/. 

 Post  office,  Henry  co.,  Va. 

Dizier,  St.,  considerable  town  of  France,  intfi 
department  of  Upper  Marne,  and  late  province  i 
Champagne,  seated  on  the  Marne,  where  it  begir. 
to  be  navigable  for  boats,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Vilri  ! 
Francois.  Lon.  4  54  E.,  lat.  4S  35  N. 
Djebail.    See  Gebail. 

Dnieper,  anciently  the  Boristhenes,  a  large  rivr 
of  Russia,  which  rises  in  the  government  of  Smo 
ensko,  and,  flowing  in  a  southerly  direction,  ente 
the  Black  sea,  between  Cherson  and  Oczakov 
From  its  source  to  its  mouth  it  now  flows  entire! 
through  the  Russian  dominions. 

The  Dnieper  is  the  third  largest  river  in  Ei 
rope,  yielding  only  to  the  Volga  and  Danub< 
The  basin  of  this  great  river  is  about  600  ms.  i 
length,  with  a  mean  width  of  at  least  300,  givir. 


DOE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  DOM 


i  area  of  180,000  sq.  ms.  It  is  in  every  respect 
contrast  to  the  Danube.  The  country  drained 
r  the  latter  is  mountainous  and  broken ;  that  by 
e  former  scarcely  chequered  by  a  single  hill  of 
iy  considerable  consequence ;  the  Danube  is  in- 
rrupted  by  cataracts,  and  cannot  be  , passed  from 
:ad  to  mouth  ;  the  navigation  of  the  Dnieper,  in 
I  its  branches,  is  only  once  interrupted  by  a  se- 
3s  of  cataracts,  which  begin  below  the  mouth  of 
e  Sennara,  and  continue  for  about  40  ms.,  but 
ese  are  passed  in  spring,  with  little  hazard,  by 
aded  barks.  The  basin  of  the  Dnieper  lies  be - 
/een  the  parallels  of  47°  and  56'  N.,  and  is  an- 
lally  frozen  from  December  to  March. 

Dniester,  river  of  Europe,  in  Russia  and  Aus- 
lan  Poland,  rises  in  Galicia,  SW.  from  Lem- 
lrg,  at  N.  lat.  49  30,  Ion.  24  E.  from  London, 
terlocking  sources  with  Theisse,  the  Vistula, 
id  Prypec  branch  of  the  Dnieper.  Flowing 
ence  SE.  150  ms,,  draining  Galicia,  and  pass- 
g  Zaleszyk,  approaches  to  within  10  ms.  from 
e  Pruth  at  Czernowitz,  turns  E.  50  ms.,  and, 
itering  Podolia,  passes  Choczym  and  Uschitza, 
inds  again  to  SE.  by  a  very  circuitous  channel, 
it  general  course  of  220  ms.,  passing  Mohilew, 
zekinowka,  Hamenka,  Ribnitzki,  New  Dubossa- 
r,  Bender,  Tiraspol,  and  Akerman,  falls  into  the 
lack  sea,  5  ms.  below  the  latter  place,  after  an 
itire  comparative  course  of  420  ms.  The  basin 
f  the  Dniester  is  380  ms.  in  length,  by  a  mean 
idth  of  about  50,  area  19,000  sq.  ms.,  lying  be- 
veen  lat.  46°  and  49°  N.  The  fine  port  'of  Odes- 
i  is  on  the  northern  coast  of  the  Black  sea,  30 
is,  NE.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Dniester.  This 
ver,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  separates  the 
Dvemments  of  Bender  and  Kherson.  As  a  navi- 
tble  stream,  the  Dniester  does  not  hold  a  rank 
mivalent  to  its  length  of  course. 
Doab,  in  Indostan,  means  a  space  between  two 
vers,  and  is  especially  applied  to  the  country  be- 
veen  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna,  and  that  be- 
veen  the  Chenaub  and  Sutledge.  These  Doabs 
so  supply  convenient  compound  names,  and  thus 
Tmed  by  contracting  the  names  of  the  rivers,  and 
niting  them  into  one  word.  Between  the  Che- 
aub  and  Behut  we  have  the  Chenut,  between  the 
avee  and  Chenaub  the  Reechna,  and  between  the 
•eas  and  Ravee  the  Barree. 

Doab,  meaning  a  country  between  two  rivers, 

province  of  Indostan,  between  the  Ganges  and 
umna  rivers.  It  is  highly  fertile,  and  from  it  are 
sported,  beside  other  products,  indigo,  sugar,  and 
itton.  It  is  in  great  part  subject  to  the  British, 
'he  pop.  estimated  at  6,000,000,  prevailing  reli- 
ion  Hindoo,  and  common  language  Hindostanee. 
preads  between  lat.  26°  and  30°  N. 

Dobson's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Stokes  co., 
I  C,  100  ms.  NW.  by  VV.  from  Raleigh. 

Doce  Rio,  fine  river  of  Minaes  Geraes,  in  Bra- 
1,  flows  by  a  general  course  NE.  by  E.,  about 
00  ms.  by  comparative  courses,  falls  into  the  At- 
intic  ocean  lat.  19  30  S. 

Dockum,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
mds,  in  W.  Friesland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
!e,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  41  E., 
k  53  18  N. 

Doel,  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  on  the  river 
cheldt,  opposite  Lillo,  9  ms.  NW.  of  Antwerp, 
•on.  4  15  E.,  lat.  51  17  N. 


Doesburg,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Zutphen.  It  is  seated  on  the  Issel,  10 
ms.  S.  of  Zutphen.    Lon.  5  36  E.,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Dofrafield,  or  Dofrine,  that  chain  of  mountains 
which  separates  Norway  from  Sweden.  It  ex- 
tends about  800  ms.  NNE.,  and  rises  to  the  ele- 
vation, in  some  of  its  peaks,  of  7,680  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean. 

Dog  river,  branch  of  Pascagoula,  rises  between 
the  latter  and  Tombigbee  river,  flows  SSW.,  and 

falls  into  Pascagoula,  10  ms.  above  its  mouth.—  

Rises  with  the  preceding,  and,  flowing  SE.,  falls 
into  Mobile  bay,  about  10  ms.  below  the  town  of 
Mobile. 

Dogado,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Venice,  bounded,  on  the  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, on  the  S.  by  Polesino,  on  the  W.  by  Padu- 
ano,  and  on  the  N.  by  Trevisano.  It  compre- 
hends many  small  islands  near  it,  called  the  La- 
gunes  of  Venice. 

Doge,  Italian  for  dux  or  duke, 

Dohrman,  SE.  tp.,  Tuscarowas  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1820,  520.  In  this  tp.  there  is  a  post  office 
same  name. 

Dol,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Ille 
and  Vilaine,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne.  It  is 
situated  in  a  morass,  5  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  21 
SE.  of  St.  Malo.    Lon.  1  41  W\,  lat.  48  33  N. 

Dolce  .Aqua,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a 
marquisate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Nervia,  5  ms.  N.  of  Vintimiglia. 
Lon.  7  42  E.,  lat.  43  58  N. 

Dole,  town  of  France  in  the  department  of  Jura, 
and  late  province  of  Franche  Comte,  seated  on  the 
river  Doubs,  25  SW.  of  Besancon.  Lon.  5  38 
E.,  lat.  47  6  N. 

Doleigno,  strong  town  of  Albania,  with  a  good 
harbor  and  a  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Drino, 
10  ms.  SE.  of  Antivari.  Lon.  19  20  E.,  lat.  42 
12  N. 

Dolegelly,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Merionethshire,  on 
the  river  Avon,  in  a  vale  so  called,  and  at  the  foot 
of  the  great  rock  Cader  Idris,  which  is  extremely 
high.  It  has  a  good  manufacture  of  Welsh  cotton, 
and  is  31  ms.  NW.  of  Montgomery,  and  205  of 
London.    Lon.  9  48  W.,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Dollart  Bay,  large  gulf  separating  E.  Friesland, 
in  Germany,  from  Grouingen,  one  of  the  provinces 
of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  The  Dollart 
forms  the  NE.  extremity  of  the  kingdom. 

Domazlize,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Pilsen,  on  the  rivulet  Cadbuzz,  17  ms.  S.  of  Pilsen. 

Domfront,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of 
Orne,  lately  in  the  province  of  Normandy,  seated 
on  a  steep  mountain,  which  has  a  large  cleft  from 
the  summit  to  the  base,  through  which  flows  the 
little  river  Varenne.  It  is  35  ms.  NW.  of  Alen- 
con.    Lon.  43'  W.,  lat.  48  38  N. 

Domingo,  St.,  or  Hisp an io la, one  of  the  richest 
islands  in  the  W.  Indies,  400  ms.  in  length,  and 
75  in  breadth.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  in 
1492,  and  is  surrounded  by  craggy  rocks  and  dan- 
gerous shoals.  The  heat  to  the  N.  and  SE.  would 
be  insupportable  for  6  months  of  the  year,  if  not 
qualified  by  the  easterly  winds  and  frequent  rains  ; 
but  the  latter  soon  spoil  the  flesh,  bread,  and  fruits. 
It  has  a  great  many  rivers,  and  mines  of  gold,  talc, 
and  crystal.  The  Spaniards  had  possession  of  the. 
whole  island  for  120  years.    They  were  afterwards 

277 


DOM  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  DON 


forced  to  divide  the  island  with  the  French,  who 
obtained  the  W.  part;  and  the  Spaniards  retained 
the  E.,  the  most  extensive  and  fruitful.  Since  the 
revolution  in  Fr.,  this  Island  has  been  subject  to 
great  calamities.  In  1791,  an  insurrection  began 
in  the  French  plantations,  which,  after  a  series  of 
sanguinary  scenes,  has  terminated  in  the  establish- 
ment of  a  free  African  State,  under  the  name  of 
the  Republic  of  Hayti.  In  1821,  the  Spanish  part 
fell  also  under  the  authority  of  Boyer,  the  president 
or  king,  and  left  him  master  of  the  whole  island. 
St.  Domingo  has  Cuba  W.,  Porto  Rico  E.,  and 
Jamaica  SW. 

The  population  of  this  island  in  1789,  was, 
from  the  best  authorities,  about  660,000  inhabi- 
tants, of  which  nearly  500,000  were  black  slaves. 
The  French  part  contained  535,000,  of  whom 
480,000  were  slaves;  the  Spanish  part  125,000; 
15,000  of  whom  were  slaves.  It  is  probable  that 
the  present  numbers  do  not  materially  differ  in  ex- 
tent, though  the  number  of  whites  have  no  doubt 
greatly  diminished. 

The  trade  of  this  island  has  greatly  declined. 
The  value  of  exports  in  1791,  exceeded  5,370,000 
pounds  sterling  ;  $23,832,800.  Coffee  amounted  to 
84,617,328  lbs.  Sugar  217,463  casks.  Indigo 
3,257,610  lbs.  Cocoa  1,536,017  lbs  ,  and  cotton 
11,317,226  lbs.— See  article  West  Indies. 

Domingo,  St.,  capital  of  the  E.  part  of  the  island 
of  St.  Domingo,  on  a  navigable  river,  and  had 
formerly  a  harbor,  which  is  now  choked  up  with 
sand.  Though  its  trade  has  been  long  extinct,  it 
was  in  a  respectable  condition  while  it  continued 
in  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  The  city  itself  is 
large,  well  built,  of  stone,  and  defended  by  bat- 
teries.   Lon.  70  10W.,  lat.  18  20  N. 

Dominica,  one  of  the  windward  Caribbee  islands 
in  the  W.  Indies.  It  lies  about  half  way  between 
Gaudaloupe  and  Martinico,  and  is  28  ras.  long  and 
13  broad  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1761, 
and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace  of  1763.  The 
French  took  it  in  1778,  but  restored  it  in  1783.  It 
suffered  great  damage  by  a  tremendous  hurricane 
in  1806.  The  soil  is  thin^  and  better  adapted  to 
the  rearing  of  coffee  than  sugar ;  but  the  sides  of 
the  hills  bear  the  finest  trees  in  the  W.  Indies,  and 
the  island  is  well  supplied  with  rivulets.  The 

capital  is  Charlotte  town.  Largest  of  the  islands 

of  the  Pacific  ocean,  called  the  Marquesas.  Lon. 
139  2  W.,  lat.  9  41  S. 

Domino,  St.,  one  of  the  Tremiti  islands,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Venice,  15  ms.  from  the  coast  of  Naples. 

Domitz,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Mecklen- 
burg Schwerin,  with  a  fort,  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Elve  and  Elbe,  25  ms.  S.  of  Schwerin. 

Dommel,  river  of  Dutch  Brabant,  which  receives 
the  Aa  below  Bois  le  Due,  and  then  flows  into  the 
Meuse. 

Domo  oVOssola,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
with  ii  castle  seated  on  the  Tosa,  20  ins.  N.  of 
Varallo. 

Dompaire,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Vosges, 
10  ms.  NNW.  of  Epinal. 

Domremy-la-Pucelle,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Meuse,  and  late  province  of  Barrois,  remarkable 
for  the  birth  of  Joan  of  Arc,  the  Maid  of  Orleans. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  5  ms.  from  Neufchateau, 
60  ms.  SSW.  of  Metz,  and  30  SW.  of  Nancy. 
N.  lat.  48  37,  lon.  5  42  E.  of  London. 
27S 


Don,  or  Dun,  as  prefixes,  constitutes  a  part 
many  names  of  rivers  and  places  on  or  near  riv( 
and  seacoasts  in  Europe,  coming  no  doubt  frc 
the  same  root  with  Downs,  which  see. 

Don,  large  river,  that,  according  to  most  Engli 
maps,  [see  Europe,]  separates  Europe  from  Asi 
It  issues  from  Lake  St.  John,  in  the  government 
Moscow,  and  divides  near  Tcherkask,  into  thr 
streams,  which  fall  into  the  sea  of  Asoph.  Tl 
river  has  so  many  windings,  is  in  many  parts 
shallow,  and  abounds  with  such  numerous  shoa 
as  to  be  scarcely  navigable,  except  in  the  sprin 
on  the  melting  of  the  snows;  and  its  mouths,  als 
are  so  choked  up  with  sand,  that  only  flat-botto 
boats,  except  in  the  same  season,  can  pass  into  t! 

sea  of  Asoph.  River  of  Scot.,  which  rises 

Aberdeenshire,  joins  the  Erie  Water  at  Inverar 
and,  passing  by  Kintore,  falls  into  the  Germ; 
ocean  at  Aberdeen,  within  2  ms.  of  the  mouth 
the  Dee.    Upon  each  of  these  rivers  is  an  e.M  e!!e 

salmon  fishery.  River  of  Eng.,  in  Yorkshir 

which  waters  Sheffield,  Rotherham,  and  DoneasU 
and  joins  theaAire,  near  its  termination  with  tl 
Ouse. 

Donaldsonville,  village  and  seat  of  justice  of  tl 
parish  of  Ascension,  La.  It  stands  on  the  poi 
formed  by  the  Mississippi  and  the  efflux  of  Lafou 
che  river,  below  the  latter;  contains  30  or  <j 
houses,  and  from  150  to  200  inhabitants,  81  m 
above  New  Orleans. 

Donawert,  strong  town  of  Germany,  on  tl1 
frontiers  of  Suabia,  subject  to  the  duke  of  Bavari 
It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Danube,  25  m 
N.  of  Augsburg.    Lon.  11  5  E.,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Doncaster,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  W 
riding  of  Yorkshire,  on  the  river  Don.  It  is  larj 
and  well  built,  and  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  w; 
noted  for  knitting  worsted  stockings,  but  that  a 
tide  of  trade  is  now  on  the  decline.  It  is  37  m> 
S.  of  York,  and  160  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lo 
1  12  W.,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Doncherry,  handsome  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  def 
of  Ardennes,  and  late  province  of  Champagn 
seated  on  the  Meuse,  3  ms.  from  Sedan.  Lon.  5 
E.,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Donegal,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  U 
ster,  68  ms.  in  length,  44  in  breadth,  bounded  a 
the  E.  by  Londonderry  and  Tyrone,  on  the  W 
and  N.  by  the  ocean,  and  on  the  S.  by  Fernianap 
and  the  bay  of  Donegal.  It  contains  43  parishe 
and  before  the  Irish  Union  sent  12  members  to  tl: 
Irish  Parliament.    It  is  in  general  a  champaiq 

country,  and  abounds  with  harbors.  Town 

Ireland,  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  ^eat( 
on  the  bay  of  Donegal,  10  ms.  N.  of  Bally  shannoi 

Lon.  7  47  W.,  lat.  54  42  N.  Populous  tp 

Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  situated  in  the  NW.  corner 
the  co  ,  about  14  ms.  N  W.  of  the  borough  of  Lai 

caster.    Pop,  1820,  3,986.  Tp.,  Westmon 

land  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820,  2,564.  Tp.,  Bu 

lerco.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820,  960.  Tp.,  Washiaj 

ton  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820,  1,879. 

Doncschingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  print 
pality  of  Furstenburgh.  It  is  the  chief  rosidem 
of  the  prince  of  Furstenburgh,  in  the  court  yai 
of  whose  palace  one  of  the  higher  sources  of  tl 
Danube  takes  its  rise.  Some  small  springs  bu' 
bling  from  the  ground  form  a  basin  of  clear  wate 
about  30  feet  square.    From  this  issues  the  Dai 


DOR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  DOU 


be,  where  is  here  only  a  little  brook  ;  and  though 
le  small  rivers  Bribach  and  Brege,  uniting  below 
ie  town,  are  far  more  considerable  than  this 
ream,  which  flows  into  them  soon  after  their 
nction,  yet  has  this  alone  the  honor  of  being 
tiled  the  source  of  the  Danube, 
i  Dongala,  or  Doncala.    See  Africa,  p.  1 1 . 

1  Donzy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Nievre  and 
te  territory  of  Nivernois,  22  ms.  N.  of  Nevers. 
on.  3  14  E.,  lat.  47  22  N, 

•  Dooab,  or  Doabah,  tract  of  land  in  Hindoostan 
roper,  occupying  all  the  flat  country  between  the 
anges  and  the  North  mountains,  as  well  as  the 
rincipal  part  of  that  tract  lying  between  the  Gan- 
?s  and  Jumnah.  The  principal  part  of  it  is  sub- 
ct  to  the  nabob  of  Oude. 

•  Doomsday  Book,  so  often  mentioned  in  Eng- 
sh  history,  is  a  form  or  corruption  of  the  Saxon 
>'om  Boc,  or  Book  of  Judgment,  a  supposed  cor- 
;ct  register,  to  serve  as  a  legal  guide  to  judges  in 
atermining  contestations  in  regard  to  landed  prop- 

w 

Doon  Loch,  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  in 
ie  SE.  part  of  Kyle,  6  ms.  in  length,  and  of  con- 
derable  breadth.  On  an  island  in  this  lake  stands 
alloch  castle. 

'<  Doon,  river  of  Scotland,  which,  issuing  from 
,och  Doon,  runs  NW.,  divides  the  district  of 
jle  from  Carrick,  the  southern  division  of  Ayr- 
lire,  and  falls  into  the  Frith  of  Clyde. 
Dorot,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
ienne,  lately  in  the  territory  of  Limosin,  seated 
it  the  Abrax,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Sevre, 
5  ms.  N.  of  Limoges.    Lon.  1  24  E.,  lat.  56 

2  N. 

Dorchester,  co.  town  of  Dorsetshire,  Eng.,  on 
jie  river  Frome,  on  a  Roman  road  8  ms.  N.  of 
Veymouth,  and  120  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon. 

45  W.,  lat.  50  42  N.  Town  of  Eng.,  in 

•xfordshire,  which  was  a  station  of  the  Romans, 
nd  ruined  in  the  wars  with  the  Danes.  It  is 
?ated  on  the  Tame,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Oxford,  and 
.9  WNW.  of  London.    Lon.  1°  W.,  lat.  51  39 

jl.  Tp.,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  in  the  vicinity 

f  Boston.   It  was  settled  at  an  early  period  of  the 

olony,  in  1630.    Pop.  1820,  3,684.  Co  of 

L  C,  along  both  banks  of  the  Chaudiere  river, 

nd  extending   to  the   St.  Lawrence.  Tp., 

Norfolk  co.,  U.  C,  on  the  river  Thames.  

"own,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  1820,  584.  

'illage  of  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  left  bank 
f  Morris's  river,  between  Port  Elizabeth  and 

.eesbunr.  Co.  of  Md.,  bounded  by  Chesa- 

eake  bay  S.  and  SW.,  Choptank  river  and  Car- 
line  N.,  Delaware  E.,  and  Nanticoke  river  SE. 
length  32  ms.,  mean  width  20 ;  area  640  sq.  ms. 
•urface  rather  level,  in  part  marshy  ;  soil  generally 
andy,  and  of  second-rate  quality.    Chief  town, 

'ambridge.  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Colle- 

m  district,  S.  C,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ashley  riv- 
r,  18  ms.  WNW.  from  Charleston. 
Dordogne,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  includes  the  late 
rovince  of  Perigord. 

'  Lorn,  village  of  Eng.,  in  a  detached  part  of 
Vorcestershire,  3  ms.  SE.  of  Campden,  in  GIou- 
estershire,  where  have  been  found  abundance  of 
loman  and  British  coins. 

Dornoch,  royal  borough  of  Eng.,  in  the  co. 
own  of  Sutherlandshire,  at  the  entrance  of  a  frith 


of  the  same  name,  over  which  it  has  a  ferry  to 
Taim.  It  is  40  ms.  NE.  of  Inverness.  Lon.  3 
48  W.,  lat.  57  52  N. 

Dorpt,  or  Dorpat,  town  of  Livonia,  on  the 
Ember,  between  the  Lakes  Wosero  and  Pepas, 
60  ms.  S.  of  Narva.  Lon.  27  52  E.,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Dorsetshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  bounded  on  the  S.  by 
the  English  channel,  on  the  N.  by  Somersetshire 
and  Wiltshire,  on  the  E.  by  Hampshire,  and  on 
the  W.  by  Devonshire  and  some  part  of  Somerset- 
shire. It  is  between  40  and  50  ms.  long  from  E. 
to  W.,  and  34  broad  from  S.  to  N.,  and  contains 
34  hundreds,  22  market  towns,  and  248  parishes. 
This  co.  enjoys  a  mild,  pleasant,  and  wholesome 
air,  and  a  deep,  rich,  and  fertile  soil,  finely  diver- 
sified. Towards  the  N.  it  is  level,  under  the  high 
lands  that  divide  it  from  Somersetshire,  where 
there  is  fine  arable  ground,  that  will  yield  large 
crops  of  different  kinds  of  grain.  It  is  distinguish- 
ed for  its  woolen  manufactures,  and  its  fine  ale 
and  beer.  Dorchester  is  the  capital.  See  Port- 
land and  Purbeck.  Pop.  1801,  115,319;  1811, 
124,693  ;  1821,  144,499.  It  extends  over  1,129 
sq.  ms.  ;  consequently,  it  has  127  to  each  sq.  m. 

Dorset,  town,  Bennington  co.,  Vt.,  about  25 
ms.  N.  of  Bennington.    Pop.  1,500. 

DorsettsviUe,  post  office,  Chatham  co.,  N.  C, 
20  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Dort,  or  Dordrecht,  city  of  Holland,  famous  for 
a  Protestant  synod,  held  in  1618,  which  con- 
demned the  tenets  of  Arminius.  It  is  seated  on 
an  island  of  the  Meuse,  opposite  that  of  Yssel- 
mond.  It  was  detached  from  the  main  land  in 
in  1421,  by  a  flood  occasioned  by  the  breaking 
down  of  the  dyke,  which  overwhelmed  70  villages 
and  about  100,000  persons.  It  is  10  ms.  SE.  of 
Rotterdam.    Lon.  4  48  E.,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Dortmund,  strong  imperial  town  of  Westpha- 
lia, in  the  co.  of  Marck,  seated  on  the  Emster,  35 
ms.  NE.  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  35  E.,  lat.  51 
26  N. 

Douay,  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North, 
and  late  French  Flanders.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Scarpe,  in  a  very  pleasant  and  fertile  country. 
The  town  is  large  and  populous,  and  exceedingly 
well  fortified.  From  the  river  Scarpe  there  is  a 
canal  to  the  Deule,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Cambray. 
Lon.  3  10  E.,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Double  Branches,  post  office,  Lincoln  co.,  Ga. ; 
by  postroad  110  ms.  NE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Double  Bridge,  post  office,  Lunenburg  co., 
Va.,  about  60  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Double  Pipe  Creek,  post  office,  on  Pipe  Creek, 
branch  of  Monscavy  river,  Frederick  co.,  Md., 
about  15  ms.  NE.  from  the  town  of  Frederick. 

Doubs,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  the  late 

province  of  Franche  Compte.  River  of  Fr., 

rises  in  Mount  Jura,  and,  flowing  first  N.  then 
W.,  turns  S.  and  joins  the  Saone  at  Verdun,  after 
passing  by  Mountbeliard,  Besancon,  Dole,  and 
other  towns. 

Doue,  small  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Maine 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou.  It  has  one  of 
the  finest  fountains  in  Fr.,  and  near  it  is  a  vast 
Roman  amphitheatre  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock. 
It  is  9  ms.  SW.  of  Saumur. 

Douglass,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name  that  falls  into  the  Clyde 
above  Lanark.  Here  is  Douglass  Castle,  for  many 

279 


DOV  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  DOW 


ages  the  residence  of  the  second  family  in  Scot- 
land. A  modern  building  has  been  erected  on  the 
same  side,  in  imitation  of  the  ancient  castle.  It  is 
37  ms.  SW.  of  Edinburgh.— — Seaport  of  the 
Isle  of  Man,  nearly  at  the  same  distance  from  the 
English,  Scotch,  and  Irish  shores,  and  the  best 
harbor  in  the  island.  It  is  defended  by  an  impreg- 
nable fort.    Lon.  4  20  W.,  lat.  54  12  N.  

Village,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  25  ms.  from  Prov- 
idence, R.  L,  4  from  theNW.  angle  of  that  State, 
and  39  SW.  from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  1375. 

Douglass,  Cape,  lofty  promontory  on  the  W. 
coast  of  America,  within  the  entrance  of  Cook's 
river.  It  was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in 
1778;  its  summit  forming  two  very  high  moun- 
tains.   Lon.  W.  C.  75  30  W.,  lat.  58°  N. 

Douglass's  Mills,  post  office,  Perry  co.,  Penn., 
42  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Dove,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  which  rises 
in  the  Peak,  parts  the  co.  from  Staffordshire,  and 
falls  into  the  Trent  4  ms.  N.  of  Burton.  The 
Staffordshire  canal  is  carried  over  this  river  in  an 

aqueduct  of  23  arches.  Cape,  on  the  coast  of 

Nova  Scotia,  NE.  from  Halifax.  Lon.  W.  C.  13° 
E.,  lat.  44  20  N. 

Dovedale,  Eng.,  one  of  the  most  romantic  spots 
in  Derbyshire,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ashborn. 
Here  the  river  Dove  runs  in  a  chasm  between  pre- 
cipitous rocks. 

Dover,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  theco.  of  Kent,  be- 
tween two  high  cliffs,  on  one  of  which  is  an  an- 
cient castle,  E.  from  the  town.  It  was  repaired 
in  1756.  and  there  are  barracks  in  it  for  3,000 
men.  It  is  the  station  of  the  packet  boats  that,  in 
time  of  peace,  pass  between  Dover  and  Calais, 
from  which  it  is  distant  only  21  ms.  The  harbor 
is  made  by  a  gap  in  the  cliffs,  whose  height  is 
truly  sublime.  Hence,  in  fine  weather,  is  a  pros- 
pect of  the  coast  of  France.  Dover  is  15  ms. 
SE.  of  Canterbury,  and  72  of  London.    Lon.  1 

23  E.,  lat.  51  8  N.  Kent  co.,  U.  C,  on  the 

right  bank  of  the  Thames,  opposite  Raleigh.  

Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H., 
lying  on  the  river  Cochecho,  12  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Portsmouth.  This  town  was  incorporated  in 
1633.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,871.  Village,  Penob- 
scot co.,  Me.,  by  post  road  155  ms.  NE.  from 

Portland.-  Tp.,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,   16  ms. 

SW.  from  Boston.  Pop.  in  1820,  548.  Vil- 
lage, Kent  co.,  Del.,  and  the  seat  of  a  State  gov- 
ernment, situated, on  Jones's  creek,  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  river  Delaware,  about  36  ms.  S.  of 
New  Castle.  This  small  town  is  neatly  built,  the 
houses  being  mostly  of  brick,  and  the  streets  dis- 
posed with  regularity.  In  the  centre  is  a  hand- 
some square,  on  which  the  State  house  and  public 
offices  are  erected.  It  lies  in  lat.  of  59  10  N., 
and  lon.  75  30  W.    Pop.  in  1820,  about  600. 

 Town.  York  co.,  Penn.,  situated  about  8 

ms.  westward  from  York.  Pop.  1,500.  Town 

Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,193.  

Tp.,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  on  Cedar  Bay  creek, 
40  ms.  E.  from  Philadelphia     Pop.  in  1820, 

1,916.  Town,  York  co.,  Penn.,  on  a  branch 

of  Conewago  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,816.  

Tp.,  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  308. 
The  village  stands  in  the  SE.  corner  of  the  tp.,  13 
ms.  SW.  of  Cleveland,  and  about  an  equal  dis- 
tance NE.  of  Elyria,  the  co,  seat  of  Lorain  co. 
280 


 Town  and  seat  of  justice  of  Stuart  co.,  Tenn 

on  the  left  bank  of  Cumberland  river,  35  ms.  b( 

low  Clarksville.  Town,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohic 

Pop.  in  1820,  718.  Canal  Dover  is  the  post  offic 
name  of  this  place,  and  thus  ought  letters  to  b 
directed.  The  town  of  Dover  is  situated  on  th 
Ohio  canal,  4  ms.  above  and  northward  of  Ne\ 
Philadelphia,  and  by  canal  93  ms.  from  Clevelanc 
"The  site  of  the  town  is  a  level  plain,  35  fe< 
above  the  water  in  the  canal,  which  is  separate 
only  by  the  towing  path  from  the  Tuscarawa 
river.  Across  the  river  and  canal  there  is  a  co\ 
ered  bridge,  346  feet  long  and  built  in  1833.  Th 
town  contains  600  inhabitants." — Ohio  Gazetteer 
It  is  56  ms.  NW.  from  Wheeling,  and  56  nearl 

NW.  by  W.  from  Steubenville.  Tp.,  Athen 

co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  592. 

Dover,  fine,  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio.— Se 
Dallon,  the  post  office  name. 

Dover-mills,  post  office,  Goochland  co.,  Va. 

Douero,  or  Douro,  river  in  Spain,  which  rises  i 
Old  Castile,  in  the  mountains  of  Urbjon.  It  run 
W.  by  several  towns,  and  crossing  Portugal,  fall 
into  the  Atlantic  ocean  near  Oporto. 

Dourac,  town  of  Persia,  near  the  confluence  i 
the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  remarkable  for  th<?  ree 
of  which  they  make  pens.  Lon.  56  57  E.,  lai 
32  15  N. 

Dourdon,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Sein 
and  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France 
with  a  manufacture  of  silk  and  worsted  stockings 
It  is  seated  on  the  Orge,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Paris 
Lon.  2  10  E.,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Dourlach,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  Bade 
Dourlach.  The  inhabitants  are  protestants.  Iti 
seated  'on  the  Giessen,  12  ms.  S.  of  Philipsbuig 
Lon.  9  28  E.,  lat.  49  2.  N. 

Doulens,  or  Dourlens,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  th 
dep.  of  Somme,  lately  in  the  province  of  Picardj 
with  two  citadels.  It  is  seated  on  the  Autie,  1 
ms.  N.  of  Amiens.    Lon.  2  23  E.,  lat.  50  10  hi 

Dowlatabad,  formerly   called  Amednagur, 
province  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.    It  i 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Candeish  and  Mai  way,  o, 
the  W.  by  the  Gauts,  on  the  S,  by  Visiapou 
and  Golconda,  and  on  the  E.  by  Berar.  Aurun 

gabad  is  the  capital.  Fortress  in  the  Deccan  c 

Hindoostan,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Aurungabad.  Nea 
it  are  the  pagodas  of  Elora,  most  of  which  ar 
cut  out  of  the  natural  rock.  Lon.  76°  E.,  int.  i 
55  N. 

Down,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Uistei 
42  ms.  in  length,  and  34  in  breadth,  bounded  o 
the  E.  by  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  W.  by  Armagh,  o 
the  NW.  by  Antrim,  and  on  the  S.  by  Carling 
ford  bay  and  the  ocean.  It  contains  72  parishes 
and  before  the  Irish  union  sent  14  members  to  th 
Irish  Parliament.  This  co.  is  rough  and  full  c 
hills,  and  yet  the  air  is  temperate  and  heaith) 
The  soil  naturally  produces  wood,  unless  constant 
ly  kept  open  and  ploughed;  and  the  low  ground 
degenerate  into  bogs  and  moss  where  the  drain 
are  neglected.  But  by  the  industry  of  the  inhar 
itants  it  produces  good  crops  of  corn,  particular! 

oats;  and,  where  marl  is  found,  barley.  Cap 

ital  of  the  co.  of  Down,  in  Ireland.  It  is  a  bo 
rough  and  market  town,  seated  on  the  river  New 
ry,  7  ms.  W.  of  Stranford  bay.  Lon.  5  49  W. 
lat.  54  29  N. 


DRA  GEOGRAPHICA 


L  DICTIONARY.  DRO 


Downington,  village  in  Scipio  tp.,  and  near  the 
lorthern  border  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  16  ms.  NW. 
>y  W.  of  Chester,  the  co.  seat,  and  12  ms.  S.  of 
\thehs,  in  Athens  co. 

Downe,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.  Pop.  in 
820,  1,749. 

Downham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk.  It  is 
eated  on  the  Ousa,  35  ms.  NE.  of  Cambridge, 
rid  86  N.  by  E.  of  London.    Lon.  20'  E.,  lat. 

2  40  N. 

Downington,  village,  Chester  co.,  Penn.,  on 
he  left  bank  of  Brandywine  creek,  33  ms.  W.  by 
i.  from  Philadelphia. 

Downs,  roads  on  the  E.  coast  of  Kent,  between 
he  N.  and  S.  Foreland.  It  is  a  famous  rendez- 
ous  for  shipping. — See  Godwin  sands. 

Downs,  Fr.  Bunts,  a  term  derived  from  the 
Celtic,  and  means  a  swelling  eminence.  It  is  ap- 
lied  to  those  sandy  hillocks  along  the  seacoast  of 
ranee,  Germany,  Denmark,  and  the  British 
ilande.  Many  places  have  derived  names  from 
le  Downs,  or  Dunes,  one  of  the  most  noted  of 
hich  is  Dunkirk,  from  Dune,  and  Kirk,  church, 
ee  arts.  Danube,  Don,  Sec. 

Downton,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts,  on  the 
von,  6  ms.  SE.  of  Salisbury,  and  84  WSW.  of 
ondon.    Lon.  1  36  W.,  lat.  51°  N. 

Doylestown,  borough,  village,  and  seat  of  jus- 
ce,  Bucks  co.,  Penn.,  on  a  branch  of  the  Ne- 
lamony  creek,  26  ms.  directly  N.  from  Philadel- 
lia.  The  borough,  besides  the  ordinary  co. 
lildings,  contains  many  fine  private  houses,  and 

a  neat  thriving  village.  N.  lat.  40  18,  lon.  W. 
.  1  56.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820,  1,430,  and 

1840,  2,127.  Wayne  co.,  Ohio.— See  Chip- 

'way,  the  post  office  name. 

Dracut,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  situated  on 
e  N-  side  of  the  Merrimack,  about  35  ms.  NW. 

Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,407. 

Dragoman,  Drogoman,  Drogtjeman,  comes  in- 

the  other  European  language  through  the  Italian, 

d  from  modern  Greek  Dragonmans.    Lunier,  in 

3  Dictionary,  says  it  is  borrowed  from  the  Turk- 
i  word  terdgrumen,  or  from  the  Arab  tordgeman, 

tardgeman,  and  both  from  the  Chaldean  tar- 
m,  meaning  one  who  explains  or  interprets.  It 
a  general  term  in  the  Levant,  but  more  espe- 
illy  applied  to  the  Dragoman  of  the  Porte,  or 
incipal  interpreter  to  the  Turkish  Government. 
Draguignan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var, 
d  late  province  of  Provence,  10  ms.  NW.  of 
ejus.  Lon.  6  35  E.,  lat.  43  31  N. 
Drake,  port,  Sir  Francis  bay,  W.  coast  of  Mex- 

Lon.  W.  C.  46°  W.,  lat.  38°  N. 
Drakenstein,  district  of  the  colony  at  the  Cape 
Good  Hope,  40  ms.  from  Cape  town,  celebrated 

its  fine  wine. 

Dranesville,  village,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  17  ms. 
m  W.  C. 

Drave,  considerable  river  of  Germany,  which 
iJsb  in  the  Tyrol,  runs  across  Carinthia,  and  enter- 
i;  Styria,  continues  its  course  by  Marpurg  ;  then 
i  uns  along  the  confines  of  Sclavonia  and  Lower 

ingary,  passes  by  Esseck,  and  a  little  after  falls 

0  the  Danube. 

Drayton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  on  the 
1 3r  Torn,  which  separates  this  county  from  Staf- 
iJshire.    It  is  17  ms.  NE.  of  Shrewsbury  and 

1  NW.  of  London.  Lon,  2  22  W.,lat.  52  54  N. 

36* 


Drentelburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Hesse.    Lon.  8  57  E.,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Dresden,  city  of  Germany  and  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  is  divided  by  the  Elbe  in- 
to the  old  and  new  town,  which  are  united  by  a 
grand  bridge,  and  surrounded  by  strong  fortifica- 
tions. It  has  a  castle,  an  academy  of  painting  and 
sculpture,  and  a  magnificent  church  for  the  Roman 
Catholics.  The  palaces  of  Holland  and  Japan  are 
full  of  curiosities  from  that  country  and  China  ; 
and  the  picture  gallery  may  claim  precedence  over 
every  individual  gallery  in  Italy.  The  city  and 
suburbs  are  estimated  to  contain  70,000  inhabit- 
ants. Here  are  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver 
lace,  jewellery,  porcelain,  paper-hangings,  and 
wind  instruments  of  music.  It  is  80  ms.  NNW. 
of  Prague,  120  nearly  S.  from  Berlin,  and  60  SSE. 
from  Leipsic.  Lon.  13  50  E.,  lat.  51  6  N.— See 
Saxony,  the  kingdom. 

Dresden,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  by  post  road 
59  ms.  NE.  from  Portland  and  8  NW.  from  Wis- 

casset.  Village,  Muskingum  co.,  O.,  on  the 

right  bank  of  Muskingum  river,  16  ms.  above 
Zanesville.  This  place  has  become  of  much  con- 
sequence since  the  construction  of  a  side  canal  from 
Zanesville  into  the  Ohio  canal,  on  which  it  stands. 
A  daily  canal  boat  runs  to  and  from  it,  connecting 
it  in  business  with  Zanesville.  Pop.  in  1830, 
391  ;  in  1833,  450  ;  and  in  1840,  819. 

Dresden  Mills,  post  office,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  4 
ms.  below  Dresden  village. — See  Dresden  village. 

Dreux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure  and 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Beance.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Blaise,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  48 
ms.  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  25  E  .,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Drewsville,  village,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  60  ms. 
from  Concord. 

Driessen,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  new 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  with  a  strong  fort,  on  the 
river  Warta,  20  ms.  E.  of  Landsperg.  Lon.  15 
43  E  ,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Drinaward,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Ser- 
via.  It  stands  on  a  small  island  formed  by  the  Dri- 
no,  on  the  confines  of  Bosnia. 

Drino,  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  frontiers  of  Albania,  and  falls  into  a 
bay  of  the  same  name  in  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is 
the  ancient  Drin.  Seaport  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  50  ms.  SE.  of  Ragusa.  Lon.  10  19  E., 
lat.  42  48  N. 

Drogheda,  seaport  and  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
co.  of  Louth.  It  is  a  strong  place  and  well  inhab- 
ited, having  an  excellent  harbor.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Boyne,  5  ms.  W.  of  the  Irish  sea  and  23  N. 
of  Dublin.    Lon.  6  1  W.,  lat.  51  53  N. 

Droitwitch,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Worcester- 
shire, noted  for  excellent  white  salt,  made  from  the 
salt  springs  in  its  neighborhood.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Salwarp,  6  ms.  ENE.  of  Worcester  and  118 
WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  48  W.,  lat.  52  15  N. 

Drome,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Dauphiny. 

Dromore,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Down. 
It  is  a  very  ancient  town,  and  the  seat  of  a  bishop- 
ric. The  cathedral  is  small,  but  the  episcopal  pal- 
ace is  handsome  and  convenient.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Laggan,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Belfast.    Lon.  6  8  E., 

lat.  54  25  N.  Town,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  on 

251 


DRU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  DUB 


the  E.  side  of  Susquehannah  river,  between  Pe- 
quea  and  Octorora  creeks.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,500. 

Dronero,  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  at  the  foot  of 
the  Alps,  on  the  river  Maera,  over  which  is  a  bridge 
of  prodigious  height. 

Dronjield,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Derbyshire,  with  a 
free-school.  It  is  so  resorted  to,  on  account  of  its 
wholesome  air,  that  it  abounds  with  gentry  and 
handsome  buildings.  It  is  28  ms.  N.  of  Derby 
and  155  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  25  W.,  lat. 
53  18  N. 

Drontheim,  province  of  Norway,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  ocean,  on  the  N.  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Wardshuys,  on  the  S.  by  that  of  Bergeu, 
and  on  the  E  by  Sweden,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  high  mountains.    It  is  but  thin  of  people. 

 City  of  Norway,  capital  of  a  government  of 

the  same  name,  with  an  archbishop's  see  and  a 
good  harbor.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade;  is  almost 
surrounded  bv  the  sea  and  river  Piddet;  and  is  270 
ms.  NW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  11  9  E.,  lat.  63 
25  N. 

Drowned  lands,  valuable  tract  of  about  50,000 
acres  in  the  State  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
mountains  in  Orange  co.  The  waters,  which  de- 
scend from  the  surrounding  hills,  being  slowly  dis- 
charged by  the  river  Walkill,  cover  these  vast 
meadows  every  winter,  and  render  them  extremely 
fertile. 

Drowned  Meadow,  post  office,  Suffolk  co.,  N. 
Y.,  on  Long  Island. 

Druid.  Neither  the  real  meaning  of  this  term 
or  title,  or  the  true  social  and  political  character  of 
the  Druids  are  now  known  with  much  certainty. 
That  they  were  an  order  of  priests  is  undoubted, 
but  that  they  were  also  lawgivers  and  judges  is 
probable.  They  were  peculiar  in  Europe  to  the 
Celtic  tribes  of  Gaul,  Germany,  and  Britain ;  but 
from  the  Welsh  term  derwyz,  and  its  cognate  Per- 
sian term  dervis,  the  real  title  of  the  Druids  would 
appear  to  claim  an  Asiatic  origin.  Druid  is  not 
supposed  to  be  the  title  used  by  the  people  amongst 
whom  the  order  existed,  but  imposed  by  the  Greeks 
of  Marseilles. 

Drumbote,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Mo- 
naghan,  8  ms.  W.  of  Dundalk.  Lon.  6  31  W., 
lat  54  10  N. 

Drumlanrig,  town  in  Eng.,  in  Dumfriesshire, 
in  the  district  of  Nithsdale ;  remarkable  for  a  wood 
of  oak  6  ms.  in  length.  Drumlanrig  is  seated  on 
the  river  Nith,  13  ms.  N.  of  Dumfries.  Lon.  3 
31  W.,  la'c.  55  25  N. 

Drummond's  island,  in  Lake  Huron,  36  ras-  E. 
from  Mackinaw.  Here  the  British  government 
maintain  a  garrison  and  trading  post. 

Drummondtown,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Ac- 
comack co.,  Va.,  on  a  small  creek  discharging 
into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  45  ms.  N.  from  Cape 
Charles. 

Druses,  people  of  Syria,  on  the  mountains  Li- 
banus  and  Antilibanus.  It  is  shown  by  Malte  Brun, 
from  almost  irresistible  evidence,  that  they  are  the 
Itursei  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  that  amidst 
the  murderous  revolutions  of  ages  this  small  band 
of  mountaineers  have  maintained  their  independ- 
ence. Their  rocky  territory,  subdivided  into  the 
districts  of  Matne,  Garb,  Sahel,  Chouf,  Tefa,  Cha- 
gif,  and  Djoord,  lies  between  Damascus  and  the 
Mediterranean.  Chief  town,  Deir-el-kamar. 
282 


The  Druses  are  in  fact  a  religious  sect,  divided 
into  three  classes — Akals,  or  initiated  ;  Djoheli,  or 
aspirants,  and  the  vulgar,  who  know  little  or  noth- 
ing of  mysteries  concealed  by  their  superiors.  The 
name,  according  to  the  best  auihorities,  comes  from 
a  root  signifying  true,  hard,  &c,  and  from  which 
came  Druid,  and,  by  analogy,  the  English  term 
truth.  In  a  nominal  manner,  the  Druses  are  Ma- 
hometans, and  subject  to  the  Turks;  in  both  cases, 
however,  they  pay  little  regard  to  either  the  reli- 
gion or  authority  of  their  sovereign  the  Sultan. 
The  Emir,  or  Turkish  governor,  is  never  a  Druze; 
and  the  real  chief  of  this  singular  people  is  their 
own  Sheikh,  who  resides  at  Soueida  in  the  Haou- 
ran.  The  exclusive  character  of  the  Druses  have 
preserved  them  as  a  separate  people.  Their  ori 
gin  is  due  to  a  more  eastern  position — Persian, 
probably. 

Dry  den,  one  of  the  military  Ips.  in  N.  Y.,  at  the 
SE.  end  of  Cayuga  lake.    Pop  in  1820,  3,951. 

Dry  Ridge,  post  office  in  Pendleton  co.,  Ky., 
58  ms.  NE.  from  Frankfort. 

Dry  Run,  post  office  in  Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  about 
74  ms.  SW.  from  Harrisburg. 

Duanesburg,  town  in  Schenectady  co.,  N.  Y., 
25  ms.  W.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,510 

Dublin,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  oi'Lein- 
ster,  27  ms.  in  length  and  17  in  breadth  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  E.  by  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  N.  by  East 
Meath  and  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  W.  by  EastMeath 
and  Kildare,  and  on  the  S.  by  Wicklovv.  Before 
the  Union  it  sent  10  members  to  the  Irish  Parlia 

ment.  Capital  of  Ireland,  in' a  county  of  the 

same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Lif 
fey,  in  view  of  the  Irish  sea  on  the  E.  Its  form  is 
that  of  a  square,  2^  ms.  in  extent  on  each  si  lf, 
and  it  contains  about  22,000  houses,  whose  inhab 
itants  are  estimated  at  156,000.  With  respect  to 
its  streets,  Dublin  bears  a  near  resemblance  to 
London  ;  some  of  the  old  streets  were  formerly  nar 
row,  but  great  improvements  have  been  lately 
made  in  regard  both  to  convenience  and  embellish- 
ment; and  there  are  several  magnificent  squares, 
the  largest  of  which  is  St.  Stephen  Green,  nearly 
a  mile  in  circuit.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  a  colle 
giate  church,  18  parish  churches,  8  chapels,  l(i 
Roman  Catholic  chapels,  numerous  meeting  house; 
for  dissenters  of  various  denominations,  4  foreigr 
churches  and  a  synagogue. 

Among  the  principal  public  buildings  are  th< 
castle,  (the  residence  of  the  viceroy,)  the  naliona 
bank,  Trinity  college,  the  hall  of  justice,  the  roya 
exchange,  the  custom-house,  the  royal  hospital  o 
Kilmainham  for  invalids,  the  linen  hall,  the  bar- 
racks, the  toll-sell,  or  town-house,  and  Esse\ 
bridge  and  Sarah  bridge,  2  of  the  6  bridges  ove 
the  Liffey.  The  hospitals  and  other  charitable  in 
stitutions  are  numerous ;  and  it  has  2  theatres.  At 
observatory  is  erected  on  a  rocky  hill,  about  4  ms 
NW.  of  the  city.  The  civil  government  of  Dub 
lin  is  executed  by  a  lord  mayor,  recorder,  2  she 
riff's,  24  aldermen,  and  a  common  council,  form 
ed  of  representatives  from  the  25  corporations.  Be 
side  the  silk,  woollen,  and  cotton  manufacture 
carried  on  in  the  supurbs,  other  branches  of  uselu 
manufacture  are  establishing  in  different  parts  0 
the  metropolis,  and  its  foreign  trade  is  considerable 

The  harbor  is  incommoded  by  two  banks  o 
sand,  which  prevent  vessels  of  large  burden  fron 


J)U I)  ( ! EOGJMPH ICAL  DICTIONARY.  DUM 


going  over  the  bar ;  it  has  a  mole  nearly  4  ms.  in 
length,  with  a  light  house  at  the  extremity,  and  an- 
other on  the  promontory  opposite,  called  the  hill  of 
Howth.  Three  miles  below  the  city,  at  a  place 
called  the  Pigeon-house,  is  a  commodious  dock, 
and  here  the  packets  receive  and  land  passengers. 
The  Liffey  divides  the  city  into  almost  two  equal 
!  parts,  and  has  spacious  and  noble  quays  on  both 
sides.  A  grand  canal  has  been  made  from  the  Lif- 
fey, which  communicates  with  the  Shannon  near 
Clonfort.  Dublin  is  seated  on  the  end  of  a  spa- 
cious bay,  7  ms.  from  the  Irish  sea,  60  W.  of  Ho- 
lyhead, in  Wales,  and  300  WNW.  of  London. 
6  18  W.,  lat.  53  21  N. 

Dublin,  town  in  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  31  ms. 
SW.  from  Concord.    The  tp.  incl tides  the  Grand 

Monadnoch  mountain.   Pop.  in  1820,1,260.  

Tp.  in  Huntington  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  632. 

 Tp.  in  Bedford  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  713. 

 Lower,  tp.  in  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 

Delaware  river,  10  ms.  above  Philadelphia.  Pop. 

in  1820,  2,640.  Upper,  tp.  in  Montgomery 

co.,  Pa.,  between  Abington  and  Gwinned  tps.,  15 

ms.  NW.  from  Philadelphia.  Village  and  seat 

of  justice  in  Laurens  co.,  Ga.,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Oconee,  55  ms.  below  Milledgeville.  N. 

lat.  32  32,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  5.  -Town  in  Franklin 

co.,  Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  Scioto  river,  12  ms. 
NW.  from  Columbus.    Pop.  in  1820,  about  50. 

Dubois,  or  Lake  of  the  Woods,  lake  of  British 
North  America,  W.  from  Lake  La  Pluic,  or  Lake 
Rain.  The  river  La  Pluie  flows  from  the  latter  to 
(he  former.  The  discharge  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods  is  again  into  Lake  Winnipio.  The  NW. 
boundary  of  the  United  States,  on  N.  lat.  49°,  in- 
tersects the  W.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
i  Dubois,  co.  of  la.,  bounded  by  Perry  SE., 
Spencer  S.,  Warwick  SW.,  Pike  W.,  Davies 
NW.,  Owen  N.,  and  Orange  and  Crawford' E.  ; 
length  20  ins.,  mean  width  18  ;  area  378  sq.  ms. 
Enlace  generally  hilly,  and  soil  varied.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,168,  and  in"  1840,  3,632.  Central  lat. 
38  22  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  50  W. 
'  Dubourg's,  post  office  on  the  Mississippi  river, 
n  the  parish  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  49  ms.  above 
New  Orleans. 

Duck  Branch,  post  office  in  Barnwell  district, 
5.  C,  by  post  road  136  ms.  SW,  from  Columbia. 

Duck  Creek,  sometimes  called  Salisbury,  town 
uul  huudred  of  Kent,  Del.,  12  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Dover,  and  28  S.  of  Newcastle.  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,951. 

Duck  river,  Ten.,  rises  in  Franklin  co.,  and, 
mrsuing  a  comparative  course  of  about  150  ms. 
WNW.,  falls  into  Tennessee  river,  after  having 
raversed  Bedford,  Maury,  Hickman,  Williamson, 
Oickson,  and  Humphrey  counties.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  boats  at  high  water,  following  the  bends, 
.bout  100  ms. 

Duck  Island,  tp.  in  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop.  in 
820,  18. 

Dudley,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire,  with 
i  great  manufacture  of  nails  and  other  iron  wares. 
There  is  a  church  at  each  end  of  the  longest  street, 
t  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  Birmingham,  and  120  of 

iOtidon.    Lon.  2  0  W.,  lat.  52  33  N  Town 

n  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  line  which  (Sl- 
ides this  State  from  Connecticut,  and  on  the  E. 
ide  of  Lockwood  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,615.  


Village  on  the  northern  bank  of  Scioto  river,  Har. 
din  co.,  Ohio,  6  ms.  E.  of  Kenton,  the  county 
seat,  22  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Marion,  and  18  ms. 
SW.  of  Upper  Sandusky. 

Duersiade. — -See  Wick-de-Duerstadc. 

Duff's  Fork,  post  office  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  NNE.  of  W  ashing- 
ton,  the  county  seat,  18  ms.  nearly  due  W.  from 
Circlesville,  and  25  ms.  SSW.  of  Columbus.  This 
place  is  usually  called  Yankeetown. 

Duins,  or  Doins,  seaport  in  the  duchy  of  Car- 
niola,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Trieste.  Lon.  13  46  E.,  lat. 
45  55  N. 

Duisburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Cleves,  with  a  university,  seated  on  the  Koer,  near 
the  Rhine,  12  ms.  N.  of  Dusseldorf.  Lon.  6  50 
E.,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Duitz,  or  Duytz,  town  of  Westphalia,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Cologne.  It  is  chief- 
ly inhabited  by  Jews. 

Duke  comes,  it  is  probable,  from  modern  Greek, 
and  that  from  dux,  to  conduct  or  guide.  As  early 
as  the  reign  of  Probus,  A.  D.  276,  a  certain  class 
of  Roman  generals  were  designated  Dues,  Duces, 
Conductors.  In  process  of  time,  governors  of  pro- 
vinces received  this  title.  It  is  now  applied  to  sev- 
eral sovereign  princes. 

Duke  of  York's  island,  island  in  the  S.  Pacific 
ocean,  discovered  by  Commodore  Byron  in  1765, 
lying  N.  of  the  Friendly  islands.  The  ground  was 
covered  by  land  crabs,  but  no  other  animal  was  seen. 

Lon.  172  30  W.,  lat.  8°  S.  Island  in  the  S. 

Pacific  ocean,  about  10  ms.  long,  lying  between 
Lord  Howe's  group  and  the  SE.  point  of  New 
Ireland.  The  nutmeg  was  seen  by  Captain  Hun- 
ter, who  anchored  in  Port  Hunter  bay,  in  this  is- 
land, in  May,  1791.  Lon,  152  42  E.,  lat.  4  7 
South. 

Dukes,  co.,  Mass.,  comprises  Martha's  Vine- 
yard island,  Chabaquiddick  island,  Noman's  is- 
land, and  the  group  of  Elizabeth  islands ;  the 
whole  surface  amounting  to  about  120  sq.  ms.  of 
habitable  land.  Soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief 
(own  Edgartown.  Pop.  1820,  3,292,  and  in 
1840,  3,958.  Central  lat.  41  25  N.,  lon.  6  30 
E.  W.  C. 

JJtilas,  village  of  Eng.,  on  the  NE.  side  of  the 
isle  of  Anglesey,  much  frequented  on  account  of 
the  corn  and  butter  trade,  and  for  fern  ashes. 

Dulce,  river  of  N.  America,  in  Costa  Rica  and 
Veragua,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Dulce,  after  sepa- 
rating the  two  provinces  from  which  it  flows  

Gulf  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  into  which  the  river 
Dulce  is  discharged.  Lon.  W.  C.  5  20  W.,  lat. 
9°  N. 

Dulderstadl,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Whipper, 
15  ms.  E.  of  Gottingen,  and  130  NE.  of  Mentz. 
Lon.  10  14  E.,  lat.  51  28  N. 

Dulmen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Munster,  18  ms.  SW.  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  1 
W.,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Dulverton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire, 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Ex,  24  ms.  E.  of  Barn- 
stable, and  164  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3  40 
W.,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Dulwich,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  5  ms.  S.  of 
London. 

Dumbarton,  borough  of  Eng.,  the  capital  of 

283 


DUM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DUN 


Dumbartonshire,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Leven  and  Clyde,  with  a  stone  bridge  over  the 
former.  Its  principal  manufacture  is  glass,  but 
many  of  the  young  women  are  employed  in  the 
print  fields  on  the  banks  of  the  Leven.  It  is  al- 
most surrounded  by  the  Leven  and  the  Clyde. 
Dumbarton  is  15  m?,  WNW.  of  Glasgow.  Lon. 

4  30  W.,  lat.  50°  N.  Town,  Strafford  co., 

N.  H.    Pop.  1820,  1,450. 

Dumbarton,  the  post  office  name  of  Jackson- 
ville, Meigs  co.,  Ohio.  The  village  stands  10 
ms.  NNE.  from  West  Union,  and  about  30  ms. 
N  W.  of  Portsmouth,  at  the  mouth  of  Scioto  river. 

Dumbartonshire,  or  Lenox,  Eng.,  runs  far  N. 
among  a  cluster  of  hills,  and  is  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  the  frith  and  river  of  Clyde,  on  the  E.  by  Lan- 
arkshire and  Sterlingshire,  on  the  NE.  by  Perth- 
shire and  the  Grampian  hills,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Argyleshire  and  Loch  Long,  It  is  about  20  ms. 
broad,  from  E.  to  W.,  and  about  40  long,  from 
N.  to  S.  That  part  which  lies  to  the  E.  is  very 
fruitful  in  corn,  the  other  parts  being  hilly  feed 
vast  flocks  of  sheep.  Pop.  1801,  20,710,  in  1811, 
28,189,  and  in  1821,  27,313. 

Dumblane,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Perthshire,  30 
ms.  NW.  of  Edinburgh. 

Dumfermline,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
shire,  which  is  a  considerable  manufacturing  town, 
and  has  a  good  trade  in  linen  goods,  particularly 
diapers.  It  is  15  ms.  NW.  of  Edinburgh.  Lon. 
3  37  W.,  lat.  56  5  N. 

Dumfries,  village  and  seat  of  justice  in  Prince 
William  co.,  Va.,  on  Quantico  creek,  32  ms. 
SSW.  from  Washington,  and  23  ms.  NNE.  from 

Fredericksburg.  Royal  borough  of  Scotland, 

capital  of  Dumfriesshiie,  pleasantly  situated  be- 
tween two  hills,  on  the  river  Nith.  It  is  a  regu- 
lar well  built  town,  8  ms.  N.  of  Solway  Frith,  and 
30  WNW.  of  Carlisle.  Lon.  3  29  W.3  lat.  55 
12  N. 

Dumfries,  co.  of  Scotland,  which  includes  An- 
andale  and  Niddisdale  ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
part  of  Ayrshire,  Lanaikshire,  Peeblesshire,  and 
Selkirkshire,  on  the  W.  by  Selkirkshire  and  Rox- 
burghshire, on  the  S.  by  the  Solway  frith,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  cos.  of  Ayr  and  Kircudbright,  ex- 
tending about  50  ms.  in  length,  and  30  in  breadth. 
Eusdale  is  the  most  eastern  division,  and  divided 
from  Annandale  by  Eskdale.  Annandale  lies  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Annan,  which  runs  through 
the  middle  of  the  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Solway 
frith,  after  a  course  of  27  ms.  This  division  is  a 
stewarty,  abounding  with  pasture  and  pleasant 
woods,  is  about  27  ms  long,  and  14  broad.  Nid- 
disdale, or  Nithdale,  receives  its  name  from  the 
river  Nid,  that  passes  through  it  and  runs  into  the 
Solway  frith  ;  this  is  the  western  division,  abounds 
in  pastures  and  arable  lands,  produces  abundance 
of  corn,  and  some  woods  and  forests ;  gold  has 
been  found  in  some  of  its  brooks,  after  great  rains. 
Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Esk,  Annan,  and  Nid.  Its 
chief  towns  are  Annan  and  Dumfries.  Pop.  in 
1801  54,597,  in  1811,  62,960,  and  in  1821, 
70,878. 

Dummer,  tp.,  Cons  co.,  iN.  H.  Pop.  1820,  42. 

Dummerston,  or  Dummcrstown,  town,  Wind- 
ham co.,  Vt.,  on  West  river,  104  ms.  S.  from  Mont- 
pelier,  and  8  NNE.  from  Brattleborough. 

Dunamond,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  I 
284 


of  Riga.  It  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Dwina,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Riga. 

Dunbar,  royal  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Hadding- 
tonshire, seated  near  the  German  ocean.  It  has 
a  good  harbor,  formerly  defended  by  a  castle. 
Under  the  rock,  on  which  the  castle  stands,  arc 
two  natural  arches,  through  which  the  tide  flows, 
and  between  the  harbor  and  the  castle  is  a  stratum 
of  vast  basaltic  columns.  It  is  25  ms.  E.  of  Edin- 
burgh.   Lon.  2  34  W.,  lat.  57  12  N.  Tp. 

Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW.  side  of  Youghiogany 
river,  opposite  Connellsville.  Pop.  1820,  1,805. 

Dunbarton,  town,  Merrimack  co  ,  N.  H.,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Merrimack  river,  35  ms.  W.  ol 
Portsmouth.    Pop.  1820,  1,450. 

Duncansborough,  town,  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  at 
Lake  Memphremagog.    Pop.  150. 

Duncannon,  fortress  and  town  of  Ireland,  in 
the  co.  of  Wexford,  seated  on  the  river  Ross,  6 
ms.  E.  of  Waterford.  Lon  6  46  W.,  lat.  54  VI 
North. 

Duncan's  Falls,  new  village  on  Muskingum 
river,  and  in  Muskingum  co.,  8£  ms.  below  Zanes- 
ville.  Great  water  power  is  obtained  here,  by  a 
dam  thrown  over  the  river,  with  a  lock,  being  part 
of  the  great  work  necessary  to  render  the  Mus- 
kingum navigable  to  the  Ohio.  The  place  is  oth- 
erwise called  Taylorsville. 

Duncansville,  village,  Barnwell  district,  S.  C, 
about  80  ms.  SSW  from  Columbia. 

Dundaff,  village  in  the  SE.  angle  of  Susque- 
hannah  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  road  from  Bethany  to 
Montrose,  20  ms.  NW.  from  the  former,  and  22 
SE.  from  the  latter. 

Dundalk,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Louth, 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  20  ms.  NNW.  v\ 
Drogheda.    Lon.  6  17  W.,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Dundas,  co.  of  Upper  Canada,  bounded  E.  by 
Stormont,  SE.  by  St.  Lawrence  river,  YV.  by 
Greenville,  and  N.  by  Ottowa  river. 

Dundee,  royal  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Angus- 
shire,  with  an  excellent  harbor.  Its  situation  for 
commerce  is  very  advantageous.  Trading  vessels 
of  the  largest  burden  can  get  into  the  harbor ;  and 
on  the  quay  there  are  are  3  very  convenient  and 
handsome  warehouses,  built  in  1756,  as  well  at. 
good  room  for  ship  building,  which  is  carried  on 
to  a  large  extent.  The  houses  are  built  of  stone, 
generally  3  or  4  stories  high.  The  pop.  in  1788 
amounted  to  nearly  20,000,  but  the  inhabitant! 
have  increased  to  23  or  24,000.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  frith  of  Tay,  12  ms.  from  its 
mouth,  40  NE.  of  Edinburgh,  22  E  of  Perth,  and 
14  NW.  of  St.  Andrews.  Lon.  2  55  W  .,  lat. 
56  30  N. 

Duneburg,  town  of  Livonia,  on  the  Dwiiu, 
90  ms.  SE.  of  Riga.    Lon  27  E  ,  lat.  56  8  N. 

Dungannon,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Ty- 
rone, 11  ms.  NNW.  of  Armagh.  Lon.  6  39 
W.,  lat.  54  48  N. 

Dungarvon,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  ol 
Waierford,  seated  on  Dungarvon  Bay,  22  DM. 
SW.  of  Waterford.    Lon.  7  29  W.,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Dungeness,  cape  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  8  ms.  B. 
by  W.  of  Romney.    Lon.  29'  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Dunkard,  tp.,  Green  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  river  Monongahela,  and  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  the  line  that  divides  Pa.  from  Va.  Pop.  v.. 
1820,  1,472. 


DUN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


DUR 


lunkeld,  town  of  Scot.,  in  the  shire  of  Perth, 
L  ed  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river  Tay,  in  a  situa- 
B  truly  romantic,  under  fuid  among  very  high 
n  almost  inaccessible  crags.  Dunkeld  is  12  ms. 
I  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  36  W.,  lat.  56  35  N. 

)nnhirk,  considerable  seaport  of  Fr.,  tin  the 
d.  of  the  North  and  late  French  Flanders,  22 
,  SW.  of  Ostend.  Lon  2  28  E.,  lat.  51  2  N. 
-—Small  village  and  fort  on  Lake  Erie,  Cha- 
t  que  co.,  N.  Y.  The  harbor  lies  in  the  form  of 
aemi-ellipsis.  It  is  sheltered  to  the  NW.  by  a 
I  it  of  land,  and  on  the  N.  by  a  reef  of  rocks,  on 
E  eh  there  is  only  about  2  feet  water.  It  is  the 
r  v  harbor  from  Buffalo  to  Erie  on  the  N.  Y.  and 

I  shore.    From  Buffalo  45  ms.,  and  from  Can- 

i  way  or  Fredonia  4  ms.  Village  in  King  and 

leen  co.,  Va.,  116  ms.  from  Washington. 

lun-le-roi,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cher, 
a  late  province  of  Berry,  20  ms.  S.  of  Bourges. 
;  i.  2  29  E.,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Itinlnp,  village  of  Scot.,  in  Ayrshire,  in  the  dis- 

I I  of  Cunningham,  celebrated  for  rich  and  deli- 
i 1  cheese. 

)unlapsville,  village  on  E.  branch  of  White 
hter  river,  Union  co.,  Ia.,  50  ms.  NW.  from 
t  icinnati,  and  83  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Jndian- 
s  lis. 

)unmow,  Great,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  with 
a  anufacture  of  baize.  It  is  13  ms.  N.  of  Chelms- 
1 1,  and  46  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  24'  E.,  lat. 
{54  N. 

Junmow,  Little,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  ad- 
j  ling  to  Great  Dunraow. 

lunni»g  Street,  village,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y., 
I  ms.  N.  from  Albany. 

lunningfon,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  27 
i.  SE.  of  Lincoln,  and  111  N.  of  London.  Lon. 
'W.,  lat.  52  55  N. 

r)unno:se,  cape  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Isle  of 

ght.    Lon.  1  16  W.,  lat.  50  33  N. 

Ounnsbury,  village,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa. 

Dunse,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berwickshire,  between 
t  forks  of  the  rivers  Blackadder  and  Whiteadder, 
i  i  rich  and  fertile  country,  12  ms.  W.  of  Ber- 
i  k  upon  Tweed.    Lon.  2  5  W.,  lat.  55  46  N. 

Dunstable,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bedfordshire,  on 
;  ry  chalky  hill,  and  has  four  streets  which  regard 
i  four  cardinal  points.  The  church  is  the  re- 
i  inder  of  a  priory,  and  opposite  to  it  is  a  farm- 
I  Jse,  once  a  royal  palace.  Dunstable  is  famous 
f  elegant  baskets,  &c,  made  of  straw,  which  are 
<>n  an  article  of  exportation.  It  is  34  ms.  NW. 
"London.    Lon.  29'  W.,  lat.  51  59  N.  

wn,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  lying  on  the 
>cr  Merrimack,  about  40  ms.  NW.  of  Boston. 

p.  in  1820,  1,142.  Mp.,   Middlesex  co., 

ss.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Merrimack  river,  25  ms. 

|V.  of  Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  584.  Tp., 

•  coming  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  474. 

Dunsfanville,  village,  Edgefield  district.  S.  C, 

post  road  67  ms.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Dunster,  town  of  Eng.  in  Somersetshire,  with  a 
I  bor  on  the  Bristol  channel.    It  is  20  ms.  N  W. 

Taunton,  and  158  W.  of  London.    Lon.  3  41 

,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Dunwich,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  at  the 
1  of  a  looae  cliff,  24  ms.  S.  of  Yarmouth,  and  99 

of  liondon.    Lon.  1  55  E.,  lat.  52  21  N.  

,  U.  C,  co.  of  Suffolk,  lies  to  the  W.  of 


Southwold,  having  the  river  Thames  for  its  N., 
and  Lake  Erie  for  its  S.  boundary. 

Dupage,  lake,  la.,  in  the  river  Des  Planes,  6 
ms.  above  its  junction  with  the  Kankakee. 

Duplin,  co,  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  New  Hano- 
ver S.,  Sampson  W.,  Wayne  N.,  Lenoir  and 
Jones  NE  ,  and  Onslow  E.  ;  length  32  ms.,  mean 
width  20;  area  640  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally 
level,  or  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  thin,  and  rathei 
sterile.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,744;  and  in  1840, 
11,182.  N.  lat.  35°,  and  Ion.  1°  W.  from  W. 
C,  intersect  very  near  the  centre  of  this  co. 

Dupreeville,  village,  Northampton  co  ,  N.  C  , 
between  Meherrin  and  Roanoke  rivers,  245  ms. 
SSW.  of  Washington. 

Ducquela,  province  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Morocco,  about  75  ms.  in  length,  and  85  in 
breadth.    It  abounds  in  corn  and  cattle. 

Durampour,  town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostnn, 
in  the  province  of  Guzerat,  46  ms.  NNE.  of  Bom- 
bay.   Lon.  73  14  E.,  lat.  20  32  N. 

Durance,  river  of  Fr.,  which  rises  near  Brian- 
con,  and,  watering  Embrun,  Tallard,  Sisteron, 
Monosque,  and  Cavaillon,  falls  into  the  Rhone, 
below  Avignon. 

Durand,  tp.,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  in  1820,  78. 

Durango,  city  of  Mexico,  and  capital  of  the  State 
of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  western  side 
of  the  great  Cordilleras  of  Anahuac,  570  ms.  N  W. 
from  the  city  of  Mexico.  According  to  Humboldt, 
this  city  stands  nearly  7,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  ocean.  N.  lat.  24  25,  lon.  W.  C,  26  35  W. 
The  environs  of  Durango  appear  volcanic.  The 
largest  mass  of  that  very  remarkable  substance,  na- 
tive iron,  ever  yet  discovered,  was  found  near  this 
city;  its  weight  supposed  to  be  40,000  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. The  population  was  estimated  by  Hum- 
boldt at  12,000. 

Durango,  formerly  an  intendancy,  and  now  a 
State  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  generally  known  as 
New  Biscay.  It  was  one  of  the  internal  provinces, 
As  a  State,  it  is  bounded  SE.  by  Zacatecas,  S.  by 
Jalisco,  E.  by  New  Leon,  N.  by  Chihuahua,  and 
W.  by  Sonora  y  Sinaloa.  Area  uncertain,  but 
about  40,000  sq.  ms.  Central  lat.  26°  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  27°  W.  According  to  Malte  Brun,  the 
great  central  chain,  or  rather  table  land  of  Ana- 
huac, traverses  this  State,  with  craters  of  volcanoes 
(extinct.)  The  mines  of  silver  are  common,  and 
abundant  in  that  precious  metal.  Humboldt  in- 
forms us,  that  the  general  level  exceeds  6,500  feet 
above  the  ocean,  but  declining  to  the  E.  and  W. 
As  a  level  in  N.  America  of  about  400  feet  is 
equivalent  to  a  degree  of  lat.,  the  climate  of  Du- 
rango must  be  similar  to  that  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
of  upwards  of  40  N.  ;  and  of  course  the  vegetable 
productions  generally,  grain,  grasses,  and  fruits  ot 
the  same  species  of  those  of  the  Middle  States  of 
the  U.  S.  The  winters,  says  Malte  Brun,  are  se- 
vere, and  followed  in  summer  by  suffocating  heats, 
precisely  the  character  of  the  climate  of  Quebec. 
Durango  has,  in  its  geographical  features,  a  very 
strong  resemblance  to  the  high  central  plains  of 
Mongolia,  and  Soongaria  in  Asia.  Rivers  here 
rise,  and  finding  no  outlet,  are  lost  in  lakes,  or 
wasted  in  sands.  The  population  is  necessaiily 
thin,  but  they  are  in  a  peculiar  degree  hardy,  mus- 
cular, and  patient  of  fatigue.  If  the  number, 
16,000,  on  Tanner's  map  of  Mexico,  be  correct  as 

2S5 


DUR 


DWi 


fo  the  share  allotted  to  Durango,  the  inhabitants 
amount  to  only  about  2k  to  the  sq.  m.,  and  of 
these  a  large  proportion  in  the  capital.  The  latter 
distribution  is,  however,  in  the  Spanish  provinces, 
by  no  means  peculiar  to  Durango.  Capital,  Du- 
rango. 

Duranfs  Bay,  N.  C,  Albemarle  sound.  Lon. 
W.  C.  44'  E. 

Durazzo,  village  of  Albania,  with  a  good  har- 
bor, on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  50  ms.  N.  of  Valona. 
Lon.  19  19  E.,  lat.  41  54  N. 

Burby,  town  of  French  Luxemburg,  capital  of 
a  co.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Outre,  20  ms.  S. 
of  Liege.    Lon.  5  28  E.,  lat.  58  18  N. 

Burckehn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of 
the  Rhine,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Neustadt.  Lon.  8  21 
E.,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Buren,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Ju- 
liers,  on  the  river  Roer,  12  ms  S.  of  Julicrs.  Lon. 
G  40  E.,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Durham,  co.  of  Eng.,  called  the  bishopric  of 
Durham,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Northumberland, 
on  the  E.  by  the  German  ocean,  on  the  S.  and 
SW.  by  Yorkshire,  and  on  the  W.  by  Westmore- 
land and  Cumberland.  It  extends  37  ms.  from  N. 
to  S.,  and  47  from  E.  to  W.  ;  contains  1  city,  7 
market  towns,  and  1 13  parishes,  and  sends  4  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  lis  rivers  are  the  Tees,  Tine, 
Ware,  Tame,  Lune,  Derwent,  Gauntless,  Skem, 
&e.  Its  principal  products  are  lead,  coals,  iron, 
corn,  mustard,  salt,  glass,  fine  ale,  with  excellent 
butter  and  salmon.  The  soil  is  various;  the  south 
rich,  but  the  western  parts  rocky  and  moorish. 
Pop.  in  1801,  160,361;  in  181!,  177,025  ;  and 
in  1821,  207,673.  Capital  of  the  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, and  a  bishop's  see.  Has  a  manufacture  of 
shalloons,  tammies,  and  calamancoes,  and  around 
it  are  grown  large  quantities  of  the  best  mustard. 
NeviU's  Cross,  near  the  city,  was  erected  in  mem- 
ory of  the  victory  obtained  by  Queen  Philippa  in  j 
1346,  over  David  Bruce,  king  of  Scot.,  who  was 
taken  prisoner  in  this  battle.  Durham  sends  two 
members  to  parliament ;  is  14  ms.  S.  of  New  Cas- 
tle, and  257  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  I  27  W., 
lat.  54  50  N.( 

Durham,  tp  ,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  between 
Wickham  and  Melborne,  60  ms.  E.  from  Mon- 
treal. Tp.  of  Cumberland,  Me.,  on  the  SW. 

side  of  Sagadahoc  river,  about  12,  ms.  above  its 
junction  with  the  river  Kennebec.    Pop.  in  1820, 

'l?5G2.  Town,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  W.  from 

Great  Bay,  and   12  ms.  W.  from  Port-mouth. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,538.  Town,  Middlesex  co., 

Ct.,  7  ms  S.  from  Middletown.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,196.  Town,  Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  N  W. 

from  Athens.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,979.  Co.,  U. 

C,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  co.  of  Northumber- 
land; on  the  S.  by  Lake  Ontario,  until  it  meets 
the  westernmost  point  of  Long  Beach  ;  thence,  by 
a  line  running  N.  16°  W.,  until  it  intersects  the 
southern  boundary  of  a  tract  of  land  belonging  to 
the  Missassago  Indians  ;  and  thence,  along  the  sa'»d 
tract,  parallel  to  Lake  Ontario,  until  it  meets  the 
northwestcrnmost  boundary  of  the  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. Northern  tp    of  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on 

the  W.  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  12  ins.  S.  from 
Easton.    Pop.  in  1820,  485. 

Burnley,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire.  It 
is  inhabited  by  clothiers,  and  seated  near  the 
•2bG 


Severn,  13  ms.  SW.  of  Gloucester,  and  107 
of  London.    Lon.  2  23  W.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Burtal,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Maine 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou,  whose  c 
trade  consists  in  tanning. 

Dusky  Bay,  bay  of  the  island  of  New  Zeal; 
in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  166  18  E., 
45  47  S. 

Busseldorf,  strong  city,  capital  of  the.  duch 
Berg.  It  contains  about  18,000  inhabitants, 
eluding  the  garrison.  Dusseldorf  derives  an  ai 
dignity  from  its  palace  and  great  church, 
seated  on  the  river  Dussel,  near  the  Rhine,  22 
N  W.  of  Cologne.    Lon  6  52  E.,  lat.  51  12  N 

Butchess,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  E.  by 
S.  by  Putnam  co.  in  N.  Y.,  W.  by  Hu 
river,  and  N.  by  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.  ; 
35  ms.,  mean  width  24;  area  340  sq.  ms. 
face  of  this  co.,is  in  a  peculiar  manner  dive 
In  the  valleys  of  the  Housatonic,  Fishkill, 
pinger,  and  Jansen,  are  extensive  bodies 
rate  land.    In  the  intermediate  space 
those  rich  vales,  extend  fertile  tracts  of  hig 
little  less  productive.    The  banks  of  the  H 
are  steep,  rocky,  and  broken,  and  indeed 
rally  precipitous.    On  its  southern  boundary 
co.  rises  into  mountains,  some  of  the 
which  exceed  1,200  feet  above  the  level  of 
water.     From  the  elevated  ground  from 
they  flow,  and  the  comparatively  deep  chu 
which  the  Hudson  is  confined,  the  creeks  of 
chess  are  eminently  calculated  for  the  propuLs 
of  machinery,  an  advantage  to  a  considerable 
tent  improved  by  the  inhabitants. — See  Malemw 
Wapp lager's  Creek,  ^fc.    This  country  is  v- 
cultivated  and  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  ; 
meadow  grasses.    Its  staples  are  numerous,  i 
consists  of  grain,  Hour,  whiskey,  beef,  pork,  h 
ter,  cheese,  live  stock,  orchard  fruits  and  gan 
vegetables.     Chief  town,  Poughkeepsie.  Pop 
1820,   46,615,  and  in  1840,  52,398.  C« 
lat.  41  45  N.  Ion.  W.  C.  3  20  E. 

Dutlingen,  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Danu 
over  which  it  has  a  bridge.    It  belongs  to 
King  of  Wirtemhurg,  and  is  33  ms  NW.  of  C< 
stance.    Lon.  9  2  E.,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Bufotsburg,  town,  Northampton  co.,  Pa., 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Delaware,  at  its  entrai 
into  the  Watergap  and  at  the  foot  of  theB' 
Mountain  on  the  N.  side,  in  Smilhfield  tp.  It 
25  ms.  N.  from  Easton. 

Button,  village,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  135  n 
NE.  from  Portland. 

Buxburough,  town,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass., 
ms.  N,  from  Plymouth.   '  Pop.  in  1820,  2,40: 

Buxbury,  tp.  of  Washington  co.,  Vt.,  on  i 
left  side  of  Onion  river,  13  ms.  below  Montpeii 
Pop.  350. 

Buyveland,  one  of  the  islands  of  Zealand, 
the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  E.  of  8chow« 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  charm 

Dwina,  southern,  large  river  of  Russia,  wh 
rises  in  the  Government  of  Polotsk,  Sinolen 
Vitepsk,  flows  first  180  ms  to  the  SW.  thei 
turns  to  NW.  250  ms.,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Rij 
below  the  city  of  Riga.  The  Dwina,  followi 
the  windings  of  the  stream,  is  navigable  abc 
Riga  upwards  of  400  ms.  to  Toropetz,  fn 
whence  it  is  connected  by  a  canal   with  t 


EAD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


EAR 


b'her  branches  of  the  Dnieper.  The  basin  of 
t  Dwina,  lies  between  55°  and  57°  N.  of 
c  rse  in  winter  is  frozen,  but  similar  to  every 
s  am  in  the  great  plain  of  Russia,  is  unobstructed 
bany  serious  impediment  to  its  navigation,  from 
r  ks  or  shoals. 

Dwina,  northern  river  of  Russia,  and  a  much 
nre  considerable  stream  than  the  southern  river 
othe  same  name.  The  northern  Dwina  rises 
btwo  great  sources,  the  Vezegda  in  the  Govern- 
r  nt  of  Archangel,  and  the  Soukhona  in  that  of 
Tlogda.  The  two  latter  are  in  a  peculiar  man- 
r  remarkable,  flowing  directly  towards  each 
cer;  the  Soukhona,  to  the  NE.  by  E.  and  the 
Tzegda,  N  W.  by  W.,  each  about  250  ms.  The 
Izegdo  and  Soukhona  literally  meet,  and  form- 
i  the  Dwina,  turn  to  the  NW.  250  ms.  and  fall 
■i!)  the  White  sea  at  Archangel.  The  Dwina 
a>rds  an  unbroken  navigation  from  Archangel, 
t  the  White  sea,  and  from  Vologda,  near  which 
i  night  communicate  with  the  Shaxna,  and  of 
r  rse  with  the  Neva  and  the  Volga.  Eastwards, 
I  the  Vezegda,  and  its  branches,  navigation  is 
( lied  to  near  the  foot  of  the  Ural  mountains. 
'  e  basin  of  the  Dwina  lies  between  N.  lat.  59° 
r,l  65  30  N.,  and  yet  abounds  in  forests,  prin- 
c ally  resinous  trees. 

Dijberry,  tp.  of  Wayns  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Lack- 
aaxen  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  1082. 

Oyer's  Island,  in  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte, 
1  to  the  eastward  of  Missassaga  Island,  U.  C. 

\Dyer,  village,  Dyer  co.,  Tenn.  Co.  of  Tenn., 

s'tation  and  boundaries  uncertain.  It  has  been 
r sntly  erected. 

)ynasty,  in  its  original  meaning  expressed 
S'ngth,  rule,  or  power,  as  general ;  but  it  is  now 
tjd  as  a  term  for  a  family  of  sovereigns ;  as  for 
e  mples  the  Capetian  dynasty  in  France;  that  of 
Ipsburg,  in  Germany  ;  House  of  Hanover,  in 
(:at  Britain,  &c. 

Dysart,  borough  of  Scotland  in  Fifeshire,  seated 
( the  Frith  of  Forth,  1 1  ms.  N.  of  Edinburgh. 
I  has  a  considerable  trade  in  coal.  Lon.  3  6 
'  ,  lat.  56  9  N. 

E. 

ladies'  Island.  In  the  National  Intelligencer, 
;gust  7,  1843  it  was  announced  that  a  beautiful 
i  nd  had  been  recently  discovered  in  the  South 
lufic  ocean,  from  the  barque  Isabella  of  Fair- 
1  en,  Capt.  Geo.^E.  Netcher,  and  named  Eadi.es* 
i  nd,  after  the  man  who  first  discovered  it.  The 
rort  gives  it  40  ms.  length  from  NE.  to  SW. 
5  lat,  11  05,  W.  Ion.,  165  05.  These  geo- 
t  phical  elements  would  place  Eadies'  island  at 
soint  430  geographical  or  500  statute  ms.  N. 
c72  25  E.  from  Upulu  or  Upola,  the  western- 
r  5t  island  in  the  Samoan  or  Navigator's  group. 

)n  the  chart  entitled  Oceana,  attending  the 
ggraphy  of  Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot,  at 
120S.  lat.,  and  166  W.Lon.,  Paris,  is  placed 
I  island  of  St.  Bernard. 

|)n  Tanner's  Oceana  or  Pacific  ocean,  St. 
1  nard's  island  is  placed  at  166  lon.  W.  London, 
I  [&  lat,  10  40.  The  size  of  the  island  40  ms. 
a,given  by  Capt.  Netcher,  would  account  for 
lefa  discrepancy  in  fixing  a  point  and  justify 


the  conclusion,  that  Eadies'  and  St.  Bernard's  is- 
lands are  one  and  the  same. 

Eagle,  tp.,  of  Brown  counties,  O.  Pop,  1820, 
2,133.    For  village  in   this  tp.,    see  Fincastle, 

post  office,  Brown  co.,  Ohio.  Post  office  in 

the  southwest  part  of  Hancock,  co.,  Ohio,  14  ms. 
N.  of  Kenton,  co.  seat  of  Hardin  co.  and  14  S.  of 

Finley,  co.  seat  of  Hancock  co.  Creek  of 

Adams  and  Brown  co.,  O.,  falls  into  Ohio  river, 
10  ms.  below  Maysville  Tp.,  Hocking  co.,  O. 

Eagle  Creek,  post  office,  St.  Charles  co.  Mo., 
25  ms.  from  St.  Louis. 

Eagle  Island,  tp.  of  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop. 
in  1820,  8. 

Eaglesville,  village,  tp.  of  Manlius,  Onondago, 
co.,  N.  Y. 

Eaglesville,  or  Eagkville,  post  office  in  Ashta- 
bula, co.  O.,  4  ms  a.  little  S.  of  W.  from  Jefferson, 
the  co.  sent. 

Eagkville,  village,  Marengo  co.,  Ala.,  on  Tom- 
bigbee,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Black  Warrior. 

Eaoowe,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands  in  the 
S.  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by  Tasman,  in  1643, 
and  by  him  named  Middleburg.  Lon,  174  30 
W.,  lat.  24  24  S. 

Eardly,  tp.  of  York  co.,  L.  C,  on  Ottawa 
river. 

Earl,  tp,  of  Berks,  co.,  Pa.,  12  ms.  NE.  from 

Reading.    Pop.  1820,  509.  Tp.  of  Lancaster 

co.,  Pa.,  on  Conestogo  creek,  12  ms.  above  Lan- 
caster.   Pop.   1820,  5,559. 

Earlston,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berwickshire,  on 
the  river  Leader,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Edinburgh. 

Earn,  river  of  Scotland,  which  issues  from  the 
lake  of  Earn,  in  Perthshire.  It  meanders  for 
above  20  ms.  through  the  valley  of  Strathearn,  and 
joins  the  Tay  below  Perth. 

Earne,  lake  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Ferman- 
agh, 30  ms.  in  length.  It  is  narrow  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  in  this  part  is  an  island  on  which  stands 
Enniskillen. 

Earth.  Webster,  after  giving  the  cognate  words 
of  different  languages  from  which  this  term  comes, 
says  :  "It  is  obvious  then  that  the  primary  sense  of 
earth,  is  fine  particles  like  mould,"  and  from 
which  again,  come  arable,  harrow,  &c.  But  in  a 
geographical  sense,  Earth  means  the  planet  we 
inhabit,  and  which  has  been  determined  to  be  an 
oblate  spheroid,  flattened  at  the  poles  and  compara- 
tively swelled  at  the  equator;  the  axis  being 
7,899.17  miles,  and  the  equatorial  diameter, 
7,925.648  miles;  mean  diameter  7,912.09  miles. 
Such  a  body  must  have  a  curve  surface  of  about 
196J  millions  of  sq.  ms. 

This  is  a  novel  article  in  a  Geographical  Dic- 
tionary, though  obviously  necessary,  as  under 
it  many  objects  of  primary  importance  can  be  en- 
grouped  and  brought  into  one  point  of  view, 
and,  by  an  easy  reference,  enable  the  reader  to 
take  a  connected  prospect  of  the  whole  planet. 
Under  no  other  head  could  any  notice  be  taken  of 
what  ought  to  comprise  part  of  every  treatise  on 
geography — the  causes  of  the  discrepancies  be- 
tween the  seasons  on  the  two  opposing  sides  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  To  dwell  further  on  the  propriety 
of  introducing  what  I  deem  the  primary  article, 
would  be  to  insult  the  understanding  of  the  reader. 

The  Earth  is  a  primary  planet  revolving  round 
the  sun  in  365^  days,  at  a  mean  distance  from  that 

287 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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luminary  of  95,000,000  ms.  The  Earth's  orbit  is 
included  between  those  of  Venus  and  Mars,  and  is 
the  third  from  the  sun,  having  Mercury  and  Venus 
as  inferior  planets.  The  form  of  the  Earth  is  that 
of  an  oblate  spheroid,  or  a  compressed  globe ;  an 
apple  affords  a  natural  example  of  such  a  solid. 
Though,  however,  found  to  have  this  form,  the 
recent,  extensive,  and  very  rigorous  measurements 
made  on  its  surface,  suggested  a  doubt  of  its  being 
absolutely  a  solid  of  rotation.  Observations  were 
made,  particularly  in  Europe,  from  which  inequal- 
ities were  found,  which  could  not  be  ascribed  to 
errors  in  the  operations.  The  skill  in  the  use  of  and 
the  admirable  accuracy  of  modern  mathematical 
instruments,  superinduce  a  high  degree  of  confi- 
dence in  the  measurements  made  in  France,  Great 
Britain,  and  other  parts  of  Europe.  We  are  there- 
fore justifiable  in  considering  the  Earth  as  a  solid, 
with  a  very  near  approach  to  an  oblate  spheroid, 
but  deviating  from  such  regular  figure  so  far  as  to 
render  the  discrepancies  discoverable  by  scientific 
observation  and  measurement  on  its  surface. 

It  must  be  understood  that  this  deviation  from  an 
oblate  spheroid  is  different  from  that  which  arises 
from  land  elevations.  When  the  measures  were 
executed  in  England  and  France,  every  allowance 
was  made  for  the  difference  of  level,  and  it  was 
reducing  the  results  to  the  curve  of  a  spheroid  that 
led  to  the  discovery  that  oceanic  level  could  not  be 
uniform  over  every  part  of  the  same  latitude. 

This  surface  is  enveloped  by  an  aerial  ocean, 
differing  in  density  in  a  ratio  with  relative  eleva. 
tion.  The  height  of  the  atmosphere,  having  suffi- 
cient density  to  reflect  light,  is  supposed  to  be  45 
ms.  Animal  life,  as  shown  by  the  condor,  and 
ascent  in  balloons,  can  be  sustained  to  upwards  of 
4  ms.  If  we  allow  30  ms.  as  the  depth  of  the  at- 
mosphere of  any  considerable  density,  and  consider 
it,  as  it  is  in  reality,  a  constituent  part  of  the 
planet,  the  Earth's  diameter  would  be  8,000  ms. 

Beneath  the  atmosphere,  the  solid  surface  is  un- 
equally divided  into  land  and  water — the  oceanic 
surface,  in  round  numbers,  amounting  to  150,000- 
000,  sq.  ms.,  and  the  terraqueous  to  40,000,000 
sq.  ms. 

In  an  article  necessarily  brief,  I  cannot  be  ex- 
pected to  enter  into  astronomical  disquisitions,  and 
must  therefore  suppose  the  reader  acquainted  with  J 
the  fact  that  the  earth  moves  in  its  orbit  with  its  j  Amount  - 
axis  of  rotation  inclined  23J  to  the  plane  of  its  I 
motion,  and  that  this  inclination  is  the  cause  of 
the  seasons,  and  of  the  inequality  of  day  and  night. 
When  we  are  acquainted  with  the  fact  that  the 
Earth's  axis  is  declined,  we  must  at  once  perceive 
that  in  such  a  planetary  revolution  the  sun  must 
become  vertical  over  a  zone  of  the  Earth's  surface 
on  each  side  of  the  equator,  equal  to  such  declina- 
tion, and  that  a  circle  round  each  pole,  also  equal 
to  such  declination,  must  be  annually  exposed  to 
the  continual  presence  of  the  sun  above  or  its  total 
depression  below  the  horizon.  From  these  phe- 
nomena it  arises  that  a  zone  of  the  Earth,  amount- 
ing to  double  the  angle  of  declination,  or  47°  in 
breadth,  is  exposed  annually  to  the  vertical  rays  of 
the  sun.  This  is  called  the  Torrid  zone,  and  ex- 
tends from  N.  lat.  23  30  to  S.  lat.  23  30.*  The 


northern  extremity  known  as  the  tropic  of  Cj 
cer,  and  the  southern  as  the  tropic  of  Capricorn 
At  a  distance  of  23  30  from  each  pole  is  an  i 
aginary  circle,  called  the  northern  or  southern 
lar  circle.     Within  these  circles,  as  ahead- 
served,  the  sun  either  passes  entirely  round 
or  below  the  horizon,  at  the  solstices,  and  pr 
constant  day  or  night.    These  circles  have 
though  erroneously,  designated  the  Frigid  z 

The  two  Frigid  circles  and  the  Torrid 
taken  together,  embrace  94°  of  a  meridian  o 
Earth,  drawn  from  pole  to  pole,  leaving  43° 
tween  either  tropic  and  its  respective  polar 
These  zones  between  the  polar  circles  and  the 
pics  are  called  Temperate  zones. 

Using  round  numbers,  and  calculating  the 
area  of  each  zone  by  the  principles  of  the  sp 
we  find — 

So.  ms. 
-  80,000,0; 
8,000,0i 
8,000,0! 
■  50,000,01 
50,000,01 


In  the  Torrid  zone 
In  the  Frigid  zone,  each  - 

In  the  Temperate  zone,  each 


196,000,01 


The  very  unequal  distribution  of  land  and  wat 
over  the  Earth  is  fully  exhibited  by  the  followii 
tables  : 

No.  1. 

Table  of  the  area  in  sq.  ms.  of  the  Faciji 
Southern,  and  Indian  oceans,  taken  together. 

Sq.  ms. 

ioo,ooo,o« 

7,880,0( 
4,300,0t 
3,200,0( 
3,700,0( 
5,200,0( 


*  The  tropics  are  actually  at  lat  2327*  nearly,  and  slowly 
approaching.  I  use  round  numbers  in  the  text,  for  reasons 
sufficiently  obvious. 

288 


Pacific  and  Southern  ocejn  included 
Indian  ocean,  between  40  and  60° 

S.  lat.  - 
Do.  from  30  to  40°  S.  lat. 
Do.  from  20  to  30°  S.  lat. 
Do.  from  10  to  20°  S.  lat. 
Do.  fron  10  S.  to  10°  N.  lat. 
Northern  extension  of  the  Indian 
ocean  with  the  Red  Sea  and  Per- 
sian Gulf  - 
Bay  of  Bengal 


No.  2. 


1,152,0( 
613,0( 

126, 045, 0( 


Atlantic  ocean  and  connected  seas 
Atlantic  ocean,  from  S.  lat.  55  to 
40° 

Do.  S.  lat.  40  to  30° 
Do.  S.  lat.  30  to  20° 
Do.  S.  lat.  20  to  10° 
Do.  between  Cape  Palmas,  in  Af- 
rica, and  Cape  San  Roque,  in 
S,  America,  and  S.  lat.  10° 
Do.  from  a  line  drawn  from  Cape 
Palmas  to  Cape  San  Roque,  and 
N.  lat.  10°  -  -  2,500,01 

Do.  between  N.  lat.  10  and  20°  -  3,225,0( 
Do.  between  N.  lat.  20  and  30°  -  3,44l,0( 
Do.  between  N.  lat.  30  and  40°  -  2,735,0( 
Do.  between  N.  lat.  40  and  50°  -  2,030,0( 
Do.  between  N.  lat.  50  and  60°    -    .  1,505,0( 


1,604,0( 
2,700,0( 
2,600,0( 
2,304,0( 


2,500,00 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


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>o.  above  N.  lat.  60° 
lediterranean  and  connected  yeas 
altic  and  its  gulfs 
[udson's  bay  - 
rctic  ocean  - 

mount  - 

No.  3. 
Summary  oceanic  area. 
ontained  in  No.  1 
'ontained  in  No.  2 

mount  -  -  -  - 

o  this  add  for  the  Caspian,  the 
great  lakes  of  North  America, 
and  for  ail  other  smaller  waters  - 


1,616,000 
735,000 
92,000 
250,000 

4,000,000 


33,837,000 


116,045,000 
33,837,000 


159,881,000 


250,000 


mount  of  water  surface  -  -  150,132,000 

No.  4. 

Summary  of  land  and  water. 
Lter     -  150,132,000 
and      -  -  -  47,020,000 


mount  ol  the  area  of  the  earth    -    197, 152,000 


•  From  the  preceding  elements  we  find  that  the 
raqueous  part  of  the  Earth's  surface  does  not 
lount  to  one-fourth  part  of  the  entire  area.  The 
lowing  table  will  exhibit  the  very  remarkable 
itribution  of  land  and  water  in  the  respective 
lues : 

Torrid  zone  contain  s : 
]  Asia      -  -  3,000,000 

Australasia  -  1,000,000 
Polynesia  -  100,000 

Africa    -  -  7,000,000 


bq.  nis. 


America 


4,500,000 


nount  of  laud  area  Torrid  zone  -  15,600.000 

Southern  Temperate  zone. 
Australasia        -  1,400,000 
Africa    -  -  600,000 

S.  America        -  1,500,000 


nount  S.  Temperate  zone 

Northern  Temperate  zone. 

Asia     -  -  8,600,000 

Europe  -  -  3,000,000 

North  America, 
Greenland,  &c.  -  7,GOO,000 

Africa    -  -  2,500,000 


3,500,000 


nount  N.  Temperate  zone 

Northern  Polar  circle. 
Asia      -  -  3,200,000 

Europe  -  -  20/000 

Greenland  and 
X.  America        -  3,600,000 


21,100,000 


nount  N.  Polar  circle  - 

Summary. 

rrid  zone 

uthern  temperate  zone  - 
•rthern  temperate  zone  - 
-  Tthern  polar  circle 

■ 

•  gregate  of  the  zones 
37* 


6,820,000 

15,600,000 
3,500,000 

21,100,000 
6,820,000 


47,020,000 


Several  very  interesting  remarks  are  suggested 
by  a  review  of  these  tables.  We  find  upwards 
of  one-half  the  land  area  of  the  Earth  N.  from  the 
tropic  of  Cancer,  and,  including  the  Torrid  zone, 
above  9-10  N.  from  the  tropic  of  Capricorn.  Ex- 
cluding the  two  polar  circles,  very  nearly  one-half 
the  residue  is  included  in  the  Northern  Temperate 
zone.  The  northern  polar  circle  contains  a  large 
portion  of  land,  whilst  that  of  the  south  is  almost 
entirely  in  water. 

If  taken  generally,  the  terraqueous  earth  is  divi- 
ded into  two  great  continents,  called  Eastern  and 
Western,  relative  to  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Thctwu 
continents  range  at  nearly  right  angles  from  each 
other — the  eastern  from  SW.  to  NE.,  and  the 
western  from  SE.  toNW.,  each  about  10,000  ins. 
in  length.  Both  continents  expand  on  the  nor- 
thern extremity,  and  contract  into  points  towards 
the  south.  This  structure  is  shown,  on  the  large 
scale,  in  Asia,  Africa,  South  America,  North 
\mcrica,  and  Greenland.  Both  continents  cross 
the  equator,  and  extend  over  the  Torrid  into  the 
Southern  Temperate  zone,  thus  opposing  two  com- 
plete barriers  against  the  continuity  of  the  tropic 
counter  current. 

The  oceanic  masses  around  the  two  poles  have 
but  two  lines  of  communication  ;  one  by  the  Pa- 
cific, between  America  and  Asia ;  the  second  by 
the  Atlantic,  between  the  two  continents  generally. 
The  Asiatic  and  American  continents,  under  the 
northern  polar  circle,  arc  so  nearly  in  contact  as  to 
leave  only  a  strait  of  40  ms.  wide  to  unite  the 
Pacific  and  Arctic  oceans.  The  Atlantic  ocean  is 
in  no  place  less  than  1,000,  and  averages  upwards 
of  2,000  ms.  in  width,  and  produces,  as  will  be 
seen  in  the  sequel,  a  very  extensive  influence  on 
meteorology,  and  upon  the  habitable  land  of  Eu- 
rope and  NW.  Africa.  The  open  expanse  of  the 
Atlantic  occupies  about  the  one-seventh  part  of  the 
curve  superficies,  and  stretches  at  very  nearly  right 
angles  to  the  diurnal  motion  of  the  earth.  The 
Atlantic  thus  affords  an  expansive  aquatic  surface, 
connecting  the  polar  extremities  of  this  planet. 

The  earth  turns  round  its  axis  once  in  24  hours, 
and  consequently  15  degrees  of  its  meridians  re- 
volve hourly  ;  therefore,  by  multiplying  the  breadth 
of  any  number  of  degrees  of  longitude  by  15  we 
have  the  hourly  motion  of  that  part  of  the  earth's 
surface  round  the  axis;  as,  for  example,  in  lat. 45° 
a  degree  of  Ion.  is  4Sf  English,  miles  wide  within 
a  trifling  fraction.  From  these  elements,  it  results 
that  particles  of  matter  at  lat.  45°  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  revolve  about  630  ms.  hourly.  This 
is  nearly  the  mean  motion,  as  the  maximum  at  the 
equator  is  a  fraction  less  than  1,040  ms.  hourly, 
and  decreasing  a  long  the  meridians  until  it  becomes 
0  at  either  pole. 

It  is  evident  from  the  preceding  data  that  the 
atmospheric  and  oceanic  masses  composing  the 
outer  envelope  of  the  earth,  are  moved  along  with 
the  decumbent  nucleus,  and  with  a  velocity  de- 
creasing from  the  equator  to  the  poles.  By  the 
laws  of  matter,  if  any,  the  least  retardation  oper- 
ates on  the  atmosphere  and  oceanic  waters,  a  coun- 
ter current  must  be  formed,  flowing  with  greatest 
rapidity  where  the  supposed  retardation  is  in  ex- 
cess. That  excess  must  arise  along  the  equator 
where  the  horary  motion  is  at  the  maximum.  Such 
a  current  does  actually  exist,  and  has  received 

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the  name  of  Tropic  Current.  Another  cause, 
however,  contributes  to  increase  the  quantum  and 
velocity  of  the  tropic  current.  The  earth  revolv- 
ing from  W.  to  E.  produces  an  apparent  motion 
of  the  sun  in  a  contrary*  direction.-  Immediately 
under  the  sun,  or  where  the  beams  of  that  lumi- 
nary are  direct,  a  vacuum  is  produced,  into  which 
the  circumambient  air  rushes  ;  and  as  this  vacuity 
is  carried  westward  along  the  equator,  upwards  of 
1,035  ms.  hourly,  an  atmospheric  current  follows, 
which,  acting  on  the  ocean  waters,  impel  them 
westward  and  adds  force  and  mass  to  the  tropic 
current.  If  the  surface  of  the  earth  was  composed 
of  uniform  matter — that  is,  matter  which  would 
be  acted  on  equally  by  any  cause  of  motion,  in 
brief  by  water  itself,  the  tropic  current  would  be 
also  uniform,  and  flow  regularly  round  in  a  ratio 
with  the  motion  of  the  meridians.  The  tropic 
current  is,  however,  broken  by  land,  which,  as 
we  have  seen,  traverses  the  equatorial  section  of 
the  earth.  This  oceanic  current  is  not  only  bro- 
ken, but  also  deflected,  particularly  in  the  Pacific 
and  Atlantic  oceans.  In  the  former,  from  the  wide 
opening  to  the  S.,  and  the  numerous  inlets  from 
the  Pacific  to  the  Indian,  the  current  gradually 
wastes;  but  in  the  latter  ocean,  from. the  peculiar 
structure  of  its  shores,  a  very  remarkable  phenom- 
enon, the  Gulf  Stream,  is  produced.  South 
America,  in  form  of  an  immense  triangfp,  is  based 
on  the  Pacific,  and  protrudes  its  perpendicular  an- 
gle into  the  Atlantic  at  8.  lat.  6°.  This  salient 
point  is  Cape  St.  Roque,  from  which  the  continent 
extends  to  the  NW.,  crosses  the  equator,  and 
stretches  beyond  the  northern  tropic,  and  forms 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  an  immen.se  reservoir. 
Here  the  continent  again  turns  at  right  angles  and 
continues  NE.  into  the  northern  polar  circle. 
The,very  deep  indenting  of  the  American  conti- 
nent in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  long  line  of 
coast  from  its  recesses  into  the  southern  section  of 
the  torrid  zone,  is  in  a  peculiar  manner  calculated 
to  produce  that  very  extensive  reflux  which  consti- 
tutes the  largest  whirlpool  on  the  globe.  Its  effect 
on  meteorology  I  shall  briefly  noticp,  as  that  effect 
is  in  turn  a  cause  which  very  deeply  influences  the 
climate  of  the  United  States.  The  western  tide, 
carried  across  the  Atlantic  from  the  African,  is 
borne  upon  the  American  coast,  and  subdivided  by 
Cape  San  Roque.  The  bitter  coast,  from  San 
Roque  to  the  bottom  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  inter- 
sects obliquely,  and  by  an  angle  of  45°,  the  line 
of  the  tropic  flood  accumulates  that  flood  in  the 
Mexican  Gulf,  out  of  which  it  issues  through  the 
Cuba  and  Bahama  channels.  Thus  from  the  tropic 
of  Cancer  over  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  NE.,  an 
enormous  volume  of  water,  heated  at  all  seasons 
from  6°  to  10°  above  the  temperature  of  the  ad- 
jacent ocean,  flows  along  the  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica from  Cape  Florida  towards  the  Northern 
Atlantic.  This  great  oceanic  river  of  warm 
water,  averaging  about  60  ms.  in  width,  superin- 
duces a  corresponding  increase  of  atmospheric 
temperature,  and  consequently  the  air  over  the 
Gulf  Stream  is  at  all  times  warmer  than  that  over 
the  adjacent  ocean  in  similar  latitudes. 

Though,  as  I  have  noticed,  the  structure  of  the 
Pacific  coasts  does  not  admit  such  prominent  re- 
acting currents  as  exist  in  the  Atlantic,  yet  simi- 
lar effects  are  partially  produced  in  the  former,  and 
290 


a  counter  current  does  flow  towards  the  NE.  alonq 
the  SE.  coast  of  Asia.  These  two  vast  bodies  ol 
heated  fluid  thus  perpetually  pass  along  in  front  ol 
the  two  largest  land  protuberances  on  the  two  con- 
tinents. 

The  earth  in  motion  round  its  axis  from  W.  tc 
E.  carries  with  it  the  body  of  the  atmosphere. 
That  aerial  mass  having  a  constant  tendency  to  fal 
southward  into  the  tropic  vacuum,  and  at  the  same 
time  moving  along  eastward  with  other  parts  o' 
the  earth — like  all  bodies  acted  upon  by  two  force; 
in  different  directions,  assumes  a  line  of  motior 
between  the  lines  of  impulsion,  and  moves  frorr 
the  polar  regions  to  the  southeast  in  the  northerr 
hemisphere,  and  to  the  northeast  in  the  southern. 
This  general  law  of  aerial  motion  is,  it  is  true,  lia 
ble  to  great  interruption  in  its  operation  by  th< 
contiguity  of  land  tand  water,  from  the  unequa 
elevation  of  land  protuberances,  and  from  olhe 
more  local  and  minor  causes  ;  but  still  it  is  the  i  ulirij 
principle  upon  which  the  motion  of  air  depends. 

I  shall  close  this  section  of  the  article  before  u: 
by  a  few  practical  observations.  Asia  and  N 
America,  with  Greenland,  are  the  two  mostexten 
sive  land  masses  on  the  respective  continents  whicl 
rise  above  the  oceanic  level.  Those  two  conti 
nents  are  crossed  by  the  northern  tropic.  If  w< 
suppose  the  sun  vertical  over  the  southern  tropic 
as-it  is  at  the  winter  solstice  of  the  northern  hem 
isphere,  then  is  N.  America  and  Asia  covered  ii 
great  part  with  ice  and  snow,  and  even  the  Arctr 
ocean  mostly  frozen.  If  we  then  turn  our  atteu 
tion  to  the  atmospheric  motion,  it  is  obvious  thai 
the  cold,  condensed,  and  heavy  air  of  the  Iwi^ 
great  continents  must  flow  southeast,  toward 
their  respective  .oceanic  basins.  It  is  the  natura 
operation,  therefore^  of  atmospheric  motion  whicl 
gives  to  the  southeast  coasts  of  Asia  and  N.  Amer; 
ica  such  severe  winters. 

Amid  ali  other  changes,  however,  the  Allaoti 
ocean  remains  open,  and  presents  an  unfrozci 
surface,  upwards  of  1,000  ms.  wide,  far  intothfl 
northern  polar  circle.  The  winds  over  the  Atlai. 
tic  during  our  winter,  are  from  theNW.  generafij 
as  is  the  case  every .  where  else  in  high  norther 
latitudes  ;  but  in  respect  to  Europe  and  NW.  Al 
rica,  their  winter  winds,  coming  from  the  open  be 
som  of  a  fluid  ocean,  are  moist,  therefore  rain  i 
the  consequence.  It  would  be  needless  to  go  far 
ther  to  explain  the  causes  why  vegetable  and  am 
mal  life  can  be  sustained  in  the  N.  of  Europe  i 
latitudes  condemned  to  frost  and  sterility  in  Amei 
ica  and  Asia. — See  Basin  of  the  Baltic. 

The  causes  which  produce  in  turn  the  intens 
summers  of  Asia  and  N.  America  are  equally  ein 
pie  with  those  which  influence  their  winter; 
When  the  sun  is  vertical  over  the  northern  tropic 
at  the  summer  solstice  of  the  northern  hemisphen 
the  region  of  snow  and  frost  is  restricted  to  ill 
polar  circle,  and  all  the  southern  and  central  pan 
of  both  continents  become  intensely  heated,  j 
vacuum  is  partially  created  over  the  land,  whic 
introduces  the  less  heated,  and,  at  that  season,  tl: 
heavier  air,  from  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  occari.- 
but  even  the  air  from  the  ocean  we  have  shown  t 
be  itself  heated  by  the  tropic  currents  ;  consequent! 
China  and  the  U.  S.  have  the  summers  of  the  torr: 
and  winters  of  the  frigid  zone. — See  the  respectb 
articles,  Asia,  Europe,  America,  &c. 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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These  observations  on  the  physical  properties  of 
the  earth,  though  necessarily  brief,  ought  to  com- 
prise a  concise  view  of  its  density. 

It  has  been  suggested  by  Newton  that  large 
mountain  masses  would  deflect  a  plumb  line  from 
i  perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  Bouguer  and  Con- 
Jamine,  two  of  the  French  mathematicians  who 
were  sent  to  Peru  to  measure  a  degree  of  the  me- 
idian,  made  experiments  to  find  how  much  a 
jlumb  line  would  be  deflected  by  Chimborazo. 
Their  operations  gave  a  result  of  8  seconds, 

"This  interesting  experiment,"  says  Dr.  Brew- 
jtcr,  in  his  Encyclopedia,  Art.  Attraction,  "was 
epeated  by  the  learned  Dr.  Maskeline,  with  a  view 
lot  merely  of  ascertaining  in  general  the  attrac- 
10ns  of  mountains,  but  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mning,  from  the  results,  the  mean  density  of  the 
arth.  The  hill  of  Shehallien,  Perthshire,  inScot- 
and  was  reckoned  the  most  convenient  for  this 
>urpose,  and  preparations  were  made  for  executing 
his  laborious  undertaking  in  the  summer  of  1774. 
\n  observatory  was  erected  about  half  way  up  the 
V.  side  of  the  hill,  and  was  afterwards  removed  to 
i  similar  position  on  the  S.  side.  No  less  than 
137  observations  were  made  with  an  excellent 
.enith  sector  of  Sisson's  upon  43  fixed  stars  ;  and 
t  appeared  from  these  observations  that  the  differ- 
nce  of  lat.  between  the  two  stations  was  54".  6. 
3y  the  trigonomical  survey  it  was  found  that  the 
istance  between  the  two  stations  was  4,364.4  feet, 
vhich,  in  lat.  56  40,  answers  to  a  difference  of 
at.  of  4 2". 94.  The  difference  between  these  re- 
ults,  ll", 66,  is  obviously  the  sum  of  the  two  de- 
lections  of  the  plumb  li  ne,  and  therefore  5".  66  is 
he  measure  of  the  attraction  of  Schehallein." 

Dr.  Charles  Hutton,  from  the  data  obtained  by 
hese  observations,  and  by  an  accurate  survey  of 
'  ihehallein  to  determine  its  dimensions,  deduced 
lie  following  consequences :  That  the  mean  den- 
sity of  the  hill  was  about  equal  to  common  free- 
tone,  and  that  the  mean  density  of  the  whole 
arth  was  to  that  of  the  hill  as  9  to  5  nearly. 
Common  freestone  has  a  specific  gravity  of  2h, 
nd  consequently  that  of  the  whole  earth  is  4|, 
hat  of  water  being  1. 

The  deductions  made  by  Dr.  Hutton,  from  the 
bservations  of  Maskelyne,  were  subsequently 
lodified  by  a  more  strict  survey  of  Shehallein  by 
'rofessor  Playfair.  The  latter  philosopher  found 
hat  it  was  composed  of  granular  quartz,  the  aver- 
ge  density  of  which  was  2. 64,  and  of  mica-slate,  the 
verage  density  of  which  was  2.81  ;  and  that  the 
ensity  of  a  homogeneous  mass,  which  would 
ave  produced  such  an  effect  on  the  plumb  line, 
/uuld  be  2.716. 

With  great  labor  Playfair  made  the  mean  density 
f  the  earth  4.867,  or  nearly  5  times  heavier  than 
'onld  be  an  equal  volume  of  water. 
Previous  to  the  calculations  of  Playfair,  Mr. 
'avendish,  by  a  series  of  very  ingenious  exped- 
ients on  the  eventual  attractions  of  leaden  balls, 


hallein,  he  would  have  found  its  mean  density 
greater  than  that  of  either  granular  quartz  or 
mica-slate.  I  have  inserted  the  small  subjoined 
table  of  specific  gravity  in  order  to  enable  the 
reader  to  make  his  comparisons  without  the  trouble 
of  reference  to  other  treatises  : 


to  be 
by  as- 


>und  the  mean  density  of  the  earth 
•  48,  that  of  water  being  1.  Dr.  Hutton, 
uming  the  weight  of  common  freestone  as  the 
omparative  scale  to  estimate  that  of  Schehallein, 
|iade  the  mean  density  of  that  mountain  too  low, 
k  was  proven  by  Professor  Playfair.  It  is  cer- 
dnly  rational  to  conclude  that  if  the  latter  observer 
iuld  have  penetrated  to  the  central  base  of  Sche- 


from 
from 
from 
from 
from 


636 
3.5 
6.0 
7.0 
5.2 
4.8 
9.0 
5.0 


5.6  to 
6.3  to 
3.8  to 

4.3  to 
8.5  to 

from  10.5  to 
from  10.0  to  10.5 
from  12.0  to  20.0 
from  4. 1  to  7.7 
from  4.4  to  5.0 
from   4.7  to  5.0 

4.4  to 
4.3  to 
7.0  to 


from 
from 
trom 


4.7 
5.0 
7.6 


Fossil  substance:  Specific  gravity 

Slate — Clay,  Jameson — Schiefer. 
Thon  of  Werner  - 
Diamond  - 
Red  copper  ore 

Tin  ore         -  -  - 

Iron  ore  - 
Manganese  ore 
Bismuth  ore  - 
Mercury  - 
Silver  ore  - 
Gold  ore 
Copper  pyrites 
Iron  pyrites  - 
Radiated  iron  pyrites  - 
Rhomboidal  iron  pyrites 
Tin  pyrites  - 

Galena,  ore  of  lead  -  .  - 
Gold  glance,  or  prismatic  gold 

ore  -  from   5.7  to  5.8 

Bismuth  glance         -  -  from    6.1  to  6.4 

This  table  might  be  indefinitely  extended,  but 
as  it  contains  the  most  common  fossil  and  mineral 
substances,  it  is  sufficiently  copious  for  the  pur- 
pose. If  the  results  produced  by  Maskelyne,  Hut- 
ton, Cavendish,  and  Playfair,  are  correctly  found- 
ed  on  the  laws  of  gravity,  the  earth  is  very  nearly 
equal  in  specific  gravity  to  iron  ore,  and  greatly 
exceeds  that  of  all  the  common  substances  which 
compose  its  outer  crust.  These  facts  render  it  im- 
possible that  any  great  cavities  towards  the  centre 
can  exist,  and  prove  that  the  earth  must  be  a 
solid  and  heavy  sphere,  unless  the  inner  parts  of 
the  shell  is  composed  of  substances  greatly  exceed- 
ing in  density  the  heaviest  metals.  The  far  great- 
er part  of  matter  composing  the  earth's  surface  is 
water,  or  other  substances  about  2^  fold  heavier 
than  that  fluid ;  consequently  the  central  parts 
must  have  a  mean  density  of  7  or  8,  or  above  that 
of  most  of  the  heaviest  metallic  ores.  It  has  been 
suggested  that  in  all  probability  the  earth  was  in 
reality  an  immense  magnet,  and  composed  of  con- 
densed iron  ore. 

Before  closing  this  article,  I  cannot  avoid  insert- 
ing some  observations  on  the  diminution  of  ocean 
water.  It  has  been  shown,  under  the  head  of  Bal- 
tic, that  the  waters  of  that  sea  were  diminishing  at 
the  rate  of  3  feet  10  inches  in  a  century.  In  the 
article  Caspian,  the  depression  of  the  waters  of 
that  sea  is  also  given  from  actual  measurement. 

An  actual  and  general  depression  of  the  oceanic 
level  is  one  of  those  natural  revolutions  which  we 
are  reluctant  to  admit  into  history  from  the  appal- 
ling effects.  Our  assent  to  truth  must,  neverthe- 
less, be  ultimately  rendered,  however  it  may  affect 
our  opinions  or  interest.  The  evidence  to  support 
a  depression  of  the  briny  ocean,  is  abundantly  sup- 
plied, in  a  very  wide  scale,  and  in  no  other  section 
of  the  earth  is  this  evidence  more  striking  than  in 
America.  Long  before  I  ever  read  any  account  of 
a  diminution  of  surface  in  the  Baltic,  Mediterrane- 
an, or  any  other  sea,  the  idea  of  such  a  revolution 

291 


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was  suggested  to  my  mind  by  a  review  of  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi.  In  the  delta  of  that  river 
a  recent  allnvian  forms  the  entire  mass  of  land. 
In  many  places  the  surface  of  such  alluvian  is 
above  the  highest  floods,  from  either  the  river  or 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  My  attention  was  no  sooner 
arrested  by  the  phenomena,  along  the  Mississippi, 
than  it  became  an  object  of  inquiry,  which  I  have 
prosecuted  as  time  and  opportunity  a  Horded  means. 
Examining  in  succession  the  banks  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  Hudson,  Delaware,  the  numerous  in- 
lets of  Chesape Ike  bay,  and  the  Atlantic  shores, 
similar  phenomena,  every  where,  led  me  to  make 
like  conclusions,  as  I  had  done  on  the  Mississippi, 
that  the  surface  of  the  Atlantic  ocean  was  slowly 
sinking.  The  writings  of  Pallas,  Clarke,  and 
many  others,  strengthened  these  conclusions ; 
finally,  the  established  depression  of  the  Caspian 
and  Baltic  seas  afforded  demonstrative  evidence  of 
the  correctness  of  the  theory. 

Two  causes  have  contributed  to  prevent  the  dis- 
covery of  oceanic  diminution  sooner.  First,  an- 
cient sea  vessels  were  small,  and  demanded  but 
little  depth  of  water;  secondly,  in  modern  times, 
since  vessels  were  m-KJe  with  great  draught,  while 
harbors  remain  sufficiently  deep  to  receive  them 
safely,  slight  diminution  of  depth  is  overlooked.  I 
am  convinced  that  in  many  instances  alluvian  has 
been  adduced,  to  account  for  obstructions  in  rivers 
and  harbors,  which,  in  part  at  least,  arose  from  a 
depression  of  oceanic  surface.  Whatever  may  be 
the  case,  in  the  Indian  and  Pacific  basins,  we  have 
less  data  to  determine  ;  but  in  the  basin  of  the  At- 
lantic a  slow  depression  of  level  cannot  be  longer 
safely  denied. 

The  Atlantic  basin  is  terminated  on  the  E.  by 
the  sources  of  the  rivers  which  flow  into  the  Bal- 
tic, Black,  and  Mediterranean  seas,  and  by  the 
central  mountains  of  Africa.  On  the  W.  this  ba- 
sin is  limited  by  the  Andes,  in  South  America, 
and  by  the  chain  of  Anahuac,  or  Chippewayan, 
in  North  America.  An  immense  embranchment 
of  the  Atlantic  penetrates  the  eastern  continent 
through  50°  of  Ion.,  between  Europe  and  Africa 
and  Asia.  This  great  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  on  its 
eastern  side,  has  a  counterpart  on  the  W.,  between 
North  and  South  America.  The  Baltic,  on  the  NE., 
is  again  opposed  on  the  NW.  by  the  much  more 
considerable  gulfs  of  Hudson's  and  Baffin's  bays. 

On  the  side  of  Europe  and  Asia  it  is  evident, 
almost  to  demonstration,  that  the  separation  of  the 
Caspian  from  the  Euxine,  and  the  Baltic  from  the 
White  sea,  is,  in  both  instances,  comparatively 
modern.  The  two  great  alluvial  slopes,  stretching 
from  the  Maese  to  the  Petchora,  on  the  SE.,  and 
from  the  Naeze  of  Norway  to  the  outlet  of  the 
White  sea,  on  the  NW.  of  the  Baltic,  are  in  part 
formed  by  the  spoils  of  the  adjacent  continents, 
and  in  part  abandoned  by  the  retiring  sea. 

On  the  side  of  North  America  the  oceanic  de- 
pression has  evidently  broke  the  ancient  connexion 
between  the  Sea  of  Canada  and  the  Mexican  gulf. 
The  entire  line  of  coast,  from  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
Platte  river,  presents  one  vast  inflected  line  of 
shore,  bearing  marks  of  submersion.  Of  that  part 
of  the  American  coast  from  the  harbor  of  N.  York 
to  the  Gulf  of  Darien,  inland,  memoria,  consisting 
of  the  remains  of  existing  animals,  every  where 
present  themrelve«,  to  attest  that  time  was,  when 
292 


the  surface  of  the  ocean  stood  many  hundred  fee 
above  its  present  level.    I  may  be  permitted  to  no 
tlce  that  the  revolution  I  am  descanting  upon  i 
totally  different,  and  more  recent  than  that 
which  imbedded  rocks  were  formed,  containing 
ganic  remains.    The  latter  is  entirely  beyond 
historical  records,  whilst  the  former  comes  wit! 
our  authentic  scope  of  observation,  and  is  yet 
progress. 

It  is  peculiarly  interesting  to  scan  the  efte 
which  an  elevation  of  GOO  feet  would  have  on 
Atlantic  basin.  Such  a  change  of  level  woi 
again  unite  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Caspian 
Baltic,  the  Baltic  with  the  White  sea,  and  ir 
late  central  Europe  and  the  Scandinavian  per 
sula.  The  Indian  and  Atlantic  would  again  mingle 
and  the  Nile  debouch,  in  what  is  now  Upper  Egypt 
On  the  American  side  of  the  Alleghany  or  Ap 
palachian  system  of  mountains  would  rise  as  th 
higher  ridge  of  an  immense  island,  as  would  th 
more  elevated  parts  of  the  northeastern  iSlales  < 
another.  The  lower  part  of  the  Mississippi  basi: 
would  become  a  lengthened  inland  sea,  fror 
which  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  St.  Lawrenc 

i  would  be  straits  opening  into  the  Atlantic  ocean 
The  protracted  alluvial  slopes  I  have  noticed  woul 

|  be  again  submerged,  and  a  very  large  portion  ( 

j  the  most  populous  and  fertile  tracts  of  both  conti 
nents  buried  under  the  ocean  waves.    We  ar 

!  startled  at  the  mere  mention  of  so  tremendous 
change  on  the  habitable  earth,  and  yet  careful  in 

Iquiry  would  leave  upon  any  sane  mind  scarce 
doubt  but  that  such  was  once  the  state  of  natur 
on  this  planet. 

A  very  interesting  question  rises  from  the  dete 
mination  of  the  earth's  external  area,  and  also  th 
relative  area  of  that  surface  occupied  by  land  an 
water;  that  is,  the  capacity  of  the  land  area  t 
support  human  life.  On  this  subject  a  sepurat 
treatise  of  no  ordinary  size  might  be  written,  as,  ir 
deed,  it  embraces  the  end  and  most  material  objec 
of  geographical  science.  In  our  work  we  can  onl 
notice  the  matter  briefly. 

We  have  already  shown  that,  rejecting  frar 

Itions,  the  curve  area  of  the  earth  was  190,000,00 
of  sq.  statute  ms.,  and  of  this  aggregate  the  land  are 
47,000,000— leaving  water  surface  149,000,000 
or  proportions  expressed  with  sufficient  accurac 
at  one -fourth  land  and  three-fourths  water. 

Favorable  climate,  soil,  and  adequate  supply  < 
fresh  water,  are  the  necessary  elements  to  deck1 
the  question  of  relative  density  of  population.  I 
general  terms,  as  far  as  climate  is  concerned  in  th> 
question,  all  land  surface  in  the  northern  polar  cii 
cle  may  be  deducted  from  the  aggregate.  Froi 
utter  and  irreclaimable  aridity  and  sterility,  may  a 
so  be  deducted  the  extensive  deserts  between  th 
polar  circles,  which  will  be  more  distinctly  con 
prehended  from  the  tabular  form. 
General  aggregate  of  land  area,  square 

English  miles       -  -  -  47,000,00 

Deduct  in  N.  polar  circle  -  5,500,000 
Asiatic  deserts  -  4,000,000 
African  deserts  -  5,000,000 
Australian  deserts  1,000,000 
American  deserts  -  500,000 

 16,000,00 


3I,000,0( 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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To  see  the  productive  surface  of  the  earth  repre- 
nted  as  occupying  a  very  small  fraction  above  the 
ro-thirds  of  the  land,  may  startle  many  ;  but  on 
-ict  analysis,  it  admits  of  no  doubt,  that  even  that 
faced  amount  is  too  high.  The  interior  deserts 
such  vast  extent  in  Asia  and  Africa,  and  of  more 
less  extent  in  America  and  Australia,  are  really 
n  habitable,  and  oppose  incomparably  more  im- 
•diment  to  human  intercourse  than  do  oceans  of 
ater.  Oceans  and  seas  again  give  resource  to 
an  in  the  abundance  of  animal  life  they  sustain, 
hilst  expanses  of  sand  afford  no  such  compensa- 
>ns  for  their  asperities. 

With  the  area  of  31,000,000  sq.  ms.,  we  pro- 
ed  to  the  inquiry,  What  is  the  aggregate  amount 
existing  population  of  the  earth  I — A  question 
hich  admits  only  an  approximate  answer,  Some 
i-iters  assume  1 ,000,000,000,  which  on  3 1 ,000,000 
sq.  ms.  would  allow  a  distributive  population  ot 
to  the  sq.  m. — an  amount  altogether  inadmissi- 
e.  Europe  on  about  3,000,000  of  sq.  ms.,  south- 
ern Asia  on  6,000,000,  and  some  other  com- 
ratively  limited  tracts,  making  in  all  10,000,000 
sq.  ms.,  comprise,  from  the  best  authorities, 
out  570,000,000  of  inhabitants — giving  a  dis- 
butive  population  of  57  to  the  sq.  m.  Perhaps 
b  most  able  and  most  scrupulously  exact  of  all 
itistical  geographers,  Adrian  Balbi,  as  stated  in 
e  Geography  of  Larenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Huot, 
mputes  the  aggregate  of  mankind  at  771,000,000; 
:d,  comparing  all  the  documents  within  our  reach, 
I;  doubt  whether  the  result  is  not  in  excess.  The 
lited  States  in  1840,  had  on  1,000,000  sq.  ms. 
fraction  above  17,000,000  of  inhabitants.  In 
r  deduced  area  of  land  surface,  admitting  any  but 
very  limited  population,  31,000,000  of  sq.  ms. 
>uld  give  to  that  part  of  the  United  States  terri- 
y  comprised  by  the  census  of  1840  very  nearly 
p  one  thirty-first.    If  we  multiply  17  by  31,  we 
ve  527,000,000,  or  within  an  inconsiderable  frac- 
n  of  17  to  the  square  mile. 
When  we  reflect  that,  of  the  net  extent  regarded 
habitable,  immense  regions  of  both  the  great 
-tions  of  America,  and  wide  tracts  in  Africa,  Aus- 
lia,  and  in  the  southeastern  islands  of  Asia,  are 
from  having  a  mean  population  of  17  to  the  sq. 
le ;  and  that,  if  taken  by  itself,  at  least  two- 
rds  of  all  America  remains  literally  uninhabited, 
cept  by  a  few  wandering  isolated  savages,  we 
ght  safely  admit,  if  we  did  not  diminish  Balbi's 
•imale. 

To  close  these  inquiries,  which,  from  paucity  of 
thentic  documents,  rather  excites  than  satisfies 
s  mind,  we  may  turn  our  attention  to  the  ques- 
ii,  to  what  amount  could  the  population  of  the 
th  be  extended  to,  with  ample  supply  of  all  the 
ional  wants  of  life  1  The  first  emotion  which 
is  in  the  heart  at  the  mention  of  this  question  is 
melancholy  and  even  bitter  retrospect  on  human 
I  ies  and  crimes.  It  is  not  from  any  morbid  repin- 
•  at  what  has  retarded  the  increase  and  marred 

I  happiness  of  existing  mankind,  but  from  painful 
'ivict'on  of  how  much  more  of  human  happiness 
••  1  worth  the  earth  is  capable  of  producing  than 

I I  ever,  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances, 
l-n  iealized.  The  history  of  nations  proves  that 
<  nate,  soil,  and  position,  are  elements  in  human 
i'-irovements,  and  no  more,  as  they  have  all  more 
♦less  combined,  on  spaces  where  for  ages  they 


have  ever  lain  dormant.  Retrogradation  fills  as 
much,  if  not  more  of  history  than  of  improve- 
ment. Under  all  forms  of  society,  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  unproductive  classes  have  had  the  dis- 
posal of  the  fruits  of  human  labor.  From  thi-se 
and  other  repressive  causes,  much  of  human  en- 
ergy has  been  wasted  and  misapplied,  and  want 
and  misery  given  as  reward  for  sweat  and  toil.  Yet 
there  is  no  problem  in  mathematics  more  founded 
on  principles  admitting  conclusive  solution  than 
that  on  the  31,000,000  of  sq.  ms.  of  productive  land 
of  the  earth  more  than  tenfold  more  happy,  peace- 
ful, and  moral  people  could  exist  in  plenty  than 
has  ever  yet  existed  at  any  era  of  history,  in  want, 
strife,  rivalry,  and  blood. 

The  Pyrenean  peninsula,  comprising  the  two 
kingdoms  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  taken  together, 
on  a  superfices  of  209,000  sq.  ms.  have  a  distribu- 
tive population  of  86  to  the  sq.  m.,  and  an  aggre- 
gate of  17,500,000.  If  any  part  of  the  habitable 
earth,  according  to  our  elements,  can  be  taken  as 
a  safe  mean  to  determine  the  capabilities  of  the 
whole  as  regards  population,  it  is  the  Pyrenean 
peninsula,  as,  from  various  causes,  it  has  not  an  ag- 
gregate population  to  near  the  amount  compara- 
tively it  ought  to  have  from  its  extent,  climate,  and 
soil,  much  less  an  overcharge. 

Allowing  the  whole  surface  capable  of  popula- 
tion, as  already  staled,  to  be  31,000,000  sq.  stat- 
ute ms.,  the  joint  surface  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
would  comprise  the  148th  part  to  within  an  incon- 
siderable fraction;  and  of  course  if  the  whole  sur- 
face was  peopled  in  equal  proportion  with  Spain 
and  Portugal,  the  aggregate  population  would  be 
2,590,000,000.  But  when  we  advert  to  the  fact, 
that  the  aggregate  existing  population  of  Spain  and 
Portugal  is  not  half  what  the  same  extent  of  soil  of 
not  equal  productive  qualities  or  in  climates  at  all 
of  equal  mildness  have,  and  do  actually  support, 
we  are  warranted  in  asserting  that  on  this  planet 
might  exist  five  thousand  millions  of  human 
beings  in  possession  of  means  to  gratify  every  ra- 
tional want  of  life. 

Neither  the  data  given  or  inductions  made  upon 
such  element  can  be  successfully  refuted,  the  test 
of  complete  experiment  has  been  applied  to  solve 
the  problem.  The  population  of  large  tracts  of 
France,  Belgium,  Holland,  Germany,  Italy,  the 
British  islands,  and  in  southeastern  Asia,  have  and 
continue  to  be  proofs  of  the  certainty  of  our  con- 
clusions. If  desolation  reigns  over  immense  re- 
gions in  which  nature  profusely  affords  her  gifts, 
and  if  in  many  instances  human  society  has  retro- 
graded and  even  mere  numbers  diminished,  the 
causes  lie  not  concealed,  but  apparent  in  the  per- 
versity of  man.  May  we  not  hope  that  more  ge- 
nial principles  of  association'and  more  sound  wis- 
dom in  human  government  are  gaining  an  ascend- 
ancy which  will  secure  advancing  melioration,  and 
prevent  another  dark  age  from  closing  the  day  of 
civilization  ? 

Dimensions  of  the  Earth. 
Equatorial  diameter  41,847,426  feet,  equal  ot 
7,925.648  ms. 

Axis  or  polar  diameter  41,707,620  feet,  equal 
to  7,899.170  ms. 

The  above  elements  give  for  the  equatorial  circum- 
ference 24,900  ms.,  to  within  a  very  small  fraction 

293 


EAS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  EAS 


sions  do  not  agree  to  any  very  near  exactness, 
have  compared  several  in  French  and  English,  a 
finally  followed  the  authority  of  John  F.  ) 
Herschel. 


Difference  between  the  equatorial  diameter  and 
axis  26 1  ms.  nearly,  and  consequently  polar  de- 
pression 13£  ms.,  to  an  inconsiderable  fraction. 

It  may  be  noted,  however,  that  the  various  ta- 
bles given  on  the  subject  of  the  Earth's  dimen- 

Table.  of  the  area  of  each  zone  of  10  degrees  in  breadth,  from  the  equator,  and  area  of  each  rhomb 
10  degrees  each  side  on  the  zones,  calculated  by  assuming  the  mean  semi-diameter  of  the.  earth 
be  3,956  miles. 


Height  of  each  zone  upon  the  axis. 

Curve  superficies 
of  eacli  zone. 

Curve  area  of  the 
rhombs  of  10  deg. 



Circumference  of  the  earth  at  each  10 
grees  from  the  equator. 

Equator  to  10  degrees,  687  miles  - 

10  to  20  degrees,  667  miles 

20  to  30  degrees,  625  miles 

30  to  40  degrees,  564  miles 

40  to  50  degrees,  488  miles 

50  to  60  degrees,  396  miles 

60  to  70  degrees,  291  miles 

70  to  SO  degrees,  179  miles 

80 to' 90 degrees,  60  miles 

17,076,092 
16,578,952 
15,535,008 
14.018,781  . 
12,129,728 

9,842,976 

7,233,096 

4,449,224 

1,491,360 

474,336 
460,526 
431,528 
389,410 
336,937 
273,416 
200,919 
123,589 
41,427 

0  deg.  (or  equator)       -         -  24 
10  degrees                           .  '^H 
20  degrees         -  J3, 
30  degrees         -  & 
40  degrees          -         -         -  ft 
50  degrees         -        -  1& 
60  degrees  - 
70  degrees                          '  '^B 
80  degrees                            -'  '  JH 

98,354,900 

Table  of  the  mean  diameter,  circumference,  and  hourly  motion  of  the  earth's  surface  round  its  ( 
at  each  10  degrees  of  latitude  from  the  equator. 


Deprees. 


Diameter. 


Equator 

10  - 

20  - 

30  - 

40  - 

50  - 

60  - 

70  - 

80  - 

90  - 


7,929 
7,794 
7,432 
6,853 
6,062 
5,085 
3,957 
2,357 
1,373 
0,000 


Circumference. 


French  measure. 
24,912 
24,486 
23,351 
21,531 
19,044 
15,978 
12,434 

8,407 

4,316 

0,000 


Hourly  motion  round 

axis. 


1,038 
1,020 
973 
897 
793 
665 
514 
308 
179 
000 


Earthquake  lake,  lake  in  Mo.,  said  to  have 
been  formed  by  the  earthquake  in  that  country  in 
1812.  Most  of  the  accounts  published  of  this  phe- 
nomenon were,  no  doubt,  grossly  exaggerated. 

East  Andover,  town  of  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  30  ms. 
N  W.  from  Paris. 

East  bay,  in  Adolphustown,  bay  of  Quinte,  U. 
C,  is  where  the  forks  of  the  North  channel  open, 
descending  southwesterly  from  Hay  bay. 

East  Becket,  town  in  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  25 
ms.  W.  from  Northampton. 

East  Bethel,  village  in  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  71  ms. 
from  Portland. 

East  Bloomjield,  town  in  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  6 
ms.  W.  from  Canandaigua. 

East  Bethlehem,  tp.  of  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 

Eastbourn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  noted  for 
plenty  of  the  birds  called  wheatears,  and  is  a  place 
of  resort  for  bathing.  It  is  seated  near  the  Eng- 
lish channel,  15  ins.  ESE.  of  Lewes,  and  65  SSE. 
of  London. 

East  Bradford,  tp.  of  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on 
Brandywine  creek,  below  East  Cain.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,217. 

East  Bridgewater,  town  in  Plymouth  co.,  Mass. 
30  ms.  S.  from  Boston. 

East  Cain,  tp.  of  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  in  the  Bran- 
dywine valley,  between  West  Whiteland  and  Sads- 
bury.    Downingstown  is  in  this  tp.,  32  ms.  from 
Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,162. 
294 


East  Chelmsford,  town  in  Middlesex  oo.,  Mai 
near  the  mouth  .of  Concord  river,  25  ms.  N\ 
from  Boston. 

East  Chester,  town  in  West  Chester  co.,  N. 
20  miles  N.  from  New  York.  Population 
1820,  1,021. 

East  Claridon,  post  office  in  Claridon  tp.,  Ge; 
ga  co.,   Ohio,  6  ms.  SE.  from  Claridon, 
county  seat. 

East  District,  tp.  of  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  so 
ces  of  Perkiomen,  Manataway,  Little  Lehigb,  a 
Maiden  creeks,  18  ms.  NE.  from  Reading.  P< 
in  1820,  509. 

Easter  island,  island  in  the  South  Pacific  oce 
12  leagues  in  circuit.  It  has  a  hilly  and  stor 
surface,  an  iron-bound  shore,  and  affords  neil! 
safe  anchorage,  fresh  water,  nor  wood  for  fuel, 
bears  evident  marks  not  only  of  a  volcanic  orig 
but  of  having  been  not  very  long  ago  ruined  by 
irruption.  It  is  the  same  that  was  seen  by  Da 
in  1686;  it  was  next  visited  by  Koggewcin 
1722,  and  again  by  Captain  Cook  in  1744.  T 
island  is  remarkable  as  being  the  extreme  easterr 
Polynesia.    Lon.  109  46  W.,  lat.  27  5  S. 

Eastern  District,  of  U.  C,  bounded  E.  by 
province  of  L.  C,  S.  by  the  river  St.  Lawren 
N.  by  the  Ottawa  river,  and  W.  by  a  merit! 
passing  through  the  mouth  of  the  Gananoqise  ri\. 
in  Leeds  co. 

East  Euclid,  village  on  Lake  Erie,  and  in  I 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  EAS 


EAS 

:■ 

,,d  tp.,  Ohio,  14  ms.  NE.  of  Cleveland,  thecoun- 
seat. 

East  Fairfield,  village  in  the  eastern  part  of 
)lumbiana  co.,  Ohio,  10  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from 
>w  Lisbon,  and  16  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from 
verpool,  on  Ohio  river. 

East  Falls  of  Mackias,  town  in  Washington  co., 
3.,  on  Machias  river,  opposite  the  village  of  W. 
ichias. 

East  Fallowfield,  tp.  of  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on 
?  W.  branch  of  Brandy  wine,  SW.  from  E.  Cain. 
East  Feliciana,  parish  of  La.,  bounded  W.  by 
est  Feliciana,  S.  by  East  Baton  Rouge,  E.  by  St. 
•lena,  and  N.  by  Amite  co.,  Miss.  Central  lat. 
35  N.,  Ion..  14  10  W.  of  W.  C.  Chief  town 
inton.  Pop.  in  1840,  11,893. 
East  Goshen,  town  in  Litchfield  co.,  Ct.,  6  ms. 

I  from  Litchfield.  Tp.  of  Chester  co.,  Pa., 

,  Ridley  creek,  7  ms.  E.  from  Downingstown 
p.  in  1820,  735. 

East  Greenwich,  town  in  Kent  co.,  R.  I.  Pop. 
1820,  1,519. 

East  Greenville,  village,  which,  according  to  the 
•iio  Gazetteer,  is  situated  5|  ms.  W.  from  Mas- 
!  on,  17  ms.  E.  from  Wooster,  and  14  ms.  W. 
I  in  Canton. 

East  Haddam,  town  in  Middlesex  co.,  Ct.,  on 
I  left  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  14  ms.  below 

dclletown.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,572. 

East  Hampton,  town  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mass., 
loft  S.  from  Northampton.    Pop.  in  1820,  712. 

,— Town  of  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  includes  Mon- 

ik  point  and  Gardiner's  island,  112  ms.  ENE. 
fm  N.  Y.  Clinton  academy,  located  in  East 
.impton,  is  a  very  respectable  institution.  Pop. 

il820, 1,646.  Town  in  Hampshire  co.,  Mass., 

Mr  the  influx  of  Manham  creek  into  the  Connec- 
lit  river,  5  ms.,SW.  from  Southampton.  

wii  in  Middlesex  co.,  Con.,  22  ms.  from  Hart- 
ul. 

East  Hartford,  town  and  flourishing  tp.,  Hart- 
Id  co.,  Con.,  on  Connecticut  river,  opposite 

utford,  to  which  it  is  conveniently  connected  by 

ine  bridge.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,373. 

East  Haven,  tp.  in  Essex  co.,  Vt,  48  ms.  N. 
I  in  Montpelier.  Tp.  in  New  Haven  co.,  Ct., 

u.  E.  from  New  Haven.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,237. 

East  Hector,  town  in  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  12 

.  W.  from  Ithaca. 

East  Kingston,  tp.  in  Rockingham  co.  N.  H  , 
ms.  SW.  from  Portsmouth.  Pop.  in  1820,  443. 
East  lake,  lies  between  the  tps.  of  Marysburgh 

■  \  Sophiasburgh,  immediately  to  the  NE.  of  Lit- 
Sandy  bay,  on  Lake  Ontario,  U.  C. 

East  Lebanon,  village  in  the  eastern  part  of 
ayne  co.,  Ohio,  8  ms.  westward  of  Massillon, 

■  1  17  eastward  of  Wooster,  the  county  seat. 
East  Liberty,  village  in  Perry  tp.,  eastern  part 

'Logan  co.,  Ohio,  11  ms.  eastward  of  Bellefon- 
lue,  the  county  seat,  and  43  ms.-NW.  of  Co- 
1  thus.  This  post  office  was  formerly  called  Gar- 
lid's  Mills.  Post  office  in  Fayette  co.,  Pa. 

East  Livcrmore,  town  in  Oxford  co  ,  Me.,  on 
t.'  E.  side  of  Androscoggin  river,  66  ms.  a  little 
JlofN.  of  Portland. 

East  Liverpool,  formerly  Fawcettstown,  a  flou- 
ning  village  on  Ohio  river,  southeastern 'angle 
I  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  4  ms.  below  the  State 
1  >,  15  ms,  SE.  of  New  Lisbon,  and  by  the  river 


about  half  way  from  Pittsburg  to  Wheeling,  N. 
lat.  40  38,  Ion.  W.  C\  3  47  W.  This  place  has 
already  sprung  up  to  consequence,  and,  with  a 
population  of  from  500  to  600,  enjoys  prospects  of 
future  advance  which  the  existing  crisis  has  only 
chocked,  but  cannot  destroy. 

East  Main,  part  of  New  Britain,  on  the  penin- 
sula of  Labrador  ;  lies  along  the  E.  shore  of  James's 
bay. 

East  Main  House,  one  of  the  British  stations 
for  Indian  fur  trade,  stands  on  a  river  flowing  into 
James's  bay.  Lon.  W.  C.  1  42  W.,  lat.  52  15  N. 

East  Manor,  tp.  in  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  m 
1820,  3,303. 

East  Marlborough,  tp.  in  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on 
Red  Clay  creek,  9  ms.  S.  from  Downingstown. 
Pop.  in  1820,  993. 

East  Medway,  town  in  Mass.,  22  ms.  SW.  from 
Boston. 

East  Minot,  town  in  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  39 
ms.  N.  from  Portland.  The  tp.  of  East  Miuol 
forms  the  NE.  angle  of  the  county. 

East  Monroe,  village  in  the  extreme  northern 
part  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  NNE.  of  Hills- 
boro',  the  county  seat,  and  30  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W. 
of  Chillicothe. 

East  Nantmill,  tp.  in  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
sources  of  French  creek,  35  ms,  NW,  from  Phi- 
ladelphia. 

East  Palestine,  village  near  the  eastern  border 
of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  18  ma,  NE.  by  E.  of 
New  Lisbon,  The  vicinity  abounds  with  stone 
coal  and  iron, 

East  river,  strait  of  N.  Y.,  between  Long  Island 
sound  and  New  York  bay.  Opposite  the  central 
part  of  New  York,  or  from  Fulton  street  to  the 
main  street  of  Brooklyn,  East  river  is  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  wide.  Vessels  of  any  tonnage 
can  pass  through  this  strait.  In  it  is  the  principal 
commercial  harbor  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

Easlon,  town  in  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  22  ms.  S. 
from  Boston.  In  this  tp.  there  are  two  pstos.,  No. 
1  and  No.  2.  Town,  SE.  angle  of  Washing- 
ton co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hudson,  22 
ms.  above  Albany.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,051.  Bo- 
rough and  seat  of  justice  for  Northampton  co.,  Pa., 
on  the  Delaware,  60  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia.  It 
is  a  borough  town,  situated  on  a  point  of  laud 
formed  by  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  rivers  and 
Bushkill  creek.  The  streets  are  laid  out  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  and  along  the  cardinal  points. 
The  lower  part  of  the  town,  near  the  Delaware,  is 
on  an  elevated  level,  but  the  western  extremity 
rises  by  a  gradual  acclivity  to  a  considerable  ele- 
vation. The  adjacent  country  is  bold,  broken,  and 
romantic.  The  soil  is  highly  productive,  and  be- 
ing well  cultivated,  gives  a  most  pleasing  aspect  to 
the  vicinity  of  Easton.  Farm  houses,  orchards, 
fields,  and  meadows,  are  commingled  along  the 
bottoms  of  the  rivers  and  slopes  of  the  adjacent 
hills.  Bushkill  creek  is  amongst  the  finest  mill 
streams  in  the  United  States. — See  Bushkill.  This 
stream  rises  8  ms.  N.  from  Nazareth,  and  has  an 
almost  uninterrupted  fall  to  the  Delaware.  Within 
the  borough  of  Easton  it  passes  ihe  Chestnut  ridge 
and,  by  «a  very  winding  and  precipitous  course, 
reaches  the  Delaware,  affording  a  rapid  succession 
of  mill  seats. 

The  borough  of  Easton,  from  its  advantageous 

295 


EAT 


GEOGKAPIUCAL  DICTIONARY, 


situation,  has  regularly  increased  in  wealth  and 
population.  In  1810,  the  inhabitants  amounted 
to  1,857;  in  1820,  to  2,370;  in  1830,  to  3,529; 
and  in  1840,  to  4,862.  Lat.  42  42  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  I  50  E.  Seated  on  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  riv- 
ers, at  their  junction,  Easton  is  a  real  entrepot ; 
the  Lehigh  and  Delaware  canals  unite  at  the  union 
of  the  two  rivers. 

Easton,  village  and  capital  of  Talbot  co.,  Md., 
on  the  left  bank  of  Treadhaven  creek,  12  ids.  above 
Choptank  l»ay,  and  20  ms.  SE.  from  Baltimore. 
It  is  the  most  considerable  town  of  the  eastern 
shore  part  of  Md.  Pop.  near  2,000;  and  in 
1810,  2,876. 

Eastport,  village,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Tusca- 
rawas co.,  O.,  about  12  ms.  SE.  of  New  Philadel- 
phia. Village  and  port  of  entry,  Washington 

co.,  Me.,  at  the  mouth  of  Cob-cook  river,  280  ms. 
NJS.  from  Portland.  The  boundaries  of  the  tp. 
contain  Mooso  island,  and  several  smaller  islands. 
This  town  has  rapidly  increased ;  its  shipping  in 
1816,  exceeded  7,370  tons.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,511; 
in  1820,  1,937. 

East  Pittston,  town  in  the  southern  part  of 
Kennebec  co.,  Mc.,  E.  from  the  Kennebec  river, 
and  60  ms.  NE.  from  Portland. 

East  Pultney,  a  small  river,  rising  in  Rutland 
co.,  Vt.,  which  enters  Lake  Champlain  at  White- 
hall, and  from  that  place  to  the  village  of  Pultney, 

separates  N.  Y.  and  Vt.  Town,  on  Pultney 

river,  on  the  western  verge  of  Rutland  co.,  Vt., 
about  8  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Whitehall. 

East  Randolph,  town,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  22  ms. 
S.  from  Montpelier. 

East  Rumford,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  near  the 
Androscoggin  river,  75  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from 
Portland. 

East  Sandwich,  town  between  Sandwich  and 
Barnstable,  in  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  77  ms.  SSE.. 
from  Boston. 

East  Stoughton,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  18 
ms.  S.  from  Boston. 

East  Sudbury,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass. 

EaM  Thomaston,  town,  in  the  southeastern  an- 
gle of  Lincoln  Co',  Me.,  about  40  ms.  from  Wis- 
casset. 

Easttown,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  both  sides 
of  the  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  16  ms. 
frotn  the  former. 

East  Townsend,  village,  in  Huron  co.,  O.,  5 
ms.  southward  of  Norwalk,  the  co.  seat. 

East  Union,  village  of  Wayne  co.,  O.,  6  or  7 
ms.  E.  of  Wooster. 

Eastville,  village  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Va.,  in 
Northampton  co.,  164  ms.  from  Richmond. 

Wast  Whitcland,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
turnpike  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  20 
ms.  from  the  former.    Pop.  in  1820,  818. 

East  Williamstown,  town,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  10 
ms.  S.  from  Montpelier. 

East  Windsor,  town,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  8  ms.  above  Hart- 
ford.—See  Warehouse  Point.    Pop.  1820,3,400. 

Eastwood f(hd,  village,  Union  district,  S.  C,  by 
post  road  116  ms.  NNW.  from  Columbia 

Eaton,  tp.  of  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C.,«84  ms. 

SSE.  from  Trois  Rivieres,  or  Three  Rivers.  

Tp.,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  N.  from  Ossipee  lake, 

50  ms.  from  Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,071.  

296 


Town,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y  ,  on  the  head  of  Cli 
nango  river,  30  ms.  SW.  from  Utica.  Pop. 

1820,  3,021.  Tp.  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  on  tl 

right  side  of  the  Susquehannah  river,  on  Bowman 
creek,  opposite  Tunkhannock.  Pop.  in  1820,  47 

 Town  and  county  seat  of  Preble  co.,  O.,  si 

ated  on  the  east  bank  of  St.  Clair  creek,  and  ve 
near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  three-quarters  of  a  m 
eastward  of  old  Fort  St.  Clair,  50  ms,  N.  of  G 
cinnati,  25  W.  from  Dayton,  and  26  N  f 
Hamilton.    N.  lat.  39  45,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  :38 
Pop.  in  1820,  478;  in  1830,  510;  and  in  18 

800.  Lorain  county. — See  North  Eaton, 

rain  co. 

Eaton's  Neck  Light  House,  Huntington,  S 
folk  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Long  Island.   It  is  situate 
a  point  of  land  N.  from  Huntington  bay,  of  Loi 
Island  sound,  40  ms.  ENE.  from  N.  Y.,  at 
nearly  opposite  Norwalk,  in  Ct. 

Eaton  ton,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Putnam.* 
Ga.,  20  ms.  NNW.  from  Milledgcville. 

Eaton  town,  village  of  N.  J.,  Monmouth  co., 
mile  from  Shrewsbury,  and  12  ms.  from  Freefcjfl 

Eause,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ger 
and  late  province  of  Armagnac,  17  ms.  SW. 
Condon.    Lon.  10'  E.  lat.,  43  51  N. 

Ebentzcr  Academy,  post  office,  York  di 
S.  C,  66  ms.  NNW.  from  Columbia. 

Ebenezcr,  Effingham  co.,  Ga.,  on  the  SW. 
of  Savannah  river,  35  ms.  NNW.  of  the  ci 
Savannah.  It  was  originally  settled  by  emig 
from  Germany. 

Ebensburg,  borough,  village,  and  seat  of  j  - 
Cambria  co.,  Pa.,  70  ms.  E.  from  Pittsburg, 
4  ms.  NW.  from  Beulah.  N.  lat.  40  31,  lon. 
C.  141  W.     Pop.  in  1810,  353. 

Eberbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala 
of  the  Rhine,  remarkable  for  its  wine.    It  is  s 
,on  the  Neckar,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Heidelberg. 
8  56  E.,  lat.  49  26  N. 

Eberberg,  castle  of  Germany,  in  the  j>ala': 
of  the  Rbine,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  ^ 
and  Alsen,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Creutznach.    Lon.  7  ; 
E.,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Eberslein,  district  and  castle  of  Suabia,  subje 
to  the  margravale  of  Baden.  J  he  castle  is  tl 
chief  place,  6  ms.  SE.  of  Baden.    Lon.  8  20  E 

lat.  48  46  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  Alsac 

8  ms.  SW.  ol  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  46  E.,  lat.  < 
29  N. 

Eberville,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Puyd 
Dome,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne.    It  bit 
had  a  Benedictine  abbey,  which  was  very  rich, 
is  seated  on  the  Sciole,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Riom.  Lo 
3  15  E.,  lat.  45  59  N. 

Ebro,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  mou 
tains  of  Santillane,  in  Old  Castile,  and  wateri 
Saragossa  andTortosa,  falls  into  the  Meditcrranea 
The  Ebro  is  about  300  ms.  in  length ;  but,  exce 
the  Segre,  from  the  Pyrenean  mountains,  which 
receives  at  Mequinenza,  the  volume  of  this  strca 
is  not  increased  by  any  tributary  of  consequcne 
The  Ebro  is  also  a  very  unnavigable  river;  atteni] 
have  been  made  at  various  times  to  improve  t 
natural  channel,  but  little  else  has  been  done,  c 
cept  some  locks  and  side  cuts,  from  Tudela, 
Saragossa  to  Sastago.  It  is  still  incapable  of  bei 
passed  by  boats,  to  its  mouth,  at  any  season  oft 
year. 


EDD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


EDI 


Ecaterrinenslaf.  — See  Catharinenslaf. 

Excentricitt,  from  ex,  from,  and  Greek, 
mtron,  centre ;  distance  of  the  focii  of  an  ellipsis 
id  its  centre,  and  that  of  its  inscribed  or  circum- 
ribed  circle.  As  an  astronomical  term,  it  is  of 
eat  importance  to  be  clearly  understood  by  those 
ho  study  that  science,  as  the  planets  move  on 
Jiptic  curves,  the  sun  being  in  one  of  the  focii, 
e  eccentricity  explains  why  planets  advance 
wards  and  recede  from  that  luminary  whilst  pass- 
g  through  their  entire  orbits,  and  also  why  plan- 
ary  bodies  are  constantly  accelerated  or  retarded 

their  motions. 

Ecclefeshan,  village  of  Scot.,  in  Dumfriesshire, 
)ted  for  its  great  monthly  market  for  cattle.  It  is 
)  ms.  SE.  of  Dumfries. 

Eccleshal,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  on  a 
anch  of  the  river  Stow.  It  is,  6  ms.  NW.  of 
afford,  «nd  143  of  London.  Lon.  2  9  W.,  lat. 
*2N. 

Echinades,  now  Cuzzolari,  small  islands  on  the 
>ast  of  Epirus. 

Echoconno,  village,  Crawford  co.,  Ga. 

Echternach,  town  of  Austrian  Luxemburg,  on 
e  river  Soutj  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  moun- 
ins,  18  ms.  NE.  of  Luxemburg.  Lon.  6  33  E., 
t.  49  50  N. 

Ecliptic,  that  great  circle  of  the  heavens, 
Inch  may  be  regarded  as  formed  by  the  motion  of 
e  earth's  centre  round  that  of  the  sun.  To  the 
liptic  is  necessarily  referred  the  paths  of  all  the 
her  planets,  and  also  those  of  the  comets,  in  the 
lar  system. 

Ecya,  or  Ezija,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in 
ndalasia,  seated  on  the  Zenil,  28  ms.  SW.  of 
ordova.    Lon.  4  27  W.,  lat.  37  39  N. 

Edam,  town  of  New  Holland,  famous  for  its  red 
id  cheeses,  and  seated  on  the  Zuyder-Zee,  20  ms. 

.  by  E.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  54  E.,  lat. 
i  32  N. 

Edda,  Icelandic  term  or  name  for  a  book,  or 
Election  of  the  dogmas  and  mythology  of  the  an- 
ent  Scandinavian  nations,  wrote  in  Icelandic, 
he  Edda  contains  the  Sybille  predictions,  magic, 
ants,  Odin,  &c. 

Eddenburg,  village,  Portage  co  ,  O.,  120  ms. 
E.  from  Columbus. 

Eddystone,  name  of  some  rocks  in  the  English 
hannel,  which  cause  a  variety  of  contrary  sets  of 
e  tide  or  current  in  their  vicinity.  They  are  sit- 
ifed  SSW.  from  the  middle  of  Plymouth  sound, 

the  distance  of  14  ms.  They  are  almost  in  the 
ie  which  joins  the  Start  and  the  Lizard  points, 
id  their  situation  with  regard  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay- 
id  the  Atlantic  is  such,  that  they  lie  open  to  the 
veils  of  the  bay  and  ocean  from  all  the  SW. 
>ints,  so  that  all  the  heavy  seas  from  the  SW. 
eak  upon  Eddystone  with  the  utmost  fury.  Three 
;ht  houses  have  been  erected  on  these  dangerous 
cks;  the  first  by  Mr.  Winstanly,  1696,  which, 
I  the  27th  November,  1703,  was  destroyed  by  a 
orm,  and  with  it  perished  the  ingenious  founder, 
he  second  was  built  of  wood  by  Mr.  Rudyard,  but 
'as  burnt  in  1755.  The  third,  and  the  one  yet 
existence,  was  constructed  in  stone  by  Mr. 
Beaton,  and  finished  August  24,  1759.  Its  dis- 
nce  from  the  Ram  Head,  the  nearest  point  of 
nd,  is  12  ms.    Lon.  4  24  W.,  lat.  50  8  N. 

Eddyville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Caldwell 
38* 


co.,  Ky.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  river, 
22  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Smithland,  on  Ohio,  and 
44  NW.  from  Clarksville,  in  Tenn.  N.  lat.  37  3, 
lon.  W.  C.  10  50  W. 

Eden,  post  office,  Trumbull  co.,  O.  Tp., 

Seneca  co.,  O. — See  for  its  village  Melmorc.  

Village,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  on  the  island  of  Mount 
Desert,  40  ms.  SSE.  from  Bangor,  and  163  NE. 

by  E.  from  Portland.  Village,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y., 

by  post  road  268  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Edenburg,  village,  Johnson  co.,  Ia.,  27  ms. 
SSE.  from  Indianapolis. 

Eden  river,  which  rises  in  Westmoreland,  on 
the  confines  of  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  and,  running  N. 
by  Appleby  and  Carlisle,  falls  into  Solway  Frith. 

Edenton,  town,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Chowan  co.,  N.  C,  seated  near  the  head  of 
Albemarle  sound,  11  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Plymouth, 
on  the  opposite  shore,  22  ms.  E.  of  Windsor,  and 
about  the  same  distance  S.  by  W.  of  Hertford. 
Pop.  1500;  lat.  36  66  N. 

Edgar,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Edgar  co.,  III., 
127  ms.  from  Vandalia. 

Edgartown,  town  of  Duke's  co.,  Mass.  It  is  a 
port  of  entry,  the  chief  town  of  the  co.,  and  the 
capital  of  Martha's  Vineyard  ;  situated  in  the  lat. 
of  41  25  N.    Pop.  in  1820,  374. 

Edgecombe,  cape  of  King  George's  island,  W. 
coast  of  N.  America.    Lon.  W.  C  58  15  W., 

lat.  57  2  N.  Town,  Lincoln  co  ,  Me.,  oppo- 

site  Wiscasset,  on  Sheepscut  river.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1}629.  Co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Greene  S., 

Wayne  SW.,  Nash  NW.,  Halifax  NE.,  Martin 
E.,  and  Pitt  SE  ;  length  33  ms.,  mean  width  14 ; 
area  460  sq.  ms.  Surface  level,  and  soil  generally 
sandy  und  unproductive.  Chief  town,  Tarborough, 
Pop.  in  1820,  13,276;  and  in  1840,  15,708. 
Pentral  lat.  35  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  45'  W. 

Edgefield,  district  of  S.  C,  bounded  by  Savan- 
nah river  NW.,  Abbeville  NE.,  Newberry  N., 
and  Lexington,  Orange,  and  Barnwell,  SE.  ; 
length  46  ms.,  mean  width  40,  area  1,840  sq.  ms. 
Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  of  second  rate 
quality.  Chief  town  Edgefield.  Pop.  1820, 
25, 179,  and  in  1840,  32,852.  Central  lat.  33  50 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5°  W. 

Edgemont,  tp.  of  Delaware  co.,  Pa.,  on  both 
sides  of  Providence  creek,  about  15  ms.  W.  of 
Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1820,  640. 

Edgehill,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire,  14 
ms.  S.  of  Warwick. 

Edgeware,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  8  ms. 
NW.  of  London.    Lon.  0  14  W.,  lat.  51  37  N, 

Edikofen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine. 

Edinburgh,  metropolis  of  Scotland,  situated  in 
a  co.  of  the  same  name.  It  may  properly  be  divi- 
ded into  the  old  and  new  towns.  The  old  town 
is  situated  on  a  narrow  steep  hill,  about  a  mile  in 
length,  terminated  abruptly  on  the  W.  side  by  the 
castle,  from  which  there  is  a  gradual  declivity  to 
the  palace  of  Holyroodhouse,  which  is  placed  in  a 
beautiful  plain  called  St.  Ann's  Yards.  From  the 
level  of  this  plain,  and  on  each  side  of  the  ridge  or 
hill  on  which  the  old  town  stands,  run  two  nar- 
row valleys,  nearly  parallel  to  each  other ;  the 
southern  one  forms  a  street  called  the  Cowgate, 
the  northern  continued  a  marsh  until  very  lately, 
which  was  called  the  North  "Loch,  but  is  now 

297 


EDN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


EGM 


drained.  The  high  street,  which  runs  between!  Edward,  cape  of  W.  coast  of  N.  America,  , 
the  castle  and  Holyrood-house,  is  long  and  spa-  King  George's  island,  40  ms.  N.  from  Cape  Edg 
cious,  and  the  houses  are  very  high.    From  this  combe.    I.on.  W.  C.  58  45  W.,  lat.  57  40  I 


street  many  narrow  lanes,  or  closes,  run  oft"  at 
right  angles,  towards  the  N.  and  S.  The  castle 
is  seated  on  a  vast  perpendicular  rock,  accessible 
only  by  a  drawbridge  on  one  side,  and  in  ancient 
times  was  considered  as  almost  impregnable.  In 
1811  the  number  of  inhabitants,  exclusive  of 
Leith,  was  103,000.  It  is  supplied  with  water, 
conveyed  in  iron  pipes,  from  Comiston,  4  ms.  to 
the  W.  It  is  governed  by  a  lord  provost,  a  dean 
of  guild,  a  guild  council,  and  25  common  council. 

Here  are  14  incorporated  trades,  each  having  its  j  near  its  southeastern  border,  and  on  the  southea 
deacon  or  warden.  Edinburgh  is  2  ms.  SSW.  ofiern  road  from  Columbus  to  Cincinnati,  12£  n 
Leith,  (which  is  its  port,)  and  377  NNW.  from  SSE.  of  Lebanon,  and  80  SW.  of  Columbi 

London.    Lon.  3  12  W.,  lat.  55  58  N.   Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Madison  co.,  II 

This  city  has  become  deservedly  celebrated  for  on  the  left  bank  of  Cahokia  river,  22  ms.  Ni 
the  number,  extent,  and  excellence  of  its  literary  from  St.  Louis.    A  land  office,  a  bank,  and  o 


Edwards,  co.  of  III.,  on  Wabash,  bounded 
White  S.,  Wayne  W.,  Crawford  N.,  and  "W 
bash  river  SE.;  length  33  ms.,  mean  width  3 
area  990  sq.  ms.  Surface  rather  waving  th: 
hilly  ;  soil  generally  fertile.  Chief  town  Piden 
ra.  Birkbeck's  settlement  is  in  the  SE.  part 
this  co.  Pop.  1820,  3,444,  and  in  1840,  3,07 
Central  lat.  38  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  12  50  W. 

Edwardsville,  tp.,  Greenville  co.,  U.  C  

Village  in  Salem  tp.,  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  and  ve 


institutions.  The  university  of  Edinburgh  was 
founded  in  1582,  and  now  embraces  professorships 
on  almost  every  important  pursuit  of  the  human 
intellect.  The  number  of  students  ordinarily  ex- 
ceeds 2,000.  To  the  university  is  attached  a  li- 
brary containing  above  50,000  volumes.  As  a 
medical  school,  the  reputation  of  this  university 
occupies  a  most  exalted  rank.  The  other  literary, 
charitable,  religious,  and  legal  institutions  are  nu- 
merous and  highly  respectable.  Of  all  the  great 
cities  of  the  British  empire,  Edinburgh  is  supposed 
to  derive  the  least  comparative  emolument  from 
trade,  commerce,  or  manufactures. 

Edinburghshire,  or  Mid  Lothian,  co.  of  Scot- 
land, 27  ms.  long,  and  from  6  to  16  broad,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  frith  of  Forth,  E.  by  the 
.shires  of  Haddington,  Berwick,  and  Roxburg,  S. 
by  those  of  Selkirk,  Peebles,  and  Lanark,  and  W. 
by  Linlithgowshire.  It  is  divided  into  31  parishes. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces  corn  of  all  sorts, 
with  plenty  of  grass ;  also,  coal,  iron,  limestone, 
and  black  marble.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Esk,  Leith,  Amond,  and  Gala.  Pop.  in  1801, 
122,954,  in  1811,  148,607,  and  in  1821,  191,514. 

Edinburgh,  town,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  28  ms. 
NNW.  from  Balston  Spa.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,469. 

 Village,  Albert  co.,  Ga.,  on  the  right  bank  of 

Savannah  river,  65  fns.  above  Augusta.  Post 

town,  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  SW.  from  Ravenna,  and 
along  the  right  bank  of  Cuyahoga  river.  Pop.  in 
1820,  uncertain.  The  village  in  this  tp.,  and  of 
the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  main  road  from 
Liverpool,  on  the  Ohio  river,  through  New  Lis- 
bon and  Ravenna  to  Cleveland,  7  ms.  SE.  of  Ra- 
venna. Tp.,  Dearborn  co.  Ia. 

Edisto,  village,  Orange  co.,  S.  C,  577  ms. 

from  Washington.  Considerable  river  of  S.  C, 

which  rises  in  the  district  of  Edgefield,  and,  after 
meandering  in  a  SE.  direction,  between  Barnwell 
and  Orangeburg,  enters  Colleton,  and  falls  into 
the  ocean  by  two  separate  outlets  in  the  lat.  of  32 
25  N.  Island  of  Ga  ,  formed  by  the  two  out- 
lets of  Edisto  river.  It  is  separated  from  Wadme- 
lau  island,  by  North  Edisto,  and  is  fertile  aad  well 
cultivated.    Staple,  cotton. 

Edmesten,  town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms. 
W.  from  Cooperstown.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,841. 

Ednam,  village  near  Kelso,  in  Roxburghshire, 
Scotland,  seated  on  the  Tweed,  where  Thomson, 
the  author  of  the  Season's,  was  bam. 
298 


printing  office,  have  been  located  in  this  tow 
N  lat.  38  48,  lon.  W.  C.  12  52  W. 

Eel  river,  small  branch  of  Wabash,  enters  frc 
the  NW.,  20  ms.  nearly  S.  from  Fort  Wayne. 

Effendi,  in  Turkish,  secretary.  The  grai 
chancellor  of  the  empire  is  entitled  Reis  Effenc 
Chief  Secretary. 

Efferding,  town  of  Upper  Austria,  defended  i 
two  castles,  8  ms.  W.  of  Lint/..  Lon.  13  52  I 
lat.  48  18  N. 

Effingham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  once,  s 
cording  to  tradition,  a  populous  town,  containii 

16  churches.    It  is  12  ms.  NE.  of  Guilford,  u 

17  SW.  of  London.  Co.,  L.  C,  extends  fro 

the  Otlowa  river,  opposite  Isle  Jesus,  in  a  H) 
direction,  between  York  and  Lcinster  cos.  It  li 
NW.  from  Montreal.  Town,  Strafford  co.,  ]j 

H.  ,  43  ms.  NE.  from  Concord.    Pop.  182 

I,  368.  Co.,  Ga.,  between  Savannah  and  Grt 

Ogechee  rivers,  and  bounded  S,  by  Chathai 
W.  by  Great  Ogechee  river,  NW.  by  Scrive 
and  NE.  and  E.  by  Savannah  river;  length  5j 
ms.,  mean  width  18,  area  about  470  sq.  ms.  St 
face  level,  and  soil  sandy.  Chief  town  Sprin 
field.  Staple,  cotton.  Pop.  1820,  3,018,  arid 
1840,  3,075.  Lat.  30  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  30  V 

Egg  Harbor,  Great,  inlet  of  Gloucester  cc 
N.  J.,  receiving  from  the  NW.  Great  Egg  Harb 
river.  The  inlet  and  river  are  navigable  about ' 
ms  for  vessels  of  200  tons  burden. 

Egg  Harbor,  Little,  inlet  between  Buriingt< 
and  Monmouth  cos.  N.  .1.  It  is  navigable  20  x 
for  60  ton  vessels. 

Egg  Harbor,  Great,  village,  seaport,  and  pt 
of  entry,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  N.  side 
Great  Egg  Harbor  inlet,  60  ms.  SE.  from  Phil 
delphia.    Pop.  1820,  1,635. 

Egg  Harbor,  Little,  village,  seaport,  and  pc  • 
of  entry,  Burlington  co  ,  N.  J.,  at  the  mouth 
Little  Egg  Harbor  inlet.    Pop.  1820,  1,192, 
the  tp. 

Egg  island,  small  island  of  Cumberland  co 
N.  J.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Delaware  bay. 

Egmount,  bay  of  the  island  of  St.  John's, 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  nearly  opposite  b; 
Oeito,  in  New  Brunswick.    Lon.  W.  C.  13°  F 
lat.  46  30  N. 

Egmount,  island  In  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on  tl 
W.  coast  of  Florida,  20  ms.  NW.  from  the  mou 
of  Tampa  bay.  Lon.  W.  C.  6  20  W.,  lat.  28°  P 


EIT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ELB 


Egg,  fertile  little  island,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of 
otland,  to  the  S.  of  Skye. 
Egham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  with  a  school 
r  the  education  of  20  boys.  Egham  is  seated  near 
e  Thames,  18  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Egllsau,  ancient  town  of  Switzeiland,  in  the 
nton  of  Zuric.    Lon.  8  30  E.,  lat.  47  33  N. 
\Egra,  town  ot  Bohemia,  formerly  imperial.  It 
is  taken  by  tfr^  French  in  1742,  but  they  were 
reed  to  evacuate  it  the  next  year.    Its  mineral 
iters  are  famous.    It  is  seated  on  the  Eger,  90 
L.  W.  of  Prague.    Longitude  12  40  E.,  lati- 
Je  50  9  N. 

\Egremonf,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  near 
i  Irish  sea,  on  the  river  Eben,  over  which  are 

rjio  bridges;  14  ms.  SW.  of  Cockermouth  and 
9  NVV.  of  London.  Lon.  3  35  W.,  lat.  54  32  N.  | 
1 — Town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  Housa- 

Ihic,  \8  ms.  SSW.  from  Lenox.  Pop.  in  1820, 
5. 

Egypt*  country  of  Africa,  600  ms.  in  length, 
•d  250  where  broadest;  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
!  Mediterranean,  on  the  S.  by  Nubia,  on  the  E. 
the  Red  sea  and  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  and  on 
:  W.  by  the  deserts  to  the  E.  of  Fezzan. — See 
)-ica,  p.  1 1,  col.  2d,  &c. 

Egypten,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  duchy  of  Cour- 
U,  100  ms.  SE.  of  Mittau.  Lon.  10  40,  E.  lat. 
.  2  N. 

\Ehigen,  name  of  2  small  towns  of  Suabia,  the 
4e  near  the  Danube,  and  the  other  on  the  Neckar. 
'key  belong  to  the  house  of  Austria.  The  former 
;ifn  lon.  9  45  E.,  lat.  48  15  N.;  and  the  latter  in 
li.  8  45  E.,  lat.  45  25  N. 

Ehrenbreitstein,  very  ancient  castle,  in  the  for- 
jjr  electorate  of  Treves,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
line,  opposite  Coblentz,  and  now  belongs  to 
fussia.  It  is  seated  on  the  summit  of  a  stupend- 
m  rock,  not  less  than  800  feet  above  the  level  of 
ft  river,  and  is  thought,  when  supported  by  a 
mpetent  garrison,  to  be  impregnable.  It  is  plen- 
« illy  supplied  with  water  from  a  well  280  feet 
<fep.    The  prospect  from  this  castle  is  majestic, 

*  ensive,  and  variegated  ;  and  the  stream  at  its 
lit  is  decorated  with  two  small  islands,  on  each  of 
vich  is  a  convent.  In  the  vale  of  Ehrenbrcitstein 
j'  he  old  palace  of  the  elector. 

Eirnen,  one  of  the  Society  isles,  in  the  S.  Pacific 
•5an,  lying  near  Otaheite,  and  visited  by  Captain 
•ok  in  his  last  voyage. 

Eimbeck,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory  of 
'ubenhagen,  25  ms.  S.  of  Hildesheim.  Lon.  10° 
.  lat.  51  46  N. 

Einsidlin,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 

*  Schwitz.  It  is  situated  on  the  river  Sihl,  be- 
'?en  lofty  mountains,  whose  distant  summits 
I  covered  with  snow.  N.  lat.  47  7,  lon.  8  44  E,  of 

ndon,  10  English  ms.  NNE.  of  Schwitz.  The 
•iversity  of  Einsidlin,  the  residence  of  Ulrich 

*  ingle,  shares  with  Wittemberg  the  honor  of 
enmencing  the  reformation  early  in  the  sixteenth 
citury. 

Eisleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  co.  of  Mans- 
l'd,  famous  as  the  birth-place  of  Luther.  It  is  5 
«|.  E.  of  Mansfield  Lon.  12  16  E  ,  lat.  51  42  N. 
Eisnach,  town  of  Thuringia,  capital  of  a  district 
<the  same  name,  with  a  celebrated  college,  36 
W.  of  Erfurt.    Lon.  10  25  E.,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Eithen,  or  Ythan,  river  in  Aberdeenshire,  which 


crosses  that  co.  in  a  SE.  direction,  and  falls  into 
the  British  ocean  at  Newburgh. 

Ekaterinoslav. — See  Jekaterinodav. 

Ekercford,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Sles- 
wick.    Lon.  10  30  E.,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Elba,  island  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  remarka- 
ble for  mines  of  iron  and  loadstone,  and  quarries  of 
marble.  Island  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  be- 
tween Italy  and  the  island  of  Corsica,  and  separated 
from  Tuscany  by  the  channel  of  Piombino.  It  was 
known  to  the  Greeks  by  the  name  of  .'Ethalia,  and 
to  the  Romans  by  that  of  Ilva.  The  form  of  the 
island  is  very  irregular;  the  length  from  E.  to  W. 
about  14  ms.,  and  the  greatest  breadth,  which  is  at 
the  W.  end,  is  between  8  and  9  miles  ;  and  con- 
tains a  population  of  13,700  souls.  On  the  NE. 
part  is  the  mountain,  or  mine,  of  iron  ore,  which 
supplies  most  of  the  forges  of  Italy.  The  tower 
of  Voltoi  ajo  stands  on  this  mountain,  on  a  shaggy 
rock.  The  soil  of  Elba  is  very  narrow,  with  scanty 
room  for  cultivation,  and  few  places  level  enough 
for  corn  ;  producing  little  more  than  six  months' 
provisions  for  its  inhabitants.  The  fruit  of  its  stand- 
ard trees  is  excellent,  though  not  in  great  plenty. 
Orange  and  Iemmon  trees  thrive  very  well  in  the 
sheltered  valleys  and  narrow  plains  near  the  sea. 
There  are  several  springs  of  excellent  water  in  the 
island  ;  and  the  climate  is  much  milder  than  the  ad- 
jacent continent,  for  it  produces  many  fruits  and 
plants  that  cannot  stand  the  Tuscan  winters.  Por- 
to Ferrajo,  N.  lat.  42  48,  lon.  16  15  E.  of  Lon- 
don, is  the  capital.  Town,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,333. 

Elbassano,  town  of  Albania,  45  ms.  SE.  of  Du- 
razzo.    Lon.  20  9  E.,  lat  4  I  34  N. 

Elbe,  large  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
mountain  of  the  Giants,  on  the  confines  of  Bohe- 
mia and  Silesia,  flows  to  Konningsgratz,  Leutzme- 
ritz,  Dresden,  Dessaw,  Miessen,  Wittemberg,  Mag- 
deburg, Hamburg,  and  Gluckstadt,  and  enters  the 
German  ocean  at  Cruxhaven.  It  is  navigable  for 
large  ships  to  Hamburg,  which  is  70  miles  from 
the  sea. 

The  Elbe  is  navigable  partially  as  high  as  its 
junction  with  the  Muldau,  between  Welwarn  and 
Melnick,  30  ms.  above  Leutmeritz  in  Bohemia. 
At  Leutmeritz  it  carries  small  boats;  at  Pirna,  above 
Dresden,  it  admits  river  barges.  From  Pirna  to 
Hamburg,  it  has  an  uninterrupted  navigation  of  up- 
wards of  300  ms.  following  the  river  channel.  The 
Elbe  rises  in  Bohemia,  which  it  drains.  The  val- 
ley of  Bohemia  is  one  of  those  remarkable  moun- 
tain basins,  of  which  the  earth  affords  several, 
though  few  others,  perhaps,  are  so  distinctly  defined 
as  that  of  the  upper  Elbe.  The  main  source  of  this 
fine  basin  is  the  Muldau,  rising  in  the  Bohemia 
Wald,  within  less  than  20  ms.  from  the  Danube, 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Inn.  Flowing  first  NE. 
along  the  mountains  50  ms.  to  Rosenburg,  the 
Muldau  turns  to  nearly  N.,  which  course  it  con- 
tinues with  a  slight  inclination  to  the  E.  100  ms., 
receives  the  Beraun  from  the  SW.,  continuing  N. 
passes  Prague,  and  30  ms.  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Beraun  joins  the  Elbe  at  Melnick.  The  Be- 
raun rises  also  from  the  Bohemian  Wald,  and 
flowing  NE.  about  100  ms.  falls  into  the  Muldau 
above  Prague.  The  Elbe  proper,  a  far  inferior 
stream  to  the  Muldau,  has  its  sources  in  the  Car- 

299 


ELD  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  ELI 


Elder,  ancient  Thapsacus,  a  village  of  Asiat 
Turkey,  on  the  Euphrates.  This  place  has  been  f 
med  as  a  crossing  ford,  from  high  antiquity.  Tl 
river  has  been  traversed  here  by  armies,  by  wading 
Cyrus  the  younger  passed  it  in  that  manner  wh< 
marching  against  his  brother  Artaxerxes.  The  ci 
cumstance  is  remarkable,  as  Elder  is  at  least  6C 
ms.  below  the  source  of  the  Euphrates.  N.  la 
36°,  E.  Ion.  40. 

Elderton,  village  in  Armstrong  co.,  Pa.,  H 
ms.  by  post  road  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Eldridge,  village  in  Buckingham  co.,  Va.,  6 


village  of  this  name,  in  Huron  co.,  is  situated 
Berlin  tp.,  7  or  8  ms.  NE.  of  Norwalk. 

Eleanor  point,  northern  extremity  of  Knighl 
island,  on  the  NW.  coast  of  N.  America.  Loi 
W.  C.  70  0  W.,  lat.  60  37  N. 

Elephanta,  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  De 
can  of  Hindoostan,  5  ms.  from  the  castle  of  Bor 
bay.  ^It  contains  one  of  the  most  inexplicable  a, 
tiquities  in  the  world.    It  is  about  3  ms.  in  cog 


pathian  mountains,  between  Bohemia  and  Moravia, 
and  Silesia,  flows  NW.  100  ms.  to  its  junction  with 
the  Muldau.  The  Egre,  or  Eger,  a  longer,  though 
perhaps  less  stream  than  either  the  Elbe  or  Beraun, 
rises  in  the  extreme  W.  angle  of  Bohemia,  inter- 
locking sources  with  the  Nab,  the  Maya,  and 
Pleiss,  and  afier  a  comparative  course  of  NE.  by 
E.  upwards  of  150  ms.  falls  into  the  Elbe  at  Leut- 
meritz. 

Elbert,  co.,  Ga.,  between  Broad  and  Savannah 
rivers,  bounded  NE.  by  Savannah  river,  SW.  by 
Broad  river,  and  N.  by  Franklin  co,,  in  Ga. ;  length 

38  ms.,  mean  width  16  ms.  ;  area  800  sq.  ms.  j  ms.  by  post  road  W.  from  Richmond.  Tow 

Surface  hilly  and  productive.    Chief  town,  Elber- j  in  Huron  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  376.  Tl 
ton.    Pop.  in  1820,  11,788;  and  in  1840,11,126. ' 
Central  lat.  34  12  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  15  W. 

Elbert's,  post  office,  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

Elberston,  small  town  of  Effingham  co.,  Ga.,  on 
the  Ogechee,  20  ms.  W.  from  Ebenezer. 

Elberton,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  in  Elbert 
co.,  Ga.,  23  ms.  NW.  of  Petersburg,  on  the  Sa- 
vannah river,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Carnesville. 

Elbeuf,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine, 
and  late  province  of  Normandy.    It  has  a  manu-f  pass,  and  consists  of  almost  all  hill,  at  the  foot 
faeture  of  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Seine,  10  ms.  j  which,  as  you  land,  you  see  the  figure  of  an  el 

5.  of  Rouen  and  65  NW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  8  B.,  ,  phant,  of  the  natural  size,  cut  coarsely  in  stun 
lat.  49  19  N.  An  easy  slope  then  leads  to  the  portal  of  a  magn 

Elbing,  strong  town  of  western  Prussia,  in  the;  ficent  temple,  hewn  out  of  the  solid  rock.  It  in 
palatinate  of  Marienburg.  It  carries  on  a  consid-  oblong  square,  80  feet  long  and  40  broad.  TJ 
erable  trade,  and  is  seated  near  the  Baltic  sea,  30  j  roof,  which  is  about  10  feet  high,  is  cut  fiat,'ii 
ms.  SE.  of  Dantzic  and  100  N.  by  W.  of  War- lis  supported  by  regular  rows  of  pillars,  with,  cap 
saw.    Lon.  19  35  E.,  lat.  54  9  N.  j  tals  resembling  large  cushions,  as  if  pressed  by  tl 

Elbogen,  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle  of  j  incumbent  mountain.  At  the  further  end  are  tl 
the  same  name,  with  a  citadel,  on  the  river  Eger,  three  gigantic  figures,  which  were  mutilated  byll 
16  ms.  NE.  of  Egra.   Lon.  13°  E.,  lat.  50  16  N. 'absurd  zeal  of  the  Portuguese,  when  this  islai 

Elbours,  or  Elbourouss,  highest  mountain  peak  j  was  in  their  possession.  Elephanta  was  ceded 
of  Caucasus.  On  the  Edinburg  Atlas,  (Black's,  j  the  English  by  the  Mahrattas. 
1841,)  this  mountain  is  named  Elbrouz,  and  laid  I  Eleven  Point  river,  one  of  th3  western  branehi 
down  at  N.  lat.  43°,  lon.  E.  of  London  42  40 —  of  Black  river  fork  of  White  river,  enters  the  la' 
about  100  ms.  nearly  due  E.  from  Soukgoum-Ka- '  ter  nearly  on  the  line  between  Missouri  and  A 
leh,  on  the  Black  sea.  In  the  same  Atlas  of  Black,  |  kansas,  and  between  Thomas's  fork  and  Strawbei 
the  elevation  of  Elbours  is  given  at  17,796  English  ry  rivers. 

feet.    In  1829,  a  scientific  expedition  was  made  to      Eleuthes,  kingdom  of  Tartary,  lying  to  tli 
this  mountain  by  order  of  the  Russian  government,  j  NW.  of  Chinese  Tartary.    It  was  conquered 
under  command  of  General  Emanuel,  and  accom- 1  1759  by  the  Emperor  of  China. — See  Kalmucks. 
panied' by  M.  Kupfer,  Menestire,  Leutz,  Meyer,  j     Elgin,  county- town  of  Murrayshire,  Scotlan 

6.  c.  This  party  reached  the  mountain  .  in  July,  I  pleasantly  situated  on  the  river  Lossi.  It  is  5  m 
and,  after  much  fatigue,  determined  the  height  to !  S.  of  Murray  Frith,  and  37  E.  of  Invernes-.  Loir 
be  16,300  French  feet— equal  to  17,376  Englishes  15  W.,  lat.  57  37  N. 


Elipsoide,  solid  generated  by  the  revolution 
an  elipsis  round  either  axis.    The  form  of  tl 
earth,  and  of  other  planets  revolving  round  axe 
are  elipsoids,  generated  by  revolution  round  t! 
shorter  axis  ;  or  they  are  oblate  (flattened)  bodie 
Elizabeth,  tp.  in  Leeds  co.,  U.  C,  opposi 
Morristown,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.  Brockvil 
Elbridge,  town,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Ske  lis  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co.  in  this  tp. — 
neateles  outlet,  60  ms.  W.  from  Canandaigua.      !  Town  and  seat  of  justice  in  Essex  co.,  N-  Y.f  < 
Elburg,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- j  Bouquet  river,  130  ms.  N.  from  Albany.  Pop. 
lands,  in  Guelderland,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Zuy-i  1820,  889.    Lat.  44  12  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  26  I 
der-Zee,  10  ms  ISE.  of  Harderwick.  Lon.  5  50E.,i  Small  river  of  Va.,  rises  by  several  branch 


feet.  The  extreme  sources  of  the  Kouban,  Kou- 
ma,  and  Terek  rivers,  on  the  northern  6ide,  and 
those  of  the  Riori  on  the  south,  all  rise  in  the  Cau- 
casus in  the  region  of  Elbours.  This  is  the  high- 
est known  mountain  on  the  eastern  continent  so 
far  to  the  west,  being  about  2,000  feet  higher  than 
Mount  Blanc. 


lat.  52  30  N. 

Elcatif,  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  300  ms.  S.  of  Bassora. 
Lon.  53  5  E.,  lat.  26°  N. 

Eleche,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  20  ms.  SW. 
of  Alicant.    Lon.  23'  W.,  lat.  38  7  E. 

El  Dan  all,  country  of  Asia  in  Arabia. — See  ar- 
ticle Asia,  p.  80. 
300 


n  Princess  Ann  and  Norfolk  counties,  and,  nV 
ing  generally  N.  W.,  passes  Norfolk  and  falls  in 
Hampton  Roads  10  ms.  below  the  former  place, 
admits  vessels  of  18  feet  draught  to  Norfolk.  J 
mouth  is  defended  by  Craney  Island  fort.  The  Di 
mal  Swamp  canal  leads  from  the  middle  branch 

Elizabeth  river,  9  ms.  above  Norfolk.  Villa 

in  Callaway  co.,  Mo.,  about  25  ms.  NE.  fro 


ELK 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ELL 


'sage,  at  the  mouth  of  Osage  river,  and  by  the 

ast  route  10  ms.  W.  from  St.  Charles.  Post 

:ficein  Essex co.,  N.  Y.,  123  ms.  N.  from  Albany. 
—  Cape,  the  NE.  point  at  the  entrance  of  Cook's 
,let.  Lon.  W.  C.  63  30  W.,  lat.  59  9  N. 
Elizabeth  City,  co.  of  Va.,  between  York  and 
lmes  rivers,  bounded  by  Chesapeake  bay  E., 
ampton  Roads  S.,  Warwick  W.,  and  York  N.  ; 
ngth  8,  breadth  8  ms ;  area  64  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in 
340,  3,706.    Central  lat.  37  6,  lon.  W.  C.  0 

2  E.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Pasquotank 

).,  N.  C,  on  the  right  bank  of  Pasquotank  river, 
5  ms.  S.  from  Norfolk,  and  35  NE.  from  Eden- 
n.  Lat.  36  12  N.,  lon.  V/.  C.  0  50  E. 
Elizabeth  islands,  a  group  on  the  coast  of  Mass., 
retching  SW.  from  Buzzard's  bay,  between  the 
land  of  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Elizabeth  bay. 
:hey  form  part  of  Dukes  co.,  are  12  or  13  in  num- 
>r,  the  principal  of  which  are  Nashawn,  Pasqui, 
asahawenua,  Pineguese,  and  Chatahunk. 
Elizabethtown,  village  and  borough  of  Essex  co., 
|.  J.,  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  which  dis- 
larges  into  the  Kills,  or  sound  of  Staten  island, 
here  is  in  this  village  a  bank,  an  academy,  and 
veral  places  of  public  worship.  Vessels  of  300 
ns  come  to  Elizabethtown  Point,  2  ms.  distant, 
nd  small  vessels  of  30  tons  reach  the  village, 
rora  Newark  6  ms.,  from  N.  Y.  15  ms.  A  steam- 
>at  plies  between  Elizabethtown  Point  and  N.  Y. 

Dp. in  1820,  3,515  in  the  tp. ;  in  1840,  4, 184.  

•illage  in  Lancaster  co.,  Pa. ,  near  the  mouth  of  Con- 
jfago  creek,  about  1 8  ms.  N  W.  of  Lancaster.  Pop 

1820,  1,028.  Village  in  Alleghany  co.,  Pa., 

i  the  E.  side  of  Monongahela  river,  about  12 
s.  above  its  junction  with  the  Ohio,  and  the  same 
stance  S.  by  E.  from  Pittsburg.     Pop.  in  1820, 

381.  -Washington  co.,  Md. — See  Hagers- 

ivn.- — —Town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Bladen  co., 
.  C,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  40 
s.  above  Wilmington,  and  55  below  Fayetteville. 

lat.  34  38  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  40  W.  Town 

id  seat  of  justice  for  Carter  co.,  Ten.,  on  the  left 
ink  of  Watauga  river,  130  ms.  above  Knoxville.  1 

fat.  36  18  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  18  W.  Townj 

id  seat  of  justice  for  Hardin  co. ,  Ky . ,  on  the  head ; 

Nolin  creek,  branch  of  Greene  river,  45  ms. 
'•arly  S.  from  Louisville.  Lat.  37  47  N.,  lon.  W.  j 

.8  35.  Pop.  in  1840,  979.  Village  inHamil-| 

!n  co-,  Ohio,  situated  in  White  Water  tp.,  on 
/hite  Water  river,  and  near  the  southeastern  an- 
e  of  the  county  and  State,  18  ms.  westerly  from 
incinnati.  White  Water  canal  passes  through 
is  village. 

Elk,  small  river  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Md., 
bich  runs  into  the  Chesapeake  buy  near  its  head, 
d  between  Northeast  and  Sassafras  rivers.  It  is 
>m  this  stream  that  a  feeder  canal  has  been  pro 
;ted,  and  in  part  executed,  to  supply  the  Ches- 

eake  and  Delaware  canal.  River  of  Western 

trginia,  rises  in  Randolph  co.,  and,  flowing  west- 
ird  by  comparative  courses  about  100  ms.,  falls 
to  the  Great  Kenhawa  at  Charleston,  after  hav- 
g  traversed  Randolph  and  Kenhawa  counties. 
— River  in  Ten.  and  Ala.,  rises  on  the  western 
»pe  of  Cumberland  mountain,  in  Franklin  co., 
5IK,  and,  flowing  SW.  by  W.  through  Franklin, 
ncoln,  and  Giles  couniies,  enters  Alabama  in 
mestone  co.,  over  which  it  meanders,  and  falls 
to  Tennessee  river  at  the  upper  end  of  the  Mus 


cle  shoals,  in  the  NE.  angle  of  Lauderdale  co.  En- 
tire comparative  course,  about  100  ms.  Tp.  in 

Athens  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  537.  For  village 
in  this  tp.  see  Mc  Arthur  stown. 

Elk  River,  tp.  in  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
in  1820,  1,356. 

Elk  Creek,  tp.  in  Erie  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  heads  of 
Coneaut,  Elk  creek,  and  Cassewago,  17  ms.  SW. 
from  Erie,  and  18  NNW.  from  Meadville.  Pop. 
in  1820,  288. 

Elkhill,  post  office  in  Amelia  co.,  Va.,  59  ms. 
SW.  from  Richmond. 

Elkholm,  village  in  Montgomery  co.,  Mo.,  56 

ms.  VV.  from  St.  Charles.'  Seaport  or"  Sweden, 

in  Bickingen,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  24  ms.  W.  of 
Carlescroon.    Lon.  14  15  E.,  56  20  N. 

Elk  Horn,  river  of  Ky.,  branch  of  Kentucky 
river,  rises  in  Fayette,  and,  flowing  NW.  through 
that  county,  and  also  Scott,  Woodward,  and  Frank- 
lin, falls  into  Kentucky  river  10  ms.  below  Frank- 
fort. Tp.  in  Montgomery  co.,  Mo. 

Elk  lake,  small  lake  between  Lake  Superior  and 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods. 

Elkland,  tp.  in  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  wa- 
ters of  Loyalsock  creek,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Williams  - 

port.  Tp  ,  Tioga  co.,  Pa.,  between  Cowan - 

esque  and  Crooked  creeks,  20  ms.  SWi  from 
Painted  Post.    Pop.  in  1820,  509. 

Elk  Lick,  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,087. 

Elk  Marsh,  village,  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  64  ms. 
from  W.  C. 

Elk  Ridge,  town  of  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md.,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Patapsco  river,  8  ms.  SW.  from 
Baltimore. 

Elk  Run  Church,  post  office,  Fauquier  co  , 
Va.,  15  ms.  W.  from  Dumfries. 

Elkton,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Cecil  co., 
Md.,  seated  on  Elk  river,  at  the  head  of  navigation, 
at  the  distance  of  10  ms.  E.  by  N.  from  Charles- 
ton, and  45  SW.  from  Philadelphia.  It  is  the  en- 
trepot of  a  considerable  trade  between  Baltimore 

and  Philadelphia.    Lat.  39  37  N.  Village  and 

seat  of  justice,  Todd  county,  Kentucky,  190 
miles  NW.  from  Frankfort,  and  17  E.  of  Hop- 
kinsville,  and  16  W.  of  Russellville.  Pop.  in 
1840,  474.    N.  lat.  36  51,  lon.  W.  C  10  1  W. 

 Village,  Giles  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the  right  bank 

of  Elk  river,  80  ms.  SW.  from  Murfreesborough, 
and  30  NW.  from  1  Huntsville. 

Ellensville,  village  in  the  southern  part  of  Ulster 
co.,  N.  Y. 

Ellerena,  episcopal  towa  of  Spain,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  54  ms.  N.  of  Seville.  Lon.  5  20  W.,  lat. 
38  26  N. 

Ellery,  village,  Chatauque  co  ,  N.  Y. 

Ellesmere,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  seated 
on  a  large  mere,  in  a  small  but  fertile  district  of  the 
same  name,  16  ms.  NNW.  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
176  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  52  W.,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Ellichpour,  capital  in  the  W.  part  of  Berar,  in 
the.  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  a  fine  city,  sub- 
ject to  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan,  and  is  395  ms. 
NE.  of  Bombay.    Lon.  77  46  E.,  lat.  21  12  N. 

Ellicott,  town,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  lying  in 
the  SE.  part  of  the  co.,  on  Casdago  creek.  Pop. 
in  1820,  1,462. 

EllicotVs,  or  Eleven  Mile  Creek,  SE.  branch  of 
the  Tonnewanto  creek  ;  rises  in  Genessee,  N.  Y  ,  and 

30  L 


ELS 


ELY 


flowing  NW.  into  Erie  co.,  falls  into  the  Tonne- 
wanto,  near  the  mouth  of  that  stream. 

Ellicott's  Mills,  post  office,  Baltimore  co.,  Md., 
on  the  Patapsco  river,  18  ms.  nearly  due  W.  from 
Baltimore. 

Ellicottsvilir,  village,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y., 
62  ms.  S.  from  Buffalo,  and  39  \V.  from  Angelica. 

Et/icottsrille.  —See  Seltzerville. 

Ellington,  town,  Tolland  co.,  Ct.,  15  ms.  NE. 
from  Hartford.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,196. 

Elliott,  missionary  station  of  the  American  board 
of  Foreign  Missions,  150  ms.  NE.  from  Walnut  - 
hills  ;  situated  on  the  Yalahusha  branch  of  the 
Yazoo,  and  SE.  ancle  of  Tallahatchie  co.,  Miss. 
N.  lat.  33  43,  Ion.  12  53  \V.  of  W.  C.  At  this 
place  has  been  erected,  since  1818,  a  village  con- 
taining about  20  houses,  a  Lancasterian  school  es- 
tablished, and  other  judicious  measures  adopted  to 
civilize  the  neighboring  savages. 

Elliot,  town,  York  co.,  Me.  Pop.  1820,  1,679. 

Elliott's  Cross  Bonds,  Cumberland  county, 
Kentucky,  150  mile.;  a  little  YV.  of  8.  from  Frank- 
fort. 

Elliot's  Island,  in  the  Cult"  of  Florida,  between 
Florida  peninsula  and  the  Cat  Keys.  Lon.  W.  C. 
3  5  W.,  lat.  25  33  N. 

Elliottsvi/lc,  post  oflices  Knox  tp.,  Jefferson  co.. 
C,  situated  on  Ohio  river,  10  ms.  above  Steuben- 
villc,  and  10  below  and  i8.  of  Wellsville. 

EUisbun/,  town,  Jefferson  co.,  If.  Y.,  at  the 
mouth  of  Sandy  Creek.     Pop  in  1820,  3,531. 

Ellisi'ille,  post  office,  Warren  co.,  N.  C. 

Ellisville,  or  Lower  Blue  Lick,  village,  Nicho- 
las co.,  Ky.,  on  a  small  branch  of  Licking  river, 
50  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Ellsworth,  town,  Grafton  co..  N.  IF,   12  ms. 

NNW.  from  Plymouth.     Pop.  in  1840,  300.  

Town,  Hancock  co  ,  Me.,  24  ms  NE  from  Cas- 

;ine.    Pop.  in  1840,  2,203.  Village,  Sharon, 

Litchfield  co.,  Ct.,  on  Oblong  creek,  branch  of 
Housitonick  river,   12  ms.  W.  from  Litchfield. 

 Tp.,  Trumbull  co.,  O.,  adjoining  Canfield,  on 

a  branch  of  Big  Beaver.  Pop.  508.  For  village 
in  this  tp.  we  have  the  village  of  the  same  name, 
within  3  ms.  of  the  southwestern  border  of  the  co., 
16  ms.  a  little  W.  of  8.  from  Warren,  the  county 
&eat,  and  20  ms.  N.  of  New  Lisbon. 

Elmadia,  or  Mnhadia,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Tunis,  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Capes.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  sea,  is  well  fortified,  and  has  a 
good  harbor.    Lon.  8  47  W.,  lat.  35  4  N. 

Ehne,  St.,  castle  of  the  isle  of  Malta  ;  seated  on 
a  rock,  near  the  city  of  Valetta,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
very  fine  harbor. 

Elmira,  town,  Tioga  co.,  N.  V. — See  Newtown. 

Elmo  Fort,  fortress  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  on  the  river  Tet,  5  ms.  N.  of 
Colioure. 

Elmore,  tp.,  Orleans  co..  Vt.,  17  ms.  N.  from 
Montpelier.    Pop.  160. 

Ebnsley  Township,  in  the  eastern  district  of 
U.  C.  ;  it  lies  to  the  S.,  and  in  the  rear  of  Cum- 
berland. 

Elora. — See  Dowlatabad. 

Elphin,  town  of  Ireland,  in  ihe  co.  of  Roscom- 
mon, and  the  sec  of  a  bishop. 

Elrich,  trading  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  co.  of  Klettenburg. 

Ehimburcr,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
302 


of  Gothland,  7  ms.  E.  of  Elsinore.  Lon.  13  2 
E.,  lat.  56°  N. 

Elsinborough,  tp.,  Salem  co.,  N.  J.  Pop.  i 
1820,  505. 

Elsinore,  seaport  of  Denmark,  seated  on  tb 
sound,  in  the  Isle  of  Zealand.    It  is  the  most  coir 
mercial  place  in  Denmark,  next  to  Copenhagen 
j  and  contains  5,000  inhabitants,  among  whom  ai 
I  a  considerable  number  of  foreign  merchants,  an 
j  the  consuls  of  the  principal  nations  trading  to  th 
!  Baltic.    The  passage  of  the  sound  is  guarded  b 
the  castle  of  Cronborg,  situate  on  the  edge  ol 
peninsular  promontory,  the  nearest  point  of  Ian1 
from  the  opposite  coast  of  Sweden.    The  tolls << 
the  sound,  and  of  the  two  Belts,  produce  an  ai1 
!  nual  revenue  of  above  100,000/.    Lon.  13  23  E 
i  lat.  56°  N.— See  Cronborg. 

El/eman,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  bishopric  «• 
I  Wurtzburg,  on  the  river  Maine.    Lon.  10  52  E 
lat.  50  8  N. 

I     E  It  ham,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Kent,  8  ms.  S.  I 

London. 

Elf  or.— See  Tor. 

Elf-,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of  He 
I  dersbeim,  seated  on  the  Leina,  10  ms.  SW,  i' 
i  Heldersheim.    Lon.  10  5  E.,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Elvas,  strong  frontier  town  of  Portugal,  in  Aler' 
tejo.     A  royal  academy  for  young  gentlemen  wr 
founded  here  in  1733.    It  is  seated  on  a  mountaii 
'  near  the  Guadiana,  50  ms.  NE.  of  Evora,  and  10 
1  E.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  7  3  W7.,  lat.  58  43  N. 
Elvira,  tp.,  III.,  on  the  waters  of  Cash  river. 
Elwangen,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  chapte 
whose  provost  is  a  prince  of  the  empire,  and  lot 
of  the  town.    It  is  seated  on  the  Jaxt,  17  ms.  81 
of  Halle,  and  25  SW.  of  Anspach.    Lon.  10  2 
E.,  lat.  49  2  N.  • 

Ely,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Cambridgeshire,  on  tF 
Ouse,  which  is  navigable  hence  to  Lynn;  in  tl 
fenny  tract,  called  the  Isle  of  Ely.  It  is  17  ina.F 
of  Cambridge,  and  68  N.  by  E.  of  London.  Lot' 

9'  E-,  lat.  52  24  N.  Tp.,  Buckingham  ar 

Richelieu  cos.,  L.  C,  on  the  Riviere  a  la  Tortw 
60  ms.  E.  from  Montreal. 

Elyria,  town,  village,  3nd  co.  seat  of  Lorai 
'co.,  6.,  "and  is,"  states  the  author  of  the  Oh, 
Gazetteer,  "perhaps  one  of  the  best  built  towns  i 
the  State."    It  is  situated  on  fhe  point  between  tl 
two  main  branches  of  Black  river,  which  uni 
about  half  a  mile  below,  though  at  the  village  the 
\  are  near  a  mile  apart,  and  the  main  street,  near! 
built  up,  extends  from  one  branch  to  the  other.  Is" 
'  lat.  41  24,  lon.  W.  C.  5  7  W.    Pop.  in  I82t 
I  174  ;  in  1830,  #63;  and  in  1840,  1.636. 

Elymais,  ancient  province  and  city  of  Persi: 
The  term  is  national,  and  comes  from  elymaci,  i 
the  plural.  The  real  situation  of  the  city  of  Eh 
.  mais  is  doubtful,  but  supposed  lo  have  been  aboi 
100  ms.  to  the  NW.  from  Ispahan,  and  on  lb 
southern  slope  of  the  mountains  separating  tl 
provinces  of  Irac  Adgemi  from  Khosistan,  Tb 
city  became  famous  in  the  ages  between  the  exp< 
dition  of  Alexander  and  the  fall  of  the  Roman  en 
pire  in  Asia,  As  was  the  case  with  the  great  ten 
pie  at  Delphi,  in  the  northern  part  of  Greece,  tr 
temple  of  Elymais  was  the  place  of  deposite  (ban! 
for  the  gold  and  silver  of  the  inhabitants,  and  b 
came,  as  did  Delphi,  nn  object  to  excite  the  rap: 
city  of  conquerors.    Antiochus  Epiphanes  wasi! 


EMO  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ENG 


>ated  in  an  attack  on  Elymais,  but  it  was  in  after 
ges  plundered  and  ruined. 

Elysian  Fields,  village,  Amite  co.,  Miss. 

Emden,  strong  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
!.  Friesland,  with  a  good  harbor-  It  is  seated  at 
ie  mouth  of  the  Embs,  opposite  Dollart  Bay,  23 
L  NE.  of  Groningen.  Lon.  75  E,  lat.  53 
,6N. 


sands  of  vessels,  and  so  deep  that  the  largest  ships 
may  lie  close  to  the  shore  without  danger.  Long. 
116  27  E.,  lat.  24  03  N. 

Empoli,  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Arno,  17  ms.  SW.  from  Florence. 
Lon.  11  6  E.,  lat.  43  42  N. 

Ejiperor,  imperatore,  impero,  to  command  ; 
applied  in  modern  times  to  monarchs  who  rule 


Embden,  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  on  the  right  over  large  sovereignties,  and  regarded  superior  to 
ms.  above  Norridge-  i  kings.    If  we  were  to  take  the  meaning  from  it:; 

|  application  to  European  monarchs  so  called,  Em- 
Embo,  village  near  Brora,  on  the  east  coast  of  peror  would  mean  a  ruler  over  various  nations 


ink  of  Kennebec  river,  16 
-ock.    Pop.  1820,  664, 


utherlandshire. 

Emboly,  town  of  Macedonia,  on  the  Stromonn, 
I)  ms.  NE.  of  Salonichi.  Lon.  23  5.0  E.,  lat. 
0  59  N. 

Embrun,  strong  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
pper  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It 

seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the  river  Durance, 
7  ms.  E.  of  Gap.  '  Lon.  6  34  E.,  lat.  44  34  N. 

Embs,  river  of  Westphalia,  which  rises  in  the 
>.  of  Lippe,  and  falls  into  the  Dollart,  a  bay  of 
ie  German  ocean,  near  Embden,  after  a  compar- 
ive  course  of  about  150  ms.  The  small  basin  of 
ie  Embs  lies  between  N.  lat.  51  40  and  53  20. 

Emeries  Mills,  village,  York  co.,  Maine,  51 
s.  by  postroad  from  Portland. 

Emmanuel,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Tatnall 
iE.,  Montgomery  SW.,  Laurens  arm"  Washington 
L  Jefferson  N.,  Burke  NE.,  and  Bullock  E. 
length  40  ms.,  mean  width  20  ;  area  800  sq.  ms. 
urface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  sandy.  Staples 
!>tton  and  tobacco.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,928;  in 
,i40,  3,129.  Cent.  lat.  32  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
2  40  W. 

,  Emmaus,  village,  and  one  of  the  settlements  of 
e  United  Brethren,  commonly  called  Moravians, 
the  tp.  of  Salisbury,  5  ms.  SSW.  from  Allen - 
wn  or  Northampton.    Pop.  about  100. 


united  under  his  power,  though  speaking  various 
languages,  and  each  having  less  or  more  their  own 
laws,  usages,  and  particular  national  name.  This 
would  apply  forcibly  to  Austria,  and  little,  if  any, 
less  so  to  Russia.  If  we  turn  to  antiquity,  we 
might  give  as  instances  the  Persian  and  the  Greek, 
under  Alexander  the  Great,  Roman  and  German, 
though  the  latter  more  than  any  other  of  ancient  or 
modern  times  was  nationally  homogeneous. 

Enckauysen,  seaport  of  N.  Holland,  on  the  Zuy- 
der-Zee.  It  was  once  a  flourishing  place,  but  its 
harbor  being  obstructed  by  sand,  it  has  lost  its  form- 
er consequence.  It  is  25  ms.  NE.  of  Amsterdam. 
Lon.  5  4  E  ,  lat.  52  45  N. 

EiXCTCLOi»Em;£,  the  entire  circle  of  science — a 
full  circle  of  instruction,  &c. 

Endeavor  strait,  lies  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean, 
and  separates  New  Guinea  from  New  Holland. 
Its  length  is  10  leagues,  and  its  breadth  about  5, 
except  at  the  NE.  entrance,  where  it  is  contracted 
to  less  than  2  ms.  by  the  islands  called  Prince  of 
Wales's  islands  It  was  explored  by  Capt.  Cook 
in  1770,  from  whom  it  received  its  name. 

Ending,  town  of  Suabia,  in  Austrian  Brisgau, 
formerly  free  and  imperial.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Rhine,  10  ms.  below  Brisach. 

Endkioping,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland,  situ  • 


Emessa,  town  of  Syria,  in  the  government  of,ated  on  a  river  close  to  an  inlet  of  Lake  Maelar.  It 


amascus.  There  are  still  noble  ruins,  that  show 
was  anciently  a  magnificent  city. 

Emmerick,  large  city  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 

Cleves.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with 
olland,  and  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  8  ms.  E. 

Cleves.    Lon.  6  4  E.,  lat.  51  45  N. 
Emir,  or  Mirza,  titles  signifying  chief,  prince, 
c.   The  term  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the 
ebrew  ;  but  as,  under  different  inflexions,  and  as 
prefix  or  suffix,  it  exists  in  the  northern  as  well 

the  southern  languages  of  Asia,  we  may  regard 
as  an  original  word,  derived  from  the  most  re- 
)te  and  primitive  languages  of  that  continent, 
ider  the  khalifs  of  Bagdad,  their  prime  minister 
is  entitled  Emir-alOmra,  or  Chief  of  Chiefs. 
e  Mirza. 

Emmittsburg,  village,  in  Frederick  co.,  Md., 
out  18  ms.  N  W.  from  Taneytown,  and  about 
in  the  same  direction  from  Baltimore. 
Emmons"  Cross  Roads,  or,  as  named  in  the 
3t  office  list,  Emmons,  is  the  same  place  other- 
se  called  Rochester,  in  West  tp.,  Columbiana 
'  ,  O.  It  is  about  15  ms.  W.  of  New  Lisbon, 
i  about  an  equal  distance  eastward  of  Canton. 
Emouy,  or  Hiamen,  island  of  China,  lying  off 
I  coast  of  the  province  of  Fokien.  It  is  cele- 
".ted  for  its  port,  which  is  enclosed  on  one  side 
I  the  island,  and  on  the  other  by  the  main  land, 
ijl  is  so  extensive  that  it  can  contain  many  thou- 


consists  chiefly  of  wooden  houses,  which  are  red. 
It  is  40  ms<  WT.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  16  59  E., 
lat.  52  45  N. 

Enfield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex.  It  is  10 
ms.  N.  of  London.    Lon.  0  2  E.,  lat.  51  41  N. 

 Town  in  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.    Pop.  in  1840, 

1,514.  Town  in  Hampshire  co  ,  Mass.  Pop. 

in  1810,  976.  Town  in  Hartford  co.,  Ct ,  on 

the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  6  ms.  N.  of  East 
Windsor,  and  12  ms,  NW.  of  Tolland.    Pop.  in 

1840,  2,648.  Town  in  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.t 

W.  from  Ithaca,  and  by  post  road  208  ms.  a  little 

S.  of  W.  from  Albany.  Village  in  Halifax  co., 

N.  C. 

Engadina,  country  of  the  Grisons,  in  the  moun- 
tains of  the  Alps.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  and 
Lower,  extending  along  t  he  banks  of  the  river  Inn, 
from  its  source  to  the  Tyrolese.  Upper  Engadina 
is  a  beautiful  valley,  yet,  on  account  of  its  eleva- 
tion, produces  ^nothing  but  rye  and  barley.  The 
winter  sets  in  early,  and  even  in  summer  the  air  is 
cold  and  piercing,  and  the  corn  occasionally  much 
damaged  by  the  hoar-frost. 

Engelberg,  valley  of  Switzerland,  10  ms.  long, 
entirely  surrounded  by  very  lofty  and  barren  moun- 
tains, and  bounded  by  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Uri, 
and  Underwalden.  It  was  formerly  subject  to  the 
abbot  of  a  Benedictine  monastery  of  the  same 
name,  who  was  under  the  protection  of  the  can- 

303 


ENG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


EPI 


tons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Underwalden. 
The  romantic  scenery  of  this  country  has  always 
delighted  the  traveller,  and  engaged  the  attention 
of  the  naturalist.  Glaciers,  of  very  great  extent 
and  extremely  diversified,  are  found  on  the  side  of 
very  fertile  mountains,  and  exhibit  singular  points 
of  view.  There  is  abundance  of  fine  black  marble, 
white  veined  ;  a  vitriolic  earth,  slate  impregnated 
with  vitriol ;  small  crystals,  called  Swiss  diamonds  ; 
silver  and  vitriol.  The  abbey  is  12  ms.  SW.  of 
Altdorf. 

Engers,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  capital  of  a  country  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  11  ms.  N.  of  Coblentz. 
Lon.  7  32  E.,  lat.  50  35  N. 

Enghein,  town  of  Austrian  Hainault,  near  which 
was  fought  the  famous  battle  of  Steenkirk.  It  is 
15  ms.  SW.  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  5  E.,  lat.  50 
42  N. 

Engia,  or  Engina,  ancient  ./Egina,  island  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  in  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  be- 
tween Livadia  and  the  Morea.  There  is  a  town 
upon  it  of  the  same  name,  22  ms.  S.  of  Athens. 
Lon.  23  59  E.,  lat.  37  45  N. 

Engia,  ancient  Saronic  gulf  of  Greece,  between 
Livadia  and  the  Morea.  In  ancient  times  it  sepa- 
rated Attica  and  Megara  from  Argolis. 

England,  the  southern  part  of  the  island  of 
Great  Britain,  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Ger- 
man ocean,  on  the  S.  by  the  English  channel,  on 
the  W.  by  St.  George's  channel,  the  principality 
of  Wales,  and  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  N.  by  the  Che- 
viot hills,  and  by  the  river  Tweed.  Its  extent  is 
computed  at  58,335  sq.  ms  ,  and  the  population  in 
1811  amounted  to  9,499,400.  Its  external  sur- 
face somewhat  resembles  the  form  of  a  triangle, 
and  from  the  South  Foreland  in  Kent,  which  may 
be  termed  the  E.  point  of  the  triangle  to  Berwick 
upon  Tweed,  which  is  the  N.  point,  its  length  is 
345  ms.  From  that  point  to  the  Land's  end  in 
Cornwall,  which  is  the  W.,  it  is  425  ms.,  and  the 
breadth  thence  to  the  South  Foreland  is  340  ms. 
The  face  of  the  country  affords  all  that  beautiful 
variety  which  can  be  found  in  the  most  extensive 
tracts  of  the  globe ;  not,  however,  without  roman- 
tic, and  even  dreary  scenes,  lofty  mountains,  craggy 
rocks,  bleak  barren  moors,  and  wide  uncultivated 
heaths  ;  and  yet  few  countries  have  a  smaller  pro- 
portion of  land  absolutely  sterile  and  incapable  of 
culture.  The  richest  parts  are,  in  general,  the 
midland  and  southern.  Towards  the  N.  it  partakes 
of  the  barrenness  of  the  neighboring  Scotland. 
The  E.  coast  is  in  many  parts  sandy  and  marshy. 
A  range  of  rude  and  elevated  land,  sometimes  ris- 
ing into  lofty  mountains,  extends  from  the  borders 
of  Scotland  to  the  very  heart  of  England,  forming 
a  natural  division  between  the  E.  and  W.  sides  of 
the  kingdom.  Cornwall  is  also  a  rough,  hilly  tract; 
and  a  similar  character  prevails  in  part  of  the  adja- 
cent counties.  These  mountainous  tracts  abound 
with  various  mineral  treasures.  The  rivers  are  nu- 
merous, and  the  most  considerable  of  them  are  the 
Thames,  Severn,  Humber,  Mersey,  Medway,  Trent, 
Ouse,  Tyne,  Tees,  Eden,  Avon,  and  Dee.  The 
lakes  are  neither  numerous  nor  extensive,  and  are 
chiefly  in  the  NW.  counties;  those  of  Westmore- 
land and  Cumberland  in  particular  exhibit  such 
varieties  of  beautiful  scenery  as  to  become  the  object 
of  summer  excursions  from  every  part  of  the  coun- 
304 


>  * 

i 


try.    London  is  the  capital,  and  the  metropolis 
so  of  the  whole  British  empire.    For  the  popul; 
tion  and  other  remarkable  objects  in  the  topog 
phy  of  England,  see  the  respective  counties,  and 
a  general  view,  see  Great  Britain,  London,  & 

English  harbor,  convenient  haven  of  the  isla 
of  Antigua.    Lon.  W.  C.  5  33  E.,  lat.  17  8 

Englishtown,  village,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J., 
ms.  E.  from  Princeton. 

English  Turn,  Detour  des  Anglais,  remarka 
bend  of  the  Mississippi  river,  18  ms  below  N 
Orleans. 

Ennisville,  village,  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa., 
road,  79  ms.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Eno,  river  of  N.  C,  rises  in  Orange  co., 
with  Little  river  and  Flat  river,  forms  the  N 
17  ms.  below  Hillsborough. 

Eno,  or  Enos,  town  ol  Romania,  near  the 
of  Eno,  125  ms.  W.  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
15  E.,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Enos,  maritime  town  of  European  Turkey 
Roumelia,  63  ms.  S.from  Adrianople. 

Enosburg,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  on  Mi 
sisque  river,  36  ms.  NE.  from  Burlington.  Po; 

700.  Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  S.  side 

Michiscoui  river,  between  Hungerford  and  Mori 
gomery. 

Ens,  town  of  upper  Austria,  on  a  river  of  tl 
same  name,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Lintz  and  90  W. 
Vienna.    Lon.  14  22  E.,  lat.  48  13  N. 

Ensisheim,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  U 
per  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  seated  c 
the  111,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Brisach.  Lon.  7  30  E 
lat.  47  58  N. 

Enskirhen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
Juliers,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Cologne.  Lon  6  29  E 
lat.  31  N. 

Entre-Douero-e-Minhu,  province  of  Portug; 
45  ms.  in  length  and  breadth.  Braga  is  the  capit 

Eperies,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  oft 
co.  of  Saros,  remarkable  for  its  mines  of  salt, 
is  seated  on  the  Tatza,  20  ms.  N.  of  Cassov 
Lon.  21  13  E.,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Epernay,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
Marne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne.  T 
wines  produced  in  its  neighborhood  are  very  e 
quisite.    It  is  17  ms.  NW.  of  Chalons.  Lon. 
E.,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Ephesus,  ancient  and  celebrated  city  of  Natol, 
in  that  part  anciently  called  Ionia.  It  is  now  ca 
ed  Ajasalouc  by  the  Turks  ;  but  of  its  former  sple 
dor  there  is  nothing  to  be  seen  but  heaps  of  ra< 
ble,  overturned  walls,  columns,  capitals,  and  piec 
of  statues.  The  fortress,  which  is  upon  an  ec 
nence,  seems  to  be  the  work  of  Greek  empero 
Ephesus  is  seated  near  a  gulf  of  the  same  nan 
and  has  still  a  good  harbor,  40  ms.  S.  of  Smyn 
Lon.  27  33  E.,  lat.  37  48  N. 

Ephrata,  or  Timkerstown,  village,  Laocas 
co.,  Pa.  It  is  the  principal  settlement  of  a  s 
who  are  professionally  Baptists,  of  German  extr; 
tion,  and  first  appeared  in  America  in  1719.  I' 
60  ms.  W.  of  Philadelphia. 

Epinal,  town  in  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Vosg 
and  late  province  of  Lorraine.    It  is  seated  on 
Moselle,  near  the  mountains  of  the  Vosges,  and 
35  ms.  SE.  of  Nancy.    Lon.  6°  E.,  lat.  48  9 

Epingles,  les,  on  the  SW.  branch  of  the  Ol 
wa  river,  Upper  Canada,  above  the  main  or  i 


ERA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ERI 


r  forks,  between  Portage  a  la  Rose  and  Portage 
iresseux,  but  nearest  to  the  latter;  it  is  nearly 
fork  to  the  Lake  Nipissing 


If  way  from  the 
triage. 

Epirus,  NW.  part  of  Greece.  It  was  anciently 
unded  W.  by  the  Ionian  sea,  S.  by  the  gulf  of 
nbracia,  and  E.  by  Thessaly.  To  the  N.,  in  no 
fe  has  Epirus  had  a  definite  limit.    By  the  an- 


Eruklea,  ancient  Heraclea,  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Roumelia,  on  the  Marmora  sea,  46  ms. 
W.  from  Constantinople. 

Ericho,  ancient  Oricum,  harbor  of  Albania,  in 
the  Gulf  of  Aulona,  now  Valona.  Lon.  London, 
19  28  E.,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Erfurt,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  Upper 
Thuringia,  with  a  university.    It  was  formerly 


mta  it  was  in  that  quarter  confounded  with  Illy-  'imperial,  but  is  now  subject  to  the  elector  of  Mentz, 


r,  and  by  the  moderns  with  Albania 

Epoch,  plural  epoclia,  synonymous  with  era, 
uen  used  chronologically,  both  signifying  fixed 

ints  in  time,  and  from  which  periods  are  consid- 
|d  backwards  or  forwards. — See  Era. 

Epping,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  at  the  N.  end 
i  a  forest  of  the  same  name,  17  ms.  NNE.  of 

ndon.    Lon.  9'  E.,  lat.  51  46  N.  Town, 

..ckingham  co.,  N.  H.,  20  ms.  W.  from  Ports- 
Muth.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,158. 

Epping  Forest,  fine  forest  of  Eng.,  in  the  SW. 
<Essex,  formerly  a  much  more  extensive  district, 
nt  contained  a  great  part  of  the  county. 

Eppingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
che  Rhine,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Elfats,  20 
jles  NE.  of  "Phillipsburg.  Lon.  9°  E.,  lat.  49 
'  N. 

Epsom,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  celebrated  for 
i  uimeral  waters  and  salts.  It  is  15  ms.  SS  W. 
<  London.    Lon.  15'  W.,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Epsom,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  34  ms. 
1  by  N.  of  Portsmouth,  and  14  SE.  of  Con- 
i;d.    Pop.  1820,  1,336. 

Epworth,  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  isle  of  Ax- 
1  m,  in  Lincolnshire,  9  ms.  N.  of  Gainsborough, 
j is  the  birth  place  of  John  Wesley,  one  of  the 
linders  of  the  sect  of  the  methodists. 

Equator,  that  circle  of  the  sphere  at  right  an- 
rs  to  the  earth's  axis,  and  equidistant  from  the 
);es  of  the  earth. 

Equinoctial,  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere  and 
j  the  heavens,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the 
» jator  extended  to  the  heavens. 
Era,  derived  by  some  from  the  Arab,  Arkha, 
>och,  by  others  fiom  Arach,  same  language,  both 
i  nifying  time  fixed,  but  by  others,  again,  with 
;>re  probability,  from  the  Roman  capitals  A,  E, 
A,  initials  of  the  Spanish  epoch  Ab  Exordia, 
gin  Augusti.  In  the  English  language,  era  is 
tstly  used  in  chronology,  and  it  would  be  desira- 
s  that  the  two  terms,  though  essentially  having 
!  same  meaning,  should  be  made  exclusive  era 
chronology,  and  epoch  to  astronomy. 
The  principal  eras  used  in  our  historical  works, 

eation,  Ante  C  4,004 

luge,  Ante  C  2,348 

ympiads,  Ante  C                -  -  776 

'me,  Foundation  of,  Ante  C  -  -  753 

ibonassar,  era  of       -          -  -  747 

'eekera  -  -  -  -  312 
.ristian  era. 

:gira,  or  Mahometan  era,  A.  D.  -  622 

scovery  of  America  -           -  -  1,492 

nerican  Revolution   -          -  -  1,775 

ench  Revolution       -          -  1 ,789 

These  fixed  points  in  time  may  be  indefinitely 

dtiplied,  but,  from  the  brief  table  here  intro- 
ced,  we  see  that  the  Christian  era  is  the  zero  of 
r  mode  of  measuring  time. 
39* 


It  is  seated 
Malhausen. 


and  is  defended  by  two  strong  forts 
on  the  river  Gere,  30  ms.  ESE.  of 
Lon.  11  23  E.,  lat.  51  N. 

Eribol  Loch,  Eng.,  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Sulherlandshire,  capable  of  affording  a 
safe  retreat  to  the  largest  vessels.  It  receives  sev- 
eral streams,  particularly  that  which  flows  from  a 
lake  called  Loch  Hope. 

Ericht  Loch,  large  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, which  extends  several  ms.  into  Inverness- 
ahire.  The  waters  of  this  lake  descend  into  ano- 
ther called  Loch  Rannoch. 

Erie,  large  lake  of  the  U.  S.  and  U.  C,  extend- 
ing in  form  of  an  oval,  SW.  by  W.,  and  NE.  by 
N.,  280  ms.  in  length.  It  is  about  65  ms.  wide 
where  broadest.  Extreme  N.  part  at  N.  lat.  43°, 
extreme  S.  part  N.  lat.  41  20,  and  reaching  from 
1°  E.  to  6°  W.  lon.  W.  C.  The  area  of  this 
lake  is  about  12,000  sq.  ms.  When  compared  to 
any  of  the  other  four  great  Canadian  lakes,  Lake 
Erie  is  shallow,  seldom  exceeding  40  or  50  fath- 
oms. Its  shores  arc  in  some  places  low  and  sandy, 
and  in  others  rock  bound.  The  mouths  of  its  riv- 
ers, Detroit  and  Niagara  excepted,  are  shallow, 
and  not  very  favorable  to  commerce.  Its  position, 
however,  and  the  fertility  and  extent  of  the  adja- 
cent regions,  superinduces  a  very  extensive  trade 
on  this  great  inland  sea.  It  receives  from  the 
NW.,  by  the  Detroit,  the  immense  volume  dis- 
charged from  the  Superior,  Huron,  and  Michigan. 
From  the  peninsula  of  U.  C.  the  Ouse  flows  into 
Erie  from  the  NW.,  from  the  peninsula  of  Michi- 
gan it  receives  the  Huron  and  Raisin  rivers,  from 
Ohio,  Pa.,  and  N.  Y.,  Maumee,  Portage,  San- 
dusky, Huron,  Vermilion,  Black,  Cuyahoga, 
Grand,  Ashtabula,  Conneaught,  Catteraugus,  and 
Buffalo  rivers.  The  U.  S.  possess  at  present,  it 
is  probable,  more  than  3,000  tons  of  shipping  on 
this  lake.  Independent  of  Detroit  and  Niagara, 
Erie  has,  at  seasons  of  high  water,  a  natural  com- 
munication with  the  Illinois  river.  The  great 
western  canal  of  N.  Y.  will  unite  it  with  the  At- 
lantic ocean,  through  the  Hudson,  as  will  that  by 
Cuyahoga  and  Muskingum  rivers  with  the  Ohio. 
The  whole  forming  an  unequalled  interior  chain 
of  commercial  connexion. 

Erie  Fort,  fortification  in  the  tp.  of  Bertie,  U. 
C,  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  and  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Niagara  river,  27  ms.  S.  by 
E.  of  Niagara  fort,  and  18  above  the  carrying 
place  at  the  falls  of  Niagara.  N.  lat.  42  53  W., 
lon.  79°  from  London,  W.  C.  2°  W. 

Erie,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Cattaraugus  co. 
S.,  by  Chatauque  co.  SW.,  by  Lake  Erie  and  Ni- 
agara river  W.,  by  Tonnewanto  river,  or  Niagara 
co.,  N.,  and  by  Genessee  co.  E.;  length  38  ms., 
mean  width  25,  area  950  sq.  ms.  Surface  partly 
hilly,  in  eastern  and  southeastern  part,  but  level 
towards  Lake  Erie  and  Niagara  river.  The  soil 
generally  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pastur- 

305 


ERP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ESS 


age.  Staples,  flour,  whiskey,  salted  provisions, 
and  live  stock.  By  the  census  of  1820,  Erie  co. 
was  included  in  Niagara;  which  see.  Central 
lat.  42  45  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  35  W.    Pop.  1830, 

35,710,  and  in  1840,  62,465.  NW.  co.,  Pa., 

bounded  by  Lake  Erie  NW.,  Chatauque  co.,  in 
N.  Y.,  NE.,  Warren  co.,  in  Pa.,  E.,  Crawford 
S.,  and  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  W.;  length  36  ms., 
breadth  20,  area  720  sq.  ms.  Surface  rather  wav- 
ing than  hilly  ;  soil  generally  productive.  Chief 
town  Erie.    Pop.  1840,  31,344.  Central  lat.  42° 

N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3°  W.  Village,  Erie  co.,  N. 

Y.  Town,  borough,  and  seat  of  justice,  Erie 

co.,  Pa.  It  is  the  Presqu'isle  of  the  French,  but 
stands  on  the  main  land,  opposite  the  peninsula, 
from  which  its  name  is  derived.  The  best  part  of 
the  village  extends  in  one  street  from  the  harbor, 
on  the  road  towards  Pittsburg.  The  harbor  is 
formed  by  the  main  shore,  peninsula,  and  a  reef 
of  sand.  Over  the  latter,  without  an  extraordinary 
swell  of  the  lake,  there  is  is  only  8  feet  of  water ; 
the  depth  and  anchorage  within  are  commodious 
safe.  The  trade  of  this  town  is  considerable,  and 
increasing.  A  turnpike  road  extends  from  there 
to  Pittsburg,  distant  from  each  other  136  ms.  It 
is  80  ms.  SSW.  from  Buffalo.  It  has  a  number 
of  neat  dwelling  houses,  several  stores,  a  court- 
house, jail,  and  printing  office.    Pop.  1820,  635, 

and  in  1840,  3,412.  Tp.,  Erie  co.,  Pa  ,  on 

Lake  Erie,  including  and  commensurate  with  the 
borough  of  the  same  name. 

Erieville,  village,  Madison  co  ,  N.  Y. 

Erin,  tp  ,  Switzerland  co.,  la.,  12  ms.  below 
Vevay,  and  opposite  the  mouth  of  Kentucky  river. 

Eritria,  ancient  Erythrae,  town  of  Natolia,  36 
ms.  W,  from  Smyrna. 

Erisso,  town  of  Macedonia,  at  the  bottom  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mount  Sanchio. 

Erith,  village,  of  Eng.,  in  Huntingdonshire,  on 
the  Ouse,  5  ms.  ENE.  of  St.  Ives. 

Erivan,  city  of  Asia,  in  the  province  of  and  cap- 
ital of  what  was  Persian  Armenia,  but  now  apper- 
tains to  Russia.  It  is  situated  near  a  lake  of  its 
own  name,  which  is  very  deep,  and  60  rns.  in  cir- 
cumference. It  105  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from 
Tiflis.    Lon.  44  10  E.,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Erkelens,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
.luliers,  seated  on  the  Roer,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Ju- 
liers.    Lon.  6  35  E.,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Erlang,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconja,  and  marquisate  of  Culembach,  seated 
on  the  Regnitz,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Nuremberg.  Lon. 
11  5  E.,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Ermeland,  country,  now  become  a  province  of 
Prussia,  by  which  it  is  surrounded. 

Ernee,  town  of  France,  in  the  late  province, 
now  in  the  department  of  Mayenne,  situated  on 
the  Mayenne,  13  ms.  NNVV.  of  Laval.  Lon.  41' 
W.,  lat.  48  19  N. 

Erbil,  ancient  Arbela,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
60  ms.  E.  from  Mosul.  Lon.  43  20  E.,  lat.  36 
11  N. 

Ernest,  tp.  of  Lenox  and  Haddington  cos.,  U. 
C,  W.  and  adjoining  Kingston. 

Ernest's  Store,  post  office,  Butler  co.,  Ala., 
about  60  ms.  SE.  from  Cahaba. 

Erpach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia,  30  ms.  SE.  from  Frankfort.    Lon.  9  10 
E  ,  lat.  40  36  N. 
306 


Erpach,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  county 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  8  ms.  S.  of  Uln 
Lon.  10  19  E.,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Erquino,  seaport  of  the  Red  sea,  on  the  coast 
Abex,  subject  to  Turkey.  It  is  320  ms.  SW. 
Mecca.    Lon.  39  5  E.,  lat.  17  30  N. 

Errel,  tp.  in  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  100  ms.  N.  fro 
Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  26. 

Erring1  s  Grant,  town  in  Franklin  co.,  Mass 
by  post  road  107  ms.  NN  W.  from  Boston.  Po, 
in  1820,  231. 

Erwina,  village  in  Bucks  co.,  Pa. 

Erwinna,  village  on  Delaware  river,  in  Buc! 
co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  above  New  Hope. 

ErwinsviUe,  village  in  Rutherford  co.,  N.  C. 

Erzerum. — See  Erzroom. 

Erzgeberg,  circle  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
is  a  mine  region,  containing  a  population  of  abo 
460,000,  and  besides  many  of  lesser  note,  tl 
towns  of  Freyberg,  Attenberg,  Chemnitz,  at 
Zwicksaw.  It  was  in  the  Erzgeberg  mines  th 
the  justly  celebrated  Werner  performed  those  op 
rations  and  made  those  observations,  which  have: 
greatly  added  to  human  knowledge,  and  enroili 
Werner  on  the  list  of  names  which  have  benefits 
and  not  injured  the  human  species. 

Erzroom,  city  of  Turkish  Armenia.  It  is  siti 
ated  between  the  two  sources  of  the  Euphrates, 
a  beautiful  plain,  at  the  foot  of  a  chain  of  mou; 
tains,  fruitful  in  all  sorts  of  corn.  Wood  is  vei 
scarce,  for  which  reason  their  fuel  is  only  cow  dun 
It  is  surrounded  by  double  walls,  defended  1 
square  towers.  The  Turks,  who  are  all  Janizarie 
are  about  12,000  in  number;  but  most  of  them  a 
tradesmen,  and  receive  no  pay.  Entire  pop.  abo 
30,000.  The  Armenians  have  two  churches,  tl 
Greeks  but  one ;  the  latter  are  mostly  braziers,  ar 
live  in  the  suburbs.  They  drive  a  great  trade  he 
in  furs,  Persian  silks,  cottons,  calicoes,  and  drug 
This  town  is  a  thoroughfare  and  resting  place  f 
the  caravans  to  the  East  Indies.  It  is  104  ins.  i 
by  E.  of  Trebisond,  and  by  the  caravan  road  750 
little  S.  of  E.  from  Constantinople.  Lon.  40  t 
E.,  lat.  39  56  N. 

Escalona,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  14  m 

NNE.  of  Segovia.  Town  of  Spain,  in  Ne 

Castile,  on  an  eminence,  in  a  fertile  country,  ne: 
the  Albreche,  20  ms.  N  W.  of  Toledo,  and  32  SV 
of  Madrid. 

Escambia,  bay  and  river.  The  Escambia  riv< 
rises  in  Alabama,  a  few  miles  N.  of  N.  lat.  31' 
and,  flowing  SE.  30  or  40  ms.,  enters  Florida,  at 
unites  with  a  much  larger  stream,  the  Conecul 
from  the  NE.,  the  united  waters  continue  SE.  1 
ms.,  and  gradually  expand  into  a  bay  of  about  10  m 
in  length  by  from  2  to  3  ms.  wide.  The  Escarub 
bay  is  an  arm  of  that  of  Pensacola,  which  it  joh 
on  the  NW.  part  of  the  latter. 

Eschelles,  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  frontiers  i 
Dauphiny,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Chamberry.  Lon. 
45  E.,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Eschwegen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  landgr; 
vate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  seated  on  the  Werra,  2 
ms.  SE.  of  Hesse  Cassel.  Lon.  10  6  E.,  lat.  5 
9  N. 

Escurial,  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  sea 
ed  on  the  Guadara,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Madrid.  Lor 
3  35  W.,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Essens,  town  of  E.  Friesland,  on  the  Germa 


ESS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


EST 


ean,  20  ms.  N.  of  Embdcn.  Lon.  17  14  E., 
t.  53  47  N. 

Esf arain,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Ko- 
san,  famous  for  the  great  number  of  writers  it 
is  produced.   It  is  90  ms.  E.  of  Astrabad.  Lon. 
23  E.,  lat.  36  48  N. 

Esher,  village  of  Eng..  in  Surry,  on  the  river 
ole,  5  ms.  SW.  of  Kingston.  Tt  is  distinguish- 
by  a  noble  Gothic  mansion,  the  two  towers  of 
liich  are  as  they  were  originally  built  by  Cardi- 
al Wolsey. 

Esk,  river  of  England  and  Scotland,  in  Dum- 
esshire,  which  forms  part  of  the  boundary  be 
een  England  and  Scotland,  and  falls  into  Solway 

ith.  River  of  Scotland,  in  Edinburghshire, 

rmed  bv  the  junction  of  2  streams,  called  the  N. 
d  S.  Esk. 

\Eskimaux,  bay  on  the  coast  of  Labrador.  Lon. 

T.  C.  19  10  E.,  lat.  51  30  N.-  Cape  in  Hud- 

n's  bay,  near  the  mouth  of  Deer  river.  Lon.  W. 

16  20  W.,  lat.  61  20  N.  Small  group  of 

ands,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  E.  from  the 
engan  settlement,  and  N.  from  the  island  of  An- 
osti.  Lon.  W.  C.  14  0  E.,  lat.  50  10  N. 
Eslingin,  large  imperial  city  of  Suabia,  in  the 
chy  of  Wirtemberg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neeker, 
ms.  SE.  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  20  E.,  lat.  48  47  N.. 
Ebtneraldas,  town  of  Colombia,  in  the  south- 
n  part  of  Spanish  Guiana,  on  the  right  bank  of 
pper  Orinoco.    Lon.  W.  C.  11  20  E.,  lat.  5 

N. 

jjEs/ie,  Asne,  Eisenay,  large  town  of  Upper 
;ypt,  on  the  Nile,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Sy- 
la,  but  Norden  thinks  it  was  Latopolis.  Esne 
Is  near  the  grand  cataract  of  the  Nile.  Lon.  31 
I  E.,  lat.  24  46  N. 

Esopus,  tp.  in  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Hudson 
:'er  and  Esopus  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,513. — 

;e  Kingston.  Large  creek  of  Ulster  co.,  N. 

rises  in  the  Catskill  mountains,  and  falls  into 
e  Hudson  at  Saugerties,  10  ms.  below  Catskill 
wn. 

Esperance,  village  in  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
;hoharie  river,  18  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Sche- 
:ctady,  and  28  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Albany. 
Essek,  or  Eszek,  trading  town  of  Sclavonia.  It 
is  a  wooden  bridge,  or  rather  causeway,  over  the 
rave  and  the  marshes,  8  ms.  in  length  and  80 
et  in  breadth,  with  towers  at  a  }  of  a  mile  distant! 
am  each  other.    It  is  seated  on  the  river  Drave, 
)0  ms.  WNW.  of  Belgrade,  and  136  S.  of  Buda. 
on.  19  16  E.,  lat.  45  30  N. 
Essen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
erg,  8  ms.  E,  of  Duysburg. 
Essens,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  E.  Fnesland, 
)w  the  German  ocean,  20  ms.  NNE.  of  Emden. 
Essequibo,  river  of  Guiana,  falling  into  the  At- 
ntic  ocean  in  lon.  W.  C.  19  40  E.,  lat.  6  45  N. 
— Province  of  Guiana,  along  both  banks  of  the 
ssequibo  river. 

Essex,  co.  of  En?.,  54  ms.  long  and  48  broad  ; 
mnded  on  the  N.  by  Cambridgeshire  and  Suffolk, 
.  by  the  German  ocean,  S.  by  Kent,  and  W.  by 
ertfordshire  and  Middlesex.  It  contains  1,240,- 
)0  acres  ;  is  divided  into  1 9  hundreds  and  41 5  pa- 
rties; has  27  market  towns  ;  and  sends  8  mem- 
>rs  to  Parliament.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
^11  was  252,473.  It  possesses  a  variety  of  soil 
id  face  of  country.    The  principal  rivers  are  the 


Thames,  Blackwater,  Cola,  Chelmer,  Stour, 
Crouch,  and  Roding.  Beside  vast  quantities  of 
corn  of  all  kinds,  abundance  of  calves  are  sent  to  the 
London  market ;  also  wild  fowls  and  oysters.  The 
chief  manufacture  is  baize  and  stuffs.  Chelmsford 
is  the  county  town,    Pop.  in  1801,  226,437;  in 

1811,253,473;  and  in  1821,  289,424.  Co. 

of  U.  C,  between  Lakes  Erie  and  St.  Clair,  and 

between  Detroit  river  and  Suffolk  county.  

Co.  of  Vt.,  forming  the  NE.  angle  of  that  State; 
bounded  by  the  Connecticut  river  E.  and  SE., 
by  Caledonia  and  Orleans  W.,  and  by  L.  C. 
N.  ;  length  46,  mean  width  18  ms.  ;  area  728  sq. 
ms.  Surface  hilly  in  general,  and  in  part  mountain- 
ous. Soil  on  the  streams  fertile  and  productive  in 
grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  town  Guildhall.  Pop. 
1820,3,284.   Ctl.Iat.  44  42  N., lon.  W.C.5  30E. 

 Town  of  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  10  ms.  E.  from 

Burlington,  on  Onion  river     Pop.  in  1820,  1,000. 

 Cu.  of  Mass.,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean 

NE.,  E.,  and  SE.,  Middlesex  co.  SW.,  and  Rock- 
ingham co.,  in  N.  H.,  NW.  ;  length  and  breadth 
about  19  ms.  each;  area  360  sq.  ms.  Surface 
rather  rough  than  hilly.  Soil  of  middling  quality. 
Chief  towns,  Salem  and  Newburyport.  Pop.  in 
1820,  73,930.    Central  lat.  42  40  N.,  Ion.  W. 

C.  6  10  E.  Tp.  of  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  on  Che- 

bacco  river,  8  ms.  NE.  from  Salem.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,107.  Co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  E.  by  Lake 

Cham  plain,  S,  by  Warren,  W.  by  Hamilton  and 
Franklin,  and  N.  by  Clinton  ;  length  45  ms.,  mean 
width  34;  area  1,530  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and 
even  mountainous,  with  a  rocky  and  sterile  soil  in 
general.  Chief  town,  Elizabeth  town.  Pop.  in 
1820,  12,811.    Central  lat.  44  10  N.,  lon.  W,C. 

3  20  E.  Village,  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  on  the 

opposite  side  of  Onion  river,  and  9  ms.  NE.  by  E. 
from  Burlington,  and  30  miles  northwest  from 

Montpelier.  Town,  Essex  county,  N.  York, 

140  ms.  N.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,225. 

 Co.,  N.  J.,  on  Passaic  river,  bounded  E.  by 

Passaic  river,  S.  by  Middlesex,  SW.  by  Somerset, 
W.  by  Morris,  and  N.  by  Bergen,  or  Passaic  river; 
length  21,  mean  width  12  ms.  ;  area  252  sq.  ms. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil-fertile.  Chief  town,  Newark. 
Pop.  in  1840,  44,621.    Central  lat.  40  45  N., 

lon.  W.  C.  2  45  E.  Co.,  Va.,  bounded  NE. 

by  Rappahannock  river,  SE.  by  Middlesex,  SW. 
I  by  King  and  Queen,  and  N  W.  by  Caroline  ;  length 
28,  mean  width  10  ms.  ;  area  280  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face moderately  hilly,  and  soil  generally  of  second 
rate  quality.  Chief  town,  Tappahannock.  Pop. 
in  1820,  9,909.  Central  lat.  37  50  N.  The 
meridian  of  W.  C.  runs  across  this  co. 

Esslington,  Port,  sound  on  the  coast  of  New 
Cornwall,  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  N.  America. 
Lon.  W.  C.  53°  W.,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Esling,  village  of  Austria,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Danube,  6  English  ms.  below  Vienna. 

Estachar,  small  town  of  Persia,  in  Fars,  or  Fa- 
ristan,  near  the  ruins  of  Persepolis,  about  30  ms. 
NNE.  from  Shires.    Lat.  30  5  N. 

Eshmiazin,  a  district  with  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  province  of  Erivan,  of  Upper  Arme- 
nia, Asia.  The  district  stretches,  from  NW.  to  SE., 
along  the  Arras  river,  and  westward  from  the  city 
of  Erivan.  Esthmiazin  is  the  seat  of^an  Armenian 
archbishopric. 

I     Estill,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  N.  by  Montgomery, 

307 


ETH 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ETT 


NE.  by  Pike,  E.  by  Perry,  S.  by  Clay,  W.  by 
Madison,  and  NW.  by  Clarke;  length  40,  mean 
width  about  17  j  ms.  ;  area  700  sq.  ms.  Kentucky 
river  winds  over  the  central  parts,  entering  at  the 
eastern,  and  leaving  the  co.  at  the  NW.  angle. 
Chief  town,  Irwine.  Pop.  in  1840,  5,535.  Cen- 
tral lat.  37  45  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  40  W. 

Estillvillc,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Scott  co., 
Va.,  33  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Abingdon,  116 
NE.  by  E.  from  Knoxville,  in  Tenn.,  and  by  post 
road  379  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Estramadura,  province  of  Spain,  17  ms.  in 
breadth,  and  100  in  length,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Leon  and  Old  Castile,  on  the  E.  by  I\ew  Castile, 
on  the  Si  by  Andalusia,  and  on  the  W.  by  Portu- 
gal. It  abounds  with  corn,  wine,  and  fruit* ;  but 
the  air  is  bad  for  foreigners,  on  account  of  the  ex- 
cessive heat.    It  now  makes  a  part  of  New  Castile. 

 Province  of  Portugal,  lying  about  the  mouth 

of  the  Tajo,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Beira,  on  the 
E.  and  S.  by  Alentejo,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  At- 
lantic ocean.  It  abounds  with  wine,  excellent  oil, 
honey,  and  oranges.  Here  the  oranges  were  first 
planted  that  were  brought  from  China,  and  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  China  oranges.  Lisbon 
is  the  capital. 

Estravayer,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Friburg,  with  a  fine  castle,  seated  on  the  Lake 
of  Neufchatel.    Lon.  6  56  E.,  lat.  46  55  N. 

Estremos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  divided 
into  the  upper  town  and  the  lower.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Tefra,  which  falls  into  the  Tajo,  15  ms. 
W.  of  Badajoz,  and  75  E.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  16 
W.,  lat.  38  44  N. 

Eswecen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  landgravate 
of  Hesse-Cassel,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Cassel.  Lon.  10  9 
E.,  lat.  51  UN. 

Etain,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Meuse, 
and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Verdun. 
Lon.  5  35  E.,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Etarnpes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and 
Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  seated 
on  the  river  Loet,  or  Etarnpes,  which  abounds  with 
crawfish.  It  is  15  ins.  E.  of  Chartres.  Lon.  2  10 
E.,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Etaya,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Agra,  situated  on  a  high  bank  of  the 
Jumna.  It  is  a  large,  but  very  wretched  town, 
having  but  two  tolerable  houses.  It  is  62  ms.  SE. 
of  Agra.    Lon.  79  25  E.,  lat.  26  43  N. 

Ethiopia,  name  by  which  a  vast  region  of  Afri- 
ca has  been  distinguished  by  some  geographers, 
who  have  divided  it  into  Upper  and  Lower  Ethi- 
opia. The  first  included  the  central  part  of  Africa, 
under  the  equinoctial  line.  The  second  contains 
what  is  now  called  Nigritia,  or  Negroland  ;  and 
Abyssinia  is  usually  considered  as  nearly  commen- 
surate with  Upper  Ethiopia. 

Ethiops,  or  Ethiopians,  from  the  Greek, 
burned,  because  what  is  burned  appears  black ; 
hence  Ethiopia,  "  Black  Country"  of  the  ancients, 
now  Abyssinia. 

Ethnogkaphv,  from  the  Greek,  Grapho,  to 
write,  and  Ethnos,  nation  or  people.  An  Ethno- 
graphical treatise  is,  therefore,  one  which  treats  of 
the  inhabitants  of  a  country,  whilst  geographical 
works,  strictly  speaking,  treat  of  the  features  of  the 
earth,  though  in  most  of  the  latter  class  both 
sciences  are  combined. 
308 


Ethnaiich,  Greek  Et /marches,  from  Ethnm 
nation,  ruler  of  a  nation.  The  Ethnarchs,  und< 
the  Lower  Romano  Greek  empire,  were  governoi 
of  provinces,  and  answered  in  great  part  to  Mi 
Latin  Pro-Consuls. 

Etienne,  St.,  city  of  France,  in  the  dep.  < 
Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Forez,  r< 
markable  for  its  manufactures  in  iron  and  steel,  f 
the  tempering  of  which,  the  water  of  the  broo 
Eurens,  on  which  it  is  seated,  is  extremely  gooc 
It  carries  on  likewise  a  considerable  manufacture! 
ribands.  Coal  is  found  in  its  neighborhood,  an1 
also  a  soft  stone  fit  for  grindstones.  Its  merchai 
dise  is  conveyed  to  Paris,  to  Nantes,  and  Dunkirl 
by  the  Loire,  which  it  begins  to  be  navigable  f< 
small  barges  at  St.  Lambero.  St.  Etienne  is  2 
ms.  SE.  of  Fuers,  and  260  S.  by  E.  of  Pari; 
Lon.  4  30  E.,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Etlingen,  ancient  town  of  Suabia,  of  the  ma 
gravate  of  Bader-Dourlach,  at  the  confluence  of  tl 
^Wirim  and  Entz,  3  ms.  S.  of  Dourlach.  Lor 
9  30  E.,  lat.  48  59  N. 

Etna,  Mount,  volcano,  of  Sicily,  now  calk 
Gibel  by  the  inhabitants.  It  is  62  m?.  in  circun 
ference  at  the  base,  and  10,954  feet  in  height.  Tl 
first  eruption  of  Etna,  on  record,  is  that  mentionc' 
by  Diodorus  Siculus,  without  fixing  the  perk 
when  it  happened  ;  but  the  second,  recorded  b 
Thucydides,  was  in  the  year  784,  B.  C.  Fro: 
this  period  to  the  year  1447,  there  were  18  mu' 
eruptions.  After  this  it  ceased  to  emit  fire  near  9 
years.  The  next  was  in  1536  ;  others  followed  i 
1537,  1567,  1603,  (which  continued  till  1736, 
1564,  (which  continued  14  vears,)  1682,  168(4 
1693,  1755,  1763,  1764,  1766",  1780,  1787,  179' 
Of  all  its  eruptions,  that  of  1763  was  the  most  te 
rible;  it  was  attended  with  an  earthquake  th: 
overturned  the  town  of  Catania,  and  buried  18,00 
persons  in  its  ruins.    It  is  10  ms.  W.  of  Calami 

Etna,  tp.,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.    Pop.  in  1821 

194.  Village,  Tomkins  co.,  N.  Y.  Fu 

nace,  post  office,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  by  pos 

road  92  ms.  S.  from  Trenton.  Village  on  tl 

national  road,  18  ms.  eastward  of  Columbus,  i 
Lima  tp.,  Licking  co.,  O.,  20  ms.  NW.  by  W.  1 
Newark.    Pop.  200. 

Etolia,  ancient  province  of  northern  Greeo 
bounded  W.  by  Acarnania,  S.  by  the  Ionian  st 
and  gulf  of  Corinth,  E.  by  the  Locri  Ozolar,  ar 
N.  by  the  mountains  of  Thessaly.  It  is  now  soutl 
ern  Albania. 

Eton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bucks,  seated  on  tl 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  bridge  to  Windsor.  It 
famous  for  a  school  and  college  founded  by  Hem 
VI.,  and  King's  College  in  Cambridge  admits  r 
other  students  for  fellows  but  what  have  bee 
brought  up  here.  It  is  20  ms.  W.  from  Londoi 
Lon.  36'  W.,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Etowah,  river  of  Ga.,  rises  in  the  Appatachia 
mountains,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of  tl 
Chatahoochee,  and  flowing  SW.  joins  in  Alab; 
ma  the  Oostenalah,  and  forms  the  Coosa. 

Etruria,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  no 
New  Castle.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  pott 
ries  in  this  co.,  and  here  the  most  elegant.  vases 
every  use  and  form  are  made. 

Ettrick,  river  of  Scot.,  in  Selkirkshire,  whic 
rises  from  the  mountainous  region  in  theSW.,an 
having  formed  a  junction  with  the  Yarrow,  th* 


EUP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


EUR 


lited  streams  meet  the  Tweed  where  that  river 
ters  Roxburghshire.     From  the  woods  formerly 

the  banks  of  this  river,  the  county  obtained  the 
rne  of  Ettrick  Forest.  Ettrick  Banks  are  the  sub- 
•t  of  a  pastoral  Scotch  ditty. 
Eut  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine, 
d  late  province  of  Normandy.  The  principal 
jje  is  in  serges  and  lace.   It  is  seated  in  a  valley, 

the  river  Brele,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Dieppe.  Lon. 
30  E.,  lat.  50  3  N. 

Eubanks,  village.  Cumberland  co.,  Ga.,  post 
ad,  88  ms.  NE.  from  Milledgeville. 
Euclid,  town,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.,  10  ms.  NE. 
mi  Cleveland,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie  Pop. 
1820,809. 

Eugubio,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
Urbino,  35  ms.  S.  of  Urbino"  and  87  N.  of 

mie.    Lon.  L3  37  E.,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Euphemia,  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulte- 

»re,  on  a  bay,  50  ms.  NE.  from  Reggio.  Lon. 
32  E.,  lat.  38  44  N. 

Euphrates,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  rivers  in 
3  world,  and  the  principal  stream  of  Turkey  in 
>ia.  The  principal  source  of  this  great  river  is 
j.  Murad,  which  rises  in  upper  Armenia  at  lon. 

0  E.  and  lat.  39°  N.,  flowing  from  the  moun- 
in  Ala-Dag,  the  ancient  Abus,  of  which  Ararat 
a  branch.  It  rises  near  the  tdwn  of  Bayezid,  and 
wing  W.  250  ms.  receives  from  the  N.  a  much 
laller  stream  ;  the  latter,  however,  being  the  one 
iwhom  the  name  of  Euphrates,  or,  by  the  Ori- 
italists,  Frat,  is  given.  The  Frat  is  formed  by  a 
mber  of  small  streams  to  the  N.  of  Erzroom,  be- 
v  which  city  they  unite,  and  flowing  SW.  join 

1  Murad  at  Keban,  and  form  the  Euphrates. 
;ie  river  would  appear  to  be  destined  to  enter  the 
Bditerranean,  as  it  passes  the  first  mountain 
'ain  by  the  pass  of  Nushar,  and  again  through  a 
;^ond  mountain  pass,  forms  a  double  cataract  22 
i.  above  Semisat.  The  course  thus  far  S  W.,  is  at 
iglh  turned  by  the  mass  of  Caucasus  after  having 
ached  within  less  than  100  ms.  from  the  NE.an- 
e  of  the  eastern  Mediterranean.  Below  Semisat, 
e  Euphrates,  already  500  ms.  from  the  source  of 
e  Murad,  turns  to  S.  about  100  ms.,  whereat 
igth,  nearly  due  E.  from  Aleppo,  it  assumes  its 
ial  course  to  the  SE.,  towards  the  Persian  gulf, 
iving  flowed  in  the  latter  direction  700  ms.,  the 
jphrates  and  Tigris  unite,  and  form'the  Shat-al- 
rab,  or  the  river  of  Arabia.  A  short  distance  be- 
iv  the  junction  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  the 
iwas,  another  river  of  considerable  magnitude, 
ters  from  the  Elwend  mountains.  Now,  within 
s  than  40  ms.  from  its  recipient,  the  Persian 
If,  the  water  of  the  Shat-al-Arab  divides  into 
ree  main  and  several  minor  branches.  All  the 
ouths  are  more  or  less  choked  with  sand  bars ; 
at  of  the  S.  is  the  freest  and  deepest.  The  tide 
ws  above  Bassorah,  or  about  40  ms.  The  en- 
e  comparative  length  of  the  Euphrates  is  be 
een  1,300  and  1,400  ms.  The  basin  of  this 
'er,  including  the  valleys  of  Tigris  and  Ahwas, 

:  about  800  ms.  in  length  by  200  mean  width  ; 
th  an  area  of  160,000  sq.  ms.,  lying  between 
I  30°  and  40  30  N.  Below  its  bend  to  the  SE., 
e  Euphrates  generally  separates  the  Arabian  des- 
ks from  the  plains  of  the  ancient  Mesopotamia, 
'w  known  by  various  names,  Diarbeker,  Ourfa, 
ic  Araby,  &c.    It  is  a  mistake,  however,  very 


common,  that  the  deserts  are  terminated  by  the 
Euphrates,  as  a  desert  with  all  the  features  and 
horrors  of  that  of  Arabia,  extends  between  the  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris  about  N.  lat.  35°  and  lon.  40° 
E.  Here  ponds  of  bitter  water  are  found  amid 
immense  brakes  of  wormwood,  or  sandy  plains. 
One  general  character  distinguishes  the  basins  of 
the  Euphrates,  Nile,  and  Indus;  but  the  contrast 
is  most  striking  in  the  former.  Each  rises  on  an 
elevated  table  land  or  plateau,  amid  towering  moun- 
tains and  fertile  vales,  and  debouch  amid  or  envi- 
roned by  arid  sands.  The  mountains  of  Armenia 
rise  above  the  region  of  perpetual  snow,  whilst  the 
parched  desert  of  Arabia  slowly  sinks  below  the 
waves  of  the  Persian  gulf.  Every  product  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom,  not  absolutely  tropical,  can  be 
reared  in  this  remarkable  basin.  The  variety  of 
vegetables  in  the  markets  of  Babylon  excited  the 
astonishment  of  Herodotus  upwards  2,280  years 
past.  At  present,  however,  this  region,  so  inter- 
esting to  the  enlightened  mind,  is  covered  with 
barbarous  hordes,  without  government  or  law. 
Where  abundance  reigned  22  centuries  past,  now 
rove  the  Sekman,  Koord,  Turcoman,  and  Osmanli 
Turks,  with  other  bands  equally  barbarous  and 
ferocious. — See  Tigris,  Ahwas,  &c. 

The  Euphrates  at  about  N.  lat.  38°  and  below 
the  ancient  town  of  Meletene,  now  Malatieh,  hav- 
ing become  greatly  augmented  by  the  union  of  all 
its  higher  confluents  forces  its  narrow  and  tumult- 
uous course  through  the  chain  of  Taunis.  This 
chain,  a  part  of  the  Caucassian  system,  divides  the 
batin  of  the  Euphrates  into  two  very  distinct  sub- 
basins  ;  one  to  the  N.  and  the  other  to  the  S.  of 
these  mountains.  The  two  sub-basins  differ  from 
each  other  in  climate  and  soil,  as  in  the  man- 
ners and  interests  of  their  respective  inhabitants. 
The  political  relations  of  the  northern  side  have, 
their  natural  bent  towards  the  Euxine,  and  those 
of  the  southern  towards  either  the  Mediterranean, 
Syria,  or  the  Persian  gulf.  At  Samosata  the  river 
assumes  for  upwards  of  100  miles  maintains  ;i 
southern  course  to  its  great  bend  E.  of  Aleppo, 
and  thence  pursues  a  general  southeastern  direction 
to  the  Persian  gulf.  Below  Samosata  the  river  be- 
comes navigable;  above  that  place  the  bed  of  the 
main  and  tributary  streams  are  rocky  and  shallow. 

Eure,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  includes  part  of  the 
late  province  of  Normandy. 

Eure  and  Loire,  dep.  of  Fr.,  eo  called  from  the 
rivers  of  that  name.  It  contains  the  late  province 
of  Beauce,  and  its  capital  is  Chartres. 

Europe,  one  of  the  four  general  parts  of  the 
world,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Frozen  ocean, 
on  the  S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  W.  by  the 
Atlantic  and  Northern  ocean,  and  on  the  E.  by 
Asia.  From  Cape  St.  Vincent  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Oby  it  is  near  3,600  ms.  in  length  ;  and  from 
Cape  Matapan  in  the  Morea,  to  the  North  Cape 
in  Lapland,  about  2,200  in  breadth.  Europe  is 
naturally  divided  into  five  great  sections:  1,  the 
Spanish  peninsula  in  the  SW  ;  2,  the  central  ta- 
ble land  of  the  Alps  and  the  mountains  of  Ger- 
many, Bohemia,  Transylvania,  and  Turkey,  with 
an  immense  alluvial  slope  declining  to  the  N.,  and 
the  two  peninsulas  of  Greece  and  Italy  protruded 
into  the  Mediterranean  to  the  S. ;  3,  the  wido 
spread  plain  of  Russia  extending  from  the  SW.  to 
NE.,  from  the  Carpathian  to  the  Ural  mountains, 

309 


EUR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  EUR 


and  from  SE.  to  NW.,  from  the  Caspian  and 
Black  seas  to  the  Baltic  and  White  seas;  4,  the 
Scandinavian  peninsula  in  the  extreme  NW.,  hav- 
ing the  Atlantic  ocean,  Frozen  ocean,  White  sea, 
Baltic  sea,  and  German  ocean  to  bathe  its  shores ; 
and,  5,  the  British  islands  detached  from,  but  form- 
ing essentially,  both  morally  and  physically,  a  part 
of  Europe.  The  extent  of  Europe  has  been  very 
variously  stated,  and  from  its  excessively  indented 
outline  this  problem  is  difficult  of  solution.  Hav- 
ing no  natural  line  of  separation  from  Asia,  differ- 
ent national  geographers  have  been  far  from  fol- 
lowing the  same  line  of  demarcation.  The  Eng- 
lish, and  after  them  American,  authors  have  traced 
a  very  artificial  limit  between  those  two  great  sec- 
tions of  the  earth ;  following  the  Kama,  Volga, 
and  Don  rivers  from  the  Ural  mountains  to  the  sea 
of  Azoph.  On  the  contrary,  most  of  the  continen- 
tal geographers  of  Europe  bound  that  section  of 
the  earth  on  the  side  of  Asia  by  the  Ural  moun- 
tains to  the  head  of,  and  thence  down,  the  Ural 
river  to  its  mouth  in  the  Caspian ;  thence  follow- 
ing the  Caspian  to  the  extension  of  Mount  Cau- 
casus, and  thence  along  the  ridge  of  that  chain  W. 
to  the  straits  of  Kaffa.  Rees,  in  the  maps  of  his 
Cyclopaedia,  judiciously  adopted  the  latter,  which 
is  in  fact  the  most  natural  line  of  demarcation  be- 
tween Europe  and  Asia,  and  gives  to  the  former 
about  200,000  sq.  ms.  more  area  than  it  would 
contain  if  restricted  to  the  Kama,  Volga,  and  Don 
boundary.  Adopting,  therefore,  the  Ural  river, 
Caspian  sea,  and  Caucassian  mountains,  as  the  out- 
line of  Europe  on  the  side  of  Asia,  the  former  will 
contain  within  a  small  fraction  of  3,000,000  of  sq. 
ins.,  lying  between  the  parallels  of  36  20  and  72° 
N.  lat  For  the  climate  and  seasons  of  Europe,  see 
Earth. 

The  principal  chains  of  mountains  on  the  Span- 
ish peninsula  are  the  Sierra  Neveda  uf  Granada, 
of  which  two  peaks,  the  Muley  Hassen  and  Veieta, 
rise  above  the  region  of  perpetual  snow ;  the  Sier- 
ra Morena  and  the  united  chain  of  the  Pyrenees 
and  Galicia.  In  the  central  table  land  of  Europe 
rise  the  Alps,  Carpathian,  with  its  embankments, 
and  Heemus,  with  its  lateral  chains.  Though  lim- 
ited on  two  sides  by  the  Ural  and  Carpathian 
mountains,  the  great  plain  of  Russia  has  in  its  in- 
terior not  even  hills  of  much  elevation.  The  Do- 
frine  chain  forms  the  nucleus  of  the  Scandinavian 
peninsula.  The  Dofrine,  rising  from  the  German 
ocean,  extends  NE.  to  N.  lat.  69°,  it  then  turns 
first  E.  then  S.,  assumes  the  name  of  Olonetz,  is 
finally  terminated  in  the  marshes  of  Finland  be- 
tween the  Baltic  and  White  seas.  The  fifth  di- 
vision, the  British  islands,  though  chequered  with 
some  mountainous  districts,  has  no  chain  of  con- 
siderable extent  or  mass. 

The  principal  rivers  on  the  Spanish  peninsula 
are  the  Guadalquiver,  Guadiana,  Tagus,  Duero, 
and  Ebro.  The  central  table  land  discharges  into 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  the  Garonne  and  Loire  ;  into 
the  English  channel,  the  Seine;  into  the  German 
ocean,  the  Rhine,  Weser,  and  Elbe;  into  the  Bal- 
tic, the  Oder  and  Vistula ;  into  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Rhone  ;  into  the  gulf  of  Venice,  the  Po ;  and 
into  the  Black  sea,  the  Danube  and  the  Dniester. 
The  great  Russian  plain  is  drained  by  the  Bog, 
Dnieper,  and  Don,  flowing  into  the  Black  and 
Azoph  seas  ;  by  the  Volga  and  its  numerous  con- 
310 


fluents  into  the  Caspian  ;  by  the  Neva,  enterin 
the  gulf  of  Finland,  and,  finally,  the  Onega,  Dw 
na,  Mezin,  and  Petchora,  losing  themselves  in  tb 
White  sea,  or  Arctic  ocean.  The  Dofrine  chair 
ranging  along  near  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  a  mea 
distance  of  about  200  ms.  from  the  Baltic,  dit 
charges  its  rivers  of  note  towards  the  latter  recip 
ent,  and  gives  source  to  the  Kimi,  Tornea,  Sulet 
Skellestea,  Umea,  Indal,  and  Westerdal,  with  se< 
eral  others,  which  are  lost  in  the  gulf  of  Boifej 
and  Baltic.  This  chain  discharges  also 
stream,  the  Clara,  into  Lake  Wener,  from  whit 
it  again  issues  by  the  name  of  Gotha,  and  is  finall 
lost  in  the  Categate  at  Gottenburg. 

Of  all  sections  of  the  earth  the  British  islam 
are  most  abundantly  supplied  with  navigable  rivei 
in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  surface.  The  Thame 
Severn,  Mersey,  H umber,  Clyde,  and  Shanr 
are  astonishing  streams,  if  we  take  into  view 
relative  extent  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Irela 
with  that  of  Europe  entire. 

The  seas  of  Europe  are  on  the  W.  and  NW.  < 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the  S.  the  Mediterranea 
and  Black  seas,  on  the  SE.  the  Caspian,  and  o 
the  N.  the  Arctic  ocean.    This  region  is  inJentc 
by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  by  the  sea  of  Azoph,  by  tb 
Baltic,  and  by  the  White  sea ;  and  as  we  considt 
the  British  islands  as  a  part  of  Europe,  by  the  Ge 
man  ocean.    In  point  of  magnitude  the  Lakes  < 
Ladoga,  On°ga,  Wener,  Wetter,  Enara,  Genev! 
and  Constance,  follow  nearly  in  order,  and  are 
principal  lakes  of  Europe,  if  we  may  not  ex( 
that  intricate  maze  of  lakes  between  the  White 
and  gulf  of  Finland.    Such  are  the  general 
tures  of  that  section  of  the  earth  where  the  hur 
mind  has  risen  to  the  highest  dignity,  and  I  he 
man  form  to  perhaps  its  utmost  perfection  < 
strength  and  symmetry. 

Europe  contains  at  present  the  Christian 
ernments  of  Sweden,  Russia,  Prussia,  Denma 
Great  Britain,  France,  the  kingdom  of  the  Nt 
erlands,  Spain,  Portugal,  Sardinia  :  the  two 
lies,  the  Pope's  dominions;  and  several  mint 
States  in  Italy;  Austria,  Bavaria,  Wirtemburg,  an 
Saxony,  with  other  minor  States  of  Germany.  Ml 
hometan  Europe  embraces  all  Greece,  Epirus  ( 
Albania,  Macedonia,  Thessaly,  Thrace,  Bulgaru 
Servia,  and  Bosnia,  with  part  of  Croatia  and  Hei 
zegowina  ;  or,  briefly,  all  the  continent  and  laoi 
of  the  islands  of  Europe  SE.  from  the  Save  an 
Danube  rivers. 

The  languages  are  the  Italian,  French,  Spaniel 
and  Portuguese,  which  are  dialects  of  the  Latin 
the  German,  Flemish,  Dutch,  Swedish,  Daiiisl 
and  English,  which  proceed  from  the  Teutonic 
the  Sclavonian,  which  reigns  (though  in  disguise 
in  Poland,  Russia,  Bohemia,  and  a  great  part  i 
Turkey  in  Europe  ;  the  Celtic,  of  which  there  ai 
dialects  in  Wales,  the  Highlands  of  Scotland1,  In 
land,  Bretagne  in  France,  and  Lapland  ;  the  mo< 
em  Greek,  and  several  others. 

The  general  religion  of  Europe  is  theChristia 
subdivided  into  three  great  sects — the  Roman  Cat! 
lie  S.,  the  Protestant  (with  the  exception  of  In 
land)  NW.,  and  the  Greek  church  on  the  SB.  an 
E.  The  Mahometan,  of  the  sect  of  Omar,  or  th 
Sonnites,  is  the  established,  though  not  the  mo 
prevalent,  religion  in  the  Turkish  empire  in  Ei 
rope . 


EUR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


EUR 


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311 


EVA 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


EXA 


Europe  forms  the  northwestern  portion  of  the 
eastern  hemisphere,  or  old  world,  and  is  situate 
between  34°  and  82'  N.  lat.,  if  Spitzbergen  be  in- 
cluded, and  between  24°  W.  and  71°  E.  Ion.,  in- 
cluding Iceland  and  Novaiya  Zemlia.  But  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  continental  portion  are  comprised 
within  narrower  limits ;  Cape  Nord  Kyn,  the  most 
northern  point,  being  in  lat.  71°  6'  N. ;  the  most 
southern  points,  Punta  de  Tarifa  in  Spain,  in  lat. 
36°,  and  Cape  Matipan,  in  the  Morea,  in  lat.  36° 
17'  N.  ;  the  most  western  point,  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent, in  9°  W.  Ion.  ;  and  the  most  eastern  point, 
in  the  Ural  mountains,  near  Jekaterinburg,  in  60° 
20'  E.,  Ion.  The  greatest  length  of  the  continent 
is  in  the  direction  of  northeast  and  southwest  from 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Kara,  on  the  Arctic  ocean, 
and  to  St.  Vincent,  in  Spain ;  and  is  estimated  at 
3,490  British  miles.  The  greatest  breadth,  from 
Cape  Matapan  to  Nord  Kyn,  is  about  2,420.  The 
superficial  area  is  estimated  to  contain  about  3,900,- 
000  square  miles. 

Europe  is  at  present  divided  into  eighty-six  sov- 
ereign States  ;  bui  of  these  a  great  proportion  be- 
long to  the  Germanic  or  Swiss  confederation,  and 
can  scarcely  be  considered  as  really  independent. 

Eustis,  lake  of  the  U.  S.,  one  of  the  sources  of 
Yellowstone  river.  Lon.  YV.  C.  31  30  W.,  lat. 
43  N. 

Eutaw  Springs,  small  stream  of  S.  C.,  flowing 
into  the  Santee  river,  in  the  NW,  part  of  Charles- 
ton district,  60  ms.  from  Charleston. 

Eustatia,  St.,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Lee- 
ward islands  in  the  W.  Indies.  It  is  a  mountain 
in  the  form  of  a  sugar  loaf,  whose  top  is  hollow, 
and  lies  on  the  NW.  of  St.  Christopher,  and  be- 
longs to  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  Lon. 
63  10  W.,  lat.,  17  29  N. 

Eatim,  town  of  Holstein,  with  a  castle,  where 
the  bishop  of  Lubec  resides.  It  is  7  ms.  from 
Lubec. 

Euxine  Sea. — See  Black  Sea. 

Evangklic  League,  or  revival  of  the  League 
of  Smalcald.  This  confederation  which  had  so 
much  influence  on  European  policy  generally,  and 
still  more  on  Germany  in  particular,  arose  from  the 
encroachments  made  on  the  Protestants  by  the 
Emperor  of  Germany  in  the  Catholic  interest. 
Frederick  IV.,  Elector  of  Palatine,  menaced  on  all 
sides,  yet  holding  the  highest  rank  amongst  the 
Protestant  princes  of  Germany,  had  sufficient  in- 
fluence to  unite  several  others  to  his  party.  He 
found  most  of  the  Protestant  princes  and  people 
already  well  disposed  to  break  with  the  emperor 
from  the  vexations  imposed  on  them  by  the  Impe- 
rial Chamber  at  Spire,  and  by  the  Aulic  Council ; 
and  ihus,  in  1609,  towards  the  close  of  the  reign  of 
Rodolph  II.  was  formed  "  The  Evangelic  League" 
into  which  entered  the  duke  of  Wirtemberg,  Mau- 
rice, Landgrave,  of  Ile.-se  Cassel,  Joachim  Ern- 
est, Marquis  of  Anspach  ;  Frederic,  Marquis  of 
Baden  Douilach ;  Christian,  Prince  of  Anhalt ; 
and  most  of  the  Protestant  cities.  Frederic  IV., 
Elector  Palatine,  was  declared  their  general  and 
chief.  The  most  eminent  men  who  held  the  sta- 
tion of  generalissimo  of  this  League,  were  Chris- 
tian IV.,  King  of  Denmark,  and  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus,  King  of  Sweden  ;  religion  was  the  pretence, 
but  human  policy  the  main-spring  of  the  Evangelic 
League,  as  was  seen  more  distinctly  by  the  history 
312 


of  the  Counter  League. — See  Catholic  Leagw 
and  Smalcald,  League  of, 

Evansham,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Wyth 
Va.,  on  Reed  creek,  branch  of  Great  Kenhawa 
ms.  SW.  from  Christiansburg.    Lat.  36  10 
lon.  W.  C.  4°  W. 

Evans's  post  office,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  268 
by  post  road  W.  from  Albany. 

Evans's  Mills,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.  N. 
168  ms.  by  postroad  NW.  from  Albany. 

Evansville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Van 
burg  co.,  Inda.,  on  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  river, 
ms.  S.  from  Vincennes,  and  24  SE.  from  N 
Harmony.    N.  lat.  38  1,  lon.  W.  C.  10  30  W. 

Evaux,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Creust 
and  late  province  of  Marche,  20  ms.  from  Mour 
Lacon.    Lon.  2  35  E.,  lat.  46  13  N. 

Evensburg,  village,  Crawford  co.,  Penn. 

Everding,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circl 
Austria,  seated  on  the  Danube,  12  ms.  W 
Lintz.    Lon.  13  46  E.,  lat,  48  19  N. 

Everett  House,  post  office,  Lewis  co.,  Ky., 
ms.  by  the  post  road  NE.  from  Frankfort. 

Everettsville,  village,  Albemarle  co.,  Va. 

Evershot,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  12 
NW.  of  Dorchester,  and  129  W.  by  S.  of  Lor 
don.    Lon.  2  55  W.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Evesham,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  stockings,  and  is  seated  o 
a  gradual  ascent  from  the  Avon,  which  almost 
rounds  it,  and  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge, 
give  name  to  an  adjacent  vale,  remarkable  for 
ducing  plentifully  of  corn.    It  is  14  ms.  SE 
Worcester,  and  95  NW.  of  London.    Lon.  1 

W.,  lat.  52  4  N.  Tp.,  Burlington  co.,  N. 

8  ms.  NE.  of  Haddonfield,  and  about  16  ms 
of  Philadelphia 

Evian,  town  of  Savoy,  in  Chablais,  on  the 
side  of  the  lake  of  Geneva,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Gent 
va.    Lon.  6  50  E.,  lat.  46  21  N. 

Evoli,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citericr< 
12  ms.  E.  of  Salerno.  Lon.  15  16  E.,  lat.  40  4 
North. 

Evora,  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  capital  of  A 
entejo,  with  a  university.  It  is  seated  in  a  cour 
try,  which,  though  a  little  unequal,  is  very  pleas 
ant,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  mountains,  an 
planted  with  large  trees  of  divers  sorts.  It  is  6 
ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  7  30  W.,  lat.  3 
28  N. 

Evreux,  ancient  town  of  France,  seated  in  tb- 
department  of  Eure.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  d( 
partment,  and  its  cathedral  is  a  handsome  strw 
ture.  The  trade  consists  in  corn,  linen,  and  woo 
en  cloth,  and  it  has  a  manufacture  of  cotton  ve 
vets,  and  another  of  tick.  It  is  seated  on  the  riv< 
Iton,  25  ms.  S,  of  Rouen,  and  55  NW.  of  Pa/i 
Lon.  I  14  E.,  lat.  49  1  9  N. 

Ewel,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  on  a  rivuh 
which  empties  itself  into  the  Thames  at  Kingstor 
It  is  10  ms.  NNE.  of  Darking,  and  13  SSE.  < 
London.    Lon.  15'  W.,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Ewingsville,  village  Cecil  co.,  Md. 

Exarchs  of  Ravenna.  This  term,  original! 
applied  in  the  singular  to  an  officer  in  the  Gree 
church,  immediately  below  the  patriarch,  but  wt 
made  remarkable  in  history  as  applied  to  an  offic» 
who,  after  the  fall  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ostri 
goths  in  Italy,  and  the  reconquest  of  part  of  th; 


EXM  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FAH 


untry  by  the  arms  of  the  Greek  emperors  resi- 
.nt  at  Constantinople,  represented  those  emperors 

d  resided  in  Ravenna.    The  first  exarch  was 

?  Eunuch  Narses,  who  completed  the  ruin  of  the 
Mthic  kingdom  about  A.  D.  563.  The  exarchate 
.  itinued  until  754,  when  Ravenna  was  taken  by 

itolphus,  king  of  the  Lombards.  This  was  one 
.,the  great  leading  events  which  led  to  the  estab- 
ihment  of  the  temporal  power  of  the  bishops  of 

me,  as  these  adroit  ecclesiastics  sought  and  ob- 
ined  the  aid  of  France,  and  obtained,  by  that 
i  ans,  the  subversion  of  the  Lombard  kingdom, 
;j  the  investiture  of  great  part  of  what  the  Lom- 
l  d  kings  held  in  Italy,  and  were  relieved  from  all 
oendence  on  the  emperors  of  Constantinople. 

3  Gibbon,  vol.  6,  pp.  179,  186. 

Ex,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the  forest  of 
jimoor,  in  Somersetshire,  and  after  being  joined 
1  several  little  streams,  leaves  that  co.  below  Dul- 
Uon,  and  runs  to  Tiverton,  Exeter,  and  Top- 
t  m,  from  whence  it  forms  an  estuary,  which  ter- 
nates  in  the  English  Channel,  at  Exmouth,  af- 
t  a  course  of  40  ms. 

Exeter,  capital  city  of  Devonshire,  Eng.,  situ- 
al  on  the  river  Ex,  10  ms.  N.  of  the  British 
cinnel.  It  is  large,  populous,  and  wealthy,  with 
g3s,  walls,  and  suburbs;  the  circumference  of 
ti  whole  is  about  3  ms.  Ships  of  burden  former- 
hame  up  to  this  city,  but  the  navigation  was  al- 
ign destroyed  by  Henry  Courtney,  earl  of  Devon, 
a ,  though  repaired,  could  not  be  restored  to  its 
finer  state.  Its  port,  therefore,  is  at  Topsham, 
fHis.  below.  It  has  13  companies  of  tradesmen, 
a  anufacture  of  serges  and  other  woolen  goods, 
a;;xtensive  foreign  and  domestic  commerce,  and 
a  hare  in  the  fisheries  of  Newfoundland  and 
G  enland.    It  is  68  ms.  SW.  of  Bristol,  and  173 

V  byS.  of  London.  Lon.  3  33  W.,  lat.  50  44 
r  rth. 

Exeter,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.  Pop.  in  1820, 

5:.  Town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  on  Ex- 

e-L  river,  branch  of  Piscaiaqua,  at  the  head  of 
ti  water,  15  ms.  SW.  from  Portsmouth,  seated 
a  he  fall  of  the  Exeter  river.  The  village  of  Ex- 
e  has  become  the  seat  of  numerous  flourishing 
mufactures  of  woolen  and  cotton  cloths,  and 
a1,  ordnance  and  small  arms.  Exeter  academy 
is  very  respectable  institution,  originally  founded 
b  the' Hon.  John  Phillips,  LL.D.,  in  1781. 
I  s  supported  by  the  students,  amounting  to 

aut  80,  and  by  funds  exceeding  $80,000.  

kill  but  important  river  of  N.  H.,  rising  in 
R  kingham  co.,  and  flowing  past  Exeter  into 

dat  bay.  Tp.,  Washington  co.,  R.  I  ,  25 

rr  SW.  from  Providence.  Pop.  in  1820,2,581. 
Tvn,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  10°  NW.  from  Coop- 

enwn.    Pop.  1820,  1,430  Town,  Luzerne  ' 

ci  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Susquehannah  river,  10  ms,  j 

abe  Wilkesbarre.    Pop.  1820,  820.  Tp.  of  j 

Bits  co.  Pa.,  NE.  side  of  the  Schuylkill  river, 
C(  rnencing  about  3  ms.  below  Reading.  Pop 

ir.  1820,  1,381.  Village,  New  Hanover  co.: 

on  the  E.  fork  of  Cape  Fear  river,  36  ms.  j 
■re  Wilmington.  Village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ia.  j 

'■xilles,  strong  fort  of  France,  now  in  the  de-  j 
■mem  of  the  Upper  Alps,  lately  in  the  province  ! 
oUauphiny.    It  is  an  important  passage,  6  ms.  I 

V  of  Suza,  and  40  NE.  of  Embrun. 

a-moor,  forest  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  in 
40* 


the  NW.  corner  of  thatco.,  extending  thence  into 
Devonshire. 

Exmouth,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  bay  which  forms  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Ex,  10  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Exeter.    It  is 
j  much  frequented  for  the  benefit  of  sea  bathing. 

Exodus,  second  book  of  Moses,  thus  called  from 
]  two  words,  meaning  "going  out,"  and  applied  to 
the  Israelites  going  out  of  Egypt. 

Exuma,  long  narrow  island,  in  the  group  of 
!  the  Bahamas.  Lon.  W.  C.  1  15  E.,  lat.  23  25 
I  North. 

Exuma  Sound,  extending  SE.  from  Eleuthera, 
;  to  Yuma,  and  between  Guannahani  and  Exuma 
!  Keys. 

|  Exuma  Keys,  long  and  dangerous  reef,  com- 
posed of  rocks,  sand  banks,  and  small  islets, 
[stretching  NW.  from  Exuma  island  towards  New 
j  Providence. 

Eye,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  20  ms.  N. 
of  Ipswich,  and  91  NE.  of  London.    Lon.  1  10 

E.,  lat.  52  20  N.  River  of  Eng.,  which  rises 

in  the  NW.  of  Berwickshire,  and  falls  into  the 
British  ocean  at  Eyemouth. 

Eyemouth,  seaport  in  Berwickshire,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Eye,  formerly  fortified  to  curb  the 
garrison  of  Berwick,  from  which  it  is  distant  9 
ms.    Lon.  1  50  W.,  lat.  55  51  N. 

Eyesdale,  small  island  of  Eng.,  on  the  coast  of 
Argyleshire,  to  the  SE.  of  Mull.  It  is  noted  for 
its  slate  quarries. 

Eylau,  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  about  30  ms. 
nearly  S.  from  Koningsberg. 

Eyndhoven,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  British-le-Duc,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Eynds  and  Dommel,  13  ms.  SE.  of  Bois-le-Duc, 
Lon.  5  26  E.,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Eysoch,  river  of  the  bishopric  of  Brixen,  which 
waters  the  town  of  that  name,  and  falls  into  the 
Adige  below  Meran. 


Faaborg,  seaport  of  Denmark,  on  the  S.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Funen.  Lon.  10  16  E.,  lat.  55 
12  N. 

Fabius,  town,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  sit- 
uated on  the  head  springs  of  Chenango  river,  148 
ms.  W.  of  Albany."  Pop.  1820,  2,494. 

Fabriano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  famous  for  its  good  paper.  It  is  25  ms. 
NE.  of  Foligni.    Lon  12  32  E.,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Factoryville,  village,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  about 
164  ms.  SSW.  from  Albany. 

Faenza,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna.  It 
is  famous  for  fine  earthen  ware,  invented  here,  and 
is  seated  on  the  river  Amona,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Ra- 
venna. 

Fairbanks  village,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y. 

Fahlun,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Dalecarlia, 
situated  in  the  midst  of  rocks  and  hills,  between 
the  Lakes  of  Run  and  Warpen.  It  contains  two 
churches,  and  (including  the  miners)  7,000  in- 
habitants, whose  houses  are  generally  of  wood,  2 
stories  high.  It  is  chiefly  celebrated  for  its  copper- 
mine,  which  is  on  the  E.  side  of  the  town.  It  is 
30  ms.  NW.  of  Hedemora.  Lon.  16  42  E.,  lat. 
60  34  N, 

313 


FAI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FAI 


Fairfax,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  26  ms.  N.  from 
Augusta.  Pop.  1820,  1204.  Town,  Frank- 
lin co.,  Vt,  on  the  river  Lamoelle,  20  ms.  NNE. 

from  Burlington.  Co.  of  Va.,  on  the  Potomac, 

opposite  the  District  of  Columbia,  bounded  by  the 
Potomac  river  and  District  of  Columbia  NE.,  the 
Potomac  river  E.,  Prince  William  SW.,  and  Lou- 
don NW.;  length  25  ms.,  mean  width  18,  area 
450  sq.  ms.  Surface  broken,  and  soil  in  most 
thin  and  sterile.  Chief  town  Centreville.  Pop. 
1820,  11,404,  and  in  1840,  9,730.    Central  lat. 

38  42,  Ion.  W.  C.  12'  W.  Town  and  seat  of 

justice,  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  on  Mountain  creek 
branch  of  Rappahannock,  38  ms.  above  Fredericks- 
burg, and  75  ms.  SW.  from  Washington.  

Court-house  and  post  office,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  15 
ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Fair/ield,  town  on  the  right  side  of  the  Kennebec 
river,  in  the  extreme  S.  part  of  Somerset  co.,  Me. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,609.  Town  in  Franklin  co., 

Vt.,  on  Black  river,  a  branch  of  Mississque  river,  26 
ms.  NNE.  from  Burlington.    Pop.  in  1820,  about 

1,350.  Co.  of  Ct.,  on  the  SW.  angle  of  the 

State,  bounded  by  N.  Y.  W.,  Litchfield  N.,  New 
Haven  NE.  andE.,  and  Long  Island  sound  SE. ; 
length  35  ms.,  mean  width  17  ;  area  about  600  sq. 
ms.  The  surface  of  this  county  is  most  delight- 
fully variegated  by  hill  and  dale.  The  soil,  though 
not  generally  very  fertile,  is  yet  productive,  and 
well  cultivated.  The  shore  along  the  sound  is  ve- 
ry much  indented  by  small  creeks,  bays,  and  in- 
lets, affording  a  very  convenient  navigation.  Sta- 
ples are  too  numerous  for  discrimination,  consist- 
ing of  a  great  variety  of  articles  suitable  to  the  N. 
Vork  market.  Chief  towns,  Danberry  and  Fair- 
field.   Pop.  in  1820,  42,739.  Central  lat.  41  15, 

Ion.  W.  C.  3  35  E.  Town,  tp.,  and  port  of 

entry  in  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of 
justice,  on  Long  island,  54  ms.  NE.  from  N.  Y. 
ft  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce.  It  is  also 
the  seat  of  an  academy,  and  contains  the  ordinary 
buildings  appertaining  to  a  seat  of  justice.  Pop. 
ofthetp.  in  1820,  4,151.— See  Greenfield  Hill, 

Saugatuck,  Black  Rock,  and  Mill  River.  

Town  in  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  E.  side  of 
West  Canada  creek,  10  ms.  N.  from  Herkimer. 

Pop.  in  1820,  2,610.  Tp.  of  Cumberland  co., 

N.  J.   Pop.  in  1820,  1,869.  Tp.  of  Crawford 

co.,  Pa.,  right  bank  of  French  creek,  and  S.  from 

the  tp.  of  Mead.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,553.  Tp.  of 

Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  between  Loyalhannon  and 

Connemaugh  rivers.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,685.  

Town  in  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  7  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 
Gettysburg,  and  at  the  foot  of  Jack's  mountain. 

 -Village  in  Rockbridge  co.,  Va.,  12  ms.  NE. 

from  Lexington.  District  of  S.  C,  bounded  by 

Broad  river  SW.  and  W.,  Chester  N.,  Wateree 
river  NE.,  Kershaw  E.,  and  Richland  S.  ;  length 
30,  mean  width  23  ms. ;  area  690  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face moderately  hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Chief  town 
Winnisborough.  Pop.  in  1820,  17,174.  Cen- 
tral lat.  34  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  0  W.  Village 

in  Columbia  co.,  Ga.  Village  in  Putnam  co., 

Ga.« — -Village  in  Nelson  co.,  Va.  Co.  of 

Ohio,  bounded  by  Franklin  NW.,  Licking  N., 
Perry  E.,  Hocking  S.,  and  Pickaway  SW.  The 
greatest  breadth  about  24,  and  greatest  length  30 
ms.,  but  the  mean  breadth  would  not  amount  to 
quite  19  ms.  ;  area  about  550  sq.  ms.  Lancaster, 
314 


the  county  seat,  lies  directly  on  a  straight  line  fro 
Zanesville  to  Circlesville,  36  ms.  SW.  by  W. 
the  former,  and  23  NE.  by  E.  of  the  latter.  «  Tb 
county,"  as  stated  in  the  Ohio  Gazetteer,  "embr 
ces,  perhaps,  the  most  elevated  tract  of  country 
similar  extent  between  the  Muskingum  and  Scio 
rivers.  The  land  is,  therefore,  drier  and  more  p 
culiarly  adapted  to  the  production  of  wheat  at 
other  kinds  of  grain  than  that  of  several  adjace 
counties."  This,  we  may  agree  from  personal  o 
servation,  is  true  in  part,  but  if  taken  as  even 
general  fact,  would  give  a  very  erroneous  idea 
Fairfield  county.  The  hilly  region  between  tl 
Ohio  and  Muskingum  rivers  extends,  with  part: 
river  bojttoms,  to  and  beyond  the  Scioto.  T! 
line  we  have  already  noticed  may  be  regarded 
pretty  nearly  a  general  demarcation  between  tl 
hilly  region  and  the  great  alluvial  expanse  of  Ce 
tral  and  Western  Ohio.  The  northern  and  nort 
western  part  of  Fairfield  belongs  to  the  alluvio 
It  is  truly  observed,  in  the  Ohio  Gazetteer,  th 
"the  face  of  the  country  about  Lancaster,  in  t 
central  part  of  the  county,  presents  a  peculiar  t 
pect.  The  land  seems  generally  level,  but  abruj 
precipitous,  and  uniform  piles  of  rocks,  producii 
very  little  timber  or  herbage,  are  occasionally  i 
terspersed  in  a  promiscuous  manner  in  every  dire 
tion.  One  of  these,  (Mount  Pleasant,)  about  h: 
a  mile  NE.  of  New  Lancaster,  is  very  remark, 
ble."  This  isolated  mass  I  visited,  and  found 
extremely  interesting  object.  Its  front,  towar 
Lancaster,  is  an  immense  broken  precipice  of  frc 
stone  rock  of  upwards  of  two  hundred  feet  e\e\ 
tion ;  on  the  other  sides,  it  is  steep,  with  massi 
rocks  projecting;  but  the  most  interesting  obje- 
this  hill  presented  were  masses  of  transported  ' 
blende  rocks,  lying  on  its  upper  surface,  in 
tive  position  similar  to  where  they  are  found 
the  whole  alluvial  sections  of  Central  and  W 
Ohio. — See  article  New  Lancaster. 

As  a  whole,  Fairfield  county  may  be  regarded 
divided  nearly  equally  between  the  hill  tract  i 
wards  Ohio  river  and  the  central  alluvion,  and, 
course,  the  soil  must  present  great  contrasts  of  si 
face  and  fertility.  A  lateral  canal  has  been  alrea 
constructed,  along  the  Hockhocking  valley,  from  t 
Ohio  canal,  in  Greenfield  tp.,  of  this  co.,  to  La 
caster,  and  which  is  intended  to  be  continu 
down  the  Hockhocking  to  the  Ohio  river,  at  Trc 
in  Athens  co.  The  completion  of  this  work  vi 
give  incalculable  advantages,  not  only  to  Fairfie 
but  to  all  the  adjacent  counties. 

In  latitude,  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  extends  from 
33  to  39.  56  N.,  and  in  longitude  W.  C.  frotr 
18  to  5  42  W.  Pop.  in  1820,  16,633  ;  in  182 
24,788;  and  in  1840,  31,924. 

Fairfield,  tp.  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio.  Tp. 

Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,2* 

For  village  in  this  tp.  see  East  Fairfield.  rJ 

in  the  northern  part  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.  Pc 

in  1820,  2,100.  Tp.  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Oh 

Pop.  in  1820,  342.  Town  in  Bath  tp.,  nor! 

western  part  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio.  In  the  01 
Gazetteer,  this  town  is  so  represented  as  if  it  sto 
on  Mad  river  bank,  from  which  it  is  distant  u 
wards  of  2  ms.,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Dayton,  12  SV 
of  Springfield,  and  12  NNW.  of  Aenia.    It  is 

fine  and  flourishing  village.  ^Tp.  of  Butler  cc 

Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,867.  Tp.  of  Licki 


FAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FAL 


0.  ,  Ohio,  4  ms.  N.  from  Newark.  Village  in 

ranklin  co.,  Ia.,  on  the  E.  fork  of  White  Water 
ver,  7  ms.  N.  from  Brookeville,  by  post  road  77 

is.  SE.  by  E.  from  Indianapolis.  Village  in 

Vayne  co.,  III.,  by  post  road  G3  ms.  SE.  from 

andalia.  Village  in  Nelson  co.,  Ky.,  40  ms. 

W.  from  Frankfort,  and  35  SE.  from  Louisville. 
1  Fairfield  Corners,  post  office  in  Somerset  co., 
Ie.,  83  ms.  NNE.  from  Portland. 

Fairford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  on 
\e  Coin,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Gloucester,  and  80  W.  by 

.  of  London.    Lon.  1  44  W.,  lat.  51  40  N. 
'  Fairhaven,  town  in  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  18  ms. 
/.  of  Rutland,  and  50  N.  of  Bennington.  Pop. 

ijO.  Town  in  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  on  Acush- 

It  river,  opposite  Bedford.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,733. 
\ — Village  in  Irael  tp.,  southwestern  part  of  Pre- 
e  co.,  Ohio,  9  ms.  SW.  of  Eaton,  the  county 
at,  and  8  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Oxford,  in 
utler  co. 

Fair  Isle,  island  of  the  Northern  ocean,  between 
letland  and  Orkney,  from  both  of  which  its  high 
Bering  rocks  are  visible. 

Fairlee,  in  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  on  Connecticut 
'er,  opposite  Oxford,  in  Grafton  co.  N.  H. 

Fairport,  village  on  the  E.  bank  of  Grand  river, 
;auga  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake 
[ie,  and  has  a  tolerable  good  port,  or  harbor,  for 
i3sels  usually  navigating  the  lakes.  It  is  32  ms. 
•E.  from  Cleveland,  170  in  the  same  direction 
dm  Columbus,  and  15  N.  of  Chardon,  the  coun- 

seat. 

Fair  Town,  village  in  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J., 
I  Cohanzy  creek,  4  miles  S.  from  Bridgeton,  and 
i  SE.  from  Salem. 

Fairvale, village  in  Washington  co.,  N.  Y. 
[Fair view,  tp.  in  the  extreme  N.  part  of  York 

1 ,  Pa.,  between  the  Susquehannah  river  and  Yel- 

v  Breeches  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,764.  

llage  in  Erie  co.,  Pa.,  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the 
mth  of  Walnut  creek,  8  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 

ie.  Village  in  Brooke  co.,  Va. — —Village 

Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  road  from  Zanes- 
lle  to  Wheeling,  25  ms.  E.  from  Cambridge,  and 
'joining  the  E.  line  of  the  county. 
Fairweather,  cape  of  Patagonia,  at  the  mouth  of 
I  Gallegos  river,  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Lon.  W. 

8  10  E  ,  lat.  51  30  S.  Cape  of  N.  Ameri- 

\  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  W.  C.  60  20  W., 
.  58  50  N. 

Fairweather  Mount,  high  and  remarkable  iso- 
ied  mountain,  12  ms.  NE.  from  Cape  Fairwea- 
:  ;r,  of  N.  America. 

Faisans,  island  in  the  river  Bidassoa,  which  sep- 
!  xes  France  from  Spain,  situated  between  An- 
•t/eand  Fontarabia.  Lon.  1  46  W.,  lat.  43  20  N. 

Fakenham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  on  a  hill, 
I  ms.  NW.  of  Norwick,  and  110  NNE.  of  Lon- 
«  l.    Lon.  0  58  E.,  lat.  52  53  N. 

Fakir,  Arab  and  Derviche  Fersan,  are  sy- 
i  lyraous  terms,  and  mean  a  poor  wretch  in  in- 
I  ence,  but  is  more  loosely  applied,  and,  as  ap- 
I  ><1,  rather  means  a  vagabond,  or  impudent  beg- 
f  •  In  India,  it  is  applied  to  poor  students  liv- 
i  on  charity  whilst  employed  in  study. 

Falaise,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados, 
m  late  province  of  Normandy.  It  is  remarkable 
*  being  the  birth  place  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
has  a  good  trade  in  serges,  linen,  and  lace,  and 


its  fair,  which  begins  on  August  16,  is  the  most 
famous  in  France,  next  to  that  of  Beaucaire.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Ante,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Caen,  and 
115  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  2  W.,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Falernc,  river  of  Africa,  and  one  of  the  consti- 
tuent branches  of  the  Senegal.  The  Falerne  rises 
in  the  Kong  mountains,  and,  flowing  nearly  due 
N.  from  N.  lat.  12  0  to  14  30,  where  it  falls  into 
the  Senegal,  after  a  comparative  course  of  260  ms;. 
In  part  of  its  course  its  forms  the  western  bounda- 
ry of  Bambouk. 

Falkenberg,  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the  Baltic, 

17  ms.  NW.  of  Helmstadt.  Lon.  12  50  E.,  lat. 
56  52  N. 

Falkenbburg,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
new  marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  river 
Traje,  60  ms.  E.  of  Stetin.  Lon.  15  58  E.,  lat. 
53  35  N. 

Falkingharn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire, 

18  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Boston,  and  104  N.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  20  W.  lat.  52  48  N. 

Falkirk,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Stirlingshire,  9 
ms  S.  of  Stirling.    Lon.  4  58  W.,  lat.  55  57  N. 

Falkland,  small  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
20  ms.  N.  of  Edinburg.  Lon.  3  7  W.,  lat.  56 
18  N. 

Falkland  Islands,  near  the  straits  of  Magellan, 
in  S.  America,  discovered  by  Sir  Richard  Haw- 
kins, in  1594.  Lon.  W.  C.  17°  E.,  lat.  52  S. 
This  group  which  was  found,  and  remains  with 
but  very  partial  exception  uninhabited,  bids  fair  to 
become  of  great  importance  as  a  British  colony. 
The  following  document  was  extracted  from  an  ar- 
ticle in  the  National  Intelligencer  of  Friday,  May 
19th,  1843,  headed  The  Falkland  Islands: 

Lieutenant  Governor  Moody,  empowered  by  a 
commission  from  the  British  government,  landed 
on  one  of  these  islands  on  the  15th  of  January, 
1842,  and  took  possession  of  the  group  as  a  British 
colony.  Governor  Moody  describes  the  Falkland 
Islands  "as  situated  between  51°  and  53'  S.,  and 
57°  and  62'  W.  of  London."  The  group  lies 
distant  about  400  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  the 
eastern  mouth  of  the  straits  of  Magellan,  and 
comprises  two  main  and  about  200  smaller  islands 
of  various  extent  down  to  mere  rocks  or  sand 
banks.  E-,  or  rather  NE.,  Falkland  is  at  a  mean 
of  85  miles  length,  greatest  breadth  53  ms.  West 
or  SW.  Falkland  is  about  80  ms.  in  length,  with 
varying  breadth,  mean  40  ms.  Area  of  E.  Falk- 
land 300,  and  of  W.  Falkland  2,000  sq.  ms. 
Area  of  the  whole  group  about  6,000  sq.  ms. 
Coast  excessively  irregular,  and  indented  by  bays, 
harbors  and  inlets. 

Soil  of  the  Falkland  group  more  fitted  for  pastu- 
rage  than  agriculture  or  tillage.  The  summer  tem- 
perature lower  than  in  England,  and  weather  uncer- 
tain. Winters  mild.  It  has  been  described  as  a 
dreary  and  desolate  region,  which  it  must  be,  as  it 
is  almost  entirely  destitute  of  trees.  Efforts  are 
making  to  supply  this  deficiency,  and  from  what 
the  writer  of  this  article  has  seen  effected  in  the 
N.  American  prairies  has  no  doubt  but  that  for- 
ests may  be  formed  in  the  Falkland  Islands. 

Falls  Creek,  small  stream  in  Tompkins  co.,  N. 
Y.,  remarkable  for  a  fine  cascade  of  90  feet  per- 
pendicular descent.  These  falls  or  cataracts  are 
in  a  chain  of  near  3  ms.,  and  if  taken  entire 
amount  to  350  feet ;  but  the  lower  and  perpendic- 

315 


FAM 


FAR 


ular  fall  is  estimated  at  about  90  feet.  Falls  creek 
rises  in  the  NE.  part  of  the  co.,  and  flowing  SW. 
enters  Cayuga  lake  below  the  village  of  Ithaca. 

 Village  on  Falls  creek,  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y. 

Falley's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  western  part 
of  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  130  ms.  WSW.  from 
Boston. 

Falling  Springs,  creek  in  Va.,  Bath  co.  It  is 
a  branch  of  Jackson's  river,  and  about  25  ms. 
SW.  from  the  Warm  Springs,  is  precipitated  on  a 
ledge  of  rocks  of  200  feet  perpendicular  height. 

Falling  Waters,  village,  Berkley  co.,  Va. 

Fallowjield  E.  and  TV.,  two  tps.,  Chester  co., 
Penn.  They  are  contiguous  on  the  W.  branch  of 
the  river  Brandywine  about  40  miles  W.  of 
Philadelphia. — See  East  Fallowjield  and  West 
Fallowjield. 

Fallowjield,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Penn.,  on 
the  left  bank  of  Monongahela  river  on  the  waters 

of  Pigeon  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,020.  Tp., 

Crawford  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  sources  of  Big  Bea- 
ver river,  10  ms.  SW.  from  MeadviJle.  Pop.  in 
1820,  742. 

Fall  River,  village,  Bristol  co.,  Mass. 

Falls,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  in  the  Great  Bend  of 
Delaware  river,  opposite  Bordentown.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,880.  Tp.,  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  im- 
mediately W.  from  Zanesvillc.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,112.  Tp.,  Hocking  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  in 

1820,  1001. 

Fallsingtoji,  village,  Bucks  co.,  Penn.,  5  ms. 
SW.  from  Trenton. 

Fallstown,  village,  N.  C,  Iredell  co. 

Falmouth,  corporate  town  and  seaport  of  Eng., 
in  Cornwall,  situated  where  the  river  Fale  runs 
into  the  English  channel.  The  harbor  is  so  ex- 
tensive and  commodious  that  ships  of  the  gieatest 
burden  come  up  to  the  quay.  It  is  guarded  by  the 
castle  of  Mai  res  and  Pendennis,  on  a  high  rock  at 
the  entrance  ;  and  there  is  such  excellent  shelter 
in  many  creeks  belonging  to  it  that  the  whole  royal 
navy  might  ride  safe  here  in  any  wind.  It  is  268 
ms.  WSW.  of  London.    Lon.  5  2  W.,  lat.  50  8 

N.  Seaport  and  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass., 

at  the  SW.  end  of  the  peninsula  of  Barn- 
stable, 18  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Sandwich,  and  41  S. 
of  Plymouth.  Pop.  2,370.  Tp.,  .  Cumber- 
land co.,  Maine,  5  ms.  NW.  of  Portland.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,673.  Village,  Stafford  co.,  Va.,  on 

the  N.  side  of  the  river  Rappahannock,  opposite 
to  Fredericksburg-,  70  ms.  N.  of  Riohmond,  and 

60  S.  by  W.  of  Washington.  Village  and  seat 

of  justice,  Pendleton  co.,  Ky.,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  S.  fork  of  Licking  river,  30  ms.  S.  from  Cin- 
cinnati.   Lat.  38  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  2  W. 

False  Bay,  bay  E.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
frequented  during  the  prevalence  of  the  NW. 
winds,  which  begin  in  May.  Lon.  18  33  E.,  lat. 
34  10  S. 

False  Cape,  E.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Lon.  18  44  E.,  lat,  34  16  S. 

Falster,  little  island  in  Denmark,  near  the  en- 
trance of  the  Baltic,  between  thje  islands  of  Zea- 
land, Larsland,  and  Mona.  Nikoping  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Famagosta,  town  in  the  island  of  Cyprus,  with 
a  harbor  defended  by  two  forts.     It  was  taken  by 
the  Turks  in  1570,  after  a  siege  of  six  months, 
when  they  flayed  the  Venetian  governor  alive  and 
316 


murdered  the  inhabitants,  though  they  surrendere 
on  honorable  terms.  It  is  62  ms.  NE.  0f  Nice 
sia.    Lon.  35  55  E.,  lat.  35  10  N. 

Famart,  town  of  Fr.,  3  ms.  S.  of  Valenciennes 
in  the  dep.  of  the  N.  where  the  allied  forces  d( 
feated  the  French  in  1793. 

Famine,  Port,  fortress  on  the  NE.  coast  of  th 
straits  of  Magellan.  Here  a  Spanish  garrison  pe 
ished  for  want ;  since  which  it  has  been  neglectet 
Lon.  70  20  W.,  lat.  55  44  S. 

Fanal,  from  the  Greek,  Phaino  Lustre,  Ligh 
house.  This  term  is  frequently  corrupted  ini 
Fanar. 

Fanano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese,  2 
ms.  S.  of  Modena.    Lon.  II  18  E.,  lat.  44  10  P 

Fancy  Grove,  post  office,  Sangamon  co.,  Ill 
post  road  92  ms.  NNW.  from  Vandalia. 

Fanegoria,  town  of  Russia,  on  the  island  i 
Taman,  in  the  straits  of  Kaffa.  It  is  the  anciei 
Phanegoria. 

Faunet,  town,  Franklin  co.,  Penn.,  on  the 
branch  of  Conococheague  creek,  between 
burg  and  the  Tuscarora  mountain.    Pop.  in 
1,747. 

Fano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Urbia 
on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Pesar 

Lon.  13  4  E.,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Fantin,  .small  but  populous  kingdom  of  Afric 
on  the  Gold  coast  of  Guinea,  where  the  Engli. 
and  Dutch  have  forts.    Its  palm  wine  is 
better  and  stronger  than  that  in  other  parts  of 
coast.    The  principal  village  has  the  same  name 

Fareham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  1 
E.  of  Southampton,  and  74  W.  by  S.  of  Lo 
Lon.  1  6  W.,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Farewell  Cape,  most  southerly  promontory 
Greenland,  at  the  entrance  of  Davis's  straits.  Lo 

W.  C.  34  48  E.,  lat.  59  38  N.  Promontory 

the  island  of  New  Zealand.  Lon.  172  41  E.,  li 
40  37  S. 

Fargeau,  St.,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  t 
dep.  of  Yonne,  and  late  province  of  Burgund 
with  a  castle,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Brairie,  and  82 S. 
Paris.    Lon.  3  8  E.,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Farlysville,  village,  Charlotte  co.  Va. 

Farmer,  town  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y. 

Farmers,  village,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  p< 
road  264  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Farmersville,  village,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y 
70  ms.  SW.  from  Rochester,  and  50  SE.  in 

Buffalo.  Village,  Jackson  tp.,  and  in  the  wi 

tern  part  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  15  or  16  u 
westward  of  Dayton. 

Farmington,  town  on  Sandy  river,  in  the  NA 
part  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine;  the  village  is  33  r 
NW.  from  Augusta.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,938.— 
Town,  Stafford  co.  N.  IL,  on  the  Cocheco  rivi 
the  village  is  26  ms.  NW.  from  Portsmouth.  P< 

in  1820,  1,716.  River  of  Mass.  and  Cl,  n- 

,in  Berkshire  co.  of  the  former,*  and  flowing  S 
into  the  latter  State,  crosses  Litchfield  and  Hs 
ford  cos.  by  a  very  circuitous  course,  and  falls  it 

Connecticut  river  4  ms.  above  Hartford.  Tov 

Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  9  ms.  westward  from  Hartfo 

Pop.  in  1820,  3,042.  Town,  Ontario  co.. 

Y.,  between  Flint  creek  and  the  outlet  of  Can: 
daigua  lake,  8  ms.  NE.  from  the  village  of  C 
andaigua.    Pop.  in  1820,  4,214,  and  in  18' 

2,122.  Town,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 

t 


FAV 


GEOGRAPHICx\L  DICTIONARY. 


FAY 


|20>  368.  Village,  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  5  ms. 

E.  from  St.  Clairsville,  and  8  ms.  JNW.  of 
1  heeling. 

Farmington  Falls,  village  on  Sandy  river,  5. 
i.  above  the  village  of  Farmington,  and  in  the 
\N.  angle  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  97  ms.  near- 
Idue  N.  from  Portland. 

Farmis,  post  office,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  109  ms. 
]  from  the  city  of  New  York. 

Farmville,  village  on  the  N.  side  of  Appomattox 
ier,  Prince  Edward  co.,  Va.,  20  ms.  SW.  from 
« mberland.  and  72  W.  by  S.  from  Richmond. 

Farnham,  tp.  of  Bedford  and  Richelieu  cos.,L. 
t,  on  the  river  A  la  Fortue,  20  ms.  SE.  from 

J.ntreal.  Town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry.    It  is  one 

dhe  greatest  wheat  markets  in  Eng.  ;  it  is  famous 
i  hops,  of  which  there  are  many  plantations 
iund  the  town.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wye,  12  ms. 
\of  Guildford,  and  39  WSW.  of  London.  Lon. 

I W.,  lat.  5116  N.  Village,  Richmond  co., 

L  159  ms.  S.  from  W.  C. 

Farn  Islands,  Eng.,  two  groups  of  little  islands 
I  rocks,  17  in  number,  lying  opposite  to  Bam- 
1  ough  castle,  in  Northumberland.  At  low  water 
I  points  of  several  others  are  visible,  besides  the 

rjust  mentioned.  The  largest,  or  House  island, 
itibout  1  mile  in  compass,  and  has  a  fort  and  light 
Ihse.    It  contains  about  6  or  7  acres  of  rich  pas- 

be ;  and  the  shore  abounds  with  good  coals, 
ich  are  dug  at  the  ebb  of  tide. 
[.faro,  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva,  on  the 
mi  of  Cadiz,  with  a  bishop's  see,  20  ms.  SW.  of 
vira.    Lon.  7  48  W.,  lat.  36  54  N. 
Faro  of  Messina,  the  strait  between  Italy  and 
Itily.    It  is  so  named  from  the  Faro,  or  light 
•lijse  on  Cape  Faro,  and  its  vicinity  to  Messina. 
Farringdon,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berks,  on  an 

<  inence  near  the  Thames,  18  ms.  W.  of  Oxford, 

d50  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  1  27  W., 
ST  51  44  N. 

Farrowville,  village,  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  64  ms. 
•  V.  from  W.  C,  and  145  NNW.  from  Rich- 


Farsij/ari,  province  of  Persia,  bounded  on  the 
by  Kerman,  on  the  N.  by  Irac  Agemi,  on  the 
.  by  Kusistan,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Per- 
I.    It  is  very  lertile,  and  famous  for  its  excellent 
nes,  called  the  wines  of  Schiras,  the  capital  of 
s  province.    Here  are  the  ruins  of  Persepolis, 
.haps  the  most  magnificent  in  the  world.  Far- 
tan  is  the  ancient  Persis,  and  the  province  from 
i ich  the  whole  country  derives  the  name  given  to 
iy  Europeans.   This  province  is  traversed  nearly 
i  the  middle  by  N.  lat.  30°,  and  has  been  in  all 
■  is  admired  for  its  rich  valet?,  and  soft  salubrious 
1  temperate  atmosphere. 

Fartack,  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  at  the  foot  of  a 
ie  of  the  same  name.    Lon.  51  25  E.,  lat. 
55  N. 

Fate,  tp.,  Clermont  co.,  O.  Pop.  1820,  1,775. 
(Fatimitks,  or  Fathimites,  descendants  of 
ihomet  by  his  daughter  Fatima,  and  his  son-in- 
v  Hali. 

\Fattipour,  town  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  the 
wince  of  Agra,  where  the  emperors  of  Hindoos- 
I,  when  in  the  zenith  of  their  power,  had  a  pal- 
h.  It  is  25  ms.  W.  of  Agra.  Lon.  77  43  E., 
I  27  22  N. 

Favagnana,  small  island,  15  ms.  in  compass, 


on  the  W.  side  of  Sicily,  with  a  fort.  Lon.  12  25 
E.,  lat.  38  16  N. 

Fauquemont,  or  Valkenburg,  town  of  Dutch 
Limburg,  on  the  river  Geule,  7  ms.  E.  of  Maes- 
tricht.    Lon.  5  50  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Fauquier,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Stafford  SE., 
Culpeper  SW.,  Blue  Ridge,  or  Frederic  NW., 
Loudon  NE.,  and  Prince  William  E.  ;  length  45 
ms  ,  mean  width  16  ;  area  720  sq.  ms.  The  face 
of  this  co.  is  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill,  dale,  and 
mountain.  The  soil  partakes,  also,  of  the  varied 
physiognomy,  being  of  almost  every  variety  of  tex- 
ture. Staples,  grain  and  tobacco.  Chief  town, 
Warrenton.  Population  in  1820,  23,103  ;  and  in 
1840,  21,897.  Central  lat.  38  45  N.,  lon.  W. 
C,  45'  W. 

Fausse  Riviere,  a  lake  in  La.,  in  Point  Coupee, 
once  a  bend  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  banks 
of  the  lake  are  high,  dry,  and  arable  ;  one  of  the 
most  wealthy  settlements  in  the  State  is  on  Faus- 
se Riviere. 

Fawcetfs  Store,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  N.  (*., 
61  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Fawceltstown,  village  on  Ohio  river,  Colum- 
biana co  ,  O.,  5  ms.  below  the  Pennsylvania  line, 
and  48  ms.  by  water  from  Pittsburg. — See,  for  its 
present  and  post  office  name,  East  Liverpool. 

Fawn,  town,  York  co.,  Pa.,  situated  on  the  S. 
side  of  Muddy  creek,  and  joining  the  divisional  line 
that  separates  this  Stale  from  Md.  Pop.  1820,  803. 

Fawn  Grove,  post  office,  York  co.,  Pa.,  by  post 
road  25  ms.  S.  from  the  borough  of  York. 

Fayal,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western  islands 
Its  capital  is  Villa  de  Horta. 

Fayence,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  and 
late  province  of  Provence,  near  the  river  Biason, 
10  ms.  W.  from  Grasse.    Lon.  6  44  E.,  lat 
43  38  N. 

Fayette,  town,  Kennebec  co  ,  Me.    Pop.  in 

1820,  824.  Tp.,  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y.,  between 

Seneca  and  Cayuga  lakes,  8  ms.  SE.  from  Geneva. 

Pop.  in  1820,  3,698.  Post  office,  Chatauque 

co.,  N.  Y.-r — Co.,  Pa.,  bounded  SE.  by  Alle- 
ghany co.,  in  Md.,  S.  by  Preston  and  Mononga- 
hela  cos.,  in  Va.,  VV.  by  Monongahela  river,  or 
Greene  and  Washington  cos.,  N.  by  Westmore- 
land, and  E.  by  Somerset;  length  30  ms.,  breadth 
27  ;  area  824  sq.  ms.  The  surface  of  this  co.  is 
generally  broken,  part  mountainous,  and  every 
where  hilly.  The  soil  upon  the  streams,  and  ex- 
cept where  rendered  otherwise  by  rocks,  is  produc- 
tive in  grain,  fruit,  and  meadow  grasses.  Staples, 
flour,  whiskey,  grain,  salted  provisions,  and  iron. 
Chief  towns,  Brownsville,  Bridgeport,  and  Union, 
Pop.   in   1820,   27,285;  and  in  1840,  33,574. 

Central  lat.  40°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  35  W.  Co. 

of 


of  West  Tennessee,  bounded  S.  by  the  State 

Mississippi,  E.  by  co. ;  N.  by  Haywood, 

and  NW.  by  Tipton.  It  is  about  24  ms.  square, 
with  an  area  of  575  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  Cedar  creek,  of  Big  Hatchie,  and  those 
of  Loosahatchie  and  Wolf  rivers.  Central  lat.  &5 
12,  lon.  W.  C.  12  35  W.  Pop.  in  1840,  21,501. 

 'Pp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  on  Chartier's  creek, 

along  the  borders  of  Washington  co.,  14  ms.  from 
Pittsburg,  and  15  from  Washington.     Pop.  1820, 

2.000.  Co.,  Ky.,on  the  sources  of  Elkhorn 

river,  bounded  by  Jessamine  SE.,  Woodford  W., 
Scott  NW,  Bourbon  NE.,  Clark  E.,  and  Madison 

317 


FEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FER 


or  Kentucky  river  S.  ;  length  22  ms.,  mean  width 

12  ;  area  264  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  level,  and 
soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Lexington.  Pop.  1820, 
23,250;  and  in  1840,  22,194.    Central  lat.  38  7 

N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  12  W.  Co.,  Ga.,  bounded 

N.  by  Henry,  E.  by  Oakmulgee  river,  S.  by  Mon- 
roe, and  W.  by  Flint  river;  length  33  ms.,  mean 
width  about  20;  area  660  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  33°, 
and  Ion.  W.  C.  7°  W.  intersect  in  the  NE.  part 

of  this  co.    Pop.  in  1840,  6,191.  Co.,  O., 

bounded  S.  by  Highland,  SW.  by  Clinton,  NW. 
by  Greene,  N.  by  Madison,  E.  by  Picaway,  and 
SE.  by  Ross;  length  26  ms.,  mean  width  16; 
area  about  420  sq.  ms.  Surface  mostly  level,  and 
soil  tolerably  fertile.  Chief  town,  Washington. 
Pop.  in  1820,  6,316;  in  1830,  8,182;  and  in 
1840,  10,984.  In  lat.  this  co.  extends  from  39  21 
to  39  43  N.,  and  in  Ion.  from  6  16  to  6  38  W.  of 
W.  C.  Deer  creek,  rising  in  Madison  co.,  enters 
and  flows  along  the  northeastern  part  of  Fayette, 
about  12  ms.  from  whence  it  enters  Pickaway  ;  but 
the  body  of  the  former  is  drained  by  the  various 
branches  of  Paint  creek,  with  a  SSE.  slope.  Cen- 
tral lat.  39  35  X,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  30  W. 

Fayette,  Lafayette,  for  which  see  Lafayette, 
Madison  co.,  O. 

Fayetteville,  village,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y.,  by 

postroad  139  ms.  W.  from  Albany.  Town  and 

seat  of  justice,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  C,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  river,  about  60  ms.  S. 
from  Raleigh,  and  100  NNW.  from  Wilmington, 
N.  lat.  35  3.  It  stands  at  the  head  of  boat  navi- 
gation, and  is  the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  inland 
trade  in  grain,  flour,  tobacco,'  some  cotton,  and 
naval  stores.  Lat.  35  2  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  50  W. 
-——Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Lincoln  co., 
Tenn.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Elk  river,  50  ms.  SW. 
from  Murfreesboro.    Lat.  35  10  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 

9  37  W.  Village,  Fayette  co.,  Ga.,  about  50 

ms.  WSW.  from  Milledgeville.  Village,  Perry 

tp.,  northern  part  of  Brown  co.,  O.  This  village 
is  situated  on  Little  Miami  river,  about  20  ms.  a 
little  W.  of  N.  from  Georgetown,  the  co.  seat,  and 
about  15  ms.  NE.  of  Batavin,  in  Clermont  co. 

Faystown,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Vt.,  17  ms. 
SW.  from  Montpelier. 

Fearing,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  O.,  on  Duck 
creek,  6  ms.  N.  of  Marietta.    Pop.  in  1820,  811. 

Fecamp,  ancient  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  24 
ms.  NE.  of  Havre-de-Grace.  Lon.  23'  E.,  lat. 
49  37  N. 

Federalsbarg,  village,  Caroline  and  Dorchester 
cos.,  Md.,  on  Marshy  Hope  creek,  20  ms,  E.  from 
Easton, 

Federal  Store,  village,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.  ; 
by  postroad  95  ms.  SSE.  from  Albany. 

Federation,  village,  Rome  tp.,  Athens  co.,  O., 

13  ms.  E.  of  Athens,  the  co.  seat,  and  86  SE.  of 
Columbus. 

Feeding  Hills,  post  office,  Hampden,  Mass.,  5 
ms.  W.  from  W.  Springfield. 

Feestown,  village,  Clermont  co.,  O. 

Feldkirchs,  trading  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
a  co.  of  the  same  name,  in  Tyrol.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  III,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Rhine,  15 
ms.  E.  of  Appenzel.   Lon.  9  49  E.,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Feliciana.    See  New  Feliciana. 

Felicity,  large  village,  Franklin  tp.,  southeast- 
318 


ernmost  part  of  Clermont  co.,  O.,  and,  by 
Ohio  Gazetteer,  4  ms.  from  the  Ohio  river,  and 
from  Cincinnati,  on  the  road  to  Augusta,  Brack 
co.,  Ky.    Pop.  425.    Dwelling  houses  75. 

Felicuda,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  Mi 
iterranean,  28  ms.  W.  of  Lipari. 

Felix,  St.,  island  in  the  S.  Pacific  oce? 
NNW.  of  Juan  Fernandes.  Lon.  86°  W.,  1 
26°  S. 

Fellen,  town  in  the  Russian  government  nf  j 
ga,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  62  ms.  SE. 
Revel.    Lon.  24  5  E.,  lat.  58  22  N. 

Felletin,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Creu: 
and  late  province  of  Marce,  noted  for  its  manufi 
ture  of  tapestry. 

Feltri,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Trevi 
no,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It 
seated  on  the  Asona,  40  ms.  N.  of  Padua. 

11  55  E.,  lat.  46  3  N. 
Felts' 's  Mills,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  N. 

by  postroad  170  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Femeren,  fertile  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  B 
tic,  3  ms.  from  the  coast  of  Holstein. 

Femme  Osage,  village,  St.  Charles  co.,  Mo. 

Fenestrelle,  town  and  fort  of  Piedmont,  in  i 
valley  of  the  Vaudois,  18  ms.  W.  of  Turin.  Lc 
7  21  E.,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Fenner,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.  ;  by  po 
road  115  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Fenn's  Bridge,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  Gi 
about  60  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Milledgevilk 

Fenwick's  Tavern,  post  office,  St.  Mary's  c< 
Md.  ;  by  postroad  80  ms.  S.  from  Annapolis,  a 
65  SE.  from  W.  C.  . 

Fer,  Point  Aw,  the  outer  SE.  limit  of  Atcr 
falaya  bay.    Lon.  W.  C.  14  36  W.,  lat. 

12  N. 

Ferabad,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province 
Mazanderan,  seated  among  the  mountains  whi 
bound  the  Caspian  sea  to  the  S.,  and  12  ms. 
it.     Shah  Abbas  often  spent  his  winters 
It  is  130  ms.  W.  of  Astrabad.    Lon.  53  21 

lat.  37  14  N.  Town  of  Persia,  2  ms.  fro 

pahan,  and  extending  almost  3  ms.  along  Ae 
of  the  Zenderoud.    It  was  built  by  Shah  A 
who  brought  the  Armenians  here  from  the 
ding  town,  after  they  had  revolted  from  the  Tu 

Ferdinand,  tp.,  Essex  co.,  Vt.,  on  Counec 
cut  river,  15  ms.  above  Lancaster,  and  60  N! 
from  Montpelier.  Tp.,  St.  Louis  co.,  Mo. 

Fere,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne,  ai 
late  province  of  Picardy,  famous  for  its  powd 
mill  and  school  of  artillery.  Near  the  town  is  t 
castle  of  St.  Gobin,  famous  for  its  manufacture 
fine  plate  glass.  Fere  is  seated  at  the  confbien 
of  the  Serre  and  Oise,  20  ms.  N.  ofSoissons,  ai 
75  NE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  25  E.,  lat  49  29  % 

Ferentino,  or  Fiarenio,  episcopal  town  of  Ital 
in  Champagna  di  Roma,  seated  on  a  mountai 
44  ms.  SE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  27  E.,  lat.  ■ 
46  N. 

Ferette,  town  of  Alsace,  in  Germany,  49  m 
S.  of  Strasburgh.    Lon.  7  36  E.,  lat.  41  50  N. 

Ferguson,  southern  tp.  of  Centre  co.,  Pa.,  i 
the  sources  of  Spring  and  Penn's  creeks.  Po 
1820,  1,189. 

Ferguson's  Ferry,  post  office,  Johnson  cc 
Illinois. 

Fermanagh,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 


FER    r  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FIE 


ster,  38  ms.  in  length  and  23  in  breadth,  bound- 
i  on  the  N.  by  Donegal  and  Tyrone,  on  the  E. 

Tyrone  and  Monaghan,  on  the  S.  by  Cavan 

d  Leitrim,  and  on  the  W.  by  Leitrim.  It  con- 
ms  19  parishes,  and  before  the  Irish  Union  sent 
•  nembers  to  the  Irish  Parliament.  Inniskilling 

:the  capital.  Tp.  in  Miffln  co.,  Pa.,  having 

I  Shade  mountain  on  the  IM.  and  Juniata  river 
,  the  S.    Pop.  1820,  2,529. 

Fermo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of  An- 
,ia,  near  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  17  ms.  SE.  of  Ma- 
,  ata.    Lon.  13  50  E.,  lat.  43  7  N. 

Fernambuco.    See  Pernambuco. 

Fernandina,  seaport  and  village,  on  Amelia 
,ind,  East  Florida,  5  ms.  SE.  from  St.  Mary's, 
iGa. 

Fernando  Noronha,  island  near  the  coast  of 
asil,  subject  to  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  32  33 
.,  lat.  3  56  S. 

Fernando  Po,  an  island  of  Africa,  25  ms.  W. 
i  the  coast  of  Benin.  It  is  30  ms.  long  and  20 
toad.  Lon.  3  3  E.,  lat.  3  6  N.  See  Africa, 
33l,2d  col. 

Ferrara,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the 
ne  name.  It  is  seated  in  an  agreeable  and  fer- 
t  plain,  watered  by  the  river  Po,  which  is  a  de- 
i  ce  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  is  encompassed. 
Ferrier  Point,  cape  of  Mexico,  on  the  Pacific 
Ian.  Lon.  W.  C.  41°  W.,  lat.  33  42  N. 
iFerrisburg,  tp.  of  Addison  co.,  Vt  ,  on  Lake 
iamplain,  at  the  mouth  of  Otter  river,  25  ms. 
Infrom  Burlington. 
Feroe  Islands,  cluster  of  22  small  islands  in  the 
I  rthern  ocean,  between  5  and  8°  W.  lon.  and 
t  and  03°  N.  lat.,  subject  to  Denmark.  Seven- 
tn  are  habitable,  each  of  which  is  a  lofty  raoun- 
b,  divided  from  the  others  by  deep  and  rapid 
c  rents.  Some  of  them  are  deeply  indented  with 
s;ure  harbors,  all  of  them  steep  and  most  of  them 
led  with  tremendous  precipices.  They  produce 
tite,  jasper,  and  beautiful  zeolites.  The  surface 
usistsof  a  shallow  soil  of  remarkable  fertility, 
j  lding  plenty  of  barley,  and  fine  grass  for  sheep. 
■  trees  above  the  size  of  a  juniper,  or  stunted 
\  low,  will  grow  here  ;  and  the  only  quadrupeds 
I  sheep.  Vast  quantities  of  sea  fowls  frequent 
|  rocks,  and  the  taking  of  them  furnishes  a  per- 
i  is  employment  for  the  inhabitants.  The  ex- 
\  ts^are  salted  mutton,  tallow,  goose  quills,  feath- 
t,  eiderdown,  knit  woolen  waistcoats,  caps,  and 

^kings  To  the  south  of  these  islands  is  a  con- 
stable whirlpool. 

perro,  or  Hiero,  the  most  westward  of  the  Ca- 
ry  islands,  about  18  ms.  in  circumference.  It 
i  not  fertile,  but  produces  some  corn,  sugar, 
f  ts,  and  legumes.    Lon.  17  52  W.,  lat.  27 

4  IS. 

?  enrol,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  on  a  bay 
othe  Atlantic.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in 
I -ope,  for  the  vessels  lie  safe  from  all  winds  ;  and 
m  the  Spanish  squadrons  frequently  rendezvous 
iiime  of  war.  It  is  20  ms.  NE.  from  Corunna, 
a  65  W.  of  Rivades.  Lon.  8  4  W.,  lat.  43 
3.N. 

?erte  Alais,  town  of  Fr.,  iu  the  dep.  of  Seine 
a  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  isle  of  France, 
|  ms.  S.  of  Paris.   Lon.  2  27  E.,  lat.  48  30  N. 

7erte  Bernard,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 

5  te,  and  late  province  of  Maine,  seated  on  the 


Huisne,  20  ms.  NE,  of  Mans.  Lon.  0  39  E., 
lat.  48  8  N. 

Fetfa,  Turkish  term,  meaning  the  written  de- 
cree of  the  Mufti,  or  High  Priest. 

Fetiche,  Fetichism,  from  the  Portuguese. 
As  we  understand  the  terms,  they  mean  the  wor- 
ship of  gross  animate  or  inanimate  matter.  It  is 
usually  applied  to  the  African  negroes.  Accord- 
ing to  the  opinion  of  Benjamin  Constant,  Feti- 
chism  was  the  original  form  of  religious  observance, 
and  preceded  Anthropomorphism,  or  worship  of  dei 
fled  human  beings.  It  is,  however,  only  an  expression 
for  idolatry  combined  with  sorcery  In  both  French 
and  English,  the  term  fetiche  comes  from  the  Por- 
tuguese feticho,  sorcerer,  and  fetichero,  sorcery. 
The  same  terms,  with  some  slight  variation  of  or- 
thography, are  found  in  Spanish  hetchicero,  sor- 
cerer, hetckicera,  sorceress,  and  hechizo,  sorcery  ; 
in  Italian,  fattucchierie  and  futtuchiere  have  the 
same  meaning.  The  English  terms  witch  and 
wizard  convey  the  same  ideas. 

Feud,  Feudal,  Fe¥dality.  Webster  says 
"  feud  is  not  a  Teutonic  or  Gothic  word."  It  may 
not  be  so,  as  many  Latin  terms  were  adopted  by 
the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  nations  as  they  settled 
themselves  into  regular  communities  in  the  Roman 
part  of  Europe,  and  partially,  and  often  entirely, 
adopted  the  Roman  law ;  but  there  is  no  rational 
doubt  of  a  common  root,  and  that  root  expressive 
of  fidelity.  Feud,  when  used  for  hatred,  violence, 
quarrel,  or  other  analogous  expressions,  affords 
only  one  out  of  the  many  other  instances  in  our 
language,  of  words  sounded  or  even  spelled  alike, 
but  which  differ  in  etymology  and  meaning. 

F  ever  sham,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  a 
creek  of  the  Medway,  much  frequented  by  small 
vessels,  9  ms.  W.  of  Canterbury,  and  48  E.  by  S. 
of  London.    Lon.  0  55  E.,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Fez,  kingdom  of  Barbary,  125  ms.  in  length 
and  breadth,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  on  the  N.  by  the  Mediterranean  sea,  on  the 
E.  by  Algiers,  and  on  the  S.  by  Morocco  and 
Tafilet. 

Fez,  capital  of  the  Kingdom  of  Fez,  and  one 
of  the  largest  cities  in  western  Africa.  It  is  com- 
posed of  3  towns  called  Beleyde,  Old  Fez,  and 
New  Fez.  Old  Fez  is  the  most  considerable,  and 
contains  about  70,000  inhabitants.  Fez  is  160 
ms.  S.  of  Gibraltar,  and  250  NE.  of  Morocco. 
Lon.  5  5  W.,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Fezzan,  kingdom  of  Africa  —See  Africa,  p.  16, 

Fiano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  seated  on  the  Tiber,  15  ms.  N.  of  Rome. 

Fianona,  town  of-  Venetian  Istria,  seated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Carnero,  17  ms.  N.  of  Pola. 

Fiascone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the 
church,  noted  for  fine  muscadine  wine.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain  near  Lake  Bolsena,  12  ms. 
NW.  of  Viterbo.    Lon.  12  13  E.,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Ficherulolo,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Fer- 
rarese,  seated  on  the  Po,  12  ms.  W.  of  Ferrara, 
Lon.  11  31  E.,  lat.  45  6  N. 

Fief,  Feof,  Feud,  Feudal  System,  are  all  ev- 
idently from  the  same  root,  and  radically  meaning 
land  disposed  of  by  a  superior  to  an  inferior  per- 
son in  trust  for  the  performance  of  service  by  the 
latter  to  the  former.  In  application  the  Feudal 
System  had  relation  principally  to  military  service. 
This  political  system,  though  much  modified,  is 

319 


FIN  *  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FIS 


far  from  actually  extinct ;  its  principles  were  too 
long  and  too  intimately  blended  with  the  laws  and 
constitution  of  European  society  to  be  easily  ex- 
ploded. All  lands  in  fee  simple  are  held  under, 
and  are,  in  fact,  feudal  property. 

Fieranzuolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Parmesan, 
10  ms.  SE.  of  Placentia.  Lon.  9  44  E.,  lat.  44 
59  N. 

Fiezoli,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Florentino,  5 
ms.  NE.  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  11  E.,  lat.  43 
49  N. 

Fifeshire,  co.  of  Scotland.  It  is  a  fine  penin- 
sula, enclosed  between  the  Forth  and  the  Tay 
rivers,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  British  or  Ger- 
man ocean,  on  the  S.  by  the  Frith  of  Forth,  on 
the  W.  by  the  Ochill-hills,  Kinross,  and  Perth- 
shire ;  and  on  the  N.  is  divided  from  the  Forfar  by 
the  Tay.  It  is  about  36  ms.  long  from  NE.  to 
SW.,  and  about  17  where  broadest.  The  eastern 
part  is  almost  level.  The  N.  and  S.  parts  are 
fruitful  in  corn,  and  the  middle  fit  for  pasture. 
The  number  of  towns  is  almost  unparalleled  in  an 
equal  tract  of  coast,  for  the  whole  shore  from  Crail 
to  Culross,  about  40  ms.,  is  one  continued  chain  of 
towns  and  villages.  Cupar  is  the  co.  town.  Pop. 
in  1801,  93,743;  in  1811,  101,272;  and  in 
1821,  114,556. 

Figari,  seaport  of  Corsica,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  22  ms.  WNW.  of  Boni- 
facio. 

Figeac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot,  and 
late  province  of  Querci,  and  Guienne,  seated  on 
the  Selle,  22  ms.  E.  of  Cahors,  and  270  ms.  S. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  1  58  E.,  lat.  44  32  N. 

Figueiaro-dos-Vinhos,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Estramadura,  seated  among  mountains  near  the 
river  Zizere,  and  remarkable  for  its  excellent  vine- 
yards It  is  22  ms.  N.  of  Tomar.  Lon.  7  45 
W\,  lat.  39  49  N. 

Figueras,  or  SI.  Ferando-de-Figueras,  very 
strong  fortress  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  which  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794.  Lon.  2  46,  lat.  42 
18  N. 

Fillech,  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  co.  of  Novi- 
grad,  seated  on  the  Ipol,  20  ms.  from  Agria. 
Lon.  19  8  E.,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Final,  town  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of  Genoa, 
30  ms.  SW.  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8°  E.,  lat.  44  14  N. 

Finale,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenesse,  on  an 
island  formed  bv  the  river  Panaro,  22  ms.  NE.  of 
Modena.    Lon!  1 1  25  E.,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Fincastk,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Bottetourt 
co.,  Va.,  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  N.  moun- 
tain, at  lat.  37  28  N.,  long.  W.  C.  2  46  W., 
containing  I  brick  court  house,  1  presbyterian  and 
1  methodist  church,  36  ms.  E.  from  Lexington, 
and  192  W.  by  N.  from  Richmond.    Pap.  about 

800.  Village  in  Eagle  tp.,  northeastern  angle 

of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Georgetown 
on  the  road  Hillsboro. 

Findhorn,  fishing  town  of  Scotland,  in  Mur- 
rayshire,  at  the  mouth  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  a  considerable  town,  and  has  a  good  harbor. 
It  is  17  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Elgin.    Lon.  3  40  W., 

lat.  57  45  N.  River  of  Scotland,  which  has  its 

source  in  Inverness-shire,  and  crossing  Nairneshire 
and  the  NW.  corner  of  Murrayshire,  forms  the 
bay  of  Findhorn,  which  opens  into  the  Frith  of 
Murray  at  the  town  of  the  same  name. 
320 


.  Findlay,  as  in  Ohio  Gazetteer,  and  Finlej 
post  office  list,  village  and  co.  seat  of  Hancoc 
co.,  Ohio,  on  the  S.  side  of  Blanchard's  fork  ( 
Au  Glaize  river,  36  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  of  Pet 
rysburg,  on  the  Maumee  river,  and  36  ms.  S\V 
of  Tiffin,  co.  seat  of  Seneca  co.  N.  lat.  41  3 
lon.  W.  C.  6  40  W.    Pop.  in  1840,  469. 

Finisterre,  Cape,  the  most  western  cape,  nc 
only  of  Spain  but  of  Europe.  It  was  thought  b 
the  ancients  to  have  no  country  bpyond  it ;  an 
therefore  they  gave  it  a  name  which  signifies  th 
end  of  the  earth.    Lon.  9  17  W.,  lat.  42  51  N. 

Finisterre,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  includes  part  i 
the  late  province  of  Bretagne.  Its  name  corres 
ponds  to  the  English  expression,  the  Land's  End 
it  being  the  most  westerly  part  of  France.  Quim 
per  is  the  capital. 

Finland,  recently  one  of  the  five  general  divis 
ions  of  Sweden,  but  at  present  a  province  of  Rus 
sia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bothnia  and  Lapland 
on  the  E.  by  Wiburgh,  on  the  S.  by  the  Gulf  c 
Finland,  and  on  the  W.  by  that  of  Bothnia.  1 
is  about  200  ms.  in  length,  and  as  many  ii 
breadth.  It  has  many  lakes,  in  which  are  severa 
islands,  which  are  generally  rocks  or  inaccessibl 
mountains.  It  contains  the  provinces  of  Finlarj' 
Proper,  the  Isle  of  CEland,  Ostrobothnia,  Tav 
asteland,  Nyland,  Savolax,  and  that  part  of  th 
fiefs  of  Kymne  and  Carelia  which  Sweden 
preserved.    Abo  is  the  capital. 

Finlayville,  village,  N.  C  ,  Mecklenburg 
FUnley,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Penn.  Po 
1820,  1,967. 

Finmark,  part  of  Lapland,  in  the  govern 
of  Wardsburgs. 

Finneysville,  village,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  by 
road  97  ms.  SSW.  from  Montpelier. 

Finns,  a  people  of  Eastern  and  Northern  Eu 
rope.  This  remarkable  family,  the  Jotnar  of  Snorr 
Sturleson,  the  Fenni  of  Tacitus,  Zoumi  of  Strabo 
Skrithfenni  of  Procopius,  and  the  Cwenas  ant 
Finnas  mentioned  by  the  Norwegian  navigator 
Ohter,  to  King  Alfred.  "  It  is  the  Finnish,  togethe 
with  Esthonian  and  the  Livonian,  that  we  ma; 
consider  as  the  most  distinct  class  of  all  the  othe 
languages  of  the  globe,  or  at  least  of  all  those  o 
Europe."  The  Finnic  family  of  languages  is 
generically,  by  some  authors  called  the  Ouralian 
subdivided  specifically  into  Finnish  proper,  Lap 
ponic,  Tcheremiss,  Permiac,  Hungarian,  or  Mad 
giar,  &c.  These  are  included  under  one  genera 
term,  Tchoudes,  by  the  Russians.  All  the  Fin 
nic  nations  give  to  the  countries  they  inhabit  th 
name  Suomen.  "The  Huns  were  not  Sclafoni 
ans,"  states  Malta  Brun,  and  suggests  the  prob 
ability  that  they  were  "a  branch  of  the  Finns  o 
Tchoudes." 

Fiunda,  ancient  Phaselis,  city  of  Asia  Minor 
on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Satalia,  36  ms 
S.  from  Adalia. 

Fiorenzo,  St.,  seaport  of  Corsica,  on  a  gulf  c 
the  same  name,  7  ms.  W.  of  Bastia.  Lon.  9  2< 
E.,  lat.  42  35  N. 

Fireplace,  village,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  4 
ms.  NE.  of  the  city  of  N.  Y. 

Fisher-row,  village  in  Scotland,  about  5 
from  Edinburgh,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  mouth  o 
the  river  Esk. 

Fishersfield,  village,  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H.,  > 


FIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FLA 


e  head  of  Sunapee  lake,  30  in?.  NW.  from 
oncord. 

Fishers  field,  town,  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H.,  on 
uinpee  bike,  discharging  into  Sugar  river,  hranch 
'  Connecticut  and  the  head  waters  of  the  VVar- 
;r  river,  branch  of  Contoocook  river.  It  is  through 
is  tp.  that  a  canal  has  been  contemplated  to  unite 
e  Connecticut  and  Merrimack  rivers.  Pop.  in 
*20,  874. 

Fisher's  Island,  island  in  the  NE.  mouth  of 
ong  Island  Sound,  nearly  opposite  Stonington, 
onn.  It  is  about  9  ins.  by  2,  and  forms  part  of 
authold,  in  Suffolk,  N.  Y. 

Fishing  Creek,  post  office,  Cape  May  co.,  post 
■ad  114  ms.  S.  from  Trenton.  Post  office, 

the  NW.  angle  of  Tyler  co.,  Va.,  40  ms.  S. 
d\r\  Wheeling. 

Fishing  creek,  town,  Columbia  co.,  Penn., 
hich  takes  its  name  from  a  creek  of  the  same 
lrne.  It  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  E. 
anch  of  the  Susquehannah.  The  chief  town  is 
erwick. 

Fishing  Ford,  post  office,  Bedford  co.,  Tenn., 
>out  40  ms.  S.  from  Murfreesborough. 
kFislihardt,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Pem- 
I  okeshire,  on  a  steep  cliff,  at  the  influx  of  the 
I  ver  Gwaine,  into  St.  George's  Channel,  which 
■  ijre  forms  a  spacious  bay.  It  is  16  ms.  NE.  of 
-  t.  David's,  and  242  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon. 

52  W.,  lat.  52  4  N. 
\i\Fishkill,  small  river  of  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Oswego 
j-jid  Lewis  cos.,  by  a  number  of  creeks,  which  flow 
ft  to  and  unite  in  Oneida  co.,  and  join  Wood  creek 
short  distance  above  the  discharge  of  the  latter 

i  j  to  Oneida  lake.  Creek  of  N.  Y.,  and  Saratoga 

ju.,  falls  into  the  Hudson  opposite  Battenkill.  

mall  but  important  creek  of  N.  Y.,  in  Dutchess 
>.,  falls  into  the  Hudson  opposite  Newburgh. 
— Town,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Fishkill 
cek,  6  ms.  from  its  mouth.  This  is  one  of  the 
est  cultivated  and  most  thickly  populated  country 
laces  in  the  U.  States.    Pop.  in  1840,  10,437. 

 Mountains,  is  the  continuation  of  the  high- 

mds  above  West  Point,  and  curving  to  the  NE. 
nd  N.  stretches  between  Dutchess  and  Putnam 
aunties,  and  thence  through  the  former  towards 
le  SW.  angle  of  Massachusetts. 

Fishkill  Landing,  village,  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y., 
ireclly  opposite  Newburg,  5  ms.  S.  from  the  vil- 
ige  of  Fishkilll,  and  60  ms.  above  the  city  of  N. 
\  This  village  stands  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill 
ising  rather  abruptly  from  the  Hudson  river,  and 
ffords  a  splendid  landscape,  comprising  a  view  of 
ie  mountains  on  both  sides  of  the  river  between 
fewburg  and  West  Point,  with  an  extensive  range 
f  prospect  over  Orange  co.    Pop.  300. 

Fish  Lake,  village,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  post 
3ad,  89  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Fish  river,  Great,  considerable  river  of  Africa, 
/hich  rises  in  the  unknown  interior  regions,  di- 
ides  Caffraria  from  the  country  of  the  Hottentots, 
nd  falls  into  the  Indian  ocean  in  lat.  30  30  S. 
^le  deepest  parts  of  this  river  are  inhabited  by  the 
ippopotamus,  and  the  adjacent  woods  by  ele- 
hants,  rhinorceroses,  and  buffaloes. 

Fistelia,  fortified  town  of  Morocco.  The  inhab- 
tants  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  fine  garments.  It 
3  125  ms.  NE.  of  Morocco.  Lon.  5  55  W.,  lat. 
2  27  N. 

41* 


Fitcliburg,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mas?.,  about 
40  ms.  NW.  of  Boston  and  25  N.  of  Worcester. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,736. 

Fitchville,  village  of  Huron  co.,  O.,  16  ms.  SSE. 
of  Norwalk,  the  co,  seat,  and  about  25  ms.  nearly 
due  S.  of  Mansfield. 

Fitzgerald's,  post  office,  Marion,  coM  Alabama, 
about  100  ms.  NW.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Filzwilliam,  town,  Cheshire  county,  N.  H. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  line  which  divides 
this  State  from  Mass.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,167. 

Five  Churches,  village  of  Hungary,  85  nis.  S. 
ofBuda.    Lon.  18  13  E  ,  lat.  46  5  N. 

Fium,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name  in 
Egypt.  It  is  very  populous.  Here  are  many  ruins 
of  magnificent  ancient  structures  ;  and  it  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  flax,  linen,  mats,  raisins,  and 
figs.  The  province  contains  a  great  number  of  ca- 
nals and  bridges  built  by  the  ancient  Egyptians. 
The  town  is  seated  on  a  canal  that  communicates 
with  the  Nile  70  ms.  SW.  of  Cairo.  Lon.  39  49 
E.,  lat,  29  2  N. 

Fiume,  or  St.  Veil,  seaport  of  Austrian  Istria, 
with  a  good  harbor  formed  by  the  river  Fimarna, 
which  enters  the  bay  of  Carnero  in  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice. It  is  very  populous,  noted  for  wine,  good 
figs,  and  other  fruits  ;  and  the  cathedral  is*  worth 
observation.  It  is  37  ms.  E.  of  Capo  dTstria.  Lon. 

14  46  E.,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Flaggtown,  village,  in  the  southern  part  of 
Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  29  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Flamborough  Head,  lofty  promonotory  of  Eng. , 
in  Yorkshire,  whose  snow-white  cliffs  serve  for  a 
direction  to  ships.  Its  rocks  are  occupied  by  innu- 
merable multitudes  of  sea-fowls,  which  fill  the  air 
and  ocean  all  around.  It  is  5  ms  E.  of  Burling- 
ton.   Lon.  4'  E.,  lat.  54  9  N. 

Flanders,  ancient  province  of  the  Netherlands, 
and  at  present  divided  into  East  Flanders  and  West 
Flanders,  forms  the  2  provinces  of  Belgium.  The 
whole  of  both  Flanders  is  70  ms.  long  and  35  broad, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  German  ocean  and  Hol- 
land, E.  by  Brabant,  S.  by  Hainault  and  Artois, 
and  W.  by  Artois  and  the  German  ocean.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Scheldt,  Lys,  and  Denders. 
N.  lat.  51°  traverses  Flanders  nearly  centrically. 
It  is  a  level  country,  fertile  in  grain  and  pastures, 
and  very  populous.    The  chief  manufactures  are 

beautiful  table  linen  and  fine  lace.  Village, 

Morris  co.,  N.  J.,  near  the  head  of  Rariton  river, 

15  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Morristown  and  59 
N.  from  Trenton. 

Flat-Bushy  village  and  seat  of  justice,  King's 
co.,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  It  is  situated  5  ms.  S. 
of  the  city  of  New  York  and  150  from  Albany.  It 
is  a  fine  little  village,  in  one  street,  with  an  acad- 
emy and  the  ordinary  county  buildings.  Pop.  in 
1840,  2,029. 

Flat-Lands,  tp.,  King's  co.,  Long  Island,  on 
N.  Y.  bay,S.  from  Brooklyn.  Pop.  in  1820,  512. 

Flat-Rock,  post  office,  Powhatan  co.,  Va.,  24 
ms.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Flattery,  Cape,  on  the  W.  coast  of  N.  Ameri- 
ca, so  named  by  Captain  Cook,  who  discovered  it 
in  1788,  because  he  was  disappointed  at  not  find- 
ing a  harbor.    Lon.  124  57  W.,  lat.. 48  25  N. 

Flat-Woods,  post  office,  Lewis  co.,  Va.,  by  post 
road  295  ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Flavigni,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep  of  Cote  d'Or, 

321 


FLI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FLO 


and  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain  12  ms.  E.  of  Semur  and  140  E.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  4  37  E.,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Fleche,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Sarte,  and 
late  province  of  Maine.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Loire,  22  ms.  N.  of  Angers.  Lon.  3'  W.,  lat.  47 
39  N. 

Fleet,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Kircudbrightshire ; 
it  winds  through  a  beautiful  valley,  screened  by 
woody  hills,  and  enters  Wigton  bay  at  Gatehouse. 
On  the  W.  side  of  this  river  are  the  vestiges  of  a 
camp,  a  druidical  circle,  and  a  vitrified  fort. 

Fleming,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  SW.  by  Licking 
river,  or  by  Bath  and  Nicholas  cos.,  NW.  by  Ma 
son,  NE.  by  Lewis  and  Greenup,  E.  by  Lawrence, 
and  SE.  by  Pike;  length*35  ms.,  mean  width  16  ; 
area  560  sq.  ms.  Surface  rather  undulating  than 
hilly ;  soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Flemingsburg. 
Pop.  in  1840,  13,268;  and  in  1840,  13,268. 
Central  lat.  38  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  25  W. 

Flemingsburg,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Flem- 
ing co.,  Ky.,  50  ms.  NE.  from  Lexington. 

Flemington,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  on 
a  branch  of  Rariton  river,  twenty-three  ms.  N.  of 
Trenton. 

Flendsburg,  town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  Sles- 
wick,  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  and  has  a  harbor  deep 
enough  for  large  shipping.  It  is  a  place  of  consid- 
erable commerce,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Sleswick.  Lon. 

9  47  E.,  lat.  54  50  N. 

Fletcher,  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  between  La- 
moele  river  and  the  head  of  Black  river,  branch  of 

Mississque  river,  23  ms.  NE.  from  Burlington.  

Village,  Brown  tp.,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Mi- 
ami co.,  O.,  10  ms.  NE.  from  Troy,  the  co.  seat, 
and  7  E.  of  Piqua. 

Fleurus,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  province  of  Namur,  6  ms.  NE.  of 
Charleroy. 

Fleury,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Saone  and 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  30  ms.  N. 
of  Chalons.    Lon.  4  50  E.,  lat.  47  13  N. 

Flie,  or  Vlieland,  island  on  the  coast  of  Hol- 
land, at  the  middle  of  the  entrance  of  the  Zuyder- 
Zee. 

Flimis's  Fork,  Village,  Caldwell  co.,  Ky.,  8  or 

10  ms.  NE.  from  Princeton. 

Flint,  town  of  Flintshire,  in  Wales,  whith  gives 
name  to  the  county,  and  sends  one  member  to  Par- 
liament ;  but  it  is  a  small  place  without  trade,  and 
the  assizes  are  held  at  Mold.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Dee,  12  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Chester  and  193 
NW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  2  W.,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Flint  Creek,  rises  in  the  tp.  of  Italy,  on  the  ex- 
treme southern  verge  of  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  and 
flowing  30  ms.  NNE.,  between  Seneca  and  Can- 
andaigua  lakes,  falls  into  the  Canandaigua  outlet 

at  Vienna.  Post  office,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

Flint  creek. 

Flint  Hill,  post  office,  Culpeper  co.,  104  ms. 
SWT.  from  W.  C,  and  135  a  little  W.  of  N.  from 
Richmond. 

Flintshire,  co.  of  N.  Wales,  29  ms.  in  length, 
and  12  where  broadest,  bounded  on  the  N.  and 
NE.  by  a  bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dee,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Cheshire,  on  the  NW.  by  the  Irish 
sea,  on  the  E.  by  the  Dee,  which  continues  to  di- 
vide it  from  Cheshire,  and  on  the  S.  and  SW. 
from  Denbighshire.  Part  of  Flintshire  extends  on 
322 


the  E.  side  of  the  Dee,  about  9  ms.  between  Che 
shire  and  Shropshire.  It  is  divided  into  five  hun 
dreds,  in  which  are  two  market  towns  and  28  par 
ishes.  Pop.  1801,  39,622,  in  1811,  46,518,  an 
and  in  1821,  53,784. 

Flint's  Mills,  post  office  Washington  co.,  O. 

Flint  Stone,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  b 
post  road  150  ms  NW.  by  W.  from  W.  C. 

Flint  River.    See  Appalachicola. 

Flix,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  strong  botl 
by  art  and  nature.  It  is  built  on  a  peninsula  i 
the  Ebro,  where  it  makes  an  elbow,  which  serve 
the  town  instead  of  a  ditch,  and  may  be  conduct* 
quite  around  it.  The  side  where  the  river  doe 
not  pass  is  covered  by  mountains,  and  defend* 
by  a  castle,  on  an  eminence,  and  near  it  is  a  wa 
terfall.  It  is  20  ms.  S.  of  Lerida.  Lon.  26'  E. 
lat.  41  15  N. 

Flood's,  post  office,  Buckingham  co.,  Va..,  13' 
ms.  SW.  from  W.  C,  and  78  W.  from  Kich 
mond. 

Florence,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Tuscany,  an< 
one  of  the  finest  cities  of  Italy.  It  is  surroundei 
on  all  sides,  but  one  with  high  hills,  which  ris 
insensibly,  and  at  last  join  the  lofty  mountain 
called,  the  Appennines.  Towards  Pisa  there  is 
vast  plain  of  40  ms.  in  length,  which  is  so  fillet 
with  villages  and  pleasure  houses,  that  they  seen 
to  be  a  continuation  of  the  suburbs  of  the  city 
Independent  of  the  churches  and  palaces  of  Flor 
ence,  most  of  which  are  very  magnificent,  the  ar 
chitecture  of  the  houses  in  general  is  in  good  taste 
and  the  streets  are  remarkably  clean,  and  pavei 
with  large  broad  stones  chisseled,  so  as  to  preven 
the  horses  from  sliding.  The  city  is  divided  int 
two  unequal  parts  by  the  river  Arrro,  over  whici 
there  are  no  less  than  four  bridges,  in  sight  of  eacl 
other.  Florence  is  a  place  of  some  strength,  an< 
contains  an  archbishop's  see  and  a  university 
The  number  of  inhabitants  is  calculated  at  80,000 
Florence  is  45  ms.  S.  of  Bologna,  and  125  NW 
of  Rome.    Lon  1 1  15  E  ,  lat.  43  46  N. 

Florence,  town,  Oneida  co.,  18  ms.  NW.  Iron 

Rome.  Pop.  1820,  1,259.  Village,  Huron  co. 

Ohio,  by  post  road  131  ms.  NNE.  from  Colum 
bus.  The  village  is  situated  in  the  NE.  parto 
the  co.,  13  ms.  NE.  of  Norwalk,  the  county  seat 

and  about  20  ms.  westward  of  Elyria.  Villag 

and  seat  of  justice,  Lauderdale  co.,  Ala.,  at  th< 
mouth  of  Cyprus  creek,  lower  extremity  uf  th 
Muscle  shoals,  in  Tenn.,  120  ms.  SW.  fron 
Murfreesborough,  and  80  W.  from  Huntsville 
Lat.  34  47  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  46  W. 

Florent,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart.neu 
of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou 
It  lately  had  a  rich  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  seat 
ed  on  the  Loire,  20  ms.  WSW.  of  Angers.  Lon 
56'  W.,  lat.  47  34  N. 

Florentin,  St.,  town  of  France  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Yonne,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  th' 
Armance  and  Armancon,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Auxerre 
and  80  SE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  55  E.,  lat.  48  1  N 

Florentino,  one  of  the  three  provinces  of  Tus 
cany,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  republic  of  Luc- 
ca and  the  Modenese,  on  the  N.  by  the  Appen 
nines,  on  the  E.  by  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  and  oi 
the  S.  by  the  Siennese.  It  is  a  well  watered  pro 
vince.  and  very  fertile.    Florence  is  the  capital. 

Flores,  fertile  island,  one  of  the  Azores,  so  callei 


FLO  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FLO 


ram  the  abundance  of  flowers  found  upon  it.  Lon. 
11°  W.,  tat.  39  34  N. 

Florida,  territory  of  the  United  States,  forming 
he  southeastern  political  division  of  the  Union, 
'hysically,  Florida  is  divided  into  two  sections  :  to 
lie  SE.  the  peninsula,  and  NW.  a  narrow  strip 
long  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  the  Stiwanee  to 
ie  Perdido  river.  Taken  as  a  whole,  Florida  is 
ounded  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  SW.  by  the 
Julfof  Mexico,  NW.  by  the  State  of  Alabama, 
nd  N.  by  Georgia.  Length  of  the  peninsular 
art,  from  St.  Mary's  river,  separating  it  from  Ga., 
00  ms.  to  Florida  point.  The  broadest  part  of 
ie  peninsula,  from  Cape  Cannaveral  to  St.  Clem- 
nt's  island,  about  160  ms.;  mean  breadth,  not  dif- 
:ring  much  from  100  ms.,  gives  area  42,000  sq. 
is.  The  mean  length  of  West  Florida  about  200 
is.,  breadth  varying  from  40  to  100  ms.,  mean 
-eadth  fully  estimated  at  60  ms.,  and  area  15,600. 
roin  the  preceding  data,  the  area  of  all  Florida 
nounts  to  57,600  sq.  ms.  Geographically,  this 
rritory  lies  between  25°  and  31°  of  N.  lat.,  and 
;tween  2  50  and  10  45  W.  of  W.  G. 
Though  no  part  of  Florida  is  even  very  hilly, 
e  surface  is  far  from  uniformly  level.  The 
'Uthem  part  of  the  peninsula  is  flat  and  marshy, 
"nerall}',  but  the  surface  rises  gradually,  advanc- 
g  northwards,  and  above  N.  lat.  30°,  from  the 
tlantic  ocean  to  the  Perdido,  much  of  the  coun- 
/  is  beautifully  varied  by  hill  and  dale.  The 
hole  of  Florida  being  the  tropical  region  of  the 
nited  States,  and  so  much  of  it  almost  insular, 
id  a!!  within  the  influencs  of  sea  air,  the  climate 
mild  and  healthful.  The  northern  part  is  in  a 
:cuhar  manrjer  supplied  with  rivers,  setting  out 
jm  the  Atlantic  ocean,  come  in  succession,  and, 
lling  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  St.  Mary's  and  St. 
ihn's,  and  having  their  efflux  into  the  Gulf  of 
exico,  Suwanee,  Oscilla,  Ockleconee,  Appalach- 
ola,  Chickasawhatche,  Yellow  Water,  Escambia, 
id  Perdido. 

Miles. 

lorida,  taken  in  its  utmost  extent,  has  a 
boundary  from  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's 
river  to  Cape  Sable      -  -  -  450 

pon  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  Cape 
Sable  and  the  mouth  of  Perdido  river     -  600 
p  the  Perdido  bay  and  river,  to  N.  lat. 

31°  40 

long  N.  lat.  31°  to  Chattahooche  river  -  140 
own  Chattahooche  to  the  junction  of  that 
stream  and  Flint  river  -  -  -  40 

hence  to  the  source  of  St.  Mary's  river  -  140 
own  St.  Mary's  river  to  the  mouth  -  80 
Having  an  entire  outline  of  1,490  ms.  Area 
,000  sq.  ms.,  36,480,000  acres,  between  lat. 
>°  and  31°  N.  Extending  through  6°  of  lat,, 
nsiderable  diversity  of  seasons  must  be  experi- 
iced  in  Florida ;  but,  from  the  uniformity  of  the 
neral  surface,  the  whole  extent  exhibits  none  of 
ose  rapid  transitions  of  seasons  which  can  only 
ise  from  great  inequality  of  relative  elevation, 
he  interior  of  the  country  remains  but  imperfect- 
known.  As  far,  however,  as  correct  informa- 
>n  has  been  received,  the  greatest  part  of  this 
rge  peninsula  is  composed  of  a  very  inferior  soil, 
ith  exceptions  found  near  and  along  the  streams, 
he  vegetable  productions  are  numerous  and  im- 


portant. Amongst  the  valuable  cultivated  plant;; 
may  be  enumerated  cotton,  sugar  cane,  rice,  indi- 
go, tobacco,  Indian  corn,  olive  tree,  peach,  orange, 
lime,  and  fig  tree.  It  remains  undetermined  whe- 
ther or  not  the  coffee  plant  can  be  cultivated  in 
Florida. 

Florida  was  discovered  in  1512  by  John  Ponce 
de  Leon,  and  named  Florida  from  having  been 
discovered  on  Palm  Sunday,  "  Pasqua  Florida." 
The  first  civilized  colony  in  this  country  was  plant- 
ed by  the  French,  in  1562,  under  Francis  Ribaull. 
The  French  colony  was  surprised  in  1565,  and  the 
colonists  murdered  by  the  Spaniards.  St.  Augus- 
tine was  soon  after  founded,  and  the  Spaniards  re- 
mained undisturbed  possessors  until  1666,  when 
St.  Augustine  was  taken  and  plundered  by  an  Eng- 
lish squadron  under  John  Davis.  Pensacola  was 
founded  by  Don  Andre  de  la  Riola,  in  1699.  The 
country  was  frequently  attacked  by  the  French 
and  English,  but  continued  a  Spanish  province 
until  1763,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain. 
In  1783  it  was  again  receded  to  Spain.  On  the 
22d  February,  1819,  by  the  treaty  ot  Washington, 
Florida  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States. 
This  treaty  was,  on  the  24th  October,  1820,  rati- 
fied by  the  Cortes  and  King  of  Spain,  and  oa 
February  22,  1821,  ratified  by  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States.  Florida  is  now  a  territory  of  the 
United  States. 


Census  of  Florida,  1 840. 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

0  to  5  - 

5  to  10  - 
10  to  15  - 
15  to  20  - 
20  to  30  - 
30  to  40  - 
40  to  50  - 
50  to  60  - 
60  to  70  - 
70  to  80  - 
80  to  90  • 
90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards  - 

2,455 
1,947 
1,520 
1,305 
4,383 
2,801 
1,193 
530 
220 
73 
20 
3 
1 

2,241 
1,761 
1,448 
1,322 
2,220 
1,219 
704 
354 
156 
49 
10 

16,456 

11,487 
16,456 

Total  whites  • 

27,943 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Ages. 

Males. 

Fem'a. 

Males. 

Feni'3. 

0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

108 
125 
87 
49 
29 
0 

108 
123 
78 
75 
35 
0 

4,044 
4,070 
2,907 
1,496 
512 
9 

3,992 
4,120 
2,673 
1,446 
440 
8 

398 

419 

338 

13,038 

12,679 
13,038 

Total 

817 

25,717 

Aggregate  - 

54,477 

In  the  foregoing  are- 
White  persons  who  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years 

of  age        -  -  -  -  -  6 

Do.  deaf  and  dumb,  14  to  25        -  -  -4 

Do.      do.      do.     over  25        -  -  -  4 


Do.  whole  number  deaf  and  dumb  -  -  14 

323 


FLO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FOG 


In  the  foregoing  are — 
White  persons  who  are  blind 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge 
Do.  do.      at  private  charge 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are  deaf  and 

dumb  - 
Do.  blind  - 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  private  charge 
Do.         do         do       public  do. 
Whole  number  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining 

Agriculture  - 
Commerce  ■ 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 

Do.      on  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions  - 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  and  military  services 

Universities  or  colleges. 

Academies  and  grammar  schojls  - 

Do.  students  in  ... 

Primary  and  common  schools 

Do.  scholars  in 

Do.  at  public  charge  - 

Total  number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age, 
who  cannot  read  or  write 


1 

2,1 17 
4S1 

1.177 
435 
118 
201 
16 

13 
732 

51 
925 

14 


-  1.303 


Population  of  Florida  by  counties,  from  the  census 
o/1840. 


Free 

white 

Free  col. 

Sla 

ves. 

persons. 

persons. 

Counties. 

ales. 

males. 

2 

tn 

c 

1 

males. 

— 

Escambia 

1,334 

996 

133 

174 

709 

64? 

Walton 

634 

555 

23 

16 

116 

115 

Gadsden 

1,372 

1,265 

5 

8 

1,683 

1.659 

Hamilton 

552 

482 

3 

203 

219 

J  efferson 

1,209 

953 

1,761 

1,768 

Leon 

2,007 

1,454 

18 

3,679 

3,552 

Madison 

SOU 

642 

633 

569 

Alachua 

1,289 

430 

1 

304 

258 

Columbia 

879 

770 

1 

2 

247 

203 

Duvall 

1,455 

795 

49 

56 

919 

832 

Hillsborough  - 

372 

65 

o 

Mosquito 

70 

3 

-s 

Nassau 

495 

459 

14 

16 

440 

468 

St.  John's 

925 

760 

54 

67 

412 

476 

Dade 

305 

107 

3 

1 

•  16 

14 

Monr  e 

327 

189 

3b 

38 

40 

56 

Cdlhoun 

461 

244 

7 

10 

217 

203 

Franklin 

584 

198 

22 

4 

110 

112 

Jackson 

1,099 

903 

24 

19 

1,334 

1,302 

Washington  - 

287 

21? 

1 

1 

185 

168 

Total  Florida  - 

16,456 

11,167 

396 

419 

13,033 

1 2,679  j 

3,993 
1,461 
5,93-2 
1,464 
5,713 
[0,713 
2,644 
2,2^2 
2,102 
4,156 

452 
73 
1,892 
2,694 

446 

688 
1,142 
1,(130 
4,681 

859 


Florida,  cape  of  Florida.    Lon.  W.  C.  2  40 

W.,  lat.  25  40  N.  Gulf  of,  channel  between 

Ihe  peninsula  of  Florida  and  the  Bahama  islands. 

 Stream,  strait  between  Florida  and  Cuba. 

 Town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  30  ms.  NNE. 

from  Lenox.    Pop.  1820,431.  Town,  Orange 

co.,  N,  Y.,  about  60  ms.  W.  of  the  city  of  New 

York,  on  the  postroad  to  Albany.  Village, 

Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  35  ms.  NW.  from  Alba- 
ny.   Pop.  1320.  2,743. 

Florisant,  village,  St.  Louis  co.,  Mo.,  on  Mis- 
souri  river,  opposite  St.  Charles,  20  nif,  NW. 
from  St.  Louis. 

Floiz,  town  of  Wallachia,  seated  on  the  Genis- 
ta, near  its  influx  into  the  Danube. 

Flour  town,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  12 
ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

Flowden,  village  of  Eng  .  in  Northumberland, 
5  ms.  N.  of  Wooler. 

Floyd,  town,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  6  ms.  NE. 

from  Rome.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,498.  E\treme 

324 


lark 


eastern  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Va.  NE.  and  SE. 
■  Harlan  and  Perry  SW.,  Pike  NW.  and  Lawreno 
I  N.    Surface  broken,  hilly,  and  mountainous.  Soi 
j  varied,  but  generally  of  middling  quality.  Chie 
•  town,  Prestonburg.    Length  55  ms.,  mean  widtl 
46  ;  area  2,530  sq.  ms.    Pike  co.  has  been  forma 
out  of  the  N  W.  part  of  Floyd.    Both  were,  by  th< 
census  of  1810,  included  in  one  table  by  the  latte 
name.    Pop.  in  1820,  8,207.    Pop.  of  Flovd  ii 
1340,  6,302.    Central  lat.  37  45,  lon  W.  <;.  | 

25  W.  Co.,  Ia.,  opposite  Louisville,  Ky. 

bounded  by  the  Ohio  river  SE.,  Harrison  S.  an 
SW.,  Washington  NW.,  Scott  N,,  and  Clark 
NE.  ;  about  20  ms.  square;  area  400  sq.  ms. 
is  a  hilly,  and  generally  not  a  very  fertile  I 
Chief  towns,  New  Albany  and  Jefferson  ville. 
co.  was  formed  out  of  the  SW.  part  of  Clarke, 
the  NE.  of  Harrison  co.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,776 
and  in  1840,  9,454.    Central  lat.  38  25  N.,  Ion 
W.  C.  8  48  W. 

Floyd's  Fork,  is  the  northern  branch  of  Sal 
river  of  Ky.,  rises  in  the  SW.  part  of  Henry  co. 
flows  SSW.  across  Jefferson,  and  falls  into  Sal 
river,  at  Shepherdsville,  in  Bullitt  co. 

F/oydsburg,  village,  on  Floyd's  Fork,  JefTeri 
co.,  Ky.,  36  ms.  W.  from  Frankfort,  and  20  IN 
from  Louisville. 

Flushing,  strong  and  considerable  seaport 
South  Zealand,  in  the  island  of  Walcheren,  with 
pood  harbor,  and  a  great  foreign  trade.    It  is  4  m 
SW.  of  Middleburg.   Lon.  3  35  E.,  lat.  51  29 A 

 Tp.,  Queen's  co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  about 

E.  of  N.  Y.     Pop.  in  1810,  about  4,121 
Village,  Belmont  co.,  O  ,  in  the  northwestern 
gle  of  the  co.,  10  ms.  NW.  of  St.  Clairsville, 
co.  seat,  10  ms.  SW.  from  New  Athens,  and 
30  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Wheeling.  P 
lation  150. 

Fluvanna,  considerable  river  of  Va.,  which  ritf 
in  the  Alleghany  mountains,  and  runs  nearly  a 
E.  course,  till  it  joins  the  Rivanna  near  Columbii 
The  united  stream  is  then  called  James  river.  Tt 
name  of  Fluvanna,  given  to  the  main  fork  <>f  Jaiiu 

river,  is  becoming  obsolete.  Co.  of  Va.,  situ 

ated  at  the  fork  of  the  Rivanna  and  Fluvann 
rivers,  bounded  SW.  by  James  river,  NW.  by  Ai 
bemarlc,  NE.  by  Louisa,  and  SE.  by  Goochland 
and  the  bend  of  Jan.es  river,  above  the  mouth  c 
the  Rivanna;  length  23  ms.,  mean  width  18;  arc 
414  sq.  ms.  Surface  beautifully  variegated  lyhi 
and  dale,  and  well  watered  ;  the  soil  is  not,  how 
ever,  in  general  very  productive.  Chief  town,'Cc 
lumbia.  Pop.  in"  1820.  6,704;  and  in  184C 
8,812.  Central  lat.  37  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  20  W 

Fochabers,  town  in  Bamffshire,  seated  on  a  plai 
near  the  river  Spey.  It  is  18  ms.  NW.  of  AL-ci 
deen. 

Fo-chan,  village  of  China,  in  the  province  ( 
Quang-tong.    It  is  12  ms.  from  Canton. 

Fochia,  Nova,  ancient  Phocea,  town  of  IS'atolu 
on  the  Gulf  of  Satalia,  with  a  good  harbor. 

Fodgia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  ^eatc 
near  the  Cerbero,  10  ms.  E.  of  Manfredonia. 

Fodwar,  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on  tb 
Danube,  opposite  Colocza.  Lon.  19  3G  E.,  h 
46  39  N. 

Fogarus,  town  and  castle  of  Transylvania,  o 
the  river  Alauta,  30  ms.  NE.  of  Hermanstad' 
Lon.  25  25  E.,  lat.  46  30  N. 


4rri' 
29  IS 


FON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FOR 


FoglesvMe,  village,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa. 

Foglia,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  on  the  con- 
ies of  Tuscany,  crosses  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  and 
lis  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice  at  Pcsaro. 

Fago. — See  Fuego. 

Fohr,  island  of  Denmark,  near  the  coast  of  Sles- 
•  rk.    It  is  about  12  ms.  in  circumference. 

Foia,  ancient  town  of  Natolia,  on  the  Gulf  of 
hyrna,  with  a  good  harbor,  and  a  strong  castle, 
:  ms.  N.  of  Smyrna. 

Foin,  Point  aw,  in  St.  Lawrence  river,  the  first 
rive  river  A  la  Vielle  Galettc,  in  Edwardsburg, 
Itper  Canada. 

Foix,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Arriege,  and 
tl.3  co.  of  Foix.  It  is  seated  on  the  Arriege,  at 
I  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  8  ms.  S.  of  Pamiers. 
Jn.  I  32  E.,  lat.  43°  N. 

Fo  kien,  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the  N. 

I  Tche-kiange,  on  the  W.  by  Kiangsi,  on  the  S. 
,1  Quang  tong,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Chinese  sea. 
fiey  have  all  commodities  in  common  with  the 
)rt  of  China;  but  more  particularly  musk,  pre- 
\t,us  stones,  quicksilver,  silk,  hempenclotb,  calico, 

i  a,  and  all  sorts  of  utensils  wrought  to  the  greatest 
^fection.  From  other  countries  they  have  cloves, 
•cnamon,  pepper,  sandal-wood,  amber,  coral,  and 

my  other  things.    The  capital  city  is  Foutcheon 

I  j.  It  contains  9  cities  of  the  first,  and  60  of  the 
flrd  -class. 

MgFoligni,  episcopal  and  trading  town  of  Italy,  in 
jn  duchy  of  Umbria,  remarkable  for  its  sweet- 
Ijals,  paper-mills,  silk-manufactures,  and  fairs. 
I|s  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain,  near  a 

i  ile  plain,  69  ms.  N.  of  Rome.    Lou.  12  24  E., 

!  42  48  N. 

vftolkstone,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent;  the  inhabi- 
ts are  chiefly  employed  in  fishing.  It  is  a  mem- 
I  of  the  port  of  Dover,  on  the  English  Channel, 
#*ns.  SW.  of  Dover,  and  72  E.  by  iS.  of  London. 
Ijn.  1  14  E.,  lat.  51  5  N. 
Fond  du  lac,  or  St.  Louis,  enters  the  SW.  ex- 
tmity  of  Lake  Superior.  This  river  forms  one  of 
■  most  direct  channels  of  inter-communication 
llween  Lake  Superior  and  Upper  Mississippi. 
Fondi,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Ivora.  It  is  seated  on  a  fertile  plain,  but  in  a 
I  air,  near  a  lake  of  its  own  name,  42  ms.  NW. 
<Capua,  and  50  SE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  24  E., 
I  41  22  N. 

Fong-yang~fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
(Kiang  nan.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  which 
figs  over  the  Yellow  river.  It  is  70  ms.  NE.  of 
I  nkin. 

Contain bleau,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine 
vl  Marne,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
i  the  midst  of  a  forest,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
H7  E.,  lat.  48  25  N. 

^onlaine  VEveque,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
'  -North,  and  late  province  of  Hainault,  near  the 
T^Sambre,  3  ms.  W.  ofCharleroy.  Lon.  4  IS 
Ij  lat.  50  23  N, 

Vahtarabia,  seaport  of  Spain,  ancient  Ocaso,  in 
I  cay,  seated  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 
I  on  the  left  or  west  side  of  the  river  Bida^soa. 
I!s  well  fortified  both  by  nature  and  art ;  has  a 
pd  harbor,  though  dry  at  low  water;  and  is  sur- 
r  nded  on  the  land  side  by  the  Pyrenean  moun- 
*jis.  It  is  a  very  important  place,  being  ac- 
c  .nted  the  key  of  Spain  on  that  side.    It  is  22 


ms.  SW.  of  Bayonne,  and  62  E.  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
1  33  W.,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Fontenai,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Yonne, 
and  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  20  ms.  SE. 
of  Auxerre.    Lon.  3  48  E.,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Fontenai-le  Comte,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Vendee,  and  late  province  of  Poitou.  It  has  a 
woolen  manufacture,  and  its  fair  is  famous  for  cat- 
tle, particularly  for  mules.  Tt  is  seated  on  the 
Vendee,  near  the  Bav  of  Biscay,  25  ms.  NE.  of 
Rochelle.    Lon.  55'  W.,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Fontenoy,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Hainault,  4  ms.  SW.  from  Tournay. 

Fonlevault,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Maine 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou.  It  is  9  ms. 
SE.  of  Saumur,  and  160  SW.  of  Paris.  Lat.  47 
9N. 

Forbes's  Grant,  large  tract  of  land  in  Florida, 
embracing  the  delta  of  the  Appalachicola  river. 

Fordsville,  post  office  in  Marion  co.,  Miss.,  at 
the  crossing  of  the  Pearl  river,  about  75  ms.  N. 
from  New  Orleans. 

Forcalquier,  town  of  Fr..  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Lower  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Provence,  seated 
on  a  hill  by  the  river  Laye,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Aix. 
Lon.  5  48  E.,  lat.  43  58  N. 

Forchain,  strong  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Bramberg,  on  the  Rednitz,  1 8  ms.  S.  by 
E.  of  Bamberg.   \on.  IJ  12  E.,  lat.  49  44  N. 

Fordham,  tp.  in  Westchester  co  ,  N.  Y.  Pop. 
about  200. 

Fordingbridgc,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire, 
on  the  Avon,  20  ms.  WiSW.  of  Winchester,  and 
87  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  1  40  W.,  lat.  50 
56  N. 

Fordsville,  village  on  Pearl  river,  in  Marion  co., 
Miss.,  160  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Natchez,  and  80 
NNE.  from  New  Orleans. 

Fordun,  small  village  of  Scotland,  in  Kincar- 
dineshire. 

Fordioich,  member  of  the  port  of  Sandwich,  in 
Kent.,  Eng.,  on  the  river  Stour,  3  ms.  NE.  of 
Canterbury,  and  8  W.  of  Sandwich. 

Foreland,  South,  remarkable  point  of  Upper 
Canada,  projecting  into  Lake  Erie,  and  usually 
called  Point  Pele.  It  lies  opposite  to  Huron  co., 
Ohio. 

Foreland,  North,  promontory  which  is  the  NE. 
point  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  is 
also  the  most  southern  part  of  the  port  of  London, 
which  is  thence  extended  N.  in  a  right  line  to  the 
point  called  the  Nase,  in  Essex,  and  forms  wh  it  is 
properly  called  the  mouth  of  the  Thames.  Here  is 
a  round  brick  tower,  near  80  feet  high,  erected  by 
the  Trinity  House  for  a  seamark. 

Fore/and,  South,  headland  forming  the  E.  point 
of  the  Kentish  coast  of  Eng.,  and  called  South,  in 
respect  to  its  bearing  from  the  other  Foreland, 
which  is  about  6  ms.  to  the  N.  Between  these  two 
capes  is  the  noted  road  called  the  Downs,  to  which 
they  afford  a  great  security. 

Forest.  "  German  font,  and  from  which  our 
word  was  evidently  derived.  The  Saxon  word 
hurst,  with  which  the  names  of  so  many  place., 
in  the  south  of  England  terminate,  has  probably 
the  same  origin." — Enc.  of  Science,  &c. 

Forest  Towns,  four  towns  of  Suabia,  lying  along 
the  Rhine  and  the  confines  of  Switzerland,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Black  Forest.    Their  names  are, 

325 


FOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FOR 


Waldschut,  Lauffenburg,  Seckingen,  and  Rhein- 
felden  ;  and  they  are  subject  to  the  house  of  Austria. 

Forest,  Isle  au  — See  Gage's  island. 

Foresterton,  village  in  Burlington,  co.,  N.  J., 
15  ms.  E.  from  Philadelphia. 

Forez,  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Auvergne,  on  the  S.  by  Vevay  and  the  Vivarais, 
on  the  E.  by  the  Lyonnois,  and  on  (he  N.  by  Bur- 
gundy and  the  Bourbonnois,  It  is  watered  by  the 
Loire  and  several  other  st-eams ;  has  several  mines 
of  coal  and  iron.  It  is  now  included  with  the  Ly- 
onnois,  in  the  dep.  of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

Forfar,  borough  of  Scotland,  and  capital  of  the 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  on  the  val- 
ley of  Strathmore  that  runs  from  Perth  NE.  to 
the  sea.  Its  principal  manufacture  is  osnaburgs  ; 
it  is  20  ms.  W.  of  Montrose.  Lon.  2  54  W.,  lat. 
56  35  N. 

Forfarshire,  or  Angusshire,  co.  of  Scotlend, 
bounded  N.  by  Aberdeen  and  Kincardine,  E  by 
the  German  ocean,  S.  by  the  Frith  of  Tay,  and 
W.  by  Perth  ;  area  977  sq.  ms.  Staples,  grain, 
fish,  and  linen.  Pop.  in  1801,  99,127;  in  1811, 
107,264;  and  in  1821,  113,430. 

Forges,  town  ol  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine, 
and  late  province  of  Normandy,  remarkable  for  its 
mineral  waters.  It  is  60  ins.  IN  W.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  40  E.,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Forked.Deer,  river  of  Ten.,  rises  in  the  counties 
of  Henderson,  Carroll,  and  Madison,  and,  flowing 
W.  between  Big  Hatchy  and  Obians  rivers,  falls 
into  the  Mississippi  at  N.  lat.  35  45. 

Forks,  post  office  in  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  10 
ms.  W.  from  Utica. 

Forli,  ancient  town  of  Romagnia,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see. 
The  public  structures  are  very  handsome,  and  it  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  and  healthy  country,  10  ins.  SE. 
of  Faxena,  and  10  NE.  of  Florence.  Lon.  1 1  44 
E.,  lat.  44  16  N. 

Formosa,  island  in  the  Chinese  sea,  90  ms.  E. 
of  Canton,  lying  between  119°  and  122°  E  long., 
and  22°  and  25°  N.  lat.  It  is  subject  to  the  Chi- 
nese, who,  notwithstanding  its  proximity,  did  not 
know  of  its  existence  till  the  year  1430.  Tai- 

quang  is  the  capital.  River  of  western  Africa, 

falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Benin.  According  to  M, 
Reichardt,  it  is  the  outlet  of  the  Niger. 

Forres,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Murrayshire,  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  close  to  a  rivulet ;  it  is  a  small 
well-built  town,  pleasantly  situated,  2  ms.  to  the 
E.  of  the  river  Findhorn.  Forres  manufactures 
some  linen  and  sewing  thread,  and  is  15  ms.  W. 
of  Elgin. 

Fort  Alford's,  Lawrence  co.,  Mo. 

Fort  Amanda,  in  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  50  ms.  NE. 
from  Greenville. 

Fort  Anne,  village  and  tp.  NW.  part  of  Wash- 
ton  co.,  N.  Y.  The  village  near  old  Fort  Anne 
is  on  Wood  creek,  at  the  northern  extremity  of 
the  Hudson  and  Champlain  canal.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,911. 

Fort  Armstrong,  military  establishment  of  the 
IT.  S.,  on  Rock  island,  in  the  Mississippi,  about  2 
ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Rock  river. 

Fort  Ball,  or  Oakley,  a  village  in  Seneca  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  western  or  opposite  side  of  Sandusky 
river  from  Tiffin,  the  county  seat. 

Fort  Brown,  in  Paulding  co.,  Ohio,  16  ms.  S. 
326 


nois  x'w 

x 


from  Fort  Defiance.  At  the  head  of  Green  1 

of  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  the  left  bank  of  F 
river.    Lon.  W.  C.  10  30  W.,  lat.  44  18  JN. 

Fort  Carlos,  on  a  small  island  in  the  mouth 
the  bay  of  Maracaybo,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Ma 
caybo. 

Fort  Chippewayan,  one  of  the  British  posts 
Athapescow  lake,  25  ms.  NE.  from  the  mouth 
Elk  river.    Lon.  W.  C.  33°  W.,  lat.  58°  N. 

Fort  Churchill,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Hudso 
bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Churchill's  river.  Lon.  ^ 
C.  17  45  W.,  lat.  58  50  Iff. 

Fort  Claiborne,  village  in  Monroe  co.,  Ala., 
the  left  bank  of  Alabama  river,  at  the  head 
schooner  navigation,  60  ms.  above  the  junction 
Tombigbee  and  Alabama. 

Fort  Clarke,  on  the  right  bank  of  Illinois 
by  comparative  courses  about  250  ms. 
mouth.    Lon.  Washington  City,  12  15 
40  35  N. 

Fort  Covington,  village  in  Franklin  co.,  _Y 
formerly  the  French  Mills,  on  Salmon  river, 
E.  from  St.  Regis. 

Fort  Crawford,  on  the  point  made  by  the  i 
fluence  of  the  Mississippi  and  Wisconsin  ri 
and  about  5  ms.  above  their  junction,  in 
du  Chien.  A  fur  trade  settlement  was  made 
place  by  the  French,  when  in  possession  of  Cai 
da,  and  about  500  of  the  descendants  of  the  ori 
nal  colony  remain.    It  is  a  very  important  fr< 
tier  station  and  trading  establishment.    Lon.  1 

C.  13  50  W.,  lat  43  5  N.  Village  in  Coi 

cuh  co.,  Alabama,  on  Murder  creek,  branch 
Conecuh  river,  45  NNE.  from  Pensacola,  and 
E.  from  Fort  Stoddert. 

Fort  Coulonge,  L.  C,  170  ms.  NW.  by  1 
from  Montreal. 

Fort  Dearborn,  U.  S.  fort,  about  half  a  rr 
from  Lake  Michigan,  on  the  right  bank  of  Chics 
river.    Lon.  W.  C  10  35  W.,  lat.  41  43  N. 

Fort  Dejiacne,  village  in  Williams  co.,  Oh 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Auglaize  and  Maumee  r 
ers,  16  ms.  SW.  from  Fort  Meigs.—  See  Defim 

Fort  Bummer. — See  Hindsdale. 

Forteventura,  one  of  the  Canary  islands, 
ms.  in  length,  and  of  a  very  irregular  breadth,  c< 
sisting  of  two  peninsulas  joined  by  an  isthmus 
ms.  in  breadth.  It  produces  plenty  of  wheat,  b 
ley,  beeves,  and  goats.  Lon.  14  26  W.,  lat. 
4  N. 

Fort  Edward,  (formerly  a  considerable  Brit 
fortress,)  now  a  village  in  Washington  co.,  N. 
on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  river,  50  ms.  N.  fr 
Albany.    The  N.  Y.  Northern  canal  enter*  Hi 
son  river  at  this  place. 

Fort  Ferree,  station  so  called,  at  Upper  Si 
dusky,  40  ms.  S.,  or  up  the  river,  from  Fort  6 
phenson. 

Fort  Findley. — See  Findley,  or  Finley. 

Fort  Gadsden,  Florida,  on  the  left  bank  of  Cb 
ahooche  river,  near  the  point  where  that  stre 
spreads  into  several  channels.  Lon.  W,  C.  7 
W.,  lat.  33  15  N. 

Fort  Erie.— See  Erie  Fort. 

Fort  George,  town  and  military  post,  Lino 
co.,  U.  C,  on  the  left  bank  of  Niagara  river,  ab. 

half  a  mile  above  its  mouth.  Warren  co., 

Y.,  at  the  extreme  S.  end  of  Lake  George,  60  i 
N.  from  Albany. 


FOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY'. 


FOS 


Fort  Gratiot,  on  the  right  bank  of  St.  Clair 
xir,  near  its  outlet  from  Lake  Huron. 

Fort  Greenville. — See  Greenville,  Darke  co.,  O. 

^ort  Hamilton. — See  Hamilton,  county  seat  of 
1  tier  co.,  Ohio. 

Vert  Hawkins,  village  in  Jones  co.,  Ga.,  on  the 
|  bank  of  the  Oakmulgee  river,  33  ms.  SW.  by 
from  Milledgeville. 

Sort  Howard. — See  Fort  Brown,  of  Green  bay. 

7orth,  one  of  the  most  noble  and  commodious 
Bra  in  Scotland.  It  takes  its  rise  near  the  bot- 
p  of  Lomond  hills,  and,  running  from  W.  to  E., 
reives  in  its  passage  many  considerable  streams,  j 
d  ving  their  waters  from  the  eminences  in  the 
u iland  counties  of  North  Britain.  There  is  a! 
c nnunication  between  this  river  and  the  Clyde,1 
l>i  canal  35  ms.  in  length. 

fort  Independence,  on  Castle  island,  Boston 
ii  :>or.  | 

?ort  Jackson,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Ala.,  on 
tl  point  between  and  above  the  junction  of  Coosa! 
ai  Tallapoosa  rivers,  60  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  J 
Ciaba. 

''ort  James,  Wayne  co.,  Ga.,  on  the  right  bank ' 
oKlatamaha  river,  10  ms.  below  the  junction  of 
0  nee  and  Oakmulgee  rivers. 

V/  Jefferson,  village  in  the  southern  part  of 
Dke  co.,  0.,  70  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Cin- 
ci  ati,  and  77  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Columbus. 
Wort  Jennings,  SE.  angle  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio, 
oi.he  left  bank  of  the  Auglaize  river,  32  ms.  S. 
r  i  Fort  Defiance. 

ort  Lawrence,  Ga  ,  on  the  right  bank  of  Flint 
ri  r,  3i  ms.  SW.  from  Fort  Hawkins,  65  ms.  W. 
iru  Milledgeville. 

'ort  Loramie,  NW.  angle  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio, 
Nns.  NW.  from  Greenville.  Lon.  W.  C.  7  15 
W.  lat.  40  16  N. 

ort  Louis,  or  Vauban,  important  fortress  of 
P,  on  the  Rhine,  18  ms.  below  Strasburg. 

'ort  Mc Arthur,  Hardin  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  right 
;j£i  of  Scioto  river,  65  ms.  NNW.  of  Columbus. 

'ort  Maiden,  stood  on  the  left  bank  of  Detroit 
i  ;  half  a  mile  above  the  village  of  Amherstburg, 
(JO.  The  fort  has  been  abandoned  since  the  con- 
:1  on  of  the  last  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
ihUnited  States. 

ort  Massac,  Pope  co.,  III.,  on  the  bank  of  the 

)  'iver,  38  ms.  above  its  mouth. 

ort  Meigs,  town  in  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
K  bank  of  the  Maumee,  80  ms.  SW.  from  De- 

ort  Mitchell,  or  Coweta,  on  the  right  bank  of 
I  tahooche  river,  where  the  road  passes  from 
ft  xlgeville  to  New  Orleans,  about  100  ms.  SW. 
mi',  from  Milledgeville. 

ort  Miller,  village  in  Washington  co.,  N.  Y., 
me  bank  of  the  Hudson  river,  10  ms.  below 
■ly  Hill,  and  38  N.  from  Albany. 

rrt  Montgomery,  Mobile  co. ,  Ala.,  12  ms. 
from  Fort  Stoddert. 

)rt  Moose,  at  the  mouth  of  Moose  river,  into 
•a  :s's  bay  of  Hudson's  bay.  Lon.  W.  C.  3  40 
W  lat.  51  30  N. 

irt  Osage,  village  in  Jackson  co.,  Mo.,  by  post 
p  285  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

rrt  Pickering,  Shelby  co.,  Ten.,  at  Chicka- 
H'jluff,  below  the  mouth  of  Wolf  river. — See 
Mt  phis. 


Fort  Plain,  village  in  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mohawk  river,  at  the  mouth  ** 
of  Otsequaga  creek,  78  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from 
Albany. 

Fort  Recovery,  Dark  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  branch 
of  WT abash  river,  23  ms.  NNW.  from  Greenville. 

Fort  Seneca,  village  in  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  by 
post  road  93  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Columbus, 
and  8  ms.  northerly  of  Tiffin,  the  county  seat. 

Fortrose,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Ross-shire,  on 
the  Frith  of  Murray,  nearly  opposite  Fort  George, 
and  9  ms.  WT.  of  Inverness. 

Fort  Royal,  seaport  of  the  S.  side  of  Martinico. 
Lon.  W.  C.  16  0  E.,  lat.  14  34  N. 

Fort  St.  Clair,  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  quarter  of  a 
mile  S.  from  Eaton. — See  Eaton,  Preble  co.,  O. 

Fort  St.  David,  British  establishment  in  Hin- 
doostan,  Coromandel  coast,  and  in  the  Carnatic, 
15  ms.  SSW.  from  Pondicherry.  Lon.  79  57  E., 
lat.  11  46  N. 

Fort  St.  George,  at  Madras. 

Fort  Santa  Cruz,  citadel  of  the  city  of  Rio  Ja- 
neiro, capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Brazil.  It  stands  up- 
on a  lofty  mass  of  granite  rocks,  and  commands  the 
entrance  into  the  harbor. 

Fort  St.  Jean  de  Uloa,  on  a  rocky  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz,  Slate  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico.  , 

Fort  St.  Julian,  on  the  point  N.  side  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Tagus,  Portugal. 

Fort  St.  Mark's,  Fa.,  on  St.  Mark's  river,  20 
ms.  above  its  mouth. 

Fort  St.  Mary,  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on  St.  Mary's 
river,  12  ms.  S.  from  Fort  Amanda. 

Fort  St.  Philip,  important  military  establish- 
ment of  the  U.  S.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, at  the  Plaquemine  bend,  70  ms.  below  New 
Orleans. 

Fort  St.  Stephen's. — See  St.  Stephen's. 

Fort  Stanwix. — See  Rome. 

Fort  Stephenson,  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio,  18  ms. 
above  its  mouth.  This  place  is  now  called  Lower 
Sandusky ;  which  see. 

Fort  Stoddert,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Bald- 
win co.,  Ala.,  at  the  junction  of  Tombigbee  and 
Alabama  rivers. 

Fort  Stother,  St.  Clair  co.,  Ala.,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Coosa  river,  20  ms.  SE.  from  St.  Clairs- 
ville. 

Fort  Washington,  village  on  the  left  bank  of 
Potomac  river,  and  on  the  point  above  the  mouth 
of  Piscataway  creek,  Prince  George's  co.,  Md  ,  15 
ms.  below  W.  C. 

Fort  Wayne,  village  in  Allen  co.,  Ia  ,  by 
post  road  175  ms.  NNE.  from  Indianapolis,  and 
157  NW.  from  Columbus,  in  Ohio. 

Fort  Williams,  Ala.,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Coo- 
sa, in  the  country  of  the  Upper  Creeks,  about  60 
ms.  above  Fort  Jackson. 

Fortescue,  bay  in  the  straits  of  Magellan.  Lon. 
W.  C.  3  38  E  ,  lat.  53  40  S. 

Fortune,  bay  in  the  S.  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
enclosed  by  Miquelon  island  and  Point  May.  Lon. 
W.  C.  21  40  E  ,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Fossano,  strong  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  bish- 
op's see,  seated  on  the  Sture,  10  ms.  NE.  of 
Coni,  and  27  SE.  of  Pignerol.  Lon.  7  56  E. , 
lat.  44  45  N. 

Fossombrone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Ur- 

327 


FOW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FRA 


Jjino,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  near  the  river  Me- 
tro, 16  ms.  SW.  of  Pesaro,  and  12  SE.  of  Urbi- 
no.    Lon.  12  48  E.,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Foster,  town,  Providence  co.,  R.  [;,  15  ms.  W. 
from  Providence.    Pop.  1820,  2,900. 

Foster's,  post  office,  Logan  co.,  Ky.,  10  ms. 
from  Russellville,  and  by  post  road  184  ms.  SW. 
from  Frankfort. 

Fotheringay,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northampton- 
shire, 9  ms.  S.  of  Stamford,  near  the  river  Nen. 

 Village,  Montgomery  co.,  Va.,  200  ms.  SW. 

by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Foucault,  seigniory,  Bedford  co.,  L.  C,  be- 
tween Mississque  bay,  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  U.  S.  and  Richelieu  river. 

Foue,  ancient  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  seated  on 
the  Nile,  25  ms.  S.  of  Rosetta,  and  40  E.  of  Alex- 
andria.   Lon.  31  15  E.,  lat.  31  12  N. 

Fourgeres,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bre- 
tagne,  on  the  Ccesnom,  25  ms.  NE.  of  Rennes, 
and  150  W.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  13  W.,  lat.  48  22  N. 

Foulkstown,  small  town,  Columbia  co.,  Ohio, 
in  St.  Clair  tp.,  13^  ms.  SE.  of  New  Lisbon. 

Foulsham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  16  ms. 
NW.  of  Norwich,  and  111  NE.  of  London.  Lon. 
1  7E.,  lat  52  51  N. 

Foulweather,  cape  of  the  U.  S,,  on  the  Pacific 
ocean,  NW.  from  Cannaveral  bay.  Lon.  W.  C. 
47  30  W.,  lat.  44  55  N. 

Fountain  of  Health,  post  office,  Davidson  co., 
Tenn.,  43  ms.  N  W.  from  Murfreesborough.  » 

Fourche  au  Cado,  branch  of  Washita u  river, 
entering  from  the  left.  It  rises  between  Washi- 
tau  proper  and  Little  Missouri. 

Fouche  de  Thomas,  post  office,  Ark. 

Four  Corners,  village,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine.  

Village,  Oswego  co.,  N.,  Y.  14  ms.  W.  from 

Rotterdam.  Village,    Huron   co.,    Ohio,  by 

post  road  129  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Columbus, 
and  8  ms.  westerly*  of  Norwalk. 

Four  Mile  Branch,  village,  Barnwell  district, 
S.  C,  by  post  road  93  ms.  SW.  from  Columbia. 

Fourneux  island,  small  island  in  the  South 
Pacific  ocean.    Lon.  143  2  W.,  lat.  17  11  S. 

F our n ess,  Eng.,  in  Lyonsdale,  Lancashire,  is 
a  tract  between  the  Kent,  Leven,  and  Dudden 
JSands,  which  runs  N.  parallel  with  the  W.  sides 
of  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  and  on  the  S. 
runs  out  into  the  sea  as  a  promontory. 

Fou-tcheou-fuu,  city  of  China,  in  Fokien,  one 
of  the  most  considerable  in  that  province,  on  ac- 
count of  its  trade,  the  convenience  of  its  rivers  and 
port,  the  number  of  its  literati,  and  the  magnifi- 
cence of  its  principal  bridge,  which  has  more  than 
100  arches  constructed  of  white  stone,  and  orna- 
mented with  a  double  balustrade.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a  viceroy,  has  under  its  jurisdiction  9  cit- 
ies of  the  third  class,  and  is  360  ms  NE.  of  Canton. 

Fou-ts/ang  fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
Chen-si.  Its  district  contains  eight  cities  of  the 
second  and  third  class.  It  is  495  miles  SW.  of 
Peking. 

Fowey,  borough  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Corn- 
wall. It  is  32  ms.  SW.  of  Launceston,  and  240 
W.  by  8.  of  London.    Lon.  4  35  W.,  lat.  50  19 

N   River  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  which  rises  in 

the  NE.  part,  passes  by  Lestwithiel,  and  enters 
the  English  channel,  at  Fowey. 
32S 


Fowleness,  island  on  the  coast  of  Essex, 
merly  subject  to  inundation.^  till,  by  the  Dutcl 
of  draining,  it  has  become  good  land. 

Fowler,  town,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.  1 

1820,  605.  Village,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio 

ms.  NE.  from  Warren.    Pop.  1820,  125. 

Fowler's  Mills  and  post  office,  Geauga  co., 
8  ms.  S.  of  Chardon. 

Foxborough,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass., 
Wading  creek,  a  branch  of  Taunton  river,  a 
25  ms.  S.  of  Boston.    Pop.  1,000. 

Fox  cape,  Pacific  coast  of  North  America. 
54  45  N . 

F  oxer  eft,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  bet 
Piscataquis  and  Sebec  rivers,  40  ms.  NNW. 
Bangor.     Pop.  1820,  211. 

Fox  islands.    See  Aleutian  islands. 

Fox  Loacs  Grove,  post  office,  Limestone  c 
Alabama,  by  post  road  269  ms.  N.  from  Cahab 

Fox  river.  This  fine  and  very  important  stre 
rises  to  the  NW.  of  Green  Bay,  interlock 
with  the  sources  of  the  Wisconsin.  Both  sireai 
in  the  higher  part  of  their  course,  flow  nearly 
upwards  of  200  ms.;  they  then  approach  wit 
1|  rn.  of  each  other  other,  and  thence  turn, 
Wisconsin  SW.,  and  Fox  river  NE.  The  pi 
age  from  the  Fox  to  Wisconsin  is  one  of  th 
singular  situations  which  the  interior  of  Amei 
affords,  where  nature  seems  to  have  made  prep: 
lion  for  the  operations  of  human  intercourse.  1 
intervening  ground  is  level  prairie,  over  which 
time  of  high  flood,  loaded  canoes  are  easily  q; 
gated.  Fox  river  flows  by  a  gentle  course  as 
as  the  narrows,  through  a  range  of  highland,  p: 
ing  W.,  off  Lake  Michigan.  Below  this  rn 
pass  it  expands  into  Winnebago  lake,  from  wl 
it  again  issues  by  a  course  nearly  N.  to  Gr 
Bay,  which  it  enters  at  Fort  Brown.  The  ei) 
comparative  course  of  Fox  river  is  about  300  ui 

Fra»a,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  with  a 
tie.  It  is  46  ms.  E.  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  28' 
lat.  48  46  N. 

Framingham,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  • 
tw^en  Sherborn  and  Marlborough,  20  ms.  S. 
from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,037. 

Framingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  s 
30  ms.  IS.  of  Bury,  and  87  NE.  of  London.  I  . 
1  26  E.,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Frampton,  tp.,  Dorchester  and  Hertford  c, 
L.  C,  between  Cranbourne  and  lalliet,  30  • 
SE  from  Quebec. 

France,  kingdom  of  Western  Europe,  bouiJ 
by  the  British  channel,  separating  it  from  I  • 
N.,  the  Bay  of  Biscay  W.,  Pyrenean  mount:*, 
separating  it  from  Spain,  SW.,  Mediterrain 
SE.,  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  the  Swiss  cant;, 
and  Germany,  E.,  and  Belgium  NE. 

France  is  situate  nearly  in  the  middle  of  & 
northern  temperate  zone,  between  42  20  and  5 
N.  lat.,  and  8  25  E.  and  4  43  W.  lon.  Its  g  t- 
est  length,  from  the  most  westerly  point  of  F  1 
terre  to  Antibes,  in  the  department  of  the  \  1 1 
about  665  British  ms.,  and  the  greatest  bre;  I 
from  Givet,  in  Ardennes,  to  Mount  Horuii» 
near  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port,  in  the  lower  M 
nees,  576.  The  superficial  area,  as  stated  i' 16 
Statistique  de  la  France,  is  52,768,618  hect  4 
equal  to  185,515  Eng.  sq.  ms.,  or  118,729)0 
En?,  acres. 


FRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


FRA 


Departments. 


we 
lier 

os  (Low) 
ips  (High) 
deche 
ienne3 
ieee 


eyron 

juches  du  Rhone 
1 vados 
ntal 
■arente 

farente  Infeneure 
<er 

-reze 
•(rsica 
•ited'Or 
'-tea  du  Nord  - 

uise 
'  .(•dogne 

jbs 

une 
jre 

I  Jfre  and  Loire  - 
liisterre 
i-d 

•Ironne  (Haute) 
fts 

•  ond°- 
rault 
■  and  Vilaine 

(re 

||re  and  Loire  - 


ides 

|r  and  Cher  . 
W 

Mre  (Haute) 
>lre  (Inferieure) 
J,  ret 

■  fl.  and  Garonne 
-  '.ere 

:'ineand  Loire 
}mche 
rne 

u  ne  (Haute) 

lyenne 

iiyerthe 

;use 

:>rbihan 

hselle 

=  vre 

rd 

'J.ie 

i  de  Calais 
y  de  Dome 
rennees  (Basses) 
reunees  (Hautes) 
ennees  (Orientalec) 
in  (Bas) 
in  (Haul) 
,one 

">ne  (Haute) 
fne  and  Loire 

irhe 

ne 

ne  Inferieure  \ 

neand  Marne 
;  neandOise  • 
:,res(Deux)  - 
!nmeJ 
[Jrn 

p>  and  Garonne 

jchise 
jndee 

:nne  .  , 

i'nne  (Haute)  - 

'.me 


Ancient  provinces. 


Bourgogne 

He  de  France,  Picardy,  and 

Champagne  - 
Bourbonnois 
Provence 

Provence  and  Dauphin 
Languedoc 
Champagne 
Foix,  Gascogne 
Champagne,  Bourgogne 
Languedoc 
Guienne 
Provence 
Lower  Normandy 
Auvergne 

Angoumois,  Saintonge 
Aunis,  Saintonge 
Berry,  Bourbonnois 
Limousin 
Corsica 
Bourgogne 
Bretagne 
Marche 
Guienne 
Franche  Comte 
Dauphine 
Normandy 
Orleanriois,Perche 
Bretagne 
Languedoc 
Languedoc,  Gascogne 
Gascogne 
Guienne 
Languedoc 
Bretagne 
Berry.  Touraine 
Touraine,  Anjou,  &c. 
Dauphine 
Franche  Comte 
Gascogne 
Orleannois 
Lyonnois 
Languedoc,  &.c. 
Bretagne 
Orleannois 
Guienne 

Guienne,  Gascogne 
Languedoc 
Anjou 
Normandy 
Champagne 
Champagne 
Maine,  Anjou  - 
Lorraine 
Lorraine 
Bretagne 
Lorraine 
Nivernois,  Sec.  - 
Flanders 
He  de  France  - 
Normandy 
Artois,  Picardy  - 
Auvergne 
Bearn,  Navane 
Gascogne 
Rousillon,  &c.  - 
Alsace,  &c. 
Alsace,  &c. 
Lyonnois 
Franche  Comte 
Bourgogne       -  s 
Maine 

lie  de  France  - 
Normandy 
He  de  France,  Sec. 
lie  de  France,  Orleannois 
Poitou 
Picardy 
Languedoc 
Guienne,  Gascogne 
Provence 

Avignon,  Provence 
Poitou 
Poitou 
Limousin 
Lorraine 

Bourgogne,  Champagne 


Area  in 
sq.  m. 


1,700 

2,179 

1,689 

2,122 

1,586 

1,595 

1,474 

1,635 

1,760 

1,837 

2,566 

1,474 

1,622 

1,576 

1,711 

1,769 

2,075 

1,674 

2,852 

2,551 

2,164 

1,548 

2,738 

1,592 

1,911 

1,690 

1,753 

2,017 

1.744 

1,954 

1,769 

2,981 

1,811 

1,849 

2,041 

1,871 

2,419 

1,464 

2,645 

1,861 

1,344 

1,442 

1,773 

2,051 

1,525 

1,395 

1,482 

2,094 

1,754 

2,358 

1,812 

1,507 

1,621 

1,759 

2,073 

1,955 

1,997 

1,632 

1,716 

1,632 

1,949 

2.356 

2,223 

1  347 

1,197 

1,214 

1,120 
814 

1,497 

2,493 

1,806 
138 

1,732 

1,7.34 

1,600 

1,702 

1,758 

1,668 

1,043 

2,122 
963 

1,964 
2,010 
1,666 

1,451 
2,095 


Population  in 
1826. 


346,188 

527,095 
3U9,270 
159,045 
131,162 
353,752 
306,861 
260,536 
253,870 
231,088 
370,951 
362,325 
501,775 
262,117 
365,126 
449,649 
276,853 
302,433 
207,889 
385,624 
605,563 
276,234 
487,502 
276,274 
305,499 
424,762 
285,058 
546,955 
366,259 
454,727 
312,882 
555,809 
357,846 
547,249 
257,350 
304,271 
573,645 
315,355 
284,918 
244,043 
412,497 
295,384 
470,768 
316,189 
287,003 
346.400 
141,733 
477,270 
594,382 
345,245 
255,969 
361,765 
424,366 
317,701 
449,743 
427,250 
297,550 
1,026,417 
398,641 
443,688 
664,654 
589,438 
446,398 
244,170 
164,325 
561,859 
447,019 
482,024 
343,29S 
538,507 
466,888 
1,106,891 
720,525 
325,881 
449,582 
304,105 
552,706 
346,614 
242,184 
323,404 
246,071 
341,312 
283,002 
293,011 
411,034 
355,237 


33,540,910 


Chief  towns,  with  their  popu 
lalion. 


Bourg-en  Bresse,  9,528. 

Laon,  8,230. 

Moulins,  15,231. 

Digne,  6,365. 

Gap,  7,854. 

Privas,  4,219. 

Mezieres,  4,083. 

Foix,  4,699. 

Troyes,  25,563. 

Carcassone,  18,907. 

Rhodes,  9,685. 

Marseilles,  146,289. 

Caen,  41,876. 

Aurillac,  10,889. 

Angouleme,  16,910. 

Rochelle,  14,857. 

Bourges. 

Tulle,  9,700. 

Ajaccio,  9,003. 

Dijon,  24,817. 

Saint  Brierog,  11,332. 

Gueret,  4,796. 

Perigeux,  11,576. 

Bencon,  29,718. 

Valence,  10,967. 

Evreux,  10,287. 

Chartres,  14,750. 

Quimper,  9,715. 

Nismes,  43,036. 

Toulouse.  77,372. 

Auch,  10,461. 

Bordeaux,  98,705. 

Montpellier,  35,506 

Rennes,  35,552. 

Chateauroux,  13,847. 

Tours,  26,699. 

Grenoble,  23,969. 

Lons-le-Saulnier,  7,684. 

Mont  de  Marsan,  4,082. 

Blois,  13,623. 

Montbrison,  6,266. 

Le  Puy,  14,924. 

Nantes,  75.895. 

Orleans,  40,272. 

Cahors,  12,417. 

Agen,  13,399. 

Mende,  5,909. 
Angers',  35,901. 
Saint  Lo,  9,065. 
Chalons,  12,952. 
Chaumont,  6,318. 
Laval,  17,810. 
Nancy,  31,445. 
Bar  le  Due,  12,383. 
Vannes,  11,623. 
Metz,  42,793. 
Nevers,  16,967. 
Lille,  72,005. 
Beauvais,  13,082. 
Alencon,  13,934. 
Arras,  23,485. 
Clermont-ferrand,  32,427. 
Pau,  12,607. 
Tarbes,  12,630. 
Perpignan,  17,618. 
Strasbourg,  57,885. 
Col  mar,  15,958. 
Lyons,  150,814. 
Vesoul,  5,887. 
Macon.  11,944. 
Le  Mans,  23,164. 
Paris,  909,126. 
Rouen,  92,083. 
Mel  un,  6,846. 
Versailles,  29,209 
Niort,  18,197. 
Amiens,  46,129. 
Alby,  11,801. 
Montaubon,  23,865 
Draguignan,  9,794. 
Avignon,  31,786. 
Bourbon  Vendee,  5,257. 
Poitiers,  22,000. 
Limoges,  29'706. 
Epinal,  9,526. 
Auxerre,  11,575. 


329 


FRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY 


FRA 


The  foregoing  tabular  view  of  France  was  taken 
from  Black's  Atlas,  1841,  and  gives,  no  doubt,  the 
most  recent  and  correct  statistical  view  of  that 
kingdom  yet  published  in  the  United  States. 

Progressive  population  of  France. 
1700         -  19,669,320 
1762         -  -  -  21,769,163 

1784  ....  24,800,000 
1789  -  25,065,883 
1802  -  27,349,000 
1806  ....  29,107,425 
1820  -  30,461,875 
1826  ....  31,858,937 
1831         -  -  -  -  32,569,223 

1836         ...  -  33,540,910 

1842         ....  34,194,875 

Progression,  170  per  cent,  in  142  years. 

The  population  of  France  has  not  only  in- 
creased within  the  last  century,  but  the  com- 
parative increment  has  also  increased.  During 
the  eighteenth  century,  the  mean  annual  in- 
crease on  1,000,000  was  3,199;  since  1800, 
a  similar  increase  amounted  to  5,962,  according 
to  the  best  data,  and  the  aggregate  annual  increase 
190,000. 

Before  the  revolution  of  1789,  France  was  divi- 
ded into  33  governments  or  provinces,  of  very  un- 
equal extent,  which  were  subdivided  into  general- 
ities and  sub-delegations.  It  is  now  divided  into 
86  departments  or  prefectures,  named  mostly  after 
their  principal  river,  mountain,  or  some  other  nat- 
ural feature.  These  departments  are  divided  into 
363  sub  prefectures  or  arrondissemcnts  ;  these  into 
2,845  cantons,  and  these  into  38,623  communes. 
Each  department  is  under  the  charge  of  a  prefect, 
each  arrondissement  of  a  sub-prefect,  and  each 
commune  of  a  maire,  besides  other  officers  ol  va- 
rious rank$  and  duties. 

France,  Isle  of,  or  Mauritius,  island  in  the  In- 
dian ocean,  200  leagues  E.  of  Madagascar.  It 
was  early  discovered  by  the  Portuguese.  After 
them  the  Dutch  settled  on  the  SE.  shore,  and 
gave  it  the  name  of  Mauritius,  in  honor  of  prince 
Maurice,  their  stadtholder ;  but  they  abandoned  it 
on  their  acqusition  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
It  then  remained  uninhabited  till  the  French  land- 
ed there  in  1720.  This  island  is  about  45  leagups 
in  circumference.  The  climate  is  healthy,  but  the 
joil  not  very  fertile.  There  are  many  mountains, 
which  produce  the  best  ebony  in  the  world.  The 
valleys  are  well  watered  with  rivers,  and  are  made 
very  productive  by  cultivation,  of  which  indigo  is 
the  principal  object.  The  town  and  harbor  are 
called  Port  Louis,  and  are  strongly  fortified  ;  the 
town  is  large,  and  covers  a  great  deal  of  ground. 
But  in  the  hurricane  months  the  harbor  cannot 
afford  shelter  for  more  than  eight  vessels.  Here 
are  large  storehouses,  and  every  thing  necessary  for 
the  equipment  of  fleets.  The  number  of  inhab 
itanls  on  the  island,  exclusive  of  the  military,  is 
8,000  whites  and  12,000  blacks.  Lon.  57  28  E., 
lat.  20  9  S. 

Frances,  port  of  Colombia,  in  Venezuela,  near 
Cape  Codera. — See  Codera,  in  the  Addenda. 

Franceslown,  town  and  tp.,  Hillsborough  co., 
N.  H.,  15  rns.  NW.  of  Amherst,  and  about  55 
W.  of  Portsmouth.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,479. 

Franchc  Comte,  late  province  of  France,  bound- 
330 


ed  on  the  N.  by  Lorraine,  on  the  E.  by  Alsace  an 
Switzerland,  on  the  W.  by  Burgundy,  and  on  th 
S.  by  Bresse.  It  is  126  ms.  in  length  and  80  i 
breadth,  and  abounds  in  com,  wine,  cattle,  horse 
mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  lead.  It  was  conquere 
by  France  in  1674,  and  ceded  to  it  by  the  treaty  ( 
Nimeguen  in  1678.  It  now  comprehends  th 
three  departments  of  Doubs,  Jura,  and  Upp< 
Saone. 

Franchemont,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bisl: 
opric  of  Liege,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Liege. 

Francis,  village  of  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Mo. 

Francisburg,  village,  Union  co.,  Ky.,  by  poi 
road  *40  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Francisco,  Rio,  large  river  of  Brasil,  rises  i 
the  Capitania  general  of  Minaes  Geraes,  lat.  19  8. 
and  flowing  a  little  E.  of  N.,  nearly  parallel  t 
the  Atlantic  coast,  to  lat.  14°  S.  It  thence  grari 
ually  curves  to  NE.,  E.  and  SE.  by  E.,  falls  int 
the  Atlantic  at  lat.  11°  S.,  after  an  entire  compar 
ative  course  of  upwards  of  1,000  ms. 

Frangois,  River,  U.  C,  runs  SW.  from 
Nipissing  into  Lake  Huron.   It  has  several 
ages  ;  that  nearest  to  Lake  Nipissing  is  called  P 
age  de  Trois  Chaudiers ;  in  length  about  h 
mile. 

Frangois,  village,  Wayne  co.,  Mo. 

Frangois,  Cape,  fine  town  in  the  N.  part  of 
island  of  St.  Domingo,  belonging  to  the  F 
who  often  call  it  the  Cape,  by  way  of  cmin 
It  was  almost  ruined  by  the  dreadful  commo 
which  attended  tbe  French  revolution.  Lon. 
C.  4  42  E.,  lat.  19  46  N. 

Fra?iconia,  former  circle  of  Germany,  bou 
on  the  N.  by  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  on 
E.  by  that  of  Bavaria,  on  the  S.  by  that  of 
bia,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  circles  of  the  Rh 
The  middle  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits 
the  borders  are  full  of  woods  and  barren 
tains.  The  Franks,  who  conquered  France,  c 
from   this  province,  and  gave  the  name  to 

kingdom.  Town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  on 

waters  of  Amonoosuck  river,  15  ms  NE.  fro 
Haverhill.  The  tp.  is  remarkable  for  the  abun 
dance  and  excellence  of  its  iron  ores.  There  ar 
two  companies  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  iroi 
on  a  large  scale;  the  N.  H.  Iron  Factory  Compa 
ny,  and  the  Haverhill  and  Franconia  Company 
The  former  manufacture  weekly  from  12  to  1 5  ton 
of  iron  and  steel,  and  the  latter,  though  (0 
smaller  scale,  do  extensive  business;  the  whol 
forming  one  of  the  most  extensive  establishment 

of  the  kind  in  the  U.  S.  Tp.,  Montgomer 

co.j'Penn.,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  NE.  braiuh  i 
Perquioming  creek.    Pop.  in  J  820,  848. 

Franeker,  or  Franker,  town  of  the  kingdom  c 
the  Netherlands,  in  Friesland,  with  an  university 
7  ms.  W.  of  Le warden.  Lon.  5  33  E.,  lat.  5 
11  N. 

Frankendal,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palati 
nate  of  the  Rhine,  near  the  river  Rhine,  7  ins  S 
of  Worms.    Lon.  8  29  E.,  lat.  49  25  N. 

Frankenstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  -the  palati 
nate  of  the  Rhine.    Lon.  7  55  E.,  lat.  49  18  ft 

Frankford,  tp.  of  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  5  ms. IN 

from  Newtown.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,008.-  Tow 

and  borough,  Philadelphia  co.,  5  ms.  NE.  froi 
the  centre  of  Philadelphia.  The  Friends  Asylui 
for  the  Insane  is  about  a  mile  from  this  borougl) 


FRA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  FRA 


op.  in  1820,  1,405.  Village,  Greenbrier  co., 

a.,  74  ms.  NNW.  from  Christiansburg,  and  313 

/.  from  Richmond.  Hampshire  co.,  Va. — 

ee  Frankfort,  Morgan  co.,  Va. 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  ancient  and  free  ini- 
tial city  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Franco- 
is, in  which  the  emperor  is  elected.  All  religions 
e  tolerated  at  Frankfort,  under  certain  restric- 
ts; but  Lutheranism  is  the  established  faith.  It 
seated  on  the  river  Maine,  15  ms.  NE.  of 
entz,  and  350  W.  by  N.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  8 
)  E.,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  flourishing  city  of  Ger- 
any,  in  the  middle  marche  of  Brandenburg,  for- 
erly  imperial,  but  now  subject  to  the  king  of 
ussia.  It  is  remarkable  for  three  great  fairs 
d  its  university.  It  is  45  ms.  SE.  of  Berlin, 
id  78  S.  of  Stetin.  Lon.  14  39  E.,  lat.  52 
S  N. 

Frankfort,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
ht  bank  of  Penobscot  river.  At  this  place  win- 
navigation  terminates,  26  ins.  N.from  Castine. 

>p.  in  1820,  2,129,  Town,  Herkimer  co., 

.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,685.  Town,  Frank- 

co.,  Ky.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kentucky 
er.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  State,  and  contains, 
sides  the  ordinary  buildings  necessary  for  legisla- 
te purposes,  a  co.  court-house,  penitentiary,  an 
idemy,  theatre,  &c.  At  seasons  of  high  waters, 
amboats  of  300  tons  are  navigated  to  this  town 
:d  to  New  Frankfort,  a  flourishing  village  oppo- 
e.  The  progressive  pop.  of  this  town  is  shown 
the  annexed  table : 
Pop.  in  1810 — 

ee  whites,  males      -  -  -  431 

o.     do.    females    -  -  -  255 

1  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 
taxed  - 


Total  pop.  in  1810 
Pop.  in  1820— 
ee  white  males 
•o.    do.  females 

Total,  whites 
,ee  persons  of  color,  males 

Do.        do.        females  - 
ives,  males  - 
)o.  females 

I  other  persons,  except  Indians, 
taxed  ... 


6 
407 


1,092 


497 
387 


not 


884 
36 
43 

311 

332 

74 


,  Pa.  

Va.,  on 


1,679 
1,679 
1,917 
Village 
Patter- 


Total  pop.  in  1820 

jgregate  in  1830       -  * 
Do.  1840 

Frankfort,  village,  Beaver  co 

1  seat  of  justice,  Morgan  co., 
!  i's  creek,  a  branch  of  Potomac,  a  little  W.  of 
;  12  ms.  from   Cumberland,  Md.  Village, 

anklin  co.,  111.,  47  ms.,  NW.  by  W.  from 
Jawneetown,  and  65  SE.  by  E.  from*Kaskaskia. 

—Village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  great 
Id  from  Wheeling  to  Zanesville,  15  ms.  E.  from 

(>mbridge  Village,  Concord  tp.,  Ross  co., 

'lio,  standing  on  the  ground  of  old  Chillicothe, 

ms.  NW.  of  the  city  of  Chillicothe. 

Franklin,    See  St  Thomas. 

Franklin,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  by  the 


post  road  45  ms.  NW.  from  Montpelier.  Co., 

Vt.,  bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by  Or- 
leans co.,  Vt,  S.  by  Chittenden,  and  W.  by  Lake 
Champlain;  length  30,  mean  width  27,  area  810 
sq.  ms.  The  eastern  part  mountainous,  hilly  in 
the  central  and  western  sections ;  soil  varied  in 
quality,  but  on  the  streams  in  many  places  highly 
fertile.  Chief  town  St.  Albans.  Pop.  in  1820, 
17,192;  and  in  1840,  24,531.    Central  lat.  44 

48  N  ,  lon.  W.  C.  4  12  E.  Co.,  Mass.,  on 

both  sides  of  Connecticut  river,  bounded  N.  by 
Windham  co.,  Vt.,  and  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  E. 
by  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  S.  by  Hampshire,  and 
W,  by  Berkshire;  length  36  ms.,  mean  width  18, 
area  about  650  sq.  ms.  Surface  highly  and  ele- 
gantly variegated.  Connecticut  river  divides  the 
co.  into  two  nearly  equal  portion?,  and  each  of 
these  sections  is'  again  divided  by  the  two  fine 
little  rivers,  Miller's  to  the  E.,  and  Deerfleld  to  the 
W.  Detached  though  not  very  elevated  moun- 
tains decorate  the  various  parts.  The  soil,  espe- 
cially near  the  streams,  is  highly  productive  in 
grain,  fruits,  and  meadow  grasses.  Chief  town 
Greenfield.  Pop.  1820,  29,268,  and  in  1840, 
28,812.    Central  lat.  42  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  25 

E  Town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  10  ms.  SW. 

from  Dedham.  Town,  New  London  co.,  Ct., 

on  the  right  side  of  Shetucket,  5  ms.  above  Nor- 
wich. Co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Lower  Canada 

N.,by  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y.,  E.,  by  Essex  SE.,  by 
Hamilton  S.,  and  by  St.  Lawrence  W.  ;  length 
60  ms.,  mean  width  27£,  area  1,665  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face mountainous  towards  the  S.,  in  the  central 
and  northern  parts  level  and  swampy,  interspersed 
with  hills  and  with  some  spots  of  good  land. 
Chief  town  Melone.  Pop.  1820,  4,439,  and  in 
1840,  16,518.    Central  lat.  44  35  N.,  Ion.  W. 

C,  2  45  E.  Town  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

Oleout  creek  and  Susquehannah  river,  15  ms.  W. 
from  Delhi.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,481.  Tp.,  Som- 
erset co.,  N.  J.    Pop.   1820,   3,071.  Tp., 

Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.  Tp.,  Bergen  co.,  N.  J. 

Pop.  1820,2,968. 

Franklin,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  S.  by  Washington 
co.,  Md.,  W.  by  Bedford,  NW.  by  Huntingdon, 
N.  by  Mifflin,  NE.  by  Perry  and  Cumberland, 
and  E.  by  Adams ;  length  30  ms.,  mean  width 
25,  area  756  sq.  ms.  The  surface  of  this  co.  is 
highly  diversified  by  mountains,  hills,  and  valleys. 
It  is  limited  by  mountains  on  two  sides;  on  the 
W.  and  N.  margin  extend  the  Cove  mountain, 
Tuscarora,  and  North  mountains,  and  on  the  SE. 
the  S.  mountain,  with  the  truly  fine  valley  of  the 
Conecocheague  and  Conedogwinet  intervening. 
Those  two  large  creeks  form  nearly  a  boundary 
between  the  limestone  and  slate  formations,  leaving 
the  latter  to  the  NW.,  and  the  former  to  the  SE. 
The  soil  of  those  great  rock  formations  differs  es- 
sentially, the  limestone,  in  the  present  state  of 
agricultural  science,  being  much  the  most  produc- 
tive in  the  growth  of  valuable  cultivated  vegetables. 
Franklin  co.  produces,  as  staples,  grain,  flour,  whis- 
key, apples,  cider,  live  stock,  and  salted  provisions. 
Its  commercial  outlet,  Baltimore.  Chief  town 
Chambersburg.  Pop.  1820,  31, 192,  and  in  1840, 
37,793.  Central  lat.  39  55  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  40' 
West. 

Franklin,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Venango 
county,    Pennsylvania,    on  the  right   bank  of 

331 


FRA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FRA 


French  creek  'and  Alleghany  river,  at  their  junc- 
tion, about  70  miles  north  from  Pittsburg.  Lat. 

41  22  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  50  W.  Tp.,  Adams 

co.,  Pa.,  in  the  forks  of  Marsh  creek,  on  both 
sides  of  the  road  from  Gettysburg  to  Chambers- 
burg,  7  or  8  ms.  from  the  former.  Tp.,  York 

co.,  Pa.,  on  the  head  waters  of  Bermudian  creek, 
branch  of  Conewago,  between  the  two  roads  from 
Little  York  to  Carlisle,  20  ms.  from  the  former. 
-Tp.,  in  the  northern  part  of  Huntingdon  co., 


open  pine  woods.  Staple,  cotton.  Chief  tow 
Franklin.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,881 ;  and  in  184 
4,775.    Central  lat  31  32  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  14 

W.  Village,  Franklin  co.,  Miss.,  25  ms.  S 

by  E.  from  Natchez.  Village,  on  the  Tec 

river,  in  St.  Mary's  parish,  Attacapas,  La.  

Co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  S.  by  Ala.,  W.  by  Lincoi 
NW.  by  Bedford,  NE.  by  Warren,  and  SE. 
Marion  ;  length  42  ms.,  mean  width  28,  area  6 
sq.  ms.    Surface  mountainous  and  hilly  ;  soil  f 


Pa.,  between  Little  Juniata  and  Spruce  creek,  14  tile.    It  is  principally  watered  by  the  heads  of  I 


ms.  NW.  from  Huntingdon.  Tp.,  Fayette  co., 

Pa.,  between  Youghiogany  river  and  Redstone 
creek,  and  between  Washington  and  Dunbar,  com- 
mencing 5  ms.  N.   from  Uniontown.  Tp., 

Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  extending  from  the  head 
branch  of  Poketon's  creek,  falling  into  Alleghany 
river,  to  the  road  from  Greensburg  to  Pittsburg, 


river.  Chief  town,  Winchester.  Pop.  in  185 
16,571;  and  in  1840,  12,033.    Central  lat. 

13  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9°  W.  Village  and  ft 

of  justice,  Williamson  co.,  Tenn.,  on  Harpt 

river,  17  miles  S.  from  Nashville.  Co.,  K- 

bounded  by  Mercer  and  Washington  S.,  She! 
SW.,  Owen  N.,  and  Scott  and  Woodfo.d  E 


across  the  head  waters  of  the  northern  branch  of  length  40  ms.,  width  12  ms.,  area  270  sq,  n 


Turtle  creek.    Marysville,  near  its  centre,  11  m 

NW.  from  Greensburg.  Tp.,  Greene  co.,  Pa., 

on  the  S.  fork  of  Ten  Mile  creek;  Waynesburg, 

the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co.,  is  in  this  tp.  Co., 

Va.,  bounded  by  Pittsylvania  E.,  part  of  Henry 
SE.,  part  of  Henry  and  Patrick  S.,  the  Blue 
Ridge  or  Montgomery  W.,  Botetourt  N.,  and 
Bedford  NE.;  length  28  ms.,  mean  width  24, 
area  about  670  sq.  ms.  Although  bounded  on  two 
sides  by  mountains,  this  co.  is  rather  waving  than 
hilly.  Soil  generally  fertile.  Staples,  grain,  flour, 
and  tobacCo.  Chief  town  Rocky  Mount.  Pop. 
1820,   12,017,  and  in  1840,  15,832.  Central 

lat.  36  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  45  west.  Village, 

Pendleton  co.,  Va.,  on  the  middle  fork  of  the  S. 
branch  of  Potomac,  40  ms.  SW.  from  Moorfields, 

and  80  ms.  NW.  from  Staunton.  Village, 

Russel  co.,  Va.,  on  Cedar  creek,  branch  of  Chinch 

river,  17  ms.  N.  from  Abingdon.  Co.,  N.  C, 

bounded  SW.  by  Washington,  Granville  NW., 
Warren  NE.,  and  Nash  SE.;  length  26  ms., 
mean  width  20,  area  540  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  moder- 
ately hilly  ;  soil  in  part  fertile,  though  generally 
rather  unproductive  between  the  streams, 
drained  by  various  branches  of  Tar  river. 


Surface  moderately  hilly;  soil  fertile.  Chief  tov 
Frankfort.    Pop.  in  1820,  11,024  ;  and  in  184 

9,420. — See  Frankfurt.  Village,  Simpson  c 

Ky.  Tp.,  Warren  co.,  O.    The  post  village 

Franklin,  Warren  co.,  O.,  is  represented  on  ma] 
and  in  some  books,  as  being  on  the  bank  of  Gn 
Miami,  which  is  true,  but  it  is  rather  on  the  Mia 
canal,  which  passes  through  it.   It  is  a  very  fine  \ 

lage,  10  ms.  NNW.  from  Lebanon.  Tp.j  t 

shocton  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1 820,  3*5.  N  W.  t| 

Stark  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  388.  Tp.,  C 

lumbiana  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  620. — 

Licking  co.,  O.  Pop.  in  1820,  713.  Tp., 

son  co.,  O.    Pop.  1820,  536.  Tp.,  Ri 

co.,  O.    Pop.  1820,  360.  Co.,  Ia.,  bo 

by  the  State  of  Ohio  E.,  Delaware  and  Riple 
S.,  Fayette  W.,  and  Wayne  N.  ;  length  24  m 
mean  width  21,  area  about  540  sq.  ms.  Surfs 
moderately  hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Chief  tow 
Brookville.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,763;  and  in  184 
13,349.    Central  lat.  39  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 

W.  Village,  Johnson  co.,  Ia.,  about  40  ms. 

from  Indianapolis.  Co.,  III.,  bounded  byJoh 

It  is  I  son  and  Union  S.,  Jackson  and  Randolph  V\ 
Chief  i  Jefferson  N.,  White  and  Gallatin  E. ;  length 


town  Lewisburg.  Pop.  1820,  9,741,  and  in  1040,  ms.,  width  24,  area  934  sq.  ms.  Surface  gene 
10,980.  Central  lat.  36°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  20  ally  level,  and  soil  productive.  It  is  principa 
W.  Village,  Haywood  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  | drained  by  the  higher  waters  of  Muddy  riv< 


road  313  ms.  W.   from  Raleigh  Co.,  Ga., 

bounded  by  Elbert  and  Madison  E.,  Jackson  SW., 
Habersham  NW.,  and  Tugaloo  river,  or  S.  C, 
NE.;  length  36  ms.,  mean  width  23,  area  about 
940  sq.  ms.  Surface  broken,  and  soil  varied. 
Chief  town  Carnesville.  Pop.  1820,  9,040,  and 
in  1840,  9,886.  Central  lat.  34  23  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  6  30  W. 

Franklin,  co.,  Ala.,  bounded  N.  by  Tennessee 
river,  E.  by  Lawrence,  S.  by  Marion,  and  W.  by 
the  territory  of  the  Chickasaws  ;  length  32  ms., 
mean  width  21  ms.,  area  670  sq.  ms.  Surface 
hilly  and  broken  ;  soil  productive.  Staple,  cotton. 
Chief  town,  Russellville.  Pop.  in  1820,4,988; 
and  in  1840,  6,942.    Central  lat.  34  32  N.,  Ion. 

W.  C.  10  30  W.  Co.,  Miss.,  bounded  S.  by 

Amite,  SW.  by  Wilkinson,  W.  by  Adams,  N.  by 
Jefferson,  and  NE.  by  the  New  Purchase  ;  length 
46  ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  920  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face hilly,  but  without  stone.  Soil  on  the  streams 
very  productive.  In  the  eastern  and  northern  parts 
of  the  co.  the  intervals  between  the  watercourses. 
332 


Pop.  in  1820,  1,763;  and  in  1840,  3,682.  Ce 
tral  latitude  37  50  N.,  longitude  Washington  c; 

11  50  W.  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Howa 

county,   Missouri,  on  the  left  bank  of  Missoi 

river,  180  ms.  by  land  above  St.  Louis.  ■& 

Mo.,  bounded  N.  by  Missouri  river,  E.by  St.  Lc 
is  and  Jefferson,  S.  by  Washington,  and  W. 
Wayne  ;  length  33  ms.,  mean  width  30,  area  9 
sq.  ms.  That  part  of  this  co.  adjacent  to  the  M 
souri  river  rather  level,  and  interspersed  with  pr. 
ries.  The  southern  part,  drained  by  the  Merrim 
river,  hilly,  broken,  and  in  great  part  steri 
Much  of  the  soil  near  the  Missouri  excellent.  Ch 
town,  Rogerstown.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,379.  Ce 

tral  lat.  38  10  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  13  40  W.  P< 

office,  Concordia  parish,  La.,  by  post  road,  1 

ms.  from  New  Orleans.  Co.,  O.,  bounded  V 

by  Madison,  Union  NW.,  Delaware  N.,  Licki 
NE.,  Fairfield  SE.,  and  Pickaway  S.  It  is  neai 
a  square  of  23  ms.  each  side ;  area  530  sq.  n 
Darby  creek  flows  along  the  western  border,  b 
the  body  of  the  co.  is  drained  by  the  Seiofo,  Wh< 


FRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FRE 


jne,  Big  Walnut,  and  other  confluents  of  the 
ain  Scioto.  The  slope  is  almost  directly  S.,  and 
rface  level,  much  of  it  low  and  wet;  part,  indeed, 
sing  into  benches,  but  nearly,  if  not  the  whole, 
mprised  of  alluvion  or  mixed  sand,  pebbles,  and 
iy.    There  are  within  the  county  very  fertile 


the  road  from  Canton  to  Warren,  20  ins.  NW.  of 
the  former,  and  about  35  NE.  of  the  latter  place. 

 Co.  of  Md.,  bounded  by  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  N. ; 

Carroll  co.,  Md.,  E.;  Montgomery  co.,  Md.,  SE., 
Potomac  river  separating  it  from  Loudon  co.,  Va., 
SW.  ;  and  Washington  co.,  Md.,  W.  ;  length,  in 
icts,  but  in  general  the  land  suits  better  for  grazing  |  a  very  near  due  N.  direction,  33  ms.  from  the 
;an  farming.    Columbus,  beside  being  the  seat  of  mouth  of  Monocacy  river  to  the  Pa.  line  ;  mean 

breadth  1 8,  and  area  594  sq.  ms.  The  slope  of 
this  county  is  to  the  S.,  and  in  that  direction  trav- 
ersed in  all  its  length  by  the  Monocacy  river  and 
Catoctin  mountain.  TheCatoctin  creek/which  rises 
in  it  also  from  very  nearly  S.  Chief  town,  city  of 
Frederick.  Carroll  co.  was,  subsequent  to  1820, 
formed  in  part  from  Frederick,  which  explains  the 
apparent  diminution  of  population  ;  aggregate  pop- 
ulation of  Frederick  county  in  1820,  being  40,450 ; 
land  in  1840,  36,405. 


e  State  Government,  is  the  county  seat  of  Frank- 
i,  and  very  near  the  centre  of  the  county.  In 
it  may  be  interesting  to  observe  that  40°  N. 
d  6°  W.  of  W.  C.  intersect  about  5  ms.  NW. 
»m  Columbus.    Pop.  in  1820,  10,300;  in  1830, 

,756  ;  and  in  1840,  25,049.  Tp.,  Ross  co., 

,  on  the  road  from  Chillicothe  to  Portsmouth. 
Franklin  Furnace  and  post  office,  in  Greene 
,  southeastern  angle  of  Sciota  co.,  16  ms.  above 
d  southeastward  of  Portsmouth. 


Franklin  Square,  village,  Columbiana  co.,  O., 
or  7  ms.  N.  of  New  Lisbon. 
Franklin  Mills,  post  office,  Portage  co.,  O.,  180 
i.  NE.  from  Columbus,  and  4  or  5  ms.  west 
trd  of  Ravenna. 

Franklinton,  village,  Franklin  co.,  O.,  1  m.  W.  of 
'ilumbus,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  national  road 
',ie  Scioto  river  is  crossed  between  the  two  places 
\ox\e.  of  the  most  substantial  and  elegant  bridges  in 
I  U.  States.  The  ground  on  which  Franklinton 
jjnds  is  considerably  lower,  and  much  more  flat 

in  is  the  site  of  Columbus;  and  that  is  the  case 
<ith  the  land  along  the  western  side  of  Scioto  river 
k  some  distance  above  and  below  both  towns, 
jp.  in  1830,  332. 

Franklinvillf,  village,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y., 
li  post  road  289  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 
Frankstown-branch,  river,  Penn.  ;  the  NW. 
inch  of  Juniata  rises  in  Bedford  co.,  and  flowing 
about  20  ms.  enters  Huntingdon  co.,  turns  E 
d  SE.  joins  Raystown  branch  2  ms.  below  the 
rough  of  Huntingdon,  and  forms  the  Juniata. 
Frankstown,  tp.,  Huntingdon  county,  Pa.,  on 
ankstown  river,  20  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Hunt- 
?don.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,297,  exclusive  of  Hoi- 

aysburg  and  Frankstown.  Village,  Hunting- 

rj  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Frankstown  river, 
d  20  ms.  nearly  W.  from  Huntingdon,  Pop.  in 
■20,  101. 

Frauenfield,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
mrgau.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  and  was 
3  place  where,  since  1712,  the  deputies  of  the 
/iss  cantons  held  their  general  diet.  Lon.  8  56 
,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Fraustadt,  town  of  Silesia,  20  miles  NW.  of 

ogaw.    Lon.  16  3  E.,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Frazersburg,  small  town  of  Scot.,  in  Aberdeen- 
'  re,  on  the  German  ocean,  with  a  tolerable  har- 
r.  It  is^seated  close  by  a  promontory  called  Kin- 
■  ird's  Head,  on  which  is  a  light-house,  40  ms.  N. 
i  Aberdeen.    Lon.  1  37  W.,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Fradenburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  50  ms.  W.  of 
'ssel.    Lon.  8  16  E.,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Frederica,  village,  Kent  co.,  Del.,  12  ms.  E. 

Im  Dover.    Pop.  in  1820,  250.  Village,  on 

:  Simon's  island,  Glynn  co.,  Ga.,  at  the  mouth 
•'Alatamaha  river. 

Frederick,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
iht  side  of  Perkiomen,  9  ms.  NE.  from  Potts- 

Wn.    Pop.  in  1820,  927.  Post  office,  Milton 

I,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Trumbull  co.,  on 


For  lat.,  see  Frederick 

City.  Co.  of  Va.,  between  the  Blue  Ridge 

and  the  continuation  of  the  Kittaninny  mountain, 
bounded  by  Loudon  and  Fauquier  NE.,  Shenan- 
doah SW.,  Hampshire  NW.,  and  Berkley  and 
Jefferson  NE. ;  length  38  ms.,  mean  width  22,  area 
736  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and  in  part  mountain- 
ous. Soil  excellent  for  grain  and  orchard  fruits. 
Chief  town,  Winchester.  Pop.  in  1820,  24,706; 
and  in  1840,  14,242.  Central  lat.  39  12,  lon.  W. 
C,  1°  12'  W. 

Frederick,  city,  and  seat  of  justice,  Frederick  co., 
Md.,  near  the  western  side  of  the  river  Monocacy, 
NNW.  from  Washington  city.  N.  lat.  39  36, 
lon.  18'  W.  of  W.'C.  About  50  ms.,  by  railroad, 
a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Baltimore. 

Llistribulive  population  of  the  city  of  Frederick, 
1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

0  to  5  - 

295 

282 

5  to  10 

260 

237 

10  to  15  - 

247 

260 

15  to  20  - 

252 

276 

20  to  30  - 

260 

398 

30  to  40  - 

267 

252 

40  to  50     -            -  - 

174 

212 

50  to  60  - 

115 

130 

60  to  70  - 

47 

62 

70  to  80     ...  - 

18 

.  20 

80  to  90  - 

4 

8 

90  to  100  - 

1 

1 

100  and  upwards 

0 

0 

1,940 

2,144 

1,940 

Total  whites  - 

1 4,084 

Ac^es. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

0  to  10 

79 

85 

49 

48 

10  to  24 

64 

90 

59 

105 

24  to  36 

29 

68 

33 

32 

36  to  55 

56 

65 

22 

24 

55  to  100  - 

23 

45 

8 

11 

100  and  upwards 

2 

0 

0 

253 

354 

171 

220 

253 

171 

Total  - 

607  | 

391 

333 


FRE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  FRE 


Total  whites 
Total  free  colored 
Total  slaves 

Aggregate 


4,084 
607 
391 

5,082 


Frederick  Point,  Upper  Canada,,  is  on  the  E. 
side  of  Kingston  harbor,  and  on  the  W.  side  of 
Haldimand  cove,  which  is  made  by  it  and  Point 
Henry. 

Fredericksburg,  Danish  fort  on  the  Gold  coast 
of  Guinea,  near  Cape  Three  Points,  62  miles 
WSW.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle.    Lon.  1  5  W.,  lat. 

4  30  N.  Village,  Spottsylvania  co.,  Va.,  on 

the  S.  side  of  the  river  Rappahannock,  66  ms.  N. 
from  Richmond,  and  62  SW.  from  Washington. 
This  is  a  very  advantageously  situated  and  pros- 
perous commercial  port.  Vessels  of  about  140  tons 
can  come  up  to  the  foot  of  the  falls.  Its  staples 
are  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco,  calculated  to  exceed 
an  annual  average  of  $4,000,000.  Its  public  in- 
stitutions are,  two  banks  and  an  academy.  Its  res- 
ident population  about  4,000.  Village,  Galla- 
tin co.,  Ky.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  55 

ms.  below  Cincinnati.  Village,  Salt  Creek  tp., 

in  the  southeastern  part  of  Wayne  co.,  O.,  9  ms. 
SE.  of  Wooster  and  9£  NNE.  of  Millersburg,  in 

Holmes  co.  Tp.  and  village,  Washington  co., 

la.    The  village  is  on  the  right  bank  ol  Great  Blue 

river,  17  ms.  N.  from  Corydon.  Tp.,  co.  of 

Lenox,  U.  C,  lies  to  the  W.  of  Ernest  town,  in 
the  bay  of  Quinte. 

Frcderickshall,  or  Frederickstadt,  seaport  of 
Norway,  in  the  province  of  Aggerhuys,  situated 
on  the  extremity  of  the  Swinesund,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Tist.  This  town  is  51  ms.  SE.  of 
Christiana.    Lon.  10  55  E.,  lat.  59  12  N. 

Fredericksham,  neatly  built  town  of  Russia,  in 
Carelia,  whose  streets  go  off*  like  radii  from  a  cen- 
tre.   It  is  seated  near  the  gulf  of  Finland. 

Frederickstadt,  town  of  Denmark,  in  S.  Jutland, 
seated  on  the  river  Eyder,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Sles- 
wick.    Lon.  9  43  E.,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Frederickstein,  strong  fortress  of  Norway.  It  is 
situated  on  the  summit  of  an  almost  perpendicular 
rock,  near  the  town  of  Frederickshall. 

Frederickton,  or  St.  Anne,  capital  of  New 
Brunswick,  on  St.  John's  river,  at  the.  head  of 
sloop  navigation,  about  90  ms.  above  its  mouth. 

Fredericktown,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Frede- 
rick co.,  Md. — See  Frederick  city.  Village, 

Washington  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Monon- 
gahela  river,  2  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Ten  Mile 

creek,  and  8  above  Brownsville.  Village,  Knox 

co.,  O.,  7  ms.  NW.  from  Mount  Vernon.  This 
is  a  fine  village,  pleasantly  situated,  with  a  popu- 
lation of  from  500  to  600. 

Fredonia,  village,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  for- 
merly Canadaway,  45  ms.  from  Buffalo,  and  45 
from  Erie,  on  the  road  between  the  two  latter 
places,  and  4  ms.  from  Dunkirk,  on  Lake  Erie.  It 
is  a  flourishing  village,  with  a  printing  office  and 

several  stores  Village,  Crawford  co.,  la.,  on 

Ohio  river,  5  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Great  Blue 
river,  and  15  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Corydon. 

Freeburg,  village,  Union  co.,  Pa. 

Freedom,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  28  ms. 
NE.  from  Augusta.     Pop.  in  1820,  788.  Vil- 
lage, Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y  ,  by  post  road  35  ms.  I 
334 


from  Albany.  Village,  Baltimore  co.,  Md  

Village  of  Portage  co.,  O.,  7  ms.  NE.  of  Raveni 
and  about  20  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  War 

Freehold,  village,  Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
kill  creek,  20  ms.  NW.  from  Hudson,  and  27 
from  Albany. 

Freehold,  or  Monmouth,  village  and  seat  of  j 
j  tice,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  15  ms.  SW.  by 
from  Shrewsbury,  and  25  m**.  SE,  by  E.  rVr 
Bordentown.    It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy.  P< 
in  1820,  in  the  tp.,  5,146.    Lat.  40  14/N.  ' 
I  W.  C.  2  45  E. 

Freehold,  Upper,  tp.  of  Monmouth  co, 
W.  from  Monmouth.    Pop.  in  1820,  4,541 
Freeman,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  40  ms. 
!  from  Norridgewock. 

Freeman's  Store,  village,  Jones  co.,  Ga.,  14; 
W.  from  Milledgeville. 

Freeport,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  2 
|  NE.  from  Portland.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,181.— 
j  Village,  Armstrong  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  right  bank 
I  Alleghany  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek, 
j  ms.  below  Kittanning,  and  26  ms.  above  Pitts] 

 Town  and  tp.  in  the  SW.  angle  of  Ha 

co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,194.  Village  i 

i  SW.  part  of  Harrison  co.,  O.,  17  ms.,  SW 
W.  from  Cadiz,  25  rns.  N  W.  by  W.  of  St.  (f 
ville,  25  NE.  by  E.  from  Cambridge,  and  36  ve 

nearly  due  E.  from  Coshocton.  Tp.,  Ontai 

'  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,288. 

Frehel,  cape  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Nor 
Coast,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  13  ms.  \ 
of  St.  Malo.    Lon.  2  20  W.,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Freetown,  principal  place  of  the  British  seltl 
ment  of  Sierra  Leone,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa.- 

See  Sierra  Leone.  Town,  Bristol  co.,  Mas* 

left  side  of  Taunton  river,  40  ms.  S.  from  Bosto 

 .Town,  Cortland  co.,  N.  Y. 

Frejus,  town  of  Provence,  in  Fr.,  now  in  tl 
dep.  of  Var.    By  the  Romans  it  was  called  Foru 
Julii,  and  at  that  time  had  a  good  port  on  the  Mei 
terranean,  which  is  now  above  a  mile  from  it. 
is  seated  near  the  river  Argens,  in  a  morass,  < 
ms.  NE.  of  Toulon.   Lon.  6  50  K.,  lat.  43  261 
French-broad,  river  of  N.  C.  and  Tenn.,  one 
the  branches  of  Tennessee  river,  rises  in  and  drai 
the  whole  of  Buncombe  co.,  in  the  former,  an 
flowing  first  N.,  then  NW.,  enters  the  latter 
Cocke  co.,  over  which  it  passes,  and  receives  tl 
Nolachucky  from  the  left.    It  thence  turns  W 
and  traversing  part  of  Jefferson,  Sevier,  and  Km 
cos.,  joins  the  Holston  15  ms.  above  Knox  ville. 
is  navigable  to  the  mouth  of  Nolachucky. 

French  Creek,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  1 
by  the  post  road  200  ms.  N  W.  from  Albany. — 
Rises  in  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  and,  flowing  SE.,  ente 
Chester  co.,  falls  into  Schuylkill  Tiver,   10  m 

above  Norristown.  NE.  tp.  of  Mercer  co.,  P 

 River,  rises  in  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  an. 

pursuing  a  comparative  course  SW.  20  ms.,  ente 
Pa.,  in  Erie  co.,  and  continuing  SW.  35  ms.  I 
comparative  courses  to  Mead  ville,  there  receives  tl 
Cassawago  from  the  NW.,  turns  to  NE.  25  ms 
and  unites  with  the  Alleghany  river  at  Frankli 
It  is  navigable  as  high  as  the  mouth  of  Bceui  cree 
5  ms.  S.  from  Waterford.    Entire  comparati' 

length,  80  ms.  -Tp.  of  Venango  co.,  Pa.,  alor 

the  right  side  of  French  creek  and  Alleghany  rivei 
above  and  below  Franklin. 


FRI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


FRI 


French  Grant,  village,  Scioto  co.,  O.,  by  the 
pt  road  106  ms.  S.  from  Columbus. 

Frenchman's  Bay,  bay,  and  a  settlement  round 
iin  Lincoln  co.,  Me.  It  was  so  named  from  a 
sail  colony  of  French  established  there  as  early 
al637. 

French  Mills,  now  Fort  Covington,  town, 
Itmklin  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Salmon  river,  8  ms.  E. 
to  St.  Regis. 

French  Mills,  post  office,  Onslow  co.,  N.  C, 
bthe  post  road  158  ms.  SE.  from  Raleigh. 

French  river. — See  Frangois. 

prench,  river,  rises  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  and 
j-is  the  Quinebaug  in  Windham,  Ct. 

?renchton,  village,  Dinwiddie  co.,  Va. 

"renchtown  Landing,  one  mile  S.  from  Elkton, 
("il  co.,  Md. 

?renchtown,  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  territory  on 
ti  left  bank  of  the  river  Raisin,  40  ms.  SSW. 


Ulteriore,  near  the  river  Triapalto,  20  ms.  SE.  of 
Benevento.    Lon.  15  9  E.,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Friedberg,  imperial  town  of  Germany,  in  We- 
teravia,  seated  on  a  mountain,  15  ms.  NE.  of 

Frankfort.  Lon.  8  46  E.,  lat.  50  10  N.  Town 

of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  30  ms.  NW.  of  Munich. 
Lon.  11  10  E.,  lat.  40  23  N.  Town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Misnia,  remarkable  for  its  mines,  and  for 
being  the  burying  place  of  the  princes  of  the  house 
of  Saxony.  It  is  seated  on  the  Multa,  15  ms.  SW. 

of  Dresden.  Lon.  13  36  W.,  lat.  51°  N.  Town 

of  Germany,  in  Thuringia,  seated  on  the  Unstrue, 
30  ms.  W.  of  Leipsick.    Lon.  11  41  E.,  lat.  51 

19  N.  Name  of  two  small  towns  in  Silesia; 

the  one  in  the  duchy  of  Javer,  and  the  other  in  the 
duchy  of  Schweidnitz. 

Friding,  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Danube,  30  ms. 
NE.  of  Constance.    Lon.  9  31  E.,  lat.  48  11  N. 
Fridland,  town  of  Polish  Prussia,  on  the  Pregel 

river,  40  ms.  SE.  from  Koningsberg.  Town  of 

Bohemia,  on  the  confines  of  Silesia,  55  ms.  E.  of 
Dresden.    Lon.  15  15  E.,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Fridlingen,  town  of  Suabia,  3  ms.  E.  of  the 
Lon.  7  36  E.,  lat. 


Uetroit. 

scat/',  town  of  Italy,  in  Champagna  di  Roma, 
ves  its  name  from  the  coolness  of  the  air  and 
verdure  of  the  fields  around.    It  is  built  on 

ins  of  the  ancient  Tusculum  ;  the  Tusculan  J  Rhine,  and  4  N.  of  Basle, 
if  Cicero  is  at  no  great  distance.    Frescali  is]  47  40  N. 
>n  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  12  ms.  SE.  of      Friendly  Islands,  group  of  islands  in  the  South 

Pacific  ocean,  so  named  by  Captain  Cook,  in  1773, 
on  account  of  the  friendship  that  appeared  to  sub- 
10  ms.  NW.  from  Xacatexas.    Lon.  W.  C.  sist  among  the  inhabitants,  and  their  courteous  be- 
W.,  lat.  23  22  N.  |  haviour  to  strangers  ;  a  character  reversed  by  sub- 

udenstadt,  strong  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  sequent  and  more  accurate  observation.  The  gen- 
Forest,  built,  in  1600,  to  defend  the  pas-  eral  appearance  of  these  islands  conveys  an  idea  of 


Lon.  11  42  E.,  lat.  41  48  N. 
nillo,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  State  of  Xaca- 
Lon.  W.  C. 


ito  this  forest.    It  is  12  ms.  SE.  of  Stras- 

Lon.  21°  E.,  lat.  48  28  N. 
ukenshal,  town  of  Silesia,  celebrated  for  its 


the  most  exuberant  fertility  ;  the  surface,  at  a  dis- 
tance, seems  entirely  clothed  with  trees  of  various 
iizes,  some  of  which  are  very  large,  particularly  the 


>f  horses  and  manufacture  of  fine  linen.  Lon.  tall  cocoa  palm,  and  a  species  of  fig  with  narrow 

pointed  leaves.    On  closer  examination,  they  are 
almost  wholly  laid  out  in  plantations,  in  which  are 
some  of  the  richest  productions  of  nature,  such  as 
bread-fruit  and  cocoa-nut  trees,  plantains,  yams, 
berg,  and  the  residence  of  the  mining  super- 1  sugar-canes,  and  a  fruit  like  a  nectarine. — See 
lents  throughout  the  kingdom.  Besides  many  I  Australia,  Polynesia,  &c. 
this  mineral  school  has  been  rendered  illus-!     Friendship,  tp.  of  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  on  the  E. 


E.,  lat.  50  3  N. 
yherg,  kingdom  of  Saxony,  the  most  cele- 
mining  establishment  in  Europe,  19  ms. 
f.  from  Dresden.    It  is  the  capital  of  the 


■us  by  having  produced  Werner,  the  Newton  of 
•jeralogy. — See  Erzgeberg. 

n-ey\s  Bush,  post  office,  Montgomery  co.,  N. 
I)  71  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

7reystadt,  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  co.  of  Nei- 
ti  on  the  Waag,  opposite  Leopoldstadt.   Lon.  18 

'  E.,  lat.  48  32  N.  Town  of  Silesia,  in  the 

I  hy  of  Treschen,  20  ms.  E.  of  Troppaw.  Lon. 
1115  E.,  lat.  50  N. 

)ias,  considerable  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
U  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Ebro,  35 
n  NW.  of  Burgos.     Lon.  3  46  W.,  lat.  42 

Viburg,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Switzerland,  sur- 
r  nded  on  all  sides  by  the  canton  of  Bern.    It  is 

fti'le  in  corn,  fruits,  and  pastures.  Town  of 

S  tzerland,  capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name, 
wed  on  the  river  San,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Bern. 

m.  6  55  E.,  lat,  46  48  N.  Town  of  Suabia, 

I  lal  of  Brisgaw,  remarkable  for  the  steeple  of 
tl| great  church,  and  for  its  university.  The  in- 
hjitauts  are  famous  for  polishing  crystal  and  pre- 
•ijis  stones.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Triser,  10 
«i  E.  of  Brisach,  and  26  S.  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7:7  E.,  lat.  48  10  N. 

'ricenti,  episcopal  town  of  Naple*,  in  Principato 


side  of  Muscongus  bay,  30  ms.  E.  from  Wiscasset. 

 Town,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  SW. 

from  Angelica.  Village,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md. , 

Friendsville,  village,  Susquehannah  co.,  Pa. 
Friesach,  town  of  German}',  in  the  archbishopric 
of  Saltzburg.    It  is  56  ms.  SE.  of  Saltzburg.  Lon. 
14  12  E.,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Friesengen,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a  bish- 
opric of  the  same  name,  in  the  circle  of  Bavaria. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  Iser,  20  ms. 
N.  by  E.  of  Munich.  Loh.  11  50  E.,  lat.  48  26  N. 

Friesland,  one  of  the  provinces  of  the  kingdom 
of  the  Netherlands,  bounded  on  the  N  by  the  Ger- 
man ocean,  on  the  W.  by  the  Zuider-Zee,  on  the 
S.  by  the  same  and  Overyssel,  which  also,  with 
Groningen,  bounds  it  on  the  E.  Lewarden  is  the 
capital. 

Friesland,  East,  province  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  lying  near  the  German  ocean. 
It  is  bounded  on  theS.  by  the  bishopric  of  Munster, 
on  the  E.  by  the  co.  of  Oldenburg,  on  the  W.  by 
the  province  of  Groningen^  and  on  the  N.  by  the 
sea,  being  about  50  ms.  in  length  and  30  in 
breadth.  The  principal  towns  are  Norden,  Leer, 
Essens,  Whitmunde,  and  Aurick.  Erubdcn  was 
an  imperial  city,  and  the  principal  place  in  the 

335 


FRO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


FUI 


country,  but  now  belongs  also  to  the  King  of  Prus- 
sia, who  bought  it  of  the  Dutch. 

Friesland,  West,  another  name  for  that  part  of 
Holland  called  North  Holland.  The  States  of 
Holland  hence  take  the  title  of  the  States  of  Hol- 
land and  West  Friesland. 

Frinwalt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  margravate 
of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  Oder,  30  ms.  NE. 
of  Berlin.    Lon.  14  10  E.,  lat.  52  50  N. 

Frio,  Cape,  promontory  of  Brazil,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Rio  Janeiro.  Lon.  41  31  W.,  lat.  22  54  S. 

Frischaff,  bay  of  the  Baltic  sea,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Vistula. 

Fritalar,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  landgravate 
of  Hesse-Cassel,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Cassel. 

Friuli,  province  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Carinthia,  on  the  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Venice, 
on  the  E.  by  Carniola  and  the  Gulf  of  Trieste, 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Trevisano  and  Bellunese. 
It  is  fertile  in  wine  and  fruits,  and  subject  partly 
to  the  Venetians  and  partly  to  Austria.  Udina  is 
the  capital. 

Frobisher's  Straits,  little  N.  of  Cape  Farewell, 
and  West  Greenland,  discovered  by  Sir  Martin 
Frobisher.    Lon.  42°  VV.,  lat.  63'  N. 

Frodingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  East  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  36  ms.  E.  of  York,  and  194  N.  of 
London.    Lon.  0  12  W.,  lat.  53  56  N. 

Frodsham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire,  near 
the  Mersey,  by  Frodsham  Hills,  the  highest  in  the 
co.,  1 1  ms.  NE.  of  Chester,  and  182  NNW.  of 
London.    Lon.  2  48  W.,  lat.  53  21  N. 

Frog's  Point,  or  Frog's  Neck,  Westchester 
co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Long  Island  sound,  9  ms.  NE. 
from  Harlaem  Heights. 

Frome,  or  Froom,  river  in  Dorsetshire,  which 
comes  from  the  SW.  part  of  the  co.  of  Dorchester, 
and,  proceeding  to  Wareham,  empties  itself  into 
the  bay  that  forms  the  harbor  of  Poole. 

Frome,  river  in  Somersetshire,  which  flows  by 
the  town  of  Frome,  and  unites  with  the  Avon  at 

Bristol.  Town   of  Eng.,   in  Somersetshire. 

Their  chief  manufacture  is  second  cloths.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Frome,  12  ms.  S.  of  Bath,  and  104 
W.  by|S.  of  London.  Lon  2  16  W.,  lat.  51  10N. 

Fronde,  from  the  French,  a  sling.  The  war 
of  "The  Fronde,"  so  called,  arose  in  France,  un- 
der the  reign  of  Louis  XIV,  between  the.  partisans 
of  the  Parliament  and  the  Minister  Mazarin — 
why,  history  has  not  clearly  shown  ;  but  the  ori- 
gin, whatever  it  was,  branded  the  party  opposed 
to  Government  with  the  epithet  Frondeurs,  and 
gave  a  term  to  the  French  language  to  designate 
discontented  politicians. 

Fronsac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Girondr, 
and  late  province  of  Guienne,  seated  on  the  Dor- 
dogne,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  0  16  W., 
lat.  45  4  N. 

Front  eira,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  19 
ms.  NE.  of  Estremos. 

Frontera,  San  Juan  de  la,  town  of  the  United 
Provinces  of  Buenos  Ay  res,  about  100  ms  N.  by 
by  E.  from  Mendoza.  Lon.  W.  C.  8  24  E.,  lat. 
31  17  S. 

Frontigniac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  He- 
rault,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  remarkable 
for  its  excellent  muscadine  wines.  It  is  seated 
on  Lake  Maguleone,  14  ms.  SW.  of  Montpelier. 
Lon.  3  48  E.,  lat.  43  46  N. 
336 


Frontenac,  co.,  U.  C,  bounded  on  the  E.  I 
the  co.  of  Leeds,  on  the  S.  by  Lake  Ontario,  ( 
the  W.  by  the  tp.  of  Ernest,  running  J\.  24°  V 
until  it  intersects  the  Ottawa  or  Grand  river,  ai 
thence  descending  that  river  until  it  meets  tl 
northwesternmost  boundary  of  the  co.  of  Lerds. 

Frontenac,  fort.    See  Kingston. 

Frostberg,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  situa 
on  the  national  road,  10  ms.  W.  from  Cumbe 
land,  and  contains  30  or  40  houses  in  one  stre 
along  the  road.  This  is  perhaps  the  most  elevati 
town  in  the  U.  S.,  being,  according  to  Mr.  Schi 
ver,  1,792  feet  above  tide  water  in  Chesapeal 
bay.    This  village  is  145  ms.  from  Washingtc 

Frostville,  village,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.,  about; 
ms.  NE.  from  Cleveland. 

Front  Royal,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Va 
the  E.  side  of  Shenandoah  river,  near  the 
ridge,  20  ms.  S.  from  Winchester. 

Froward  Cape,  the  extreme  southern  proloi 
gation  of  the  American  continent,  in  the  strait*  i 
Magellan.    Lon.  W.  C.  6°  E.,  lat.  54  3  S. 

Froyen,  island  in  the  North  sea,  about  35  in 
in  circumference,  and  situated  nearfcthe  coj 
Norway.    Lon.  9°  E  ,  lat.  63  46  N. 

Frozen  or  Arctic  ocean.  This  is  a  general  ai 
very  indefinite  term  for  the  seas  lying  north  fro 
Europe,  Asia,  North  America,  and  around  ll 
North  Pole. 

FruicVs,  post  office,  Callaway  co.,  Mo.,  I 
ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

Fruitstown,  Columbia  co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  P 
from  Danville. 

Frulingen,  beautiful  town  of  Switzerland, 
ated  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  31  ms.  SE.  of  Fribur 

Fryberg,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  and  tl 
seat  of  an  academy,  lying  on  the  north  branch 
Saco  river,  58  ms.  N  W.  of. Portland. 

Fryingpan  Shoals,  off  Cape  Fear  river,  N.  ( 

Fuca,  St.  Juan  de,  straits  of  the  U.  S.,  on  tl 
coa*t  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  between  the  Waka 
or  Quadra  and  Vancouver's  island  and  the  com 
nent.  Its  southern  entrance  from  the  ocean 
between  Cape  Flattery  and  the  island  of  Quadr 
Lon.  W.  C.  48°  W.,  lat.  48  30  N.  There  is ; 
almost  inextricable  confusion  of  names  applied 
this  gulf,  or  sound,  or  strait.  Under  the  head 
Quadra  and  Vancouver's  Island,  I  have  mail 
an  attempt  to  remove  part  of  the  evil. 

Fucgo,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  in  tl 
Atlantic  ocean.  It  is  300  ms.  VV.  of  Cape  < 
Verd.    Lon.  24  30  W.,  lat.  14  54  N. 

Fuen-hou-fou,  extensive  and  populous  city 
China,  in  the  province  of  Petcheli,  celebrated  f 
the  beauty  of  its  streets  and  triumphal  arches. 

Fuen-tcheou-fou,  commercial  city  of  China, 
the  province  of  Chan-si,  It  is  seated  on  the  riv 
Fuen-ho,  250  ms.  SW.  from  Pekin. 

Fuente-Duegna,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Ca 
tile,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Madn 
Lon.  3°  W.,  lat.  40  14  N. 

Fuers,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Fore 
seated  on  the  Loire,  23  ms.  SW.  of  Lyons. 

Fuessen,  town  of  Suabia,  belonging  to  V 
bishop  of  Augsburg,  on  the  Lech,  50  ms.  8.  I 
E.  of  Augsburg.    Lon.  11  15  E.,  lat.  47  40  I 

Fuh-chow-foo.    See  Touchrou-fou. 

Fuidentall,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy 


FUR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GAI 


1>ppaw,  seated  near  the  Mohra,  16  ms.  W.  by 
S)f  Troppaw. 

?ula,  or  Thule,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands, 
V  of  Mainland,  thought  by  some  to  be  the  Ulti- 
ir  a  Thule  of  the  ancients. 


a  chief  of  the  Patan  Rohilla  tribe.  Its  capital  is  of 
the  same  name.    Lon.  79  30  W.,  lat.  27  28  N. 

Furstenburg,  principality  of  Suabia,  bounded 
by  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  the  co.  of  Hoheh- 
burg,  by  the  Brisgaw,  the  Black  Forest,  and  the 


■\dda,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territories  of  lake  and  bishopric  of  Constance.  In  this  State 
fi;se  Cassel,  with  a  celebrated  abbey,  whose  ab-  J  the  river  Danube  takes  its  rise.    It  is  subdivided 


nominally  primate  of  the  abbeys  of  the  em 
p  ,  and  sovereign  of  a  small  territory  between 
|j;se,  Franconia,  and  Thuringia.  It  is  seated  on 
ttiFulde,  55  ms.  S.  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9  43  E., 
lil  50  40  N. 

<\ilham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  4  ms. 
V  by  S.  of  London. 

^ullenwiders,  post  office,  Lincoln  co.,  N.  C.  ; 
b  sostroad  194  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

JffuUon,  village,  Rowan  co.,  N.  C.  ;  137  ms.  j by  the  Swedes  in  1631 

b.postroad  from  Raleigh.  Post  office,  Sum-|33N. 

te  district,  S.  C.  ;  by  postroad  49  ms.  from  Co- 
ll bia.  Court  house  and  post  office,  Fulton 

*  III. ;  by  postroad  96  ms.  from  Vandalia.  

Wage  of  Hamilton  co.,  O.,  adjoining  and  above 
Ccinnati,  to  which  city,  though  a  separate  cor- 
»,Uion,  the  village  is  commercially  a  suburb. 
I!;  town  of  Fulton  is  composed  principally  of  a 


between  Baden,  Wirtemberg,  and  Hohenzollern, 

Sigmaringen.  Village   of  the  principality  of 

Furstenburg,  14  ms.  NNW.  from  Schafhausen. 

Furstenfdd,  town  of  Lower  Styria,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  river  Ausnitz,  50  ms.  S.  of  Vienna. 
Lon.  16  5  E.,  lat.  47  23  N. 

Fursiemwald,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  middle 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  Spree,  20 
ms.  W.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder.     It  was  taken 
Lon.  14  8  E.,  lat.  52 


Futtypour  Sicri,  considerable  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan  Proper,  in  the  province  of  Agra,  seated  under 
a  range  of  hills,  the  southern  boundary  of  an  im- 
mense plain,  in  which,  for  the  greatest  part,  not  a 
shrub  is  to  be  seen,  and  the  soil  is  light.  It  is  42 
ms.  W.  of  Agra.  Lon.  77  45  E.,  lat.  27°  N. 
Fyal,  or  Fayed,  one  of  the  Azores  or  Western 
street,  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  correspond-  j  Islands.  The  most  considerable  place  is  called  Villa 
|| to  the  opposite  course  of  Ohio  river.  Fulton  j  de  Horta.  Lon.  28  36  W.,  lat.  38  32  N. 
Bideed  the  navy  yard  of  Cincinnati.  "  There  j  Fyers,  river  of  Inverness-shire,  in  Scotland, 
■in  this  town,"  (Fuiton,)  as  slated  in  the  Ohio  ,  which,  descending  from  the  S.,  flows  toward  Loch 
Betteer,  "two  extensive  lumber  yards,  from; Ness. 

Ich  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis  are  in  part  sup- 1  Fyne,  Loch,  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  in  Argyle- 
Hd ;  also,  three  steam  saw  mills,  and  the  fourth  shire,  hear  40  ms.  in  length,  noted  as  the  resort  of 
Building;  but  the  principal  business  of  Fulton  the  herring  shoals  and  numerous  fishing  vessels. 
Steamboat  building.  It  contains  four  ship  yards,  It  receives  and  returns  a  tide  on  each  side  of  the 
wch  launch  annually  steamboats  to  an  aggregate ;  isle  of  Arran,  which  is  directly  opposite  its  en- 
orom  five  to  six  thousand  tons.    Pop.  2,000  in  trance. 

ml.  Village,  Lawrence  tp.,  Stark  co.,  O.  j     Fyzabad,  large  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in 

Wt  Canal  Fulton,  (post  office  name.)  !  the  territory  of  Oude,  of  which  it  was  once  the 

Fultonham,  or  Union,  village,  SW.   part  of '  capital.    It  is  seated  on  the  Gogra,  a  large  river 
ftskingum  co.,  O.,  within  one  mile  of  the  border ,  from  Thibet,  and  is  80  ms.  E.  of  Lucknow,  and 
•Perry  co.,  9  ms.  SW.  of  Zanesville,  and  9  ms.  I  500  NW.  of  Calcutta.    Lon.  82  30  E.,  lat.  29 
E.  of  Somerset.    The  great  road  passes  through  34  N. 
i  rom  Zanesville,  via  Somerset,  Lancaster,  Chil- 

I  )the,  and  West  Union,  to  Maysville.  Q 

Funchal,  capital  of  Madeira,  situate  round  a 
\r,  on  the  gentle  ascent  of  the  first  hills,  in  form  j     Gabaret,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
cm  amphitheatre.  Lon.  17  6  W.,  lat.  32  38  N.  Gers,  and  late  province  of  Gascony,  seated  on  the 

Funen,  island  of  Denmark,  340  ms.  in  circum-  j  Gelise,  20  ms.  W.  of  Condom.  Lon.  6'  E.,  lat.  44 
t  mce,  separated  from  Jutland  by  a  strait  called  ;  59  N. 

Little  Belt,  and  from  Zealand  by  the  Great  Gabel,  town  of  Bohemia,  45  ms.  N.  of  Prague, 
lit.  It  is  remarkably  fertile  in  pasture  and  Gabian,  village  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  He- 
lm, and  exports  to  Norway  barley,  oats,  rye,  'rault,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  famous  for 
ilpeas.    Odensee  is  the  capital.  its  mineral  waters. 

Funkstown,  village  on  Antietama,  2  ms.  south  Gabin,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Rava, 
Itn  Hagerstown.  It  is  a  small  village,  contain-  50  ms.  NW.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  19  45  E.,  lat. 
i,  25  or  30  houses  in  one  street  along  the  great  52  26  N. 

'  d  from  Hagerstown  to  Fredericktown.  j     Gahannah,  original  Indian  name  of  that  branch 

Furnace,  village,  Litchfield  co.,  Ct.  ;  by  post- !  of  Scioto  river  usually  called  Big  Walnut.  This 

>  d  58  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Hartford.  j  stream  rises  in  the  western  part  of  Knox  and  eastern 

1st  office,  Vermillion  tp.,  NE.  part  of  Huron) part  of  Delaware  co.  by  numerous  creeks,  which, 


«,  O.,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Norwalk,  the  co.  seat, 
il  about  25  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Elyria. 
Fumes,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
Ms,  12  ms.  E.  from  Dunkirk.  Lon.  2  45  E., 
•i  51  4  N. 

Furruckabad,  district  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
<itiguous  to  the  W.  bank  of  the  Ganges,  and 
'  rounded  by  the  dominions  of   Oude.     It  is- 
He  more  than  30  ms.  in  extent,  and  belongs  to 
43* 


by  a  general  southern  course  over  the  eastern 
part  of  Franklin,  finally  unite  and  fall  into  the 
eastern  side  of  Scioto  river  a  small  distance  above 
the  line  between  Franklin  and  Pickaway  counties. 
Comparative  length  about  50  ms. 

Gaieta,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di- 
Lavora,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  sea, 
30  ms.  NW.  of  Capua.  Lon.  13  47  E.,  lat  41 
30  N. 

337 


GAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GAL 


Gailluc,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  lately  in  the  province  of  Langue- 
doc,  remarkable  for  its  wines.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tarn,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Alby.  Lon.  2  5  E.,  lat. 
43  54  N. 

Gaillon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure,  and 
late  province  ol  Normandy,  remarkable  for  its 
archiepiscopal  palace,  which  lately  belonged  to  the 
archbishop  of  Rouen.  It  is  5  ms.  from  Antlely, 
and  22  from  Rouen. 

Gaines,  town,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y.  The  post 
office  is  situated  north  from  the  western  canal,  25 

ms.,  and  48  a  little  N  of  W.  from  Batavia.  

Town,  Boone  co.,  Ky. 

Gainsborough,  town  in  Lincolnshire,  seated 
near  the  river  Trent,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
stone  bridge.  It  is  17  ms.  NW.  of  Lincoln,  and 
151  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  36'  W.,  lat. 
53  28  N.  Tp.  of  Lincoln  co.,  U.  C.  Vil- 
lage, Frederick  co.,  Va.  Village,  Jackson  co., 

Tenn.,  by  post  road  74  ms.  NE.  from  Murfrees- 
borough,  and  70  NE.  by  E.  from  Nashville. 

Gainsburg,  village,  Christian  co.,  Ky.,  by  post 
road  227  ms.  SW.  from  Frankfort. 

Gains' s  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Culpeper  co., 

Va.,  by  post  road  97  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C.  

Post  office  in  the  SE.  part  of  Boone  co.,  Ky.,  by 
post  road  73  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Frankfort, 
and  25  SSW.  from  Cincinnati. 

Gairhville,  village  in  the  tp.  of  Gains,  Genessee 
co.,  N.  V.,  35  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Ro- 
chester. 

Gairloch,  large  bay  of  Scotland,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Ross-shire.  In  this  bay,  which  gives  name  to 
a  tract  of  land  near  it,  the  fishing  of  cod  and 
and  other  white  fish  is  very  considerable. 

Galitsch,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Kostroma,  on  the  S.  .side  of  a  lake  of  its  name,  56 
ms.  ENE.  of  Kostroma.  Lon.  22  54  E.,  lat.  57 
56  N. 

Gall,  St.,  new  canton  of  Switzerland,  bordering 
on  the  lake  of  Constance,  between  the  canton  of 
Thurgau  and  Appenzel. 

Gall,  St.,  or  St.  Gallen,  town  of  Switzerland, 
capital  of  the  canton,  of  St.  Gall.  It  has  a  rich 
abbey,  whose  abbot  formerly  possessed  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  town.  It  is  seated  in  a  narrow  val- 
ley, on  two  small  streams,  35  ms.  E.  of  Zurich. 
Lon.  9  18  E.,  lat.  47  21  N. 

Gallam,  town  of  Negroland,  capital  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  on  the  river  Senegal. 

Gallapagos,  group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  lying  under  the  equator  ;  the  largest  65. 
ms.  long  and  45  broad.  Lon.  W.  C.  12°  W. 
This  group  lies  10°  of  lon.  W.  of  the  province  of 
Ecuador,  in  S.  America ;  and  it  may  be  remarked 
as  curious,  that  the  equator  and  lon.  90°  W.  from 
London  intersect  very  near  its  centre.  There  are 
some  mere  islets,  but  the  four  main  islands  have 
considerable  extent,  and  are  named  Chatham  SE., 
Albemarle  W.,  Bendloes  N.,  and  Norfolk  in  the 
centre. 

Gallatin,  tp.,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y. — See  Alt- 
eram. Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Summer  co., 

Tenn.,  27  ms.  NE.  from  Nashville.  Co.,  Ky., 

bounded  N.  by  Ohio  river,  E.  by  Grant,  SE.  by 
Grant  and  Owen,  and  SW.  by  Henry.  Length 
35  ms.,  mean  width  10,  area  350  sq.  ms.,  surface 
hilly,  and  soil,  where  fit  for  tillage,  generally  fer- 
338 


tile.  Chief  towns  Port  WTilIiam  and  Wars; 
Pop.  in  1820,  6,674,  and  in  1840,  4,003.  t 

lat.  38  40  N.,  lon.  VV.  C.  7  45  W.  Co.,  ] 

bounded  by  Wabash  river  E.  and  SE.,  Pope 
Franklin  W.,  and  White  N.  ;  length  36  r 
mean  width  33,  area  880  sq.  ms.,  surface  wavi 
rather  than  hilly,  stnd  soil  productive.  CI 
town  Shawneetown.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,155,  ; 
in  1840,  10,760.    Ctl.  lat.  37  45  N.,  lon.  W. 

U  20  W.  Village,  Copiah  co.,  Miss.,  63  i 

from  Monticello. 

Gallatin's  River,  branch  of  Missouii,  rises 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  between  Yellow  Stone  ri 
and  Madison's  river,  and  joins  the  Missouri  a 
miles  below  the  junction  of  Madison's  and  Jef 
son's  rivers.    Lat.  45  15  N. 

Galle,  or  Point  de  Guile,  seaport  on 
coast  of  Ceylon,  in  a  rich  and  beautiful 
with  a  strong  fort  and  secure  harbor. 

Gallia,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  by  the  OhiM 
E.  and  SE.,  Lawrence  SW.,  Jackson  NW.,  j 
Athens  and  Meigs  N.;  length  36  ms.,  width  ! 
area  500  sq.  ms.,  surface  generally  hilly  and  I 
ken,  though  much  good  bottom  land  spreads  ah 
the  Ohio  river;  soil  on  the  hills  sterile.  Cl 
town  Gallipolis.  Pop.  in  1820,  7,098,  and 
1840,  13,444.  Cll.  lat.  39°  N.,  lon.  W.  C 
18  W. 

Gaisee,  village  of  Switzerland,  in  Rhode  ei 
rior,  which  is  the  Protestant  division  of  the  coui 
of  Appenzel.  It  is  much  resorted  to  on  accoum 
its  goat's  whey,  which  is  brought  from  a  neighb 
ing  mountain. 

Galaez,  town  of  Bulgaria,  seated  near  the  D 
ube,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Pruth  and  Serf 

Galashiels,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Selkirksbi 
on  the  Gala,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Twe 
It  is  25  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

Galaso,  river  of  Naples,  in  Otranto,  which  ri 
in  the  opening  near  Oria,  and  falls  into  the  Gul 
Taranto. 

Galata,  village  near  Constantinople,  or 
a  suburb  of  that  city,  on  the  European  side 
Bosphorus,  opposite  the  Seraglio,  on  the  NE 
of  the  inner  harbor.  It  is  inhabited  by  Obf 
of  all  sorts,  as  well  as  Jews,  who  exercise  t 
ligion  publicly ;  and  here  wine  is  sold  in  ta 
which  is  not  allowed  in  the  city  itself. 

Galen,  tp.  and  post  office  in  Seneca  co., 
The  tp.  lies  NE.  from  the  Clyde  river, 
Clyde  and  Montezuma,  20  ms.  NE.  from 
and  about  an  equal  distance  N.  W.  from  Aubu 

Galicia,  country  in  the  SW.  part  of  Polai 
which  extends  320  ms.  from  E.  to  W.,  and  290 
breadth.  It  comprises  Little  Poland,  the  g 
part  of  Red  Russia,  and  a  slip  of  Podoliato 
of  the  river  Bog.  This  territory  was  forcibly 
ed  by  the  Austria ns  in  1772  and  1795,  and 
porated  into  the  Austrian  dominions,  under 
pellation  of  the  kingdom  of  Galicia  and  L 
ria.  The  mountainous  parts  produce  fine  p 
the  plains  are  mostly  sandy,  but  abound  in  fft 
and  are  fertile  in  corn.  The  principal  articles 
traffic  are  cattle,  hides,  wax,  and  honey  ;  mid  th< 
countries  contain  mines  of  copper,  lead,  iron,  a 
salt,  of  which  the  latter  are  the  most  valuab 
This  country  is  divided  into  East  Galicia  and  W 
Galicia,  of  which  the  capitals  are  Lemburg  a 
Cracow. — See  Empire  of  Austria.  Provh 


GAJ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


G  AN 


r  Spain,  bounded  on  the  N.  and  W.  by  the  At- 
Jjtic,  S.  by  Portugal,  and  E.  by  Asturias  and 
Jbn.  The  air  is  temperate  along  the  coast,  but 
i  >tlier  places  cold  and  moist.  It  is  thin  of  peo- 
p.  The  produce  is  wine,  flax,  and  citrons.  Here 
a>  are  copper,  tin,  and  lead,  and  the  forests  yield 
vi  kI  for  building  ships.   Compostella  is  the  cap- 

B..-1'" 

Ualicia,  New. — See  Guadalajara. 

>'aliun,  village  in  Sandusky  tp.,  western  part  of 
Inland  co.,  Ohio,  15  ms.  westward  of  Mansfield, 
H  12  eastward  of  Bucyrus. 

\ialistio,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  10  ms. 
f(V.  of  Placentia. 

lallipuli,  strait  between  European  and  Asiatic 
Ijrkey.  It  forms  part  of  the  communication  be- 
Hen  the  archipelago  and  the  sea  of  Marmora. — > 

I  Dardanelles.  Seaport  of  European  Turkey, 

Bomania,  the  residence  of  a  pacha.  It  contains 
i  ut  10,000  Turks,  3,500  Greeks,  beside  a  great 
iiiber  of  Jews.  It  is  an  open  place,  with  no 
*'r  defence  than  a  sorry  square  castle,  and  stands 
pi  strait  of  the  same  name,  100  ms.  SW.  of 
Cistantinople.  Lon.  26  59  E.,  lat.  40  26  N. 
•[-Seaport  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otranto.  This 
■e  is  a  great  mart  for  olive  oil,  and  has  a  manu- 
Bure  of  muslins.  It  is  seated  on  a  rocky  island, 
■he  S.  shore  of  the  bay  of  Toronto,  and  joined 
to  ie  main  land  by  a  bridge,  protected  by  a  fort, 
1ms.  YV.  of  Otranto.    Lon.  18  5  E.,  lat.  40 

j  vallipolis,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Gallia  co., 
'  i  u,  on  an  elevated  second  bottom  of  Ohio  river. 
L.  38  50  N.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy.  Pop. 
Hie  village  and  tp.  in  1820,  830;  in  1830,  only 
fj;  but  in  1840,  1,413.  Lat.  38  55  N.,  lon. 
V  C.  5-  8  W. 

UdlivunCs  Ferry,  village  in  Horry  district,  S. 
(jolina. 

gallop,  or,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  Galloo 
I  nds ;  a  group  of  beautiful  small  islands  in  the 
C>  Lawrence,  U.  C.  They  are  about  30  in  nura- 
b ,  with  a  very  rich  soil,  and  appertain  mostly  to 
S  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  lie  opposite  to  Ed- 
wdsburg,  in  Grenville  co.,  U.  C.  They  com- 
ii'ice  about  5  msv  below  Ogdensburg,  and  extend 
dpn  the  St.  Lawrence  6  or  7  ms. 

rallo,  cape  of  the  Morea,  the  ancient  Acritas. 

h.  31  53  E.,  lat.  36  48  N  Island  of  the  Pa- 

c ;  ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Peru,  the  first  place 
psessed  by  the  Spaniards  when  they  attempted 
Ui  conquest  of  Peru.  It  is  also  the  place  where 
tl  Buccaneers  used  to  come  for  wood  and  water, 
a  to  refit  their  vessels.  Lon.  W.  C.  2  0  W., 
It  2  30  N. 

'alum,  village  in  Jackson  co.,  111.,  by  post  road 
«  ms.  SSW.  from  Vandalia. 

ralioway,  New,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Kir- 
c  brightshire,  on  the  river  Ken,  14  ms.  N.  of  Kir- 
c  bright. 

Galloway,  Upper,  or  West. — See  Wigtonshire. 

'(dveston,  small  village  of  La,,  on  the  right 
b  k  of  Amite  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Iberville,  20 
>»  NNE.  from  Donaldsonville,  and  25  SE.  from 
E.on  Rouge. 

Galveston  bay,  bay  of  Texas,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Kico,  at  the  mouth  of  Trinity  river.    Lon.  W 
Cl8  0  W.,  lat.  29  0  N. 

'ulway,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Con- 


naught,  82  ms.  in  length  and  42  in  breadth, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Atlantic  and  the  coun- 
ties of  Mayo  and  Roscommon,  on  the  E.  by  Ros- 
common, West  Mcath,  and  King's  co.,  on  the 
SW.  by  Tipperary,  on  the  S.  by  Galway  bay  and 
Clare,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Atlantic.  The  river 
Shannon  washes  the  frontiers  of  the  E.  and  SE., 
and  forms  a  lake  several  miles  in  length.  It  con- 
tains 136  parishes,  and  formerly  sent  8  members  to 
the  Irish  Parliament.  Seaport  of  Ireland,  cap- 
ital of  Galway  co.,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  40  ms.  WSW.  of  Athlone, 
and  100  W.  of  Dublin.    Lon.  9  0  W.,  lat.  53  18 

N.  Town  in  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  NW. 

from  Ballstown,  and  33  from  Albany.  Pop.  in 
1820,  2,579. 

Galway  bay,  large  bay  of  Ireland,  encircled  on 
the  N.  and  E.  by  Galway  co.,  and  S.  by  co.  Clare ; 
to  the  W.  it  is  open  to  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Gambia,  great  river  of  Africa. — See  Africa, 
p.  23. 

Gambier,  village  i^i  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  N. 
or  left  bank  of  Vernon  river,  5  ms.  E.  from  Mount 
Vernon,  and  24  ms.  due  N.  of  Newark.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  high  ground,  and  is  the  seat 
of  Gambier  college.  The  population  of  the  place 
is  about  300,  besides  the  students,  who  arc  usually 
from  150  to  200.  A  daily  stage  runs  thence  to 
Mount  Vrernon.  N.  lat.  40  24,  lon.  W.  C.  5 
25  W. 

If  the  following  extracts  from  the  Ohio  Gazet- 
teer are  correct,  Gambier  is  amongst  the  most  ad- 
vanced of  the  seminaries  of  the  U.  States  W.  of  the 
Appalachian  mountains : 

"The  village  of  Gambier,  named  after  Lord 
Gambier,  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  high  and  level 
ridge  of  land,  encompassed  on  three  sides  by  Ver- 
non river.  Its  situation  exempts  it  from  most  of 
the  diseases  of  the  Western  countfy.  It  contains 
between  30  and  40  dwelling-houses,  and  about 
200  inhabitants,  exclusive  of  students.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are  the  college,  built  of  cut  stone,  190 
feet  long  and  4  stories  high ;  a  chapel  of  the  same 
material,  100  feet  long  by  66  wide,  with  a  base- 
ment; the  grammar  school,  a  wooden  building  80 
feet  long  and  two  stories  high,  used  as  a  school 
room  and  dormitories  for  the  senior  preparatory  de- 
partment ;  and  Milnor  Hall,  a  brick  building,  four 
stories  high  and  about  70  long,  with  two  wings  at- 
tached, built  for  the  minor  preparatory  department 
of  the  institution,  and  calculated  to  accommodate 
the  principal  and  80  boys  as  boarders.  The  insti- 
tution, in  its  different  departments,  has  12  profes- 
sors and  teachers,  and  200  students.  Its  library 
composes  more  than  8,000  volumes." 

Games,  tp.  in  the  southern  part  of  Genesee  co., 
N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,134. 

Gamesville,  tp..  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y. 
Gananoqui,  river,  U.  C,  falls  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence 18  ms.  below  Kingston.     There  is  an  ex- 
cellent harbor,  with  from  12  to  15  feet,  water  at  its 
mouth. 

Gananslta,  small  river,  U.  C,  falls  into  Lake 
Ontario,  nearly  opposite  to  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y. 
Lon.  W.  C.  1  15  W.  From  its  mouih  there  is 
a  carrying  place  of  about  15  ms.  to  Rice,  lake  in 
the  river  Trent. 

Gandersheim,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick  Wolfenbuttle,  with  a  cele- 

339 


GAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


GAR 


brated  nunnery,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Goslar.  Lon. 
18  20  E.  Iat.,  51  54  N. 

Gandia,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  with  a 
small  university,  55  ms.  N.  of  Alicant.  Lon.  0 
20  E.  Iat.  39  6.  N. 

Gandicotta,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  remarkable  for  a  strong  fortress,  and  a 
diamond  mine  near  it.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Pelmar,  between  Gooty  and  Cuddapa. 

Ganges,  or  Gary  a,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince, of  Erivan,  105  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Tefflis. 
Lon.  45  50  E.,  Iat.  41  10  N. 

Ganges,  river  of  Asia,  in  Hindoostan,  called  by 
the  Hindoos  Padde,  and  Boora  Gonga,  or  <k  the 
river."  From  the  latter  native  term,  the  cor- 
rupted name  of  Ganges  is  taken.  In  almost  all 
our  maps,  this  mighty  stream  is  made  to  rise  to 
the  N.,  and  pierce  the  Himalaya  mountains;  but 
Lieut.  Webb,  being  sent  in  1808,  to  explore  its 
sources,  ascertained  that  all  the  streams  above 
Hurdvvar,  which  rise  and  mingle  to  form  the 
Ganges,  rise  S.  from  the  Snowy  mountains. 
Two  main  and  several  minor  branches,  flow  first 
W.,  then  turn  to  the  S.,  unite,  and  piercing  a 
secondary  chain  of  mountains,  enter  the  plains 
of  Hindoostan  above  Hurdwar.  The  Ganges 
now  assumes  a  SE.  course,  which  it  pursues  400 
ms.  to  its  junction  with  the  Jumna,  above  Chup- 
rah.  Below  the  mouth  of  the  Jumna,  the  Gan- 
ges flows  E.  200  ms.,  to  where  it  again  receives 
a  large  tributary  stream,  the  Gogra,  from  tbe 
NW.  The  general  course  of  the  Ganges,  below 
its  confluence  with  the  Gogra,  is  SSE.,  500  ms., 
to  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  About  40  ms.  above  its 
efflux  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  the  Ganges  is 
joined  by  the  vast  volume  of  the  Brahmapootra, 
or  Burrampooter.  The  entire  comparative  length 
of  the  Ganges  is  about  1,700  ms.;  that  of  the 

Brahmapootra  is  not  much  less.  The  united  |  Beise,  32  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Magdeburg 
basin  of  these  two  great  rivers,  is  about  1,200  ms.  j  11  35  E.,  Iat.  52  41  N. 
in  length  from  NW.  to  SE.,  and  with  a  mean 
width  of  500  ms.  comprises  an  area  of  600,000 
sq.  ms.  The  Ganges,  though  in  many  places 
fordable  above  its  junction  with  the  Jumna,  is 
every  where,  at  all  seasons,  navigable  below 
Hurdwar.  At  so  great  a  distance  as  500  ms. 
from  the  sea,  the  river  is  30  feet  deep  in  the  lowest 


ance  f 
empkv 

300  m 

P 


an  average,  31  feet.     In  a  word,  it  is,  id 
respect,  one  of  the  most  beneficial  rivers  in 
world,  diffusing  plenty  immediately  by  mea 
its  living  productions,  and  secondarily  by  enric 
ing  the  lands,  affording  an  easy  conveyance  f 
the  productions  of  its  borders,  and  giving  empkv 
merit  to  many  thousand  boatmen. 

Gangotri,  or  Falls  of  the  Ganges,  3( 
NNW.  from  Delhi.  Lon.  76  35  E.^lat.  33 
Gangpour,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hii 
tan,  225  ms.  S.  of  Patna.    It  is  in  the 
of  Orissa.    Lon.  83  57  E.,  Iat.  21  25  N. 

Ganjam,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoost? 
in  one  of  the  northern  circars,  subject  to  tl 
English.  It  lies  on  the  bay  of  Bengal,  between 
river  and  the  SW.  end  of  Chilka  lake.  Loi 
85  20  E.,  Iat.  19  22  N. 

Gannat,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Allie 
and  late  province  of  Bourbonnois,  30  ms.  S. 
Moulins. 

Gap,  ancient  town  of  Fr. ,  in  the  dep. 
Upper  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny. 
is  seated  on  the  small  river  Bene,  at  the  foot  of 
mountain,  in  which  some  mineral  waters  a 
found  that  are  deemed  febrifuge.  It  is  27  ms.  f 
ofSistron.    Lon.  6  10  E.,  Iat.  44  33"  JV. 

Garack,  island  of  Asia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Persi 
remarkable  for  the  fine  pearls  fished  up  on  i 
coasts.    Lon.  48°  E.,  Iat  28  15  N. 

Card,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  comprehends  part 
the  late  province  of  Languedoc.     Nismes  is  ti 
episcopal  town. 

Garda,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese, 
at  the  end  of  a  lake  of  its  own  name,  17  n 
NW.  of  Verona.  Lon.  11  4  E.,  Iat.  45  36  P 
Gardeleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  o 
marche  of  Brandenburg.  It  has  a  trade  in  hoj 
and  excellent  beer,  and  is  seated  on  the,  riv 

Lo 


it 


Garden,  bay  on  the  NE.  side  of  Newfoum 
land.    Lon.  W.  C.  54  30  E.,  Iat.  49  42  N. 

Gardiner,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  betwet 
Cobbeseconte,  and  Kennebec  river,  opposi 
Pittstown,  and  6  ms.  below  Augusta.  Pop.  i 
1820,  2,053. 

Gardiner's  Bay,  or  rather  small  gulf  of  Lor. 


state  of  its  water.  The  depth  it  maintains,  to  the  j  island,  enclosed  between  Rocky  point,  Plum 
sandbars  near  its  mouth.  There  is  a  very  strong  re- 
semblance between  the  manner  and  seasons  of  floods 
in  the  Ganges  and  Mississippi.  In  the  delta  of 
both,  the  annual  overflow,  has  reached  its  height 
about  the  first  of  July.  Of  the  two,  the  Ganges 
is  a  little  later,  and  rises  and  falls  rather  more 
slowly  and  more  regularly  than  does  the  Missis- 
sippi. In  both,  the  perpendicular  height  of  the 
inundation  decreases,  advancing  towards  their  re- 
spective recipients.  The  basin  of  the  Ganges 
lies  between  N.  Iat.  22°  and  35°,  and  within  less 
than  one  degree,  its  mouth  and  that  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi are  separated  180°  of  lon.  See  Burram- 
pooter, Jumna,  Gogra,  fyc. 

In  the  annual  inundation  of  this  immense  river, 
the  country  comprised  in  its  delta  is  overflowed 
to  the  extent  of  more  than  100  ms.  in  width; 
nothing  appearing  but  villages  and  trees,  except- 
ing very  rarely,  the  top  of  an  elevated  spot,  the 
artificial  mound  of  some  deserted  village,  appear- 
ing like  an  island.  The  rise  of  the  water  is,  on 
340 


land,    Gardiner's    island,    East  Hampton, 
Shcller  island. 

Gardner's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Lou  saco 
Va.,  73  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Gardner's  Island,  at  the  E.  end  of  Longi 
land,  forming  part  of  the  tp.  of  East  Hamptoi 
Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.  It  lies  nearly  in  a  N.  ami  f 
direction,  about  4  ms.  long,  exclusive  oi  a  lot 
sandy  beach. 

Gardner's  Inlet,  New  Hanover,  Pacific  coa 
of  N.  America.  Lon.  W.  C.  51  43  W.,  la 
53  35  N. 

Gardner's  Store,  post  office,  Dallas  co., 
Gardner's  Tavern,  post  office,  Hanover  co 
Va.,  20  ms.  from  Richmond. 

Gardner,  tp.,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  on  tl 
highland  between  the  sources  of  the  W.  bran( 
of  Nashua  river,  and  those  of  Millers  river,  60  m 
NW.  from  Boston. 

Garland,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  28  m 
N  W.  from  Bangor. 


GEA 


Garonne,  river  of  Fr.,  which  has  its  source  in 
e  Pyrenean  mountains,  and,  taking  a  NW.  di- 
ction, waters  Toulouse  and  Bourdeaux,  below 
hich  it  is  joined  by  the  Dordogne,  and  thence  to 

entrance  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  assumes  the 
me  of  Gironde.  It  communicates  with  the 
editerranean,  by  its  junction  with  the  Royal 
nal. 

[Garonne,  Upper,  dep.ko  Fr.,  which  compre- 
nds  part  of  Languedoc.  Toulouse  is  the 
pital. 

Garrard^  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Rockcastle 
. Lincoln  SW.,    Mercer  NW.,  Kentucky 

per  or  Jessamine  N.,  and  Madison  NE. ;  length 
Ll>  ms.,  mean  width  8,  area  220  sq.  ms.  Chief 
»l.vn,  Lancaster.  Pop.  in  1840,  10,480.  Central 
I.  37  40  N.',  Ion.  W.  C.  7  25  W. 
.  )Garrelsville,  village,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

rdtlernut  creek,  75  ms.  W.  from  Albany.  

t  illage  on  the  northeasternmost  border  of  Portage 
p.,  O.,  18  ms.  NE.  of  Ravenna,  the  co.  seat, 
Id  12  ms.  N  W.  by  W.  of  Warren. 
mGarrison,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.,  of  Fer- 
■inagh,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Ballyshannon.  Lon. 
■  43  W.,  lat.  54  25  N. 

LtGarstzang,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  on 
jit:  river  Wyre,  10  ms.  S.  of  Lancaster,  and  225 
WiW.  of  London.     Lon.   2  53  W.,  lat.  53 

Ipar/z,  town   of  Pomerania,    seated   on  the 
ller,  13  ms.  S.  of  Stetin.    Lon.  14  45  E.,  lat. 
.'  S3  N. 

wGarwooaVs  Mills. — See  East  Liberty,  Logan 

^Gasconade,  river  of  Mo.,  rises  in  Wayne  eo., 
Merlocking  sources  with  those  of  White,  St. 
Ipmcis,  and  Merrimac,  and,  flowing  N.,  enters 
issouri  about  100  ms.  above  St.  Louis. 
Gascon y,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  the 
.by  the  bay  of  Biscay,  on  the  N.  by  Guienne, 
<'  E.  by  Languedoc,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Pyre- 
res.    This  province,  with  Armagnac,  is  now  in- 
fided  in  the  dep.  of  Gers. 

Gaspe,  bay  of  L.  C,  SW.  from  Cape  Gaspe. 

le  shores  are  high  and  rocky.  Cape  of  L.  C., 

i  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  between  Cape  Rosier 
d  Gaspe  bay.    Lon.  W.  C.  12  30  E  ,  lat.  48  50 

 District  of  L.  C,  on  the  right  side  of  St. 

wrence  bay,  bounded  N.  by  St.  Lawrence,  E. 
I  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  S.  by  Chaleur 
1/  and  the  province  of  New  Brunswick.  New 

*  rlisle,  principal  town.  Seigniory,  Bucking- 

ln  co.,  L.  C,  15  ms.  SW.  from  Quebec,  on  the 
k  side  of  Beaurivage  river. 

Gassaway's  Mills,  post  office,  Monroe  co.,  O., 
1  post  road,  144  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Cin- 

<  nati. 

Gatehouse,  considerable  village  of  Scot.,  in  Kir- 
dbrightshtre,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Fleet, 
I  h  a  cotton  mill.  The  river  is  navigable  for 
taps  within  a  short  distance  of  the  town.  It  is 
ibs.  NW.  of  Kircudbright. 
Gates,  tp.,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  N.  from  the 
i|Uth  of  Genesee  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,643. 
-i-Co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  N.  by  Va.,  W.  by 

<  owan  river,  S.  by  Chowan  co.,  SE.  by  Perqui- 

*  ns,  and  E.  by  Pasquotank  ;  length  23  ms., 
ran  width  12;  area  276  sq.  ms.  Surface  level, 
81  soil  partly  sandy,  or  swampy.    Chief  town, 


Hertford.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,837;  and  In  1840* 
8,161.    Central  lat.  36  23  N\,  lon.  W.  C.  15'  E. 

 C.  H.  and  post  office,  Gates  co.,  N.  C,  about 

50  ms.  SW.  from  Norfolk,  in  Va.,  and  150  NE. 
from  Raleigh. 

Gates's  Mills,  and  post  office,  Mayfield  tp.,  Cuy- 
ahoga co.,  O.,  nearly  on  the  eastern  border  of  the 
co.,  15  ms.  E.  of  Cleveland,  and  15  ms.  SW.  of 
Chardon,  the  co.  seat  of  Geauga  co. 

Gat  ton,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  19  ms.  S. 
by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  10'  W.,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Gavardo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bresciano,  seated 
on  the  Weise,  7  ms.  W.  of  Lake  Garda.  Lon.  10 
9  E.,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Gaudens,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Up- 
per Garonne,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  seat- 
ed on  the  Garonne,  8  ms.  NE.  of  St.  Bertrand. 
Lon.  56'  E.,  lat.  43  1  N. 

Gaveren,  or  Waveren,  town  of  Austrian  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  the  Scheldt,  8  ms.  S.  of  Ghent 
Lon.  3  51  E.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Guvi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
seated  on  the  Lemo,  19  ms.  N  W.  ol  Genoa.  Lon. 
8  57  E.,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Gau,  or  Gaw,  so  found  as  suffix  to  names  of 
places,  is  from  the  old  German,  and  means  a  dis- 
trict. 

Gauley,  river  of  Va.,  rises  in  Randolph  co.,and, 
flowing  nearly  W.,  separates  Greenbriar  from  Ken- 
awha  cos.,  and  enters  the  right  side  of  Kenawha  at 
the  Great  falls.  ^ 

Gauts,  or  i(Gates,"  two  chains  of  mountains 
in  Hindoostan. — See  Ghauts. 

Gay  head,  W.  point  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 

Gas,  according  to  Lunier,  is  a  "  word  invented 
by  Van  Helmont,  to  designate  a  liquid  incapable  of 
coagulation.  It  is  the  name  given  to  aeriform 
fluids,  compressible,  elastic,  transparent,  without 
color,  invisible,  incondensible  in  liquor  by  cold  ; 
intermixible -in  atmospheric  air  in  every  propor- 
tion, and  having  all  the  apparent  properties  of  air, 
without  capability  of  performing  its  functions." 

Gaza,  ancient  and  celebrated  town  of  Palestine, 
3  ms.  from  the  Mediterranean,  with  a  harbor  call- 
ed New  Gaza,  50  ms.  SW.  of  Jerusalem.  Lon. 
34  45  E.,  lat.  31  28  N. 

Gazetta,  a  small  Venetian  coin,  from  which 
comes,  by  transition,  the  term  gazette.  The  first 
publication  made  in  Europe  to  answer  the  purposes 
of  what  we  now  call  a  newspaper,  were  printed  in 
Venice,  and  sold  per  sheet  for  a  gazetta,-  hence 
the  name  of  one  of  the  greatest  aids  to  human 
reason. 

Gazette,  now  adopted  for  public  prints  of  a  sin- 
gle sheet,  with  the  same  meaning  as  newspaper,  but 
coming  from  the  name  of  a  small  Venitian  coin 
called  gazetta,  for  which  the  first  of  those  sheets 
printed  were  sold.  Venice,  therefore,  has  the  dou- 
ble honor  of  having  originated  the  first  newspaper 
and  of  giving  to  them  a  general  title. 

Gearon,  or  Jaron,  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan, 
in  whose  territory  the  best  dates  of  Persia  are  pro- 
duced.   Lon.  51  17  E.,  lat.  28  15  N. 

Geauga,  a  lake  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  E.  by 
Ashtabula,  Trumbull  SE.,  Portage  S.,  Cuyahoga 
W.,  and  Lake  Erie  N. ;  greatest  length  on  the 
eastern  border  35  ms.,  mean  length  30,  and  area 
600  sq.  ms.,  as  the  breadth  is  four  5-mile  town- 
ships.   In  latitude  it  extends  from  41  22  to  41  50 

341 


GEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


GEN 


N.,  and  in  Ion.  W.  C.  from  4  5  to  4  26  W.  The 
SE.  part  of  this  co.  is  drained  southerly  by  the  ex- 
treme sources  of  Cuyahoga  river  the  residue  slopes 
towards  Lake  Erie  northwesterly,  and  in  that  di- 
rection is  drained  by  Chagrin  and  Grand  rivers. 
The  surface  of  this  county  is  mostly  hilly,  but  soil 
fertile.  Chardon  is  the  county  seat;  but  Paines- 
ville  is  the  superior  business  place  of  the  county, 
though  3  ms.  from  the  lake  shore.  Pop.  of  the  co. 
in  1820,  7,791  ;  in  1830,  15,813*  and  in  1840, 
16,297. 

Gebail,  town  and  seaport  of  Syria,  ancient  Bayb- 
los,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Beyroot. 

GebharVs,  post  office,  Somerset  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, by  post  road  152  miles  SSW.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

Gcddcs,  village,  Onondago  county,  N,  Y.,  3  ms. 
SW.  from  Salina. 

Gee's  Store,  post  office,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C,  116 
ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Geste,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Gestrikc,  in 
Sweden,  seated  on  three  branches  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  which  begins  to  be  navigable  here,  and 
falls,  in  a  short  distance,  into  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  It 
is  the  most  commercial  town  in  this  northern  part 
of  Sweden ;  and  its  exports  are  principally  iron, 
pitch,  tar,  and  planks.  It  is  65  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Stockholm.    Lon  17°  E„  lat  63°  N, 

Gegenbacfi,  free  imperial  city  of  Suabia,  under 
the  protection  of  the  house  of  Austria.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Kinzia,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  8 
2  E.,  Lat.  48  24  N. 

Geldiare,  town  of  Suabia,  near  the  river  Ko- 
cher,  with  a  castle  belonging  to  the  lords  of  Lim- 
burg. 

Gcislengen,  an  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  17  ms. 
WW.  ofUira.    Lon.  10  3  E.,  lat.  43  36  N. 

Geismar,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principality 
of  Hes<e.  Longitude  8  57  E.,  latitude  51  19 
North. 

Gelhausent  small  imperial  town  of  Weteravia, 
under  the  protection  of  the  elector  palatine,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Kintzig,  25  ms.  E.  of  Hanau. 
Lon.  9  15  E.,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Gemappe,  village  of  Belgium,  3  ms.  W.  by  S. 
of  Mons. 

Gemblours,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Bel- 
giumj  in  Brabant,  on  the  Orncau,  22  ms.  SE.  of 
Brussels.    Lon.  4  51  E..  lat.  50  37  N. 

Geminiani,  St.,  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Flo- 
rcntino,  seated  on  a  mountain,  in  which  is  a  mine 
of  vitriol,  25  ms.  SSW.  of  Florence. 

Gemmingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatin- 
ate of  the  Rhine,  30  ms.  E.  of  Philipsburgh.  Lon. 
9  13  E.,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Gemund,  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  man- 
ufacture of  chaplets  or  beads,  which  are  sent  to  dis- 
tant countries.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  Au- 
gust, 1796,  and  is  seated  on  the  Reims,  30  ms.  N. 

by  W.  of  Ulm.    Lon.  9  48  E.,  lat.  48  48  N.  

Town  of  Westphalia,  in  the.  duchy  of  Juliers,  seat- 
ed on  the  Roer,  24  ms.  SW.  of  Cologne.    Lon.  6 

48  E.,  lat.  50  38  N.  Town  of  Upper  Austria, 

remarkable  for  its  salt  works,  seated  to  the  N.  of  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river  Draun,  20  ms. 
SSW.  of  Lintz. 

Genap,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Belgium, 
in  Brabant,  on  the  Dyle,  15  miles  SE.  of  Brus- 
sels.   Lon.  4  40  E.,  lat.  50  40  N. 
342 


Geneganislct,  post  office,  Chenango  co.,  N 
York. 

Genep,  or  Gennep,  town  of  Westphalia,  suhj 
to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  seated  on  the  Nears 
ms.  SW.  of  Cleves.    Lon.  5  48  E.,  lat.  51 

North. 

Genesco,  town,  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y.,  E 
Genesee  river,  29  ms.  above  Rochester,  and, 
post  road,  42  ms.  W.  from  Canandaigua. 

Genesee,  river,  rises  in  Potter  county,  Pa., 
flowing  NNW.,  enters  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y., 
continuing  that  direction  30  ms.,  turns  to  N 
65  ms.  through  Alleghany,  Livingston,  and  Mori 
cos.,  falls  into  Lake  Ontario  30  ms.  NW 
Canandaigua,  and,  by  water,  10  ms.  below  Roc 
ester.    This  stream  is  navigable  for  large  bo 
ms.,  to  its  falls  at  Rochester.    Above  the  falls  i 
again  navigable  at  high  water  to  near  Angelii 
Alleghany  co.    The  grand  Western  canal 

the  Genesee  at  Rochester.  County,  N. 

bounded  S.  by  Alleghany  and  Cattaraugus,  W, 
Eric  and  Niagara,  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  and 
Monroe  and  Livingston  cos.;  length  52  ins., 
26,  area  1,356  sq.  miles.  The  surface  of  this 
with  very  partial  exceptions,  is  hilly.  The 
very  varied  in  quality,  but  may  in  general  be 
sidcred  as  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  mi 
grasses.  The  central  part  is  a  kind  of  table  lan< 
from  which  flow  the  sources  of  Buffalo  and  Toi 
newanto  creeks  to  the  W.,  and  Black  and  Allc 
creeks,  branches  of  Genesee  river,  to  the  iNl 
The  Grand  canal  traverses  the  northern  part 
this  county,  along  the  Ontario  hills.  Chief 
Batavia.  Pop.  in  1820,  58,693;  and  in 
59,587.    Central  latitude  43°,  longitude 

ington  City  1  18  W.  Town,  Livingston 

See  Genesco. 

Geneva,  Lake  of,  ancient  Leman,  a  magn 
cent  expanse  of  water  in  Switzerland,  whicl 
from  the  city  of  Geneva  to  Villcneuve,  ex  tends  £ 
ms.  in  length ;  and  its  breadth,  in  the  widest  par 
is  12  ms.  It  is  in  the  shape  of  a  crescent,  of  whu 
Switzerland  forms  the  concave  and  Savoy  thecoi 
vex  part. 

Geneva,  ancient,  large,  and  populous  towi 
capital  of  a  republic  of  the  same  name,  and 
member  of  the  Swiss  confederacy,  near  the  coi 
fines  of  France  and  Switzerland.  It  is  seated  < 
the  most  narrow  part  of  a  lake  of  the  same  nam 
where  the  Rhone  issues  in  two  large  narrow  elm 
nels,  which  soon  after  unite.  This  river  di 
the  city  into  two  unequal  parts.  Geneva,  w 
lies  partly  in  the  plain  on  the  borders  of  the 
and  partly  on  a  gentle  ascent,  is  irregularly 
It  is  the  most  populous  town  of  Switzerland, 
taining  24,000  souls.  Geneva  is  40  ms.  NE. 
Chamberry,  and  136  NW.  of  Turin.    Lon.  6 

E.,  lat.  46  12  N.  Town,  Seneca  tp.,  Out 

rio  county,  New  York,  on  the  NW.  margin 
Seneca  lake.  In  this  vallage  is  a  bank,  ; 
academy,  and  several  manufactories,  two  prir 
ing  offices,  and  several  places  of  public  wc 
ship.  The  site  is  uncommonly  fine,  rising  by  g« 
tie  acclivity  from  the  lake,  and  aflbrding  an  el 
gant  prospect  of  the  lake  and  adjacent  country, 
is  16  ms.  E.  from  Canandaigua  and  22  W.  fro 
Auburn.  The  pop.  about  2,000;  by  the  cens 
of  1830,  the  tp.  contained  a  pop.  of  6,161,  ai 
in  1840,  7,073.    Lat.  42  54  N.,  lon.  very  ne 


part 

- 

lagnil 


GEO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GEO 


e  meridian  of  W.  C.  Tp.,  Ashtabula  co., 

hio,  on  Lake  Erie.  It  is  the  NW.  tp.  of  the 
>.,  and  the  village  in  it  is  situated  about  12  ms. 
W.  from  Jefferson,  the  co.  seat.  Village,  Jen- 
rigs  co.,  Ia.,  by  post  road  54  ms.  SSE.  from  In- 

anapolis.  See  New  Geneva. 

Genevieve  — See  St.  Genevieve. 
tGenevois,  duchy  of  Savoy,  of  which  Geneva 
d  its  territory  were  formerly  a  part.    Annecy  is 
e  capital. 

■  Gengenback,  town  ot  Suabia,  10  ms.  SE.  of 
rasburg.    Lon.  7  53  E.,  Iat.  48  28  N. 
Gengoux  de  Royal,  St.,  town  of  France,  in 

ia  dep.  of  Saone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of 
jrgundy,  remarkable  for  its  excellent  wines.  It 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  17  ms.  SW. 
|  Chalons.    Lon.  4  43  E.,  Iat.  46  37  N. 
)Geniz,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 

I  Aveiron,  24  ms.  NE.  of  Rhodes.    Lon.  3°  E., 

I  44  35  N. 

k  Gme's,  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  Guier,  12  ms. 
|.  of  Chamberry.    Lon.  5  30  E.,  Iat.  45  40  N. 

Genite  Bridge,  post  office,  Powhatan  co.,  Va., 
E  ms.  W.  from  Richmond. 

\\Genoa,  formerly  a  republic  of  Italy,  now  a 
■tvince  of  Sardinia,  extending  along  that  part  of 
m  Mediterranean  called  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  152 
I .  ;  but  its  breadth  is  very  unequal,  being  from  8 

■  12  ms.  Where  it  is  not  bounded  by  the  sea, 
is  bordered  from  W.  to  E.  by  Piedmont,  Mont- 
■rat,  Milan,  Placentia,  Parma,  Tuscany,  and 
Hcca.  It  is  populous,  well  cultivated,  and  fertile, 
nr  the  sea  ;  but  the  inner  parts  are  mountainous, 
c  1  barren  in  several  places,  having  neither  trees 

w  grass  upon  them.  Ancient  city  of  Italy,  cap- 

M  of  the  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  situ- 
t'  at  the  bottom  of  a  little  gulf,  partly  on  the  de- 
<yity  of  a  pleasant  hill,  in  consequence  of  which 
ilippears  to  great  advantage  from  the  sea.  It  is 
«  ended  on  the  land  side  by  a  double  wall,  which, 
i  circumference,  is  about  6  ms.  Genoa  is  62  ms. 
I.  of  Turin,  and  225  NW.  of  Rome.  Lon.  8 
I  E.,  Iat.  44  25  N.  Town,  Cayuga  co.,  N. 

,  on  the  E.  side  of  Cayuga  lake,  26  ms.  S. 

Im  Auburn.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,585,  Post  office 

i  the  southern  part  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  about 
'  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  of  Columbus. 

jIentile,  a  term  long  applied  to  those  people 
i  o  were  neither  Jews  nor  Christians.  It  is  in 
i  aning  correlative  with  Pagan,  and  would  seem 
1m  the  original  meaning  of  both,  to  mean  igno- 
» t  persons,  or  persons  who  knew  not  the  truth. 
'Phe  Hebrews,"  says  Webster,  "  included  under 
t  term  Gotm,  or  Nations,  all  those  tribes  who 
rll  not  received  the  True  Faith."  Pagan  comes 
f  n  paganus,  a  villager  or  clown — ignorant  per- 
s  ;  hence  peasant.  Heathen  again  means  an 
i  abitant  of  the  heath  ;  and  what  is  in  no  slight 
c  ree  curious  is,  that  the  Arabic  word  kaffir,  or 
cir,  means  the  same  as  pagan  and  heathen," 
a  inhabitant  of  huts,  the  fields,  or  woods,  or,  in 
f-n  terms,  a  savage. 

jeo,  from  Gr.  Ge  the  earth,  commences 
nViy  terms  in  our  language,  all  relating  to  the 
Wh.  Geocentric,  in  astronomy,  to  express  the 
kgitude  of  a  planet  in  relation  to  the  earth.  Ge- 
o  die,  any  instrument  made  to  represent  the 
nivement  of  the  earth  round  the  sun,  and  in  par- 
ti lar  to  show  the  phenomena  of  the  seasons  by 


the  parallelism  of  the  axis  to  itself  in  all  parts  of 
the  orbit.  Geodesie,  usually  called  surveying, 
measuring,  and  dividing  land  amongst  different  pro- 
prietors. Geognosy,  Greek,  earth  and  knowl- 
edge. Geology  has,  in  fact,  the  same  meaning. 
Geography,  Gr.,  the  earth,  and  grapho,  to 
describe.  Geohydrography,  description  of  earth 
and  water.  Geometry  Gr.,  the  earth;  melron, 
measure.  Geoponics,  Gr.,  equivalent  to  agricul- 
ture ;  Georgic,  same  meaning;  Geostalic,  weight 
of  heavy  solid  bodies,  as  contradistinguished  from 
Hydrostatics,  weight  of  fluids. 

Geocyclick,  Greek,  ge,  the  earth,  and  hyclos, 
circle — a  name  given  to  any  machine  showing  the 
motion  of  the  earth  round  the  sun,  with  the  axis 
of  the  latter  kept  parallel  to  itself. 

Geodesy,  Greek,  ge,  the  earth,  and  daib,  to 
divide — has  the  same  meaning  as  our  common 
term  "  surveying  ;"  but  the  former  is  most  usually 
applied  to  extensive  geometrical  operations,  as  to 
measure  tracts  to  procure  elements  for  constructing 
maps,  or  to  measure  a  degree  of  the  meridian,  or 
for  canals,  roads,  &c. 

Geography,  from  Greek — ge,  the  earth,  and 
grapho,  to  write — a  written  description  of  the  earth 
or  its  parts. 

George,  Fort,  strong  and  regular  fortress  of 
Scotland,  in  Inverness-shire,  on  a  peninsula  run- 
ning into  the  Murray  Frith,  and  completely  com- 
mands the  entrance  into  the  harbor  of  Inverness. 

George,  Fort.    See  Madras. 

George,  lake  of  N.  Y.  It  lies  SW.  of  Lake 
Champlain,  and  is  35  ms.  long,  but  narrow,  The 
adjacent  country  is  mountainous.  The  scenery 
around  this  beautiful  sheet  of  water  is  high,  bold, 
and  extremely  romantic.  Its  vicinity  is  a  favorite 
resort  in  summer  of  the  visitants  to  Ballston  and 
Saratoga  springs.    It  is  about  33  ms.  long,  with  a 

mean  width  of  about  2  ms.  Lake  of  Florida, 

in  N.  Iat.  29°,  about  25  ms.  long  and  8  wide. 
This  lake  is  a  mere  dilatation  of  St.  John's  river, 
and  is  generally  surrounded  by  low  marshy 
grounds.  What  land  is  of  a  sufficient  height  for 
cultivation  is  generally  of  the  first-rate  quality. 
The  timber,  live  oak,  cabbage,  palm,  cypress,  and 
pine. 

George,  St.,  one  of  the  Azores.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  employed  in  the  cultivation  of  wheat. 
Pop.  about  5,000.    Lon.  28°  W.,  Iat.  38  39  N. 

 Island  of  the  U.  S.,  in  the  strait  of  St.  Mary, 

that  forms  the  communication  between  Lake  Su- 
perior and  Lake  Huron. 

George  del  Mina,  St.,  best  fort  on  the  Gold 
Coast  of  Guinea,  and  the  principal  settlement  of 
the  Dutch  in  those  parts.  It  is  30  ms.  W.  by  S. 
of  Cape  Coast  Castle.  Lon.  22'  W.,  Iat.  5  3 
North. 

George's,  St.,  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Ven- 
ice, lying  to  the  S.  of  Venice,  to  which  it  is  sub- 
ject.   Here  is  a  Benedictine  monastery,  whose 

church  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Italy.  Largest  of 

the  Bermuda  islands,  in  which  is  the  town  of  St. 
George,  the  capital  of  all  the  islands.  Lon.  65  30 
W.,  Iat.  32  45  N.  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola. 
Lon.  W.  C.  7  50  W.,  Iat.  29  30  N. 

George's  Key,  St.,  small  island  of  N.  America, 
off  the  coast  of  Honduras.  It  is  likewise  called 
Cassina,  or  Cayo  Cassina.    By  a  convention  in 

343 


GEO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GE 


1786,  the  English  logwood  cutters  were  permitted 
to  occupy  this  island. 

Georges,  post  office,  St.  Francis  co.,  Mo., 
about  70  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  St.  Louis. 

Georgesville,  village,  Franklin  co  ,  O.,  on  Dar- 
by creek,  13  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus. 

Gtorgetovm,  village  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio 
river,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.,  immediately  above  the  Va. 

line,  40  ms.  WNW.  from  Pittsburg.  Village, 

Mercer  co.,  Pa.  Village,  Brown  co.,  O.,  on 

the  road  from  West  Union  to  Cincinnati,  40  ms. 
SE.  by  E.  from  the  latter,  23  a  little  N.  of  W. 
from  the  former,  and  by  post  road  107  ms.  SSW. 

from  Columbus.  Tp.,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  on 

the  left  side  of  the  Kennebec  river,  at  its  mouth. 

 Tp.  and  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.  

Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  on 
the  dividing  ground  between  the  heads  of  Indian 
and  Nanticoke  rivers,  40  ms.  from  Dover.  Lat. 

38  42  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  37  E.  Town  and 

port  of  entry,  D.  C,  3  ms.  W.  from  the  Capitol. 
The  site  of  Georgetown  is  an  acclivity  rising  by  a 
bold  sweep  from  Potomac  river  and  Rock  creek. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  which 
possesses  two  large  buildings,  a  well-chosen  libra- 
ry of  7,000  volumes,  and  about  150  students. 
This  tovyn  is  the  mart  of  considerable  commercial 

business.     See  art.  District  of  Columbia.  

Village,  Kent  co.,  Md.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Sas- 
safras river,  65  ms.  SW.  from  Philadelphia.  

District  of  S.  C,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean 
SE.,  by  Santee  river  or  Charleston  SW.,  by  Wil- 
liamsburg NW.,  and  by  Marion  and  Horry  NE. 
Length  36,  mean  width  25  ms.  ;  area  900  sq.  ms. 
Surface  generally  level,  and  in  part  sandy  or 
swampy.  Soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town, 
Georgetown.  Pop.  1820,  17,603;  1840,  18,274. 

Cent.  lat.  33  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  25  W.  

Village,  seaport,  and  seat  of  justice,  Georgetown 
district  S.  C,  on  the  point  between  Sampit  creek 
and  Black  river,  near  the  head  of  Winyan  bay, 
60  ms.  NE.  from  Charleston.  Lat.  33  21  N. 
It  is  well  situated  for  a  port  of  trade,  the  bar  at 
the  mouth  of  Pedee  admitting  vessels  of  11  feet 
draught,  and  having  the  extensive  country  watered 
by  the  Great  Pedee  and  its  branches  in  the  rear. 
It  contains  several  places  of  public  worship,  a 
bank,  and  the  ordinary  buildings  necessary  for 

legal  purposes.  Village,  Warren  co.,  Geo.,  on 

the  left  side   of  Ogechee  river,  60  ms.  from 

Savannah,  and  35  above  Louisville.  Village, 

Beaver  co.,  Penn.  Town  and  seat  of  justice, 

Scott,  co.,  Ky.,  on  the  left  bank  of  North  Elkhorn 
creek,  15.  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  bank,  printing  office,  and  several 
places  of  public  worship.    Lat.  38  14  N.,  Ion. 

W.  C.  7  28  W.  Village,  Harrison  co.,  O., 

6  ms.  SE.  from  Cadiz.  Village  and  co.  seat, 

in  Pleasant  tp.  of  Brown  co.,  O.;  situated  about  7| 
ms.  from  Ohio  river,  on  the  road  from  West 
Union  to  Cincinnati,  about  105  ms.  by  postroad 
SSW.  from  Columbus,  45  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from 
Cincinnati,  23  SE.  from  Batavia,  and  22  a  little 
N.  of  W.  from  West  Union,  N.  lat.  38  58  Ion. 
W.  C.  6  42  W.  Pop.  1836,  500,  in  1840  the  tp. 

contained  1 ,970.-  Village  Dearborn  co.,  la.  

Called  by  the  Dutch  Sfabrocck,  town  of  S.  America, 
in  Deraarara,  on  the  right  bank  of  Demarara  river. 
Lon.  W.  C.  19°  E.,  lat.  6  40  N.  Pop.  9,000. 
344 


Georgetown  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Kent 
Md.,  3  ms.  S.  from  Georgetown. 

Georgia,  country  of  Asia,  called  by  the  Per 
sians  Gurdistan,  or  more  correctly  Koordistan 
and  by  the  Turks  Gurtshi.  It  is  one  of  the  sevci 
Caucassian  nations  in  the  countries  between  th 
Black  sea  and  the  Caspian,  and  comprehends  th 
ancient  Iberia  and  Colchis.  It  is  bounded  on  th 
N.  by  Circassia,  E.  by  Daghestan  and  Schirvan 
S.  by  Armenia,  and  W.  by  Cuban,  or  the  ne\ 
Russian  Government  of  Caucasia.  It  is  divide 
into  9  provinces.  Of  these,  5  form  what  is  com 
monly  called  the  kingdom  of  Georgia,  and  4  th 
kingdom  or  principality  of  Iineritia.  The  la- 
reigning  prince  ceded  this  country  to  Russia  o 
his  death,  which  happened  in  1800.  The  hills  c 
Georgia  are  covered  with  forests  of  oak,  ash 
beech,  chesnuts,  walnuts,  and  elms,  encircled  wit 
vines,  growing  perfectly  wild,  but  producing  vai 
quantities  of  grapes,  from  which  much  wine  an 
brandy  are  made.  Cotton  grows  spontaneous!) 
as  well  as  the  finest  European  fruit  trees.  Rict 
wheat,  millet,  hemp,  and  flax,  are  raised  on  th 
plains,  almost  without  culture.  The  valley 
afford  the  finest  pasturage,  the  rivers  are  full  < 
fish,  the  mountains  abound  in  minerals,  and  th  • 
climate  is  healthy.  The  rivers  of  Georgia,  bein 
fed  by  mountain  torrents,  are  always  either  to 
rapid  or  too  shallow  for  the  purposes  of  navigat 
The  Georgians  are  Christians  of  the  Greek 
munion.  The  principal  mountains  are  the 
casus,  separating  it  from  Circassia. 

Georgia,  one  of  the  U.  S.;  bounded  SI 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  S.  by  Fa.,  W.  Ala.,  N. 
Tenn.,  and  NE.  by  S.  C.    Length  380 
mean  width  150  ;  area  within  a  small  fractic 
58,000  sq.  ms.,  equal  to  37,120,000  acres, 
ing  between  lat.  30  22  and  35°  N. 

Of  all  the  States  of  the  U.  S.,  Georgia  pre 
the  greatest  diversity  of  climate  and  of  vege 
production,  indigenous  and  exotic.     Its  mc 
tainous  northern  extremity  rises  into  an  ele\ 
favorable  to  the  cereal  gramina,  whilst  its  sou 
em  extremity,  on  the  branches  of  Appalachic 
St.    Mary's,    and    Alatamaha,  have  a  clima 
sufficiently  mild  to  permit  the  growth,  and  evt 
profitable  culture,  of  the  sugar  cane,  orange,  oliv 
date,  and  lemon  trees.     Between  those  extreme 
every  valuable  vegetable  substance  produced  in  tl 
U.  S.  can  be  brought  to  perfection.     From  tl 
much  higher  temperature  of  the  seasons  on  ti 
Atlantic  coast  than  those  in  the  basin  of  tl 
Mississippi,  tender  tropical  vegetables  are  cull 
vated  upwards  of  two  degrees  of  latitude  furth 
N.  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter  region.  Swe 
oranges  are  cultivated  in  Beaufort  district,  S.  ( 
Lat.  32  20  N.     This  fruit  ceases  in  La.  at  abo 
lat.  30  10  N.    Oranges  are  cultivated  along  t 
entire  seaboard  of  Ga.,  as  is  the  sugar  can 
Cotton  may,  however,  be  considered  as  the  star 
commodity  of  the  State.    Ga.  is  naturally  divi 
ed  into  three  zones,  presenting  very  distinct  -\ 
appropriate  features.     First,  the  almost  flat  a 
in  many  places  inundated  sea  border ;  the  sa 
hill  tract,  between  the  sea  border  and  the  f  ills 
the  rivers;  and,  lastly,  the  hilly  and  mounlaino 
section  above  the  falls.    The  first  is  marked 
some  very  productive  islands,  but  generally  by 
marshy  or  sterile  pine  wood  soil,  reaching  80 


GEO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GEO 


0  ms.  inland.  The  second,  or  sand-hill  tract, 
iterspersed  with  much  very  valuable  river  allu- 
ion.  The  third,  the  most  extensive,  most  fertile, 
nd  much  the  most  salubrious  part  of  the  State, 
caches  from  the  interior  of  the  middle  zone  to  the 
tmost  limits  of  the  State.  On  the  latter,  are  culti- 
ited  in  full  perfection  all  the  grains  of  the  U.  S., 
ice  excepted,  and  an  indefinite  variety  of  orchard 
id  garden  fruits,  and  other  vegetables.  Taken 
;  a  whole,  this  State  produces  grain,  sugar,  cot- 
'H,  tobacco,  indigo,  &c.  The  interests  of  educa- 
on  have  received  their  share  of  attention  in  Ga. 
n  university  has  been  planned  and  partially  es- 
blished,  consisting  of  Franklin  college,  already 

operation  at  Athens,  and  of  an  academy  in- 
ndcd  to  be  located  in  each  co.    The  latter  part 

the  design  remains  necessarily  incomplete, 
ough  several  academical  establishments  have 
en  actually  formed.  Free  schools  were  pro- 
ved in  1817,  and  200,000  dollars  appropriated  |  Emanuel 

the  Legislature  to  carry  the  enlightened  pro-  £?ve!:te 
•t  into  effect. 

The  State  is  judicially  divided  into  four  dis- 
cls — southern,   eastern,   middle,   and  western, 
milar  to  other  States  of  the  U.  S.,  the  Legis- 
ure  of  Ga.  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
representatives  ;  but  elections  are  more  than  or- 
larily  frequent.    The  members  of  both  Houses 
i;  chosen  annually  by  the  respective  cos.  The 
Vvernor  is  chosen  biennially  by  the  Legislature. 
'In  point  of  commercial  importance,  Ga.,  from 
'  value  of  her  products,  holds  a  high  rank  ;  in 
!17,  her  exports  amounted  to  near  9,000,000  of 
pilars,   and  in   1836  amounted  to  upwards  of 
,000,000  dollars.  A  railroad  has  been  projected, 
jd  in  part  executed,  to  extend  from  Augusta 
'  ough  the  Stale,  in  a  northwestern  direction,  to 
I  Tennessee  line,  on 


Tab  le —  Continu  ed. 


Counties 


Liberty 
Lincoln 

branch  of  Tennessee  I  Lowndes 


Campbell 
Carroll 
Cass 

Chatham 
Chattaoga 
Cherokee 
Clarke 
Cobb 
Columbia 
Coweta 
Crawford 
Dade 
Decatur 
Ue  Kalb 
Dooley 
Early 
Effingham 
Elbert 


Floyd 
Forsyth 
Franklin 
Gilmer 
Glynn 
Greene 
Gwinnett 
Habersham 
Hall 

Hancock 
Harris 
Heard 
Henry 
Houston 
Irwin 
Jackson 
Jasper 
Jefferson 
Jones 
Laurens 
Lee 


.j  |  Lumpkin 
ld«  1  Macon 


er;  another  railroad  to  leave  Savannah,  an 
;sing  by  Macon,  join  the  first  at  the  town  of I  Madison 
catur,  in  De  Kalb  co.;  and  a  third  to  leave  Bruns-  J  iviclntosh 
ck  harber,  in  Glynn  co.,  aflhd  extend  SW.  by  j  Meriwether 
.  across  the  State,  to  its  SW.  angle,  at  the  junc- 
n  of  the  Flint  and  Chattahooche  river. 
1st,  about     -  260  ms. 

2d,  about  -  280 
3J,  about     -  200 


Total 


-  740 


•  vannah,  the  capital,  is  also  the  principal  sea- 
Hand  man  of  the  State.  Pop.  in  1840,  11,214. 
•nbury,  Brunswick,  Darien,  and  particularly 
'  Mary's,  have  all  good  harbors,  though  neither 
1  ;e  depth  of  water  to  claim  rank  as  first-rate 

•  'ens. 


-ogrsssive  population  of  Georgia,  by  counties. 


i 


Counties. 


Min? 


I' lock 
1  ke 


iden 


44* 


1820. 


1,264 

7,734 

3,021 
2,578 
11,577 

4,342 


1330. 


1,468 
1/253 
7,295 
7,154 
3.139 
2,587 
11,833 
4,944 
4,578 


1840. 


2,052 
4,226 
7,250 
9,802 
3,182 
3,102 
13,176 
5,308 
6,075 


Monroe 
Montgomery 
Morgan 
Murray 
Muscogee 
Newton 
Oglethorpe 
Paulding 
Pike 
Pulaski 
Putnam 
Rabun 
Randolph 
Richmond 
Scriven 
Stewart 
Sumter 
Talbot 
Taliaferro 
Tatnall 
Telfair 
Thomas 
Troup 
Twiggs 
Union 
ison 
alker 
Walton 
Ware 
Warren 
Washington 
Wayne 
Wilkes 
Wilkinson 

Total 


Cos 
Wa 


1320. 


14,737 

8,767 
12,695 


768 
3,018 
11,788 
2,928 


9,040 

3~413 
13,539 
4,S89 
3.14.3 
5,036 
12,734 


411 

8,355 
14,614 

7,056 
16,560 

5.436 

6,695 
6.45S 


3,735 
5,129 


1,8.52 
13,520 


14,046 


5,233 
15,475 
524 


3,941 


2.644 
2,104 


10,640 


10,630 
10.627 

1,010 
17,607 

6,992 


340,972 


1330. 


3,323 
3,419 

14,127 
10,176 


12,606 

5,003 
5,313 

3,854 
10,042 
2,135 
2.051 
2,924 
12,354 
2,673 
5,501 


10,107 

4,567 
12,549 
13,239 
10,671 
11,743 
11,820 

5,005 

10.506 
7,369 
1,180 
9,004 

13,131 
7,309 

13  345 
5,589 
1,680 
7,233 
6.145 
2,453 


4,646 
1,436 
4,998 
4,422 

10.202 
L269 

12,046 

3,508 
11,155 
13,618 

6,149 
4,906 

13,261 
2,176 
2,191 

11,644 
4,776 


5,940 
4,934 
2,040 
2,136 
3,299 
5,799 
8,031 

7,013 

10,929 
1,205 

10,946 
9,820 
963 

14,237 
6,513 


516,323 


1840. 


345 


GEO  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GEO 


Population  of  Georgia,  by  classes,  from  the  census 
of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5  - 

5  to  10  - 
10  to  15  - 
15  to  20  • 

20  to  30  - 
30  to  40  - 
40  to  50  - 
50  to  60  - 
60  to  70  • 
70  to  SO  - 
SO  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites  • 


Males. 


43,759 
33,899 
27,136 
20,897 
34,696 
22^96 
13.SS6 
7,623 
4,240 
1,641 
455 
87 
19 


210,534 


Females. 


Population  of  Georgia,  by  counties,  in  1840. 


40,579 
32,089 
25,993 
22,395 
31,705 
19,603 
12,300 
6,795 
3,679 
1,4S5 
443 
79 


Counties. 


197,161 

210.5:14 


407,695 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fem's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

OtolO 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 

427 
375 
232 
195 
137 
8 

375 
3S1 
229 
192 
17S 
24 

48,933 
43,630 
24,953 
16,319 
5,374 
126 

48,445 
44,348 
27,557 
16,265 
4,922 
72 

1,374 

1,379 
1,374 

139,335 

141,609 
139,335 

Total  J 

2,753 

280,944 

Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


-  407.695 

-  2,753 

-  280,944 

-  691,392 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are — 

Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age       -           -  78 

Do.  from  14  to  25           -           -            -            -  62 

Do.  above  25    -           -           -           -           -  53 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb            -           -  193 

Do.  blind        .....  136 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  -           -           -           -           -  243 

Private  charge             ....  574 

Total  whites  insane,  &c.            •           -  817 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb            -           -           -           -  64 
Do.  blind        .....  151 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Private  charge  -  -  -  -108 

Public  charge  -----  26 
Total  of  persons  employed  in— 

Mining           -           -           -            -  574 

Agriculture     .....  209.383 

CSmmerce       .....  2,426 

Manufactures  and  trades           ...  7,934 

Navigation  on  the  ocean            ...  262 

Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers       -           .           -  352 

Learned  professions      -                   *    -            -  1,250 

Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  and  military  services  -  325 

Universities  or  colleges             -           -           -  11 

Students  in  do             -           .           .           .  622 

Academies  and  Grammar  schools            -           -  176 

Do.  students  in            -           -           .           .  7.878 

Primary  and  common  schools     ...  '601 

Do.  scholars  in             -           .           .           .  15,561 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -  .  .  1,333 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 

cannot  read  or  write  -  30,717 

346 


Appling 
Baker 
Baldwin 
Bibb 
Bryan 
Bulled* 
Burke 
Butts 
Camden 
Campbell 
Carroll 
Cass 

Chatham 

Chattaoga 

Cherokee 

Clarke 

Cobb 

Columbia 

Coweta 

Crawford 

Decatur 

De  Kalb 

Dade 

Dooley 

Earley 

Effingham 

Elbert 

Emanuel 

Fayette 

Floyd 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gilmer 

Glynn 

Greene 

Gwinnette 

Habersham 

Hall 

Hancock 
Harris 
Heard 
Henry 
Houston 
Irwin 
Jackson 
Jasper 
Jefferson 
Jones 
Laurens 
Lee 
Liberty 
Lincoln 
Lowndes 
Lumpkin 
Macon 
Madison 
Marion 
Mcintosh 
Meriwether 
Monroe 
Montgomery 
Morgan 
Murray 
Muskogee 
Newton 
Oglethorpe 
Paulding 
Pike 
Pulaski 
Putnam 
Rabun 
Randolph 
Richmond 
.  Scriven 
Stewart 
Sumter 
Talbot 
Taliaferro 
Tatnall 
Telfair 
Thomas 
Troup 
I  Twiggs 


Free  white  Free  col. 
persons.  persons.! 


9181  837 

1.30S  1,139 

1,686  1,339 

2,762!  2,593 

462 


1,085 
2,403 
1,724 
1,052 
2.320 
2,433 
3,915 
3,756 
1.371 
2,774 
2,S24 
3,445 
1,966 


Slaves. 


1,062 
2,206 
1,561 
952 
2,206 
2,292 
3,166 
3,045 
1,253 
2,627 
2,779 
3,185 
1,954 


3,692 1  3,571 
2,317  2,095 


2,565  2,495 
3,878  3,876 
1,286!  1,155 


510 

2,407, 
4.358 
3,596 
3,3% 
1.900 
3.-73 


381 
2,234 
4.194 
3,411 
3,388 
1,797 
3.609 


1,927  1,822 


4,322 
2.505 
'£•58 
3.0(10: 
-,536 
1,496 
2,303 


4,10-2 
2,356 
814 
2.994 
2,3-5 
1,381 
2,114 


1,540  1,538  4 
1,185 
816 
1,258 
2,167 
2,516 
1.719 
1,569 
1,818 
627 
4,284 
3,306 
631 
1,625 
1,748 
3,293 
3,838 
2,237 
1,022 
3,196 
1,462 
1,825 
873 
2,659 
2,659 
1,046 
3,824 
1,950 
4 

1,080 
904 
977 
1,776 
<45Sj  4,224 
2,192;  2,022 


281 


24  18 

2  3| 
60 


13 


25 

16  15 

24 

15  1 

14  23 


427 
2,359 
1,806 
3,058 

243 
1,249 
1,174 
3/237 
44 
1,312 
3,181 
1,359 
2.360 

835 
3,339 
1,4:38 

426 

376 

1,4001  1,5301  b, 
3,402  3,621  15, 
2,0701  2,095i  4, 


GER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GER 


Tab  ie — Continued. 


Counties. 


mon 

psm 

ralker  , 

'alton 

rare 

'arren 

'ashington 

"ayne 

'ilkes 

'ilkinson 


ital 


Free  white 
persons. 


1,542 
2,802 
3,057 
3,434 
1.123 
2,601 
2.975 
442 
1.815 
2,546 


1,523 
2,734 
2,526 
3,149 
1,066 
2,575 
2,987 
435 
1,815 
2,411 


Free  col 
persons 


.  210534  197161  1374  1379  139335 


Slaves. 


43 
1,925 

472 
1,803 
67 
2.309 
2,375 

168 
3,202 

936 


44 
1,943 

474 
1,822 
6.-. 
2,227 
2,191 

199 
3,299 

930 


141609 


Tolal. 


3.152 
9;408 
6,572 

10.209 
2.323 
9,789 

10,565 
1,258 

10,148 
6,842 


691392 


Progressive  population  of  Georgia. 


Years. 

Population. 

Ratio  of  increase. 

0             -  - 

252,433 
340,989 
516,823 
691,392 

1.31 
1.22 
1.33 

I  Ratio  of  increase  in  30  years,  from  1810  to 
140,  2.74. 

:  Georgia,  gulf  of  the  U.  S.,  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
Itween  the  continent  and  Quadra  and  Vancouver's 
ami.  It  extends  from  Johnson's  straits  to  the 
•aits  of  John  de  Fuca,  about  250  ms.  This  so 
lied  gulf  is  really  a  strait  between  the  continent 
North  America  and  the  island  of  so  many  names, 
Quadra  and  Vancouver's,  Queen  Charlotte's, 
id  the  Wakash  nation.  The  southern  entrance 
to  this  strait  is  about  160  ms.  N.  of  the  mouth 

Columbia  river.  Town  of  Franklin  co.,  Vt., 

mated  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  about 
ms.  N.  of  Milton,  containing  1,800  inhabitants. 
Georgia,  Southern,  island  of  the  South  Pacific 
ean,  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1775,  and 
named  by  him.  It  is  31  leagues  long,  and  10 
its  greatest  breadth.  It  seems  to.  abound  with 
ys  and  harbors,  which  the  vast  quantities  of  ice 
nder  inaccessible  the  greatest  part  of  the  year, 
he  valleys  were  covered  with  snow,  and  the  only 
■getation  observed  was  a  bladed  grass,  growing  in 
lis,  wild  burnet,  and  a  plant,  like  moss,  which 
rung  from  the  rocks.  Not  a  stream  of  fresh 
ater  was  to  be  seen  on  the  whole  coast.  This 
and  lies  between  38  13  and  35  34  W.  Ion.,  and 
I  57  and  54  57  S.  lat. 

Georgiersk,  capital  of  the  Russian  province  of 
lucasus,  as  laid  down  on  Black's  map,  is  situ- 
?d  on  a  higher  branch  of  the  Kouma  river,  at  N. 
-  44  45,  Ion.  42  45  E.  London,  about  140  ms. 
E.  of  Soukoum  Kaleh,  on  the  Euxine,  and  300 
>•  southwestward  of  Astrakhan. 

Gcpping,  town  of  Suabia,  in  Wirtemberg,  on 
e  river  Wills,  25  ms.  E.  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9 
•  E.,  lat.  48  44  N. 

"Geh  is  mentioned  by  Pliny  (1.  5,  c.  1)  as  a 
'er  in  iMauritania  Canadensis.  Ger,  or  Gher, 
the  Berber  language,  signifies  between,  and  is  a 
ry  probable  etymology  of  that  river.    There  is  a 


town  in  the  empire  of  Morocco,  which  at  this  day 
is  called  Gher.  It  lies  to  the  SE.  of  Fez,  between 
two  ridges  of  Mount  Atlas.  There  is  also  Cape 
Gher,  on  the  western  coast  o£  Morocco,  between 
Mogador  and  Santa  Cruz." — Hodgson. 

Gera,  town  of  Germany,  in  Misnia,  with  a 
handsome  college,  on  the  river  Elster.  Lon.  11 
56  E,,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Geraw,  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  10  ms.  NW. 
of  Darmstadt.    Lon.  8  29  E.,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Gerberoy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  and 
late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  50  ms.  N.  by 
W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  54  E.,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Gerbs,  Gerbi,  or  Zerbi,  island  on  the  coast  of 
Tunis.  It  bears  no  other  corn  than  barley,  but 
has  large  quantities  of  figs,  olives,  and  grapes, 
which,  when  dried,  form  the  principal  trade.  It 
depends  on  the  Dey  of  Tripoli.  Lon.  10  30  E., 
lat.  33  56  N.» 

Gerbevillers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meur- 
the,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  on  the  Agen,  5 
ms.  from  Luneville. 

Gergenti,  town  of  Sicily,  near  the  river  St.  Blaise, 
50  ms.  S.  of  Palermo.  Lon.  13  24  E.,  lat.  47  24  N. 

Gerisau,  village  of  Switzerland  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  Lake  of  Schweitz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Rigi.  It 
is  a  republic,  the  smallest  in  Europe.  Its  territory 
is  two  leagues  in  length  and  one  in  breadth,  com- 
posed entirely  of  scattered  houses  and  cottages,  of 
a  very  neat  and  picturesque  appearance.  The  in- 
habitants are  computed  at  about  1,200,  and  are 
much  employed  in  preparing  silk  for  the  manufac- 
tures at  Basle.  This  republic  is  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and 
Underwalden  ;  and,  in  of  case  of  war,  furnishes  its 
quota  of  men.  Gerisau  is  12  ms.  S  W.  of  Schweitz. 

Germain,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine 
and  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France, 
on  the  Seine,  near  a  forest,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  15  E.,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Germain's,  St.,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall, 
near  the  sea,  10  ms.  W.  of  Plymouth  and  224  W. 
by  S.  of  London.     Lon.  4  24  W.,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Germain  Laval,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Forez, 
remarkable  for  excellent  wine.  It  is  225  ms.  SE. 
Paris.    Lon.  4  2  E.,  lat.  45  50  N. 

German,  town,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  ms. 

W.  from  Norwich.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,675.  

Tp.,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  on  Brown's  creek,  6  ms. 

W.  from  Union.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,379.  Tp., 

Clarke  co.,  O.  Tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  O..  Pop. 

1820,  2,079.  Western  tp.,  Darke  co.,  O.  

Tp.,  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Mo. 

German  Coast,  district  of  La.,  on  both  banks  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  above  the  parish  of  Orleans. 
— See  St.  Bernard. 

German  Flats,  town,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
level  point  between  Mohawk  river  and  West  Canada 
creek.  The  tp.  is  named  from  the  extensive  alluvial 
bottoms  of  the  Mohawk.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,665. 

Germanna,  village,  on  Rapid  Ann  river,  in  the 
NE.  angle  of  Orange  co.,  Va.,  72  ms.  SW.  from 
W.  C,  and  81  N.  from  Richmond. 

Germano,  village  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Harrison  co.,  O.,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Cadiz. 

German  Settlement,  post  office,  Preston  county, 
Va.,  170  ms.  a  little  of  N.  of  W.  from  W.  C. 

347 


GER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GER 


Germantown,  town,  Columbia  co.,  N;  Y.,  on' 

Hudson  river,  12  ms.  below  Hudson.  Village, 

Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.,  commencing  6  ms.  and  ex- 
tending along  the  Reading  road  to  Chestnut  Hill, 
10  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia.  In  this  fine  village 
is  located  Mount  Airy  College,  a  respectable  lite- 
rary institution.  -Village,  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,49 

ms.  from  W.  C.  Village,  Hyde  co.,  N.  C,  on 

the  N.  side  of  Pamlico  sound,  30  ms.  SE.  by  E. 

from  Washington^.  Village,  Stokes  co.,  N.  C, 

on  Dan  river,  100  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh.  

Village,  nearly  on  the  line  between  Bracken  and 
Mason  counties,  Ky.,  33  ms.  SE.  from  Cincinnati. 

 Village,  in  the  SW.  part  of  Montgomery  co., 

O.,  situated  on  Twin  creek,  13  ms.  SW.  of  Day- 
ton, 4  W.  of  Miamisburg,  and  18  SE.  by  E.  from 
Eaton,  in  Preble  county.  It  is  a  very  flourishing- 
village,  and,  according  to  the  Ohio  Gazetteer,  it 
contained  in  1836  a  population  of  1,000. 

German  ocean,  that  expanse  of  water  bounded 
by  Germany  and  France  S.,  by  the  British  islands 
W.,  a  part  of  the  northern  Atlantic  N.,  and  by 
Norway,  Jutland,  and  a  part  of  Germany  E. — See 
North  sea. 

Germany,  large  country  of  Europe,  bounded  E. 
by  Hungary  and  Russian  and  Austrian  Poland,  S 
by  Italy  and  Switzerland,  W.  by  France  and  the 
Netherlands,  and  N.  by  Denmark  and  the  Baltic 
sea ;  in  length  and  breadth  it  is  about  six  hundred 
miles  by  a  mean  of  three  hundred  and  seventy,  or 
area  of  220,000  sq.  miles.    From  its  peculiar  con- 
stitution and  political  and  moral  consequence,  we 
may  so  far  depart  from  our  usual  brevity  as  to  give 
a  few  general  facts  of  its  history.  In  the  ages  when 
Roman  power  had  risen  to  the  highest,  the  Ger- 
man tribes  were  free,  unsubdued,  and  braved  the 
conquerers  of  so  many  other  nations.    As  the  Ro- 
man power  declined,  German  power  and  political 
consistency  increased  ;  and  when,  in  A.  D.  476, 
the  Roman  empire  of  the  west  ceased  to  exist,  it 
was  superseded  by  the  Goths,  Alains,  Suevi,  Lom- 
bards, Franks,  and  other  German  nations.   In  suc- 
ceeding centuries,  those  new  nations  changed  the 
ancient  order  of  things,  new  laws,  languages,  and 
political  divisions  rose,  and  finally  the  Emperor 
Charlemagne,  in  the  year  800,  being  then  at  the 
city  of  Rome,  Pope  Leo  HI.  crowned  him  emperor, 
in  St.  Peter's  church  ;  and  Nicephorus,  who  was 
then  emperor  of  the  East,  consented  to  this  coro- 
nation.   Alter  the  death  of  Charlemagne,  and  of 
Louis  le  Debonnaire,  his  son  and  successor,  the 
empire  was  divided  between  the  four  sons  of  the 
latter.    Lothario,  the  first,  was  emperor ;  Pepin 
was  King  of  Aquitaine ;  Louis,  King  of  Germany ; 
and  Charles  le  Chauve,  King  of  France.  This 
partition  was  the  source  of  incessant  feuds.  The 
French  kept  the  empire  under  eight  emperors,  till 
the  year  912,  when  Louis  III,  the  last  prince  of 
the  line  of  Charlemagne,  died  without  male  issue. 
Conrad,  Count  of  F  ranconia,  the  son-in-law  of 
Louis,  was  then  elected  emperor.    Thus  the  em- 
pire went  to  the  Germans,  and  became  elective; 
for  it  had  been  hereditary  under  the  French  em- 
perors.   The  emperor  was  chosen  by  the  princes, 
the  lords,  and  the  deputies  of  cities,  till  the  year 
1239,  when  the  number  of  the  electors  was  reduced 
to  seven;  one  more  was  added  in  1649,  and  an- 
other it>4692  ;  the*e  nine  electors  continued  to  the 
year  1798,  when,  in  consequence  of  the  altera- 
348 


gnu 

I 

■1 


tions  made  in  the  constitution  of  the  empire,  uj 
der  the  influence  of  France  and  Russia,  they  bi 
came  ten  in  number;  namely,  the  elector  and  arc! 
bishop  of  Ralisbon,  the  elector  and  King  of  Bohi 
mia,  (the  then  emperor,)  the  elector  of  Bavari; 
the  elector  of  Saxony,  the  elector  of  Brandenburg 
(King  of  Prussia,)  the  elector  of  Hanover,  (Kir 
of  England,)  the  elector  of  Wurtzburg,  (late  gnu 
duke  of  Tuscany,)  the  elector  of  Wirtemburg, 
elector  of  Baden,  and  the  elector  of  Hesse 
dolphus,  Count  of  Hapsburg,  was  elected  em 
in  1273.    He  is  the  head  of  the  house  of  Ausi 
which  is  descended  from  the  same  stock  as 
house  of  Lorraine,  reunited  to  it  in  the  person 
Francis  I.,  father  of  the  two  late  emperors,  Jose) 
and  Leopold.    On  the  death  of  Charles  VI 
Austria,  in  1740,  an  emperor  was  chosen  from 
house  of  Bavaria,  by  the  name  of  Charles 
On  the  death  of  this  prince,  in  1745,  the  abov 
mentioned  Francis,  formerly  Duke  of  Lorrain 
and  when  elected  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany 
elected  emperor  ;  whose  grandson,  Francis  llH 
joyed  the  dignity  of  Emperor  of  Germany  till  180 
when  he  formally  resigned  the  title  and  office.  ; 
the  close  of  the  Saxon  race,  in  1024,  the  prerog 
tives  of  the  emperor  were  very  considerable ;  bi 
in  1437,  they  were  reduced  to  the  right  of  confe 
ring  all  dignities  and  titles,  except  the  privilege 
being  a  State  of  the  empire  ;  of  granting  dis] 
tions  with  respect  to  the  age  of  majority  ;  of 
ing  cities,  and  conferring  the  privilege  of  co 
money  ;  of  calling  the  meetings  of  the  diet, 
presiding  in  them.    But,  after  all,  there  wai 
foot  of  land  annexed  to  this  title  ;  for,  ever 
the  reign  of  Charles  IV.,' the  emperors  de 
entirely  on  their  hereditary  dominions  as  the 
source  of  their  power,  and  even  of  their  su 
ence.  To  prevent  the  calamities  of  a  contesl,e<] 
tion,  a  king  of  the  Romams  was  often  chosen  i 
lifetime  of  the  emperor,  on  whose  death  he 
ceeded  to  the  imperial  dignity  of  course.  Theei 
peror  (always  elected  and  crowned  at  Frankfort  i 
the  Maine)  assumed  the  title  of  august,  and  pr 
tended  to  be  successor  to  the  emperors  of  Rom 
Although  he  was  chief  of  the  empire,  the  suprer 
authority  resided  in  the  diet,  which  was  compos 
of  three  colleges — the  college  of  electors,  the  c( 
lege  of  princes,  and  the  college  of  imperial  town 
The  diet  had  the  power  of  making  peace  or  wt 
of  settling  general  impositions,  and  of  regulati 
all  the  important  affairs  of  the  empire  ;  bu'-  the  c 
cisions  had  not  the  force  of  law  till  the  empei 
gave  his  consent.     When  a  war  was  determil) 
on,  every  prince  contributed  his  quota  of  men  a 
money,  as  valued  in  the  matriculation  roll ;  ihoug 
as  an  elector  or  prince,  he  might  espouse  a  dift 
ent  side  from  that  of  the  diet.    All  the  sovereig 
of  Germany  have  an  absolute  authority  in  th< 
own  dominions,  and  can  lay  taxes,  levy  troo| 
and  make  alliances,  provided  they  did  not  prejuil 
the  empire.    They  determine  all  civil  causes  «Jf 
nitely,  unless  in  some  particular  cases,  in  whi 
an  appeal  may  be  made.    These  appeals  were 
two  courts,  called  the  Imperial  Chamber,  at  We 
Iar;  and  the  Aulic  Council,  at  Vienna.    The  thi 
principal  religions  are  the  Roman  Catholic,  t 
Lutheran,  and  the  Calvinists;  but  Christians  of 
denominations  are  tolerated  ;  and  there  is  a  mu 
tude  of  Jews  in  all  the  great  towns. 


\ 


GER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GER 


jlermany  was  divided  into  nine  circles,  namely  •* 
istria,  Bavaria,  Suabia,  Franconia,  Upper  and 
]wer  Rhine,  Westphalia,  and  Upper  and  Lower 
fxony :  each  of  these  includes  several  other  State?; 
{1  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Lusatia,  and  Silesia,  are 
|  comprised  in  the  ten  circles.  Germany  late- 
1  contained  6  archbishoprics  and  38  bishoprics ; 
|  this  hierarchy  was  thrown  into  confusion  by 
t  secularizations  in  1798,  and  is  not  yet  restored 
t order;  the  Archbishop  of  Ratisbon  is  primate 
i  1  metropolitan  of  all  Germany  ;  the  see  of  Mentz 
1'ing  been  moved  to  Ratisbon.  No  country  has 
x  Jergone  such  a  variety  of  changes  for  the  last  20 
Mrs  as  Germany.  This  account  must  be  consid- 
td  as  what  Germany  was  previous  to  the  year 
J)6;  after  which  time,  in  consequence  of  the 
j  nation  of  the  confederation  of  the  Rhine,  the 
eperor  Francis  II.  resigned  his  office  as  em- 
|  or  of  Germany,  which  dissolved  that  ancient 
tistitution;  and  therefore  that  confederation  may 
iv  be  considered  as  abolished.  By  the  confeder- 
al of  1815,  Germany  was  new  modelled,  and 
iv  stands  as  follows  :  A  permanent  diet  is  form- 
€  and  holds  its  sessions  at  Frankfort  on  the 
fine.  The  States  which  are  entitled  to  repre- 
ttation  in  that  body  are  the  following  : 

mistical  table  of  the  Germanic  Confederation, 
W^rom  Liechtenstein,  giving  their  respective  area 
u  statute  square  miles,  their  population,  and 
he  military  contingents  which  each  is  hound 
No  furnish  in  case  of  war. 


Sec  Zoll  Verein,  or  M  German  Customs  Union.''* 

Though  greatly  changed  politically,  the  funda- 
mental constitution  of  Germany  was  too  deeply 
radicated  in  the  manners,  language,  and  thoughts 
of  the  Germans  to  admit  of  any  essential  revolution 
in  its  society,  but  what  arose  from  gradual  meliora- 
tion in  the  reasoning  power  and  arts  of  life  of  the 
people.  The  changes  have  therefore  been  political 
meliorations,  and,  as  such,  are  still  in  progress. 

Note. — It  will  be  seen  that,  in  the  aggregates 
of  population  contained  in  this  article  and  that  of 
the  Zoll  Verein,  there  is  a  discrepancy  ;  but  the 
cause  is  the  different  authorities  for  the  two  arti- 
cles, and  in  part,  no  doubt,  from  difference  in  time 
of  making  the  estimates. 

According  to  the  Suabian  Mercury,  the  advance 
in  population  of  the  principal  cities  of  Germany 
was  as  follows  : 


Cities. 


States. 


I  rtemburg 
I  ten,  grand  duchy 
Isse  Darmstadt,  grand 
uchy 

I  lenzollern  Heckingen 
I  chtensiein  • 
..'lenzollern  Sigmarin- 
Jen  - 

>se  Homherg 
J  nkforton  the  Maine  - 
1  :ony,  the  kingdom 
!:eGotha 

:e  Uoburg 
I  :e  Meinmgen 
|  :e  Hildeburghausen  - 

188  Greitz 

jss  Schleilz  - 

;se  Electorate,  (Cassel) 

;sau.  grand  duchy 

:e  Weimar,  do 

lalt  Dessau  - 
-  lalt  Bernberg 
I  lalt  Koethen 
>  wartzb'g  Sonderhausen 
>•  wartzburg  Rudoldiia.lt 
J; lover,  kingdom 
J  nswick 

ldeck 
5  aumbunr,  Lippe 
j  peDetinold  - 

Icklenburg  Schwerin  - 
1  -kl  en  burg  Strelilz 
1  si  fiin  Oldenburg,  grand 

Jj>ec,  the  city  - 
■men,  the  city 
|:iiburg,  the  city 
l{;eaiburg,  duchy 


Area  in 
sq.  ms. 


265,000 
108,300 
31,000 
8,000 
5,860 

3  822 
'  108 


383 
165 
92 
5,691 

r,i38 

.-..34 
426 
233 
144 
434 
3,759 
2  200 
1,447 


315 
346 
428 
1.4/3 
150 
455 
212 
430 

4,600 
756 

258 
114 
44 
126 

832 


450,000 


Population. 


28  210,000 
10,224,000 
3,525,000 
1,395,000 
1,004,000 

619,000 
16,000 

5,500 

35,500 
20,000 
49,000 
1,200.000 
1^000 
80,000 
54,000 
30,000 
22,500 
52,500 
538,000 
303.000 
201,000 
53,000 
37,000 
33.000 
45,000 
56,000 
1.306,000 
210,000 
52,000 
23,000 
29,062 
3,600 
358,000 
72,000 

217,778 
■  41,000 
49,000 
123,698 
300,000 


Berlin,  Prussia 

Carlsruhe,  grand  duchy  of  Baden 
Cassel,  Electoral  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  Ducal  Hesse 
Dresden,  kingdom  of  Saxony 
Hanover,  kingdom  of  Hanover 
Munich,  Bavaria  - 
Siutgard,  kingdom  of  ^Vurtembers 
Vienna,  Austria  - 
Weimar,  Ducal  Saxony 


1821. 


192,217 
16,021 

23,692 
15,450 
52,000 
24,000 
60.024 
27^00 
273,242 
8,917 


1841. 


315,541 
23,484 
31,349 
29,007 
80.989 
29',0O) 

106,351 
42.217 

357,927 
11,486 


50,816,000 


94.S22 
79,234 
35,600 
13.955 
10,000 

6,195 
145 


356 
200 
479 
12.000 
1.857 
800 
544 
297 
223 
522 
5  679 
3,028 
2,010 
529 
370 
325 
451 
539 
13,054 
2,026 
319 
240 
691 
3,600 
3,5S0 
718 

2,178 
407 
485 
1,298 
2,556 


[From  the  London  Morning  Chronicle.~] 
Railroads  in  Germany. — The  year's  result  of 
the  German  railroads  at  present  in  activity  has 
been  published,  and  shows  an  increase  of  nearly 
two  millions  of  travellers  in  1842,  "as  compared 
with  1841.  The  following  table  will  show  the 
number  of  passengers  and  the  amount  (in  English 
money)  received  for  passengers  and  goods  during 
the  month  of  December,  and  during  the  whole  of 
the  year  1842  : 


Names  of  railroads. 


During  Decem- 
ber, 1842. 


Number 
of  pas- 
sengers. 


LinzBudweis  - 
Linz-Gmunden 
Leipzig-Altenburg 
Munich  Augsburg 
Hamburg  Bergedorf 
Berlin-Stettiu  - 
Berlin-Frankfort 
Bresluu  Oppelu 
Manheim-Heidelben; 
Colo<rue  A  ix  la  Chapelle 
Dusseldorf  Elberfeld 
Brunsvvick-Harzburg 
Berlin-Anhalt  - 
Vienna-Stockerau 
.  Vienna  Brunn-Olmutz 
Ma^eburgLeipzig* 
Leipzk  Dresden 
Berlin  Potsdam 
Mentz-Frankfort 
Nuremburg-  Furth 
Vienna  Raab  • 


301,637 


None. 
5.556 
8,173 
9.229 
9;315 
12,133 
13,278 
14.2J6 
16.506 
17,760 
19.113 
20,700 
20,925 
20,826 
21,6-38 

24,993 
30,505 
32,811 
33,874 
36,535 


Money 
receiv- 
ed. 


Number 
ofpassen 
gers. 


£1,566 
•1,258 
1,072 
1,563 
242 

2,168 
932 
522 
2,439 
1,153 
2,329 
5,873 
1,076 
9,416 

7,465 
1,565 
1.487 
'402 
3,795 


During  the  whole 
of  1842. 


Money 
receiv- 
ed. 


14,274 
121,155 

43,622 
213,647 
153,648 

70,880 

35,274 
139,099 
307,692 
317,776 
384.946 
2S9,454 
318,659 
321,490 
297,505 

377,380 
500,906 
809,012 
450,635 
1,151,393 


£23,992 
20,055 

5,266 
26.S65 

5,277 

7,385 
8,633 
9.696 
39,914 

14,893 
79.577 
14,894 
110,617 

9S,579 
23,692 
37,795 
5,271 
71,641 


The  total  number  of  passengers  during  the 
month  of  December  (without  including  Magde- 

*Had  made  no  return  at  the  end  of  January.  ' 

349 


GER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GER 


burg  and  Leipsic)  was  368,049  ;  the  number  in] 
the  corresponding  month  of  1841  was  289,864.1 
During  the  whole  year  of  1842  the  number  of  I 
passengers  was  6,829,002,  whereas  in  1841  the 
number  was  5,071,342;  so  that,  on  the  whole 
year,  there  appears  an  increase  of  1,757,660.  In 
the  returns  of  several  of  the  lines,  the  amount  re- 
ceived is  not  specified,  owing  to  their  not  having 
made  up  their  accounts  for  the  last  quarter  at  the 
time  the  general  statement  was  made  up.  Ap- 
proximate calculations  have  in  the  mean  time  been 
made,  according  to  which  the  whole  number  of 
travellers,  along  all  the  lines,  has  been  estimated 
at  6,870,000,  and  the  amount  received  7,000,000 
Rhenish  florins,  or  about  £583,333;  a  sum  per- 
haps less  than  was  anticipated  by  the  original  esti  - 
mates of  the  different  companies,  but  which  must 
still  be  looked  on  as  large,  when  the  circumstances 
is  taken  into  account  that  the  majority  of  the 
twenty-one  railroads  enumerated  in  the  above  table 
are  still  incomplete,  or  are  only  portions  of  a  more 
extensive  system,  the  real  traffic  of  which  will  not 
be  known  until  the  whole  system  has  been  brought 
into  activity.  Even  those  lines  which  are  com- 
plete, such  as  the  lines  that  connect  Berlin  and 
Dresden,  or  Vienna  and  Olmutz,  will  probably  be- 
come much  more  productive  to  their  proprietors 
when  the  other  lines  now  in  construction  shall 
have  covered  all  Germany  with  a  net  of  railroads. 

The  Linz-Budweis  railroad  conveys  no  passen- 
gers during  the  winter  months,  owing  to  the  ac- 
cumulation of  snow  in  the  mountains,  and  the 
consequent  impossibility  of  making  the  trips  with 
any  degree  of  regularity.  Indeed,  upon  all  the 
German  railroads,  it  will  be  seen  the  number  of 
travellers  was  small  in  December  compared  to  the 
monthly  average  of  the  year. 

The  Leipzig-Altenburg  line  is  only  the  com- 
mencement of  one  which  is  to  connect  the  chief 
cities  of  Saxony  with  those  of  Bavaria.  The  road 
was  partially  opened  to  Altenburg  on  the  19th  of 
September,  and  will,  in  a  few  months,  be  further 
opened  to  Crimmitzchau.  The  Bavarian  Govern- 
ment seems  determined  that  that  part  of  the  rail- 
road which  will  traverse  Bavarian  ground  shall  be 
constructed  with  the  least  possible  delay.  The 
railroad  is  to  enter  the  Bavarian  territory  at  Hof, 
whence  it  is  to  pass  through  Augsburg  and  Nu- 
remburg,  and  run  on  to  the  southern  frontier  at 
Lindau ;  thus  traversing  the  entire  kingdom  from 
north  to  south,  a  distance  of  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  leagues.  The  bill  for  the  construction  of 
this  railroad  has  been  submitted  to  the  Bavarian 
Chambers.  The  expenses  of  the  construction  are 
to  be  covered  by  a  loan. 

The  Munich-Augsburg  company  have  declared  a 
dividend  for  the  year,  on  their  shares,  of  three  per 
cent.  We  have  not  heard  whether  the  sharehold- 
ers have  made  up  their  differences  with  the  direct- 
ors, or  whether  the  company  can  yet  be  said  to 
have  lost  the  unenviable  distinction  of  being  the 
worst  managed  of  all  the  German  railroads. 

The  line,  however,  which  at  the  present  mo- 
ment justly  excites  the  greatest  interest  in  Germa- 
ny ;  and  which  to  England  is  of  more  importance 
than  all  the  other  German  railroads  put  together, 
is  the  projected  line  from  Hamburg  to  Berlin,  of 
which  as  yet  only  a  few  mile?  have  been  completed, 
namely,  from  Hamburg  to  Bergedorf.  The  enter- 
350 


whi 

1 


prising  mercantile  community  of  Hamburg  we; 
if  we  mistake  not,  the  first  in  Germany  to  bes 
themselves  for  the  establishment  of  railroads  b 
encountered  so  many  obstacles  in  the  jealousy 
their  neighbors  that  one  plan  after  another  w 
abandoned  in  despair.  It  was  at  length,  howev< 
determined  that  so  much  of  the  line  towards  Bi 
lin  as  ran  upon  their  own  territory  should  be  ex 
cutcd  at  all  events,  and  they  calculated  that  wh 
a  commencement  had  been  made,  they  would  fii 
it  all  the  easier  to  overcome  personal  objection 
The  result  has  justified  that  calculation.  A II  opp 
sition  on  the  part  of  Denmark  and  Mecklenbu 
has  gradually  been  overcome,  the  political  dirtier 
ties  to  the  undertaking  have  been  all  obviated,  a; 
nothing  now  remains  but  to  raise  the  necessa 
capital  in  order  to  proceed  with  the  construction 
the  railroad. 

In  ordinary  times  there  would  be  no  difficulty 
obtaining,  in  Hamburg  and  Berlin,  purchasers! 
all  the  shares  in  such  an  undertaking  as  a  railro: 
intended  to  connect,  the  two  cities  ;  but  at  the  pre 
ent  time  several  circumstances  contribute  to  ir 
pede  the  prompt  filling  up  of  the  subscription  lis 
The  calamity  which  befel  Hamburg  last  May 
still  severely  felt  there,  independently  of  whi 
Hamburg  has  largely  participated  in  the  effects 
that  commercial  depression  under  which  En 
has  now  been  suffering  for  so  considerable  a 
Many  of  the  citizens  of  Hamburg  have  passed 
affluence  to  poverty  in  consequence  of  the 
fire,  and  many  more  are  probably  still  strugglii 
to  conceal  from  the  world  the  state  of  insolverv 
to  which  that  calamity  has  reduced  them.  Capil 
is,  therefore,  necessarily  less  abundant  in  Hai 
burg  now  than  in  more  prosperous  tfrnc 
and  other  circumstances  contribute  just  now 
Germany  to  invite  the  investment  of  surpl 
capital  in  other  undertakings.  The  king  of  Pru 
sia  has  projected  a  colossal  system  of  railroads 
radiate  from  his  capital  towards  the  extreme  poir 
of  his  kingdom.  Many  of  the  lines  which  he  h 
determined  on,  and  which  have  received  the  nn 
tion  of  the  States,  however  important  they  may 
in  a  political  or  military  point  of  view,  are  n 
likely  to  produce  much  profit  to  those  who  wou 
make  them  at  their  own  risk;  the  king,  in  orde 
nevertheless,  to  ensure  their  construction,  has  gue 
antied  to  the  capitalists  who  will  undertake  the 
a  minimum  interest  of  three  and  a  half  per  cer 
This  guaranty  fund  is  not  to  be  extended  to  t 
line  from  Berlin  to  Hamburg,  which  haa  be> 
looked  on  by  the  Prussian  Government  as  so  t 
cure  a  speculation  that  no  guaranty  from  the  Sts 
would  be  requisite  to  induce  capitalists  to  ent 
upon  it.  Eventually  this  anticipation  will,  r 
doubt,  be  fully  justified ;  but  in  the  mean  time  wh 
may  be  called  the  State  railroads  in  Pru^ia  w 
by  many  be  deemed  a  safer  investment,  the  Pri 
sian  Government  guarantying  the  dividends  on  t 
shares,  not  merely  from  the  time  when  the  ra 
roads  shall  have  been  completed,  but  from  the  d 
when  the  works  commence. 

In  addition  to  these  circumstances,  the™  areo 
tain  local  jealousies  and  rivalries  that  are  txerti 
such  means  as  they  have  at  their  command  to  I 
lay,  if  they  cannot  wholly  prevent,  the  constn 
tion  of  the  railroad  between  Hamburg  and  Berli 
When  the  lines  now  in  construction  arc  complet 


GER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GER 


ere  will  be  two  great  lines  extending,  the  one 
>m  Trieste,  over  Vienna,  Prague,  and  Dresden, 
Antwerp ;  and  the  other  from  Trieste,  over  Vi- 
na, Breslau,  and  Berlin,  to  Hamburg.  Should 
e  line  to  Antwerp  be  finished  sooner  than  that  to 
imburg,  there  can  scarcely  be  a  doubt  that  the 
itwerp  line  would  become  the  main  artery  for 
>rman  commerce,  and  that  much  of  the  trade  of 
imburg  would  be  drawn  off  by  her  Belgian  rival, 
may  be  worth  while  to  present  the  present  stale 
these  two  lines  to  our  readers  in  a  tabular  form  : 


Railroads. 


I  m  Trieste  to  Gloggnitz 
i'lti  Gloggnitz  to  Olmutz 
m  Olmutz  to  Prague  - 
I  m  Prague  to  Dresden  - 
i  m  Dresden  to  Magde- 

)  m  Magdeburg  to  Han- 
ver  ... 

im  Hanover  to  Cologne 
J,m  Cologne  to  Antwerp 
ir  Ostend) 


Ready. 


40  miles. 
30  miles. 
20  miles. 

40  miles. 


130  miles. 


In  construction. 


50  miles. 


32  miles. 
20  miles. 


Not  yet  opened,  but 
certain  to  be  opened 
in  a  few  months. 
48  miles. 


150  miles. 


kbf  the  line  from  Trieste  to  Antwerp,  therefore, 
(it)  (German)  miles  of  railroad  are  complete,  and 
i)  miles  remain  to  be  executed  ;  but  of  the  con- 
Kiction  of  these  150  miles  within  a  brief'space 
itime,  there  can  scarcely  be  a  doubt,  now  that 
I  Austrian  and  Belgian  Governments  have  taken 
t  respective  lines  under  their  powerful  protection. 
Aether  these  Governments  are  acting  wisely,  in 
t  dening  themselves  with  a  guaranty  which  must 
re  the  effect  of  adding  to  the  national  debt  of 
eicr  country,  time  alone  can  solve. 

The  following  is  the  present  state  of  the  line  from 
rj  este,  over  Vienna  and  Berlin,  to  Hamburg : 


Railroads- 


I,n  Trieste  to  Gloggnitz  - 

i  n  Gloggnitz  to  Leipnick  - 

FnLeipnickto  Oppeln 

I  n  Oppeln  to  Breslau 

I  n  Breslau  to  Frankfort  on  the  Oder 

1  m  Krankfort  to  Berlin 

1  .n  Berlin  to  Hamburg 


Ready. 


miU 


60  miles. 


In  con- 
struction. 


50  miles. 
20  " 
34  " 
36  «' 


140  miles. 


)n  the  former  of  these  lines,  it  will  be  seen,  a 
I  ch  larger  portion  of  the  work  has  been  com- 
1  ed,  a  larger  amount  of  capital  has  consquently 
t  n  invested,  and  a  powerful  rival  interest  is  or- 
£  ized,  which  will  do  what  it  can  to  deter  the 
t  id  from  investing  their  funds  in  a  railroad  from 
1  lin  to  Hamburg.  Bohemia,  Saxony,  Hanover, 
I  Prussian  provinces  on  the  Rhine,  and  Belgi- 
I  are  interested,  or  believe  themselves  to  be  in- 
I  sted,  in  defeating  the  Hamburgers,  and  the 
^sequence  has  been  an  active  paper  warfare, 
v  ch  has  of  late  been  extended  even  to  England, 
C-culations  are  constantly  published  in  the  news- 
pors,  with  a  view  to  demonstrate  the  improba- 
b  y  of  a  remunerating  traffic,  and  a  friendly  un- 
«  ness  is  even  expressed,  lest  some  unfortunate 
d  es  should  be  prevailed  upon  in  England  to 


throw  away  their  money  on  so  hopeless  an  under- 
taking. An  instance  of  this  occurred  in  our  own 
paper,  on  the  8th  instant,  when  an  advertisement 
of  some  length  was  inserted  in  the  shape  of  a  letter, 
purporting  to  proceed  from  an  Englishman  at  Ber- 
lin, who  was  made  to  give  expression  to  sundry  ap- 
prehensions lest  the  purses  of  his  confiding  coun- 
trymen should  be  laid  under  contribution.  We 
have  no  objection  to  warnings  of  this  sort.  John 
Bull  has,  in  his  time,  been  seduced  to  invest  a 
deal  of  his  hard-earned  money  in  the  purchase  of 
moonshine,  and  it  will  be  better  for  him  in  future 
to  be  too  cautious  than  too  confident;  at  the  same 
time,  well  aware  of  the  quarter  whence  these 
warnings  proceed,  and  of  the  motives  that  dictate 
them,  we  are  not  inclined  to  attach  much  import- 
ance to  them,  or  to  feel  any  deep  obligation  to  their 
authors. 

There  is  no  city  on  the  continent  in  whose  wel- 
fare England  is  more  interested  than  Hamburg. 
Our  exports  to  that  city  average  annually  from 
five  to  six  millions,  (nearly  the  whole  being  cotton 
and  woollen  manufactures  and  hardware,)  and  ev- 
ery additional  facility  of  communication  with  the 
interior  must  have  the  effect  of  increasing  so  pro- 
fitable a  trade.  The  railroads  terminating  at  Ant- 
werp run,  moreover,  through  no  part  of  Germany 
but  the  States  imbodied  in  the  Customs  Union  ; 
whereas  nearly  half  the  line  from  Hamburg  to  Ber- 
lin passes  through  Danish  and  Mecklenburg  terri- 
tory, where  the  duties  on  British  manufactures  are 
comparatively  trifling,  and  are  likely  to  remain  so, 
neither  of  these  two  countries  having  any  manu- 
facturing interests  to  protect,  and  both  of  them  be- 
ing deeply  interested  in  cultivating  a  commercial 
intercourse  with  England,  for  the  disposal  of  their 
agricultural  produce.  The  moment  either  line  is 
complete  to  Trieste,  that  line  must  become  the 
road  from  England  to  India,  in  preference  to  that 
over  Paris  and  Marseilles;  but  there  are  many 
reasons  why  the  line  from  Hamburg,  over  Berlin, 
about  900  English  miles  in  length,  would  be  pre- 
ferable to  that  from  Antwerp,  over  Dresden  and 
Prague,  which  would  be  at  least  1,260  English 
miles  long. 

The  people  of  Hamburg  look  to  England  for 
some  assistance  in  carrying  out  their  railroad,  in 
the  realization  of  which  they  think  England  almost 
as  much  interested  as  themselves.  Individual  cap- 
italists, however,  will  be  guided  by  the  prospects 
of  profit  only  ;  and  of  all  the  continental  railroads, 
we  know  of  none  that  promises  better.  At  the 
termini  of  the  line  we  have  a  population  amount- 
ing to  more  than  half  a  million  of  souls ;  and  al- 
though no  large  city  occurs  on  the  way,  yet  at 
both  extremes  the  railroad  will  come  into  commu- 
nication with  an  intercourse  of  wide  extension  and 
first  rate  importance.  The  country,  moreover, 
through  which  the  railroad  will  run  is  nearly  a 
dead  level,  and  it  may  be  doubted  whether  there  is 
any  railroad  of  the  same  length,  in  any  part  of  the 
world,  in  the  construction  of  which  fewer  natural 
difficulties  have  presented  themselves,  than  may 
be  looked  for  between  Hamburg  and  Berlin.  All 
the  railroads  terminating  at  Berlin,  and  now  in  ac- 
tivit}',  have  turned  out  profitable  undertakings, 
and  of  all  the  shares  are  now  at  a  considerable 
premium. 

The  companies  interested  in  the  steam  naviga- 

351 


GER  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GEX 


lion  from  Hamburg  to  Magdeburg  are  also  active 
in  their  exertions  to  prevent  the  realization  of  the 
railroad  from  Hamburg  to  Berlin,  though  it  may 
be  doubted  whether  the  river  traffic,  particularly 
with  the  steamers,  would  not  continue  with  nearly 
the  present  activity,  even  if  the  railroad  were  in 
full  operation.  The  travellers  to  Saxony,  Bohe- 
mia, and  Central  Germany,  would  still  continue 
to  journey  up  the  Elbe  to  Magdeburg. 

The  Leipzig-Dresden  line  has  published  its  an- 
nual report,  and  a  very  satisfactory  report  it  is  for 
the  shareholders.  The  dividend  for  the  last  year 
is  to  be  6  per  cent.,  and  the  estimates  for  the  com- 
ing year  promise  a  considerable  increase  in  the  re- 
ceipts, accompanied  by  a  considerable  reduction 
of  expenditure.  The  receipts  of  1842  showed  an 
increase  of  50  per  cent.,  as  compared  with  those 
of  1841.  Till  recently,  this  railroad  had  been 
working  with  a  single  line  of  rails.  The  second 
Line  is  now  completed,  and  will  allow  a  greatly  in- 
creased activity.  Branch  lines  are  spoken  of  from 
Leipzig  to  Chemnitz,  and  from  Dresden  to  Chem- 
nitz, as  likely  to  be  undertaken  in  the  course  of 
the  present  year. 

No  German  Government  is  exerting  itself  more 
zealously  in  the  cause  of  railroads  at  present  than 
that  of  Austria.  The  report  of  the  Vienna  Raab 
Company  for  the  last  year  appears  to  have  been 
quite  an  agreeable  surprise  to  the  shareholders, 
who,  if  we  understand  aright  the  abstract  that  has 
appeared  in  a  German  paper,  have  received  5  per 
cent,  interest  on  their  capital,  independently  of  a 
half  per  cent,  which  has  been  paid  over  to  the  re- 
served fund.  The  works  of  the  Government,  how- 
ever, will  in  a  short  time  give  increased  value  to 
this  line.  The  works  for  the  extension  of  the  line 
to  Trieste  are  in  active  progress,  and  so,  at  the 
other  extremity,  are  those  for  the  extension  of  the 
Vienna-Olmutz  railroad  to  Prague.  A  treaty  has 
been  concluded  with  the  Saxon  Government  for 
the  railroad  from  Prague  to  Dresden  ;  so  far, 
therefore,  as  Austria  is  concerned,  the  railroad 
from  the  Adriatic  to  the  North  sea  has  been  pro- 
vided for.  Even  during  the  winter,  from  five  to 
eight  thousand  workmen  have  been  constantly  at 
work  on  the  Bohemian  part  of  the  line,  but  on  the 
return  of  spring  it  is  intended  to  strain  every  nerve 
to  accelerate  the  great  undertaking. 

A  new  German  railroad,  that  between  Heidel- 
berg and  Carlsruhe,  will  shortly  be  opened  as  far 
as  from  Heidelberg  to  Langenbrucken,  a  distance 
of  about  15  miles.  Experimental  trips  have  been 
already  performed,  but  we  have  not  yet  seen  any 
account  of  the  railroad  having  been  opened  for  the 
use  of  the  public. 

In  the  kingdom  of  Wiirtemberg,  also,  the  Gov- 
ernment has  very  splendrd  schemes,  which  will 
probably  be  realized,  but  not  without  imposing  a 
considerable  additional  debt  on  the  country,  in  the 
shape  of  a  guaranty  fund  to  the  capitalists  who 

vance  their  money.  There  are  to  be  private 
railroads  and  State  railroads  in  Wiirtemburg  ;  the 
former  are  to  be  undertaken  by  companies,  to 
whom  the  Government  guaranties  an  interest  of  4 
per  cent,  on  the  capital  advanced,  reserving  to  it- 
self, however,  the  right  of  buying  up  the  railroads 
on  payment  of  the  money  expended  on  them. 
The  State  railroads  are  to  be  constructed  by  the 
Government,  and  a  loan  is  to  be  raised  to  defray 
352 


the  expenditure.  Among  the  lines  recommen* 
by  the  committee  of  the  Second  Chamber  is  < 
to  connect  the  Rhine  and  the  Danube,  from  wh 
several  branches  are  intended  to  radiate. 

In  looking  at  the  immense  works  now  in  p 
gress  in  Germany,  it  is  impossible  to  forbear  fr 
speculating  upon  the  vast  results  that  must  ii 
few  years  be  obtained.  With  a  railroad  900  mi 
in  length  it  will  be  quite  practicable  to  travel  fr 
Hamburg  to  Ttieste  in  40  or  50  hours,  and  ihu 
saving  of  several  days  will  be  effected  in  the  tr; 
sit  of  the  overland  mail  from  India  to  Englai 
The  whole  system  of  continental  travelling,  mo 
over,  must  undergo  a  change,  for  it  will  be  intol 
ably  absurd  to  make  a  man  waste  days  at  a  n 
road  station  on  the  formalities  of  his  passpo 
when,  in  the  space  of  time  thus  lost  he  might  lis 
travelled  from  the  North  sea  to  the  Adriatic.  Vii 
not  even  the  national  character  be  likely  to  und 
go  a  modification,  when  such  rapidity  of  locomoti 
has  become  one  of  the  accustomed  occurrences 
life  in  every  part  of  the  country  1 

Germany,  SE.  tp.  of  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  on  t 
heads  of  the  Monocacy  and  Conewago  creel 

Pop.  1820,  1,272.  Village,  Shade  tp.,Som. 

set  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  head  waters  of  Shade  cree 
20  ms.  NE.  from  Somerset. 

Gemersheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pala 
nate  of  the  Rhine,  situated  near  the  Rhine,  5  n 
W.  of  Philipsburg.  This  is  one  of  the  cities 
Germany  appropriated  as  a  barrier  fortress,  a 
$266,400  voted  by  the  diet  for  the  augmentati 
of  its  works. 

Gerrardstown,  village,  Berkley  co.,  Va.,  I 
ms.  N.  from  Winchester. 

Gerry,  tp.,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y. 

Gerry,  tp.,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.  See  Ph. 
lipston. 

Gers,  department  of  France,  in  which  are  cor 
prehended  the  late  provinces  of  Gascony  and  A 
magnac, 

Gertrudenburg,  town,  kingdom  of  the  Nethi 
lands,  in  Brabant,  situated  at  the  east  extremi 
of  the  Biesboch  lakes,  which  are  formed  by  t 
Maese,  and  make  a  good  harbor.  It  is  10  ms.  I 
of  Breda.    Lon.  4  52  E.,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Gerurnenhi,  ancient  town  of  Portugal,  in  Ale 
tejo,  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Guadiana,  18  m 
below  Badajoz., 

Gestrike,  or  Gestriciu,  province  of  Swede 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Helsingia,  on  the  E.  I 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  on  the  S.  by  Upland,  and  i 
the  W.  by  Dalecarlia. 

Gettysburg,  village,  borough,  and  seat  of  j« 
tice  in  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  28  ms.  SW.  of  Yorktow 
tbe  capital  of  the  co.,  and  115  westward  of  Pfiil 
delphia,  between  Rock  and  Marsh  creeks,  branch 
of  Monocacy,  on  a  fine  elevated  site,  with  a  ferti 
and  well-cultivated  surrounding  country. 

Gevaudan,  territory  of  Languedoc,  in  Franc 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Auvergne,  on  the  W.  1 
Rouergue,  on  the  S.  by  the  Cevennes,  and  on  t 
E.  by  Velay.  It  is  a  mountainous  and  hilly  com 
try,  and  now  forms  the  dep.  of  Lozere. 

Gever,  or  Gower.    See  Goar,  St. 

Gex,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aine,  and*ia 
province  of  Bresse,  seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Claude,  between  the  Rhone,  the  lake  of  Genev 
and  Switzerland.    It  produces  excellent  chees 


GHA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GIB 


nd  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  Geneva.  Lon.  6  1  E.,  lat. 
6  20  N. 

Geysers,  hot  springs  in  Iceland,  flowing  from 
ie  base  of  a  mountain  called  the  Laugerfell.  The 
^rpendicular  elevation  of  the  Laugerfell,  accord- 
g  to  Sir  John  John  Stanley,  is  only  310  feet, 
it  remarkable  as  rising  from  a  morass,  and  from 
,iing  entirely  isolated.  The  Geysers  are  not  reg- 
ar  flowing  fountains,  but  in  form  of  wells.  The 
ater  is  ejected  with  great  force  by  jets — as  the 
rench  more  expressively  describe,  by  elancement. 
he  basin  or  well  of  the  Grand  Geyser  is  51  feet 

diameter;  and,  whatever  may  produce  the  pro- 
ctile  force,  the  power  must  be  very  great,  as  the 
ilume  from  such  an  opening  is  thrown,  at  inter- 
Is,  upwards  of  100  feet  high.  Similar  to  all  un- 
mmon  and  striking  phenomena,  the  wonders  of 
e  Geysers  have  no  doubt  been  overrated  ;  but  as 
ey  are  in  reality,  they  form  one  of  the  most  as- 
nishing  features  in  physical  nature.  The  term 
mes  from  words  signifying  raging,  roaring,  &c. 
Gezira,  town  of  Diarbeck,  in  an  island  formed 

the  Tigris,  70  ms.  NW.  of  Monsul.  Lon.  40 
I1  E.,  lat.  3G  36  N. 

Ghanah,  or  Ghinnah,  town  of  the  empire  of 
.itshna,  in  Africa.  It  is  seated  between  a  lake 
id  the  river  Niger.  It  is  90  ms.  NE.  of  the  city 
jjCashna,  and  208  S.  of  Agadez.  Lon,  13  12 
I  lat.  15  55  N. 

Ghants.    See  Gants. 

\Ghauts,  passages  or  gates,  has  in  the  Sanscrit 
jactly  the  same  meaning  as  gaps,  used  in  the  U. 
I  The  Delaware  Water  and  Wind  gaps,  the 
;high  Water  and  Wind  gaps,  and  all  other  sim- 
r  mountain  passes,  would  be  designated  ghauts 
Indostan.  This  term  has,  however,  beentrans- 
|red  to  two  long  chains  of  mountains  in  southern 
dostan,  known  as  the  Western  and  Eastern 
lauts.  The  word  ghaut,  evidently  the  original 
gate,  is  one  of  those  remarkable  terms  which 
ove  the  identity  of  origin  to  languages  now  very 
verse ;  and  the  term  sund  or  sound,  for  water 
ssages  between  two  shores,  and  bund  or  bound, 
embankment,  are  others  not  less  curious. 
The  Western  Ghauts  extend  from  Cape  Como- 
i,  lat.  8°  N.,  to  the  Taptee  river,  N.  lat.  21°, 
through  13°  of  lat.  ;  the  direction  a  little  W. 
N.  Length  between  900  and  1,000  ms.,  with 
probable  elevation  of  from  1,000  to  4,000  feet 
ove  the  level  of  the  ocean.  A  narrow  strip  of 
out  70  ms.  wide,  between  this  chain  and  the 
dian  ocean,  constitutes  the  Malabar  coast.  The 
estern  Ghauts  is  at  no  point  broken  by  rivers-, 
t  from  its  eastern  slopes  flow  the  sources  of  the 
wery,  the  Kistna,  and  the  Godavery,  which, 
versing  Indostan  and  piercing  the  Easiern 
lauts,  are  lost  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  on  the  Cor- 
iandel  coast. 

i  he  Eastern  Ghauts,  more  rugged  and  broken 
in  the  western  chain,  commence  at  N.  lat. 
°,  separating  Mysore  from  the  Carnatic,  and 
iging  NNE.  about  800  ms.,  are  terminated  to- 
rds  the  sources  of  the  Nerbuddah.  Where  the 
stern  Ghauts  form  the  boundary  between  the 
rears  and  the  province  of  Berar,  they  are  almost 
passable,  and  only  one  pass,  that  of  Salar 
iaut,  admits  horses  or  carriages.  The  general 
uponent  rock  is  granite,  rising  in  threatening 
til*  to  the  clouds,  in  naked  and  sterile  majesty. 
45* 


The  native  name  of  the  Eastern  Ghauts  is  Ella- 
cooda. 

Ghent,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland.  It 
is  seated  on  four  navigable  rivers,  the  Scheldt,  the 
Lys,  the  Leive,  and  the  Moere,  which  run  through 
the  city.  The  city  is  cut  by  many  canals,  which 
divide  it  into  26  isles,  and  over  the  canals  are  300 
bridges.  It  has  also  two  navigable  canals  ;  the 
one  to  Sas  van  Ghent,  the  other  to  Bruges  and 
Ostend,  the  last  of  which  was  destroyed  in  1798, 
by  the  British.  It  is  26  ms.  NW.  of  Brussels. 
Lon,  3  49  E.,  lat.  51  3  N.  Village,  Galla- 
tin co.,  Ky.,  opposite  Vevay,  65  ms.  by  water 
below  Cincinnati. 

Ghergong,  city  of  Asia,  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Assam.  It  is  seated  on  the  Degoo,  near  its 
conflux  with  the  Burrampooter,  400  ms.  NE.  of 
Calcutta.     Lon.  93  15  E.,  lat.  25  55  N. 

Gheriah,  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  that  part  of 
the  W.  side  called  the  Pirate  coast.  It  was 
lately  the  capital  and  principal  port  of  Angria. 
It  is  295  ms.  S.  by  E-  of  Bombay.  Lon.  73  8 
E.,  lat.  17  59  N. 

Ghilan,  province  of  Persia,  on  the  SW,  side 
of  the  Caspian  sea,  supposed  to  be  the  Hyrcania 
of  the  ancients.  It  is  very  agreeably  situated, 
having  the  sea  on  one  side,  and  high  mountains 
on  the  other ;  and  there  is  no  entering  it,  but 
through  narrow  passes  which  may  be  easily  de- 
fended.   Resht  is  the  capital. 

Ghilan,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
North,  and  late  province  of  French  Hainault, 
seated  on  the  Haina,  5  ms.  W.  of  Mons.  Lon. 
3  53  E.,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Ghiustendil,  ancient  Justiniana,  and  still  more 
anciently  Taurecium,  sometimes  written  and  pro- 
nounced Kistendil,  or  Gioustendil,  famous  as 
having  been  the  birthplace  of  the  Emperor  Jus- 
tinian, is  now  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Esker  river,  ancient  Strymon,  and 
about  20  ms.  above  and  SSW.  of  Sophia.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  warm  and  sulphurous  baths. 
N.  lat.  42  13,  lon.  22  56  E.  London. 

Ghizni,  or  Ghuzni,  city  of  Asia,  in  Afghan- 
istan, situated  on  the  slope  of  the  mountains  be- 
tween Cabul  and  Candahar,  about  60  ms.  SW. 
from  the  former,  and  120  NE.  by  E.  from  the  lat- 
ter, and  at  N.  lat.  33°  lon.  68  30  E.  The  site  is 
very  elevated,  and  cold  excessive  in  winter.  It  is 
now  of  littles  consequence,  but  was  from  A.D. 

to  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire,  usually  called 

theSarazen  empire  of  Ghizni. 

Gholsonville,  village,  Brunswick  co.,  Va.,  77 
ms.  SSW.  from  Richmond. 

Giaour. — See  Caffir. 

Giaur  Keni,  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Hellespont,  on  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient city  of  Sigaeum,  and  is  sometimes  pro- 
nounced and  written  Yeni-Cher. 

Gibelins,  or  Ghebelings,  and  Guelfs,  or,  as 
more  usually  called,  guelfs  and  gibelins,  terms 
for  two  factions  which  long  distracted  Germany 
and  Italy.  Sismondi  gives  the  following  historical 
account  of  their  origin  :  "  Henry  V,  Emperor  of 
Germany,  died  childless  in  1125,  and  the  Diet  of 
the  Empire,  which  was  assembled  at  Mayence  for 
the  purpose  of  electing  a  successor,  was  divided 
between  two  rival  houses,  which  had  been  long 
opposed  to  each  other,  and  whose  disputes  had 

353 


GIL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GIR 


spread  disorder  over  Germany  and  Italy,  and 
whose  names  became  titles  of  party.  The  four 
last  emperors  before  Henry  V  issued  from  a  house 
which  ruled  over  Franconia,  when,  in  1024, 
Conrad  IT,  the  Salique,  was  elected  emperor,  and 
who  became  subsequently  known  sometimes  by 
the  term  Salique,  and  at  others  by  that  of  Gueibe- 
ling,  or  Waibling,  from  a  castle  in  the  diocess  of 
Augsburg  and  mountains  of  Hertsfield,  from  which 
it  is  probable  this  house  came,  and  from  which 
its  partisans  became  known  as  Gibelins." — See 
Guelfs. 

Gibraltar,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  near  a 
mountain  of  the  same  name,  formerly  called  Calpe, 
which  with  Abyla,  on  the  opposite  shore  of  Af- 
rica, were  called  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Tarick, 
a  general  of  the  Moors,  built  a  fortress  here,  which 
he  called  Gibel  Tarick  ;  that  is,  Mount  Tarick. 
Since  that  time,  a  town  has  been  built  at  the  foot 
of  this  rock,  which  is  strongly  fortified.  It  was 
formerly  thought  to  be  impregnable;  but,  in  1704, 
it  was  taken  by  the  confederate  fleet  commanded 
by  Sir  George  Rooke,  and  has  ever  since  con- 
tinued in  the  hands  of  the  English.  The  strait  of 
Gibraltar  is  24  ms.  in  length  and  15  in  breadth, 
and  a  strong  current  always  runs  through  it  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Mediterranean.  Gibraltar  is 
25  ms.  N.  from  Ceuta  and  45  SE.  from  Cadiz. 
Lon.  5  17  W.,  lat.  36  6  N. 

Gibson,  village,  Susquehannah  co.,  Pa.  

One  of  the  western  cos.  of  Tenn. — See  Tren- 
ton, Gibson,  co.,  Tenn-  Court-house  and  post 

office,  Gibson  co.,  Tenn.,  by  post  road  117  ms. 

from  Murfreesborough.  Tp.,  and  post  office, 

Clearfield  co.,  Pa. 

Gideonsville,  village,  Bedford  co.,  Tenn.,  47 
ms.  southward  from  Murfreesborough. 

Gien,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loiret,  and 
late  province  of  Orleannois,  seated  on  the  Loire, 
76  ms.  SE.  of  Paris,  Lon.  2  43  E.,  lat.  47 
34  N. 

Gienzor,  town  of  Barbary,  in  Tripoli,  10  ms. 
from  the  town  of  Tripoli. 

Gierace,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteriore, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  sea,  32  ms.  NE. 
of  Reggio.    Lon.  16  40  E.,  lat.  38  13  N. 

Giessen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Ducal  Hesse, 
situated  on  the  Lahn  river,  about  35  ms.  a  little 
E.  of  N.  from  Frankfort-on-the-Maine,  and  50 
ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Coblentz,  on  the  Rhine. 
Giessen  is  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  university. 

Giga,  small  island  on  the  west  coast  of  Scot- 
land, between  the  isle  of  Skye  and  the  peninsula 
of  Cantyre,  in  Argyleshire,  in  which  co.  it  is  in- 
cluded. The  inhabitants  annually  export  con- 
siderable quantities  of  grain. 

Giglio,  small  island  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany 
making  part  of  the  State  of  Sienna,  and  is  15 
ms.  W.  of  Porto  Hercoie.  Lon.  11  16  E.,  lat. 
42  1  N. 

Gilbert  sville,  village  on  Butternut  branch  of 
Unadilla  river,  12  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Norwich, 
and  by  post  road  100  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Gilboa,  village  on  Schoharie  river,  in  the  south- 
ern angle  of  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  by  post 
road  58  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Gilead,  village,  N.  from  the  Androscoggin 
river,  and  in  the  western  part  of  Oxford  co.,  Me. ,  90 
354 


ms.  NW.  from  Portland.  The  Ohio  Gazatte* 

states,  that  a  new  town  of  this  name  "has  bee 
laid  out  on  theSE.  or  right  bank  of  Maumee  rivei 
18  ms.  above  Perrysburg."  Though  not  so  state< 
the  element,  as  far  as  it  goes,  would  place  Gilea 
in  Wood  co.,  O.,  and  about  midway  betwee 
Perrysburg  and  Napoleon. 

Giles,  court  house  and  post  office,  Giles  co 
Va.,  by  post  road  272  ms.  W.  from  Richmon. 

 Co.,  Va.,  bounded  SW.  by  Tazewell,  T\T\\ 

by  Cabell  and  Kenawha,  NE.  by  Kenawha  rive; 
or  Greenbriar  and  Monroe,  and  SE.  by  Montgc 
mery;  length  75  ms.,  mean  width  30,  area  1,90 
sq.  ms.;  surface  extremely  broken,  soil  general! 
sterile.    Chief  town,  Parisburg.    Pop.  in  182( 

4,522,  and  in  1840,  5,307.  Central  lat.  37  S 

N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  40  W.  Co.,  W.  Tenn.,  boun, 

ed  by  Alabama  S.,  Lawrence  W.,  Murray  N. 
and  Lincoln  E.;  length  30  ms  ,  mean  width  21 
area  600  sq,  ms.  It  is  chiefly  situated  in  tl 
valley  of  Richland  branch  of  Elk  river.  Surfac 
undulating,  and  soil  fertile.  Staple,  cotton.  Pot 
in  1820,  12,558,  and  in  1840,  21,494.  Centr 
lat.  35  12  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10°  W. 

Gill,  town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  W.  of  Cor 
necticut  river. 

Gillcspiesville,  town  of  Liberty  tp.,  Ross  cc 
O.,  and  eastward  of  Chillicothe. 

Gilmanton,  town,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  18  m 
NE.  from  Concord.  The  village  is,  alternate: 
with  Rochester,  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  c< 
Pop.  in  1820,  3,527;  and  in  1840,  3,485. 

Gilmanton  Iron  Works,  post  office,  Strafforc 
co.,  N.  H.,  27  ms.  NE.  from  Concord. 

Gilmanton,  Lower,  village,  Gilmanton  tp 
Strafford  co.,  N.  H. 

Gilmanton,  Upper  Parish,  post  office,  Straffoi 
co.,  N.  H.,  22  ms.  NNE,  from  Concord. 

Gilolo,  large  island,  with  a  town  of  the  satr 
name,  in  the  Archipelago  of  the  Moluccas, 
does  not  produce  any  fine  spices,  though  it  li < 
near  the  Spice  islands,  but  much  rice;  the  inhabi 
ants  are  fierce  and  cruel.  It  is  seated  under  tl 
line.    Lon.  130°  E. 

Gilsurn,  tp.,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  48  ms. 
by  W.  from  Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  601. 

Gingen,  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  16  m 
N.  of  Olm.    Lon.  10  13  E.,  lat.  48  49  N. 

Gingee,  large  and  populous  town  on  the  coa 
of  CoromandeJ.    It  is   strong  both  by  art  ar 
nature,  being  seated  on  a  mountain,  whose  tc 
is  divided  into  three  points.    It  is  33  ms.  W. 
Pondicherry.    Lon.  79  25  E.,  lat.  1 1  42  N. 

Giodda,  or  Giddah,  seaport  on  the  W.  coast 
Arabia,  on  the  Red  sea. — See  Judda. 

Giovannazzo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bai 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  sea,  10  ms.  NV\ 
of  Bari.    Lon.  16  50  E.,  lat.  41  26  N. 

Gierst,  large  town  of  Persia,  in  Kerman,  who; 
trade  consists  of  wheat  and  dates.  Lon.  57  f 
E.,  lat.  27  30  N. 

GmoNDE,  so  called  from  the  dep.  of  the  san 
name,  a  political  party  in  Fr.,  who  gained  a  trag 
fame  in  the  French  revolution. 

Gironde,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  includes  part  of  tl 
late  province  of  Guienne,  and  has  Bordeaux  f 
its  capital.  It  extends  from  the  Bay  of  Bisca; 
up  both  banks  of  the  Garonne  river,  having  tl 
Landes  S. ,  Lot  and  Garonne  E. ,  and  Dordogne  ai 


GLA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GLE 


harente  N.  ft  is  traversed  by  N.  lat.,  45°,  and 
i  its  eastern  border  by  the  meridian  of  London. 

Gironna,  ancient  and  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
italonia,  on  a  hill,  on  the  side  of  the  river  On- 
|.  Lon.  2  52  E.,  lat.  42°  N. 
Giron,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Arriege, 
d  late  province  of  Cousreans,  seated  on  the  Sa- 
il 3  ms.  S.  of  St.  Lisier.    Lon.  1  16  E.,  lat. 

53  N. 

Grrvan,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  at  the 
nuth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  almost  oppo- 

*  3  the  rock  of  Aiha.  Here  are  some  manufac- 
les,  particularly  in  the  tanning  of  leather  and 
i  making  of  shoes  and  boots.  It  is  16  ms.  S. 
t  W.  of  Ayr. 

9isborough,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  North  Riding 
(Yorkshire.  It  is  noted  for  being  the  first  place 
\ere  alum  was  made,  as  it  was  formerly  for  its 
^'ioy.  It  is  4  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tees, 
| NW.  of  Whitby,  and  247  N.  by  W.  of  Lon- 
n.    Lon.  55'  W.,  lat.  54  35  N. 

lisborn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Irkshire.    Lon.  2  22  W.,  lat.  53  55  N. 

Visors,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure,  and 
k  province  of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Ept,  28 
n  SE.  of  Rouen.    Lon.  I  43  E.,  lat.  49  15  N. 

rivet,  fortified  town  in  the  bishopric  of  Liege, 
<J  ded  in  two  by  the  river  Maese,  21  ms.  SW. 
©tfamur.    Lon.  4  34  E.,  lat.  50  13  N.  1 

ririra,  town  of  Ttaly,  in  the  Milanese,  seated 
oi  lake  of  the  same  name,  8  ms.  from  Anghi- 
ejt. 

nula,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  on  the 
ft  tiers  of  Transylvania,  on  the  Keresblan,  30 
o  SW.  of  Great  Waradin.  Lon.  20  40  E., 
U  46  40  N. 

riuliana,  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  craggy  rock,  IZ 
n  NNE.  of  Xacca,  and  30  SSW.  of  Palermo. 

riustandel.    See  Gkiustendil. 

rladers,  name  given  to  some  very  extensive 
h  Is  of  ice  among  the  Alps  of  Switzerland.  These 
'  ciers  may  be  divided  into  two  sorts — the  first 
Nipying  the  deep  valleys  situated  in  the  bosom 

0  he  Alps,  and  termed  by  the  natives  the  Valley 
ft  ce,  but  which  Mr.  Coxe  distinguishes  by  the 
rue  of  Lower  Glaciers  ;  the  second,  which  clothe 
ll  summits  and  sides  of  the  mountains,  he  calls 
tl  Upper  Glaciers. 

rladden's  Grove,  post  office,  Fairfield  district, 

3-j  31  nis.  N.  from  Columbia. 

rlady  Creek  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Ran- 
d)h  co.,  Va.,  60  ms.  SE.  from  Clarksburg,  and 
h  mst  road  223  ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Glamorganshire,  co.  of  S.  Wales,  48  ms.  long 

26  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Carmarthen- 
si  e  and  Brecknockshire,  on  theE.  by  Monmouth- 

1  e,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  Bristol  chan- 

*  It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  Landaff,  contains  10 
h  J  reds,  one  city,  8  market  towns,  and  118  par- 
is  s,  and  sends  two  members  to  Parliament. 
P-  1801,  71,525;  in  1811,  85,067;  and  in 
1  1,  101,737. 

'landfordbridge,  or  Brigg,  town  of  Eng.,  in 
tpolnshire,  23  ms.  N.  of  Lincoln,  and  156  N. 
■SW.  of  London.  Lon.  23'  W.,  lat.  53  35 
IVth. 

Harufi,  canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  on  the 
E  by  the  Grissons,  on  the  S.  by  the  same,  the 

*  on  of  Uri,  and  that  of  Schweitz,  and  on  the 


N.  by  the  river  Linth.  It  is  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, and  the  chief  trade  is  in  cattle,  cheese,  and 
butter. 

Glanus,  large  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
canton  of  the  same  name,  and  seated  on  the  river 
Linth,  32  ms.  SE.  of  Zurich.  The  streets  are 
large,  and  the  houses  kept  in  good  repair.  Lon. 
9  1  E.,  lat.  46  56  N. 

Glasgow,  large  and  populous  city  of  Scotland, 
in  Lanarkshire.  From  its  extent,  beauty,  regu 
Iarity,  and  modern  improvements,  it  is  undoubtedly 
the  second,  if  not  the  first,  city  in  North  Britain. 
Glasgow  was  originally  one  parish,  but  is  now,  for 
the  benefit  of  the  poor  and  ease  of  ministers,  divi- 
ded into  eight,  with  as  many  churches,  besides 
three  chapels  of  ease.  The  population  of  Glasgow, 
with  its  suburbs  and  dependencies,  amounted  in 
1811  to  108,000,  now  (1843)  probably  120,000. 
It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Clyde,  over 
which  are  two  stone  bridges.  The  river  is  navi- 
gable for  vessels  of  8  feet  water  as  far  as  the  bridge, 
but  large  vessels  stop  at  Port  Glasgow  or  Green- 
ock to  unload.  It  has  also  the  advantage  of  two 
canals,  beside  the  great  canal  that  joins  the  Clyde 
to  the  Forth.  Glasgow  is  44  ms.  W.  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  60  SW.  of  Perth.  Lon.  4  30  W., 
lat.  55  50  N.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Bar- 
ren co.,  Ky.,  about  91  ms.  NE.  from  Nashville, 
in  Tenn.,  and  126  SW.  from  Lexington.  N.  lat. 

37  1,  lon.  W.  C.  8  46  W.    In  1840,  pop.  505. 
Glasgow's  Store,  post  office,  Granville  co.,  N. 

C,  52  ms.  N.  from  Raleigh. 

Glasborough,  village,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  20 
ms.  nearly  E.  from  Philadelphia. 

Glastonbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire, 
6  ms.  SW.  of  Wells,  and  129  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  40  W.,  lat.  51  8  N.  Town, 

Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut 
river,  about  5.  ms.  SE.  of  the  city  of  Hartford. 

Pop.  1820,  3,114.  Tp.,  Bennington  co.,  Vt., 

9  ms.  NE.  from  Bennington. 

Glatz,  co.  of  Germany,  seated  between  Silesia, 
Bohemia,  and  Moravia,  and  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, which  render  it  very  difficult  of  access.  It  is 

38  ms.  long,  and  23  broad.  It  has  mines  of  coal, 
copper,  and  iron,  good  quarries  of  marble  and 
stone,  and  fine  springs  of  mineral  waters.  On  the 
11th  June,  1742,,  the  county  of  Glatz  and  all 
Lower  Silesia  was  ceded  by  Maria  Theresa  to  the 
King  of  Prussia,  which  cessions  were  confirmed 

on  December  25th,  1744.  City  of  Bohemia, 

and  capital  of  the  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
situated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  which  divide 
that  kingdom  from  Silesia,  near  the  river  Neisse. 
On  the  top  of  the  hill  is  an  ancient  castle ;  and  the 
Prussians  have  not  only  greatly  augmented  and 
improved  it,  but  have  built  a  new  citadel.  It  has 
been  frequently  besieged  and  taken?  It  is  48  ms. 
SSE.  of  Breslaw,  and  82  ENE.  of  Prague.  Lon. 
16  50  E.,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Glencoe,  Vale  of,  valley  in  Scotland,  near  the 
head  of  Loch  Etive,  in  Argyleshire. 

Glen  Connell,  post  office,  Cambria  co.,  Pa. 

Glencroy,  Vale  of,  wild  and  romantic  tract, 
near  the  NE.  extremity  of  Loch  Loung,  in  Ar- 
gyleshire. The  two  ranges  of  mountains  which 
overhang  this  valley  approach  each  other,  and  be- 
tween these  the  traveller  is  immured.  Their  stu- 
pendous height,  and  the  roaring  of  numerous  cat- 

355 


GLO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GNO 


aract3  that  pour  over  their  broken  surface,  produce 
an  effect  awfully  sublime. 

Glengary,  co.,  U.  C,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  line  that  divides  Upper  from  Lower  Canada, 
on  the  S.  by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  the 
W.  by  the  township  of  Cornwall,  running  N.  24° 
W.  until  it  intersects  the  Ottowa  or  Grand  river, 
thence  descending  the  said  river  until  it  meets  the 
divisional  line  aforesaid. 

Glenluce,  town  in  Wigtonshire,  seated  on  the 
river  Luce,  near  its  entrance  into  the  bay  of  that 
name,  16  ms.  W.  by  by  S.  of  Wigton. 

Glenn's,  post  office,  Gloucester  co.,  Va. 

Glenn's  Falls,  Hudson  river,  at  Glennville  The 
river  is  here  precipitated  over  a  ledge  of  rocks  in 
a  cataract,  descending  28  feet  in  about  3  perches. 

 Village,  on  Hudson  river,  at  Glenn's  Falls,  in 

the  SE.  angle  of  Warren  co.,  N.  Y.,  3  ms.  from 
Sandy  Hill  and  50  N.  from  Albany. 

Glenshee,  Spital  of,  noted  pass  of  the  Grampian 
mountains,  in  Scotland,  a  litlJe  south  of  the  point 
where  the  counties  of  Perth,  Angus,  and  Aberdeen 
meet. 

Glennville,  village,  Schenectady  co.,  N.  Y.,  27 
ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Globe,  or  Sphere,  a  solid  generated  by  the  rev- 
olution of  either  a  circle  or  a  semicircle  round  their 
respective  axes. 

Glockner,  one  of  the  peaks  of  the  mountains  of 
Saltzburg.  It  rises  on  the  confines  of  Saltzburg, 
Tyrol,  and  Carinthia,  to  the  height  of  12,760  feet. 
Lat.  47  4  N.,  Ion.  12  51  E. 

Glogaiv,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  principali- 
ty of  the  same  name,  and  well  fortified  on  the  side 
of  Poland.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Oder,  50  ms. 
NW.  of  Breslaw  and  115  NE.  of  Prague.  Lon. 
16  13  E.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Glomme,  longest  river  of  the  province  of  Agher- 
huys,  in  South  Norway,  which  flows  into  the  North 
sea  at  Frederickstadt,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  about  250  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S. — See  Louken. 
It  receives  the  river  Worme,  which  issues  from  Lake 
Mioss.  It  is  not  navigable  in  any  part  of  its  cour.-e 
from  this  lake  to  Frederickstadt,  its  stream  being 
intercepted  by  such  frequent  cataracts  and  shoals 
as  in  some  places  to  render  it  necessary  to  drag 
the  trees,  which  are  floated  down,  over  the  ground. 
At  least  50,000  trees  are  annually  floated  by  this 
river  to  Frederickstadt. 

Gloucester,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Severn,  where,  by  two  streams, 
it  makes  the  Isle  of  Alney.  Here  is  a  good  stone 
bridge  over  the  river  Severn,  with  a  quay,  wharves, 
and  custom-house,  but  most  of  its  business  is  en- 
grossed by  Bristol.  It  is  24  ms.  NE.  of  Bristol 
and  106  W.  by  N.  of  London.    Lon.  2  16  W., 

lat.  51  50  N.  Co.  of  Eng.,  63  ms.  in  length 

and  47  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Here- 
fordshire and  Monmouthshire,  on  the  N.  by  Wor- 
cestershire, on  the  E.  by  Warwickshire  and  Ox- 
fordshire, and  on  the  S.  by  Wiltshire  and  Som- 
ersetshire. It  contains  thirteen  hundreds,  one  city, 
twenty  seven  market  towns,  and  two  hundred  and 
eighteen  parishes.    Pop.  in  1801,  250,809;  1811, 

286,514;  and  in  1821,  335,843.  Tp.,  U.  C  , 

in  the  co.  of  Dundas,  is  the  seventh  township  in 
ascending  the  Ottowa  river;  it  lies  eastward  also  of 

and  adjoining  the  river  Radeau.  Maritime  and 

post  town  in  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  near  Cape  Ann, 
356 


14  ms.  NE.  of  Beverly,  and  about  18  ms.  fr 
Salem  and  Marblehead.    Pop.  in  1820,  6  Z\ 
in  1830,  7,510;  and  in  1840,  6,350.    The  v'ill, 
has  one  of  the  most  extensive  fishing  ports  in 
United  States.    Thatcher's  island,  with  two  lig 

houses,  forms  a  part  of  the  township.  To\ 

ship,  Providence  co.,  R.  I.,  in  the  N  W.  cornel 
the  State,  having  Mass.  on  the  N.  and  Conn. 

the  W.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,504.  Small  villa 

Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  ri 
Delaware,  4  miles  below  Philadelphia.  Pop. 

1840,  2,837.  Co.,  N.  J.,  bounded  by  the 

lantic  ocean  SE.,  Cape  May,  Cumberland,  ; 
Salem  counties  SW.,  Delaware  river  NW.,  j 
Burlington  NE.  ;  length  40,  breadth  20  ms.,a! 
800'sq.  ms.  Surface  level,  and,  though  the  sci 
sandy,  tolerably  productive.  Chief  towns,  Wo 
bury,  Gloucester,  and  Camden.  Pop.  in  18 
23,090;  and  in  1840,  25,438.    Central  lat. 

40,  lon.  W.  C.  2  10  E.  Co.,  Va.,  boun 

E.  by  Mobjack  bay,  SE.  and  SW.  by  York  riv 
NW.  by  King  and  Queen,  and  NE.  by  Midi 
sex  and  Matthews  ;  length  20,  mean  width  16  i 
area  320  sq.  miles.  Surface  level,  and  soil  of  n 
dling  quality.  Chief  town,  Gloucester.  Pop 
1820,  9,678;  and  in  1840,  10,715.  Central 

37  24  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  32'  E.  C.  H.  and  jj; 

office,  Gloucester  co.,  Va.,  80  ms.  E.  from  R| 

mond.  Bay,  U.  C,  is  the  eastern  extrenait;' 

Lake  Huron. 

Gloucester  Fort,  or  Point  au  Pins,  U.  C  ,  i. 
first  point  on  the  N.  shore  in  the  narrows  lead 
from  Lake  Superior  towards  the  falls  of  St.  M{ 

Gloucester  Factory,  establishment  of  the  H 
son's  Bay  Company,  on  a  branch  of  the  Alb 
river.    Lon.  VV.  C.  10°  W.,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Glover,  tp.,  Orleans  county,  Vt.,  35  ms.  Iff. 
from  Montpelier.     Pop.  4,000. 

Gloydsborough,  village,  Hampshire  co.,  Va. 

Gluckstadt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  du  ' 
of  Holstein,  on  the  Elbe,  near  its  mouth,  30 
NW.  of  Hamburg  and  55  N.  of  Bremen.  Loijl 
15  E.,  lat  53  53  N. 

Glynn,  co.  of  Georgia,  bounded  by  the  Atla  s 
ocean  on  the  SE.,  Camden  county  or  Little 
Ilia  river  SW.,  Wayne  "NW.,  and  Alatarai 
river  or  Mcintosh  co.  NE.  ;  length  20,  width  > 
ms.,  area  400  sq.  miles.  Surface  level,  and  t 
marshy.  Staples, cotton  and  sugar.  Chief  to, 
Brunswick.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,418;  and  in  18, 
5,302.    Central  lat.  31  18,  lon.  W.  C.  4  42  . 

Gnadenhutten,  town,  Tuscarawas  county,  0 . 
a  Moravian  settlement,  planted  with  the  pious  \J 
of  propagating  the  Christian  religion  among  the- 
dians,  50  ms.  NE.  from  Zanesville,  and  11  soi- 
erly  of  New  Philadelphia.  This  place,  often  - 
rupted  into  the  shorter  name  Connotten,  is  no  a 
quiet  village,  on  a  high  bank,  on  the  eastern  e 
of  Tuscarawas  river,  and  is  still  a  town  of  e 
United  Brethren. 

Gnesna,  city  of  Russia,  in  Great  Poland  m 
which  it  is  the  capital.  It  was  the  first  town  Ht 
in  the  kingdom,  and  formerly  more  considers 
than  at  present.  It  is  90  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  B»- 
law,  and  125  W.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  17  40  i 
lat.  52  28  N. 

Gif osTiQ.u es,  or  Gxostics,  from  the  Gr  » 
and  signifies  "J  know,"  but,  by  extension,  '« 
made  to  mean  learned,  enlightened,  illuniina'> 


GOE 


• 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GOL 


k!  endowed  with  supernatural  knowledge.  The 
nostics  composed  at  first  a  single  sect,  but  in  i 
rocess  of  time  subdivided,  and  the  term  became  ] 
?neric,  and  was  applied  to  several  Christian  sects, 
ffering  from  each  "other  on  minor  subjects,  but  < 
freeing  on  general  principles. 

Goa,  considerable  city  of  Hindoostan,  with  a  har-  '■ 
>r  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  in  the  Deccan.  It 

the  capital  of  the  Portuguese  settlements  in  In-  j 
a,  and  the  seat  of  a  viceroy.    It  stands  in  an  is- 
nd  22  ms.  in  length  and  6  in  breadth,  and  the 
ty  built  on  the  N.  side  of  it,  having  the  conve-  1 
ency  of  a  fine  river,  capable  of  receiving  ships  of 
ie  greatest  burden,  where  they  lie  within  a  mile  '. 
"  the  town.    It  is  292  miles  S.  by  E.  Bombay.  : 
on.  73  45  E.,  lat.  15  28  N.  I 

Goar,  St.,  or  Gower,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  1 
rcle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  subject  to  the  landgrave  i 

Hesse  Cassel.  It  stands  immediately  under  the 
upendous  rock  of  Rheinfels.  It  has  a  considera- 
e  commerce  in  wines  and  hides,  and  is  15  miles 
E.  of  Coblentz. 

Goat  Island,  in  the  State  of  R.  I.,  near  the  en- 

ance  of  the  harbor  of  Newport.  Island  in  Ni- 

jara  river,  forming  a  part  of  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.  ;  it 
/erhangs  the  falls,  and  divides  the  water  of  Niag- 
•a  river  into  two  unequal  portions. 

Goave,  Petit,  or  Hispaniola,  town  of  St.  Do- 
ingo,  in  the  Gonaive  channel,  20  miles  WSVV. 
urn  Leogane.  Lon.  W.  C.  4-  25  E.,  lat.  18  25N. 

Gobcein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of 
ike  Rhine,  18  ms.  SE.  of  Phillipsburg.  Lon.  8 
5  E.,  lat.  40  6  N. 

Gobin,  St.— See  Fere. 

Goch,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
ated  on  the  Neers,  6  ms.  S.  of  Cleves.  Lon.  5 
2  E.,  lat.  51  39  N. 

Gociano,  town  of  Sardinia,  capital  of  a  co.  of 
ie  same  name,  with  a  castle,  seated '  on  the 
'hurse,  25  ms.  E.  of  Algher. 

Godalming,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  on  the 
Vye,  where  it  divides  into  several  streams,  4  ms. 
W.  of  Guildford,  and  54  of  London.  Lon.  34' 
N.M  lat.  51  13  N. 

Godavery,  or  Gonga  Godowry,  river  of  the 
'eccan  of  Hindoostan,  which  has  its  source  90 
is.  to  the  NE.  of  Bombay.  After  crossing  Dow- 
itabad  and  Golconda  from  W.  to  E.,  it  runs  to 
ie  SE.,  and,  receiving  the  Bain  Gonga  about  90 
is.  above  the  sea,  besides  many  smaller  rivers, 
;parates  into  two  principal  channels  at  Rajamun- 
ry  ;  and  these,  subdividing  again,  form  altogether 
iveral  tide  harbors  for  vessels  of  moderate  burden, 
ich  as  Ingeram,  Coringa,  Yalam,  Bandermalan- 
3,  and  Narsapour. 

Godmanchester,  large  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hunt- 
igdonshire,  parted  from  Huntingdon  by  the  river 
'use. 

Godwin  Sands,  famous  sandbanks  of  Eng  ,  off 
ie  coast  of  Kent,  lying  between  the  N.  and  S. 
oreland ;  and  as  they  run  parallel  with  the  coa>t 
r  three  leagues  together,  at  about  two  leagues  and 
half  distant  from  it,  they  give  additional  security 

the  Downs. 

j  Goes,  or  Ter  Goes,  strong  town  of  the  kingdom 
"  the  Netherlands,  in  Zealand,  and  capital  of  the 
land  of  South  Beveland.  It  communicates  with 
e  Scheldt  by  a  canal,  and  is  20  ms.  E.  of  Mid- 
eburg.    Lon.  3  50  E.,  lat.  51  33  N. 


Godefroi,  fief  of  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on 
St.  Lawrence  river,  between  Roquetaillaide  and 
Becancour,  3  ms.  above  Three  Rivers. 

Godfrey's  Ferry,  post  office,  Marion  district,  S. 
C.  ;  by  post  road  144  ms.  E.  from  Columbia. 

Goff's  Mills,  post  office,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y., 
299  ms.  SSW.  from  Albany. 

Goff's  Corner,  post  office,  Cumberland  co., 
Me.,  34  ms.  from  Portland. 

Goffstown,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H. 
The  village  is  at  Amoskeag  falls,  15  ms.  below 
Concord.    Pop.  1820,  2,173. 

Gogra,  or  Soorjew,  large  river  which  rises  in 
Lake  Lankee  Dhe,  in  Thibet,  in  lat.  33  17  N., 
and,  forcing  its  way  through  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, takes  a  SE.  direction,  and  unites  with  the 
Ganges  above  Chuprah,  in  the  province  of  Bahar, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  600  ms. 

Gohud,  territory  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  in  the 
province  of  Agra,  subject  to  a  Rajah,  who  is  trib- 
utary to  the  Poonah  Mahrattas.  Gwalior  is  the 
capital. 

Goiaz,  one  of  the  Capitanias  of  Brazil,  chiefly 
between  the  rivers  Araquaya  and  Tocantinas, 
bounded  E.  by  Maranharn,  Bahia,  and  Minas  Ge- 
raes,  S,  by  St.  Paul's,  W.  by  Matogrosso,  and 
NW.  and  N.  by  Grand  Para.  Chief  town,  Villa 
Boa. 

Golansville,  village,  Caroline  co.,  Va.,  92  ms. 
SSW.  from  W.  C. 

Golconda,  country  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan, 
between  the  lower  parts  of  the  courses  of  Kistna 
and  Godavery  rivers  and  the  principal  part  of  Dow- 
latabad.  It  was  formerly  called  Tellingana,  or 
Tilling,  and  is  subject  to  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan. 
It  is  most  remarkable  for  its  diamond  mines,  the 
most  considerable  in  the  world.  Here  are  also 
mines  of  salt,  fine  iron  for  sword  blades,  and  cu- 
rious calicoes  and  chintzes.  Hydrabad  or  Bag- 
nagur  is  the  capital.  It  is  doubted  by  Make  Brun 
whether  there  ever  were  any  diamond  mines  in 

Golconda.  Celebrated  fortress,  in  a  country  of 

the  same  name,  6  ms.  WNW.  of  Hydrabad,  and 
joined  to  that  city  by  a  wall  of  communication. 

Golcondo,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Pope  co, , 
111.,  on  the  Ohio  river,  31  ms.  above  the  mouth 
of  Tennessee,  and  50  ms.  below  the  mouth  of 
Wabash  river. 

Goldengrove,  post  office,  Greenville  district, 
S.  C. 

Guldberg,  town  of  Silesia,  m  the  duchy  of  Lig 
nitz,  35  ms.  W.  of  Breslaw.    Lon.  16  23  E  , 
lat.  51  3  N. 

Gold  Coast,  maritime  country  of  Guinea,  where 
the  Europeans  have  several  forts  and  settlements. 
It  reaches  from  the  Gold  river,  12  ms.  W.  of  As- 
sine,  and  ends  at  the  village  of  Ponni,  8  ms.  E. 
of  Acraw. 

Golden  Island,  barren  island  at'  the  mouth  of 
the  river  or  gulf  of  Darien,  where  the  Scots  at- 
tempted to  make  a  settlement  in  1698.  Lon.  77 
10W.,  lat.  9°  N. 

Goldingen,  town  of  Courland,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Wela,  60  ms.  W.  of  Mittau.  Lon. 
i   22  21  E.,  lat.  56  48  N. 

i  Goldsborough,  bay  of  Me.,  separating  the  SW, 
i  angle  of  Washington  from  the  SE.  angle  of  Han- 

■  cock  co.  Town,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  on  the  E, 

side  of  Frenchman's  bay,  about  50  ms.  from  Cas- 

357 


GOO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GOR 


tme.  Pop.  1820,  560.  Lat.  44  22  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  8  52  E. 

Goleita,  island  of  Africa,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  Tunis.  It  is  29  ms.  N.  of  Tunis.  Lon. 
10  20  E.,  lat.  37  10  N. 

Golnaw,  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  seated 
on  the  Una,  18  ms.  NE.  of  Stetin.  Lon.  14  59 
E.,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Gombroon,  considerable  seaport  of  Persia,  in 
Farsistan,  called  by  the  natives  Bandar  Abassi. 
It  is  seated  in  a  bay  of  the  strait  of  Ormus,  120 
ms.  SSE.  of  Kerman.  Lon.  56  30  E.,  lat.  27 
28  N. 

Gomera,  one  of  the  Canary  islands,  between 
Ferro  and  Tenerifle.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  excellent  harbor,  where  the  Span- 
ish ships  often  take  in  refreshments.  Here  is  corn 
sufficient  to  support  the  inhabitants,  and  one  su- 
gar work,  with  great  plenty  of  wine  and  fruits. 
Lon.  17  3  W.,  lat.  28  6  N. 

Gonaive,  island,  near  that  of  Hispaniola,  having 
St.  Mark's  channel  NE,  and  Gonaive  channel 
SW.  It  is  about  35  ms.  long  and  10  wide,  with 
a  town  and  harbor  of  the  same  name. 

Gondar,  metropolis  of  Abyssinsa,  situated  on  a 
hill  of  considerable  height,  and  containing  about 
10,000  families  in  time  of  peace.  It  is  180  ms. 
SE.  of  Sennar.    Lon.  37  33  E.,  lat.  12  34  N. 

Gondegama,  or  Gondlacomma,  river  of  the  pe- 
ninsula of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  near  Combam, 
forms  the  nominal  boundary  of  the  Camatic  on  the 
N.,  and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Bengal  at  Mootapilly. 

Gondrecourt,  town  of  Fr. ,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse, 
and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  seated  on  the  Orney,  20 
ms.  S.  of  St.  Michael.    Lon.  5  37  E.,  lat.  48 

30  N. 

Gondreville,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meur- 
the,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  with  a  castle 
and  a  magnificent  hospital.  It  stands  on  a  hill, 
on  the  river  Moselle,  8  ms.  from  Nanci.  Lon.  6 
9  E.,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Gonesse,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and 
Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  re- 
markable for  the  goodness  of  its  bread,  which  is 
brought  twice  a  week  to  Paris.  It  is  the  birthplace 
of  king  Philip  Augustus,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Crould,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  10  E., 
lat.  48  58  N. 

Gonfalon,  Gonfalo>  iek,  from  the  Teutonic, 
gundy  war.  Gonfalonier  therefore  means  literally 
"standard  bearer."  In  Italy,  they  were  papal 
officers  placed  in  the  towns  of  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  during  the  contests  between  the  Empe- 
rors and  Popes.  The  office  was  in  many  instan- 
ces of  great  power,  and  remains  in  existence  in 
come  of  the  Italian  republics — Lucca,  for  example. 

Gonga,  town  of  Romania,  seated  near  the  sea 
of  Marmora,  37  ms.  NE.  of  Galipoli.    Lon.  37 

31  E.,  lat.  40  53  N. 

Gonjah,  kingdom  of  Africa,  between  the  coast 
of  Guinea  on  the  S.  and  Tombuctoo  on  the  N., 
supposed  by  Major  Rennel  to  be  the  Conche  of  M. 
D'Anville.  Gonjah,  the  capital,  is  870  ms.  W. 
by  S.  of  Cashna.    Lon.  6  10  W.,  lat.  13  20  N. 

Goochland,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  James  river 
or  Powhatan  and  Cumberland  cos.  S.  and  SW., 
Fluvanna  NW.,  Louisa  and  Hanover  NE.,  and 
Henrico  SE.  Length  28,  mean  width  12  ms.  ; 
area  336  sq.  ms.  Surface  moderately  hilly,  and 
358 


soil  tolerably  productive.  Chief  town,  Hader 
ville.    Pop.  1820,  10,007;  in  1840,  9,760. 

Goochland,  court-house  and  post  office,  Gooc 
land  co.,  Va.,  30  ms.  W.  by  N.  from  Richmom 

Goodwomari's  river,  falls  itilo  the  Missouri  frc 
the  left,  190  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter. 

Good  Hope. — See  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Goodwin  Sands. — See  Godwin  Sands. 

Goodwin sville,  village,  Dinwiddie  co.,  Va. 

Goompty,  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  whi 
rises  in  the  Rohilla  country,  and  flowing  SE. 
Lucknow  and  Jionpour,  falls  into  the  Ganges 
little  below  Benares. 

Goosepond,  post  office,  Oglethorpe  co.,  Ga 
86  ms.  NNE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Goofy,  or  Gutti,  strong  fortress  in  the  peni 
sula  of  Hindoostan,  formerly  the  seat  of  gover 
ment  of  a  Mahratta  prince,  and  now  sublet 
the  British.    It  is  seated  on  the  Pennar,  25  m 
S.  by  E.  of  Adoni.  Lon.  77  35  E.,  lat.  15  151 

Gorcum,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  at 
in  the  province  of  Holland,  which  carries  on 
considerable  trade  in  cheese  and  butter.  It 
seated  at  the  junction  of  the  Linghe  with  tl 
|  Waal,  12  ms.  E.  of  Dorf,  and  32  S.  of  Amsle 
dam.    Lon.  4  51  E.,  lat.  51  51  N. 

Gordon's  Ferry,  post  office,  Hickman  co.,  Ten 

Gordonsville,  village,  Orange  co.,  Va.,  at  tl 
foot  of  the  South  mountain,  45  ms.  SW.  by  V 

from  Fredericksburg.  Village,  Smith  co.,Tem 

6  ms.  from  Carthage,  and  56  NNE.  from  Mu 
freesborough. 

Gore,  tp.,  land  of  the  State,  Penobscot  co.  M 

Goree,  small  island  of  Africa,  near  Cape  < 
Verd,  subject  to  the  French.     It  is  barren,  but 
(great  importance  on  account  of  its  good  trad 

Lon.  17  25  W.,  lat.  14  40  N.  Capital  of  t 

island  of  the  same  name  in  Holland,  8  ms.  SS\V 
ofBriel.    Lon.  4  20  E.,  lat.  51  44  N. 

Gores  Island,  barren  and  uninhahited  island  i 
the  North  Pacific  ocean,  so  named  by  Capta: 
Cook,  who  discovered  it  in  1778.  Cape  Uprigh 
the  SE.  extremity,  is  in  lon.  172  50  W.,  lat.  C 
30  N. 

Gorgona,  inland  of  Italy,  in  the  sea  of  Tuscan; 
8  ms.  in  circumference,  remarkable  for  the  larj 
•quantity  of  anchovies  taken  near  it.    Lon.  10°  E 

lat.  43  22  N.  Island  in  the  South  Pacifi 

ocean,  12  ms.  W.  of  the  coast  of  Peru.  It 
high  land,  very  woody,  and  some  of  the  trees  a' 
proper  for  masts.    It  is  10  ms.  in  circumfereno 
and  has  several  rivulets  of  excellent  water.  Loi 
77  50  W.,  lat.  3  20  S. 

Gorgontua,  remarkable  high  rock  on  the  J> 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  lying  at  a  small  distant 
and  southerly  of  the  point  which  forms  Michip 
coten  Bay ;  to  the  southward  and  eastward  tl 
rock  is  hollow,  with  an  opening  into  it. 

Gorham,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.  Po| 
in  1820,  2,795.    The  village  is  9  ms.  NW.  fro. 

Portland.  Town,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  i 

1820,  3,991.  The  village  is  10  ms.  W.  fro 
Geneva. 

Goritz,  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  in  l! 
duchy  qf  Carniola,  on  the  Lisonzo,  16  ma-  JNE. 
Aquileia.    Lon.  13  30  E.,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Gorlitz,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  Upp1 
Lusatie,  on  the  river  Neisse,  55  ms.  E.  of  Dre 
den.    Lon.  15  40  E.,  lat.  51  10  N. 


GOT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GOT 


Gortin,  post  office,  Carroll  co.,  O. 

Gorze,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle, 
:  1  late  province  of  Lorraine.  It  had  a  rich  ab- 
Mr  previous  to  the  revolution,  and  is  seated  on 
„  ill,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Metz. 

Gosjield,  tp.,  Essex  co.,  U.  C.  on  Lake  Erie, 
\  from  Mersea. 

xoshen,  town,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  30  ms. 

|  from  Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  687.  Tp. 

o Addison  co.,  Vt..  33  ms.  SW.  from  Montpel- 

I  .  Town,  Lichfield  co.,  Conn.,  7  ms.  W. 

fn  Litchfield,  and  38  NW.  from  the  city  of 

frtford.      Pop.    in    1820,    1,586.  Town, 

Ixpshireco.,  Mass.,  between  Worthington  and 
dway,  about  90  ms.  westward  from  Boston. 

i.  in  1820,  632.  Town,  Orange  co.,  N. 

i  famous  for  excellent  cheese,  distant  60  ms. 
If.  from  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  and  112  S.  of  Al- 
fa y.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,441.  The  co.  courts  are 
r  i  alternately  at  the  village  of  Goshen  and  at 

f  .vburg..  Village,   Cape  May,  N.  J.,  by  post 

rl,  104   ms.   S.   from   Trenton.  Village, 

I  idoun  co.,  Va.,  on  the  road  from  Washington 

■Winchester,  35  ms.  from  Washington.  

"\  age,  Lincoln  co.,   Ga.,  about  40  ms.  above 

rjusta.  Tp.,  Tuscarawas  co.  O.,  in  which 

rids  New  Philadelphia,  6eat  of  justice  for  the 
I    Pop.  in  1820,  604,  including  New  Phila- 

J)hia.  Tp.,  Columbiana   co.,    O.  Tp., 

£montco.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,416.  Tp., 

Gmpaign  co.,  O.    Pop.  in   1820,  911.  

Jyu,  Clermont  co.,  O.,  18  ms.  NW.  from 

Yiliamsburg.    Pop,  in  1820,  755.  Tp.  of 

SClair  co.,  111.    Pop.  2,000.  Village,  north- 

e.  part  of  Clermont  co.,  O.,  12  ms.  N.  of  Ba- 
it a,  the  co.  seat,  and  22  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from 
Ccinnati. 

'Oshen  Hill,  post  office,  Spartanburg,  S.  C. 

wshen  Mills,  post  office  on  Seneca  creek, 
JVitgoraery  co.,  Md.,  by  post  road  32  ms.  NW. 
fill  W.  C. 

roshen,  West,  tp.  of  Chester  co.,  Penn,,  about 
■<is.  E.  from  Downingstown,  on  some  of  the 
c  ks  of  Brandy  wine,  and  the  heads  of  Chester 
I  ks.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,309  ;  including  the  bo- 
gfeh  of  Westchester,  and  also  including  West 
ester,  in  1840,  3,195.— See  Westchester. 
L  ef  town,  Westchester. 

roslar,  ancient  free  and  imperial  city  of 
i-'er  Saxony,  in  the  territory  of  Brunswick, 
wed  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
ce.    It  is  28  ms.  S.  of  Brunswick.    Lon.  10 

*  2.,  lat.  52°  N. 

'osport,  fortified  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire, 

he  W.  side  of  the  harbor  of  Portsmouth,  over 
«  ch  is  a  ferry.  It  is  78  ms.  S  W.  of  London. 
N;  1  3  W.,  lat.  50  49  E. 

ostynen,  or  Gostavin,  town  of  Poland,  in  the 
P  "nate  of  Rava,  36  ms.  NE;  of  Rava.  Lon. 
*(10  E.,  lat.  51  54  N. 

otha,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  a 
d'  iyof  the  same  name,  18  ins.  W.  of  Erfurt. 
L  .  10  52  E.,  lat.  51°  N.  River  of  Sweden, 

*  :h  issues  from  Lake  Wenner,  and  falls  into 
UjiN'orth  sea  at  Golheburg.  The  fine  canal  of 
I  hattan  opens  the  navigation  of  Lake  Wen- 
n<  ay  the  Gotha,  to  Gotheburg. 

othard,  St.,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
s'  zerland,  in  the  canton  of  Uri.  It  is  9,075 
tl  i 


feet  above  the  sea,  and  22  ms.  S.  of  Altorf. 
Though  not  the  highest  mountain,  it  is  deemed 
the  principal  summit  of  the  Helvetian  Alps ;  for 
in  its  vicinity  rise  the  rivers  Tesino,  Aar,  Reuss, 
and  Rhine,  which  flow  hence  in  every  direction. 

Gotheburg,  or  Gothenborg,  city  of  Sweden, 
capital  of  West  Gothland,  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gotha,  which  forms  an  excellent  harbor,  the 
best  situate  for  foreign  tradeW  any  in  the  king- 
dom, as  it  lies  on  the  Cattegat.  k  is  180  ms.  SW. 
of  Orebro.    Lon.  11  39  E.,  lat.  57  42  N. 

Gothic,  or  Gothi q.ue,  whatever  relates  to  the 
Goths. 

Gothland,  one  of  the  five  general  divisions  of 
Sweden  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Sweden  Proper, 
E.  and  S.  by  the  Baltic,  and  W.  by  the  Sound, 
the  German  ocean,  and  Norway.  This  country 
is  inhabited  by  a  nation  celebrated  for  their  ex- 
cursions and  invasions  of  other  countries,  which 
had  its  origin  from  Geta?,  or  Tartars  of  the  Crimea, 
The  Goths  had  kings  of  their  own  till  1132, 
when  they  were  united  to  Sweden.  It  includes 
nine  provinces  and  the  isles  of  Gothland  and 
(Eland. 

Gothland.,  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Baltic,  70 
ms.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  25  in  its  greatest  breadth. 
From  its  form  and  situation  it  has  obtained  the 
name  of  the  Eye  of  the  Baltic.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile, and  remarkable  for  an  excellent  breed  of 
sheep.  Here  are  fine  woods  of  oak  and  pine, 
quarries  of  excellent  stone,  and  very  good  lime- 
stone.   Wisby  is  the  capital. 

Gothland,  East,  province  of  Sweden,  in  the  di- 
vision of  Gothland,  between  the  Baltic  on  the  E. 
and  Lake  Wetter  on  the  W.,  80  ms.  long  and  70 
broad.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces  abundance 
of  all  sorts  of  grain.  It  has  fine  orchards,  pas- 
tures, lakes,  and  rivers,  forests  of  oak  and  birch, 
iron  mines,  and  quarries  of  stone  and  marble. 
The  chief  town  is  Nordkoping. 

Gothland,  West,  province  of  Sweden,  in  the 
division  of  Gothland,  between  the  lakes  Wetter 
and  Wenner,  30  ms.  long,  and  from  25  to  70 
broad.  The  soil  and  produce  are  similar  to  East 
Gothland.    The  chief  town  is  Gotheburg. 

Gotlesburg,  town  of  Silesia,  where  great  quan- 
tities of  worsted  stockings  are  knit,  16  ms.  SW. 
of  Schweidnitz. 

Gottingen,  city  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Brunswick.  Here  George  II,  of  Great  Britain, 
founded  a  university,  which  has  acquired  a  very 
distinguished  reputation,  and  it  contains  one  of 
the  most  capital  libraries  in  Europe.  The  univer- 
sity of  Gottingen  is  amongst  the  most  respecta- 
ble literary  institutions  that  has  ever  been  formed. 
Regular  professorships  are  established  on  every 
subject  which  constitute  education  of  the  most  en- 
lightened of  mankind.  The  number  of  students 
rarely  falls  short  of  1,000,  sent  from  every  part  of 
Europe.  The  library  exceeds  2U0,000  volumes. 
There  are  also  many  other  literary  institutions, 
and  a  commandery  of  the  Teutonic  order.  The 
woolen  manufactures  are  the  principal  support  of 
the  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lein,  58  ms. 
S,  of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  53  E.,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Gottingen,  province  of  Hanover,  including  the 
city  of  Gottingen  and  the  principalities  of  Gruben- 
hagen,  Hohenstein,  and  Elbingeroda,  with  the 
bailiwicks  of  Plesse  and  Gleichen. 

359 


GRA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GRA 


Gotto,  group  of  islands  forming  a  part  of  the 
great  group  of  Japan.  The  Gottos  lie  between  N. 
lat.  31°  and  33°,  and  between  the  meridians  127° 
and  128  E.  Ion.;  they  are  but  imperfectly  known. 

Goitorp,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Holstein  Gottorp, 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  an  arm  of  the  sea  called  the 
Sley,  4  ms.  WSW.  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  26  E., 
lat.  54  36  N. 

Gottisberg,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Schweidnitz,  remarkable  for  its  silver  mines. 

Gouda,  or  Turgow,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands,  in  Holland,  on  the  Issel,  8  ms. 
NE.  of  Rotterdam.    Lon.  4  41  E.,  lat.  52  2  N. 

Goudhurst,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Rent,  12  ms. 
SW.  of  Maidstone,  and  44  SE.  of  London.  Lon. 
30'  E.,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Governolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan,  seat- 
ed on  the  Minchib,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Mantua.  Lon. 
10  56  E.,  lat.  45  4  N. 

Gonldsborough,  bay  and  village,  Hancock  co., 
Me.    See  Goldshorpugh. 

Goura,  or  Gura,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Massovia,  belonging  to  the  bishop  of  Pos- 
nania.    Lon.  21  50  E.,  lat.  51  1  N. 

Gordon,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lot,  and  late  province  of  Querci,  18  ms.  NW.  of 
Cahors.    Lon.  1  24  E.,  lat.  45  43  N. 

Goupe,  Riviere  de,  stream  of  Lower  Canada, 
falling  into  the  N.  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  45  ms. 
below  Quebec. 

Gouverneur,  tp.,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

Oswegatchie  river.  Village  in  Gouverneur  tp., 

St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  S.  from  Ogdens- 
burg,  and  50  NE.  from  Sackett's  Harbor. 

Goumay,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine,  lately  in  the  province  of 
Normandy,  remarkable  for  its  fine  butter.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Epte,  52  ms.  NW.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
36'  W.,  lat.  49  32  N. 
Gourief.    See  Guriev. 

Gourock,  town  in  Renfrewshire,  on  a  bay  of  the 
Frith  of  Clyde,  with  a  copper  mine  in  its  neighbor- 
hood, lately  shut  up. 

Goivdey's  Store,  post  office,  Union  district,  S. 
C,  by  post  road  95  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Gowensville,  village,  Greenville  district,  S.  C, 
121  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Gower,  or  peninsular  extremity  of  Glamorgan- 
shire, in  Wales,  to  the  W.  of  the  bay  of  Swansey. 
It  has  very  lofty  limestone  cliffs  next  the  sea, 
whence  large  quantities  of  lime  are  exported  to  the 
English  counties  across  the  Bristol  channel.  The 
coast  abounds  with  oysters.  The  land  is  a  fertile 
tract  of  arable  and  pasture. 

Gower,  or  Gever.    See  Goar,  St. 

Gowran,  borough  and  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
co.  of  Kilkenny.    Lon.  7°  E.,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Gowrie,  Carse  of,  a  fertile  tract  of  country  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  remarkable  for  the  fine  crops 
produced  there. 

Gozzie,  or  Gozes,  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
to  the  S.  of  the  isle  of  Candia,  12  ms.  from  Fort 
Selino. 

Gozzo,  fortified  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  5 
ms.  NW.  of  Malta,  and  belonging  to  the  knights 
of  that  island. 

Gbaaf,  from  the  old  German,  means  governor, 
judge,  commander,  &c. 
360 


Graaf  Reynet,  eastern  district  of  the  colony 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  extending  from  Stelh 
booh. 

Grabow,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  due 
of  Mecklenburg,  18  ms.  S.  of  Schwerin.  Lc 
11  44  E.,  lat.  53  26  N. 

Graceham,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Md. 

Graciosa,  one  of  the  Azores  or  Western  islan 
It  contains  about  300  inhabitants,  and  produ< 
wheat,  wine,  butter,  and  cheese.  Lon.  27 
W.,  lat.  39  2  N.— Rocky,  barren,  uninhabii 
island,  one  of  the  Canaries,  to  the  N.  of  Lancei 
ta.    It  is  3  ms.  long  and  2  broad. 

Gradista,  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the  frontiers 
Croatia,  on  the  Save,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Posef 
Lon.  18  39  E  ,  lat.  45  21  N. 

Gradiska,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in 
of  Goritz,  seated  on  the  Lisonzo,  15  ms.  SI 
Udina.    Lon.  13  14  E.,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Grado,  town  of  Italy,  in  a  small  island  of 
same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Venetian  Friul 
ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Venice.  Lon.  13  10  E.,  lat 
46  N. 

Grafton,  village  of  England,  in  Northamptc 
shire,  between  Stony  Stratford  and  Northamptc 

 Co.  ofN.  H.,  bounded  by  Connecticut  riv 

or  Vermont,  NW.  and  N.,  Coos  NE.,  Staffi 
SE.,  and  Hillsborough  and  Cheshire  S.;  length 
ms.,  mean  width  28,  area  1,540  sq.  ms.  Surf; 
broken,  hilly,  and  part  mountainous.  Soil,  wh 
arable,  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage,  Ch 
town,  Haverhill.  Pop.  1820,  32,989;  and, 
1840,  43,311.    N.  lat.  44°,  and  lon.  from  \ 

C.  5£  E.,  intersect  in  this  co.  Tp  ,  Graft 

co.,  N.  H.,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Dartmouth  colle; 
and  29  NW.  from  Salisbury.  Pop.  1,094- 
Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  about  45  ms. 

from   Boston.     Pop.    1820,    1,154.  Tow 

Windham  co.,  Vt.,  22  ms.  S.  from  Winds 

Pop.  1820,  1,500.  Town,  Rensselaer  co., 

Y.,  12  ms.  E.  from  Troy.    Pop.  1820,  1,61 

 Village  in  the  eastern  part  of  Lorain  co.,  < 

12  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Elyria,  and  12  i 
NW.  from  Medina,  in  Medina  co. 

Graham's  Bridge,  post  office,  Richmond  c 
N.  C,  93  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Graham's  Station,  post  office,  Sutton  tp.,  Mei 
co.,  Ohio.  The  post  office  is  above  Nyesvillc,  a 
below  Letart. 

Grahams  Store,  post  office,  Albemarle  co..  ^ 

Grainger,  co.,  Tenn.,  between  Chinch  <-vnd  ft 
ston  rivers  ;  bounded  by  Jefferson  SE.,  Knox  S\ 
Claiborne  NW.,  and  Hawkins  NE.  ;  length 
ms.,  mean  width  12,  area  360  sq.  ms.  ;  surf 
hilly,  and  soil  sterile,  except  along  the  margin 
the  streams.  Chief  town,  Ruiledgp.  Pop. 
1820,  7,650,  and  in  1840,  10,572.  Ctl.  lat.  36 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  40  W. 

Grammont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department! 
Upper  Vienne,  and  late  province  of  Limosin. 
is  15  ms.  NE.  of  Limoges*    Lon.  1  30  E.,  « 
1  N. 

Grampian  Hills,  chain  of  high  mountains  i 
Scotland,  running  from  E.  to  W.,  nearly  thewh 
breadth  of  the  kingdom.  They  take  their  nc? 
from  the  Mons  Grampius  of  Tacitus,  wire? 
Galgacus  waited  the  approach  of  Agricola, 
where  the  battle  was  fought  so  fatal  to  the  br? 
Caledonians, 


GRA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GRA 


srampound,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall. 
I  ias  a  considerable  manufacture  of  gloves,  and  is 
a  ted  on  the  Valles,  40  ms.  SW.  of  Launces- 
t  and  244  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  4  49 
JL  lat.  50  22  N. 

Iran,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  on  the  Da- 
ne, 87  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  18  6 
I  lat.  47  46  N. 

7ranada,  province  (formerly  a  kingdom)  of 
Min,  bounded  on  the  N.  and  W.  by  Andalusia, 
c  the  E.  by  Murcia,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Med- 
i  ranean  sea.  It  is  175  ms.  in  length,  and  75 
i  jreadth.  Though  a  mountainous  country  the 
I  is  good.  This  province  has  the  highest  moun- 
ti  in  Europe  SW.  from  Mount  Blanc,  the  Mu- 

I  Hassan,  rising  to   11,250  feet.  City  of 

!-iin,  capital  of  the  province  of  Granada,  with  an 
ihbishop's  see  and  a  university.  It  is  built  on 
t  r  hills,  and  divided  into  four  parts.  In  one  part 
i  he  palace  of  the  kings  of  Spain,  and  an  ancient 
I  ace  of  the  Moorish  kings ;  the  Alhambra  with 

nany  rooms  that  it  is  like  a  labyrinth.  In  the 
t  d  is  the  university  ;  the  fourth  has  nothing  con- 
arable  ;  but  all  the  public  buildings  are  magnifi- 
es t.  It  is  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the  Oro 
\h  Xenil,  125  ms.  SW.  of  Murcia,  and  225  S. 

c Madrid.    Lon.  3  30  W.,  lat.  37  8  N.  

1'ind  in  the  West  Indies,  the  principal  of  the 
(madines,  situated  in  lon.  W.  C.  5  40  E.,  and 
I  ween  11  55  and  12  23  N.  lat.  It  is  the  last  of 
t  Windward  Carribbees,  and  30  leagues  NW. 
cTobago.  The  chief  port,  called  Lewis,  is  on 
'  side,  in  the  middle  of  a  large  bay,  with  a  san- 

i  bottom,  and  is  very  spacious.  Town  of  N. 

yierica,  in  the  province  of  Nicaragua,  seated  on 
t  Lake  Nicaragua.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a 
lat  trade,  by  means  of  the  lake,  which  comrnu- 
rates  with  the  Atlantic  ocean.  It  is  54  ms.  SE. 
(Leon.    Lon.  W.  C.  8  46  W.,  lat.  12  5  N. 

rranada,  New,  extensive  country  in  S.  Amer- 
I ,  denominated  by  the  Spaniards  the  new  king- 
'  n  of  Granada,  and  contains  the  departments  of 

yacca,  Cundinamarca,  Cauca,  and  Magdalena. 

•  nilar  to  nearly  every  section  of  Spanish  and  Portu- 
i;se  America,  provincial  limits  for  New  Granada, 
« -ept  where  formed  by  seacoasts,  are  not  to  be 
i  nd  to  any  certainty.  As  a  general  term,  New 
'inada  designates  the  northwestern  part  of  South 

lerica,  and,  if  including  the  provinces  named, 
st  comprise  above  half  a  million  of  sq.  ms.  ; 
I  ween  latitudes  2°  S.  and  12°  N.,  and  lon.  2° 
to  9°  E.  of  W.  C. 

New  Granada  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards 
1 1536.  It  is  so  far  elevated  above  the  level  of 
t  sea  that,  though  it  passes  the  equator,  the  cli- 
i  te  is  remarkably  temperate.  The  fertility  of  its 
'  leys  is  not  inferior  to  that  of  the  richest  districts 
i  America  ;  and  its  higher  grounds  yield  gold  and 
}  cious  stones  of  various  kinds.  Its  towns  are 
1  »ulous  and  flourishing.  The  capital  is  Santa 
1  de  Bogota.  It  may  be  safely  stated  that  no 
c  er  country  can  exceed  New  Granada  in  the  im- 
'  nse  variety  of  soil,  surface,  and  scenery — of 

•  untain  and  river  diversity. 

fyranby,  tp.  of  Bedford  and  Richelieu  cos.,  L. 
<|  on  the  river  a  la  Tortue,  45  ms.  ESE.  from 

I  ntreal.  Tp.,  Essex  co.,  Vt.    The  village  is 

tithe  head  of  Moose  river,   on  the  road  from 
Uldhall  to  Brownington,  50  ms.  NE.  from  Mont- 
46* 


pelier.  Town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  about  85 

ms.  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  in  18/20,  1,066.  

Town,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  joining  Mass.,  on  the  N., 
and  bounded  in  the  W.  by  the  Poppotonuck  moun- 
tain.   The  village  is  situated  about  20  ms.  NW. 

from  Hartford  Town,  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

Oswego  river  Village,  Lexington  district  of  S. 

C,  on  the  right  bank  of  Congaroe  river,  about  2 
ms.  below  Columbia.  Granby  is  at  the  head  of 
navigation.  A  bridge  has  been  there  erected  over  the 
Congaree.  Post  office  name  of  Hartford  vil- 
lage, in  the  northwestern  corner  of  Licking  co., 
Ohio,  20  ms.  NW.  from  Newark,  and  30  NE. 
from  Columbus. 

Grand,  post  office  at  Burlington,  in  Grand 
tp.,  northwestern  part  of  Marion  co.,  18  ms., 
northwest  from  Marion,  and  9  or  10  SSW.  from 
Upper  Sandusky. 

Grand  Anse,  or  Jeremie,  seaport  of  Hayti,  or 
Hispaniola,  on  the  SW.  peninsula.  Lon.  W.  C. 
2  55  E.,  lat.  18  15  N. 

Grand  Caillou,  island  on  the  coast  of  La. ,  near 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  cape,  between  the 
Atchafalaya  and  Lafourche  rivers. 

Grand  Cairo. — See  Cairo. 

Grand  Gosier,  low  and  small  island,  a  little 
W.  of  N.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  lying 
between  Breton  island  and  the  S.  end  of  the  Chan- 
deleurs.    Lat.  29  31  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  12  15  W. 

Grand  Isle,  NW.  co.  of  Vt.,  formed  by  the 
peninsula  of  Alberg,  and  S,  and  N.  Hero,  with 
several  smaller  islands  in  Lake  Champlain.  Area 
about  90  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  North  Hero.  Pop. 
in  1840,  3,883.    Ctl.  lat.  34  47  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

4  E.  Village,  Grand  Isle  co.,  Vt.,  77  ms. 

NW.  from  Montpelier.  Island  in  Niagara  river, 

and  in  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  6  ms.  long  and  5 
ms.  wide  where  broadest,  and  contains  about  II,- 

000  acres.  Surface  rising  by  a  gentle  acclivity, 
and  soil  generally  good. 

Grand  Lick,  village,  Campbell  co.,  Ky.,  76 
ms.  NE.  from  Frankfort,  and  20  SSE.  from  Cin- 
cinnati. 

Grand  Manan,  island  of  Washington  co.,  Me., 
opposite  Passamaquoddv  bay.  Lon.  W.  C.  10 
17  E.,  lat  44  48  N. 

Grand  Para,  Capitania  General  of  Brazil,  and 

1  as  to  extent  an  empire  itself,  extending  from  E.  to 
W.  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  Turisana,  lon. 
31  40  E.,  to  the  river  Javari,  lon.  W.  C.  5° 
E.,  upwards  of  1,800  miles,  and  with  a  mean 
width  of  700  ms.  ;  area  1,260,000  sq.  ms. 
Over  these  wide-spread  regions,  lying  between  lat. 
4°  N.  and  12°  S.,  the  Amazon  and  its  numerous 
confluents,  carry  their  vast  volumes  from  the  inte- 
rior to  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  greatest  part  of 
Grand  Para  is  yet  in  the  hands  of  the  native  tribes, 
the  European  settlements  being  few,  far  separated 

and  confined  in  either  pop.   or  extent.  The 

capital  of  the  capitania  of  the  same  name,  is  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Tocantinas.  It  is  composed 
of  two  contiguous  towns,  Grand  Para  and  Belem. 
Pop.  20,000.    Lat.  1  30  S. 

Grand  Coteau,  post  office,  parish  of  St.  Landry, 
Opelousas,  La.,  205  ms.  NW.  from  N.  Orleans. 

Grandpre,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Arden- 
nes, and  late  province  of  Champagne,  seated  on 
the  Ayre,  32  ms.  E.  of  Rheims.    Lon.  4  55  E  , 

lat.  49  21  N.  Seigniory,  St.  Maurice  co.  L. 

361 


GRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRA 


C,  on  Lake  St.  Peter,  18  ms.  W.  from  Three 
Rivers.  It  extends  from  the  lake  between  the  Seign- 
iories of  Riviere  du  Loup  and  Grosbois,  or  Ma- 
chiche. 

Grandon. — See  Fairport. 

Grande,  river  of  western  Africa,  not  yet  well 
explored,  but,  as  delineated  by  Arrowsmith,  rises 
about  150  nis.  eastward  from  Sierra  Leone,  N.  lat. 
8°.  Flowing  thence  N  W.  300  ms.  parallel  to  the 
opposite  coast  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  also  to 
the  Gambia  river,  it  turns  W.  200  ms.,  and  enters 
the  Atlantic  at  N.  lat.  11°,  W.  Ion.  14°. 

Grand  River,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Trumbull  co., 
and,  flowing  about  10  ms.  nearly  N.,  enters  Ashta- 
bula co  ,  and  continuing  N.  about  20  ms.,  turns 
nearly  at  right  angles,  and  enteis  Geauga  co.,  in 
which  it  falls  into  Lake  Erie  at  FairpoTt,  after  an 
entire  comparative  course  of  50  ms.  Grand  river 
is  said  to  be  a  literal  translation  of  Geauga,  the  In- 
dian name. — See  Painsville  and  Fairport. 

Grand  River,  of  Missouri,  extreme  sources  in 
the  southern  part  of  Iowa,  from  which,  in  a  SSE. 
direction,  ihe  various  branches  unite,  after  draining 
the  cos.  of  Davies,  Caldwell,  and  Livingston,  and 
separating  the  cos.  of  Carroll  and  Chariton  from 
each  other,  falls  into  the  Missouri  river  at  Bruns- 
wick.   This  stream  drains  a  large  part  of  the  ]NTW. 

section  of  Missouri.  Anoiher  stream  of  the 

State  of  Missouri,  the  extreme  northwestern  branch 
of  the  Osage  river.  It  rises  in  the  Indian  territory, 
between  the  Kansas  and  Neosho  rivers,  and,  pur- 
suing a  course  a  little  S.  of  E.  about  150  ms., 
falls  into  the  Osage  in  Benton  co.,  near  the  village 
of  Osage.    N.  lat.  38  10,  Ion.  16  25  W.  W.  C. 

Grand  River,  or  Nipigon  river,  U.  C,  falls 
into  Lake  Superior  from  the  N.,  a  little  E-,  oppo- 
site Keweena  point. 

Grand  River,  or  Rio  Grande  de  St.  Pedro. — 
See  Rio  Grande  de  St.  Pedro,  of  Banda  Oriental. 

Grand. — See  Ottowa  river. 

Grand  Traverse,  group  of  islands  in  Lake  Mich- 
igan, opposite  to  the  mouth  of  Green  bay. 

Grand  View,  NE.  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Ohio, 
so  called  from  an  extensive  view  upon  the  Ohio 
river,  30  ms.  above  Marietta. 

Grandville,  village,  Monongalia  co.,  Va.,  on 
Duncard's  creek,  12  ms.  NW,  from  Morgantown. 

Grand,  Rio,  fine  river  of  Brazil,  in  Minaes 
Geraes,  flows  NE.,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  in  lat.  15  25  S.,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  350  ms. 

Grange,  La,  cape  of  St.  Domingo,  on  the  N. 
side,  NE.  from  the  mouth  of  Yaqui  de  St.  Jago 
river.    Lon.  W.  C  5  25  E.,  lat.  19  54  N. 

Granger,  co.,  E.  Tennessee. — See  Grainger. 

Granger,  tp.  on  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the  W.  side 
of  Rocky  river,  in  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.,  7  ms.  W. 

from  Cleveland.     Popula  ion  uncertain.  Tp., 

Medina  co.,  O.,  immediately  E.  from  the  tp.  of 
Medina.  The  post  office  is  about  7  ms.  E.  of  Me- 
dina, the  co.  seat.. 

Granic,  or  Granicus,  small  river  of  Natolia, 
which  has  its  source  in  Mount  Ida,  near  the  ruins 
of  ancient  Troy,  and  falls  into  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
to  the  E.  of  Lampsaco.    It  is  now  the  Ousvola. 

Granitza,  town  of  European  Turkey,  near  the 
gulf  of  Corinth,  between  Livadia  and  Thebes. 

Grant,  co.,  Ky  =  ,  bounded  by  Owen  S.,  Gallatin 
Boone  N..  and  Pendleton  E  ;  length  20  m?.5 
362 


mean  width  13  ;  area  260  sq.  ms.  Surface  hill 
and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,80,' 
and  in  1840,  4,192.  Central  lat.  38  40  N.,  lo; 
W.  C.  7  40  W. 

Granson,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Pays  < 
Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwick  of  the  same  name,  wi 
a  castle.    Lon.  6  30  E.,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Grantham,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshir 
on  the  VVitham,  20  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Lincoln,  at 
HON.  by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  36'  W.,  lat,  { 

59  N.  Tp.,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  tl 

left  bank  of  St.  Francis  river,  25  ms.  S.  fro 

Three  Rivers.  Tp.  in  theco.  of  Lincoln,  [J.  C 

lies  W.  of  Newark,  and  fronting  Lake  Ontario. 

Grantley's,  post  office,  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  V 
ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Grant  slick,  post  office,  Campbell  co.,  Ky.,  ' 
ms.  NNE.  from  Frankfort. 

Grantsville,  village,  Greene  co.,  Ga.,  52  m 
NNE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Granville,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  tl 
Channel,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  part 
seated  on  a  rock,  and  partly  on  a  plain.  It  is  1 
ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Coutances,  and  185  W.  of  Pari 

Lon.  1  32  W.,  lat.  48  50  N.  Tp.,  Annapol 

co.,  Nova  Scotia,  near  the  mouth  of. Annapol 

river.  Seigniory,  Cornwallis  co  ,  L.  C,  on  tl 

S.  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  80  ms.  NE.  from  Quebe 

 Town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  14  ms.  W. 

Springfield.  ,  Pop.  in    1840,    1,414.  Tow 

Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  line  which  dividi 
this  State  from  Vt.,  and  60  ms.  NINE,  from  A 

bany.  Flourishing  town,  Licking  co.,  O.,  i 

the  middle  fork  of  Licking  river,  32  ms.  W.  fro 
Zanesville,  26  NE.  from  Lancaster,  and  26  E.  I 
N.  from  Columbus.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,472.  Loi 
5  35  W.,  lat.  40  5  N.  Granville  is  amongst  tl 
most  picturesque  villages  of  O.,  and  stands,  lil 
New  Lancaster,  on  the  verge  between  the  hilly  ar 
alluvial  sections  of  O.  The  isolated  hills,  amid 
which  Granville  is  placed,  though  not  precipitou 
as  are  some  of  those  more  southwardly,  are  of  tl 
same  character  of  form  and  isolation.  In  the  vi 
lage  there  are  two  female  schools  one  Episcop 
lian,  and  the  other  Presbyterian,  and  both  app 
rently  well  conducted.    It  is  6  ms.  above,  at 

nearly  due  W.  from  Newark.  Co.,  N.  C 

bounded  N.  by  Va.,  E.  by  Warren  and  Frankli 
cos.,  S.  by  Wake,  and  W.  by  Orange  and  Pea 
son  ;  length  30  ms.,  mean  width  23  ;  area  690  st 
ms  Surface  hilly,  though  not  very  broken ;  sc 
generally  productive.  Chief  town,  Oxford.  Poi 
in  1820,  18,216;  and  in  1840,  18,817.— See  0. 

ford.  Village,  Monongalia  co.,  Va.,  329  m 

NW.  from  W.  C. 

Granville  and  Lachenaye,  seigniory,  Cornwall 
co.,  L.  C,  on  the  S.  side  of  St.  Lawrence  bay,  \ 
ms.  below  Quebec. 

Grasse,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Va 
lately  in  the  province  of  Provence,  seated  on  i 
eminence,  15  ms.  W.  of  Nice.    Lon.  6  56  E 

lat.  43  39  N.  Town  of  Fr ,  in  the  dep. 

Aude,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated  c 
the  river  Othieu,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains 

Courbiere,  18  ms.  SE.  of  Carcassonne.  Rive 

St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  SE  part 
the  co.,  and  curving  to  the  W  ,  N.,  and  NE.,  fa' 
into  St.  Lawrence  river  between  St.  Regis  ar 
Long  Saut  rapids;  after  a  comparative  course 


GRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


GRE 


>out  100  ms.  This  stream  and  the  Oswegatchie 
e  united  by  a  natural  canal,  15  ms.  SE.  from 
gdensburg. 

Grasse,  Baye  de,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  On- 
rio,  lies  to  the  eastward  of  Point  aux  Cheveaux. 

Grassy  Creek,  post  office,  Pendleton  co.,  Ky., 
I  ms.  NW.  from  Frankfort. 

Grasty's  Store,  post  office,  Pittsylvania  co.,  Va., 

7  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Grateley,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  on  the 
3.  side  of  Quarley  Hill,  on  the  road  from  Ando- 
r  to  Salisbury. 

,  Gratiot,  a  very  pleasant  village  on  the  national 
ad,  and  on  the  line  between  Muskingum  and 
eking  cos.,  42  ms.  E.  of  Columbus,  12  W.  of 
mesville,  and  16  SE.  of  Newark. 
Gratis,  village,  Preble  co.,  0.,  by  post  road-  53 
5.  SW.  by  W.  from  Columbus,  and  9  ms.  SE. 

Eaton.    The  village  in  which  this  office  is 
aced  is  named  Winchester ;  which  see. 
Gratz,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  Stiria,  with 
university.    It  is  seated  on  the  Muehr,  100  ms. 

i¥.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15  30  E.,  lat.  47  4  N.  

.Mage,  Dauphin  co.,  Pa. 

Graudentz,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
jlm,  on  the  Vistula,  30  ms.  N.  of  Thorn,  and 

0  NW.  of  Warsaw.    Lon.   18  52  E.,  lat.  53 

1  N. 

Grave,  strong  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
Brabant,  seated  on  the  river  Maese,  8  ms.  S.  of 
meguen.  Lon.  5  45  E.,  lat.  51  47  N. 
Grave  Creek,  village,  Ohio  co.,  Va.,  12  ms. 
low  Wheeling.  This  town  derives  its  name 
>m  a  large  creek,  which  rises  near  the  SW.  an- 
i  of  Pa.,  and,  flowing  W.,  falls  into  Ohio  river, 
le  town  stands  on  an  elevated  alluvial  bottom, 
narkable  for  the  number  and  magnitude  of  abo- 
;inal  antiquities. 

Gravel  Hill,  post  office,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.  ;  by 

st  road  80  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Gravelines,  strong  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 

e  North,  lately  in  French  Flanders.     It  was 

ded  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees, 

d  is  seated  on  the  Aa,  12  ms.  E.  of  Calais. 

>n.  2  13  E.,  lat.  50  59  .N. 

Gravel  Point,  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  Marysburg, 

8  between  St.  Peter's  bay  and  Point  Traverse, 
C. 

Gravenac,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  co.  of 
e  same  name,  33  ms.  W.  of  Ulm.  Lon.  9  28 
,  lat.  48  22  N. 

Graven  Machren,  town  of  Luxemburg,  on  the 
jselle. 

Gravesande,  town  of  Holland,  7  ms.  W.  of 
aft. 

Gravesend,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the 
sks  of  the  Thames,  and  is  a  place  of  great  re- 
t,  being  the  common  landing  place  for  seamen 
i  strangers  in  their  passage  to  London.  It  is 
ms.  SE.  of  London.    Lon.  0  27  E.,  lat.  51 

Graves  Island,  in  the  SE.  part  of  Lake  Sim- 
k  U.  C. 

Gravina,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
;;  ms.  SW.  of  Bari. 

pnAviTY,  that  mysterious,  important,  and  (as 
*  as  human  reason  has  been  enabled  to  observe 
'  action  of  bodies  on  each  other,  though  not  in 
that  universal  law  by  which  every  parti- 


cle of  matter  in  the  universe  attracts  every  other 
particle,  direct  as  the  masses  and  inverse  as  the 
squares  of  distance.  The  cause  of  this  appetency 
of  matter  remains  undiscovered — dare  we  antici- 
pate discoverable  by  man  1 

Gravois,  Poinie  au,  is  the  west  point  of  the 
Little  Detroit,  on  the  north  coast  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

Gravois,  Riviere  au,  in  the  Missassaga  land,  on 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  runs  into  that 
lake  between  Burlington  bay  and  the  river  Credits 

u  a 

Graulhel,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Tarn, 
12  ms.  NW.  of  Castres. 

Gray,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Saone, 
and  laie  province  of  Franche  Comte.  It  carries 
on  a  trade  in  iron,  and  is  seated  on  the  Saone,  25 
ms.  NE.  of  Dijon.    Lon.  5  41  E.,  lat.  47  28  N- 

 Village  and  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,479. 

Grayson,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  SW.  by  N.  C, 
NW.  by  Washington  and  Wythe,  NE.  by  Mont 
gomery,  and  SE.  by  Patrick.  .Length  70  m3., 
mean  width  13  ;  area  about  900  sq.  ms.  Surface 
broken  and  mountainous ;  soil  generally  sterile. 
Chief  town,  Greenville.  Population  in  the  year 
1820,  5,598;  and  in  1840,  9,087.  Central  lat. 
36  40,  lon.  W.  C.  3  42  W.  Co.,  Ky.,  be- 
tween Green  riverrand  Rough  creek,  bounded  S. 
by  Warren,  S  W.  by  Butler,  W.  by  Ohio  co.,  N. 
by  Breckenridge,  NE.  by  Hardin,  and  E.  by 
Hart.  Length  36  ms.,  mean  width  16| ;  area 
600  sq.  ms.  Surface  broken,  and  soil  of  middling 
quality.  Chief  town,  Litchfield.  Pop.  1820, 
4,055  ;  in  1840,  4,461.  N.  lat.  37°  and  lon.  W. 
C,  9°  W.  intersect  in  this  co. 

Grayson,  court  house  and  post  office,  Grayson 
couniy,  Virginia.  See  Greenville,  Grayson  coun- 
ty, Virginia. 

Gray's  Thurrock,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on 
the  Thames,  24  ms.  E.  of  London.  Lon,  0  24 
E.,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Gray's  Store  and  Post  Office,  Randolph  co. , 
N.  C. ;  by  post  road  90  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Great  Barrington,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass., 
about  23  ms.  W.  of  Springfield,  on  the  river  Con 
necticut.    Pop.  1820,  1,908. 

Great  Bay,  extensive  sheet  of  water  between 
Strafford  and  Rockingham  cos.,  N.  H.,  5  ms, 
above  Portsmouth.  It  unites  with  Piscataqua 
river,  and  receives  Oyster,  Lamprey,  and  Exeter 
rivers. 

Great  Bridge,  post  office,  Norfolk  co.,  Va.  ; 
by  postroad  124  ms.  SE.  from  Richmond. 

Great  Britain,  kingdom  of  Europe,  comprising 
a  group  of  islands  lying  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  N. 
from  France  and  NW.  from  Germany.  The  term 
Great  Britain  is  commonly  applied  in  particular 
to  the  principal  island,  containing  England  and 
Scotland  ;  but  as  a  general  name  it  includes  the 
entire  group  of  islands,  Great  Britain  proper  and 
Ireland,  with  the  small  isles  scattered  around  them. 
Great  Britain,  thus  extended,  lies  between  N.  lat. 
50°  and  61',  and  between  lon.  from  London  2° 
E.  and  10  30  W. 

Though  the  substance  of  the  following  tables  is 
in  part  scattered  over  this  treatise,  yet  I  have  con- 
cluded to  insert  them  in  a  condensed  form,  under 
the  general  head,  in  order  to  place  before  the  reader 

363 


'  tact) 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRE 


a  connected  view  of  the  population  of  this  very 
important  empire. 

The  following  statement  of  the  population  of 
the  several  counties  of  Great  Britain  in  the  years 
1801,  1811,  and  1821,  has  been  laid  before  the 
Imperial  Parliament : 

ENGLAND. 


Counties. 


Bedford 
Berks 

Buckingham 

Cambridge 

Chester 

Cornwall 

Cumberland 

Derby 

Devon 

Dorset 

Durham 

Essex 

Gloucester 

Hereford 

Hertford 

Huntingdon 

Kent 

Lancaster 

Leicester 

Lincoln 

Middlesex 

Monmouth 

Norfolk 

Northampton 

Northumberland 

Nottingham 

Oxford 

Rutland 

Salop 

Somerset 

Southampton 

Stafford 

Suffolk 

Surrey 

Sussex 

Warwick 

Westmoreland 

Wilts 

Worcester 

York,  E.  R. 

York,  N.  R. 

York,  W.  R. 

Totals 


Counties. 


Anglesea 

Brecon 

Cardigan 

Carmarthen 

Carnarvon 

Denbigh 

Flint 

Glam  rgan 

Merioneth 

Montgomery 

Pembroke 

Radnor 

Totals 


1801. 


63,393 
109,215 
107,444 

89,346 
191,751 
183,269 
117,230 
161,142 
343,001 
115,319 
160,361 
226,437 
250,8i»9 

89,191 

97,557 

37,568 
307,624 
672,781 
131,051 
208,557 
818,129 

45,582 
273,371 
131,757 
157,101 
140,350 
109,620 

16,356 
167,539 
273,750 
219,656 
239,153 
210,431 
269,043 
159.311 
20^100 

41,617 
185,107 
139,333 
139,433 
155,5U6 
563,953 


1,331,434 


1811. 


70,213 
118,277 
117,650 
101,109 
227,031 
216,667 
133.744 
185,487 
383,308 
124,693 
177,625 
252,473 
283,514 

94,073 
111,654 

42,208 
373,095 
828,309 
150,419 
237,891 
953,276 

62,127 
291,999 
141,353 
172,161 
162,000 
119,191 

16,380 
194,293 
303,180 
245,080 
295,153 
234,211 
323,851 
190,(183 
228,735 

45,922 
193,828 
160,546 
167,353 
152,445 
653,315 


9,538,827 


1821. 


WALES. 


1801, 


33,806 
31,633 
42,956 
67,317 
41,521 
60,352 
39.622 
71,525 
29,506 
47,978 
56,280 
19,050 


541,546 


1811. 


37,051 
37,735 
50,260 
77,217 
49,336 
64,240 
46,518 
851)67 
30,1)24 
51,931 
60,615 
20,900 


611,783 


83?716 
131,977 
134,068 
121.909 

270,098 
257,447 
156,124 
213,333 
439,040 
144,499 
207,673 
289,424 
335,843 
103,731 
129,714 

48,771 
426,016 
1,052,859 
174,571 
283,058 
1,144,531 

71,833 
344  368 
163,433 
198,965 
186,873 
134,327 

18,487 
206,266 
355,314 
282,203 
341,824 
270,542 
398,65S 
232,927 
274,392 

51,359 
222,157 
184,424 
190.709 
183,694 
800,848 


11,260,555 


1821. 


45,063 
43,613 
57,311 
90.239 
57,958 
76,511 
53,784 
101,737 
33,911 
59,899 
74,009 
23,073 


717,108 


Table  of  the  population  throughout  the  last  cen- 
tury in  England  and  Wales. 
In  the  years — 

1700  -  6,475,000 

1710  ....  5,240,000 

1720  ....  5,565,000 

1730  -  -  -  -  5,796,000 

364 


In  the  years- 

1740 

1750 

1760 

1770 

1780 

1790 

1801 

1811 

1821 


1700 
1750 
1801 
1811 
1821 


Population  of  London. 


6,064,0 
6,467,0 
6,736,0 
7,428,0 
7,953,0 
8,675,0 
9, 168,0 
10,150,6 
11,978,8 


674,3 
676,2 
900,0 
1,050,0 
1,274,6 


SCOTLAND. 


Counties. 


Aberdeen 

Argyll 

Ayr 

Banff 

Berwick 

Bute 

Caithness 

Clackmanan  - 

Dumbarton 

Dumfries 

Edinburgh 

Elgin 

Fife 

Forfar 

Haddington 

Inverness 

Kincardine 

Kinross 

Kircudbright 

Lanark 

Linlithgow 

Nairn 

Orkney  and  Shetland 

Peebles 

Perth 

Renfrew 

Ross  and  Cromarty 

Roxburgh 

Selkirk 

Stirling 

Sutherland 

Wigtown 

Totals  - 


1801.        1811.  1821 


123,082 
71,859 
84,306 
35,807 
30,621 
11,791 
22,609 
10,858 
20,710 
54,597 

122,954 
26,705 
93,743 
99,127 
29,986 
74,292 
26,349 
6,725 
29,211 

146,669 
17,844 
8,257 
43,824 
8,735 

126,366 
78,056 
55,343 
33,682 
5,070 
50,825 
23,117 
22,918 


135,075 
85,505 

103,954 
36,668 
30,779 
12,033 
23,419 
12,010 
24,189 
62,960 

148,607 
28,108 

101,272 

107,264 
31,164 
78,336 
27,439 
7,245 
33,683 

191,752 
19,451 
8,251 
46,153 
9,935 

135,093 
72,596 
60,553 
37.230 
5,869 
58,174 
23,629 


068  1,805,688 


■1 

10 
139 
112 

68 
40 
6 
65 
25 
33 


2,092 


England  and  Wales  occupy  the  southern  ; 
much  the  larger  portion  of  the  island  of  G: 
Britain,  and  are  situate  between  50  and  55  50 
lat.,  and  2°  E.  and  5  40  W.  Ion.  They  fornn 
extensive  triangular  peninsula,  bounded  on  th 
sides  by  the  sea,  and  separated  at  the  northern  ■ 
gle  from  Scotland  by  a  line  which  extends  fn 
the  northeastern  corner  of  the  Solway  Frith  to  ' 
mouth  of  the  river  Tweed. 

England  and  Wales  are  divided  into  shires  i 
counties,  most  of  which  are  subdivided  into  b  - 
dreds,  and  these  again  into  parishes,  which  e 
both  ecclesiastical  and  civil  divisions.  Yoiks'3 
is  divided  into  three  unequal  parts,  called  Ridii  > 
which  are  again  subdivided  into  wapentakes.  Ci  - 
berland,  Westmoreland,  Northumberland,  and  I  • 
ham,  are  divided  into  wards,  Kent  into  lathes,  a 
Sussex  into  rapes. 


GRE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GRE 


•e  following  table  contains  the  names  of  the  counties  of  England  and  Wales  and  their  dependencies; 
their  area  in  square  miles  and  imperial  acres  ;  their  population  at  the  period  of  the  last  general 
census  in  1831 ;  the  names  of  their  chief,  or,  as  they  are  called,  county  towns ;  and  the  number 
of  their  Parliamentary  Representatives: 

TABLE  OF  COUNTIES. 


Name  of  county. 


Wales, 


159 


rea  in 
miles. 


463 

738 
857 
1,052 
1,330 
1,523 
1,028 
2,585 
1,006 
1,097 
1,533 
1,258 
1,489 
863 
630 
372 
1,557 
1,766 
806 
2,611 
282 
496 
2,024 
1,016 
1,871 
837 
756 
149 
1,343 
1,645 
1,184 
1,515 
759 
1,466 
897 
762 
1,367 
723 

1,280 
2,611 
2,070 
136 
250 
130 
9 
9 


271 

754 
675 
974 
544 
633 
244 
792 
663 
839 
610 
426 


58,328 


Area  in  acres. 


296,320 
481,280 
472,320 
548,480 
673,280 
851.200 
974,720 
657,920 

1,654,400 
643.840 
702,080 
981,120 
805,120 
953,000 
552,320 
403,200 
238,080 
996,480 

1,130,240 
515,840 

1,671,040 
180,480 
317,440 

1,295,360 
650,240 

1,197,440 
535,680 
483,840 
95,360 
859,520 

1,052,800 
757,760 
969,600 
485,760 
938,240 
574,080 
487,6S0 
874,880 
462,720 

3,815,040 


87,040 
160,000 

83,200 
5,570 
5,570 


173,440 
482,560 
432,000 
623,360 
348,160 
405,120 
156,160 
506,880 
424,320 
536,960 
390,400 
272,640 


37,329,920 


Area  of  arable 
pasture  and 
meadow  land. 


248,000 
380,000 
440,000 
500,000 
594,000 
550,000 
670,000 
500,000 

1,200,000 
573,000 
500,000 
900.000 
750,000 
820,000 
495,000 
310,000 
220,000 
900,000 
860,000 
480,000 

1,465,000 
155,000 
270,000 

1,180,000 
555,000 
900,000 
470,000 
403,000 
89,000 
790,000 
900,000 
560,820 
820,000 
400,000 
625,000 
510.000 
130,000 
500,000 
400,000 

2,500,000 


80,000 


150,000 
300,000 
245,000 
342,000 
160,000 
360,000 
130,000 
305,000 
350,240 
240,000 
300,000 
235,000 


Populat;  >n  by 
the  ctn^us 
of  1831. 


145,289 
146,529 
143,955 
834,410 
302,440 
169,681 
237,170 
494,168 
159,252 
253,fe27 
317,233 
386,904 
278,832 
110,976 
143,341 

53,149 
479,155 
1,336,854 
197,003 
317,244 
1,358,541 

98,130 
390,054 
179,276 
222,912 
225,320 
151,726 

19,385 
222.503 
403,908 
410,485 
296,304 
486.326 
272>28 
336,988 

55,041 
239,181 
211356 

168,646 
976,415 
226,235 
35,431 
41.000 
62,710 
2,465 
8,920 


48,325 
47,763 
64,780 

100,655 
65,753 
83,167 
60,012 

126,612 
35,609 
66,485 
81,424 
24,651 


14,009,667* 


County  towns. 


Bedford. 
Reading. 
Buckingham. 
Cambridge. 
Chester. 
Launceston. 
Carlisle. 
Derby. 
Exeter. 
Dorchester . 
Durham. 
Chelmsford. 
Gloucester. 
Winchester. 
Hereford. 
Hertford. 
Huntingdon, 
Maidstone. 
Lancaster. 
Leicester. 
Lincoln. 
London. 
Monmouth. 
Norwich. 
^Northampton. 
Ainwick. 
Nottingham- 
Oxford. 
Oakham. 
Shrewsbury. 
Taunton. 
Stafford. 
Ipswich. 
Guilford . 

Lewes  and  Chichester , 

Warwick, 

Appleby. 

Salisbury. 

Worcester. 

Beverly. 

Wakefield. 

York. 

'Newport. 

Douglas. 

St.  Helier  St.  Pierre. 
Newton. 

Berwick-upon-Tweed . 


Beaumaris. 

Brecknock. 

Cardigan. 

Carmarthen. 

Carnarvon. 

Denbigh. 

Flint. 

Cardiff. 

Dolgelly. 

Montgomery. 

Pembroke. 

New  Radnor. 


Under  the  head  of  statistics,  in  the  Encyclopedia  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Arts,  it  appears  that  the  joint  nnnulation 
'  England  and  Wales  in  1841  was  15,906,829.  H  H 

Jote. — Hampshire  (originally  Southamptonshire)  is  now  usually  called  Hants;  Berkshire  is  called  Berks;  Bucking - 
nshire,  Bucks;  Hertfordshire,  Herts;  Nottinghamshire  Notts;  Shropshire,  Salop ;  and  Wiltonshire,  Wilts.  The  Isle 
Wight,  formerly  a  part  of  Hampshire,  was  made  an  independent  county  in  1832.  The  Isle  of  Man,  the  Norman  isles^ 
•  ^cilly  isles,  and  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  are  dependencies  of  the  Crown  of  England,  not  attached  to  any  county.  Ber- 
k,  however,  is  represented  in  the  imperial  Parliament,  and  subject  to  the  laws  and  supreme  courts  of  England  ;  Man 
1  the  Norman  isles  have  laws,  legislatures,  and  judiciary  establishments  of  their  own. 


365 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRE 


The  greatest  lineal  extent  of  England  is  about 
367  miles  between  the  Land's  End,  in  Cornwall, 
and  the  northeastern  coast  of  Norfolk ;  from  the 
coast  of  Dorsetshire  to  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  mea- 
sured along  the  second  meridian  west,  the  length  is 
362  miles;  from  the  Land's  End  tq  the  North 
Foreland  the  breadth  is  330  miles  5  from  St.  Da- 
vid's Head  to  Lowestoft  in  Suffolk,  about  300 
miles;  from  Lancaster  bay  to  Bridlington  bay,  in 
Yorkshire,  the  breadth  is  contracted  to  110  miles, 
and  from  the  head  of  the  Solway  Frith  to  Tyne- 
mouth  it  is  further  diminished  to  64  miles.  The 
superficial  extent  amounts  to  about  57,960  square 
miles,  or  37,094,400  imperial  acres. 

Ireland  will  be  found  noticed  under  its  own 
proper  head. 

Scotland. — Scotland  occupies  the  northern  por- 
tion of  Great  Britain,  and  has  numerous  islands 
along  its  western  and  northern  coasts.  The  longest 
line  which  can  be  drawn  on  the  mainland  is  280 
ms.  from  the  Mull  of  Galloway  to  Dunnet  Head, 
on  Pentland  Frith,  in  Caithnesshire.  The  greatest 
length  on  a  meridian  line  is  274  ms.  from  the  Mull 
of  Galloway  to  Cape  Ulrath,  in  Sutherlandshire, 
and  almost  exactly  on  5  W.  of  London. 

The  breadth,  from  the  excessive  irregularity  of  the 
seacoasts,  is  very  variable,  but,  if  we  allow  the  ag- 
gregate area  to  be  32,200  ms.,  the  mean  breadth 
will  be  115.  Scotland  is  divided  into  thirty-three 
shires;  the  respective  extent  of  which,  in  sq.  ms. 
and  population,  are  shpwn  by  the  subjoined  table, 
as  also  the  ancient  and  yet  popular  names  of  the 
districts  from  which  the  shires  have  been  formed. 

Table  of  Shirks. 


Table  of  Shires — Continued. 


Shires. 

Area  in  Eng. 
sq.  ms. 

Popuation  in 
1831. 

Lanark 

870 

316.81S 

Linlithgow 
Nairn 

Orkney  and  Zetland 

112 
200 
1,525 

23,291 

9  354 
58',23& 

Peebles 
Perth 

360 
2,588 

10  576 
142^894 

Renfrew 

Ross  and  Cromarty  - 

241 
2,836 

133.443 

74J820 

Roxburgh 

715 

43,663 

Selkirk 
Stirling 

263 
489 

6,833 
72,621 

Sutherland 

1,754 

25,518 

Wigtown 

451 

36,256 

32,164 

2,365,114 

Ancient  district* 


Clydesdale,  or  Stn 
Clyde. 

West  Lothian- 
Part  of  Moray. 
Orkney  and  Hi 
land,  or  Zetland. 
Tweeddale. 
Menteiih,  Stra 
earn,  Gourie,  S; 
mont,  Siralhan, 
Glenshee,  Atr 
Breadalbane,  R 
nock,  Balquidc 
and  Glenoichy. 
Strathgryfe.  p 
Ardruss,  B.ackii 
Kintail,  Strath! 
non,  &c. 

Teviotdale  and  I 

disdale. 
Ettrick  Forrest. 
Stirling,  Strath 

drick,  &.c. 
Sutherland,  Strs 

naver,  Asynt,  Su 
West  Gallo. 


Aberdeen 

Argyle 

Ayr 
Banff 


Berwick 
Bute 

Caithness 
Clackmannan 
Dumbarton 
Dumfries 

Edinburgh 

Elgin 


B  s 


Fife 
Forfar 


Haddington 
Inverness 


Kincardine 

Kinross 

Kircudbright 


1,985 

3,800 
1,600 


618 

48 
230 
1,800 


SiG 


250 
4,600 


177,657 

100,97 

1 45,055 
48,604 

31,048 
14,151 

34,529 
14,729 
33,21 1 
73,770 

219,345 

34,231 

128,839 
139,606 


30,145 
94,79? 


31,431 

9,072 
40,590 


Mar,  Formartin,  Gar- 

rioch,  Strathbogie, 

and  Buchan. 
Areyle,  Lorn,  Cowall, 

Knapdale,  and  Can- 

tire. 

Carrick,  Kyle,  and 
Cunningham. 

Enzie,  Bo'yne.  Strath, 
doveran,  Strathisla- 
Balveny,  Stratha- 
ven,  with  parts  of 
Moray  and  Buchan. 

Merse,  Lauderdale, 
and  Lammermuir. 

Bute,  Arran,  Cum- 
braes,  and  Inchmar- 
nock. 

Caithness. 

Levenax,  or  Lennox. 
Eskdale,  Annandale, 

and  Nithsdale. 
Mid-Lothian  and 

WaedaR 
Moray.   Murray,  or 

Murreff. 
Fife. 

Angus,  including 
Strathmore,  Glenis- 
la,  Glenesk,  &c. 

East  Lothian. 

Moray,  Badenoch, 
Lochaber,  Moydart, 
Gleneig,  &c. 

Meams. 

Galloway,  Glenkeus, 
&c. 


It  appears  from  a  table  under  the  head  of  stal 
tics,  in  the  Encyclopedia  of  Science,  Literatu 
and  Art,  that  the  population  of  Scotland  was, 
1801,  1,599,068;  and  in  1841,  had  risen 
2,620,610,  or  had  increased  to  a  fraction  above 
ratio  of  1.63 — equal  to  63  per  cent,  in  40  years. 

The  following  document  has  fallen  into  my  aai 
from  time  to  time,  and  was  registered ;  and  is  n 
given  without  comment  or  guarantee  of  accural 
In  form  it  will  show  how  much  importance  is  gh 
in  Great  Britain  to  statistics. 

General  observations  on  the  population  of  Gr 
Britain. — It  appears  from  the  second  annual  rep 
of  the  registrar  general  of  births,  deaths,  and  m 
riages  in  Eng.,  in  1840,  that  the  population 
England  and  Wales  was,  on  the  1st  of  Janua 
1839,  15,666,800.  The  entire  population  of  I 
United  Kingdom  was  then  about  27.267,844. 
is  supposed  now  to  amount  to  27,774,200, 
whom  6,080,000  are  fencible  men,  between  t 
age  of  20  and  60.  The  population  of  Ireland  is 
per  cent,  of  the  entire  population.  France  conta 
about  34,370,000  inhabitants. 

The  report  states  that  the  numbers  registered 
England  and  Wales  in  the  year  ending  June  '< 
1839,  were— births,  480,540;  deaths,  33I.0C 
marriages  121,083.  The  French  returns  are  01 
published  down  tu  the  end  of  1837,  so  that 
cannot  compare  the  facts  in  the  two  countries. 

The  number  of  Jews  in  England  has  nevsr  be 
ascertained  ;  it  may  be  rated  from  the  marriaj 
(160)  at  20,000;  or  rather  more  than  doublet 
number  of  quakers.  Five  thousand  six  hund: 
and  twenty-eight  men  and  16,414  women  w> 
married  under  21  years  of  age;  or  of  1,000, 
men  and  135  women. 

In  4,853  marriages,  the  ages  wire  ascertains 
more  than  half,  namely,  2,536  men  and  2,5 
women,  were  between  the  ages  of  20  and  25 ; 
25,  and  under  30,  the  men  were  1,150,  the  won  1 


366 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRE 


H  •  and  137  men  and  65  women  were  above  the 
1  of  50.    The  ingenious  table  of  the  chances  of 

rriage,  calculated  from  these  facts  by  the  Scots- 
ln,  represented  the  prospects  of  ladies,  now  in 
winter  of  their  discontent,"  under  a  some- 
jjit  unfavorable  light.  But  if  there  are  few  mar- 
r  |  after  the  age  of  35,  there  are  fewer  to  be  mar- 

r  fewer  in  the  state  of  celibacy.    If,  of  1,000 

Brig  women  aged  18,  900  will  be  married,  and 
9 of  100  virgins  at  40,  the  chances  of  marriage 
vjld  be  the  same  at  those  respective  ages. 

7he  registrar  general's  remarks  on  the  mortality 

0  England  and  Wales  are  interesting,  as  the  mor- 
t;:y  has  never  before  been  deduced  from  a  direct 
osrvation  of  the  number  of  deaths. 

■  The  assumption  that  the  rate  of  increase  since 

1  i  has  been  the  same  as  from  1821  to  1831,  the 
p  ulation  of  whom  the  deaths  might  have  been 
r  stered,  may  be  estimated  to  have  been  nearly 
a  bllows,  at  the  middle  of  each  of  the  two  first 
v  rs  of  registration,  under  the  present  law  : 


Years. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Jtary  1,1838  - 
J,  ary  1,1839  - 

7,612,967 
7,723,924 

7,828,768 
7,942,876 

15,441,735 
15,666,800 

'he  deaths  registered  in  the  years  of  which  the 
a  ve  mentioned  periods  are  the  middle  terms, 
vie— 

11 —  


Years. 


Y  •  ending  June  30, 1338 
I  ending  June  30,1839 


Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

170,965 
169,112 

164,991 
161,895 

335,956 
331,007 

Without  correction  for  omissions,  this  would 
m  the  mortality  to  have  been  as  follows: 


Years. 


ie  '38  - 

mm  . 

M'i  of  the  2  years 


Males. 


in  44  5 
in  45.7 


1  in  45.1 


Females. 


1  in  47.5 
1  in  49. 


1  in  48.2 


Mean. 


in  4b. 
in  47  3 


1  in  46.6 


ssuming  that  the  population  may  be  estimated 
oubove,  and  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  allow  a 
I  ter  correction  than  2  per  cent,  for  omission  in 
I  registrations  of  deaths,  the  mean  modality  of 
I  :wo  sexes  for  those  two  years,  will  have  been 
■tt  1  in  46." 

he  mortality  at  different  ages  can  only  be  cal- 
ci  ted  when  the  ages  of  the  living  have  been  enu- 

Lied  at  the  next  census. 

he  report  contains  a  very  interesting  return  on 
1 4ate  of  education. 

Almost  every  marriage  is  duly  registered,  and 
*v  /  register  of  marriage  is  signed  by  the  parties 
nied;  those  who  are  unable  of  writing  their 
is  ?s,  and  those  who  are  unable,  or  who  write 
;e  imperfectly,  making  their  marks ;  therefore, 
ifi  numeration  of  the  instances  in  which  the  mark 
»3  jeen  made,  will  show  the  proportion  among 
h  )  married  who  either  cannot  write  at  all,  or 
*,;>  very  imperfectly.        *  *  * 

t  appears  from  the  table  that,  in  fifteen  English 


counties,  and  in  North  and  South  Wales,  more 
than  40  per  cent,  of  the  men  were  unable  to  write 
their  names;  and  in  nineteen  English  counties,  in 
the  West  tiding  of  Yorkshire  and  in  Wales,  more 
than  half  the  women  were  similarly  deficient;  and 
it  will  appear  from  the  subjoined  abstract  of  mar- 
riages that,  in  the  whole  of  England  and  Wales, 
out  of  121,083  couples  married,  there  were  40,587 
men  and  58,959  women  who  could  not  write. 

"  It  is  to  be  observed,  that  the  education  of  the 
men,  in  this  respect,  appears  to  be  superior  to  that 
of  the  women,  the  proportions  per  cent,  of  those 
who  were  deficient  being,  respectively,  53  and  40 
for  the  whole  kingdom,  and  a  superiority  being 
maintained  by  the  men  throughout  the  country. 

"It  will  be  observed,  that  this  return  indicates  a 
decided  superiority  with  regard  to  education  in 
the  metropolis,  as  compared  with  the  rest  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  and  next  to  the  metropolis  in  the 
north  of  England  ;  and  that  the  principal  deficiency 
is  in  Lancashire,  Bedfordshire,  Monmouthshire, 
and  Wales.  But,  as  I  have  before  observed,  the 
comparative  superiority  or  inferiority  of  particular 
portions  of  the  kingdom,  must  not  be  hastily  in- 
ferred from  the  returns  of  a  single  year." 

It  is  evident  from  the  reports,  that  a  considerable 
number  of  interesting  circumstances  are  registered 
respecting  every  person  in  the  country — the  birth, 
marriage,  death,  with  the  date,  place,  and  connec- 
tions of  these  important  events — important  both  as 
elements  of  economical  science,  and  as  data  to  di- 
rect and  regulate  the  transmission  of  property. 
"  The  poor,"  it  has  been  said,  "have  no  monu= 
ments,"  but,  under  the  provisions  of  the  Registra- 
!  tion  Act,  their  names  are  recorded  with  those  of 
the  highest  rank,  and  may  be  preserved  in  the  offi- 
cial records  of  the  country  through  immemorial 
ages,  long  after  ambitious  marbles  and  bronze 
statues  have  been  dashed  to  pieces  by  the  de= 
stroyer — Time. 

Expense  of  the  church  in  England. — Col- 
ton's  recent  work  on  Great  Biitain  furnishes  a 
number  of  curious  particulars  in  regard  to  the 
state  of  religion  and  the  income  of  the  established 
church  in  England,  some  of  which  we  deem  it  a 
matter  of  interest  to  notice.  Few  persons  in  this 
country,  we  apprehend,  have  a  correct  knowledge 
of  the  immense  income  of  the  dignitaries  of  the 
church,  and  a  still  smaller  number  are  able  to  ap= 
preciate  the  gross  injustice  under  which  a  large 
portion  of  the  people  of  England  suffer,  in  conse= 
quence  of  the  abuses  connected  with  the  English 
religious  system. 

The  church  of  England  is  a  political  institution  ; 
the  King  is  its  head,  and  the  bishops,  who  super- 
vise  the  church,  are  nominated  to  their  sees  by 
him.  By  a  report  made  in  June,  1834,  the  an- 
nual revenues  of  the  church  were  stated  to  be 
£3,784,985  or  §18,167,928.  This,  however,  is 
an  ex  parte  statement,  and  Mr.  Colton  believes 
that  it  is  much  too  low.  From  some  data  which 
he  was  enabled  to  obtain,  he  inclines  to  the  opin- 
ion that  the  actual  revenue  is  not  short  of  £21,= 
817,417,  or  $104,723,602.  It  was  stated  in  a 
London  paper,  not  long  since,  that  the  regular  an- 
nual income  of  the  archbishop  of  York  is  £20,000, 
independent  of  fines  which  occasionally  happen  to 
be  be  equal  to  £100,000.  The  bishop  of  London's 
income  is  £60,000.  and  the  see  of  Durham  is  sta- 

367 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRE 


ted  to  yield  annually  one-half  that  amount.  Ac- 
cording to  the  statements  of  the  reformers,  the 
principal  sources  of  revenue  to  the  church  of  Eng- 
land are  the  following  : 
Church  tithe 

Income  of  the  bishopricks 

Estates  of  the  deans  and  chapters 

Glebes  and  parsonage  houses 

Perpetual  curacies  - 

Benefices  not  parochial 

Fees  for  burials,  marriages,  christen- 
ings, &c.  -  -  x 

Oblations,  offerings,  and  compositions, 
for  the  four  great  festivals  - 

College  and  school  foundations 

Lectureships  in  towns  and  popular 
places  - 

Chaplainships  and  offices  in  public  in- 
stitutions - 

New  churches  and  chapels  - 


£6,881,800 
207,115 
494,000 
250,000 
75,000 
32,450 

509,000 

80,000 
682,150 

60,000 

10,000 
94,050 


Total  revenue  of  the  established  clergy  9,459,565 


This  sum,  which,  in  federal  money,  is  $45,-' 
405,912,  is  monopolized,  says  Mr.  Colton,  by 
7,694  individuals,  a  large  portion  of  whom  are 
non-residents  and  sinecurists.  If  this  amount 
were  divided  equally  among  them  all,  it  would  av- 
erage to  each  $6,182  ;  but,  according  to  the  report 
of  the  royal  commission  of  1834,  £424,796  ot  the 
whole  sum  is  dispensed  by  the  incumbents  for  the 
compensation  of  5,282  curates,  who  supply  their 
places,  averaging  for  each  curate  £80,  or  $384 ; 
that  is,  the  dignitaries  who  receive  from  the  church 
an  annual  income  of  about  $5,798,  upon  which 
they  live  in  idleness  and  luxury,  employ  poor  cu- 
rates to  do  their  preaching  and  praying  for  them,  at 
a  salary  short  of  $400.  Many  curates,  it  is  said,  do 
not  receive  more  than  £50,  and  some  get  no  more 
than  £20.  Such  is  the  gross  injustice  of  the  pres- 
ent established  church  system  of  England. 

The  official  estimates  of  the  expenses  of  the 
Government  of  England,  setting  aside  the  interest 
on  the  national  debt,  were,  for  1835,  £14,471,213, 
a  little  more  than  half  in  excess  of  the  cost  of  the 
church.  The  whole  expenses  of  the  American 
Government  do  not  amount  to  one-half  the  ex- 
penses of  the  established  church  of  England.  Mr. 
Colton  adds  the  annexed  tabular  statement,  which 
possesses  great  interest. 

Comparative  expense  of  the  church  of  England, 
and  of  Christianity  in  all  other  countries  of  the 
world. 


Names  of  the  nations. 


France 
United  States 
Spain 
Portugal 

Hungary,  Catholics 
Calvanists 
Lutherans 

Italy  . 
Austria 

Switzerland  - 

368 


Number  of 
hearers. 


32,000,000 
9,600,000 

11,000,000 
3,000,000 
4,000,000 
1,050,000 
650,000 

19,391,000 

18,918,000 
1,720,000 


£62,000 
60,600 
100,000 
100,000 
80,000 
60,000 
40,000 
40,000 
50,000 
50,000 


£^5  g 
a  c  a 

ai.fi 
cS  Co 

c  *  « 


£2,000,000 
565,000 
100,000 
300,000 
320,000 
63,000 
26,000 
776,000 
950,000 
37,000 


table — Continued. 


Names  of  the  nations. 


Prussia 

German  small  States  - 

Holland 

Netherlands  - 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Russia,  Greek  church  - 
Catholics  &  Lu- 
therans 
Christians  in  Turkey  - 
South  America 
Christians  dispersed 
elsewhere  - 


England  and  Wales 


Number  of 
hearers. 


10,536,000 
12,763,000 
2,000,000 
6,000,000 
1,700,000 
3,400,000 
34,000,000 

8,000,000 
6,000,000 
15,000,000 

3,000,000 


203,728,000 
6,500,000 


.2 

W5S 


50,000 
60,000 
80,000 
42,000 
70,000 
70,000 
15,000 

50,000 
80,000 
30,000 


1,455,316 


527,1 
755,< 
160,( 
252,1 
119,1 
238,1 
510,1 

400,i 
480,1 
350,i 


9.949,1 
9,459, 


"  Hence  it  appears  the  administration  of  chur 
of  Englandism  to  6,500,000  hearers,  costs  nea. 
as  much  as  the  administration  of  all  other  forms 
Christianity  in  all  parts  of  the  world  to  203, 72f 
000  hearers. 

"  Of  the  different  forms  of  Christianity  I 
Romish  is  the  most  expensive.  A  Roman  cat! 
lie  clergyman  cannot  go  through  the  duties  of  ! 
ministry  well  for  more  than  1,000  persons.  T 
masses,  auricular  confessions,  attendance  on  t 
sick,  and  other  observances,  make  his  duties  mi 
laborious  than  those  of  a  protestant  clergyman  w 
double  the  number  of  hearers ;  add  to  which,  t 
cost  of  wax  lights,  scenery,  and  other  accompai 
ments  peculiar  to  Catholic  worship.  JVotwi' 
standing  these  extra  outgoings,  we  find  that  t 
administration  of  the  Episcopalian  reformed  re 
gion  in  England  to  one  million  of  hearers,  co 
the  people  fourteen  times  more  than  the  admin 
trationof  popery  to  the  same  number  of  hearers 
Spain'or  Portugal,  and  more  than  forty  times  i 
administration  of  popery  in  France. 

"Dissenters,  like  churchmen,  are  compelled 
contribute  to  the  support  of  the  churches  of  the 
tablished  religion,  besides  having  to  maintain, 
voluntary  payments,  their  own  pastors  and  plai 
of  worship.  In  France  all  religions  are  maintair 
by  the  State,  without  distinction  ;  all  persons  h£ 
access  to  the  universities  and  public  schools ; 
England  only  one  religion  is  maintained  by  I 
State,  and  all  dissenters  from  the  national  wors! 
are  excluded  from  the  universities  and  colleg 
and  from  the  masterships  of  grammar  schools  a 
other  public  foundations,  endowed  by  our  comm 
ancestors  for  the  general  promotion  of  piety  & 
learning. 

"  The  monstrous  excess  in  the  pay  of  the  Ei 
lish  clergy  appears,  from  comparing  their  aver; 
income  with  the  incomes  of  the  clergy  of  eq 
rank  in  other  countries.  In  France  an  archbisl 
has  only  £1,041  a  year,  a  bishop  £622,  an  an 
deacon  £166,  a  canon  or  prebend  £100,  a  rec 
£48,  a  curate  £31.  In  Rome  the  income  of  a  c 
dinal,  the  next  in  dignity  to  the  pope,  is  £400' 
£500  a  year,  of  a  rector  of  a  parish  £30,  «f  a 
rate  £17;  compare  these  stipends  with  the  en 
mous  incomes  of  the  English  clergy,  and,  mak. 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRE 


alivance  for  difference  in  the  expense  of  living  in 
tr  respective  countries,  the  disparity  in  the  eccle- 
jiiical  remuneration  appears  incredible." 

Weat  Britain,  empire  of.  Under  this  general 
|j  I  have  deemed  it  relevant  to  the  nature  and 
Ke  of -this  treatise  to  give  a  synoptical  view  of 
th immense  regions  directly  under  the  government 
one  British  nation. 


Cat  natu- 
r.  section. 


Territorial  or  provincial 
sections. 


C  British  islands 
£  Hanover 
British  India  - 
Cape  of  Good  Hope 
(-British  North  Ameri- 
I    ca  or  Cabotia,  only 
{    the  inhabited  parts 
|  British  West  Indies  - 
l  Guiana 


Area  in 
sq.  ins. 


125,240 
14,600 
553,000 
120,000 


240,000 
9,000 
10,000 


,071,840 


Pop. 


21,318,743 
1,300,000 
83,000.000 
120,000 


750,000 
722,000 
100,000 


107,310,743 


i  the  preceding  table,  the  British  settlements 
he  W.  coast  of  Africa,  and  the  island  of  St. 
ena,  are  not  included,  as  they  add  nothing  to 
power  of  Great  Britain.    In  India  are  included 

the  area  and  pop.  actually  held  and  governed 
he  British  ;  and  in  America  are  excluded  the 
litable  wilds  yet  uninhabited  by  civilized  man.  I 
h  all  these  deductions,  enough  remains  to  form  I 
most  efficient  political  power  that  has  ever| 
i  formed.    With  the  abundance  and  variety  ofj 
mineral  treasures,  her  labor-saving  machinery, 
insular  position  of  the  original  centre  of  em- 
,  the  British  nation  possesses  more  than  the 
live  force  of  one-half  the  human  species.  How 
such  a  machine,  composed  of  detached  parts 
heterogeneous  materials,  is  calculated  to  se- 

individual  happiness,  or  capable  of  duration, 
!  alone  can  determine.  But  at  the  present  Lon- 
.  much  more  than  ever  was  the  case  with  Rome, 
ie  pivot  on  which  rests  the  mental,  moral,  and 
sical  energies  of  mankind, 
ny  comment  on  this  sublime  monument  of  hu- 
i  genius  and  industry  would  or  could  answer 
>ther  purpose  than  that  of  weakening  the  effect 
n  the  mind  of  every  liberal  reader. 
heat  Cape,  on  the  N.  side,  where  lake  Supe- 

descends  into  the  jiarrows  of  the  falls  of  St. 

7' 

Weat  Crossings,  post  office,  Scott  co.,  Ky.,  on 
at  Elkhorn  creek. 

Weat  Cyclades,  name  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
osed  by  Bougainville. 

n-eat  Mills,  post  office,  St.  Mary's  co.,  Md., 
mi  road  90  ms.  S.  from  Annapolis. 
■reat  Salt  Works,  post  office,  Indiana  co.  Pa. 
Weat  Valley,  post  office,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N. 
10  ms.  NW.  from  Hamilton,  on  Alleghany 

Webna,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Thes- 
,  50  ms.  N.  by  E.  from  Ioanina,  in  Epirus. 
Weece,  country  of  Europe,  included  in  the  em- 
of  the  Ottoman  Turks.  The  boundaries  of 
;  truly  interesting  country,  as  well  as  the  ety- 
^gy  of  the  name,  are  equally  uncertain.  The 
mon  opinion  of  the  Greeks  themselves  derive 
r  national  appellation  from  Graicus,  son  of 
47* 


Thessalus.  Many  sources  have  been  sought  for 
the  origin  of  this  people;  probability  is  in  favor  of 
the  supposition,  that  the  mass  of  the  people  origi- 
nated from  Gothic,  or  Scythian  colonies,  but,  that 
their  civilization,  arts,  and  sciences,  were  drawn 
from  the  cultivated  nations  of  western  Asia  and 
NE.  Africa.  The  word  Pelasgos  signifies  a  stork, 
or  bird  of  passage,  and  is  peculiarly  applicable  to 
either  a  nomadic  or  commercial  people,  and  given 
with  warm  and  happy  felicity  of  Greek  nomen- 
clature. They  prided  themselves  also  on  the  title 
of  Autochthones,  children  of  the  earth.  Gradu- 
ally civilized,  and  quitting  the  nomadic  state,  rather 
by  tribes  than  nationally,  new  provincial  names 
arose,  and  in  the  lapse  of  successive  ages,  the  prim- 
itive names  were  lost  in  those  of  Hellenians, 
Ionians,  Dorans,  <Src. 

We  understand  commonly  by  the  name  of 
Greece,  the  country  generally  so  known,  and 
which  forms  the  SW.  part  of  European  Turkey. 
Though  I  have  already  observed  that  this  country 
was  peopled  by  colonies,  advancing  from  the  N., 
I  have  only,  in  the  present  article,  included  un- 
der the  name  of  Greece,  divisions  admitted  by 
the  ancients  themselves ;  but  the  Greek  nation, 
not  only  inhabited  that  part  of  Europe,  they  also 
extended  colonies  into  the  S.  of  Italy,  to  which 
they  gave  the  name  of  Magna  Grsecia  ;  into  Sicily, 
in  which  they  founded  many  large  and  populous 
cities  ;  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  W.  from  Egypt, 
and  particularly  into  Asia  Minor. 

The  following  synopsis  will  suffice  for  Greece 
Proper,  and  for  the  principal  towns  of  each  sec- 
tion. 

Greece  was  divided  into  three  great  portions  by 
the  hand  of  nature ;  these  sections  were  peninsu- 
lar Greece,  or  the  Peloponnesus,  now  Morea,  con- 
tinental Greece  and  insular  Greece. 

Peloponnesus  was  subdivided  into  the  provinces 
of  Argolis,  in  which  were  the  rivers  Inachus,  and 
Erasinus,  and  the  cities  of  Argos,  Mycena,  and 
Epidauris.  Laconia,  with  the  Eurotas  river,  and 
cities  of  Sparta,  Amyclas,  Gythium,  and  Tsenari- 
um.  Messenia,  with  the  Pamisus  river,  and  the 
cities  of  Stenyclarus  and  Colonides.  Ellis,  with 
the  Alpheus,  Anigus,  and  Selleis,  and  the  cities 
of  Olympia,  Pisa,  and  Elis.  Achaia,  watered  by 
the  Melas  and  Crathis  rivers,  and  having  the  cities 
of  Dyme,  Patrae  and  /Egium.  Sicyonia,  with 
the  river  JEsopus,  and  the  cities  of  Sicyon  and 
Phlius.  Corinthus,  with  the  cities  of  Corinth, 
Lechseum,  and  Cenchrse.  The  last  subdivision 
of  the  Peloponnesus,  was  that  of  Arcadia  in  the 
centre,  containing  the  Alphseu*,  Erymanthus,  and 
Aoranius  rivers,  and  the  cities  of  Magalapolis, 
Mantinea,  Tegea,  Orchomenus,  and  Phigalia. 

Next  followed  Greece  Proper,  or  continental 
Greece,  subdivided,  advancing  from  S.  to  N.  into 
Attica,  with  the  cities  of  Athens,  Elusis,  and  Mar- 
athon. Negaris,  with  the  cities  of  Megara  and 
Nyssea.  Bceotia,  with  the  lake  Copais  and  river 
iEsopus,  and  the  cities  of  Thebes,  Orchomenus, 
Cberonea,  Tanagra,  Eleutherae,  and  Thespise. 
Phocis,  with  the  river  Cephisus,  and  the  cities  of 
Delphi,  Elatia,  Cryssa,  and  Anticyra.  Doris, 
with  the  city  of  Cytinium.  Locris  Ozolae,  with 
the  cities  of  Amphissa,  and  Naupactus.  Locris 
Epicnemidii,  with  the  city  of  Cnemides  Locri 
Opuntii,  with  the  city  of  Opus.    iEtolia,  with 

369 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRE 


the  rivers  Achelous  and  Evenus,  and  the 
cities  of  Thermui,  Calydon,  and  Chalcis.  Acar- 
nania,  with  the  cities  of  Arges,  Amphilochicum, 
Stratus,  and  Actium.  Thessalia,  with  the  rivers 
Peneus,  Onchestus,  and  Sperchius,  and  the  cities 
of  Larissa,  Pharsalus,  Phera3,  and  Demetrius. 
Epirus,  with  the  rivers  Acheron  and  Avas,  and 
the  cities  of  Buthrotum,  and  Nicopolis.  Illy ria, 
with  the  cilies  of  Epidamnia  and  Apollonia. 
Macedonia,  with  the  rivers  Erigon,  Axius,  Stry- 
mon,  and  Haliacmon,  and  the  cities  of  Pella, 
Edcssa,  Thessalonica,  and  Olynthus. 

Insular  Greece  was  subdivided  into  the  east, 
south,  and  west  sections.  That  of  the  east  con- 
tained the  islands  of  Thera,  Naxia,  Paros,  Delos, 
Myconus,  Tenos,  Andros,  Eeos,  Eubcea,  Scyros, 
Thasos,  and  some  smaller  groups.  That  of  the 
south  contained  Crete  and  Cythera.  In  the  west 
were  Corcyra,  Leucadia,  Cephallenia,  Dulichium, 
and  Zacynthus. 

In  this  exposition  of  the  States  of  Greece, 
Macedonia  is  included  ;  but  it  may  be  observed 
that  it  was  only  after  the  reign  of  Philip  II.,  and 
his  son  Alexander  II.,  or  Alexander  the  Great, 
that  the  Greeks  commenced  to  regard  Macedonia 
as  a  part  of  Greece.  Before  that  period  the  peo- 
ple inhabiting  the  country  called  Grsecia,  and  also 
Hellas,  regarded  the  Macedonians,  as  well  as  the 
Thracians,  as  Barbarians.  Similar  observations 
might  indeed  be  extended  to  Thessaly,  Etolia,  Acar- 
nania,  Epirus,  and  Illy ria.  These  countries  were 
slowly,  and  with  the  advance  of  arts,  science,  and 
political  power,  admitted  into  the  list  of  Grecian 
States.  Taken  in  extensu,  Greece  was  bounded  S. 
by  the  Mediterranean  sea,  W.  by  the  Ionian  and 
pait  of  the  Adriatic  sea,  N.  by  the  mountains  of 
Illy  ria,  Macedonia,  and  Thrace,  and  E.  by  Thrace 
and  the  JEgean  sea.  It  extended  from  lat.  35°  to 
48°  N.,  or  about  560  English  ms.,  and  from  E.  to 
W.  250  ms.  wide  where  broadest.  lis  area  about 
40,000  sq.  ms. 

Greece  is  formed  by  a  peninsula,  bearing  a 
strong  resemblance  to  that  of  Italy,  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus representing  Sicily.  Nearly  parallel 
to  the  two  opposite  coasts,  extends  a  range  of 
mountains  with  lateral  ridges,  branching  towards 
each  sea.  The  main  chain  gradually  de- 
clines in  elevation  from  N,  to  S.  In  the.  northern 
part  of  Greece,  the  ridges  of  Pindus,  and  Parnas- 
sus, rise  to  from  7  to  8,000  feet,  while  the  moun- 
tains of  Bccotia  and  Attica,  do  not  exceed  from 
500  to  1,000  feet.  Parallel  to  the  main  chain, 
another  rises  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Salonica, 
or  the  ancient  Sinus  Thermaicus,  and  by  the  local 
names  of  Ossa  and  Pelion,  and  Oeta  and  Othrys, 
extends  through  Thessaly  to  the  ancient  gulf  of 
Artimisium,  and  is  continued  through  the  islands 
of  Eubcea,  Andros,  Tenos,  Myconus,  &c.  The 
latter  chain  is  in  reality  a  ramification  of  the  main 
central  chain,  which  it  leaves  between  the  sources 
of  the  Haliacmon  and  Peneus  rivers,  and  first 
stretching  eastward  towards  the  Thermaic  gulf, 
thence  turns  SE.  as  already  described. 

Along  the  northern  frontier  of  Macedonia, 
ranges  Mount  Orbelus,  a  part  of  the  great  chain 
of  Mount  Haemus.  From  Mount  Orbelus,  be- 
tween the  sources  of  the  Axius  and  Strymon 
rivers,  extends  an  humble  but  distinct  ridge,  of 
which  Mount  Athos  in  the  Chalcidice  was  the 
370 


utmost  southeastern  termination     The  counti 
of  Acarnania,  Etolia,  and  Epirus,  are  also 
tremely  mountainous. 

The  Peloponnesus,  now  Morea,  possesses 
appropriate  mountain  ridges,  of  which  the  prii 
pal  are  Mount  Cyllene  in  the  W.,  and  Tayge 
near  the  S.  extremity.  The  whole  peninsula 
however,  excessively  mountainous.  The  ceni 
table  land  of  Arcadia,  rising  to  an  elevation  wh 
gives  it  a  climate  of  considerable  severity  in  win) 
but  a  most  salubrious  and  delicious  atmosphere 
spring,  summer,  and  autumn.  In  brief,  all  Gre 
may  be  viewed  as  a  region  rough,  but  highly  ci 
ductive  to  the  full  development  of  the  hurr 
frame  and  mental  faculties. 

A  country  so  indented,  cannot  be  suppoi 
abundant  in  rivers,  but  though  comparativ 
small,  and  pf  limited  length  of  course,  many 
the  rivers  of  Greece  are  fine  mountain  stream*,  i> 
some  drain  valleys  rich  with  every  gift  of  natu 
Advancing  from  N.  to  S.,  we  find  in  Macedon 
the  three  beautiful  basins  of  Strymon,  Axius,  s 
Haliacmon.  In  Thessaly,  spreads  the  bai 
the  Peneus,  now  Salympria,  celebrated  i 
ages  as  one  of  the  most  inviting  spots  on 
The  gorge  through  Mount  Ossa,  made 
Peneus  in  its  escape  to  the  ^Egean  sea, 
famous  vale  of  Tempe.  The  Cephisus  ri 
Boeotia,  is  remarkable  us  having  no  outl 
any  sea. 

Modern  like  ancient  Greece,  is  naturall 
vided  into  peninsular,  insular,  and  conti 

Greece. 

Continental  Greece  extends  200  ms.  from 
Sunium,  in  the  ancient  Attica,  to  the  mo 
the  Gulf  of  Arta,  or  Ambracia,  in  a  N 
SE.  direction.  This  country  lies  in  form 
triangle,  with  a  mean  width  of  about  45  mi 
formerly  contained  the  provinces  of  Attica 
gara,  Bceotia,  Phocis,  Locris,  Etolia,  and 
nania.  This  was  the  most  ancient  divisi 
Greece,  but  at  a  later  period,  Thessaly,  E 
and  Macedonia,  were  included  under  the  gi 
name  of  Greece.  Epirus  is  now  called  All 
and  extends  >in  a  direction  of  N  W.  and  SE., 
the  Aphas  river  to  the  borders  of  Illyria,  90 
with  a  mean  width  of  50  ms.  from  the  Ioni 
to  the  Metzovo  mountains.  Area  4,060  sq 
Thessaly  extends  from,  the  promontory  of 
in  the  SE.,  to  the  northern  extremity  of  ? 
Pindus,  and  sources  of  the  Peneus,  now  tfa 
lympria  river,  116  ms.  ;  mean  width  35  ms. ;  at 
4,060  sq.  ms.  Macedonia  extends  from  N.  to 
175  ms. ;  mean  width  E.  and  W.  140  ms. ;  ar 
24,360  sq.  ms.  The  island  of  Negropont,  aneie 
Eubcea,  is  about  100  ms.  long,  with  a  mean  v?id 
of  12  ms. ;  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  ;  forming,  from 
position,  a  part  of  continental  Greece. 

Insular  Greece  contains  the  islands  of — 

I  Sq.  i 

Andros,  23  ms.  by  5  -    -  -  ' 

Tenos,  1 5  ms.  by  5  - 
Myconos,  7  ms.  by  3  -  ; 

Rhenea,  3  ms.  by  1  - 
Delos      -  - 

Naxos,  15  ms.  by  10  -  "  ] 

Paros,  7  ms.  by  4 
Scyros,  12  ms.  by  4 

Ios,  7  ms.  by  3  -  -  -  - 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GRE 


nera  7  ms.  by  2 

lolegandus,  now  Santorini,  14  ms.  by  2 
ios,  13  ms.  by  5 
Vtbnus,  14  ms.  by  3  - 
riphus,  6  ms.  by  4  - 
/molus,  8  ms.  by  3 
elos,  18  ms.  by  6 
(.mos,  7  ms.  by  3 
ete,  156  ms.  by  20  -. 


14 

28 
65 
42 
24 
24 
108 
21 
3,120 


Total 


bania  - 
icedonia 
'iessaly 
sular  Greece 


-  3,908 


Summary. 


)rea,  or  Peninsular  Greece 
Total 


Sq.  ms. 
4,060 
24,360 
4,060 
3,908 
7,660 


44,040 


Thus  we  find  that  this  grand  theatre  of  early 
tory  does  not  equal  in  area  Pennsylvania, 
jreece  in  all  parts,  even  in  the  smallest  islands, 
inountainous,  and  one-fourth  may  be  deducted 
im  its  arable  area,  leaving  only  about  33,000  sq 
p.  capable  of  sustaining  a  dense  population, 
\  very  interesting  subject  of  discussion  would 
ft  a  comparison  between  ancient  and  modern 
(;ece  ;  but  our  knowledge  of  either,  is  too  vague 
itlenable  us  to  draw  satisfactory  conclusions, 
im  want  of  precision  of  ancient  authors,  we 
i  at  a  loss  to  decide  many  important  points  in 
ttt  history  of  this  country,  during  its  most  pros- 
jfious  periods.  Statistical  knowledge,  so  indis- 
.^isable  to  political  science,  was  almost  entirely 
elected  by  the  historians  of  Greece,,  and  too 
ich  so  by  Rome.  The  population  of  ancient 
ifctes  must  be  determined  by  comparative  esti- 
ties.  It  is  recently,  and  yet  partially,  that 
r  Jem  nations  have  adopted  the  simple  means  of 
■nmeration  to  discover  and  measure  their  res- 
\  tive  physical  force.  To  enable  us  to  approxi- 
ile  in  some  measure  to  a  correct  view  of  the 
{  illation  of  ancient  Greece,  we  have  two  mili- 
t ' estimates,  made  at  different  periods;  one  by 
Irodotus,  where  he  details  the  troops  of  Greece, 
>■  the  battle  of  Platsea,  Ante  G.  479;  and  the 
*ond,  when  Philip  If,  king  of  Macedonia,  was 

lared  generalissimo  of  all  the  armies  of  Greece. 

n  the  28th  section  of  Calliope,  Herodotus  gives 
t  following  table  of  the  military  force  of  Greece 
i  he  second  Persian  invasion — 

rtans,  Lacedemonians,  and  Helotse  -  79,500 
^enians  -  8,000 
Vate  -  1}500 

tinthians       -  -  -  5,000 

fidaeans  -  300 
Radians  -  600 
8-onians  -  3,000 
Edaurians,  I,epreatae,  and  Trozenians  -  2,000 
Fenians  and  Tirinthians        -  -  400 

•jiasians,  Hermiconians,  Eretrians,  and 

tyreans  -  1,900 
fjlcidians  and  Ampraciatse       -  -  1,300 

L'cadians  and  Anactorians       -  -  800 

C  halenians  and  Eginetae         -  -  700 

M  araians  and  Plata?ans  -  -  6,000 


Auxiliaries  from  a  number  of  places  not 

named  -  21,200 


Total 


129,800 


This  document,  although  it  does  not  enable  us 
to  fit  the  proportion  between  the  military  and  other 
parts  of  the  population,  is,  however,  precious,  as 
serving  to  determine  the  relative  force  of  the  States 
of  southern  Greece  nearly  five  centuries  before  our 
era.  Only  108,600  Greeks  were  actually  em- 
bodied against  the  Persians  at  Platsea,  as  the  north- 
ern ,Greeks  joined  the  invaders.  If  we  allow 
108,600  to  have  been  the  two-thirds  of  the  mili- 
tary population  at  that  period,  then  about  145,000 
would  represent  the  entire  disposable  force. 
Twenty  to  one,  it  is  probable,  as  it  is  in  modern 
times,  was  about  the  relative  number  of  troops  in 
the  field,  and  the  residue  of  the  population. 
This  would  yield  an  aggregate  of  2,896,000,  as 
the  mass  of  inhabitants  in  Greece,  479  years  be- 
fore our  era.  If  we  assume  3,000,000  in  round 
numbers,  we  find  an  aggregate  of  70  to  the  sq.  m. 
In  Greece,  as  in  every  other  country,  in  every  age, 
the  increase  and  decrease  of  mankind  depended 
more  on  moral,  than  physical  causes.  Great  tem- 
perance, simplicity  of  manners,  and  little  use  of 
animals,  when  superadded  to  personal  freedom, 
were  all  favorable  to  population  in  the  ancient 
States  of  Greece;  but  a  powerful  check  was  given 
to  general  prosperity  by  domestic  slavery,  which 
prevailed  in  every  part,  but  particularly  in  Athens, 
and  Lacedemon ;  we  have  seen,  nevertheless, 
that  the  former,  on  a  territory  of  about  500  sq.  ms., 
had  at  one  period  upwards  of  300,000- inhabitants, 
or  600  to  the  sq.  m.  All  Greece  thus  peopled 
would  have  contained  a  population  of  more  than 
26,000,000,  but  the  events  of  the  Peloponnesian 
and  Theban  wars,  would  warrant  the  conclusion 
that  Greece  never  at  any  period  contained  as 
many  as  3,000,000  of  inhabitants. 

In  Ante  C.,  337,  the  assembled  States  of 
Greece,  at  Corinth,  named  Philip  II,  King  of  Ma- 
cedonia, as  generalissimo,  and  voted  a  force  of 
235,000  men.  This  army,  when  united  to  the 
troops  of  Macedonia,  would  have  formed  a  mass  of 
about  300,000  men.  Greece  and  Macedonia  were 
now  at  the  very  acme  of  their  conjoint  power,  and 
yet  three  years  afterwards,  with  all  this  pomp  of 
numbers,  Alexander  was  unable  to  quit  Europe 
with  50,000  men,  when  he  undertook  the  invasion 
of  Persia.  In  fact  the  Grecian  army,  at  the  battle 
of  Platsea,  was  the  most  numerous  ever  assembled 
by  that  nation  on  any  occasion  whatever.  When 
invaded  by  the  Romans,  their  armies  were  general- 
ly small,  and  when  the  former  were  commanded 
by  skilful  generals,  the  latter  ceded  and  fell  a  prey 
to  the  invaders.  Fifteen  centuries  after  the  Roman 
conquest,  the  Turks  obtained  similar  success,  with 
even  less  effective  resistance.  Since  the  late  san- 
guinary contest  with  their  Mahometan  masters,  the 
number  and  component  material  of  the  population 
of  Greece  have  become  problems  of  intense  interest. 
Hobhouse  gives  to  modern  Attica  25,200  inhabi- 
tants ;  but  this  estimate  is  made  upon  Attica  re- 
stricted to  within  Mount  Citheeron,  on  about  350 
sq.  ms.  The  Greek  revolted  provinces  are  the 
Morea,  Attica,  Bceotia,  (Livadia,)  and  a  few  of  the 
islands.    The  whole  of  this  extent  may  amount  to 

371 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.      *  GRE 


the  one-third  of  all  Greece  and  Macedonia,  or  to 
about  14,600  sq.  ms.  If  Attica  contains  25,200 
inhabitants  on  350  sq.  ms.,  the  aggregate  is  72  to 
the  sq.  in.;  and,  allowing  such  distributive  popu- 
lation to  all  Greece,  the  amount  would  be  3,178,- 
000,  a  number  far  above  what  any  evidence  we 
possess  would  warrant.  To  many  it  will  appear 
revolting  to  be  told  that  there  has  not  yet  been,  at 
any  moment  since  their  revolt,  a  population  of 
one  million  opposed  to  the  Turks;  and  yet,  if  such 
an  estimate  is  erroneous,  I  am  afraid  that  the  error 
is  in  excess. 

The  moral  materiel  is  again  a  far  more  import- 
ant subject  of  inquiry  than  mere  numbers.  Com- 
mencing in  the  N.  with  Albania,  always  less  civil- 
ized than  the  more  southern  Greeks,  is  now  inhab- 
ited by  a  race  not  much  above  the  savage  state. 
44  The  countries  composing  Albania,"  says  Hob- 
house,  "seem,  in  parts,  to  have  been  peopled  by 
an  almost  uninterrupted  succession  of  barbarians. 
Illyricum  and  Epirus  are  not  often  mentioned  by 
historians  without  a  notice  of  the  peculiar  ferocity 
of  their  inhabitants.  It  was  not  until  the  reign  of 
Tharytas,  King  of  the  Molossians  and  Thespro- 
tians,  from  whom  Pyrrhus  was  fourth  in  descent, 
that  the  Greek  language  and  manners  were  intro- 
duced into  the  country  ;  which,  as  it  was  divided 
into  several  petty  principalities  and  republics, 
could,  after  all,  never  have  been  more  than  par- 
tially civilized.  As  to  the  Illyrians,  Polybius  calls 
them  the  enemies  of  all  nations,  and  no  more  civ- 
ilized than  the  Thracians  or  the  Getse ;  and  Livy 
accounts  for  the  superior  ferocity  of  one  of  the  four 
Roman  divisions  of  Macedonia  by  the  inclemency 
of  their  climate,  the  infertility  of  their  soil,  and  the 
vicinity  of  the  barbarians."  This  picture  of  the 
country  and  its  inhabitants  is  as  faithful  a  repre- 
sentation of  both  at  the  present  epoch  as  for  ages 
prior  and  subsequent  to  the  Roman  conquest  of 
Greece.  When  that  conquest  was  consummated, 
and  Macedonia  lay  in  the  direct  route  from  the 
capital  of  the  empire  to  the  more  distant  provinces 
of  the  east,  a  military  road  was  opened,  and  called 
the  Ignatian  Way.  This  road  led  from  Apollonia^ 
Dyrrachium,  and  Aulor,  over  the  mountains, 
through  Lychnidas,  Pylon,  and  Edessa,  250  ms. 
to  Thessalonica.  Whilst  this  thoroughfare  exist- 
ed, some  degree  of  mental  improvement. must  have 
been  superinduced ;  but  the  decline  of  Roman 
power  and  subsequent  revolution  closed  to  the  still 
barbarous  population  of  Epirus  every  avenue  of  in- 
telligence, and  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Julian  II 
the  decay  of  its  cities  was  noticed.  In  396  Alaric 
first  laid  waste  the  country,  and  then  settled  in  it 
with  his  Goths.  The  Vandals,  as  destroyers,  had 
preceded  the  Goths,  but  a  still  more  effective  revo- 
lution was  the  consequence  of  the  invasion  of  the 
Scythian  Sclavi.  This  fierce  and  rude  people 
crossed  the  Danube  about  the  middle  of  the  sixth 
century,  supplanted  the  ancient,  and  introduced  a 
new  and  still  more  barbarous  population.  In  the 
process  of  a  few  succeeding  centuries,  these  rude 
hordes  were  expanded  and  established  in  Epirus, 
Macedonia,  continental  Greece,  and  the  Morea. 
As  the  empire  of  the  Romano  Greeks  declined,  the 
Sclavi  formed  a  powerful  kingdom  between  the 
Danube  and  Mount  Ha:mus,  and  in  the  W.  em-  | 
bracing  Epirus.  This  kingdom  was  known  by  the  j 
name  of  Bulgaria.  The  Bulgarians  invaded  Pan-  j 
372 


nonia,  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  century,  d 
feated  the  imperial  army,  and  were  bribed  to  retir 
an  expedient  which  was,  in  effect,  a  security  f 
their  return.  After  many  attempts  and  changes 
fortune  on  both  sides,  the  Sclavi  were  firmly  t 
tablished  S.  of  the  Danube,  had  given  their  ne 
name  to  the  Moesian  provinces,  Bulgaria,  whii 
now  designates  the  country.  As  early  as  655  t! 
Bulgarians  advanced  towards  Constantinople,  ai 
reached  Varna,  from  where  the  impolitic  e 
pedient  of  tribute  obtained  their  momentary  r 
treat,  but  they  were  now  a  nation  of  southe 
Europe,  and  a  most  formidable  scourge  to  the  R 
mano  Greeks.  In  810,  the  emperor  Nicephorusi 
v?ided  Bulgaria,  but  was  encompassed  and  destroy 
with  all  his  army.  Three  years  afterwards  the  Bulg 
rians  rushed  into  the  empire  and  beseiged  Consta 
tinople.  Their  extreme  danger  at  length  roused  t 
Romano  Greeks,  who  were  still  sufficiently  po 
erful,  when  in  any  manner  well  directed,  to  reprt 
these  hordes,  and  they  were  driven  from  the  ei 
pire.  In  time  of  peace  their  intercourse  with  t 
Greeks  brought  the  Bulgarians  gradually  into  t 
pale  of  Christianity,  which,  however,  produced  b 
little  moral  change  in  their  sanguinary  and  barbe 
ous  manners.  The  wealth  and  weakness  of  f 
Romano  Greeks  incited  constant  hostility,  and 
913  Simeon,  King  of  Bulgaria,  was  before  t 
walls  of  Constantinople.  Through  the  great* 
part  of  the  10th  century  the  Bulgarians  maintain 
their  ascendancy,  but  in  975  the  Romano  Grre 
had  the  good  fortune  to  be  ruled  by  a  hero,  Ba 
II.  This  consummate  general,  though  unable 
prevent  the  Bulgarians  from,  in  994,  taking  Thf 
salonica,  and  rushing  in  a  destructive  torrent  in 
Boeotia,  Attica,  and  Peloponnesus,  yet,  as  this  i 
vasion,  by  dispersing,  weakened  their  force,  in  t 
face  of  their  now  formidable  opponent,  he  in  a  ft 
years  so  effectually  crushed  their  power,  by  reiti 
ated  defeats,  that  in  1017  they  submitted  to  I 
come  his  subjects. 

These  Sclavonic  bands  had  been  now  establish- 
S.  of  the  Danube  upwards  of  500  years,  and  thou: 
composed  of  various  tribes  and  nations,  they  ii 
perceptibly  melted  into  one  mass,  or  rather  ir 
two;  the  eastern  section  known  as  Bulgariar 
and  the  W.  as  Albanians.  They  had  been  tot 
pendent  tribes  long  enough  to  change  the  name 
the  provinces  they  inhabited,  and  as  early  as  t 
11th  century  Roscia,  Servia,  Bosnia,  Croat 
Bulgaria,  and  Albania,  had  commenced  tosappla 
the  ancient  provincial  names  of  this  part  of  £ 
rope,  and,  what  was  of  greatly  more  consequent 
to  spread  barbarism  over  the  remotest  corners 
Greece. 

To  complete  its  degradation,  in  1204  the  ii 
perial  capital  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  French  a 
Venetian  force,  and  a  French  nobleman  placed 
the  throne  of  Constantine.  Centuries  before 
actual  conquest,  the  Normans,  Genoese,  Vei. 
tians,  Catelans,  &c,  under  the  general  name 
Franks,  had  made  the  continent  and  islands 
Greece  a  thoroughfare  in  their  approaches  towar< 
and  retreat  from,  the  Mahometan  countries  of  A; 
and  Africa.  So  deeply  influential  were  those  t 
peditions  and  consequent  commercial  intercour; 
as  to  give  a  new  language  to  the  eastern  part 
the  Mediterranean,  and  the  lingua  Franca  becai 
a  lasting  testimony  how  far  the  Latin  nations  h 


GRE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  GRE 


:  ^planted  the   Greeks,  in  the  very  centre  of 
(eece.    In  1303  the  Catelans,  under  the  sec- 
inalname  of  Amogavares,  and  admixed  with  r'ob- 
l  s  and  murderers  from  Italy,  were  fixed  in  the 
mano  Greek  empire   by  Michel  Paleologus. 
fom  the  commencement  of  the  14th  to  the  middle 
( the  15th  century,  or  for  a  period  of  150  years, 
t  Catelans  or  Amogavares  completed  the  physi- 
d  and  mental  ruin  began  by  the  Bulgarians, 
ares,  and  Albanians.    Finally,  the  Mahometan 
rks,  already  in  Europe  since  1353,  totally  sub- 
■  !ed  the  empire  by  storming  Constantinople, 
reed  by  the  Turks  from  Thrace,  the  Catelans 
tied  in  continental  Greece,  and  that  fine  region 
bame  once  more  partitioned  into  barbarous  prin- 
(alitiesof  small  extent.    For  several  centuries 
(eece,  in  respect  to  civilization  and  political  im- 
[•tance,  was  in  a  worse  condition  than  it  was 
ring  the  heroic  ages,  2,500  years  before.  In 
;  darkest  period  of  the  heroic  ages,  Greece  had 
i 2  language  ;  but  under  the  Christian  age  of  des- 
tion,  her  incomparable  language  was  superseded 
I  barbarous  dialects,  too  rude  to  admit  reduction 
t  written  rules.    Of  all  the  crowds  from  the  N., 
Ej,  and  W.,  which  trampled  the  soil  of  ancient 
lence,  the  Venetians  and  Genoese  alone  contrib- 
i  d  to  arrest  the  progress  of  ignorance  and  bar- 

I  ism ;  and  even  the  A^enetians  and  Genoese,  be- 
;ir  rivals  in  commerce,  their  mutual  contests  in- 
cased disorders  at  the  very  heart  of  the  Romano 
(eek  empire.    In  fine,  from  the  age  of  Constan- 

■e  to  the  late  revolution,  the  real  Greek  and  the 
ffeek  language  were  disappearing  from  the  earth, 
il  had  not  the  catastrophe  been  prevented  by  fa- 
scism on  all  sides,  the  Greeks,  Turks,  Alba- 
;i  ns,  and  all  other  nations  inhabiting  the  Otto- 
pn  empire,  must  have,  in  the  lapse  of  five  centu- 
j},  melted  into  one  common  mass,  and  have 
npted  the  language  of  their  conquerors.  The 
Imans  had  already  produced  such  an  effect ;  but 
fih  the  Romans  justice,  liberty,  and  law,  followed 
I  sword;  in  Turkey  all  was  mere  brutal  force. 
%  fProm  every  evidence  I  have  been  able  to  collect, 
.oania,  the  Morea,  continental  Greece,  Thessaly, 
jjlicedonia  and  Thrace,  are  now  inhabited  by  a 
1  stile  mixture  of  the  descendants  of  Greeks,  Ro- 
i.ns,  Goths,  Vandals,  Sclavi,  Spaniards,  modern 
Hans,  and  Ottomans,  with  other  races  of  less 
isequence.    A  difference  of  manners,  customs, 
igion,  and  language,  is  met  with  in  every  petty 
trict.    The  Scythian  character,  according  to 
•bhouse,  prevails  in  the  mountainous  regions  as 

II  as  in  the  Morea,"  Attica,  and  Boeotia.  It  must 
I  obvious,  from  what  has  been  stated  in  this  arti- 
;<|,  that  to  talk  of  Greeks  in  Greece  is  little,  if 
f  !)  less  absurd  than  to  talk  of  Romans  in  Italy, 
-'new  national  association  may  arise  in  Greece, 
m.  cannot  be  Greek.  The  real  character  of  a  sub- 
j  ated  people  is  always  infinitely  better  than  their 
i  utation ;  therefore,  what  degrading  acccounts 
*  read  of  the  mixed  inhabitants  of  Greece  ought 
dvje  received  with  liberal  allowance  for  the  disad- 
Mtages  under  which  they  labor.  We  must  ex- 
»fyt  to  find  in  the  Morea  and  the  islands  more  re- 
nins of  the  ancient  Greek  manners  and  character 
*|»  in  continental  Greece,  as  foreign  aggression 
jfll  alloy  could  reach  the  former  with  more  diffi- 
<ty  than  the  latter  section  of  this  still  very  inter-  j 
^ng  country.    This  is  the  fact,  as  attested  by 


Hobhouse,  Poqueville,  the  Duke  of  Choiseuil 
Goufier,  Chateaubriand,  and  indeed  by  almost  ev- 
ery traveller.  Much  of  the  ancient  personal  ap- 
pearance, dress,  and  manners,  are  retained  even  in 
continental  Greece,  but  the  moral  base  is  overturned. 
Amongst  ancient  nations,  when  books  were  made 
up  in  manuscript,  and  of  course  excessively  dear, 
the  great  body  of  society  must  have  remained  igno- 
rant. It  was  individual  rather  than  national  intel- 
ligence which  gave  pre-eminence  to  ancient  Greece ; 
and,  when  foreign  domination  crushed  the  germ  of 
genius,  the  arts,  sciences,  and  national  grandeur, 
disappeared.  I  will  not  say,  with  Hobhouse,  that 
Greece  cannot,  in  any  case,  be  independent,  but 
must  confess  that  I  see  but  little  to  hope  in  their 
favor.  With  two  great  military  empires  on  one 
side,  and  a  greater  commercial  empire  on  the  oth- 
er, and  both  inimical  to  their  actual  emancipation, 
the  Turks  are  left  undisturbed  to  gain  experience 
in  the  art  of  war,  and  must  in  the  end  succeed  in 
resubjugating  or  exterminating  that  nation  we  call 
Greek.  This  sanguinary  consummation  may  be 
averted  by  the  Greeks  becoming  a  dependent  on 
Great  Britain,  or  submitting  to  a  Russian  or  Aus- 
trian Vaivode. 

Though  not  very  generally  fertile,  the  soil  of 
Greece  is  more  productive  than  could  be  expected 
from  a  country  so  broken  by  mountains.  It  is 
more  celebrated  for  fruits  than  grain.  7'he  plains 
and  valleys  of  Greece  produce,  however,  in  suffi- 
cient abundance,  wheat,  barley,  rice,  maize,  millet, 
and  other  cerealia.  Its  fruits  are  abundant  and 
delicious ;  the  principal  species  are  figs,  grapes, 
apples,  &c. 

In  many  places  extensive  orchards  of  the  white 
mulberry  are  cultivated  to  feed  the  silk  worm. 
The  modern  name  of  the  Peleponnesus,  the  Morea, 
is  derived  from  Morus,  the  Latin  name  of  the  Mul- 
berry tree. 

Honey  is  also  amongst  the  most  valuable  pro- 
ductions of  Greece.  That  of  Attica  has  been,  from 
time  immemorial,  celebrated  for  its  peculiar  excel- 
lence. Cotton  and  tobacco,  in  modern  times,  have 
been  introduced,  and  arc  now  generally  cultivated. 

In  brief,  Greece  wants  only  freedom  and  release 
from  the  deteriorating  and  murdering  despotism  of 
the  Turks  and  national  union  to  again  resume  her 
rank  amongst  the  most  respectable  nations  of  the 
world.  Considerable  advance  has  been  made  dur- 
ing the  last  70  years,  in  rousing  the  Greeks  to  a 
recollection  of  what  were  once  their  ancestors,  and 
in  anticipation  of  what  they  may  themselves  be,  if 
restored  to  self  government.  Literature  has  made, 
if  we  estimate  the  many  impediments  opposed 
to  its  advance,  astonishing  progress  of  late.  Great 
attention  is  paid  to  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages of  Greece — the  former  distinguished  by 
the  title  of  Helenic,  and  the  latter  by  that  of  Ro- 
maic, and  differing  about  as  much  as  Latin  and 
Italian. 

Increasing  intelligence  and  reading  of  their  own 
classic  authors  have  led  to  a  result  which  was  in- 
evitable, a  resistance  against  their  ancient  and  fe- 
rocious oppressors.  That  resistance  is  now  in  op- 
eration, and  lost  must  that  heart  be  which  is  not 
with  its  every  feeling  arrayed  on  the  side  of  the 
Greeks ;  would  to  Heaven  we  could  accompany 
our  sympathies  in  this  case  with  rational  hope;  but, 
alas  !  dark  is  the  prospect. 

373 


GRE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  GRE 


Kingdom  of  Hellas,  or  Greece — This  kingdom 
forms  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Europe,  and 
is  nearly  peninsular,  beim*  bounded  on  three  sides 
i by  the  Archipelago  and  the  Mediterranean  sea.  Its 
greatest  length  from  N.  to  S.  is  about  172  miles, 
and  the  greatest  breadth  of  its  continental  portion 
about  150  ;  comprising  an  area  of  about  14,000 
square  geographical  miles.  It  comprises  the  ancient 
Peloponnesus,  or  Morea;  the  Turkish  province 
of  Livadia,  and  part  of  those  of  Carlilli  and  Lepan- 
to,  or  Eastern  and  Western  Hellas;  Euboea,  or  Ne- 
gropont;  the  Cyclades,  and  a  part  of  the  Sporades. 

The  kingdom  is  divided  into  10  nomos,  or  shires, 
which  are  subdivided  into  46  eparchies.  The  fol- 
lowing table  contains  the  names  of  the  nomos 
and  their  chief  towns,  of  which,  those  to  which 
the  star  is  annexed  are  also  the  chief  towns  of  the 
eparchies. 


Nomos  or  Shires. 


Argolis 

Achaia  and  Elis 
Messenia 

Arcadia 
Laconia 

Aearnania  and  Elolia 

Lochris  and  Phocis  - 

Attica  and  Breotia- 
Euboea 

Cyclades 


Pop. in 
1836. 


89,3-10 

86,879 
61,035 

80,871 

60,550 
45,000 

43,740 

74,552 
41,525 


6S8.826 


Towns. 


Nauplia,*  Argos,*  Cor- 
inth,* Hydra^*  Castri,* 
Cranidi,  Poros,*  Damala. 

Patras,*  Vostitza,*  Kala- 
vrita,*  Pyrgos,*  Gasiuni. 

Arcadia,*  Phanari,*  Mo- 
don,*  Navjirin,  Coron, 
Androussa,*  Mavromat- 
hi,*  Colamata.* 

Tripolitza,  Caritene,* 
Prastos,*  Hagio,  Petro, 
Leontari.* 

Miskra,*  Monemrasia,* 
Veiilo.* 

Vrachori,*  Dragomestre,* 
Missolonghi,*  Lepanto,* 
Carpenitzo  * 

Salona,*  Galaxidi,  Yei- 
tun,*Pet.radjik,  Lidariki,* 
Talanti  * 

Athens,*  Egina,*  Megara,* 
Tliebes,*  Livadia.* 

Negropont,*  Caristo,  Sco- 
pelo,  the  Islands  Skia- 
thos,  Skyros,  Heliodro- 
mJa. 

Hermopolis,*  Andros,* 
Sinos,*  or  Borgo,*  the 
Islands  Mijconi,  Delos, 
Kythnos,  Kid,  or  Zea, 
Serpho,  Milo,  Kimoli,  or 
Argenliere,  Siphno,  or 
Siphanto,  Policandro.  Si- 
kinos,  Thira,  or  Santorin, 
Ios,  or  Nios,  Araphne,  or 
Nauphio,Amorgos,  JSIaxos, 
Paros,  Antiparos,  Andros, 
Syra,  Tinos. 


Greece,  village,  Monroe  county,  N.  Y.,  W.  from 
Genesee  river,  and  7  ms.  NNW.  from  Rochester. 

Greggville,  village,  Loudon  co.,  Va  ,  45  miles 
W.  from  W.  C. 

Green,  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Pa  ,  on  both  sides  of 

the  road  from  Shippensburg  to  Chambersburg.  

Tp.,  Clark  co.,  O.  Tp.,   Clinton  county,  O. 

 Tp.,   Columbiana  co.,  O.  Tp.,  Fayette 

county,  O.  Tp.  of  Gallia  county,  O.  Tp.  in 

Harrison  county,  O.   The  post  office  by  the  name  of 

Green  is  situated  8  miles  NE.  of  Cadiz.  Tp. 

of  Richland  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  621.  Tp. 

of  Ross  county,  O.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Scioto  river. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,531.  Tp.  of  Scioto  co  ,  O.,  on 

Ohio  river.    Pop.  in  1820,  582.  Village  and 

township,  Stark  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  503.  

374 


losed 

!•  ▼ 

nd  en 


Tp.,  Trumbull  co.,  O.,  18  ms.  NE.  from  Warr 
 Tp.,  Wayne  county,  O.,  6  miles  NE.  fn 

Wooster. 

Green  Bank,  S.  from  the  island  of  Newfoui 
land,  about  150  miles  long  and  50  wide,  lying 
the  form  of  an  ellipsis.  '  Lon.  W.  C.  from  20 
to  24  40  E.,  lat.  45  30  to  46  50  N. 

Green  Bay,  formerly  Bay  Puan,  large  bay 
lake  Michigan,  or  more  correctly  the  estuary 
Fox  river.  Its  form  is  that  of  a  triangle,  extei 
ing  about  90  ms.  from  lake  Michigan,  gradua 
narrowing  from  20  ms.  to  the  confined  slreatnl 
Fox  river.  The  mouth  of  Green  bay  is  closed 
a  group  of  islands. — See  Grand  Traverse. 
sels  of  200  tons  can  navigate  this  bay,  and 
some  distance  into  Fox  river. 

Green  Bay,  settlement.  This  region  was  co 
nised  by  the  French  when  in  possession  of  Ca 
da,  about  1700.  The  majority  of  the  presfll 
tiers  are  descendants  of  the  original  settlers.- 
Brown  co.,  Michigan. 

Greenbriar,  river  of  Va.,  which  rises  in  Pt 
dlcton  co.,  Va.,  and  flowing  SW.  by  S.  throu 
Pendleton,  Bath,  Nicholas,  and  Monroe  cos.j  fa 
into  the  Great  Kenhawa  after  a  comparative  < 

of  100  ms.  Co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Nic 

E.,  Monroe  SE.,  Kenhawa  river  or  Giles 
Kenhawa  NW.,  and  Randolph  NE.  ;  lengt 
ms.,  mean  width  24,  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  ;  si 
hilly  and  mountainous  generally,  with  a  soil  mos 
rocky  or  stony  and  barren.    Chief  town, 
burg.    Pop  in  1820,  7,040,  and  in  1840,  8,( 
N.  lat.  38°,  and  lon.  from  W.  C.  3£°  W. 
sect  in  this  co.  C.  H. — See  Lewisburg. 

Greenburg,  village,  Westchester  co. 
20  ms.  N.  from  the  city  of  N.  Y. 

Green  Bush,  village,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  68  ir 
S.  from  Montpelier. 

Greenbush,  town  opposite  the  city  of  Alban 
and  in  Renssellaer  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in  182 
2,764. 

Green  Castle,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Pa., 
ms.  S.  of  Chambersburg,   and  9  N.  of  Hagei 

town,  Md..  Pop.  1,300.  Village  Putnam  a 

Inda.,  46  ms.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Greencastle,  village,  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  10  ri 
NW.  from  New  Lancaster,  and  11  SE.  from  C 
lumbus. 

Greene,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  24  ir. 
SW.  from  Augusta.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,6 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  E.  by  Hudson  rive1,  8. 
Ulster,  W.  by  Delaware,  NW.  by  Scohaiie,  ai 
N.  by  Albany;  length  32  ms.,  mean  width  2 
area  640  sq.  ms,  The  surface  of  this  co.  is  in 
peculiar  manner  diversified.  Its  central  parts  a 
occupied  by  the  highest  elevations  of  Kaatsberg 
rising  to  near  4,0,00  feet,  and  are  the  highest  pea 
of  the  Appalachian  or  Alleghany  range  SW.  fro 
Hudson  river.  Around* these  Alpine  summits  a 
many  valleys  of  first-rate  land,  highly  product! 
in  grain,  fruits,  and  pasturage.  It  is  indeed  one 
the  most  interesting  counties  in  the  U.  S.  for  tl 
richness  and  variety  of  its  scenery  and  its  miner 
and  vegetable  productions.  Chief  town,  Atiien 
Pop.  in  1820,  22,996,  and  in  1840,  30,446.  C 

lat.  42  18  N.,  lon.  W.  G.  3°  E.  Villag 

Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  SW.  from  JNo 

wich.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,500.  SW.  co.  of  P; 

bounded  by  Va.  S.  and  W.,  by  Washington,  P 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRE 


\ ,  and  by  the  Monongahela  river  E.  ;  length  32 
).,  breadth  12,  area  600  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  gener- 
iy  hilly,  with  a  good  soil  on  the  streams  and 
f  ne  part  of  the  high  lands.  Chief  town,  Waynes- 
l  o\    Pop.  in  1820,  15,554,  and  in  1840,  19,- 

t7.    Ctl.  lat.  39  50,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  15  W.  

I.,  Greene  co.,  Penn.,  on  Whitely  creek.  Pop. 

EO,  1,801.  Tp.  of  Beaver  co.,  Penn.,  on 

I  S.  side  of  Ohio  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,194. 
-—Co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Lenoir  S.,  Wayne 
|,  Edgecombe  N.,  Pitt  NE  ,  and  Craven  SE.  ; 
lglh  20  ms.,  mean  width  14,  area  280  sq.  ms. ; 
*face  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  tolerably  pro- 
t:tive.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,533,  and  in  1840,  6,595. 

I.  lat  35  30  N.,  long  W.  C.  45'  W.  Co. 

(Georgia,  bounded  by  Oconee  river  SW.,  Clarke 
i\  Oglethorpe  N.,  WilkesE.,  and  Hancock  SE. ; 
l  gth  28  ms.,  mean  width  15,  area  420  sq.  ms.  ; 
j  face  hilly  and  soil  productive.  Chiet  town, 
»eensborough.    Pop.  in  1820,   1,445,  and  in 

.10,  11,690.    Ctl.  lat.  See  Greensborough.  

(.,  Alabama,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tuscaloosa,  or 
]  ck  Warrior  river,  bounded  by  the  Tombigbee 
r;r,  W.,  Pickens  and  Tuscaloosa  N.,  Perry  E., 
i\  Dallas  and  Marengo  S.  ;  length  35  ms.,  mean 
%  1th  20,  area  700  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  in  general 
ly.  Soil  upon  the  streams  highly  fertile,  but 
i. he  immediate  space  sterile.  Chief  town,  Erie. 
]>.  in  1820,  4,554,  and  in  1840,  24,024.  Ctl. 

1  32  48  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  40  W.  Co., 

iis.,  bounded  by  Ala.  E.,  by  Jackson  co.  S., 
Irry  W.,  and  Wayne  N.  ;  length  36  ms.,  mean 
vl.th  30,  area  1^080  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  uneven, 
Iter  hilly.  Soil,  except  in  a  few  places  along 
t  streams,  sterile  and  timbered — with  fine  staple 
con.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,445,  and  in  1840,  1,636. 
(.  lat.  31  15  N.,  Ion.  11  32  W.  from  W.  C. 
--Co.  E.  Tennessee,  bounded  by  N.  Car.  SE., 
(:keco.  SW.,  Jefferson  W.,  Hawkins  N.,  and 
Whington  E.  ;  length  32  ms.,  mean  width  22, 
a  i  about  700  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  greatly  diversified 
b  mountain,  hill,  and  dale.  The  Nolichucky 
r  r  winding  through  the  central  parts  of  the  co., 
ardrf  much  good  land.  Chief  town,  Greenville. 
I),  in  1820,  11,328,  and  in  1840,  16,076 
C   lat.  36°  N.,  and  Ion.  WT.  C.  6°  W.  ;  inter- 

I  in  thiskco.  Co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Adair 

c  SE.,  Barren  SW.,  Hart  W.,  Hardin  NW., 
a  Washington  N.  ;  length  34  ms.,  mean  width 
I  area  about  400  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  generally 
I  ler  level,  and  being  drained  by  Green  river  and 
ii  Tumerous  branches,  possesses  a  great  proportion 

0  ood  land.    Chief  town,  Greensburg.    Pop.  in 

1  0,  11,943,  and  in  1840,  13,627.    Ctl.  lat.  see 

(-ensburg,  Greene  co.,  Ky.  Co.  of  Ohio, 

brided  by  Montgomery  W.'and  NW.,  Clarke 
&  Fayette  E.,  Clinton  SE.,  and  Warren  SW. ; 

test  length  from  E.  to  W.  26  ms.,  mean 
b  dth  16,  and  area  416  sq.  ms. ;  extending  in 
la  from  39  34  to  39  51,  and  in  Ion.  W.  C.  from 
8;}  to  7  2  W.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the 
8  • ;  and  in  that  direction  the  northwestern  part 
w-aversed  by  Mad  river.  Little  Miami  river 
">ig  in  Madison  and  Clarke,  enters  the  north- 
ern and  issues  from  the  southwesternmost  part 
•Mreene.  Caesar's  creek,  branch  of  Little  Miami, 
n'i  in  and  drains  the  southeastern  angle.  Ex- 
eunt spring  water  abounds  in  this  co.,  the  sur- 
fa  of  which  is  pleasantly   diversified.     It  is 


amongst  the  best  farming  cos.  of  the  State.  Chief 
town,  Xenia.  Pop.  in  1830,  14,801,  and  in  1840, 
17,528. 

Green  Creek,  village  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Sandusky  co  ,  Ohio,  8  ms.  SE.  from  Lower  San- 
dusky. 

Greenfield,  town,  Franklin  co  ,  Mass.,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  20  ms.  above 
Northampton.  The  village  is  the  seat  of  justice  for 
the  co.,  and  is  a  prosperous  commercial  depot. 
Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820,  1,361.  Village,  Hills- 
borough co.,  N.  H.,  46  ms.  SW.  from  Concord. 

 Town,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  N.  from 

Balston  Spa.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,024.  Northern 

tp.,  Bedford  co.,  Penn.,  principally  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  Frankstown  branch  of  Juniata.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,141.  Village,  Erie  co.,  Penn.  

Village,  Nelson  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  114  ms. 

W.  from  Richmond.  Post  office,  Fairfield  co., 

Ohio,  5  or  6  ms.  NW.  of  New  Lancaster.  

W7estem  tp.  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.  Village  in 

the  extreme  NE.  angle  of  Highland  co.,  O.,  17  ms. 
NW.  .of  Hillsborough,  the  co.  seat,  and  21  a  little 
N.  of  W.  from  Chillicothe.    Pop.  500. 

Greenford,  or  Greenvillage,  village  in  Green 
tp.,  northern  part  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio, 
20  ms.  N.  of  New  Lisbon. 

Green  Hill,  post  office,  unknown  location,  Co- 
lumbiana co.,  Ohio. 

Greenfield  Hill,  village,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  6 
ms.  W.  from  Bridgeport. 

Green  Garden,  post  office,  Sumner  co.,  Tenn., 
55  ms.  N.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Green  Hill,  village,  Campbell  co.,  Va.  ;  by 
post  road  120  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Richmond. 

Greenland,  general  name  by  which  are  denoted 
the  most  easterly  parts  of  America,  stretching  to- 
wards the  north  pole,  and  likewise  some  islands 
to  the  northward  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  lying 
in  very  high  latitudes.  This  country  is  divided 
into  East  and  West  Greenland.  Greenland  was 
for  a  long  time  considered  as  a  part  of  the  conti- 
nent of  West  Greenland,  but  is  now  discovered  to 
be  an  assemblage  of  islands  lying  between  76  46 
and  80  30  of  N.  lat.,  and  between  9°  and  20°  of 
E.  Ion.  It  was  discovered  by  Sir  Hugh  Willough- 
by,  in  1553,  who  called  it  Greenland,  supposing 
it  to  be  a  part  of  the  western  continent.  In  1595, 
it  was  again  visited  by  William  Barentz  and  John 
Cornelius,  two  Dutchmen,  who  pretended  to  be 
the  original  discoverers,  and  called  the  country 
Spitzbergen,  or  Sharp  Mountains,  from  the  many 
sharp  pointed  and  rocky  mountains  with  which  it 
abounds.  The  only  quadrupeds  of  either  East  or 
West  Greenland  are  deer,  white  bears,  and  foxes. 
To  its  frozen  seas  the  English  and  other  nations 
repair  annually,  in  the  proper  season,  to  fish  for 
whales.    See  Spitzbergen. 

Greenland,  hitherto  considered  as  a  part  of  the 
continent  of  America,  has  been  determined,  by  the 
researches  of  Captain  Parry,  to  be  separated  from 
that  country  by  a  strait,  or  rather  an  intricacy  of 

straits  and  islands.  Town,  Rockingham  co., 

N.  H.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Great  bay.  Pop.  1820, 
634. 

Greenlaw,  county  town  of  Berwickshire,  Eng., 
on  a  river  that  joins  the  Tweed  before  it  reaches 
Berwick.  It  is  18  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  that  town. 
Lon.  2  10  W.,  lat.  55  43  N. 

375 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GR 


Green  Mountains,  ridge  extending  from  the 
Highlands,  in  N.  Y.,  through  Ct.,  Mass.,  and 
Vt.,  into  L.  C.  In  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  a 
branch  leaves  the  Green  mountains,  and,  stretch- 
ing S.  through  Ct.,  terminates  at  New  Haven. 
The  Green  mountains  vary  in  height  from  300  to 
4,000  feet,  with  some  elevated  though  highly  fer- 
tile valleys.  Vermont  derives  its  name  from  this 
range,  the  word  meaning  literally  green  mountain. 

Green  Point,  in  the  bay  of  Quinte,  is  the  north 
point  in  Sophiasburg,  and  lies  opposite  to  John's 
island,  U.  C. 

Greenock,  considerable  seaport  of  Scotland,  in 
Renfrewshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde,  which 
here  expands  into  a  basin,  4  ms.  wide.  It  is  20 
ms.  W.  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  4  29  W.,  lat.  55 
54  N. 

Green  River,  post  office,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y., 

30  ms.  SE.  from  Albany.  River  of  Ky.,  rises 

in  Lincoln  co.,  and,  flowing  by  a  generally  west- 
ern course,  through  Casey,  Adair,  Green,  Hart, 
Warren,  Grayson,  Butler,  Ohio,  Muhlenburg, 
Hopkins,  Davis,  and  Henderson  cos.,  falls  into 
Ohio  river,  after  a  comparative  length  of  230  ms. 
Considerable  improvements  have  been  made  to  fa- 
cilitate navigation  on  this  river. 

Greensborough,  town,  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  on  the 
head  of  La  Moelle  river,  30  ms.  NNE.  from 

Montpelier.  Town,  Caroline  co.,  Md.,  on  a 

branch  of  Choptank  river,  8  ms.  N.  of  Denton, 
and  10  ms.  E.  of  Centreville.  Village,  Meck- 
lenburg co.,  Va,  about  70  ms.  SW.  from  Rich- 
mond. Village,  Guilford  co.,  N.'  C,  89  ms. 

NW.  from  Raleigh.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Green  co-,  Ga.,  40  ms.  N.  from  Milledge- 

ville.    Lat.  33  34  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  G  28  W.  

Village,  Green  co.,  Ala  ,  45  ms.  NW.  fromCahaba, 

Greensburgh,  tp.,  West  Chester  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  Hudson  river,  30  ms.  above  N.  Y.    Pop.  in 

1820,    2,064.  Village  and  seat   of  justice, 

Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  31  ms.  E.  by  S  of  Pitts- 
burg, and  264  W.  of  Philadelphia.    Pop.  1820, 

770,  and  in  1840,  800.  Small  village,  Green 

co.,  Pa  ,  on  Whitely  creek,   18  ms.   S.  from 

Brownsville.  Village,  Green  co.,  Ky.,  on  the 

north  side  of  Green  river,  about  56  ms.  SW.  of 
Springfield.  In  1840  pop.  585.  Lat.  37  20  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  8  18  W. 

Greensburg,  village,  Green  tp.,  northern  part  of 
Trumbull  co.,  O.,  17  ms.  IN.  of  Warren,  the  co. 

seat,  and  19  S.  of  Jefferson,  in  Ashtabula  co.  

Village,  Decatur  co.,  Ia.,  56  ms.  SE.  from  Indian- 
apolis. 

Greensted,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  1  m.  W. 
of  Chipping  Ongar. 

Greentown,  post  office,  Lake  tp.,  northern  part 
of  Stark  co.,  O.,  10  ms.  N.  of  Canton,  and  20 
ms.  SSW.  of  Ravenna. 

Greensville,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  N.  C.  ,*S., 
Brunswick  W.,  Dinwiddie  NW.,  Sussex  NE., 
and  Southampton  E.  Length  22,  mean  width  14 
ms. ;  area  about  300  sq.  ins.  Generally  level, 
and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Hicks- 
ford.    Pop.  1820,  6,858  ;  in  1840,  6,366. 

Greenup,  NE.  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  N.  by  Ohio, 
E.  by  Big  Sandy  river,  S.  by  Lawrence,  W.  by 
Fleming,  and  NW.  by  Lewis.  Length  43,  mean 
width  14  ms. ;  area  about  590  sq.  ms.  These 
limits  include  what  is  now  Greenup  co.  Since 
37G 


tic 

v. 


1820,  the  southern  part  has  been  erected  n 
Lawrence  co.,  obtaining  720  sq.  ms.  Of  cour; 
when  the  last  census  was  taken  the  former  co.  ej 
tended  over  1,310  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  brokei 
and  soil  generally  of  indifferent  quality.  Chi 
town,  Greenupsburg.  Pop.  1820,  4,311,  and  i 
1840,  6,300. 

Greenupsburg,    village   and  seat  of  jui  ' 
Greenup  co.,  Ky.,  on  Ohio  river,  above  the  m 
of  Little  Sandy  river,  and  125  ms.  NE.  1 
from  Lexington.    Lat.  38  37  N.,  lon.  W. 
48  W. 

Greenville,  tp.,  York  co.,  L.  C,  on  the  norl 
side  of  Ottawa  river,  50  ms.  from  Montreal. — 
Co.  U.  C,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  co.  of  Dm 
das,  on  the  S.  by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and 
the  W.  by  the  tp.  of  Elizabethtown,  running 
24°  W.,  until  it  intersects  the  Ottowa  or  G 
river ;  thence  it  descends  that  river,  until  it 
the  northwesternmost  boundary  of  the  co.  of 
das.    The  co.  of  Greenville  comprehends  a! 
islands  near  to  it,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
sends  one  representative  to  the  provincial  pi 

ment.  Village,  Providence  co.,  R.  I.,  9 

from  Providence.  Town,  Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  < 

Catskill  creek,  16  ms.  above  Catskill.  Villag 

Luzerne  co.,  Pa.  Village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J 

79  ms.  N.  of  Trenton.  Tp.,  Somerset  co., 

on  the  head  branches  of  Castleman's  river,  br 

of  Youghicgany  river.  Village,  Augusta 

Va.,  10  ms.  SSW.  from  Stanton,  and  136 

NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond.  Village 

seat  of  justice,  Pitt  co.,  N.  C,  on  the  left  branc 
of  Tar  river,  23  ms.  above  Washington. 

35  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  25  W.  District, 

C,  bounded  by  N.  C.  NW.,  Spartansburg 
Laurens  SE.,  and  Pendleton  SW.  Length 
mean  width  15  ms.  ;  area  about  700  sq.  ms. 
face  mountainous  or  hilly  ;  soil  of  the  bottom  1 
fertile.  Chief  town,  Greenville.  Pop.  in  1 
14,530.    Cent.  lat.  34  48  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  2 

W.  Town,  Greenville  district,  S.  C,  on  tl 

W.  side  of  the  head  of  Reedy  river,  100  ms.  abo< 

Columbia.  Village,  Darlington  district,  S.  C 

on  Black  river,  80  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Colun 

bia.  Town,  Green  co.,  Tenn.,  60  ms.  E.  fro: 

Knoxville.  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Jeffersr 

co.,  Miss.,  on  Cole's  creek,  21  ms.  NE.  fro 

Natchez.  Town,  Muhlenburg  co.,  Ky.,  on  tl 

W.  side  of  Green  river,  14  ms.  SW.  of  Hattfon 

 Village  and  co.  seat,  Darke  co.,  O.,  on  tl 

S.  side  of  Greenville,  fork  of  Miami  river,  93  ra 
W.  of  Columbus,  27  N.  of  Eaton,  and  26  ms. 
little  N.  of  W.  from  Troy.  N.  lat.  40  6,  lo:;.  Vt 
C.  7  36  W.  Pop.  1830,  160;  in  1840,  2,001 
It  was  here  that,  on  August  3,  1795,  Gener 
Wayne  effected  the  final  treaty  with  the  savage 
which  secured  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  il 
West. 

Grenville,  Stark  co.,  O.  See  East  Greenvill 
Greenville,  village,  Floyd  co.,  Ia.,  13  ms. 

from  Louisville  in  Ky.  Village,  Bond  co.,  Ill 

22  ms.  W.  from  Vandalia.  Village,  Butl 

co.,  Ala.,  about  70  ms.,  SE.  from  Cahaba. — 
College  and  post  office,  Green  co.,  Tenn.,  ne 
the  right  bank  of  Nolichucky  river,  75  ms.  a  li 

tie  N.  of  E.  from  Knoxville.  Court-hou 

and  post  office,  Greenville  district,  S.  C,  by  po 
road  110  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 


GRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GRI 




Greenville  Creek,  tributary  of  the  SW.  branch 
r  Miami  river,  running  E.  past  old  Fort  Green- 
lie.  One  mile  above  its  mouth  and  17  below 
reenville,  it  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  15  feet. 
Greenwich,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Kent.  It  is  fa- 
ous  for  a  magnificent  hospital  for  decayed  sea 
en,  and  a  royal  observatory  in  a  delightful  park. 
:he  hospital  is  thought  to  be  the  finest  structure 
the  kind  in  the  world  ;  the  front  to  the  Thames 
■nsists  of  two  ranges  of  stone  buildings.  These 
liklings  perfectly  correspond  with  each  other, 
id  have  their  tops  crowned  with  a  stone  balus- 
ide.  The  observatory  was  built  by  Charles  II, 
i  the  summit  of  a  hill,  called  Flamstead  Hill, 
>m  the  great  astronomer  of  that  name,  who  was 
re  the  first  astronomer  royal.  The  English 
nipute  the  longitude  from  the  meridian  of  this 
ace.    Greenwich  is  seated  on  the  Thames,  5 

?.  E.    of  London.  Town,    Fairfield  co., 

jnn.,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  about  halfway  be- 
een  N.  Y.  and  New  Ha*ven.    Pop.  of  the  tp., 

20,  3,790.  Village,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass., 

ms.  from  Northampton.  Pop.  in  1820,  778.  

>wn,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.  The  village  is  on 
j  Hudson  at  the  mouth  of  Batterkill,  37  ms. 
Dve  Albany.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820,  3,197. 
— Village,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.,  on  Cohansy 
•ek,  about  20  ms.  SE.  of  Salem,  and  10  SW. 

Bridgetown.    Pop.  in  1820,   890.  Tp., 

oucester  co.,  N.  J.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,699.  

L.,  Berks  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Maiden 

^ek,  8  ms.  E.  of  Hamburg,  and  18  NE.  of 

lading.      Pop.    in    1820,    1,337.  Village, 

■  arle^ton  districts.  C.  Village,  Greenwich 

in  the  southeastern  part  of  Huron  co.,  O.,  18 
[  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Norwalk,  the  co.  seat. 
Greenwich,  East,  village,  Kent  co.,  R.  I.  The 
'  age  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co.,  and  seated 
t  Nassanket  bay,  14  ms.  S.  from  Providence, 
hontains  a  respectable  academy.    Pop.  in  1820, 

4l9;  and  in  1840,  1,509. 
Greenwich,  West,  tp.,  Kent  co.,  R.  I.,  on 
wtuxet  river.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,927;  in  1840, 
.15. 

Greenwich  Village,  a  suburb  of  the  northern 
1 1  of  the  city  of  N.  Y. 

Greenwood,  tp.,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  5  ms.  NW. 

Im  Paris.    Pop.   1820,  509.  Tp.,  Mifflin 

• ,  Penn.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Susquehannah,  and 
1  the  N.  of  Juniata  ;  being  an  angle  formed  by 

}  two  rivers.    Pop.  in   1820,  1,800   NE. 

i,  Perry  co.,  Penn.,  between  the  Susquehannah 
J 1  Juniata  Village,  Columbia,  co.,  Penn. 

— Tp.,  Columbia  co.,  Penn.,  between  Madison 
tl  Sugar  Loaf,  12  ms.  NNE.  from  Danville. 

jreersburg,  village,  Beaver  co.,  Penn.,  15  ms. 
•  V  from  Beaver. 

Gregory,  Cape,  of  the  U.  S.,  on  the  Pacific 
an.    Lat.  43  23  N. 

rregstown,  village,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  on 
P  lstone  river,  6  ms.  NE.  from  Princeton. 

rrenada,  New. — See  Colombia  and  New 
(inada. 

\irenada,  island  in  the  V/.  Indies,  the  last  of 
t]  Windward  Caribbees,  and  30  leagues  NW. 
oTobago.  It  is  20  ms.  long  and  13  broad, 
fifly  wooded,  and  the  soil  suited  to  produce 
*jar,  tobacco,  and  indigo.  Central  lat.  12  10 
P|  Lon.  W.  C.  15  20  E.  St.  George  is  the 
4S*  - 


capital.  City  of  Central  America,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Nicaragua.  The  inhabitants  carry  on 
a  great  trade  by  means  of  the  Lake  Nicaragua,  on 
which  it  is  seated,  60  ms.  SE.  of  Leon  de  Nicara- 
gua.   Lon.  86  36  W.,  iat.  12  5  N. 

Grenade,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Garonne,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Toulouse. 

Grenadillas,  or  Grenadines,  group  of  small  is- 
lands between  Granada  St.  Vincent. 

Grenoble,  city  of  Er.,  capital  of  the  dep.  of 
Isere.  The  leather  and  gloves  that  are  made  here 
are  highly  esteemed.  It  is  seated  on  the  Isere, 
over  which  are  two  bridges  to  pass  into  that  part 
called  Perriere,  a  large  street  on  the  side  of  the 
river.  It  is  27  ms.  S.  of  Chamberry.  Lon.  5 
44  E.,  lat.  45  12  N. 

Grenville,  point  of  the  U.  S.  on  the  Pacific 
ocean.    Lat.  47  50  N. 

Grenvill's  Canal,  channel  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  S.  America.    Lat  56  30  N. 

Greysville,  village,  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn. 

Griersburg,  Beaver  co.,  Pa. — See  Greer sburg. 

Grijjinhagan,  town  of  Pomerania,  in  the  duchy 
of  Stetin,  on  the  Oder,  opposite  Gartz.  Lon.  14 
42  E.,  lat.  53  25  N. 

Griffinsburg,  village,  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  90 
ms.  SW.  from  W.  C.  and  100  a  little  W.  of  N, 
from  Richmond. 

Griffin's  Hollow,  post  office,  Anson  co. 

Griffin's  Mills,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y. 

Grimburgan,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne- 
therlands in  Brabant,  6  ms.  N.  of  Brussels.  Lon 
4  27  E.,  lat.  50  57  N. 

Grimm,  town  in  the  electorate  of  Saxony,  on 
the  Muldaw,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Leipsick.  Lon,  12 
35  E.,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Grimmen,  town  of  Pomerania,  5  ms.  S.  of 
Stralsund.    Lon.  13  27  E.,  lat.  54  12  N. 

Grimperg,  town  in  the  electorate  of  Treves, 
17  ms.  SE.  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  59  E.,  lat.  49 
35  N. 

Grimsby  Great,  seaport  and  borough  of  Eng. 
in  Lincolnshire,  35  ms.,  NE.  from  Lincoln. 

Grimsby,  tp.,  Lincoln  co.,  U.  C,  on  Lake 
Ontario,  W.  from  Niagara. 

Grindstone  Ford,  village,  Claiborne  co.,  Miss., 
on  Bayou  Pierre. 

Grinstead  East,  borough  of  Eng.  in  Sussex, 
20  ms.  N.  of  Lewes  and  29  S.  of  London.  Lon. 
0  2  E.,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Gripswald,  strong  town  of  Pomerania,  for- 
merly imperial,  with  a  good  harbor  and  a  university. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Baltic  sea,  15  ms.  SE.  of 
Stralsund,  and  55  NW.  of  Stetin.  Lon.  13  44 
E.,  lat.  54  4  N. 

Grisons,  people  inhabiting  the  Alps,  and  in 
alliance  with  Switzerland.  They  are  divided  into 
three  parts  called  the  Leagues,  which  form  one 
republic  ;  namely,  the  Grey  League ;  the  League 
of  the  House  of  God  ;  and  that  of  the  Ten  Juris- 
dictions. Throughout  the  three  Leagues  the  Ro= 
man  law  prevails,  modified  by  the  municipal 
customs.  Though  no  material  change  has  taken 
place  in  regard  to  the  interior  government  of  the 
Grisons,  the  territory  now  forms  an  independent 
Canton  of  the  Swiss  Confederation. — See  art, 
Switzerland.  The  Grisons' country  give  rise  to  the 
extreme  fountains  of  the  Rhine  and  Inn.  Chief 
town,  Coire,  or  Chur, 

377 


GRU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GUA 


GrisseWs,  post  office,  Columbiana  co.,  O.,  by 
post  road  176  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Grisaold,  tp.,  of  N.  London  co.,  Conn.,  on 
the  Thames  river,  E.  side,  8  ms.  below  Norwich. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,869. 

Grodno,  pretty  large  city  of  Lithuania,  and 
capital  of  the  government  of  Grodno,  in  Russian 
Poland,  and  next  to  Wilna,  the  best  in  that  duchy. 
It  is  situated  on  the  river  Niemen,  partly  on  a 
plain,  and  partly  on  a  mountain.  Grodno  is  125 
ms.  NE.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  24  15  E.,  lat.  53 
28  N. 

Grondines,  seigniory,  Hampshire  co.,  L.  C, 
on  the  left  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  45  ms. 
above  Quebec. 

Groll,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  in  Guel- 
derland,  and  in  the  co.  of  Zutland.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Slinghe,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Zutphen. 

Groningen,  populous  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Hol- 
land, capital  of  a  lordship  of  the  same  name,' with 
a  university.  It  is  seated  on  the  rivers  Hunes  and 
Aa,  at  10  ms.  distance  from  the  sea,  with  which  it 
has  a  communication  by  a  canal.  It  is  85  ms.  NE. 

of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  6  31  E.,  lat.  53  13  N.  

Province  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  bounded  on 
theE.  by  East  Friesland,  on  the  W.  by  Friesland, 
on  the  N.  by  the  German  ocean,  and  on  the  S.  by 
Overyssel.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  of  which 
the  town  of  Groningen  and  its  district  are  one,  and 
the  Omerlands  the  other. 


and  lead.    It  is  45  ms.  S.  of  Hanover.  Lon. 
3  E.,  lat.  51  31  N. 

Gruchfeldt,  town  of  Carinthia,  with  a  castle  < 
the  river  Save.    Lon.  15  45  E  ,  lat.  46  7  N. 

Grunberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Hess 
Here  Charlemagne  and  the  kings  of  the  Merovi 

gian  ra.  e  held  their  court.  Town  of  Silesia, 

the  principality  of  Glogau.  It  is  surrounded  wi 
vineyards,  and  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth. 

Grunde^  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
Brunswick,  and  in  the  mountain  of  Hartz.  Lc 
13  35  E.,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Gruningen,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  pri 
cipality  of  Halberstadt,  on  the  river  Felke.  Lr 

11  41  E.,  lat.  52  4  N.  Town  of  Switzerlar 

in  the  canton  of  Zuric,  capital  of  a  bailiwick  oft 
same  name.    Lon.  8  43  E.,  lat.  47  14  N. 

Gruyires,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
Friburg.  It  is  famous  for  cheese,  and  is  15  mi 
SW.  of  Friburg.    Lon.  6  43  E.,  lat.  46  35  N. 

Guacockinoo,  town -of  Mexico,  30  miles  SE. 
Mexico.    Lon.  99  45  W.,  lat.  19  36  N. 

Guadalaviar,  ancient  Durias,  river  of  Spa 
rises  in  the  province  of  Arragon,  and  flowing  S. 
comparative  course  80  miles,  turns  SE.  about  1 
miles,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  below  I 
city  of  Valencia. 

Guadalaxara,  formerly  an  intendancy  of  N 
Spain,  now  the  State  of  Jalisco,  in  the  Mexic 
|  Republic. — See  Jalisco.  City  of  and  capital 


Grosbois,  or  Yamachiche,  seigniory,  St.  Mau-  j  the  State  of  Jalisco,  in  the  Republic  of  Mexico, 
rice  co.,  L.  C,  on  the  N.  side  of  Lake  St.  Peter's,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Jago  or  Sant 
14  ms.  W.  from  Three  Rivers.  igo  river,  350  miles  NW.  from  the  city  of  Mexi 

Gros  Isle,  island  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  in'Pop.  in  1825,  26,000.  Lat.  21  1  N.,  lon.  W. 

Detroit  river,  near  its  discharge  into  Lake  Erie.     ;25  59  W.  Town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cast: 

Grossa,  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  gulf  of  Ven-  seated  on  the  Henares,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Madi 
ice,  near  the  coast  of  the  county  of  Zara.    It  is  50  |  Lon.  2  47  W.,  lat.  40  36  N. 
ms.  in  circumference,  and  belongs  to  the  Venetians,  j     Guadaxara,  province  of  Spain,  bounded  S' 


Grossetto,  town  of  Tuscany,  near  the  sea,  30 
ms.  SW.  of  Sienna.    Lon.  11  1  E.,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Groton,  village  and  tp.,  Grafton  county,  N.  H., 
15  miles  NE.  from  Dartmouth  College.    Pop.  in 

1820,  688.  Tp.,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.,  18  miles 

E.  from  Montpelier.  Pop.  500.  Town,  Mid- 
dlesex co.,  Mass.,  35  ms.  NW.  of  Boston.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,897.  Town,  New  London  county, 

Conn.,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Thames,  nearly 
opposite  to  New  London.    Pop.  in  1820,  4,664. 

 Town  in  the  NE.  angle  of  Tompkins  co.,  N. 

Y.,  15  ms.  NE.  from  Ithaca.  Tp.,  Huron  co., 

Ohio. 

Grolskaw,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  30  miles  NE.  of  Glatz.  Lon. 

17  25  E.,  lat.  50  37  N.  Town  of  Servia, 

where  the  Turks  defeated  the  Germans  in  1739. 
Lon.  21  10  E.,  lat.  45  10  N. 

Grove  Hill,  village,  Warren  co.,  N.  C,  75  ms. 
NNE.from  Raleigh. 

Groveland,  village,  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Genesee  river,  30  miles  SW  .  from  Canandaigua. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,273. 

Grove  point,  N,  point,  the  discharge  of  Sassa- 
fras river  into  Chesapeake  bay,  Cecil  co.,  Md. 

Groyne,  river  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  which  enters 
the  bay  of  Biscay  at  Corunna. 

Grubenhagen,  town  and  castle  of  Lower  Saxony, 
and  the  chief  place  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name,  belonging  to  the  house  of  Hanover.  In  the 
mountains  near  it  are  mines  of  silver,  iron,  copper, 
378 


by  Toledo  and  SE.  by  Cuenca.  It  is  drained 
various  branches  of  the  Tagus. 

Gaudaloupe,  handsome  town  of  Spain,  in  1 
tramadura,  on  a  rivulet  of  the  same  name,  34  ; 
E.  by  N.  of  Truxillo.    Lon.  4  45  W.,  lat.  39 

N.  One  of  the  leeward  Caribbee  islands  in 

West  Indies,  between  Antigua  and  Dominica, 
lon.  62°  W.  and  lat.  16  20  N.  The  island,  wh 
ft?  of  an  irregular  figure,  may  be  about  80  leag 
in  circumference.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts 
a  small  arm  of  the  sea,  which  is  not  above  t 
leagues,  and  from  15  to  40  fathoms  broad.  T 
canal,  known  by  the  name  of  Salt  river,  is  na'i 
ble,  but  will  only  carry  vessels  of  50  tons  burd 
The  soil  is  exceedingly  good,  and  well  wate 
near  the  sea  by  rivulets,  which  fall  from  the  mo 
tains.  The  French  settled  in  this  island  in  16 
in  whose  possession  it  still  remains.  Bassetterr 

the  capital.  River  of  the  empire  of  Mexico, 

Texas,  falls  into  the  gulf  Mexico  after  a  cours* 
about  200  ms.  Its  mouth  is  180  ms.  W.  from  t 
of  the  Sabine. 

Guadalquiver,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  I 
S.  part' of  New  Castile,  flows  through  Andalu  . 
and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Cadiz  at  the  town  of  ft 
Lucar  after  a  comparative  course  of  350  ms.  L 
the  fifth  in  size  and  the  most  navigable  river  of  } 
Spanish  peninsula.  The  basin  of  the  Guadalqni" 
is  also  the  most  fertile  region  in  Spain.  The  ci ' 
of  Audujar,  Cordova,  and  Seville,  are  upon  J 
banks. 


GUA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GUA 


Guadarama,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  re- 
irkable  for  its  great  trade  in  cheese.    It  is  seated 
the  Guadarara,  25  ins.  NW.  of  Madrid.  Lon. 
18  W.,  lat.  41  45  N. 

Guadiana,  river  of  Spain,  which,  having  its 
jrce  in  New  Castile,  crosses  Estramadura  into 
rtugal,  and,  separating  Algarva  from  Andalusia, 
Is  into  the  bay  of  Cadiz  between  Ayamonte  and 
stro  Mariu,  85  ms.  NW.  of  Cadiz,  after  an  en- 
e  comparative  course  of  400  miles. 
Guadix,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with  a 
hop's  see,  30  ms.  E.  of  Granada.  Lon.  2  47  I 
.,  lat.  37  4  N. 

Guilas,  or  Huilas,  province  of  Peru,  N.  from  | 
.xatambo.  Central  lat.  9°  S.,  nearly  due  S.  from  I 

a 

Guaria,  La,  city  of  Caraccas.    ft  is  the  port  of  j 
B  city  of  Caraccas;  is  well  fortified.    The  harbor  j 
good  and  much  frequented  ;  7  ins  N.  from  Ca-  i 
cas.    Lon.  VV.  C.  9  58  E.,  lat.  10  48  N. 
Gualior,  celebrated  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  I 
session  of  the  Mabrattas. — See  Gwalior. 
Gua'aga,  river  of  Peru,  heads  with  the  Caxa-  J 
irca,  flows  a  little  E.  of  N.  between  Caxamarca! 
.J  Grand  Para,  and  falls  into  the  Tunguragua  j 
»3r  a  comparative  course  of  400  ms.  from  lat.  8  | 
to  4  50  S. 

Gualdo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona,  8  ms-  NW.  j 
.Nocera.    Lon.  12  43  E.,  lat.  43  6  N. 
Guam,  chief  of  the  Ladrone  islands,  in  the  N. 
cine  ocean,  100  miles  in  circumference.    It  de- 
ids  upon  the  Spaniards,  who  have  a  garrison 
l|e,  but  the  inhabitants  are  almost  all  natives  of  i 
I  country,  and  reputed  to  be  very  skilful  in 
I  lding  boats.    It  abounds  with  excellent  fruit,  j 
j<l  the  air  is  wholesome  ;  notwithstanding  which  j 
'  natives  are  subject  to  a  kind  of  leprosy.  Lon. 
5  15  E.,  lat.  13  5  N. 

Guamanga,  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province 
<  the  same  name.  It  is  remarkable  for  mines  of 
;d,  silver,  loadstone,  and  quicksilver.     It  is  200 

lesSE.  from  Lima.    Lon.  W.  C.  2  45  E.,  lat. 

20  8.  , 

Guanhani,  or  Cat  Island,  one  of  the  Bahama 
inds,  the  first  land  of  America  discovered  by 
lurubus  in  1492,  and  named  by  him  St.  Salva- 
s.  Lon.  W.  C.  1  30  E.,  lat.  24  20  N. 
Guanapu,  small  river  of  the  province  of  Grand 
ra,  falls  into  the  estuary  of  the  Amazon  from 
3  south. 

Guanare,  town  of  Colombia,  in  Venezuela,  near 
J  borders  of  Varinas,  on  Guanare  river.  Lon.  W. 
7  50  E.,  lat.  8  25  N.  It  is  200  ms.  SW.  from 
raccas  and  60  NE.  from  Truxillo. 
Guanaxuato,  State  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico, 
mded  by  Jalisco  W.,  by  Xacatecas  and  San 
uis  Potosi  N.,  by  Queretaro  E.,  and  by  Mecho- 
m  S.  ;  length  and  breadth  nearly  equal,  each 
>ut  80  miles ;  6,255  sq.  miles  of  area.  Pop.  in 
*5,  813,150,  lying  between  20  30  and  21  10  N. 
This  tine  though  small  and  elevated  State  is  en- 
'  'ly  on  the  table  land  of  Anahuac,  and  is  the  most 
pulous  region  of  Spanish  America.  The  moun- 
'tn  of  Llanitos,  in  Guanaxuato,  rises  to  9,235  feet 
wm  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  the  whole  State  lies 
<i>ve,  it  is  probable,  5,000  feet. 
The  mine  of  Valenciana,  near  the  city  of  Guan- 
:Jato,  is  the  most  productive  ever  yet  discovered, 
I  needing  those  near  Potosi.    The  products  of  the 


State  are,  however,  considerable  in  objects  of  agri- 
cultural and  manufacturing  industry.  Guanaxuato 
contains  five  cities — Guanaxuato,  Salamanca,  Ce- 
laya  or  Silao,  Leon,  and  San  Miguel  el  Grand. 

Guanaxuato,  capital  of  the  preceding  State, 
stands  170  miles  NW.  from  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Lon.  W.  C.  23  50  W.,  lat.  21°  N.  This  city 
was  begun  by  the  Spaniards  in  1554;  it  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  Villa  in  1719,  and  to  that  of  Ciudad 
in  1641.  Population  of  the  city  and  adjoining 
mines  90,000.  The  principal  mines  are  Marsil, 
Santa  Anna,  Santa  Rosa,  Valenciana,  Rayas,  and 
Mellado.  The  ground  on  which  Guanaxuato  is 
built,  is  above  the  level  of  the  sea  6,836  feet, 
Valenciana,  at  the  mouth  of  the  new  pit,  7,586 
feet ;  and  Ray  as.  at  the  mouth  of  the  main  gallery, 
7,075  feet. 

Guancavelica,  city  of  Peru,  remarkable  for  its 
abundant  mines  of  quicksilver,  140  ms.  SE.  from 
Lima.    Lon.  W.  C.  2  51  E.,  lat.  12  56  N. 

Guanchaco,  town  of  Peru,  on  the  Pacific  ocean . 
It  is  the  port  of  Truxillo.  Lon.  W.  C.  1  58  W  , 
lat.  8  5  S. 

Guanta,  province  of  Peru,  on  the  branches  of 
the  Apurimac,  lying  N.  from  Guamanga.  Ctl. 
lat.  13°  S. 

Guardafui,  cape  of  the  extreme  eastern  angle 
of  Africa.  Lat.  11  46  N  ,  lon.  51  15  E.,  500  ms. 
E,  from  the  straits  of  Babel-Mandeb. 

Guardarville,  seigniory,  Hampshire  co.  L.  C, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  St  Lawrence,  5  ms.  above 
Quebec. 

Guardia,  or  Guarda,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  138  ms.-  E.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  6  37  W., 
lat.  40  22  N. 

Guardia- Alferez,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Mo- 
lise,  7  ms.  NW.  of  Larino.  Lon.  14  56  E.,  lat. 
41  39  N. 

Guarico,  cape  of  Cuba,  on  the  NE.  coast. 
Lon.  W.  C.  2  38  E.,  lat.  20  30  N. 

Guarochiri,  town  of  Peru.  Lon.  W.  C.  42' 
E.,  lat.  11  55  S.  It  stands  60  ms.  NE.  from 
Lima.  , 

'Guasco,  or  Huasco,  town  and  seaport  of  Chili. 
Lon.  W.  C.  52'  E.,  lat.  28  29  S. 

Guarma,  seaport  of  Peru,  120  ms.  NW.  from 
Lima.    Lon.  77  49  W.,  lat.  10  10  S. 

Guastalla,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan,  near 
the  river  Po,  15  ms.  N.  of  Reggio.  Lon.  10  38 
E.,  lat  44  56  N. 

Guasto,  or  Vasio,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  15  ms.  SE.  of 
Lanciano.    Lon.  15  6  E.,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Guatemala,  New,  capital  of  Central  America, 
and  province  of  Guatemala,  with  a  university.  It 
is  situated  25  ms.  S.  from  the  site  of  the  former 
town  of  that  name,  which  was  destroyed  June  7, 
1773,  by  a  dreadful  earthquake,  attended  by  an 
eruption  from  the  neighboring  volcano.  New  Gua 
temala  is  650  ms.  SE.  from  Mexico.  Lon.  W.  C. 
14  10  W.,  lat.  14  28  N.  It  is,  according  to  Mr. 
Stephens,  situated  on  a  tableland  5,000  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  climate  is  that  of  perpetual  spring  ; 
"and  the  general  aspect,"  says  that  traveller, 
"  reminded  me  of  the  best  class  of  the  Italian  cities. 

Guatemala,  now  Central  America,  bounded  by 
the  Pacific  ocean  SW.,  Mexico  NW.,  Yucatan, 
bay  of  Honduras,  and  Caribbean  sea  NE.,  and  by 
Veragua,  in  Colombia,  SE. ;  length  from  NW.  to 

379  . 


GUE 


SE.  1,000  ms.  The  settled  partsare  chiefly  along 
the  Pacific  ocean,  and  average  about  100  ms.  in 
width.  The  whole  of  Central  America  is  subdi- 
vided into  the  provinces  of  Chiapa,  Vera  Paz, 
Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica. 
The  country  is  excessively  mountainous,  and  vol- 
canoes are  numerous,  of  which  about  20  are  ac- 
tive. The  soil  is  in  general  exuberantly  fertile. 
Staples,  grain,  wax,  honey,  cochineal,  cotton,  wool, 
and  particularly  the  finest  indigo  made  in  America. 
Pop.  about  2,000,000.  N  W.  province  of  Cen- 
tral America,  lies  along  the  Pacific  ocean,  extend- 
ing from  the  intendancy  of  Oaxaca,  in  Mexico,  to 
the  province  of  Nicaragua,  and  having  Chiapa  and 
Vera  Paz  NE.  It  is  about  400  ms.  long  and  50 
mean  width. 

Guaquil,  province  of  Colombia,  in  New  Grena- 
da, lying  along  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  the  Guaquil 
river,  and  N.  side  of  the  gulf  of  the  same  name. 
Pop.  about  90,000.  Staples,  cacao,  cotton,  to- 
bacco, salt,  wax,  rice,  and  honey  Bay  or  gulf, 

extending  from  Cape  St,  Helena  to  Ponta  de  Picos, 
upwards  of  100  ms.,  and  extending  inland  in  form 
of  a  triangle,  receiving  at  its  head  Guaquil  river. 
The  gulf  is  chequered  by  numerous  islands,  one 

of  which,  Puna,  is  of  considerable  size.  City 

of  Colombia,  and  capital  of  the  province  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Guaquil  river. 
It  possesses  an  excellent  port.  Ship  timber  abounds 
in  the  vicinity,  from  which  many  vessels  have  been 
built.  It  is  150  ms.  SSW.  from  Quito.  Lon.  W. 
C.  2  50  W.,  lat.  2  11  S. 

Guaquil  River,  rises  in  the  province  of  Quito, 
flows  S.  150  ms.,  and  falls  into  the  Guaquil  bay 
below  the  city  of  the  same  name.  It  is  an  uncom- 
monly large  stream  for  its  length. 

Guard,  town  and  seaport  of  Peru,  province  of 
Chancay.    Lon.  W.  C.  1°  W.,  lat.  11  6  S. 

Guasacualco,  river  of  Mexico,  is  a  short  but  im- 
portant stream,  falling  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico  at 
Us  extreme  southern  extension.  It  rises  in  Oax- 
aca, interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Chimalapa. 
This  is  one  of  the  channels  of  communication 
mentioned  by  Humboldt  as  suitable  to  unite  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  From  the  mouths  of 
these  two  rivers  is  a  distance  of  about  120  ms. 

Guaviari,  river  of  Colombia,  in  Cundinamarca, 
rises  in  the  Andes,  and  flowing  SE.  by  E  500 
ms.,  falls  into  the  Orinoco.  Lon.  W.  C.  9°  E., 
lat.  4°  N. 

Guaxaca. — See  Oaxaca. 

Guayaquil. — See  Guaquil- 

Guben,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Lusatia, 
seated  on  the  Neisse,  62  ms.  NE.  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  14  39  E.,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Gubio,  or  Eugubia,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Urbino,  with  a  bishop's  see,  82  ms.  N.  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  38  E.,  lat  43  16  N. 

Guei.is,  a  powerful  German  house,  which  pos- 
sessed large  domains  in  Bavaria  and  adjacent  prov- 
inces, and  whose  princes  were  known  by  the  name 
or  title  Guelfs,  or  Welf,  hence  Guelfs,  who  rose 
in  opposition  to  Conrad,  the  Salique,  and  became 
the  Papal  faction  against  the  German  empe- 
rors, and  against  the  Gibelins.— See  Gib/ins. 
The  name  or  title  Guelf,  from  the  best  evi- 
dence, came  from  Guelfo  I,  brother  of  Henry  II., 
duke  of  Bavaria,  who,  being  despoiled  of  part  of 
his  territories  bv  the  emperor  Conrad,  commenced 
380 


the  faction  of  the  Guelfs,  who  espoused  the  Pap 
cause  against  the  emperors.  Sismondi,  from  a 
original  German  chronicle,  states  that  these  nam 
commenced  to  be  given  as  the  cries  of  war  aft 
the  battle  of  Winsberg,  between  Conrad  III  an 
Guelfo,  December  21st,  1140. 

Guelderland,  province  of  the  kingdom  of  He 
land,  on  both  banks  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  boundi 
by  Germany  SE  ,  duchy  of  Cleves  and  Brabai 
S.,  Utrecht  W.,  Zuyder  Zee  NW.,  and  Overys< 
NE.  The  Rhine  in  this  province  branches  in 
two  streams,  or  rather  three,  if  we  include  tl 
Waal ;  it  is  therefore  subject  to  violent  inund 
tions,  which  frequently  carry  ruin  and  desolati* 
before  them.  The  52°  of  N.  lat.  intersects  it  neat 
in  the  middle.  Chief  towns,  Nimeguen,  Doesbur 
and  Zutphen.  The  king  of  Prussia  holds  a  pt 
of  eastern  Guelderland. 

Gueldres,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  ftelhc 
lands,  in  the  territory  of  the  same  name.    It  is 
ms.  NE.  of  Velno.    Lon.  6°  E.,  lat.  51  '26  N. 

Guerande,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Low 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne.  It  carri 
on  a  considerable  trade  in  white  salt,  and  is  3  rr 
from  the  Atlantic,  and  250  W.  of  Paris.  Lon 
20  W.,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Gueret,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Creuse,  a: 
late  province  of  Marche,  seated  on  the  Gartamf 
35  ms.  NE.  of  Limoges,  and  170  S.  of  Par 
Lon.  1  56  E.,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Guernsey,  island  on  the  coast  of  Noitnand 
subject  to  Great  Britain,  but  governed  by  its  ov 
laws.  It  is  naturally  strong,  being  surrounded 
high  rocks,  and  of  a  round  form,  30  ms.  in  c 
cumference.  The  natives  speak  French,  it  havi. 
been  a  part  of  Normandy.  Lon.  2  37  Wn  h 
49  32  N. — —Co.,  Ohio,  bounded  on  the  N. 
Tuscarawas,  E.  by  Belmont,  S.  by  Monroe  a: 
Morgan,  and  W.  by  Muskingum,  and  NW.  by  l> 
shocton  cos.  It  is  neatly  26  ms.  sq.,  and  co 
tains  676  sq.  ms.  The  land  is  generally  hill 
and  of  a  moderately  good  quality ;  although  thi 
are  several  tracts  of  excellent  land  along  Wei 
creek,  which  stream  and  its  branches  compose  t 
principal  waters.  The  northward  passes  throu 
the  co.,  from  E.  to  W.,  dividing  it  into  two  r. 
verv  unequal  sections.  Chief  town,  Cambridt 
Pop.  in  1820,  9,292;  in  1830.  18,036;  in  184 
27,748.  Ctl.  lat.  40  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  30  W 
Gueta,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  ^0  n 
E.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  56  W.,  lat.  40  22  .V. 
Guevetlam,  city  of  Guatemala. — See  Soconus< 
Guiana,  large  country  of  S.  America,  is  bour 
ed  on  the  E.  and  N.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  ;  on 
other  sides  its  limits  are  rather  indefinite.  T 
term  is  indeed  used  vulgarly  for  the  country  I 
tween  Venezuela  and  Brazil.  The  British,  JJutc 
French,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  nations, 
have  settlements  in  Guiana.  British  Guia 
reaches  from  the  Essequibo  to  the  Corantyn  rivf 
Dutch  Guiana,  from  the  Corantyn  to  the  Maroi 
French  Guiana,  from  the  Maroui  to  the  Aruai 
Portuguese  Guiana,  from  the  Aruary  to  the  Arr 
zon;  Spanish  Guiana  is  now  included  in  Vei 
zuela.  The  settlements  of  the  civilized  natic 
are  confined  to  the  coast,  or  to  the  banks  ot  sm 
of  the  larger  rivers,  at  a  very  limited  distance  i 
land.  Dutch  Guiana  is  more  particularly  kno\ 
by  the  name  of  Surinam,  and  that  appertaining 


GUI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


GUJ 


l  nee  as  Cayenne.  The  principal  British  settle- 
n  its  are  Essequibo  and  Demerara.  The  popu- 
|;on  of  the  European  colonies  amounts  to  about 
2>,000;  of  which  those  of  Spain  have  30,000; 
Itish  100,000,  Dutch  80,000,  French  20,000. 
1e  body  of  the  inhabitants  are  negro  slaves;  the 
vites,  in  all  the  settlements,  not  being  computed 
8  ve  20,000.  The  seacoast  of  Guiana  is  one 
v  t  plain  of  unequalled  fertility.  Staples — sugar, 
e'ee,  and  cotton. 

ruienne,  ancient  province  of  Fr.,  now  parcelled 
.  into  the  deps.  of  Girondes,  Lot  and  Garonne, 
Irdogne,  Lot,  and  Aveyron. 

ruiaquily  commercial  city  of  Peru,  capital  of 
jurisdiction  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  partly 
,  the  side  and  partly  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  which 
icends  gently  towards  the  river  Guiaquil,  on 
lieh  the  town  stands.  It  is  large  and  populous, 
.lis  HO  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Paita.    Lon.  81  11 

,  lat.  2  11  S,— See  Guaquil. 

juira,  seaport  of  Terra  Firma,  on  the  coast  of 
(raeca.    Lon.  66  5  W.,  lat.  10  35  N. 

juilderland,  town,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.,WNW. 
fn  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,270. 

luildhall,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Essex 
pt  Vt.,  on  Connecticut  river  opposite  Lancaster. 
k>.  in  18*0,  600. 


Guillestrce,  town  and  castle  in  the  Alps,  once 
belonging  to  Dauphiny,  in  France,  9  ms.  NE. 
from  Embrum.    Lon.  6  36  E.,  lat.  44  41  N. 

Guimaraens,  considerable  town  of  Portugal, 
in  "the  province  of  Entra-Douero-Minho.  The 
public  buildings  are  magnificent.  It  is  165  ms. 
NE.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  8  21  W.,  lat.  41  35  N. 

Guinea,  large  region  of  Africa. — See  Africa, 
p.  23,  &c. 

Guinea,  New,  or  Papua,  island  of  the  S.  Pa- 
cific ocean,  to  the  N.  of  New  Holland,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Torres  strait.  It  is  next  in 
size  to  New  Holland.  It  has  a  length  more  than 
1,200  ms.,  by  a  medial  breadth  of  perhaps  300, 
but  the  coasts  of  the  eastern  part  are  far  from  being 
completely  investigated.  The  northern  part  is 
said  to  have  been  discovered  by  the  Spaniards, 
in  1528,  who  had  sailed  from  Mexico,  to  explore 
the  Spice  Islands.  The  coasts  are  generally  lofty, 
and  in  the  interior  mountain  rises  above  moun 
tain;  but  the  whole  appears  covered  with  luxuri- 
ance of  wood  and  herbage.  The  cocoa,  sago, 
bread-fruit,  and  plantain-tiee,  beside  most  of  the 
trees,  shrubs,  and  plants  common  to  the  islands 
in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  are  found  here  in  great 
perfection.  This  island  is  the  chosen  residence  of 
the  singular  birds  of  Paradise,  which  breed  here 


juilford,  borough  of  Eng,,  and  capital  of  Sur-  during  the  wet  monsoon,  and  in  the  dry  migrate 
r  on  the  Wey.    The  Wey  is  navigable  to  the!  in  flocks  westward,  to  the  smaller  islands,  particul 

arly  Arroo.  The  inhabitants  make  much  the 
same  appearance  as  the  New  Hollanders.  New- 
Guinea  lies  between  the  equator  and  9  45  S.  lat., 
and  in  lon.  between  130  30  and  148  E.  from  Lon- 
don. This  is  one  of  the  great  habitable  surfaces 
of  the  earth,  of  which  civilized  man   does  not 


lames,  and  much  timber  and  corn  are  carried 
un  it.  It  is  a  well  built-town,  23  ms.  WSW. 
rCroydon,  and  30  SW.  of  London.    Lon.  0 

SjW.,  lat.  51  15  N.  Town,  Penobscot  co., 

S,    145    ms.    NE.    from   Portland.  Tp., 

Snerset  co.,  Me.,  40  ms.  NE.  from  Norridge- 

tck.      Pop    in    1820,    uncertain.  Town, 

£  afford  co.,  N.  H  ,  on  Winnipiseogee  river,  28 

lit  N.  from  Concord.  Town,  Windham  co., 

I,  50  ms.  S.  from  Windsor.    Pop.  2,000.  

vvn,  New  Haven  co.,  Conn.,  18  ms.  E.  by  S. 
fNew  Haven,  on  Long  Island  sound.  Pop. 

]  1820,    4,131.  Village  between  Unadilla 

i I  Chenango  rivers,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms. 

J E. from  Norwich.  Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Penn., 

i  luding  the  borough  of  Chambersburg.  Pop. 

;10,  2,421  Co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Ran 

<  ph  S.,  Rowan  and  Stokes  W.,  Rockingham  N., 
*  I  Orange  E.  Length  26  ms;  width  25  ;  area  650 

ms.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  productive.  Chief 
'?n,  Martinsville.  Pop.  in  1820,  14,511.  Cen- 

1  lat.  3G  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  50  W.  Court 

I  ise  and  post  office,  Guilford  co.,  N.  C.  48  ms. 
jV.  from  Hillsborough,  the  scene  of  a  hard 
t  ght  battle  between  the  Americans  under  Gene- 
I  Greene,  and  the  British  under  Lord  Cornwallis, 

-ich  15,   1781.  Tp.,  in  the  southern  part 

<AIedina  co.,  O. — Sec  Seville. 

'juilford  Village,  village,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H., 
hns.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Concord. 

iuillaia,  St.,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne- 
l  "lands,  in  Hainault,  seated  in  marshy  land, 
c  the  river  Hai?ne,  6  ms.  W.  of  Mons.  Lon. 
fj3  E.,  lat.  50  27  N. 

fiuillandiere,  fief,  Surry  co.,  L.  C,  on  the  right 
i>  k  of  St.  Lawrence,  16  ms.  below  Montreal. 
Muillhaume,  Bonhomme  seigniory,  Hampshire 
M  L.  C.,  on  Jaques  Cartier  river,  and  in  the 
•j"  of  Demaurc,  or  St.  Augustin,  12  ms.  NW. 
f'n  Quebec. 


even  know  but  partially  the  outline; 

Guincamp,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
North  Coast,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  seated 
on  the  Trieu,  13  ms.  S.  of  Treguier.  Lon.  3  8 
W.,  lat.  48  36  N. 

Guipuscoa,  NE.  division  of  the  province  of 
Biscay,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  bay  of  that 
name,  on  the  E.  by  Navarre,  on  the  W.  by  Bis- 
cay proper,  and  on  the  S.  by  Alava.  Tolosa  is 
the  capital. 

Guise,  small  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of 
Aisne,  lately  in  the  province  of  Picardy,  25  ins, 
E.  of  St.  Quintin,  and  95  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
3  42  E.,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Guito,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan,  seated 
on  the  river  Mincio,  between  the  lake  of  Mantua 
and  that  of  Garda,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Mantua 
Lon.  10  40  E.,  lat.  45  16  N. 

Gujerat,  often  written  Guzerat,  though  im- 
properly, as  the  pronunciation  ought  to  be  Goodge- 
rat,  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  having  the  gulf  of 
Cutch  to  the  N.;  the  eastern  part  of  the  province 
of  Gujerat  to  the  NE. ;  the  gulf  of  Camberry  SE. 
and  S.;  and  the  Indian  ocean  on  all  other  sides. 
The  peninsula  of  Gujerat  approaches  towards  a 
square  of  about  150  ms.  each  side,  or  22,500  sq, 
ms.  in  area.  It  is  also  remarkable  that  the  brief 
rivers  of  this  peninsula  flow  as  from  a  common 
centre.     For  other  particulars,  see  next  article. 

Gujerat,  extensive  province  or  district  of  Hin- 
doostan, including  the  peninsula  of  the  same  name, 
and  a  part  of  the  adjacent  country,  but  like  most 
other  sections  of  Hindoostan,  has  vague  interior 
limits.    It  may  be  considered  as  generally  extend  » 

381 


GUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAB 


ing  from  N.  lat.  21°  to  24°,  and  as  bounded  N. 
by  Adjemere;  E.  by  Malwah  and  Kandeish ;  SE. 
by  Arungabad,  and  on  the  W.  by  parts  of  Sinde, 
Cutch,  and  the  Indian  ocean.  Peninsular  Gujerat 
is  indented  with  small  bays,  receiving  rivers  of»no 
great  length,  but  the  other  parts  of  the  province  are 
watered  by  some  fine  streams,  as  the  Topty,  Ner- 
l>uddah,  Mahy,  Mehindry,  and  Sabermatty.  The 
soil  and  inhabitants  of  Gujerat  are  alike  various. 
The  soil  in  parts  exuberantly  fertile,  in  others,  ab- 
solutely desert,  with  all  the  intermediate  qualities. 
Among  the  castes  of  people,  may  be  named  Par- 
sees,  Bhatts,  Charons,  Borahs,  Brahmins,  Ban- 
yans, &c. 

Gulf  Mills,  post  office,  Montgomery  co  ,  Penn. 

Gulf  Stream. — See  Earth. 

Gull  Islands,  two  small  islands  at  the  eastern 
extremity  of  Long  Island  Sound,  and  between 
Plum  and  Fisher's  islands.  On  Little  Gull  island 
there  is  a  light-house. 

Gumbinnen,  government  of  E.  or  Polish  Prus  j 

sia,  E.  from  Koningsberg.    Pop.  350,000.  

Town  of  E.  Prussia,  and  capital  of  the  government 
of  Gumbinnen,  80  ms.  E.  from  Koningsberg. 

Gum  Springs,  village,  Orange  co.,  Va.,  on  the 
S.  side  of  Rapid  Ann  river,  40  ms.  above  Freder- 
icksburg. 

Gumurginia,  town  of  Romania,  on  the  road 
fiom  Salonica  to  Constantinople,  and  200  ms.  W. 
from  the  latter. 

Gundava. — See  Cutch  Gundava. 

Gunpowder,  river  of  Md.,  which  rises  in  York1  to  appear  almost  perpendicular  in  every  part, 
co.,  Pa.,  and,  running  in  a  SE.  direction  through  ;  where  it  was  not  naturally  so  it  has  been  seraj 
Baltimore  co.,  falls  into  Chesapeake  bay  opposite  |  away,  and  the  height,  from  the  plain  below  is  M 
Poole  island.  j  200  to  300  feet.    This  place  is  considered  as 

Guntoor,  one  of  the  northern  Circars,  in  the  Gibraltar  of  the  E.;  but  in  1780  Major  Poph 


Guita,  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on  the  E.  side 
the  Danube,  opposite  the  island  of  Schut,  29  i 
E.  by  S.  of  Presburg.  Lon.  17  47  E.,  lat.  48 
North.  , 

Gutskow,  town  of  Pomerania,  capital  of  a 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  Peene,  14  ms.  W. 
Wolgast.    Lon.  13  39  E.,  lat.  54°  N. 

Guyandot,  Big,  river  of  Va.,  rises  in  Giles  i 
Tazewell  cos.,  and,  flowing  NW.  between 
branches  of  Big  Sandy  and  Great  Kanawha,  ent 
Cabell  co  ,  turns  N.,  and  falls  into  Ohio  river, 
tep  an  entire  comparative  course  of  100  ms. 

Guyandot,  Little,  creek  of  Va.,  between  1 
Guyandot  and  Great  Kenawha,  forms  part  of 
boundary  between  Cabell  and  Mason  cos. 

Guyandot,  creek,  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio,  ent 
Ohio  river  nearly  opposite  to  Big  Guyandot.— 
Post  office  on  the  Ohio  river,  Cabell  co.,  Va., 
post  road  375  ms.  W.  from  Richmond,  and  4 
SW..by  W.  from  W.  C 

Guyandot  Falls,  post  o!Tice,  Cabell  co  ,  V 
by  post  road  382  ms.  W.  from  Richmond 

Guzlehizar,  ancient  Magnesia,  town  of  Asit 
Turkey,  on  the  Sarabat,  ancient  Hermus  tiv 
about  70  ms.  NE.  from  Smyrna.  Lon.  27  50 
lat.  37  45  N. — See  Gujerat. 

Gwalior,  ancient  fortress  of  Hindoostan  prop 
in  the  province  of  Gohud,  and  on  a  branch  of  I 
Jumna.  It  stands  on  a  vast  rock,  about  4  ms. 
length,  but  narrow,  and  of  unequal  breadth,  a 
nearly  flat  on  the  lop.    The  sides  are  so  steep 


peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  alto  called  Mor- 
tinazagur  and  Condavir,  and  occupies  the  space 


took  it,  by  an  unexpected  nocturnal  escalade, 
is  80  ms.  S.  of  Agra.    Lon.  78  30  E.,  lat.  21 


between  Condapilly,  the  southrnost  of  the  four  North. 

English  Circars,  and  the  N.  part  of  the  Carnatic,  1  Gwinnet,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  SW.  by  I 
extending  along  the  seacoast  of  the  bay  of  Bengal '  country  of  the  Lower  Creeks,  W.  by  the  Chat; 
more  than  30  ms.  The  maritime  parts  of  this  hoochee  river,  N.  by  the  Chattoochee  river,  N, 
circar  are  flat  and  open,  but  the  interior  parts  con-  by  Hall  and  Walton  cos.,  and  SE.  by  New! 
tain  some  very  strong  fortresses  and  posts.  It  was  and  Henry.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  '>■ 
subject  to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan,  but  has  been  area  980  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Lawrencevi! 
ceded  to  the  English.  i  Pop.  1820,  4,589,  and  in  1840,  10,804.  Cent 

Gunlzbers.,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  margravate  lat.  33  45,  lon.  W.  C.  7  45  W. 


Gynedd,  tp.,   Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  on 
Lon.  10  25  E.,  lat  48  35  heads  of  the   Towamensing   and  Wis&ahi< 
creeks,  18  ms.  NNW.  from  Philadelphia.  1 
1850,  1,589. 


H. 


or  Burgaw,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Danube 
16  m-.  NE.  of  Ulm 
North. 

Guntzenhausen,  town  of  Franconia,  5  m&  from 
Weistsemberg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Altmul,  near  a 
forest,  and  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 

Gurk,  town  of  Carinthia,  on  the  river  Gurk,  55 
ms.  E.  of  Saltzburg.    Lon.  14  18  E.,  lat.  47  12' 
North. 

Guriev,or  Gurief,  town  and  province  of  Russia, 
on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Caspian  sea,  and  on  \ 
one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ural  or  Jaik  river.  N.  lat.  j 
47°,  lon.  E.  of  London  51  10,  and  200  ms.  a  lit- 
tle N.  of  E.  from  Astrachan. 

Gustavus,  tp.,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  The  post  j  width  20,  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  Surface  genen 
office  is  of  the  same  name,  and  20  ms.  NNE.  of  j  hilly,  and  part  mountainous.  Pop.  1820,  3,1 
Warren,  theco.  seat. 

Gustrow,  city  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenberg  Schwerin,  and  capital  of  the  circle  of 
VVenden.  The  chief  courts  of  judicature  for  the 
duchy  are  held  here.  It  is  35  ms.  NE.  of  Schwe- 
rin. Lon.  12  13  E.,  lat.  53  57  N. 
3S2 


Haag,  or  Hag,  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  or 
hill,  on  the  river  Inn,  30  ms.  E.  of  Munich.  L 
12  15  E.,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Habersham,  NE.  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by 
C.  N.,  S.  C.  NE.,  Franklin  and  .lacks  '.n  Si 
Hall  S.,  and  Rabun  W. ;  length  60  ms.,  m< 


and  in  1840,  7,961.  Lat.  34  40  N.  and  I' 
W.  C.  7°  W.  intersect  in  this  co. 

Habesh.  "Travellers,  both  ancient  and  mode 
agree  in  comprehending  all  the  African  coa; 
from  Egypt  to  the  straits  of  Babel  Mandeb,  on 
the  general  name  of   Tmglcdytica,  called  a1 


PI  AD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAE 


A  x,  Habesh,  or  New  Arabia.  There  is  noth- 
,n  to  prevent  us  from  adopting  that  interesting  di- 
vi>n.  We  have  found  that  neither  Nubia  nor 
\  ssinia  have  any  fixed  limits ;  and  an  Arabian 
^[rapher  of  great  weight,  Abulfeda,  makes  a 
tbial  distinction  between  the  Nile  valley,  or  Nu- 
bi  and  the  maritime  parts."  The  nature  of  the 
gc  and  climate  of  Habesh  has  in  all  ages  kept  the 
in  bitants  in  a  state  of  savage  barbarism  and 
wxhedness.  The  hollows  of  the  rocks  were, 
ai  still  are,  their  ordinary  dwellings.  Trogla, 
H  the  Greek  term  for  such  dwellings,  was  de- 
ri  J  the  term  Troglodytes,  "dwellers  in  cav- 
il. "  Such  rude  modes  of  shelter  have  been 
foid  in  many  other  countries,  but  the  people 
al  g  the  western  side  of  the  Arabian  gulf  are  still, 
an  all  former  ages,  Troglodytes.  If  we  include 
ir  labesh  all  the  space  from  Egypt  to  the  straits 

0  label  Mandeb,  it  will  exceed  a  length  of  1,500 
rr;  depth  inland  uncertain. 

labolichetto,  village,  Hancock  co.,  Miss.,  about 

1  ns.  NE.  from  New  Orleans. 

lacha,  small  river   of  Colombia,  in  Santa 

V  tha.  Town  of  Colombia,  in  Santa  Martha, 

o,  he  Caribbean  sea,  at  the  mouth  of  Hacha  river. 
L.  W.  C.  4  8  E.,  lat.  11  31  N. 

lacketstown,  town,  Warren  co.,  N.  J.,  12  ms. 
Erom  the  river  Delaware,  and  22  W.  from  Mor- 
ri»wn. 

lackensach,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Bergen 
«iN.  J.,  and  is  distant  from  the  city  of  New 

Yk  about  15  ms.  NW.  Pop.  1840,  2,431.  

■br,  N.  J.,  which  rises  in  Rockland  co.,  N.  Y., 
ii  running  a  southern  course  through  Bergen 
c<  falls  into  Newark  bay,  near  mid  distance  from 
P  lus  Hook  to  Newark. 

hckney,  populous  village  of  Eng.,  to  the  NE. 

0  jondon,  the  first  that  was  accommodated  with 
ciiages  for  occasional  passengers;  from  hence 
tt  hackney  coaches  of  London  derive  their  name. 

ladamar,  town  of  Germany,  in  Weteravia, 
n-the  Elss,  22  ms.  NW.  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8° 
E  lat.  50  23  N. 

laddam,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Ct.,  on  the  W. 
s  of  Connecticut  river,  17  ms.  NE.  from  New 
r /en,  and  8  below  Middletown.  Pop.  1840, 
200. 

iaddington,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  a  co.  of 

1  same  name,  on  the  Tyne,  18  ms.  E.  of 
I  nburgh.    Lon.  3  39  W.,lat.  55  58  N. 

Haddingtonshire,  or  East  Lothian,  co.  of  Scot- 
1 1,  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  the  Frith  of 
I  th,  S.  by  Berwickshire,  and  W.  by  Edinburgh- 
«  e.  It  is  about  27  ms.  long  from  E.  to  W., 
a  about  17  from  N.  to  S.  Here  are  several  con- 
t  ient  harbors,  with  the  advantage  of  some  fishing 
t<  ns.  This  co.  may  be  reckoned  as  fruitful,  rich, 
a  pleasant  as  any  in  Scotland,  or  indeed  as  most 
uCngland.  The  chief  towns  are  Dunbar,  Had- 
d  rton,  and  N.  Berwick,  and  its  principal  river 
t!  Tyne,  which  receives  several  small  streams. 
§•  in  1801,  29,986;  in  1811,  31,184;  and  in 
I  I,  35,127. 

iaddonfield,  village,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  8 
n  SE.  from  Philadelphia,  and  6  E.  from  Glou- 
cler. 

iaddenville,  village,  Goochland  co.,  Va.,  35 
«  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 
Jadersleben,  maritime  town  of  Denmark,  in 


Sleswick,  25  ms.  E.  of  Ripen.  Lon.  9  50  E.,  lat. 
55  18  N. 

Hadge,  or  Hadgi,  from  the  Arabic:  a  pilgrim 
who  has  visited  the  tomb  of  Mahomet  at  Medina, 
or  more  particularly  the  temple  called  Caaba,  at 
Mecca.  Emir  Hadge  is  the  title  of  the  command- 
er of  a  caravan  of  pilgrims. 

Hadley,  corporate  town  of  England,  in  Suf- 
folk. Large  quantities  of  yarn  are  spun  here  for 
the  Norwich  manufacture ;  and  it  had  a  considera- 
ble woolen  manufacture,  which  is  now  decayed. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Bret,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Bury,  and 
64  NE.  of  London.    Lon.  1  6  E.,  lat.  52  10  N. 

 Village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  5  ms.  SW.  of 

Rochford  Town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  on 

the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite  North- 
ampton and  Hatfield.  The  town  is  situated  along 
the  river,  and,  besides  many  other  fine  buildings, 
contains  Hopkins's  academy,  a  respectable  literary 

institution.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820,  1,461.  

Tp.  and  village,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  17  ms.  N. 
from  Ballston  Spa. 

Hadramant,  southwestern  part  of  Arabia,  on  the 
Indian  ocean. 

Hadramaut,  a  large  maritime  country  of  south- 
ern Arabia,  bounded  by  the  Indian  ocean  S.,  Ma- 
rah  SE.,  Nedsged  N.,  and  Yemen  and  Mocha  W. 
Central  lat.  15°  N.,  E.  lon.  50°. 

Haerlem,  village  and  tp.,  SE.  angle  of  Dela- 
ware co.,  Ohio,  19  ms.  SE.  by  E.  of  Dejaware, 
the  county  seat,  and  20  NNE.  from  Columbus. 

Hxmus  Mountains,  that  vast  chain  which,  con  - 
tinuing  the  Illyrian  Alps,  extends  through  Euro- 
pean Turkey  to  the  Black  sea,  separating  the 
sources  of  the  streams  flowing  N.  into  the  Danube 
from  those  which  are  discharged  SW.  into  the 
Adriatic,  and  S.  into  the  Archipelago. 

Concerning  the  Haemus  chain,  Poqueville  ob- 
serves "that  Mount  Orbelus  (see  Orbelus)  seems 
to  be  the  kernel,  the  central  point  of  the  mount- 
ains of  Macedonia,  and  that  Scardus  or  Prissen- 
di,  Scornius  or  Desproto-Dag,  Hsemus  or  Balkan, 
are  but  ramifications  from  it.  The  giant,  how- 
ever, which  spreads  around  his  arms  to  so  great  an 
extent,  appears  himself  to  be  but  an  irradiation 
from  the  great  Alpine  chain.  It  is  from  these  ele- 
vated regions,  known  under  the  name  of  the  Nor- 
ican  Alps,  that  we  must  depart  to  follow  the  gen- 
eral system  of  the  mountains;  and  in  examining 
the  summits  through  this  great  extent  of  country, 
we  shall  trace  their  connexion  with  Orbelus. 

"  This  mountain  is  covered  with  perpetual 
snow.  Its  centre  is  granite ;  as  far  as  its  middle 
region,  it  is  covered  with  vegetative  soil.  From 
its  sides  flow  an  infinite  number  of  springs,  which 
are  the  principals  of  the  rivers  that  run  into  the 
Mediterranean.  Besides  the  leading  chains  I  have 
mentioned,  the  inferior  branches  of  Orbelus  enclose 
the  valleys  of  Thrace,  through  which  flows  the 
Hebrus  ;  they  form  the  defiles  of  Macedonia,  and 
surround  the  vast  basin  of  Thessaly.  Some  slope 
by  steep  descents  towards  the  sea ;  others  slope 
gradually  to  the  plains.  Olympus,  Ossa,  the 
mountains  of  Attica,  Parnassus,  and  Helicon,  are 
all  but  secondary  chains,  or  dependencies  upon 
Orbelus.  Pindus  and  the  other  mountains  of  Epi- 
rus  form  a  part  of  the  system  of  Orbelus.  Pindus 
will  be  found  to  communicate  with  the  mountains 
of  Dalmatia ;  its  branches  form   the  Sagovian 

383 


HAI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HAL 


mountains,  as  well  as  those  of  Tamaiis  and  the 
Acroceraunians,  while  the  Little  Pindus  gives  birth 
to  the  granitocalcareous  mountains  of  Souli.  The 
chain  that  coasts  the  Arothez  ascends  to  the  neigh- 
boring chain  above  the  Acheloiis.  The  arid  moun- 
tains of  yEtolia — those  that  border  the  Gulf  of 
Corinth,  or  tnat  bristle  Acainania — are  ramifica- 
tions of  Pindus." 

Haf,  or  estuary  of  the  Oder,  large  bay  of  Den- 
mark and  Prussia,  in  Pomerania.  It  is  closed  to- 
wards the  Baltic  by  the  islands  of  Usedom  and 
Wollin. 

Haf,  or  Frische  Haf,  estuary  of  the  Vistula  and 
Pregel  rivers.  It  is  nearly  enclosed  towards  the 
Baltic  by  a  long,  narrow,  and  sandy  point,  called 
Frische  Nehrung.  The  Frische  Haf  extends  from 
Elbing  to  Koningsburg,  70  ms.,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  10  ms.,  and  opens  into  the  Baltic  by  a 
narrow  strait,  between  PHlau  and  the  NE.  point 
of  the  Frische  Nehrung. 

Haf,  or  Curiche  Haf,  estuary  of  the  Memel,  in 
Polish,  or  E.  Prussia.  It  is  in  form  of  a  triangle, 
extending  from  Labiau  to  Memel,  70  ms.,  and 
formed  by  a  long,  narrow,  and  low  sandy  point 
extending  from  the  province  of  Samland  and  called 
the  Curiche  Nehrung.  The  opening  from  the 
Curiche  Haf  into  the  Baltic  is  at  Memel. 

Hagan's  Store,  post  office,  Preston  co.,  Va. , 
by  post  road  152  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  W. 
C,  and  202  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Hagerstown,  flourishing  inland  village  and  seat 
of  justice,  Washington  co.,  Md.,  in  the  fertile  and 
well  cultivated  valley  of  the  Conococheague,  near 
thft  Antietam  creek.  It  is  a  well  built  town,  con- 
taining about  600  houses,  constructed  of  brick  and 
stone.  Pop.  in  1840,  3,728.  Distant  70  ms. 
NW.  from  Washington  city,  and  71  WNW.  from 

Baltimore.  Village,  Monroe  tp.,  northern  part 

of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  10  ms.  N.  of  Eaton,  the 
county  seat,  and  50  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

Hague,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Holland,  which  may  compare  with  the 
handsomest  cities  in  Europe  in  the  beauty  of  its 
palaces,  its  streets,  its  agreeable  walks,  and  its 
great  trade.  It  is  seated  2  ms.,  from  the  sea,  and 
there  is  a  pavement  across  the  sand  hills,  with 
trees  on  each  side,  which  leads  to  Scheveling,  near 
the  sea  shore.  It  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  Rotterdam, 
and  30  SW.  of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  4  23  E.,  lat. 

52  4  N.  Town,  Warren  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 

W.  side  of  Lake  George.  Pop.  in  1S20,  514.  

Tp.,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  St.  Lawrence 
river.  Pop.  in  1820,  827.  Village,  West- 
moreland co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  80  ms.  SE.  from 
W.  C. 

Haguenau,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  on  the 
Motter,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts,  12  ms.  N. 
of  Strasburg,  and  252  E.  pf  Paris.  Lon.  7  53  E., 
lat.  48  47  N. 

Hailbron,  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Wirtemberg,  on  the  Neckar,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  25  ms.  NE.  from  Stut- 
gard.    Lon.  9  25  E.,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Haimburg,  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Da- 
nube, 10  ms.  W.  of  Presburg,  and  25  E.  of  Vi- 
enna.   Lon  16  58  E.,  lat  48  12  N. 

Hain,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  It 
384 


has  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and  is  seated 
Rhedar,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Dresden. 

Hainan,  considerable  island  of  the  Chinese 
to  the  N.  of  the  gulf  of  Cochin  China,  and 
S.  of  the  province  of  Quang-tong,  from  w| 
is  12  ms.  distant.   It  is  400  ms.  in  circumferei 
The  soil  of  the  N.  part  is  level;  but  in  the 
E.  are  mountains,  among  which  are  valley 
produce  two  crops  of  rice  every  year.  Th 
mines  of  gold  and  lapis  lazuli,  which  last 
ried  to  Canton  to  paint  the  porcelain.   It  pr 
the  same  fruits  as  China,  besides  sugar,  to 
cotton,  and  indigo. 

Hainault,  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
gium,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Brabant,  o 
NW.  by  Flanders,  on  the  W.  by  Artois, 
S.  by  Gambresis,  Picardy  and  Champagn 
on  the  E.  by  the  territories  of  Liege  and  iN 

Hamburg,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  Dam 
35  ms.  E.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  18  E.,  lat.  48  14 

Haiti,  or  Hayti. — See  Domingo,  St. 

Hallam,  tp.,  York  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  S  sid  f 
the  river  Susquehannah,  and  on  the  SE.  sid  t 
Codorus  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,062. 

Holland,  province  of  Sweden,  on  the  W.  c  | 
of  Gothland.    It  is  60  ms.  along  the  coast, 
not  12  in  breadth.    Halmstadt  is  the  capital. 

Hallaion,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Leicestershire, 
ms.  SE.  of  Leicester,  and  90  ms.  N.  by  E.  f 
London.    Lon.  59'  E.,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Halle,  town  of  Hainault.  -  It  is  seated  on  | 
Senne,  8  ms.  SSW.  of  Brussels.    Lon.  4  20 

lat.  50  46  N.  Considerable  city  of  Upper  S 

ony,  in  the  duchy  of  Magdeburg,  seated  on  • 
Sal,  40  ms.  E.  of  Magdeburg.  It  is  famous  i 
its  university  and  salt  works.    Lon.  12  8  E., 

51  36  N.  Free  imperial  city  of  Suabia,  lam  i 

for  its  salt  pits.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kocl 
among  rocks  and  mountains,  37  ms.  NE.  of  S 

gard.    Lon.  9  52  E.,  lat.  49  20  N.  Towi ' 

Germany,  in  Tyrol,  6  ms.  NE.  of  Inspruck.  L, 
11  33  E.,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Hallein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  archbisho;: 
of  Saltzburg,  seated  on  the  Saltza,  among  mo 
tains  that  abound  in  mines  of  salt,  which  are 
chief  riches  of  the  town  and  country.    It  is  7 
SE.  of  Saltzburg.    Lon.  13  12  E.,  lat.  47  33 

Hallowell,  tp.  of  Prince  Edward  co.,  U.  C.,. 

Lake  Ontario.  Village,  Kennebec  co.  ,Me., 

the  W.  side  of  the  river  Kennebec,  about  25 
above  the  junction  of  this  river  with  the  Am- 
scoggin,  and  at  the  head  of  tide  water.  Ii; 
now  the  seat  of  government  for  the  State,  an 
very  prosperous  town  ;  and  in  1840  had  a  pop  t 
4,654.  Kennebec  river  is  navigable  thus  far 
vessels  of  150  tons  burden.  It  contains,  be;; 
the  necessary  public  buildings,  a  respectable  a(  • 
emy.  Lon.  W.  C.  7  5  E.,  lat.  44  16  N.  1- 
tant  44  ms.  NE.  from  Portland. 

Hallowell  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Kenne: 
co.,  Me.,  near  the  village  of  Hallowell,  and  ' 
ms.  NE.from  Portland. 

Hall's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Harford  c 
Md.,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Baltimore. 

Hallsville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  I 

ms.  NW.  from  Albany.  Village,  Duplin 

N.  C,  about  100  ms.  SE.  from  Raleigh.  f 

lage,  Colerain  tp.,  NE.  part  of  Ross  co.,  01, 
about  13  ms.  northeastward  of  Chillicothe. 


HAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAL 


Halmsladt,  strong  seaport  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
J  Hand  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  North  sea,  80 
r.  SSE.  of  Gotheborg.  Lon.  12  48  E.,  lat.  56 
I  N. 

Hahlead,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on  the  de- 

ity  of  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which*  runs  the 
(In,  16  ms.  N.  of  Chelmsford,  and  47  NE.  of 
Indon.    Lon.  45'  E.,  lat.  51  59  N. 

ialteren,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
frnster,  seated  on  the  Lippe,  25  ms.  SW.  of 
J  nster.    Lon.  7  27  E.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

ialton,  town  of  England,  in  Cheshire,  near  the 
Irsey,  13  miles  NE.  of  Chester  and  184  NNW. 
London.    Lon.  2  47  W.,  lat.  53  23  N. 

ialva,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  seated  on 
t  Cebu,  8  miles  S.  of  Fez.  Lon.  5  5  W.,  lat. 
.132  N. 

lam,  strong  town  ot  Westphalia,  capital  of  the 

of  Marck,  seated  on  the  Lippe,  24  miles  S.  of 

^  nster.    Lon.  7  50  E.,  lat.  51  36  N.  Town 

©•V,  in  the  dep.  of  Somme,  and  late  province  of 
f  irdy,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
€ime,  48  miles  N.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  6  E  ,  lat. 

415  N.  Village  of  England,  in  Surry,  1  mile 

fn  Kingston.   Near  it  is  Ham  Walks,  celebrated 

b  Thomson  and  other  poets;.  Tp.,  Bucking- 

Af)  co.,  L.  C  ,  on  both  sides  of  the  NE.  branch 
oficolet  river,  50  miles  SSE.  from  Three  Rivers. 

lam,  East,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  adjoin- 
n  to  West  Ham.  In  this  parish  is  a  spring,  call- 
•olillers  Well,  the  excellent  water  of  which  has 
mr  been  known  to  freeze  or  to  vary  in  its  height. 

lam,  West,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on  the 
rir  Lea,  4  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  London. 

famadan,  or  Amadan,  city  of  Persian  Irak, 
I  >ably  the  ancient  Ecbatana,  on  the  eastern  slope 
ol'he  Elwend,  or  Tag  Aigha  mountains,  340  ms. 
I  by  E.  from  Bagdad.  Lon.  46°  E.,  lat.  34  54  N. 

rarnah,  large  town  of  Syria,  seated  among  hills 
oi  he  Ass  river,  ancient  Orontes.  It  is  supposed 
tee  the  ancient  Emessa.  The  inhabitants  have 
■  ide  for  linen  of  their  own  manufacture.  It  is 
7  niles  SW.  of  Aleppo.    Lon.  34  55  E.,  lat.  36 

\. 

hmamet,  town  of  Barbary,  on  a  gulf  of  the 
stename,  45  ms.  S.  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  15  E., 
Is  36  35  N. 

lamar,  town  of  Norway,  in  the  government  of 
^,'erhuys,  60  ms.  NE.  of  Christiana.    Lon.  11 
.,  lat.  60  33  N. 

lameledin  Hill,  of  Eng.,  near  Sturminster,  in 
1-  setshire. 

'alberstadt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital  of 
I  incipality  of  the  same  name.  It  was  formerly 
•Capital  of  the  bishopric  of  Halberstadt  now  sec- 
vzed.  It  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
s  ated  on  the  Hothiem,  32  miles  SE.  of  Bruns- 
<fp.   Lon.  11  24  E.,  lat.  52  6  N. 

aldenstein,  free  and  independent  barony  of  the 
*itry  of  the  Grisons.  It  consists  of  a  semicir- 
m  plain,  between  the  Rhine  and  the  foot  of  Mt. 
^  ndar,  about  5  ms.  in  length  and  scarcely  1  in 
hr  Jth. 

aldimand,  co.  of  U.  C,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
alen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
« irabant,  on  the  river  Geet,  24  miles  west  of 
M  tricht.    Lon.  5  4  E.,  lat.  50  58  N. 
^alesford,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Va.,  150  miles 
*    by  W.  from  Richmond. 
49* 


Hales-Owen>  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  en- 
closed by  Worcestershire,  6  ms.  E.  of  Stourbridge. 
It  is  the  birthplace  of  Shenstone,  and  near  it  is  the 
celebrated  seat  of  the  Leasowes. 

Halesworlh,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Suffolk.  It  has 
a  trade  in  linen,  yarn,  and  sailcloth,  and  about  the 
town  is  raised  a  great  deal  of  hemp.  It  is  seated 
on  a  neck  of  land  between  two  branches  of  the  river 
Blyth,  28  ms.  NE.  of  Ipswich  and  101  of  London. 
Lon.  1  40  E.,  lat.  52  25  N. 

Haleysburg,  post  office,  Lunenburg  county, 
Va.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Meherin  river,  40  ms.  S. 
from  Petersburg. 

Haleysburg,  village,  Lunenburg  co.,  Va. 
Half  Moon,  town,  Centre  county,  Pa.,  on  Bald 
Eagle  river,  18  ms.  NW.  from  Bellefonte.  Pop- 

in  1820,  713.  Village,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y., 

on  the  Hudson,  above  Waterford.  Pop.  in  1840, 
2,631. 

Half-way  House,  village,  York  county,  Va.,  15 
miles  SE.  from  Williamsburg  and  23  NW.  from 
Norfolk. 

Halibut  Island,  island  in  the  N.  Pacific  ocean, 
so  named  by  Captain  Cook  on  account  of  the  num- 
ber offish  of  that  name  they  caught  there.  It  is  7 
leagues  in  circumference,  and,  except  the  head,  is 
very  low  and  barren.  Lon.  164  15  W.,  lat.  54 
48  N. 

Halifax,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  in  a  hilly  country,  near  a  branch  of 
the  Calder.  It  is  a  very  large  parish,  containing 
twelve  chapels  of  ease,  and  upwards  of  12,000 
inhabitants,  who  are  principally  employed  in  the 
woolen  manufacture.  Town  and  capital  of  No- 
va Scotia,  begun  to  be  built  by  the  English  planters 
in  1749.  It  is  delightfully  seated  in  Chebucto  har- 
bor, which  is  large  enough  to  shelter  a  squadron  of 
men  of  war  through  the  winter.  It  is  789  ms.  NE. 
from  New  York.  Lon.  W.  C.  13  30  E.,  lat.  44 
45  N.  In  Bradford's  Boston  Atlas,  1842,  the  pop. 

of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  is  stated  at  15,000.  ~ 

Town  of  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  the  waters  of 
Nicolet  and  Becancour  rivers,  45  ms.  SE.  of  Three 

Rivers.  Town,  Windham  county,  Vt,  situated 

between  Guildford  and  Whittingharn,  25  miles  E. 

from  Bennington.    Pop.  about  2,000.  Town, 

Plymouth  co.,  Mass.,  35  miles  SE,  from  Boston. 

Pop.  in  1820,  749.  Village,  Dauphin  co.,  Pa., 

standing  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Susquehanna, 

19  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg.  Co.  of  Virginia, 

bounded  S.  by  North  Carolina,  W.  by  Pittsylva 
nia,  N.  by  Campbell  or  Roanoke  river,  NE.  by 
Charlotte  or  Roanoke  river,  and  E.  by  Mecklen- 
burg; length  30,  mean  width  32  ms.,  area  960  sq. 
ms. 


urface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  productive. 
Chief  town,  Banister.  Pop.  in  1820,  19,060; 
and  in  1840,  25,936.  Central  lat.  36  45  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  1  45  W.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Hali- 
fax county,  Va.,  by  post  road  139  miles  SW.  from 

Richmonrl.  County  of  N.  C,  bounded  SE.  by 

Martin,  SW.  by  Edgecomb  and  Nash,  NW.  by 
Warren,  N.  and  NE.  by  Roanoke  river  or  North- 
ampton, and  E.  by  Roanoke  river  or  Bertie;  length 
42,  mean  width  16  ms.,  area  672  sq.  ms.  Chief 
town,  Halifax.  Pop.  in  1820,  17,237;  and  in 
1840,  19,865.    Central  lat.  36  18  N.,  lon.  W.C. 

C.  40'  W.  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Halifax 

county,  NC,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Roanoke, 
70  ms.  by  land  above  the  mouth  of  Roanoke  river. 

385 


HAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAM 


Vessels  of  45  tons  can  ascend  to  this  place,  and,! 
when  the  intended  canals  and  lock  around  the  falls 
are  completed,  a  batteaux  navigation  will  be  open- 
ed to  the  fine  country  on  the  Roanoke  and  Dan; 
rivers  for  upwards  of  130  ms.  above  Halifax.  Lon.  I 
W.  C.  38',  lat.  36  18  N. 

Halifz,  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  territory  of; 
the  same  name  in  Red  Russia,  with  a  castle.    It  is 
seated  on  the  Dniester,  46  miles  S.  of  Lemburg. 
Lon.  25  19  E.,  lat.  49  20  N. 
f  Hall,  co.  of  Georgia,  bounded  by  Chattahoochee 
river  or  Rabun  co.  NW.,  Habersham  NE.,  Jack- 
son and  Walton  SE.,  and  Gwinnett  SW.;  length 
40,  mean  width  12  ms.,  area  480  sq.  ms.  Chief; 
town,  Gainesville.    Pop.  in  1820,  5,086;  and  in' 
1840,  7,875.    Central  lat.  34  10  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
7  20  W. 

Hambaugh's,  post  office,  Shenandoah  co.,  Va., 
100  ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Hamburg,  free  and  imperial  city  of  German)7, 
in  Lower  Saxony,  consisting  of  the  old  and  the 
new  town,  both  nearly  equal  in  size.  Most  of  the 
houses  are  built  after  the  manner  of  the  Dutch, 
and  richly  furnished  within.  The  principal  streets 
of  ihe  old  town  have  long  and  broad  canals,  which 
Elbe,  and  Alsters,  and  the  latter,  before  it  enters  the 
are  filled  by  the  tide.  It  is  seated  on  the  rivers 
town  by  sluices,  forms  a  fine  basin.  Here  is  a  cel- 
ebrated college,  an  arsenal,  a  bank,  and  a  hand- 
some exchange.  The  inhabitants  were  estimated  till 
lately  at  100,000.  Hamburg,  from  its  situation,  has 
eminent  advantages  for  foreign  and  domestic  trade, 
particularly  from  its  communication  by  the  Elbe 
with  some  of  the  principal  navigable  rivers  of  Ger- 
many ;  and  hence  it  is  a  place  of  great  commercial 
importanoe.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  sugar  re- 
finery ;  and  it  has  manufactures  of  cotton  stock- 
ings, gold  thread,  ribands,  and*velvet.s.  It  is  55 
ms  NE.  of  Bremen.  Lon.  10  1  E.,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Hamburg,  territory  of  Germany,  of  which  Ham- 
burg is  the  capital.  It  consists  of  the  city  proper 
and  a  circle  in  the  vicinity,  the  town  and  bailiwick 
of  Cuxhaven  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  and  some 
scattered  villages  in  Holstein  ;  the  whole  amount- 
ing to  about  133  sq.  ms.,  and  130,000  inhabitants. 
Hamburg,  since  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  has,  in 
conjunction  with  Frankfort,  Lubec,  and  Bremen, 
a  vote  in  the  Germanic  diet.  The  character  of  this 
city  is  commercial,  and,  though  possessing  an  ex- 
tensive library  and  many  literary  institutions,  the 
attention  of  the  inhabitants  to  objects  of  science  is 
much  less  marked  than  that  of  any  other  of  the 
large  cities  of  north  German}'. 

Hamburg,  town,  Erie  county,  N,  Y.,  on  Lake 
Erie,  about  15  miles  SSE.  from  Buffalo.     Pop.  in 

1840,  3,727.  Village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  a 

branch  of  Walkill  river,  50  ms.  NE.  from  Easton, 

in  Pa.  Thriving  village  in  Berks  county,  Pa., 

immediately  below  the  Schuylkill  water  gap,  about 
15  miles  north  from  Reading,  on  the  post  road  to 
Northumberland. 

Hambden,  village,  Geauga  co.,  O. — See  Hamp- 
den, Geauga  co.,  O. 

Hamden,  village,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post 
road  104  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Hamelburgh,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Abbey  of  Fulde,  seated  on  the  Saab,  28 
ms.  SE.  of  Fulde.    Lon.  10  12  E.,  lat.  50  16  N. 

Hamelin,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  ducbv 
3S6 


of  Calenberg,  at  the  extremity  of  the  duchy  of  E 
wick,  of  which  it  is  the  key.    It  is  situated  at 
confluence  of  the  Hamel  and  Weser,  25  ms.  S 
of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  36  E.,  lat.  52  6  N. 

Hamerstein,  castle  and  village  of  Germany, 
longing  to  the  elector  of  Treves.  The  castU 
seated  on  a  lofty  mountain  on  the  E.  side  of 
Rhine,  2  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Andernach. 

Hamersville,  village,  near  the  western  bordei 
Brown  county,  6  miles  NW.  of  Georgetown, 
county  seat. 

Ha-mi,  country  situated  to  the  NW.  from  C 
na.  The  country  of  Ha-mi,  though  surrounded 
deserts,  is  accounted  one  of  the  most  delightfu 
the  world.  The  soil  produces  abundance  of  gra 
fruits,  leguminous  plants,  and  pasture  of  ev 
kind.  The  rice  which  grows  here  is  particuk 
esteemed  in  China,  and  pomegranates,  orang 
peaches,  raisins,  and  prunes,  have -a  most  exqui 
taste.  It  is  a  kingdom  tributary  to  that  count 
and  its  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 

Hami,  or  Chamil,  is  a  region  with  much  re« 
blance  to  the  oases  of  Africa,  and  lies  between 
lat.  40  and  45°  and  lon.  90  and  95°  E.  of  L 
don.  This  country  is  about  1,500  ms.  a  little 
of  W.  from  Pekin. 

Hamilton,  town  of  Scot.,  in  Lanarkshire,  st 
ed  in  a  very  agreeable  plain.  The  town  is  situa 
on  the  Clyde,  10  miles  SE.  of  Glasgow.  Lor 

16  W.,  lat.  55  58  N.  Tp.,  Northumberl:. 

co.,  L.  C,  on  Lake  Ontario.  Tp.,  Caspe  ( 

L.  C.  Town,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  10  ms.  N 

of  Salem.    Pop.  in  1820,  802.  Co.  ofN. 

bounded  by  Montgomery  S.,  Herkimer  SW.  ;| 
W.,  St.  Lawrence  and  Franklin  N.,  and  Est 
j  Wnrren,  and  Saratoga  E.  ;  length  60,  meanwii 
I  28  ms.,  area  1,680  sq.  miles.  Surface  extrerr 
broken,  and  soil  sterile  in  general.  This  cou 
Was  formerly  contained  in  the  northern  part:' 
i  Montgomery.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,251  ;  and  in  IS  , 
j  1,907.    Central  lat.  43  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3# 

E.  Village,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  . 

Lawrence  river,  on  a  fine  declivity  rising  from  i 
^  stream.  Distant  20  ms.  below  Ogdensburg.- • 
\  Village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  a  branch  of  C 
nango  river.  The  village  is  on  the  main  road  f)  i 
Cherry  Valley  to  Auburn,  28  ms.  SW.  from  I- 
i  ca  and  42  W.  from  Cherry  Valley.  Populan 
j  in  1840,  3,738. 

Hamilton,  village  of  Cattaraugus  co  ,  N. ,. 
on  the  right  bank  of  Alleghany  river,  at  and 
low  the  mouth  of  Olean.    It  is  laid  out  in  se  i 
streets  running  N.  and  S,,  and  five  running 
and  W.    The  Alleghany  river  is  there  about  I 
yards  wide,  and  at  seasons  of  high  water  navi- 
hie  for  vessels  of  8  or  10  tons  burden.    It  is  \ 
favorably  situated  to  become  an  extensive  inl  I 
mart  and  thoroughfare  between  the  Northeasii 
and  Southwestern  States.    Distant  from  Pittsb; 
by  land  170,  by  water  260  ms. ;  from  Buffalo  , 
and  from  navigable  water  in  Genesee  river,  i  [ 

Angelica,  25  ms.  Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  • 

tween  Back  creek  and  the  main  E.  branch  of  I  - 
ococheague,  immediately  opposite  Chambersbi  ■ 

Pop.  1820,  1,688.  Village,  on  the  W.  bt 

of  the  Schuylkill,  opposite  Philadelphia,  in  Blo- 

ley  tp.  Tp.,  Northampton  co.,Pa.,  W.  ol  e 

Blue  or  Kittaninny  ridge,  on  McMickle's and  Ch<  y* 
creeks,  20  ms.  N.  from  Easton.    Pop-  in  16, 


HAM  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HAM 


320.  Co.  E.  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Tennessee 

ver  E.,  S.,  and  SW.,  Marion  W.,  and  Bledsoe 
id  Rhea  N.  Length  28  ms.,  mean  width  18  ; 
ea  470  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly  in  general,  and  in 
irt  mountainous.  Pop.  1820,  821  ;  and  in  1840, 

175.    Cent.  lat.  35  15  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  18 

y,  Court-house  and  post  office,  Hamilton  co., 

enn.,  132  ms.  SE.  from  Murfreesborough.  

illage,  Martin  co.,  N.  C.  ;  by  post  road  120  ms. 

.  from  Raleigh.  The  extreme  southwestern 

.  of  O.,  bounded  by  the  Ohio  river  S.,  (separat- 
g  it  from  Boone  and  Campbell,  cos  ,  of  Ky.,) 

Dearborne  co.,  Ia.,  W.,  and  by  Butler  co.,  O., 
Warren  NE.,  and  Clermont  E.  Length  from 

to  W.  30,  and  mean  breadth  16  ms.  ;  the  area 
480  sq.  ms.  In  extent  this  co.  is  in  the  smaller 
iss  of  Ohio  cos.,  but  in  population  it  exceeds  all 
iers  in  the  State.  In  1820  the  population  was 
,764;  in  1830,  52,317,  including  the  city  of 
ncinnati ;  in  1840,  the  aggregate  of  city  and  co. 


Liege,  17  ms.  W.  of  Ruremonde.  Lon.  5  31  E., 
lat.  41  17  N. 

Hampden,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.  Pop.  1,000. 

 Town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  10  ms.  SSW. 

from  Bangor.   Pop.  1820,  1,442.  Co.,  Mass., 

bounded  S.  by  Ct.,  W.  by  Berkshire,  N.  by 
Hampshire,  and  E.  by  Worcester.  Length  45 
ms.,  mean  width  13  ;  area  585  sq.  ms.  Surface 
very  much  variegated  by  hili,  dale,  and  mountain 
scenery.  Soil  fertile  and  well  cultivated.  Chief 
town,  Springfield.    Pop.  1840,  37,366.  Central 

lat.  42  7  N.,  lon.  4  30  E.  Village,  Geauga 

co.,  O.,  3|  ms.  E.  of  Chardon,  the  co.  seat,  and 
12  ms.  SSE.  of  Painesville. 

Hampden  Sydney  College. — See  Prince  Ed- 
ward eo. ,  Va. 

Hampshire,  Hantshire,  or  Hants,  co.  of  Eng., 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Berks,  on  the  E.  by  Surry 
and  Sussex,  on  the  S.  by  the  English  channel, 
and  on  the  W.  by  Dorsetshire  and  Wilts.  It  ex- 
lounted  to  80,145.  In  lat.  it  extends  from  39  j  tends,  exclusive  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  42  ms.  from 
o  39  20  N.,  and  in  lon.  W.  C.  from  7  12  to  N.  to  S.,  and  38  from  E.  to  W.  Pop.  in  1801, 
13  W.    It  occupies  the  base,  towards  Ohio  riv-  219,656  ;  in  1811,  245,080;  in  1821,  282,203. 

See  Southampton. 


of  the  southwestern  slope  of  Greene,  Warren 
mtgomery,  and  Butler  cos  ,  with  more  diversity 

surface  than  either  of  the  others.  When 
wed  from  Ohio  river,  the  hills  behind  Cincin- 
,:i  and  Fulton  have  an  imposing  aspect;  but 
i  y  are  in  fact  only  fragments  of  the  buttress  of 
I  interior  country.  The  two  Miamis  enter  the 
<io,  flowing  from  this  county  along  deep  vales. 
'  e  land  is  almost  invariably  productive  in  grain, 
jturage,  and  fruits.  It  is  greatly  advantaged  by 
t  Miami  canal,  which  enters  or  joins  the  Ohio 
i  the  city  of  Cincinnati.  It  is,  in  brief,  an  example 
i;how  what  the  whole  Ohio  valley  may,  and  in 

*  rational  probability  will,  be  at  a  not  very  dis 

ttday.  Town  and  co.  seat  of  Butler  co.. 

(  situated  on  the  southern  or  left  bank  of  the 
(;at  Miami  river,  at  N.  lat.  39  24,  Ion.  W.  C 
'i  6  W.  The  site  of  this  town  is  amongst  the 
1st  in  O.  It  is  a  plain;  but  on  the  opposite 
s?  of  the  Miami  the  hills  rise  immediately  from 
t  river,  at  the  opposite  village  of  Rossville,  giv- 
i  a  pleasing  variety  to  the  scenery.  The  Miami 
I  al  parses  rather  more  than  half  a  mile  eastward 
i- the  town,  but  is  united  to  it  by  a  side-cut  and 
fn.    Pop.  1830,  1,079;  and  in  1840,  1,409. 

2  two  towns  of  Hamilton  and  Rossville  are 

*  ted  by  a  wooden  bridge,  on  stone  piers.  

,  Warren  co.,  O.    Pop.  1820,  1,069.  

*  tile  tp.  on  the  east  side  of  Scioto  river,  in 
fnklinco.,  O.  Pop.  1S20,  943,  of  whom  17 
a  free  blacks. 

familton  College. — See  Cinton,  in  Oneida 
c  N.  Y. 

Hamilton,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.— See  Guilder- 
Uit. 

'amilton-ban,  tp.,  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  between 
fcsh  creek  and  the  west  limit  of  the  co.,  com- 
ffi  cing  about  4  ms.  W.  from  Gettysburg.  Pop. 
to,  1,053. 

ramiltonville,  village,  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa., 
°'  lie  left  bank  of  Juniata  river,  15  ms.  by  land 
•*f*  Huntingdon. 

(ammersmith,  large  village  of  Eng.,  in  Mid- 
w«x,  seated  on  the  Thames,  4  ms.  W.  of  Lon- 

■amont,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 


Hampshire,  co.,  Mass.,  on  both  sides  of  Con- 
necticut river,  bounded  by  Hampden  S.,  Berk- 
shire W.,  Franklin  N.,  and  Worcester  E.  Length 
38  ms.,  mean  width  14;  area  532  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face most  highly  diversified  by  hill,  dale,  and 
mountain.  Soil  generally  productive,  and  well 
cultivated.  Staples,  grain,  fruit,  live  stock,  and 
salted  provision.  Chief  town,  Northampton. 
Pop.  1820,  26,477;  in  1840,  30,897.  Central 

lat.  42  20  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  30  E.  Co.,  L. 

C,  extends  along  the  north  side  of  St.  Lawrence 
river,  from  about  2  ms.  above  St.  Anne's  river  to 

5  ms.  above  Quebec.  Co.,  Va.,  bounded  by 

Hardy  SW.,  the  Potomac  river  or  Alleghany  co.t 
Md.,  NE.  and  N.,  and  Berkley  and  Frederick  SE, 
Length  40  ms.,  mean  width  20  ;  area  800  sq.  ms. 
Surface  extremely  mountainous,  though  its  river 
soil  is  highly  productive.  Chief  town,  Romney. 
Pop.  1820,  including  Morgan,  10,889;  in  1840, 
12,295.    Cent.  lat.  39  18,  lon.  W.  C.  1  45  W. 

Hampstead,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  4 
ms.  NNW.  of  London,  formerly  famous  for  its 
medicinal  waters.  It  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of 
a  hill,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  fine  heath  that  com- 
mands a  delightful  prospect.  Tp.,  Queen's  co., 

New  Brunswick,  on  right  bank  of  St.  John's  river. 

 Town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  36  ms.  W. 

by  S.  of  Portsmouth.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,098.  

Tp.,  Rockland  co.,  N.  Y.,  35  ms.  NNW.  from 
N.  Y.  Pop.  in  1810,  2,072.  The  extensive  iron 
works,  called  the  Ramapoo  works,  are  in  this  tp. 

 Village,  King  George  co.,  Va.  67  ms  S.  from 

W.  C. 

Hampton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Thames,  14  ms.  SW.  of  London. 

Small  maritime  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N. 
H.,  about  6  ms.  E.  of  Exeter,  between  Rye  and 

Newtown.     Pop.  in    1820,    1,098.  Town, 

Windham  co.,  Ct.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Bigalow's 
river,  5  ms.  N.  of  Windham.  Pop.  in  1840, 
3,382.  Town,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  situa- 
ted 70  ms.  NNE.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820, 

963.  Seaport  and  village,  Elizabeth  City  co., 

Va.,  on  Hampton  road,  about  20  ms.  NW.  of  Cape  ^ 
Henry,  and  10  m?.  E.  of  York,  on  the  York  rivei \ 

387 


HAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY,  HAN 


Hampton,  of  Minching  Hampton,  town  of 
Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  on  the  Coteswold  Hills, 
14  ms.  S.  of  Gloucester,  and  90  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  15  W.,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Hampton  Falls,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N. 
H.,  10  ms.  SW.  from  Portsmouth.  Pop.  in 
1820,  572. 

Hamptonville,  town,  Surry  county,  North  Car- 
olina, 164  milss,  northwest  by  west  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Hanau,  co.  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  which  belongs  to  its  own  prince.  It 
is  45  ms.,  in  length,  but  the  breadth  is  small, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  co.,  of  Rheinec  and  the 
territory  of  Fulde,  on  the  W.  by  the  cos.  of  Weis- 
semburg  and  Solms,  and  on  the  N.  and  S.  by  the 

territories  of  Mentz   and   Frankfort.  Strong 

town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  divided  into  two  towns,  the  Old  and 
New,  and  is  seated  near  the  Maine,  18  ms.  NE. 
of  Darmstadt.  Here  is  a  university  with  several 
manufactories,  and  a  very  considerable  traffic 
Lyn.  8  55  E.,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Hancock,  co.  of  Maine,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean  S.,  by  Lincoln  and  Kennebec  SW.,  by  Pe- 
nobscot NVV.  and  N.,  and  Washington  E.  Its 
form  is  very  irregular,  including  the  numerous 
islands  and  peninsulas  SE.  from  the  mouth  of  Pe- 
nobscot river.  This  renders  an  estimate  of  its 
length  difficult.  From  the  Fox  islands  to  Schoodic 
lake  is  upwards  of  90  ms.  The  area  may  be  esti- 
mated, including  the  islands,  3,000  sq.  ms.  Chief 
town,  Castine.  Pop.  in  1820,  31,290.  Since 
the  above  was  written  Waldo  co.  was  formed  from 
the  southwestern  part  of  Hancock.  By  the  cen- 
sus of  1840  the  pop.  of  the  two  counties  stood 
thus: 

Hancock  ...  -  28,605 

Waldo-  ....  41,509 


Total  of  what  was  Hancock  -    70, 1 1 4 

Lat.  44  30  N.,  and  lon.  8  45  E.  from  W.  C, 

intersect  in  this  city.  Village,  Hillsborough  co., 

N.  H.,  13  ms.  E.  from  Keene.    Pop.  in  1840, 

1,345.  Town,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  30  ms.  SW. 

from  Montpelier.  Town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass., 

between  Richmond  and  Lanesborough,  on  the  N. 
Y.  line.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,165.  Town,  Dela- 
ware co.,  N.  Y.,  22  ms.  SW.  from  Delhi.  Pop. 

in  1820,  525.-  Village,  Washington  co.,  Md., 

on  the  N.  side  of  the  river  Potomac,  26  ms,  W. 
of  Hagerstown. — —Co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  SE.  by 
Washington,  SW.  by  Baldwin,  W.  by  Putnam, 
NW.  by  Green,  and  NE.  by  Warren;  length  22 
ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  440  sq.  ms.  ;  surface 
rather  waving  than  hilly  ;  soil  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Sparta.  Pop.  in  1820,  12,734,  and  in  1840, 
9,659.  Cth  lat.  33  17,  lon.  W.  C.  6  15  W.— 
Co,  of  Ky.,  bounded  E.  by  Breckenridge,  S.  by 
Grayson  and  Ohio,  W.  by  Davies,  and  N.  by  the 
Ohio  river.  Ctl.  lat.  37  50,  lon.  10°  W.  of  W.  C. 

Pop-  in  1840,  2,581.  -Co.  of  Ohio,  bounded 

W.  by  Putnam,  N.  by  Wood,  E.  by  Seneca  and 
Crawford,  and  S.  by  Hardin.  It  is  24  ms.  sq., 
area  576  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  level  and  soil  fertile.  It 
was  formed  out  of  the  new  purchase  subsequent 
to  the  census  of  1820.  The  features  of  this  co. 
are  peculiar.  The  Blanchard's  fork  of  Auglaize 
river  rising  in  Seneca  co.,  pursues  a  very  nearly 
388 


western  course  over  Hancock,  leaving  the  large 
section  to  the  southward;  yet  the  confluents  i 
this  same  river  all  flow  in  a  northerly  directior 
and,  again  to  the  N.  of  Blanchard's  fork  rise  ni 
merous  branches  of  Portage  river,  which  also  flo 
northwardly  ;  thus,  though  the  main  river  in  it  h 
a  westerly  course,  the  slope  of  the  co.  is  to  the  P 
Chief  town,  Finley.  Extending  in  lat.  from  4 
47  to  41  8,  and  in  lon.  W.  C.  from  6  23  to  6  I 
W.    It  is  a  sq.   of  24  ms. ;  area  576  sq.  m 

Pop.  in  1840,  9,986.  Co.  of  Miss.,  bounded  I 

Lake  Borgne  S.,  by  Pearl  river  or  La.  W.,  by  M[ 
rion  and  Perry  N.,  and  by  Jackson  NE. ;  Ieng 
40  ms.,  mean  width  25,  area  900  sq.  ms. ;  surfai 
level  in  the  S.,  and  hilly  in  the  centre  and  northe: 
parts.  Soil,  with  partial  exceptions  on  the  strear 
sterile  and  clothed  with  pine.  Chief  town,  Shield 
boro.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,594.  Ctl.  lat.  30  40  N 
lon.  W.  C.  12  10  W. 

Hancock's  Bridge,  post  office,  Salem  count1 
New  Jersey,  by  post  road  66  miles  SW.  fro 
Trenton. 

Hancockavi/le,  village,  Union  district,  Sou 
Carolina,  by  post  road  1 10  ms.  NNW.  from  C 
lumbia. 

Hanging  Fork,  post  office,  Lincoln  co.,  Ky 
between  Danville  and  Stamford,  53  ms.  SSE.  fro 
Frankfort. 

Hanging  Rock,  post  office,  Hampshire  co.  VaL 
by  post  road  99  ms.  WNW.  from  W.  C. — 
Village,  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  rive 
18  ms.  below  the  co.  seat,  Burlington,  and  5 
above  Portsmouth.  The  vicinity  of  this  place 
remarkable  for  the  abundance  of  iron,  stone  cos 
and  limestone. 

Hang-Tcheou-Fou,  capital  of  the  province 
Tche-kiang,  in  China.  It  is  4  leagues  in  circur 
ference,  exclusive  of  its  suburbs,  and  contai 
more  than  a  million  of  inhabitants.  It  is  seat 
on  a  small  lake  called  Si-hou  ;  has  under  its  juri 
diction  7  cities  of  the  second  and  third  classe?,  ai 
is  225  ms.  SE.  of  Nanking.  Lon.  120  20 E 
lat.  30  21  N. 

Hankinsonville,  village,  Claiborne  co.,  Miss 
about  40  ms.  NE.  from  Natchez. 

Hannibal,  tp.,  Oswego  co.,  New  York,  SV 
from  the  mouth  of  Onondaga  river.  Population 
1820,  935. 

Hannibalsville,  village  in  Hannibal  tp.,  Oswei 
county,  New  York,  182  miles  NW.  by  W.  fro 
Albany. 

Hanover,  Kingdom  of  Germany,  in  the  cirt 


of  Lower  Saxony.  It  contains  Calenberg,  Gc 
tingen,  Lunenburg,  Hoya,  Deipholty,  Hilde=heir 
Oznaburg,  Verdun,  Bremen  the  city,  Bremen  l 
duchy,  Bentheim,  East  Friesland,  Lingcn,  Rhein 
and  Meppen.    Area  14,600  sq.  ms. 

Hanover  is  an  aristocratical  monarchy,  if  ID< 
terms  are  admissible.  The  crown  is  on  the  he 
of  one  of  the  sons  of  George  III.  The  taxes  a 
laid  and  municipal  regulations  made  by  and  wi 
consent  of  the  States,  consisting  of  the  nobilit 
clergy,  and  deputies  of  towns. 

The  country,  with  the  exception  of  sonic  spi 
of  the  Hartz  mountains,  is  a  level  and  almost  u 
deviating  plain,  in  some  places  extremely  fertil 
Produce,  iron,  and  copper,  and  lead  from  t 
Hartz;  grain,  timber,  live  stock,  &c. 


HAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HAP 


following  table  shows  the  provincial  divis- 
ions, chief  towns,  population,  $c.  


Governments. 


H  )vec 
H  esheim 

Li  snburg 
Sile  - 
y.  bruck 

\±- 
K  sthall 


the  monarchy 


Chief  towns. 


C  Hanover 
I  Hameln 
C  Hildesheim 
I  Gottingen 

Lunenburg 

Staade 

Osnabruck 
C  Aurich 
I  Embden 

Klausthall 


Population. 


1,550,000 


lanover,  fortified  city  of  Germany,  the  capital  INew  Lisbon 


Hanover,  New,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Penn., 
on  Swamp  creek,  branch  of  Perkiomen,  30  ms, 
NW.  from  Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,320. 

Hanover,  Upper,  NW.  tp.,  Montgomery  co., 
Penn.,  on  Perkiomen  creek,  35  ms.  NW.  from 
Philadelphia. 

Hanover,  East,  tp.,  Lebanon  co.,  Penn.,  on 
the  right  side  of  Swatara,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Harris- 
burg.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,871. 

Hanover,    West,  tp.  Dauphin  co.,  Penn.,  on 
the  right  side  of  Swatara,  10  ms.  NE.  from  Har- 
Pop.  in  1800,  3,015,  including  that 
part  of  East  Hanover  which  lies  in  Dauphin  co., 
as  also  Bethel  and  Rush. 

Hanoverton,  village  in  the  southwesternmost. 
part  of  Columbiana  co.,  O.,  10  ms.  westward  of 


28,000 

5,000 
13,000 
10.000 
12,000 

5,000 
11,000 

3,000 ;  risburg 
11,000 
8,000 


1  he  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  In  its  neigh- 
|  lood  are  the  palace  and  elegant  gardens  of 
r  enhausen.  Hanover  is  well  built,  contains  up- 
<*dsof  28,000  inhabitants,  and  has  manufacto- 
ri  of  lace,  stuff,  stockings,  ribands,  and  leather, 
li  seated  on  both  sides  of  the  Leine,  38  ms.  W. 
bV.  of  Brunswick.    Lon.  9  48  E.,  lat.  52 

2  V. 

lanover,  town  of  N.  H.,  Grafton  co.,  on  the 
EDank  of  the  Connecticut.  Three  ms.  S.  of  the 
v  ige,  and  near  the  same  river,  stands  Dartmouth 
coge,  of  the  most  respectable  seminaries  of  edu- 
Em  in  the  U.  S.  Hanover  is  100  ms.  NW.  of 
Ptsmouth. 
tilth  College, 

llms.  NW.  from  Plymouth.    Pop.  in  1820, 

111.  Village  in  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

Cikany  creek,   12  ms.  SW.  from  Utica.  

7vn,  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  NE.  part 

uieco.  Town,  Morris  co.,  N.  J.    Pop.  in 

10,  3,503.  The  village  is  near  the  S.  branch 
o5assaic  river,  11  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  New- 

a  Tp.  and  village,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J., 

o\ncocus  creek,  29  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Pinta- 
il >hia,  and  12  ms.  E.  from  Mount  Holly.  


Hanover  co.,  Va-,  25 
Washington  academy 


Hanover  Tovm,  village, 
ms.  NE.  from  Richmond, 
is  located  near  this  town. 

Hanse.  "If,"  says  Paganel,  "we  study  at- 
tentively the  etymology  of  the  word  Itanse,  we 
must  be  convinced  that  it  ought  to  be  written 
hanseatique,  and  not  anseaticque ;  the  German 
word  is  hansely,  Danish,  haense ;  and  the  old 
French  (statutes  of  Paris)  hanser.  This  verb  in 
all  its  forms  expresses  the  contribution  paid  by  a 
foreigner  to  obtain  mercantile  privileges  in  any 
city,  or  the  first  expense  to  which  any  one  is 
exposed  on  admission  into  a  corporation.  The 
Pop.  in  1820,  2,222. — See  Dart-  j  substantive  hanse,  was  naturally  applied 'to  a  con- 
Town,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass.,  federation  of  several  corporations  to  maintain  mu- 
tually their  monopoly,  or  right  of  hanse."  Hence 
the  title  of  Hanseatic  League. 

Hanse  Tovms,  or  Hanseatic  League.  In  the 
13th  century,  a  league  was  formed  between  some 
of  the  principal  cities  of  Germany,  Poland,  and 
the  Netherlands,  for  the  protection  of  trade.  It 
yet  subsists,  though  confined  to  Lubec,  Hamburg, 
and  Bremen.  This  respectable  confederacy  laid 
the  foundation  for  the  flourishing  state  of  manu- 
factures and  commerce  in  the  N.  of  Europe,  and 


Ivn,  York  co.,  Penn.  Pop.  in  1820,  946  ;  in  j  had  no  trifling  share  in  preparing  the  way  to  the 
1.0,  1,071.    The  village  or  borough  is  situated  j  present  civilization  of  Europe. 


b  veen  the  heads  of  the  Codorus  and  Conewago 

cks,  11  ms.  SW.  from  York.  Tp.,  Luzerne 

e  Penn.,  extending  from  the  Nescopeck  moun- 
•  i  and  Lehigh  river  to  the  Susquehannah  river, 
■  tiding  on  the  latter  a  part  of  old  Wyoming. 

-Tp,  Northampton  co.,  Penn.,  in  the  great 
i  d,  and  on  the  left  side  of  Lehigh  river,  be- 

t  en  Bethlehem  and  Allentown.  SW.  tp.  of 

liver  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  heads  of  Raccoon  creek. 
1  »•  in  1820,  1,147.  Tp.,  Columbiana  co.,  O. 

-Village,  Harrison  co.,  O.,   5  ms.  S.  from 

Uiz.  Tp.,  Butler  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1 12.  Village  in  the  easternmost  part  of  Lick- 

"  co.,  O.,  about  1 1  ms.  E.  of  Newark,  the  co. 

s, .  Co.,  Va.,  bounded  SW.  by  Henrico  and 

t'chland,  NW.  by  Louisa,  NE.  by  North  Anna 
1  Pamunkey  rivers,  or  the  cos.  of  Spottsylvania, 
(-oline,  and  King  William,  and  SE.  by  New 
Kit.  Length  40  ms.;  mean  width  16  ;  area  640 
»«t  ms.  Surface  generally  hilly ;  soil  sandy  in 
gjsral,  though  along  the  streams  much  excellent 
•Jvion  is  found.  Staples— grain,  flour,  and  to- 
b  :o.  Chief  town,  Hanover.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1267;  and  in  1840,  14,968  Central  lat.  37 
4  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  45  W. 


Hanson,  village,  Plymouth  go.,  Mass.,  38  ms. 
SSE.  from  Boston. 

Hants,  co.,  Nova  Scotia. 

Hanuye,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Brabant,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Louvain.  Lon. 
5  16  E.,  lat  50  41  N. 

Han-yang-foa,  populous  and  commercial  city 
of  China,  in  the  province  of  Hou-quang.  It  has 
one  city  under  its  jurisdiction. 

Hapaee,  name  of  four  of  the  Friendly  Islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific  ocean.  The  plantations  are 
numerous  and  extensive,  and  some  of  them  are 
enclosed  in  such  a  manner  that  the  fences,  run- 
ning parallel  to  each  other,  form  spacious  public 
roads,  that  would  appear  ornamental  in  countries 
where  rural  conveniences  have  been  carried  to  the 
greatest  perfection.  These  islands  extend  about 
19  ms. 

Hapsal,  seaport  of  Livonia,  in  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Revel,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  5  ms. 
SW.  of  Revel,  opposite  the  island  of  Dago.  Lon. 
22  47  E.,  lat.  57  4  N. 

Hapsburg,  ancient  castle,  now  in  ruins,  on  a 
lofty  eminence  near  Schintznach,  in  Switzerland, 
famous  for  being  the  patrimony  of  Rodolpb,  count 

389 


HAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HAR 


of  Hapsburg,  who  by  his  bravery  and  abilities 
raised  himself  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Germany, 
The  remains  of  it  are  inhabited  by  the  family 

of  a  peasant.  Castle,  stands  in  the  canton  of 

Aargan,  and  on  the  Aar  river,  5  English  ms.  be- 
low Aarau,  the  capital  of  the  canton,  and  an  equal 
distance  above  the  junction  of  the  Aar  with  the 
Reuss.  This  was  in  former  ages  the  residence  of 
the  ancestors  of  the  reigning  family  of  Austria. 

Haram,  ancient  Charrae,  the  Harran  of  the 
Scriptures,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  pachalic 
of  Ourpha,  about  100  ms.  NE.  from  Aleppo,  and 
50  E.  of  the  Euphrates  river. 

Harborough,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Leicestershire, 
on  the  Welland,  14  ms.  S.  of  Leicester,  and  83 
N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  0  62  W.,  lat.  53 
28  N. 

Harburg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Lunenburg,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Elbe,  opposite  Hamburg,  equally  well 
situated  for  trade  as  that  city,  and  is  37  ms  NW. 
of  Lunenburg. 

Harcourt,  town  of  Fr..  now  in  the  dep.  of  Cal- 
vados, lately  in  the  province  of  Normandy.  It  is 
12  ms.  S.  of  Caen. 

Hardeberg,  town  of  Germany,  52  ms.  S.  of 
Vienna ;  it  is  situated  in  the  duchy  of  Styria. 
Lon.  16  12  E.,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Hardegsen,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Calenburg,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Got- 
tingen.  It  has  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
leather. 

Hardeman,  new  co.  of  Tenn.,  position  and 

boundaries  uncertain.  Court-house  and  post 

office,  Hardeman  co,,  Tenn.,  by  post  road  239 
ms.  westward  from  Murfreesborough. 

Hardenberg,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Berg.  It  is  13  ms.  ENE.  of  Dusseldorp.  Lon. 
6  43  E.,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Hardenburg,  town  of  Overyssel,  situated  on  the 

Vecht,   10  ms.  SW.  of  Covoerden.  Village, 

Breckenbridge  co.,  Ky. — See  Hardinsburg. 

Hardenburg  Mills,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y. 

Harden' 's  Cove,  village,  Randolph  co.,  Va.,  on 
the  E.  branch  of  the  Monongahela  river,  65  ms. 
above  Morgantown. 

Hardensville,  village  on  Racing  river,  Shelby 
co.,  Ky.,  9  ms.  SW.  from  Frankfort. 

Harderwich,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, in  Guelderland,  with  a  university.  It 
is  seatad  on  the  Zuyder-Zee,  32  ms.  E.  of  Am- 1 
sterdam.    Lon.  5  40  E.,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Hardin,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  the  Ohio  river 
NW.,  Bullitt,  Nelson,  and  Washington  NE., 
Greene  SE.,  and  Hart,  Grayson,  and  Brecken- 
ridge  SW.  Length  55  ms.,  mean  width  20,  area 
1,100  sq.  ms.  Surface  extremely  hilly.  Pop. 
in  1820,  10,498.    Central  lat.  37  44  N.,  lon.  W. 

C.  9°  W.  Co.  of  O.,  bounded  by  "Hancock 

N.,  Crawford  and  Marion  E.,  Union  and  Logan 
S.,  and  Allen  W.  It  is  24  ms.  sq. ;  area  576  sq. 
ms.  This  co.  was  formed  from  the  new  purchase, 
and  of  course  not  included  in  the  census  of  1820. 
Though  level  generally,  Hardin  co;  occupies  a 
table  land,  from  which  flow  streams  like  radii  from 
a  common  centre.  From  its  southwesternmost 
border  issue  the  extreme  sources  of  Miami  river, 
as  also  those  of  Scioto  river,  the  latter  traversing 
the  co.  from  W,  to  E.  From  the  northwestern 
390 


■y  i- 

J5  a 
ral  . 

is.'- ! 


angle  flow  the  extreme  sources  of  the  Ot  ra 
branch  of  Auglaize  river,  and  from  the-nort  n 
those  of  Blanchard's  fork.     This  county  lie 
tween  N.  lat.  40  27,  and  40  28,  and  lon.  6  23  J 
6  50  W.  of  W.  C.  Chief  town,  or  co.  f, 

Kenton.  Village,  Shelby  co.  O.,  5  ms,  vu 

ward  of  Sidney,  the  co.  seat,  and  83  ms.  P  r. 

by  W.  of  Columbus.  Village,  Shelby  co. 

on  Loramie  creek,  5  ms.  SE .  from  Fort  Lora  > 
and  by  post  road  93  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  4 

lumbus.  Co.,  W.  Tenn.,  on  both  side  g 

Tennessee  river;  bounded  by  Ala.  SE.,  fci 
SW.,  Henderson  co.  W.  and  N.,  Perry  j 
Wayne  E.;  length  30  ms.;  mean  width  22  ; 
660  sq.  ms.    Pop,  in  1820,  1,462.  Central 
35  14  N.,lon.  W.  C-  11  10  W. 

Hardinsburg,  village,  Dearborn  co.,  Ii 
post  road  101  ms.  SE.  from  Indianapolis. 
Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Breckenridge  co 
45  ms.  N.  from  Russelville,  and  110  SW.  by 
from  Frankfort.     Lat.  37  47  N.,  lon.  W.  () 
21  W. 

Hardinsville,  village  on  the  right  bank  of  1 . 
nessee,  river,  Hardin  co.,  Tenn.,  140  ms.  8  . 
by  W.  from  Murfreesborough;  and  50  NW.  f| 
Florence,  in  Ala. 

Hardiston,  tp.,  Sussex,  co.,  N.  J.  Pop.  i 
1820,  2,160. 

Hardwick,  village,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.,  21 
NE .  from  Montpellier.    Pop.  in  1820,  750.-' 
Tp.,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  W.  side 
Ware  river,  55  ms.  W.  from  Boston.  Pop 

1810,   1,657;  in  1820,  1,836.  Town,  W 

ren  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  Delaware  river,  60  ) 
above  Easton,  in  Penn.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,3 

 Village,  Ryan  co.,  Ga.,  at  the  mouth ' 

Ogechee  river.  Island  in  Johnson's  strait 

the  Pacific  coast  of  N.  America.  Lon.  W. 
48  45  W.,  lat.  50  26  N. 

Hardy,  co.  Va.,  bounded  by  Md.  NW.,  Han 
shire  co.  in  Va.  NE.,  Shenandoah  SE.,  Rockiii 
ham,  Pendleton,  and  Randolph  SW.;  length 
ms.  ;  mean  width  17;  area  about ,700  6q.  r 
The  S.  branch,  and  various  other  branches  of  I 
Potomac,  cross  this  co.  from  the  SW.  to  N\ 
The  surface  is  excessively  mountainous,  and  i 
soil  rocky,  and  generally  barren.  Chief  tow 
Moorfields.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,700;  and  in  184 
7,622.  Central  lat.  39°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2°  Y 
Hare,  large  bay  on  the  E.  side  of  the  northt 
peninsula  of  Newfoundland.  Lon.  W.  C.  19 
E.,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Harem,  from  the  Arabic  hharem,  or  hharm 
sacred  place,  where  in  Mahomedan  countrii 
particularly  Turkey,  the  women  of  men  of  hi 
rank  reside. 

Harfieur,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Low 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy.  I<  stan 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  36  ms.  N  W.  of  Roue 
Lon.  0  19  E.,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Harford,  town,  Susquehannah  co.,  Peon.,  1 
tween  Martin's  and  Vanwinkle's  branches  of  Tun 
hannock  river,  12  ms.  SE.  from  Montrose.  Po 

in  1820,  642.  Co.,  Md.,  bounded  N.  by  Peni 

NE.    by  Susquehannah    river,  SE.  by  Ones 
peake  bay,  SW.  and  W.  by  Baltimore  co., 
Md.;  length  30  ms.;  mean  width  16;  area  480  s 
ms.    Surface  undulating  rather  than  hilly.  St 
productive  in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruit.  Chi 


HAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAR 


t  n,  Bellair.  Pop.  in  1820,  15,924;  and  in 
1,0,  17,120.  Central  Iat.  39  33  N.,  Ion.  0  45  E. 
_ -Village,  Harford  co.,  Md.,  at  the  head  of 
Eih-river  bay  and  of  tide  water,  25  ms.  NE. 
f  n  Baltimore. 

Hargrove,  post  office,  Pickens  co.,  Ala.,  by 
road  140  ms.  NW.  from  Cahaba. 

Harlan,  one  of  the  southeastern  cos.  of  Ky., 
b  nded  SE.  by  Va.,  W.  by  Knox  co.,  Ky„  N  W. 
a.  N.  by  Knox  and  Perry  ;  length  55  ms.;  and 
bidth  12  ;  area  660  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the 
h her  sources  of  the  Cumberland  river.  N.  Iat. 
3  and  Ion.  6°  W.  from  W.   C.  intersect  in 

i  co.  Court  house  and  post  office,  Harlan  co., 

I.,  on  Cumberland  river,  124  ms.  NNE.  from 
loxville,  in  Tenn.,  and  by  post  road  154  ms. 
I  from  Frankfort.  N.  Iat.  36  55,  Ion.  W.  C. 
I  VV. 

Harlansburg,  village  on  Slippery  Rock  creek, 
i  ;he  SE.  angle  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn,,  50  ms. 
,  W.  from  Pittsburg. 

Harlebec,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
1  U,  on  the  river  Lis,  3  ms.  NE.  of  Courtray. 
Ji.  3  29  E.,  Iat.  50  52  N. 

Harlech,  town  of  Wales,  in  Merionethshire,  on 
;nck  on  Cardigan  bay,  and  but  a  poor  place, 
t  jgh  the  co.  town,  and  governed  by  a  mavor. 
I  s  28  ms.  SSE.  of  Carnarvon,  and  213  NNW. 
(London.    Lon.  4°  W.,  Iat.  54  57  N. 

larlesville,  village,  Marion  district,  S.  C,  120 
i  SE.  by  E.  from  Columbia,  and  54  SW.  from 
iwetteville,  N.  C. 

Harlem,  populous  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Hol- 
!.].  This  place  claims  the  invention  of  printing ; 
t  first  attempt  in  the  art  being  attributed  to 
Iirentius  Costa,  a  magistrate  of  the  city.  It  is 
s  ated  10  ms.  W.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  38 
i|  lat.  52  24  N. 

Harlem,  Mere,  lake  of  Holland,  near  Harlem, 
lms.  long  and  the  same  broad.  It  lies  between 
Lden,  Harlem,  and  Amsterdam.  Though  it  is 
i  igable,  it  is  subject  to  dangerous  storms ;  on 
Mch  account  the  canals  from  Leyden  to  Amster- 
t  n  were  made,  which  are  a  safer  passage. 

Harlem,  or  Haerlem,  village,  N.  Y.  co.,  on 
Irlem  river,  7  ms.  from  the  City  Hall. 

Harlem,  village,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  i5  ms. 

i.  from  Augusta.  -Tp  ,  Delaware  co.,  O. 

Harleston,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  on  the 

aveney,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge,  16  ms 
;  of  Norwich,  and  100  NE.  of  London.  Lon. 

!0  W.,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Parley's  Store,  post  office,  Frederick  co.,  Md.  ; 

postroad  57  ms.  NNW.  from  W.  C. 

Harling,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  on  a  rivu- 
I  between  Thetford  and  Buckingham.  It  raan- 
'otures  a  little  linen  cloth,  and  is  24  ms.  SW. 
<  Norwich,  and  88  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  58' 
J  lat.  52  27  N. 

Harlingen,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
i  West  Friesland.  The  manufactures  are  salt, 
l  :ks,  tiles,  and  all  sorts  of  linen  cloth.  It  is  13 
'  W.  of  Lewarden.    Lon.  5  14  E.,  lat.  53 

V.  Village,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  12  ms.  a 

|e  W.  of  S.  from  Somerville,  and  23  ms.  N. 
h  Trenton. 

'Harlow,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  7  ms.  NW. 
f  Chipping  Ongar.    On  a  common  2  ms.  from 


September,  called  Harlow  Bush  Fair,  much  fre- 
quented by  the  neighboring  gentry. 

Harmans,  creek  of  Pa.  and  Va.,  rises  in  Wash- 
ington co.  in  the  former,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio 
river,  in  Brooks  co.,  in  the  latter. 

Harmony,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  25  ms.  E. 

from  Norridgewock.  Town,  Chatauque  co.?N. 

Y.,  S.  from  Chatauque  lake.  Village,  Sussex 

co.,  N.  J.  ;  by  post  road  70  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

 Village,  Butler  co.,  Pa.,  on  Conaquenessing 

creek,  14  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Butler,  and  12 

NE.  by  E.  from  Beaver.  Tp.,  Clark  co.,  O. 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Posey  co.,  Ia., 

on  the  left  bank  of  the  Wabash.  It  was  settled 
by  the  sect  called  Harmonists,  after  their  removal 
from  Harmony,  in  Butler  co.,  Pa. 

Harmony  Grove,  post  office,  Jackson  co.,  Ga., 
80  ms.  NNW.  from  Milledgeville. 

Haroudjeh,  a  hilly  or  rather  a  mountainous; 
tract  of  Africa,  between  Barca  and  Fezzan,  and 
extending  southward  from  Tripoli.  It  commences 
at  two  or  three  days'  journey  SW.  of  Audjelah, 
and,  presenting  a  singular,  broken,  rocky,  and 
desolate  region,  extends  to  Fezzan.  N.  lat.  28° 
and  lon.  20°  E.  of  London  intersect  near  the 
centre  of  Haroodjeh. 

Harper's  Ferry,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  Va.,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Potomac  river,  at  the  mouth  of 
Shenandoah  river,  65  ms.  by  land  above  Wash- 
ington. The  justly  celebrated  passage  of  the  Po- 
tomac through  the  Blue  Ridge  is  at  this  place. 
The  United  States  has  an  armory  and  manufactory 
of  arms  established  here. 

Harpersjield ,  town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  55 
ms.  SW.  from  Albany,  and  on  a  creek  of  Char- 
lotte river,  branch  of  Susquehannah.  The  village 
in  Harpersfield  situated  10  ms.  westward  of  Jeffer- 
son, the  co.  seat,  and  16  eastward  of  Painsville. 

 Town  in  the  western  part  of  Ashtabula  co. , 

O.    Pop.  1820,  763. 

Harpersville,  village,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  20 
ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Chenango  Point. 

Harpeth,  small  river  of  Tenn.,  rises  in  William- 
son,  and,  flowing  NW.,  enters  Davidson  co.,  and 
falls  into  Cumberland  river  35  ms.  below  Nash- 
ville,  after  a  general  comparative  course  of  60  ms. 

 Village,  Williamson  co.,  Tenn. 

Harponelly,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  152  ms.  NNW.  of  Seringapatam,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Mysore  coun- 
try.   Lon.  75  28  E.,  lat.  14  40  N. 

Harpswelt,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Mc.,  40  iris, 
E,  from  Portland. 

Harria,  or  Harelinland,  province  of  Livonia, 
lying  on  the  NW.  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
Revel  is  the  only  town. 

Harrington,  town,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  28 

ms.  W.from  Machias.  Tp.,  Bergen  co.,  N. 

J.     Pop.  1820,  2,296. 

Harrisborough,  village,  Richmond  co.,  Ga.,  a 
little  below  Augusta. 

Harrisburg,  village,  borough,  seat  of  justice  for 
Dauphin  co.,  and  seat  of  government  for  Pa.,  is 
situated  on  the  east  bank  of  Susquehannah  river, 
96  ms.  from  Philadelphia,  and  35  from  Lancaster. 
The  upper  part  of  the  site  of  Harrisburg  is  a  gently 
swelling  hill  or  high  bank  between  Susquehannah 
river  and  Paxton  creek.  Along  the  valley  of Pax- 
1  town  is  a  famous  annual  fair,  on  the  9th  of  ton  extends  that  part  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal 

391 


HAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAR 


which  passes  Harrisburg — the  lower  part  extend- 
ing on  the  level  bottom  or  plain  above  the  mouth 
of  Paxton.  The  town  extends  in  three  streets 
parallel  to  the  river  and  several  cross  streets.  The 
middle  part,  opposite  the  bridge,  is  tolerably  well 
built.  The  bridge  is  a  fine  structure  of  its  kind, 
resting  on  stone  piers,  with  a  roof.  It  is  composed 
of  two  parts,  extending  over  the  two  channels  of 
the  Susquehannah,  on  each  side  of  an  island  op- 
posite the  town.  The  State  capital  is  an  elegant 
edifice,  erected  on  the  highest  part  of  the  hill  on 
which  part  of  the  town  stands.  From  the  cupola 
of  the  State-house  is  one  of  the  finest  inland  land- 
scapes in  Pa.,  embracing  a  wide  extent  of  culti- 
vated country,  swelling  hills,  the  meanders  of  the 
river,  and  the  adjacent  mountains.  Beside  tho 
State-house  or  capitol,  Harrisburg  contains  a  court- 
house, market  house,  and  a  number  of  places  of 
public  worship.  Pop.  1820,  2,990;  and  in  1840, 
5,980. 

Harrisburg,  village,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.  ;  by  post 
road  152  ms.  NW.  from  Albany.  Village,  Lan- 
caster district,  S.  C.  $  by  post  road  121  ms.  NNE. 

from    Columbia.  Village,   Catahoola  parish, 

La.,  40  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Natchez.  

Village,  Pleasant  tp.,  near  the  SW.  angle  of 
Franklin  co.  and  crossing  of  Darby  creek,  15  ms. 
SW  of  Columbus,  and  20  ms.  N  W.  of  Circleville. 

Harrison,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Jefferson  E  , 
Belmont  S.,  Guernsey  SW.,  Tuscarawas  W., 
Carroll  N.,  and  northern  part  of  Jefferson  NE. 
Greatest  length  E.  and  W.  26  ms. ;  greatest 
breadth  from  S.  to  N.  18;  mean  breadth  16;  and 
area  416  sq.  ms.  ;  extending  in  lat.  from  40  13 
to  40  27,  and  in  Ion.  W.  C.  from  3  54  to  4  20 
W.  Ctiief  town  and  co.  seat,  Cadiz.  Pop.  1840, 
20,100.  Occupying  a  part  of  the  height  of  land 
between  the  Ohio  and  Tuscarawas  rivers,  the  sur- 
face of  Harrison  co.  is  excessively  broken,  and, 
though  in  very  few  places  precipitous,  the  hills 
are  steep,  with  a  productive  soil.  Bituminous 

coal  abounds.  Tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  40 

ms.  NW.  from  Portland.    Pop.  1820,  789.  

Tp.,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.  Town,  Courtland 

co.,  N.  Y.,  between  the  two  main  branches  of  the 
Tionioga  river,  30  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Nor- 
wich. Tp.,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms. 

NE.  from  N.  Y.    Pop.  1820,  994.  Co.,  Va., 

bounded  by  Lewis  S.,  Wood  W.,  Tyler  NW., 
Monongalia  NE.,  and  Randolph  SE.  Length  50 
ms.,  mean  width  22;  area  about  1,100  sq.  ms. 
Surface  excessively  broken,  with  high  hills.  Soil 
upon  the  streams  in  many  places  highly  fertile, 
but  in  general  rocky  or  stony,  and  part  barren. 
Chief  town,  Clarksburg.  Pop.  1820,  10,932  ;  in 
1840,  17,670,    Cent  lat.  39  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 

3  30  W.  Co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Bourbon  S., 

Scott  and  Owen  W.,  Pendleton  N.,  Bracken 
NE.,  and  Nicholas  E.  Length  23  ms,,  mean 
width  15;  area  about  330  sq.  ms.  Chief  town, 
Cynthiana.  Pop.  in  1820,  12,271  ;  and  in  1840, 
12,472.    Central  lat.  38  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  5 

W.  Tp.,  Gallia  co.,  O.  SE.  tp.  of  Stark 

co.,  O.  Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  O.,   on  Alum 

creek.  Tp.  on  the  E.  side  of  Ross  co.  O.  

SW.  tp.  of  Dark  co.,  O.  Tp.,  Muskingum 

co.,  O.  Tp.,  Pickaway  co.,  O.,  E.  from  Sci- 
oto river.  Tp.,  Licking  co.,  O.,  on  the  S.  fork 

of  Licking  river.  Village  and  tp.,  Champaign 

392 


co.,  O.  Tp.,  Preble  co.,  O.  Village,  . 

and  la.  It  is  remarkable  as  standing  on  the  > 
of  demarcation  between  the  two  States,  one  t 
being^in  Hamilton  co.,  O.,  and  the  other  in  D  - 
born,  la.,  21  ms.  NW.  by  W.  of  Cincinnati,  j 
18  ms.  SE.  of  Brookville,  in  la.  The  lin<  f 
White  Water  canal  passes  through  the  village  -  . 
Village,  Knox  co.,  O.,  15  ms.  SE.  from  Mr  t 

Vernon.  Co.,  Ia.,  bounded  by  Ohio  river  S  , 

S.,  and  W.,  Big  Blue  river  SW.,  Washing 
N.,  and  Floyd  NE.  and  E.  Length  30  ms.,  m  | 
width  14;  area  about  410  sq.  ms.  Surface  hi!, 
but  soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Corvdon.  Pop.  i 
1820,  7,875;  and  in  1840,  12,459.  Central 

38  14  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9°  W.  Village  and 

Harrison  co.,  Ia.    Pop.  1,200.  Tp.,  Frs . 

lin  co.,  Ia.,  25  ms.  NW.  from  Cincinnati.  l| 
tp.  is  remarkable  for  the  number  and  magi  itud 
aboriginal  remains  found  within  its  limits.— 
Village,  Calloway  co.,  Mo.  ;  by  post  road  100 
W.  from  St.  Louis. 

Harrisonburg,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  R<  • 
ingham  co.,  Va.,  on  one  of  the  branches  of  5  • 
nandoah  river,  25  ms.  NNE.  from  Staunton,  i 
40  NNW.  from  Charlottesville.    Lat.  38  31 
Ion.  W.  C.  1  41  W. 

Harrison's  Store,  post  office,  Brunswick  , 
Va. 

Harrisonville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  M'- 
roe  co  ,  111,,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississi] 
opposite  Herculaneum,  30  ms.  below  St.  Lo 
Lat.  38  13  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  13  18  W. 

Harrisville,  village,  Butler  co.,  Pa.  Vilk 

Brunswick  co.,  Va. ;  by  post  road  57  ms.  a  lii 

W.  of  S.  from  Richmond.  Village,  Met. 

co.,  O.,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  co.  Town,  I 

rison  co.,  O.,  9  ms.  NE.  from  Cadiz,  and  13 
NW.  from  Wheeling.    This  village  stands  v 
near  the  SE.  angle  of  the  co. 

Harrisville  Reserve,  village,  Medina  co.,  'I 
by  post  road  90  ms.  N.  from  Columbus. 

Harrodsburg,  village.  Mercer  co.,  Ky.,  ly ; 
on  the  E.  side  of  Salt  river,  30  ms.  S.  from  Fra 
fort,  the  capital  of  the  State.  In  1840,  pop.  1,2. 

Harrowgate,  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Rid , 
of  Yorkshire,  in  the  parish  of  Knaresborough, 
ted  for  medicinal  springs,  one  of  which  is  the  stro 
est  sulphur  water  in  Great  Britain.    It  is  206  i 
N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Harrow,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  on 
highest  hill  in  the  co.,  on  the  summit  of  whtel  • 
the  church,  with  a  lofty  spire.    Here  is  a  celel 
ted  free  school,  founded  by  Mr.  John  Lyons 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  10  ms.  VVN 
of  London. 

Hart,  co.,  Ky.,  on  both  sides  of  Green  rh 
bounded  by  Barren  S.,  Warren  SW.,  Gray  i 
W.,  Hardin  N.,  and  Green  E.  Length  30  n. 
mean  width  1 1  ;  area  320  sq.  ms.  Chief  tov 
Madisonville.  Surface  level,  and  on  both  side.1 
Green  river  in  great  part  occupied  by  that  spei* 
of  soil  denominated  barrens.  Hart  co.  has  be , 
since  1810,  formed  out  of  part  of  Hardin  and  E 
ren  cos.,  and  is  not  included  in  the  census f 
1810.  Pop.  1820,  4,184;  and  in  1840,  7,0. 
Cent.  lat.  37  18  N.,  Ion.  8  33  W. 

Hartford,  or  Hertford,  the  co.  town  of  H  - 
fordshire,  Eng.,  seated  on  the  river  Lea,  the  cH 
commodities  of  which  are  wheat,  malt,  and  wo  i 


HAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAR 


;]  it  sends  5,000  quarters  of*  malt  to  London 
r  ekly  by  the  river  Lea. 

Hartford,  co.,  Ct.,  on  both  sides  of  Oonnecti- 
,  river,  bounded  by  the  State  of  Mass.  N.,  by 
'  Hand  E.,  New  London  SE.,  Middlesex  and 
:  w  Haven  S.,  and  Litchfield  W.  Length  32 
j.,  mean  width  23  ;  area  about  740  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
f,e  very  diversified,  being  traversed  by  the  Con- 
i  :ticut  from  N.  to  S.,  and  on  both  sides  of  that 
5>am,  at  a  distance  of  7  or  8  ms.,  by  chains  of 
i  very  elevated  but  very  distinct  mountains,  and 

I  ited  on  its  western  border  by  a  third  ridge, 
'.e  river  valleys  of  the  Connecticut  and  Farm- 

i  ton  (see  Farmington)  are  exuberantly  fertile 
a  I  highly  cultivated.  Much  of  the  high  land  is 
a)  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage.  The  as- 
f  tof  the  county  is  indeed  that  of  prosperous  and 
a.ve  industry.  Chief  town,  Hartford.  Pop.  in 
,'!0,  47,234  ;  and  in  1840,  55,629.  Cent.  lat. 
450  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  15  E. 

Hartford,  city  of,  capital  of  Connecticut,  and 
it  of  justice  for  Hartford  co.,  is  situated  on  the 
nt  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  about  50  ms. 
n.ve  its  mouth,  14  ms.  above  Middletown  by 
M,  and  34  ms.  from  New  Haven.  The  site  of 
t  town  rises  by  rather  a  steep  acclivity  from  the 
r  r  to  an  extensive  plain.  The  main  street  ex- 
ti  Is  along  the  latter.    A  large  creek,  rising  in 

ii  Farmington  hills,  crosses  the  city  nearly  at 
r  it  angles,  and  is  traversed  by  a  substantial  bridge 
o  .he  main  street.  Surrounded  by  a  thickly  pop- 
ued  and  well  caltivated  country.  Hartford  is  a 
v  [  active  and  flourishing  place  ;  it  is  at  the  head 
odoop  navigation.  The  amount  of  shipping 
oied  here  is  between  9,000  and  10,000  tons. 
F>lic  buildings,  besides  common  schools  and 
p  es  of  public  worship,  are  a  State  house,  State 
a;  nal,  2  banks,  2  insurance  companies,  7  or  8 
\>  ting  offices,  an  academy,  museum,  and  an 
ai  am  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  The  Connecticut 
riris  crossed  opposite  the  city  by  a  fine  bridge, 
e  ted  at  an  expense  of  upwards  of  §100,000. 
II.  W.  C.  4  22  E.,  lat.  41  46.    Pop.  1820, 

$6;  and  in  1840,  9,468. 

hrtford,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  12  ms.  NE. 

hi  Paris.  Pop.  1840,  1,472.  Town,  Wind- 

sico.,  Vt,  15  ms,  above  Windsor.  Pop.  2,000. 
---Tp.,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  including  the  city  of 
tl  same  name.  Pop.  1840,  exclusive  of  the 
c  ,  3,325.  Town,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y., 

I I  branch  of  Wood  creek,  54  ms.  N.  from  Al- 
t' y.    Pop.  1840,  2,164.  Village  and  seat  of 

jiice,  Pulaski  co.,  Ga.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ock- 
n  gee  river,  50  mss.  SSW.  from  Milledgeville. 

L  32  18  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  37  W.  Village 

ai  seat  of  justice,  Ohio  co.,  Ky.,  on  the  left  bank 
o  ireen  river,  45  ms.  N.  from  Russelville.  Lat. 

m  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  46  W.  Town,  Trum- 

h  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  co.,  17 
m  NE.  by  E.  from  Warren,  the  county  seat. 
--NW.  tp.  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio;  post  office 
Be,  Granby  ,•  which  s-ee.  Town,  Dearborn 

la.,  on  Loughery  creek,  7  ms.  from  Law- 
re  eburg,  and  5  from  Ohio  river. 

'artland,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  on  the 
B  tol  channel,  near  a  promontory  called  Hartland 
P<  t,  28  ms.  W.  of  Barnstable,  and  213  W.  by 

S-f  London.    Lon.  4  31  W.,  lat.  51  12  N.  

Vige,  Somerset  county,  Me.,  by  post  road  128 
50* 


miles  NNE.  from  Portland.  Town,  Windsor 

county,  Vt.,  lying  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut 
river,  about  9  miles  N.  of  Windsor.    Pop.  of  the 

tp.  2,400.  NW.  town,  Hartford  co.,  Conn., 

on  the  E.  branch  of  Farmington  river.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,254.  NE.  town,  Niagara  county,  N. 

Y.,  on  Lake  Ontario.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,448.  

Village,  Huron  co.,  O.,  9  ms.  SE.  of  Norwalk,  the 
county  seat. 

Hartlepool,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  the  co.  of  Dur- 
ham. It  is  16  miles  NE.  of  Durham,  and  254  N. 
by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  4  W.,  lat.  54  47  N. 

Harileton,  village  and  NW.  tp.,  Union  county, 
Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,239. 

Hartley,  town  of  England,  in  Northumberland, 
NW.  of  Tinmouth,  where  Lord  Delaval  has  con- 
structed a  haven,  whence  coal  is  shipped  to  Lon- 
don. Here  are  large  salt,  copperas,  and  glass 
works ;  and  a  canal  has  been  cut  through  a  solid 
rock  to  the  harbor. 

Hart's  Grove,  village,  southwestern  part  of  Ash- 
tabula county,  O.,  17  miles  SW.  of  Jefferson,  the 
county  seat,  and  13  or  14  E.  of  Chardon. 

Hart's  Store,  Albemarle  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road 
149  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Hartville,  village  on  a  branch  of  Wappinger's 
creek,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  miles  NE.  by  E. 
from  Poughkeepsie. 

Hartsville,  village,  Buck's  co.,  Pa. — — Village, 
Sumner  county,  Tenn.,  60  miles  N.  from  Mur- 
freesborough. 

Hartwick,  town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  SW. 
from  Cooperstown.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,579. 

Harlz,  mountainous  and  forest  district,  princi- 
pally in  the  S.  of  Hanover,  in  N.  Germany.  It  is 
particularly  remarkable  for  the  quantity  and  excel- 
lence of  its  mineral  treasures,  especially  iron,  cop- 
per, and  lead.  The  annual  tenth  of  the  iron  mines 
produces  a  revenue  exceeding  1 15,000  pounds  ster- 
ling— upwards  of  510,000  dollars. 

Hartsgerode,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  situated 
near  the  Hartz  mountains,  in  the  principality  of 
Anhalt  Bemburg.   Lon.  11  2  E.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Harulch,  or  Haroodje,  a  sandy  and  mountainous 
desert  of  Africa,  between  Fezzan  and  Barca.  The 
Harutch  is  in  great  part  composed  of  black  basaltic 
rocks,  or  calcareous  stones  admixed  with  marine 
petrifactions.  Central  latitude  28°  N.,  longitude 
18°  East. 

Harvard,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  20  miles 
NE.  from  Worcester.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,597. 

Harvard  College. — See  Cambridge,  Middlesex 
county,  Mass. 

Harvey,  villge,  Green  co.,  Penn. 

Harvey's  Island,  island  in  the  South  sea.  Lon. 
151  48  W.,  lat.  19  17  S. 

Harvell's,  post  office,  Dinwiddie  co.,  Va.,  about 
35  ms.  S.  from  Richmond. 

Harwich,  seaport  and  borough  of  England,  in 
Essex.  Here  the  packet  boats  are  stationed  that 
go  to  Germany  and  Holland.  Harwich  is  42  ms. 
E.  by  N.  of  Chelmsford,  and  72  ENE.  of  London. 

Lon.  1  25  E.,  lat.  52°  N.  Tp.,  Kent  county, 

U.  C,  extending  between  Lake  Erie  and  the  river 

Thames.  Town,  Barnstable  county,  Mass.,  on 

Barnstable  bay,  9  miles  from  Chatham,  and  8  from 
Yarmouth.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,942 ;  in  1820,  1,980. 

Harwinton,  village  and  township,  Litchfield  co., 
Conn.,  23  ms.  W.  from  Hartford. 

393 


HAV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAV 


Hasba',  province  of  Africa,  in  Barbary,  and  in 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco. 

Haselfelde,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Saxony. 

Haslem,  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Cattegate,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  N.  of  Zealand.  Lon.  1 1 
51  E.,  laf.  56  21  N. 

Haslernere,  borough  of  Bag.,  in  Surry,  12  miles 
SW.  of  Guildford,  and  43  of  London.  Lon.  38' 
W.,  lat.  51  6  N. 

Haslingden,  town  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  16 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Manchester,  and  190  NNW. 
of  London.    Lon.  2  16  W.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Hasseli,  handsome  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Hol- 
land, in  Overyssel,  seated  on  the  Vecht,  5  ms.  N. 

of  Zwoll.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory 

of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Demer,  20  miles  NW.  of 
M  Eestricht. 

Hassli,  small  territory  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern. 

Hastenbeck,  town  in  the  principality  of  Calen- 
berg,  in  Lower  Saxony,  5  ms.  SE.  of  Hamelin. 

Haste  River  Mills,  Culpeper  co.,  Va. 

Hastings,  borough  of  England,  in  Sussex.  It  is 
one  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  24  ms.  E.  of  Lewe?,  and 
64  SE.  from  London.  Lon.  46'  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

 Co.  of  U.  C,  opposite  the  bay  of  Quinte,  and 

W.  from  Lenox  county,  extending  from  the  bay  of 
Quinte  to  Gttowa  river. 

Hatborough,  village,  Montgomery  county,  Pa., 
on  Penepack  creek,  17  l-s.  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

Hatcher  sville,  post  office,  Chesterfield  co.,  Va., 
1 1  ms.  southwardly  from  Richmond. 

Hatched,  village,  Onslow  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 
road  100  ms.  NE.  from  Kaleigh. 

Hatchy,  Big,  river,  Tennessee  and  Mississippi, 
rises  in  the  latter,  and,  flowing  JN  W.,  enters  Hen- 
derson and  Madison  counties  in  the  former,  gradu- 
ally turns  to  the  W.,  and  enters  Mississippi  river  at 
lat.  35  30  N. 

Hatfield,  town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  5  miles 

above  Northampton.    Pop.  in  1820,  823.  Tp., 

Montgomery  county,  Pa.,  on  the  line  between  that 
and  Bucks  county,  24  miles  NNW.  from  Philadel- 
phia.   Pop  in  1820,  756.  Town  of  Eng.,  in 

Herts,  on  the  river  Lea,  20  miles  NNW.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  10'  W.,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Hatfield- Broad- Oak,  or  Hatfield  Regis,  town  of 
Eng.,  in  Essex,  30  ms  NNE.  of  London.  Lon 
20'  E.,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Hatherly,  town  of  England,  in  Devonshire,  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Towndge,  6  ms.  NW.  of  Ex- 
eter, and  201  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  4  9  W., 
lat.  50  52  N. 

Hatley,  tp.  of  Richelieu  and  Buckingham  cos., 
L.  C,  on  Lakes  Memphramagog,  Scaswaninepus, 
and  Tomefobi. 

Hatlem,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Guelderland,  seated  on  the  Yessel,  5  ms. 
SW.  of  Zwoll. 

Hattengen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia,  in  the  county  of  Marck,  seated  on  the 
Roer,  17  miles  ENE.  of  Dusseldorp.  Lon.  7  14 
E.,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Hatteras,  Cape,  North  Carolina.  It  is  the  sa- 
lient point  of  a  very  long  reef  of  sand  extending  from 
Ocracoke  to  New  Inlet.  The  cape,  properly  so  call- 
ed is  at  lon.  W.  C.  1  30  E.,  lat.  35  15  N. 

Havana,  city  and  seaport  on  the  NW.  part  of 
394 


Cuba,  two  miles  in  circumference,  and  the  capi 
of  the  island.  The  houses  are  elegant,  built 
stone,  and  the  churches  are  rich  and  magriifice 
The  harbor  is  capable  of  containing  upwards 
1,000  vessels,  and  the  entrance  so  narrow  tl 
only  one  ship  can  enter  at  a  time,  is  defended 
two  strong  forts,  called  the  Moro  and  the  Punt 
there  are  also  many  other  forts  and  platforms',  w 
furnished  with  artillery.  Here  all  the  ships  t, 
come  from  the  Spanish  settlements  rendezvous 
their  return  to  Spain.  This  city  was  taken  by 
English  in  1762,  but  restored  to  the  Spaniar 
1763.  It  is  seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  h 
and  watered  by  two  branches  of  the  river  La 
Lon.  W.  C.  5  2  W.,  lat.  23  12  N. 

Havana,  province  of  the  island  of  Cuba, 
prising  the  sub-provinces  of  Matanzas,  Tri 
Santa  Espirito,  Remedios,  and  Villa  Clara. 
421,397;  of  whom  197,768  are  whites,  58,f 
free  colored  persons,  14,000  troops,  and  25,C 

transient.    Havana,  principal  city.  Pos*.  offi 

Greene  co.,  Ala.,  53  miles  SW.  from  Tuscaloo 
Havant,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  betwc 
Fareham  and  Chichester,  7  miles  NE.  of  Poi 
mouth,  and  64  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  58' 
lat.  50  52  N. 

Havel,  river  of  Germany,  in  Prussia,  rises  on 
southern  borders  of  Mecklenlerg,  and,  contrary 
most  streams  on  the  great  slope  of  Northern  G 
many,  flows  S.  a  little  W.  70  miles  to  Spand 
where  it  receives  the  Spree.    The  Havel  is  joii 
to  the  Oder  by  the  canal  of  Finau,  which,  ieav 
the  former  20  miles  N.  from  Berlin,  unites  w 
the  latter  at  Odersburg.    It  is  23  miles  long,  V 
ing  130  feet  by  13  locks.    It  was  begun  in  16i 
but  was  not  completed  until  1751.    Below  tfp; 
dau,  the  Havel  flows  nearly  SW.  about  12  ms.. 
Potsdam,  where  it  abruptly  turns  to  N  W.  10  ni> 
and  thenceagain  SW.  10  ms.  to  NewBrandenbu 
At  the  latter  place  the  canal  of  Plauen,  from  Lit 
Plauen,  branches  nearly  W.  directly  to  the  El 
which  it  joins  below  Magdeburg.    This  canal  is' 
length  17  ms.,  and  falls  towards  the  Elbe  23 
by  three  locks  ;  width  23  feet.    The  engineer,  A 
histe,  under  the  direction  of  Frederick  It.  The 
nal  of  Plauen  shortens  the  navigation  from  N 
Brandenburg  to  Magdeburg  76  miles — the  distai 
being  93  miles  down  the  Havel  and  up  the  Ell 
but,  as  we  have  seen,  only  1 7  ms.  from  river  to  riv 
Below  New  Brandenburg  the  Havel  turns  «.r>  N 
by  N.  30  miles,  where  it  falls  into  the  Elbe, 
Werben.    Though  only  130  miles  in  length, 
Havel  is,  from  its  position,  one  of  the  most  imp 
tant  rivers  in  Germany,  affording  a  direct  and  v> 
commodious  inland  navigation  from  the  Elbe  to 
Oder. 

Havelberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg.  It  is  seated  on  the  Havel, 
miles  NW.  of  Brandenburg,  Lon.  12  26  E  ,  I 
53  5  N. 

Havenstein,  small  village  in  Suabia,  on 
Rhine,  13  ms.  NW.  of  Baden. 

Haverford,  tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Penn.,  on  the 
side  of  Darby  creek,  6  miles  W.  of  Philadelpb 
Haverfordwest,  borough  of  Wales,  in  Pembro 
15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  St.  David's,  and  329  W. 
N.  of  London.    Lon.  5°  W.,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Haverhill,  town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  on  the 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  35  miles  NW.  by  N 


G  EOG  R A P 1 1 IC AL  D ICTION A  R  Y . 


Irtmouth  College.  Considerable  town,  Essex 

unty,  Mass.,  lying  on  the  NW.  side  of  the  river 
J  rrimack,  15  ms.  W.  from  Newburyport,  and  32 
I  from  Boston.    It  carries  on  a  brisk  trade,  for- 

e.n  and  domestic.  Town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk, 

I  miles  SW.  of  Bury,  and  59  NE.  of  London. 
Ii.  28'  E.,  lat.  52  6  N. 

'lowering  Bower,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  3 
D  NE.  of  Rumford. 

laverstraw,  town,  Rockland  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
I  side  of  Hudson  river,  33  ms.  N.  of  New  York, 
a  120  S.  of  Albany. 

lame  de  Grace,  a  considerable  seaport  of  Fr., 
n  he  dep.  of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of 
?>mandy,  on  the  English  channel,  in  a  large  plain 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Seine.  It  is  a  small  for- 
I  d  town,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  harbor, 
s  ounded  with  a  wall  and  other  works,  and  de- 
nied by  a  strong  citadel,  which,  together  with 
it  oreign  trade,  makes  it  one  of  the  most  impor- 
ti  places  in  France.  It  is  45  ms.  W.  of  Rouen, 
a  112  NW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  11' E.,  lat.  42  29  N. 
--Village  and  seaport  on  the  right  bank  of  Sus- 
qi  lanna  river,  at  its  mouth,  Harford  county,  Md., 
3  ns.  NE.  from  Baltimore.    Lat.  39  35  N.,  lon. 

C.  58  E. 

raut-rioe,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
(Jnnne,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated 
oihe  Arriege.    Lon.  I  26  E.,  lat.  43  26  N. 

hutvilliers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Marne, 
I  late  province  of  Champagne,  where  the  best 
Cmpagne  wine  is  made.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mne,  20  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Rheims. 
f  law,  river,  N.  C,  which  rises  in  Rockingham 
:cnearthe  northern  border  of  the  State,  and,  flow- 
ii SE.  joins  Deep  river  in  Chatham,  and  forms 
hNE.  branch  of  Cape  Fear  river. 

■cwesville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Hancock 
I  Ky.,  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  by  post  road 
I  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort.  Lat.  37  50, 
to: 9  45  W.  of  W.  C. 

awaiiaa  Islands. — See  Sandwich  Islands,  as 
u<:ed  in  article  Australia,  under  the  head  of 
Hiaii,  or  Owhykee,  pp.  114,  115. 

awick,  pleasantly  situated  town  of  Scotland,  in 
R  burghshire,  seated  on  the  Tiviot,  amid  woods, 
m,  cataracis,  and  bridges,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Kelso. 

hwkc,  tp.,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  20  miles 
from  Portsmouth. 


rawkebury,  river  of  New  Holland,  which  rises 
'  ie  mountains  far  inland,  and,  flowing  E.,  falls 
Broken  bay. 

rawkesbury,  tp.  in  the  co.  of  Prcscott,  (J.  C, 
ii'on  the  Ottowa  river,  adjoining  to  L.  C. 

awkins,  co.  of  Tennessee,  bounded  by  Va.,  N., 
■ban  co,,  Tenn.,  E.,  Greene  and  Jefferson  S., 
jnger  W.,  and  Claiborne  NW.  Length  40, 
n  l  width  17  ms.  ;  area  480  sq.  ms.  Surface 
I  much  broken  by  hills  and  mountains.  .Being 
r  rsed  by  the  Holston  river  in  the  entire  length 
af'ie  county,  and  drained  by  numerous  minor 
,r  ches,  it  contains  much  excellent  alluvial  soil. 
GH'town,  Rogersville.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,949; 
W\n  1840,  15,035.  Central  lat.  36  20  N  ,  lon. 
WC.  6°  W. 

awley,  town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  14  ms. 
Iby  W.  from  Greenfield.    Pop.  1820,  1,089. 

aw  River,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  N.  C,  by 
*>  road  65  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 
■ 


Hawesville,  seat  of  justice,  Hancock  co.,  Ky.' 
situated  near  the  Ohio  river,  40  ms.  a  little  S.  o^ 
W.  of  Brandenburg,  and  25  NW.  by  W.  from 
Hardinsburg.    Pop  in  1840,  420. 

Hawkshead,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  situ- 
ated in  Fourness,  24  ms.  NNW.  of  Lancaster,  and 
273  of  London.    Lon.  3  6  W.,  lat,  54  24  N. 

Hawswaier,  lake  of  Eng.,  in  Westmoreland,  S. 
of  Penrith,  3  ms.  long,  and  half  a  mile  over  in 
some  places.  It  is  almost  divided  in  the  middle  by 
a  promontory  of  enclosures,  so  that  it  consists  of 
two  sheets  of  water. 

Hawthornden,  ancient  building  of  Scot.,  a  few 
ms.  to  the  SE.  of  Edinburgh,  famous  for  some  ar- 
tificial caves  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock.  It  was  the 
scat  of  Drummond,  the  poet  and  historian. 

Hay,  town  of  Wales,  in  Brecknockshire,  be- 
tween the  Wyll  and  Dulas,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Breck- 
nock, and  151  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3  4 
W.,  lat.  51  59  N. 

Hay  Bay,  in  the  tp.  of  Fredericksburg,  run- 
ning southwesterly  into  East  Bay,  makes  the  fork 
of  the  N.  channel  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  U.  C 

Haycock,  tp.  of  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  N\  side 
of  Tokickon  creek,  22  ms.  NW.  of  Newton.  Pop. 
in  1810,  836  ;  in  1820,  926. 

Haye,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Indre  and 
Loire,  lately  in  the  province  of  Touraine.  It  is 
memorable  for  being  the  birthplace  of  Des  Cartes, 
and  seated  on  the  Creuse,  25  ms.  S.  of  Tours,  and 
135  SW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  46'  E.,  lat.  46  56  N. 

Haylsham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  co.  of  Sussex, 
12  ms.  E.  of  Lewis,  and  58  SE.  of  London.  Lon. 
20'  E.,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Haymarket,  village,  Prince  William  co.,  Va,, 
at  the  distance  of  38  ms.  W.  from  Washington. 

 Village,  Muskingum  co.,  O.,  on  the  E.  bank 

of  Muskingum  river,  9  ms.  above  Zanesville. 

Haynes,  SE.  tp.  of  Centre  co.,  Pa.,  in  Penn't> 
Valley.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,350. 

Hays  Mills,  post  office,  Shenandoah  co.,  Va.} 
about  80  ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Hay's  Cross  Roads,  otherwise  called  Haysville, 
village,  Vermillion  tp.,  eastern  side  of  Richland 
co.,  O.,  14  ms.  E.  of  Mansfield. 

Haysville,  village,  Franklin  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 
road  46  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 
Hayti. — See  Domingo,  Saint. 
Haylien,  Cape. — See  Cape  Haytien. 
Haywood,  co.  of  Term.,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  State,  bounded  W.  by  Lauderdale  and  Tipton, 
N.  by  Dyer  and  Gibson,  E.  by  Madison,  and  S. 
by  Hardeman  and  Fayette.    Length   30  miles, 
mean  width  22  ms.    Big  Hatchie  river  enters  the 
SE.  angle,  and  flows  over  the  county  in  a  direc- 
tion a  little  N.  of  W.    The  southern  branch  of 
Forked  Deer  river  enters  the  eastern  border,  and, 
flowing  towards  the  NW.,  leaves  the  county  near 
itsNW.  angle,  where  it  enters  Dyer  co.  Chief 
town,  Harrisburg,  on  Forked  Deer  river.  Central 

lat.  35  36,  lon.  W.  C.  12  15  W.  A  western 

co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Macon  W.  and  SW.,  by 
Buncombe  SE.  and  E.,  and  by  Smoky  Mountain, 
dividing  it  from  Tennessee,  N.  Central  lat.  35  30 
N.,  lon.  6°  W.  of  W.  C.  Chief  town,  Waynes, 
ville,  294  ms.  a  very  little  S.  of  W.  from  Raleigh. 
The  great  body  of  the  co.  is  an  elevated  mountain 
valley,  drained  by  different  branches  of  Tennessee 
river.    Soil  in  general  rough,  rocky,  and  barren, 

395 


HEB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HEL 


but  with  some  remarkable  exceptions  near  the 
streams.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,073;  and  in  1840, 
4,975.  Central  lat.  35  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  10  W. 
 C.  H.  and  post  office,  Haywood  co.,  Tenn. 

Haywood,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  now  Waynes- 
ville,  by  post  road  293  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  | 
Raleigh. — See  Waynesville. 

Haywoodsborough,  village,  Chatham  co.,  N.  C, ' 
in  the  forks  of  Cape  Fear  river,  46  ms.  above  Fay-  | 
etteville. 

Hazlegreen,  post  office,  Madison  co.,  Ah. 

Hazlepatch,  post  office,  Knox  co.,  Ky. 

Hazletons  Ferry,  Knox  co.,  Ia. 

Headford,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Gaiway,  i 
and  province  of  Connaught,  12  ms.  N.  of  Gaiway.  , 
Lon.  3'  W.,  lat.  22  12  N. 

Head  of  Elk,  Md— See  Elkton. 

Head  of  Chester,  village,  Kent  co.,  Md.,  about 
50  ms.  E.  from  Baltimore. 

Head  of  Cove  Neck,  village  in  the  NE.  angle  of 
Queen's  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Long  Island,  24  ms.  NE. 
by  E.  from  the  city  of  N.  Y. 

Head  of  Sassafras,  village,  Kent  co.,  Md., 
about  50  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Baltimore. 

Head  of  Severn,  post  office,  Anne  Arundel  co., 
Md.,  10  ms.  NW.from  Annapolis,  and  15  S.  from 
Baltimore. 

Health,  Seat,  of,  post  office,  Granville  co  ,  N.  C, 
by  post  road  58  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Heath,  town,  Franklm  co.,  Mass. 

Heath  Point,  SE.  extremity  of  the  island  of  An- 
ticosti,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Hebardsville,  village,  Athens  co.,  O.,  6  ms.  S.  of 
Athens,  the  co.  seat,  and  20  ms.  a  little  N.  of  VV. 
of  Troy,  on  Ohio  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Hock- 
hocking  river. 

Hebrides,  or  Western  Islands,  numerous  islands 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Scot.,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Skye,  St.  Kilda,  Lewis  and  Harris,  Uist,  Can- 
nay,  Staffa,  Mull,  Jura,  and  Islay.  The  situation 
of  these  islands  in  the  great  Atlantic  ocean  renders 
the  air  cold  and  moist  in  most  of  them. 

Hebrides,  New,  a  cluster  of  islands,  lying  in  the 
S.  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by  Quiros  in  1606, 
and  considered  as  part  of  a  great  southern  conti- 
nent, under  the  name  of  Tierra  Australia  del  Es- 
piritu  Santo.  They  were  next  visited  by  Bougain- 
ville in  1768,  who  did  no  more  than  discover  that 
the  land  was  not  connected,  but  composed  of 
islands,  which  he  called  the  Great  Cyclades.  Cap- 
tain Cook,  in  1774,  ascertained  the  extent  and 
situation  of  the  whole  group,  and  gave  them  the 
name  they  now  bear.  They  lie  between  14  25 
and  20  4  S.  lat.,  and  166  4  1  and  170  21  E.  Ion., 
extending  125  leagues. 

Hebron,  town  of  Palestine,  seated  at  the  foot  of 
an  eminence,  on  which  are  the  remains  of  an  an- 
cient castle.  The  sepulchre  of  Abraham  is  shown 
here,  which  is  visited  ty  Christians  and  Mahome- 
tans.   It  is  25  ms.  SW.  of  Jerusalem.  Town, 

Oxford  co.,  Me.,  9  ms.  S.  from  Paris.    Pop.  in 

1840,  1,254.  Town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  35 

ms.  N.  from  Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  572.  

Town,  Tolland  co.,  Ct,  18  ms.  SE.  of  Hartford. 

Top.  in  1820,  2,094.  Town,  Washington  co., 

N.  Y.,  50  ms.  NNE.  from  Albany.  Pop.  in  1840, 
2,500.  Village  near  the  southern  side  of  Lick- 
ing co.,  O.,  at  the  intersection  of  the  Ohio  and 
Erie  canal  and  national  road,  9  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W. 
396 


from  Newark,  the  co.  seat,  27  ms.  W.  of  Zane 
ville,  and  27  E.  of  Columbus.  This  place  is 
real  natural  and  artificial  curiosity.  Approachii 
it  we  are  greeted  with  the  view  of  a  commerci 
port,  large  warehouses,  and  numerous  boats,  whi! 
the  flat  surface  presents  all  the  aspect  of  a  low  ? 
hi  vial  tract  near  a  seacoast,  and  yet  you  are  on 
summit  level  400  feet  above  the  Ohio  river 
Portsmouth.  The  Ohio  and  Erie  canal  depress 
both  ways  from  near  Hebron.  It  is  a  very  favor 
ble  position  to  study  the  peculiar  geology  of  Ohi 
Pop.  in  1836,  about  400;  in  1840,  473. 

Heckla,  mountain  and  volcano  of  Iceland,  risu 
to  about  5,000  feet,  40  ms.  SE.  from  Skalholt. 

Hector,  town  in  SW.  tp.  Tompkins  co.,  N.  } 
between  Seneca  and  Cayuga  lakes.  Population 
1820,  4,012. 

Hector,  Northwest,  post  office,  Tompkins  so.,  I 
Y.,  about  18  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Ithaca. 

Hedjas,  province  of  Arabia,  the  holy  land  oft 
Mahometans,  extending  along  the  NE.  shore  of  t 
Red  Sea,  and  including  Mecca  and  Medina, 
has  Yemen  S.,  and  the  interminable  Nedjed 
Hedjas  lies  generally  between  N.  lat.  20  and  25 
and  is  in  great  part  mountainous  and  desert. 

Hedomora,  town  of  Dalecarlia,  in  Sweden,  se; 
ed  on  the  Lake  Hafran,  famous  for  the  gunpowc 
made  here;  it  is  55  ms.  NW.  ofUpsal.  Lo, 
17  7  E  ,  lat.  60  14  N. 

Heermund  river. — See  Helmund. 

Hegira,  or  "The  Flight,"  July  16th,  A. 
622. — See  article  Astronomy,  head  Lunar  yet 

Heideberg,  tp.,  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  left  si 
of  Schuylkill  river,  commencing  6  ins.  ahf 
Reading,  at  the  mouth  of  Cacoosing  creek.  Pf 
in  1820,  3,605. 

Heidelberg,  village,  Lebanon  co.,  Pa  ,  36  n 
E.  from  Harrisburg,  and  about  the  same  distar 
N.  from  Lancaster.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  Heid 
berg,  the  NE.  tp.  of  the  co.    Pop.  of  the  tp 

1840,  2,827.  Tp.  in  the  western  part  ofY< 

co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1840,  1,528.  City  of  G 

many,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  with 
celebrated  university.  It  has  manufacture* 
woolen  stuffs,  carpets,  silk  stockings,  velvet,  a 
soap.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  over  which  : 
brhige,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Manheim,  and  52  S. 
Frankfort.    Lon.  8  38  E.,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Heidenheini,  town  of  Suabia,  and  in  the  tet 
tory  of  Brentzhall,  22  ms.  N.  of  Ulm.  Lcn.  H 
E.,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Heila,  town  of  Western  Prussia,  in  Poland, 
the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  on  the  Baltic  sea,  12  r 
N.  of  Dantzic.    Lon.  19  25  E  ,  lat.  54  53  >' 

Heilegen  Have,  seaport  of  Holstein,  in  Germa 
seated  on  the  Baltic,  opposite  the  island  of  Fer 
ren.    Lon.  10  57,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Heiligoland,  island  of  the  German  ocean, 
longing  to  the  King  of  Denmark ;  it  is  seated 
tween  the  mouths  of  the  Eider  and  the  Elbe.  i» 
8  20  E.,  lat.  54  21  N. 

Heiligenstadt,  town  of  Germany,  belonging 
the  elector  of  Mentz,  capital  of  the  territory 
Etchset.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  theG< 
land  and  Leina,  30  ms.  NW,  of  Eisnacb.  L 
10  14  E.,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Helder,  village  of  Holland,  on  Walden  Poi 
N.  Holland.  It  stands  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
trance  to  the  Texel,  and  45  ms.  N.  from  Ams<- 


HEL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HEM 


d  i.  A  fine  canal,  admitting  frigates,  ha3  been 
nmtly  opened  from  the  Helder  to  Amsterdam. 

ielena,  St.,  island  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  27  ms. 
ii :ircuit,  belonging  to  the  Eng  East  India  Com- 
(ly. — See  Africa,  p.  31.  The  inhabitants  do 
n  exceed  3,000,  including  near  500  soldiers  and 
1  00  blacks,  who*are  supplied  with  corn  and  man- 
natures,  by  the  company's  ships,  in  return  for  re- 
fihrnents.  The  town,  called  Jamestown,  is 
;-.  ill,  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  on  the  S. 
8 !  of  the  island,  between  two  steep  dreary  moun- 
ts. This  island  has  now  become  classic  ground 
inistory,  by  becoming  the  place  of  exile  and  death 
othe  emperor  Napoleon.  He  arrived  at  the 
und  October  13,  1815;  died  on  the  5th,  and  was 
nrred  on  the  9th  of  May,  1821  ;  aged  51  years, 
Months,  and  20  days.  He  was  born  at  Ajaccio, 
i  Corsica,  August  15,  1769.  The  remains  of 
ipoleon  have  been  disinterred  and  removed  to 
I  nee,  and  there  now  rest. 

ielena,  village,  Philips  co.,  Ark.,  by  post  road 
I  ms.  from  Little  Rock. 

ielen's,  St.,  town  of  Eng.,  in  E.  Medina,  in 
t  Isle  of  Wight.  It  has  a  large  bay,  and,  in  a 
v  with  France,  is  often  the  station  of  the  royal 

ielicon,  now  Sangara,  mountain  ot  Greece,  in 
I  otia,  near  the  Gulf  of  Corinth. 

idler,  St.,  little  island  near  the  town  of  the 
r  ie  name,  in  the  bay  of  St.  Aubin,  on  the  S. 

ft  of  the  island  of  Jersey  Capital  of  the  is- 

I  i  of  Jersey,  in  the  English  channel,  seated  in 
I  bay  of  St.  Aubin,  where  it  has  a  harbor  and  a 

ic  pier.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  to  be 
5  00 

iellgoland,  Helgoland,  island  in  the  German 
nan,  about  28  ms.  distant  from  the  mouth  of 
I  Weser,  Elbe,  and  Eyder.  This  island  has 
m  good  harbors,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants, 
has  been  in  possession  of  the  British  since  1807. 
Ih.  7  55  E.,  lat.  54  11  N. 

Hellarn,  tp.,  York  co.,  Pa.,  between  Codorus 
■  Grist  creeks,  and  opposite  to  Marietta,  in 

icaster  co.    Pop.  1820,  2,062. 

Hellas,  kingdom  of,  Greece. — See  latter  part  of 
f  cle  Greece. 

Heller stuwn,  village,  Northampton    co.,  Pa., 

ait  the  size  of  Stroudsburg,  situated  in  Lower 

ucon,  near  the  extreme  southern  angle  of  the 
< ,  and  4  ms.  SE.  from  Bethlehem. 

Htllgaie,  strait  of  N.  Y.,  between  Long  Island 
;1  Westchester  co.  It  unites  Long  Island 
I  md  to  the  East  river,  8  ms.  from  N.  Y. 

Hellespont,  now  Dardanelles,  river  or  strait 
>  ting  the  sea  of  Marmora  with  that  of  the  Archi- 
lago.  It  extends  in  a  NE.  and  S  W.  direction, 
j !  Dardanelles  and  Galipoli. 

Helmsdale,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Sutherlandshire, 
hch  descends  from  the  mountains  bordering  on 
(ithness*shire,  and  empties  itself  into  the  German 
<  an,  where  there  is  a  good  salmon  fishery. 

Htlrnont,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
Ids,  in  Brabant,  in  the  low  countries,  with  a 
f»ng  castle,  seated  on  the  A  a,  17  ms.  SE.  of 
lis  le-Duc,  and  20  W.  of  Venio.  Lon.  5  37  E., 
I  51  31  N. 

Helmsley,  or  Helmsley  Blackmore,  town  of 
Lg.,  in  the  N.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  in  Rhidal- 
xe,  on  the  Rye,  20  ms  N.  of  York,  and  220  N. 


bv  W.  of  London.  Longitude  1°  W.f  latitude 
54  19  N. 

Helmstadt,  town  of  Brunswick  and  Lower  Sax- 
ony, in  Germany,  with  a  university,  20  ms.  SE. 

of  Brunswick.  Lon.  11  16  E.,  lat.  *52  16  N.  

Strong  maritime  town  of  Sweden,  and  capital  of  a 
province  of  Holland. 

Helmund,  river  of  Asia,  in  Cabul,  or  Afghanis- 
tan, the  Elymander  of  the  Greeks,  the  Heermund, 
Hindmend,  &c,  of  the  European  geographers, 
has  its  sources  in  the  mountains  of  Cabul,  inter- 
locking sources  with  those  of  the  Amou-Deria, 
and  the  small  western  confluents  of  the  Indus. 
With  a  general  western  course  of  about  600  ms. 
along  the  mean  lat.  of  32°  N.,  the  Helmund  falls 
into  the  lake  Zurroh,  without  oceanic  outlet.  The 
basin  of  the  Helmund  comprises  one  of  those  natu- 
ral sections  of  Asia  from  which  no  stream  flows 
towards,  or  is  in  any  wise  connected  with,  an  oce- 
anic outlet.  The  Helmund  basin  comprises  a 
surface  of  116,000  sq.  ms. 

Helsinburg,  or  Elsinburg,  seaport  of  Sweden, 
in  the  province  of  Gothland,  and  territory  of  Scho  - 
nen,  seated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  sound,  7 
ms.  E.  of  Elsinore,  and  37  S.  of  Halmsladt.  Lon. 
13  2  E.,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Helsingfors,  town  of  Swedish  Finland,  with  a 
harbor  reckoned  almost  the  best  in  the  kingdom. 
It  is  150  ms.  E.  of  Abo.  Lon.  25°  E.,  lat  60 
20  N. 

Helsingia,  province  of  Sweden,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Jempterland  and  Madelpadia,  on  the  E.  by 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by 
Dalecarlia  and  Austricia.  It  is  full  of  mountains 
and  forests,  and  the  employment  of  the  inhabitants 
is  hunting  and  fishing. 

Helston,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  co.  of  Cornwall, 
on  the  Cober,  near  its  influx  into  Mount's  bay.  It 
is  one  of  the  towns  appointed  for  the  coinage  of  the 
tin.  and  the  place  of  assembly  for  the  W.  division 
of  the  shire.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Low,  and  is 
11  ms.  SW.  of  Falmouth,  and  274  W.  by  S.  of 
London.    Lon.  5  15  E.,  lat.  50  2  N. 

Helvoetsluys,  seaport  of  Holland,  on  the  island 
of  Voorn,  where  the  English  packet  boat  always 
goes.  It  is  but  a  small  place,  consisting  only  of  a 
handsome  quay  and  two  or  three  little  streets. 
Here  some  of  the  Dutch  men  of  war  are  laid  up  in 
ordinary.  It  is  5  ms.  S.  of  the  Briel.  Lon.  4  23 
E.,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Hemlock,  lake  of  N.  Y.,  Livingston  co.,  dis- 
charges into  Genesee  river  by  Honeoy  creek. 

Hemmlngford,  tp.  of  Huntingdon  co.,  L.  C, 
34  ms.  S.  from  Montreal,  and  adjoining  Clinton 
co.,  N,  Y. 

Hempjield,  tp.,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  NE. 
side  of  Susquehannah.  Pop.  in  1810,  3,431  ;  in 
1820,  3,339.    It  is  now  divided  into  E.  and  W. 

Hempfield.  Tp.  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.  It 

is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  Big  Sewickly  creek, 
about  25  ms.  SE.  of  Pittsburg.  The  chief  town, 
Greensburg. 

Hempsted,  or  Hernel  Hempsted,  corporate  town 
of  Eng.,  in  Herts,  among  the  hills,  on  a  branch  of 
the  Coin,  18  ms.  S  W.  of  Hertford,  and  23  NW.  of 
London.    Lon.  15'  W.,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Hempstead,  village  on  Long  Island,  in  Queen's 
co.,  N.  Y.,  23  ms.  E.  of  the  city.  It  is  situated  on 
the  edge  of  an  extensive  plain,  16  ms.  long,  and 

397 


HEN 


HEN 


varying  in  width  from  1  to  about  4  ins   Co.  of 

Arkansas.    Limits  and  relative  position  uncertain. 

Pop.  in  1820,  2,489.  Court-house  and  post 

office,  Hempstead  co.,  Ark.,  120  ms.  from  Little 
Rock. 

Hen  and  Chickens,  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
W.  part  of  Lake  Erie,  and  N.  from  the  Bass  is- 
lands. By  the  decision  of  the  commissioners  ap- 
pointed to  settle  the  boundary  between  the  U.  S. 
and  Canada,  the  line  runs  between  the  Bass  islands 
and  the  Hen  and  Chickens. 

Henbury,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
near  Bristol,  2  ms.  from  St.  Vincent's  Rock. 

Henderson,  town,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lake 
Ontario,  between  Chaurnont  bay  and  St.  Law- 
rence river.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,919.  Co.  of  Ky., 

bounded  by  Ohio  river  N.,  Davies  co.,  Ky.,  E., 
Hopkins  S.,  and  Union  W.  ;  length  36  ms.,  mean 
width  16^  ms.,  area  600  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly, 
and  soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Henderson.  Pop. 
in   1820,  5,714;  and  in  1840,  9,548.  Central 

lat.  37  45,  Ion.  VV.  C.  10  20  W.  Village  and 

beat  of  justice,  Henderson  co.,  Ky.,  on  the  left 
hank  of  Ohio  river,  about  200  ms.  by  water  below 
Louisville,  and  44  above  the  mouth  of  Wabash 
river.    Lat  37  48  N.,  Ion.  10  22  W. 

Henderson's  Store,  post  office,  Botetourt  co., 
Va.,  by  post  road  206  ms.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Henderson,   village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  C. 

 Co.,  Tenn.,  hounded  by  Hardin  S.,  Madison 

W.,  Carroll  N.,  and  Perry  E.  ;  length  28  ms., 
mean  breadth  25,  area  672  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained 
by  the  sources.of  several  branches  flowing  into  Ten- 
nessee river,  and  by  Forked  Deer  river.  Central 
lat.  35  37  N\,  Ion.  W.  C.  1 1  20  W.  Chief 
town,  Lexington. 

Htndersonville,  Nottaway  co.,  Va.,  on  Little 
Nottaway  river,  45  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Peters- 
burg. 

Hendersonville,  or  Henderson's  Ferry,  village, 
Newbury  district,  S.  C,  30  ms.  above  Columbia. 

Hendersonville,  village  in  Sumner  co.,  Tenn., 
20  ms.  N.  from  Nashville. 

Hendrick's  Store,  post  office,  Bedford  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  177  ms.  W.  Richmond. 

Hendricksville,  village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa. 

Hendrysburg,  village,  Belmont  co.,  O.,  15  ms. 
westward  of  St.  Clairsville,  on  the  national  road. 

Hene&go,  or  Heneagas,  the  two  most  northern 
islands  of  the  group  of  the  Bahamas. 

Henley,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire, 
on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a  handsome  stone  j 
bridge,  and  sends  malt,  corn,  wood,  &c,  to  Lon- 
don bv  barges.  It  is  24  ms.  SE.  from  Oxford, 
and  35  W.  of  London.  Lon.  46'  W.,  lat.  51  35 
N.  Town  on  the  Alne,  10  ms.  NW.  of  War- 
wick, and  202  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  50 
W.,  lat.  52  23  N. 

Henley  House,  station  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany, on  Albany  river.  Lon.  W.  C.  8  5  W.,  lat. 
52  14  N. 

Henlopen,  Cape,  cape  of  Delaware,  opposite  to 
Cape  May,  in  N.  J.,  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware 
bay.    Lat.  38  55,  lon.  75°  W. 

Henneberg,  co.  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia;  it  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Thuringia, 
on  the  W.  by  Hesse,  on  the  S.  by  the  bishopric  of 
Wurtzburg,  and  on  the  E.  by  that  of  Bamberg. 

Mainungen  is  the  capital.  Town  of  Franconia, 

398 


in  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  34  i 
NW  of  Bamberg.    Lon.  10  38  E.,  lat.  50  40, 

Hennebon,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  depi 
ment  of  Morbihan,  and  lately  in  the  province 
Bretagne,  seated  on  the  river  Blavet,  22  ms.  N 
of  Vannes,  and  260  ms.  W\  by  S.  of  Paris.  L< 
34°  VV.,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Henniker,  village,  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H  , 
ms.  W.  from  Concord. 

Henrichmont,  town  of  France,  now  in  thedep* 
ment  of  Cher,  and  late  province  of  Berry,  h  v 
the  capital  of  a  district  which  Henry  IV  gave 
his  minister  the  duke  ol  Sully.  It  is  seated  on  I 
Sandrc,  15  ms.  NNE.  of  Bourges. 

Henrico,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  James  river  ' 
Chesterfield  S.  W.,  Goochland  NW.,  Hano> 
and  New  Kent  NE.,  and  Charles  City  8 
Length  30  ms.;  mean  width  10;  area  300  sq.  n 
Surface  moderately  hilly.  Soil  generally  of  m 
dling  quality.  Chief  town,  Richmond.  Pop. 
1820,  exclusive  of  that  of  the  city  of  Richrooi 

1  1,600;  and  in  1840,  33,076.    Central  lat  

Richmond. 

Henrietta,  town,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Get 
see  river,  15  ms.  S.  from  Rochester.  Pop. 

1820,    2,181.  Village,  Lorain  co.,  O.,  a' 

near  its  western  border,  1 1  ms.  westward  of Elyi 
and  133  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

Henry,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by.N.  C.  S  ,  P 
rick  co.,  in  Va.  W..  Franklin  N.,  and  Pitts 
vania  E.  It  averages  about  20  ms.  square;  ai 
400  sq.  ms.  Surface  broken,  and  s,oil  genera 
rather  sterile.  Chief  town,  Martinsville.  Pop. 
1820,  5,624;  in  1840,  7,335.  Centl.  lat.  36  36  fj 

lon.  W.  C.  2  45  W.  Co.  Ga.,  bounded  by  Gwi 

net,  NW.,  by  Newton  NE.,  Jasper  and  Jone  ? 
Fayette  S.,  and  Flint  river  W.  ;  36  ms.  lor 
with  a  mean  width  of  22 ;  area   792  sq. 
Central  lat.   33  20  N.,  lon.   W.  C.  7  25  V 

Pop.  in  1840,  11,756.  Court-house  and  pt 

office,  Henry  co.,  Ga.,  by  post  road  67  ms.  Nl 

by  W.  from  Milledgeville.  Co.  of  Ky.,  bm 

ed  by  Jefferson  SW.,  Ohio  river  W.,  Gallatin  1 
and  NE.,  Kentucky  river,  or  Owen  co.  E.,  a 
Shelby  S.  Length  32  ms.;  mean  width  12£;ai 
400  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly  and  broken,  but  soil  pi 
productive.  Chief  town,  Newcastle.  Pop.  184 
9,557.  Cenl.  lat.  38  30  N..  lon.  W.  C.  8°  VV.— 
SE.  co.  of  Ala.;  bounded  by  Chatahoochee  river 
Fa,.  S.,  Covington  W.,  and  Pike  N.  Length  50m 
mean  width  27;  area  1,350  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in  182 
2,638.     Central  lat.  31  15,  lon.  VV.  C.  9  30  V 

 Village,  Monroe,  tp.,  northeasternmost  corr. 

of  Muskingum  co.,  O..  16  or  17  ms.  NB. ' 

Zanesville.  Co.  of  O.,  bounded  by  Putnam  ? 

Paulding  SW.,  Williams  NW.,  Lucas  N  a 
NE.,  and  Wood  SE.,  extending  in  lat.  from 
8  to  41  27,  and  in  lon.  W.  C.  from  6  51  to 
17  W.     It  is  24  ms.  square;  area  576  sq.  nr 
Maumee  river  enters  its  western  border  a  sh< 
distance  below  Defiance,  and  about  7  ms.  from 
SW.   corner,  and  winding  thence  by  a  gene. 
NE.  by  E.  course,  leaves  the  co.  about  10  ms. 
of  its  NE.  corner.    The  Wabash  and  Erie  car 
will  pass  over  this  county,  along  the  general  cour 
of  Maumee  river.    County  seat,  Napoleon.  Po 

in  1840,  2,503.  Court-house  and  post  offic 

Henry  co.,  Ala. 

Henry,  Cape,  Va.,  the  S.  point  of  the  entran 


HER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HER 


,  )  the  Chesapeake  bay.  Lon.  W.  C.  1°  E.,  i 
I  36  58  N. 

Henry  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Sevier  co., 
n|in.,  200  ms.  E.,  from  Murfreesborough. 

Henry  Point,  the  E.  point  of  Haldimand  Cove, 
(  C.,  which  is  formed  by  it  and  Point  Frederick 
t  the  W. 

lenshaw,  tp.  in  the  NW.  part  of  Trumbull 

0.    Pop.  in  1820,  uncertain. 
'ieppenheim,  town  in  Germany,  in  the  eleclo- 
i  »  of  Mentz,  with  a  castle  and  an  abbey.  Lon. 
1  E.,  lat.  49  29  N. 

Heraclea,  ancient  seaport  of  Romania.  It  was 
vy  famous  in  ancient  times;  and  there  are  still 
l  siderable  remains  of  its  former  splendor.    It  is 

;ns.  W.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  27  58  E., 
I  40  29  N. 

Herat,  town  of  Persia,  in  Khorasan,  160  ms. 

,  of  Mesched.  •  Lon.  61°  E.,  lat.  34  30  N. 

ierault,  one  of  the  deps.  of  Fr.,  so  named  from 

iver  which  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Lyons.  It 
,  udes  part  of  the  late  province  of  Languedoc, 
I  the  capital  in  Montpelier. 

lerbemont,  town  of  Austrian  Luxemburg,  with 
aistle  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Semoy,  3 
r  NW.  of  Chiney. 

Herborn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
t  Upper  Rhine,  and  territory  of  Nassau,  with 
a'araous  university  and  woolen  manufacture,  8 
SW.  of  Dillenburg.  Lon.  8  20  E.,  lat.  0 
•i  N. 

\ierculseneum,  ancient  city  of  Italy,  5  ms.  E. 
b|S.  from  Naples.     It  was  overwhelmed  by  an 

eption  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  AD.  79.  Town  and 

st of  justice,  Jefferson  co.,  Mo.,  30  ms.  below  St. 
Ijis,  and  30  above  St.  Genevieve;  and  36  from 
Ihe  a  Burton,  in  the  lead-mine  district.  It  is 
11.  chief  emporium  of  the  lead  made  at  the  various 
rues  in  the  interior.  Lat.  38  18  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
156  W, 

Hereford,  capital  of  Herefordshire,  Eng.  It  is 
ms.  WSW.  of  Worcester,  and  130  WNW. 

oLondon.    Lon.  2  35  W.,  lat.  52  4  N.  

%,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  the  headwaters 

Jonnecticut  river,  and  bounded  on  Vt.  NE. 

i  Berks  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  head  branches  of 

i  kiomen  creek.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,431.  

Mage,  Baltimore  co.,  Md. 
Herefordshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  nearly  of  a  circu- 
form,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Worcester  and 
ucester,  on  the  S.  by  Monmouthshire,  on  the 
by  Radnorshire  and  Brecknockshire,  and  on 
1  N.  by  Shropshire.    Its  length  from  N.  to  S. 
i:16  ms.,  its  breadth  from  E.  to  W.  40,  and  its 
cumference  220.    Pop.  in  1801,  97,557;  in 
1  i,  111,654;  and  in  1821,  129,714. 
ierenthals,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne- 
lands,  in  Brabant,  seated  on  the  Net  he,  20 
n  NE.of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  54E.,  lat.  51  13  N. 

terford,  or  Hervorden,  free  imperial  town  of 
Vstphalia,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Ravensberg 
"t  a  famous  nunnery  belonging  to  the  protes- 
ts s  of  the  confession  of  Augsburg,  whose  abbess 
*l  princess  of  the  empire.  It  is  seated  on  the 
*]  17  ms.  SW.  of  Minden.  Lon.  8  47  E., 
If<  52  9  N. 

iergruvdt,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  remarka- 
b  for  its  mines  of  vitriol,  which  are  extremely 
fi .    The  miners,  who  are  numerous,  have  built 


a  subterraneous  town.    It  is  65  ms.  N.  of  Buda. 
Lon.  18  15  E.,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Heri,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  two  ms. 
NNW.  of  Ternate.  It  is  pretty  high,  and  not 
more  than  2  ms.  in  circumference,  and  appears  to 
be  in  a  perfect  state  of  cultivation,  and  well  in- 
habited. 

Herisau,  considerable  commercial  town  of 
Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Appenzel.  It  is 
famous  for  its  manufactures  of  very  fine  linen  and 
muslin.    It  is  7  ms.  SW.  of  St.  Gall. 

Herk,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Demer,  2  ms.  VV.  of 
Maestricht.    Lon.  5  58  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Herkimer,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Otsego 
S.,  by  Oneida  and  Lewis  W.,  St.  Lawrence  N., 
and  Hamilton  and  Montogmery  E.;  length  90 
ms. ;  mean  width  18;  area  1,620  sq.  ms.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  diversified  cos.  in  the  U.  S.,  extend- 
ing from  lat.  42  50,  to  44  7,  and  very  much  broken 
by  mountainous  or  very  high  hilly  ridges.  The 
climates  of  its  two  extremes  are  very  different ; 
deep  snows  frequently  cover  the  ridges  drained  by 
the  waters  of  the  Black  river,  when  spring  blooms 
in  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk.  The  soil  is  also 
excessively  varied  ;  no  land  in  the  U.  S.  exceeds 
in  fertility  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  Mohawk, 
and  that  of  the  two  Canada  creeks.  The  body 
of  the  pop.  exists  on  the  southern  half  the  co., 
though  even  on  the  branches  of  Black  river  much 
good  land  extends  along  the  streams.  Pop. 
in  1820,  31,017,  and  in  1840,  37,477.  Central 

lat.  43  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  10  E.  Village 

and  seat  of  justice,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
left  side  of  the  Mohawk,  78  ms.  W.  from  Albany, 
and  14  below  Utica.  This  town  stands  upon  a 
most  productive  alluvial  plain,  about  one  mile 
above  the  mouth  of  Wrest  Canada  creek.  Lat. 
43  1  N,  lon.,  W.  C.  2  3  E. 

Hermanstadt,  ancient  Cibinium,  or  Hermano- 
polis,  large  and  strong  town  of,  and  until  1790 
the  capital  of  Transylvania.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ceben,  25  ms.  E.  of  Weissemburg,  and  205  SE. 
of  Buda.    Lon.  24  40  E.,  lat.  46  25  N. 

Hermitage,  post  office,  Prince  Edward  co., 
Va.,  by  post  road  105  ms.  S.  W<>  from  Richmond. 

Heme,  town  in  Kent,  6  ms.  from  Canterbury, 
with  a  commodious  bay,  frequented  by  colliers. 

Hernhut,  famous  place  in  Upper  Lnsatia,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  between  Zittaw  and 
Leobau.  Here,  in  1722,  some  persecuted  Mora- 
vian brethren  settled  in  the  fields  of  the  village 
of  Berthelsdorf,  belonging  to  Count  Zinzindorf, 
and  began  to  build  another  village. 

Hermon,  tp.,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  7  ms.  W. 
from  Bangor. 

Herndosville,  town,  Scott  co.,  Ky.,  by  post  road 
33  ms.  NE.  from  Frankfort. 

Hernosand,  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the  W  coast 
of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lon.  17  58  E.,  lat.  62 
38  N. 

Heron,  Pass  of,  inlet  between  Mobile  bay  and 
Pascagoula  sound,  and  between  the  main  shore 
of  Alabama  and  Dauphin  island. 

Herstal,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
Liege,  with  in  ancient  castle,  seated  on  the 
Maese,  3  ms.  N.  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  40  E.,  lat. 
50  40  N. 

°;99 


HES 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HES 


Hertfordshire,  co.,  in  Eng.,  deriving  its  name 
from  Hartford,  or  Hertford,  the  county  town,  and 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Cambridgeshire,  on  the 
E.  by  Essex,  on  the  W.  by  Bedfordshire  and 
Buckinghamshire,  and  on  the  S.  by  Middlesex. 
It  is  35  ms.  in  length,  27  in  breadth,  and  about 
190  in  circumference.  Pop.  in  1801,  97,557; 
in  1811,  1  11,654;  and  in   1821,  129,714. 

Hertford,  town  of  Eng.,  and  capital  of  Hertford- 
shire. It  is  the  seat  of  the  East  India  college,  21  ms. 

N.  from  London.  (Jo.,  L.  CL,  on  the  right  side 

of  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  island  of  Or- 
leans, and.  bounded  by  Cornwallis  NE.,  and  by 

Dorchester  SW.  Co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Va.; 

N.,  Chowan  river  NE.  and  E.,  Bertie  S.,  and 
Northampton  W.;  length  26  ms.  ;  mean  width 
14;  area  364  sq.  ms.  Surface  level,  and  soil 
rither  sterile  generally.  Chief  town,  Winton. 
Pop.  in  1820,  7,712;  and  in  1840,  7,484.  Cen- 
tral lat.  36  20  N.  on  the  meridian  of  Washington 
City. 

Hertford,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Perquimans 
co.,  N.  C,  on  Perquimans  river,  18  ms.  NE. 
from  Edenton. 

Hertzberg,  considerable  town  of  Germany,  in 


The  Rhine  traverses  the  southern  section  of  i 
duchy,  and  unites  with  the  Maine  at  Mayen 
|Hesse  is  politically  divided  into  the  following  r. 

;  vinces : 


Provinces. 


Pop. 


Chief  towns. 


Upper  Hesse 
Staikenburg 
llhenish  Hesse 

Total 


710,000 


Giessen,  capital  of  Upper  Hesse,  is  more  w 
thy  of  remark,  as  being  the  seat  of  one  of  the  gr 
German  universities. — See  article  Giessen. 

The  territorial  extent  of  Ducal  Hesse  is  ab< 
3,770  sq.  English  ms.,  which,  with  a  populati 
of  710,000,  gives  188  to  the  English  sq.  m. 

Hesse  Cassel,  or  electoral  Hesse,  is  bounded 
the  extreme  SW.  by  the  river  Maine  and  territt 
of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  and  by  the  eastern  p 
tion  of  Ducal  Hesse,  on  the  W.  by  the  same  p 
of  Ducal  Hesse  and  VValdeck,  on  the  N.  by  i 
the  electorate  of  Saxony,  35  ms.  NW.  of  Dres-  [Prussian  province  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  by  i 


Rinzing  and  other  small  streams  into  the  Maine, 
much  larger  portion  of  electoral  Hesse  is  '.vatei 
by  the  higher  confluents  of  the  Weser. 

The  Protestant  religion  gained  early  ascender) 
in  Hesse,  and  is  followed  by  at  least  four-filths 
the  population,  though  religious  liberty  is  secur 


tien.    Lon.  13  17  E.,  lat.  51  41  N.  province  of  Gottingen,  of  Hanover,  on  the  N 

Herzegowina,  part  of  ancient  Illyria,  along  the  and  E.  by  several  small  German  States,  and 
NE.  side  of  the  Adriatic  sea.  It  extends  from  ;the  S.  by  the  province  of  Lower  Maine,  in  Bavar 
about  lat.  43°  to  44  20  N.,  and  belongs  mostly  to  j'fhe  territory  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with  a  peculia 
the  Turks.  irregular  outline,  is  long  and  narrow ;  utm 

Hesdin,  strong  town  of  France,  now  in  the  de-  jlength  160  ms.,  and  area  4,470  sq.  ms.  Englii 
partment  of  the  straits  of  Calais,  and  lately  in  the  giving  not  quite  28  ms.  for  mean  width,  and 
co.  of  Artois  ;  it  is  a  regular  hexagon,  and  sur-  some  places  does  not  exceed  5  ms.  Though  t 
rounded  with  morasses,  seated  on  the  Ganche,  25  |l°ng  and  narrow  southern  part  is  drained  by  t 
ms.  SSVV.  of  St.  Omer,  and  165  N.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  6  E.,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Hesse,  a  general  name  for  part  of  central  Ger- 
many, now  parcelled  into  several  small  sovereign- 
ties, which  it  is  difficult  to  discriminate  and  de- 
fine, as  they  not  only  intermingle  with  each  other, 

but  also  with  many  other  States  of  Germany.  The  |to  all,  and,  amongst  others,  to  506,000  Jews.  1 
principal  States  of  Hesse  are  the  grand  duchy  of  -lews  and  Catholics  comprise  about  one-fifth  of' 
Hesse  Darmstadt,  electoral  Hesse,  or  Hesse  Cas-  [people, 
sel,  and  the  Landgravate  of  Hesse  Homburg.  Ta- 
ken as  a  general  term,  Hesse  extends  from  the  ex- 
treme southern  part  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  on  the 
Neckar,  N.  lat.  49  25,  to  the  extreme  northern 
part  of  Hesse  Cassel,  on  the  Wesar,  N.  lat.  51  40. 
The  entire  length  of  Hesse,  from  Worms,  on  the 
Rhine,  to  Karlshaven,  on  the  Weser,  is  about  160 
English  ms;  the  joint  area  8,400  English  square 
miles. 

Hesse  Darmstadt,  grand  duchy  of  Germany,  is 
formed  of  two  unconnected  portions,  separated  by 
the  territory  of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  and  by  a  part 
of  electoral  Hesse.  The  part  N.  of  the  Maine  is 
bounded  W.  by  Nassau  and  the  Prussian  territory 


Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

Lower  Hesse,  or 

Cassel 
Upper  Hesse 
Fulda  - 
Hanau  - 

290,000 
105,000 
115,000 
86,000 

Cassel 
Marburg 
Fulda  - 
Hanau 

ft 

s 

12,1 

Total  - 

596,000 

Beside  the  body  of  electoral  Hesse  there  are  t\ 
small  detached  portions  of  territory  politically  co 
nected  with  it — one,  Smalcalde,  enclosed  befwe 


of  Wetzlar,  and  on  nearly  all  other  sides  by  elec-  .  . 

toral  Hesse.    The  other  part,  S.  of  the  Maine,  is  \?*™  Meinengen  and  Saxe  Gotha  ,  the  other  * 
bounded  N.  by  the  Rhine  and  Maine,  separating  it  !hei™>  enclosed  in  the  gr.  duchy  of  Hesse  Daimsta 
from  Nassau/the  territories  of  Frankfort  on  the     Hess^  Homburg  Landgravate  oj,  enclosed 
Maine  and  electoral  Hesse,  E.  it  borders  on  Bava-  |Lween  thf  duih7  of  ]V.aSsaU  andlh,e  ea§  £ 


ia  an j  Darmstadt.  This  small,  though  independent  Sta 
'        including  only  a  territory  of  1 60  sq.  ms.  English,  a. 


jof  Vienna,  and  stands  as  a  State  of  Europe. 


ria,  S.  on  Baden,  SW.  on  Rhenish  Bavaria, 
NW.  on  the  Prussian  province  of  Lower  Rhine. 

The  representative  system  of  government  is  es-  a  pop.  of  20,000  persons  dates  its  political  ex.  ten 

tablished  in  Hesse  Darmstadt.  Protestantism  is  !back  to  1595>  was  ,n  1806  deP"vked  ?f  "S 

the  prevailing  religion,  but  all  other  sects,  Jews  lbut  was  subsequently  reinstated  byjhe  Cong 
not  excepted,  are  tolerated. 
400 


HIE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HIG 


Divisions. 


Pop. 


Hiburg 
I  ssenneim 


20.000  < 


Chief  towns. 


Homburg 
Meissenheim 


Pop. 


3,000 
2,000 


(esse  Hadjar,  country  of  Asia,  in  Arabia. — 
8  art.  Asia,  p.  80. 

leukelum,  or  Hoekelum,  town  of  the  kingdom 
a,the  Netherlands,  in  Holland,  seated  on  the 
Lghe,  5  ms.  NE.  of  Gorcum.  Lon.  4  55  E., 
la  51  55  N. 

leusden,  a  strong  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Mierlands,  in  Holland,  seated  on  the  Maese,  8 
BNW.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Lon.  53  E.,  lat.  51  44 N. 

rexham,  town  oi  Eng.,  in  Northumberland, 
its  seated  on  the  river  Tyne.  Hexham  has  a 
I  ufacture  of  tanned  leather,  shoes,  and  gloves, 
ai  is  22  ms.  W.  of  Newcastle,  and  284  NNW. 
oiondor*    Lon.  2  I  W.,  lat.  55  3  N. 

'eydon,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  the  E.  riding  of 
Ykshire,  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls  into  the 
H  iber,  and  was-  formerly  a  considerable  town, 
ai  is  now  much  decayed.  It  is  6  ms.  W.  of 
I,  and  181  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  0  5 
«  lat.  53  45  N. 

'tylesem,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
a  s,  in  Brabant,  14  ms.  SE.  of  Louvain.  Lon. 
i  E.,  lat.  50  45  N. 

eytesbury,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts,  20  ms. 
ff.  of  Salisbury,  and  93  VV.  by  S.  of  London. 
U  2  8  W„  lat."  51  12  N. 

iagui,  river  of  Mexico,  in  Sonora  y  Sinaloa, 
a  into  the  Gulf  of  California,  after  a  course  of 
4(ms.    Mouth  at  lat.  27  30  N. 

iatstown,  village,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the 
m  of  Millstone  river,  13  ms.  NE.  from  Trenton. 

iatistown,  Montgomery  co.,  Md. — See  Hy~ 
tt  own. 

ibernia,  village,  Calloway  co.,  Mo.,  about  100 
why  land  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

ickman,  SW.  co.  of  Ky.,  on  Mississippi  riv- 
<sr  ounded  N.  by  Graves,  E.  by  Callaway  and 
H  racken,  and  S.  by  the  State  of  Tenn.  Length 
4fi>3.,  and  mean  breadth  15,  area  675  sq.  ms. 
Oi  f  town,  Columbia.  Central  lat.  36  40  N., 
I*,W.  C.  12°  W. 

ickman,  co.  of  W.  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Law- 
P2  S.,  Perry  W.,  Dickson  N.,  and  Murray  E. 
Mgth  33,  mean  width  22  ms.,  area  726  sq.  ms. 
•>i  ace  hilly,  and  soil  varied.  Pop.  in  1820, 
I  0,  and  in  1840,  8,968.    Central  lat.  35  40, 

0  W.  C.  12°  W. 

ickory,  or  Mount  Pleasant,  village,  Wa3h- 
Hpn-co.,  Pa.,  11  ms.  NNW.  from  Washing- 

01  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co. 

ckory  Creek,  post  office  on  a  small  stream  of 
h  name,  flowing  into  Caney  Fork,  branch  of 
Oi  berland  river,   Warren  co.,  Tenn.,  35  ms. 

by  E.  from  Murfreesborough. 

ckory  Grove,  Abbeville  district,  S.  C.  

J<  office,  Henry  co.,  Ga.,  about  70  ms.  NW.  by 

^from  Milledgeville.  Village,  Montgomery 

»»-jMo.,  by  post  road  53  ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

ickory  Hill,  Beaufort  district,  S.  C. 

cksford,  village,  Greenville  co.,  Va.,  on  the  S. 
■Wbf  Meherin  river,  69  ms.  S.  from  Richmond. 

ER8GLYPHics,  from  Gr.,  hieros,  sacred,  and 
trr>ho,  to  engrave,  meaning,  therefore,  sacred  en- 

!  51* 


gravings.  It  is  probable  that  the  earliest  mode  of 
writing  was  hieroglyphic,  and  made  a  mystery  of 
by  the  priesthood. 

Hieres,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  and 
late  province  of  Provence,  seated  near  the  Medi- 
terranean sea,  but  its  harbor  being  choked  up,  it  ia 
considerable  only  for  its  salt  works.  It  is  a  pretty 
little  town,  situated  in  a  beautiful  country.  This 
town  is  the  birthplace  of  Massillon,  the  celebrated 
French  preacher.  It  is  12  ms.  E.  of  Toulon,  and 
350  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.    Lon.  6  20  E.,  lat.  43 

j  5  N  Four  islands  of  France,  on  the  coast  of 

!  Provence,  and  opposite  to  the  town  of  the  same 
,  name.  Their  names  are  Porquerollos,  Porterous, 
i  Bagueau,  and  Titan,  which  last  is  the  largest, 
'  Between  these  islands  and  the  continent  is  the 
road  of  Hieres,  which  is  so  capacious  and  excel- 
I  lent  that  it  has  afforded  shelter  for  the  largest 
squadrons.  Tt  is  defended  by  three  forts. 
J     Hiero. — See  Ferro. 

Hiesmes,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Orne,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  seated 
on  a  barren  mountain,  10  ms.  from  Seez  and  90 
i  W.  from  Paris. 

!  Higginsport,  village  on  the  Ohio  river,  south" 
|  western  part  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  6  ms.  a  little  S. 
;  of  W.  from  Georgetown,  the  co.  seat,  and  4  be- 
\  low  Ripley. 

I  Higham  Ferrers,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  North- 
!  amptonshire.    It  is  seated  on  an  ascent  on  the  E. 

bank  of  the  river  Nen,  25  ms.  ESE,  of  Coventry, 
I  and  66  NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  40'  W.,  lat. 

52  19  N. 

Highgate,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  seated 
on  a  hill  E.  of  that  of  Hampstead  and  4  ms.  N. 
by  W.  of  London.  On  the  side  next  to  London 
the  fineness  of  the  prospect  occasioned  several 
handsome  edifices  to  be  built.  Here  lord  chief 
baron  Cholmondely  built  a  free  school  in  1562. 

 Village,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.  on  Missisque  bay, 

33  ms.  N.  from  Burlington. 

Highland,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Adams  and 
Brown  S.,  the  northern  extension  of  Brown  W., 
\  Clinton  NW.,  Fayette  N.,  Ross  NE.,  and  Pike 
j  SE.  ;  length  from  E.  to  W.  25  ms.,  mean  breadth 
!  18,  and  area  450  sq.  ms. ;  lying  between  lat.  39 
\  8  and  39  24  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  6  10  and  6  40 
|  W.    This  co  was  correctly  named  from  its  pecu- 
liar features  and  position.    It  is  a  true  table  land, 
from  which  creeks  flow  in  nearly  every  direction  : 
the  southwestern  branch  is  of  Paint  frem  itsNE. 
section,  those  of  Brush  creek  from  the  SE.,  those 
of  White  Oak  from  SW.,  and  the  southeastern 
confluents  of  Little  Miami  from  the  NW.  The 
surface  is  high,  dry,  and  rolling,  with  abundant 
permanent  springs.    Wheat  of  fine,  and  even  su- 
perior quality  its  principal  staple.    Countv  seat, 

Hillsboro'.    Pop.  in  1840,  22,269.  Village, 

Fairfield  tp.,  northwestern  part  of  Highland  co., 
Ohio,  10  ms.  N.  of  Hillsboro',  and  34  ms  nearly 

due  W.  from  Chillicothe.  Tp.,  Muskingum 

co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  577. 

High  Rock,  post  office,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  C, 
69  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Hightstown,  village,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  a 
branch  of  Mill  river,  by  post  road  19  ms.  NE. 
from  Trenton,  and  25  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  New 
Brunswick. 

Highworth,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts,  on  a  hill 

401 


HIL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HIN 


which  stands  in  a  rich  plain,  36  ms.  N.  of  Salis- 
bury, and  77  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  40  W., 
lat.  51  36  N. 

Hildburghausen,  Saxe,  duchy  of  central  Ger-i 
many,    enclosed   between  Saxe-Meinengen  and 

Saxe-Cobourg.    Pop.  30,000.  TownofFran- 

conia  and  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Werra,  and  is  22  ms.  N. 
by  W.  of  Cobourg.  Lon.  11  5  E.,  lat.  50  53  N. 

Hildesheim,  free  imperial  city  of  Lower  Saxo- 
ny, in  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name.  It  is  now  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  the  same  name  in  the  kingdom 
of  Hanover.  It  is  seated  on  the  Irneste,  17  ms. 
SSE.  of  Hanover.  Lon.  10  10  E.,  lat.  52  10  N. 

 Province  of  Hanover  adjoining  Gottingen. 

Pop.  130,000. 

Hillah,  or  Hellah,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Irak  Arabia,  and  pachalic  of  Bagdad,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Euphrates.  Lon.  44  13  E.,  lat.  33 
34  N. — See  Asia,  p.  83. 

Hilliardstown ,  village,  Nash  co.,  N.  C.,  by 
post  road  70  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Hillham,  village,  Overton  co.,  Tenn.,  by  post 
road  105  ms.  NE.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Hillkouse,  village,  Leroy  tp.,  Geauga  co.,  Ohio, 
7  or  8  ms.  NE.  Chardon,  the  co.  seat,  and  about 
like  distance  SE.  of  Painsville. 

Hillsborough,  co.,  N.  H.,  bounded  by  Mass. 
S.,  Cheshire  W.,  Grafton  N.,  Strafford  NE.,  and 
Rockingham  E.  ;  length  46  ms.,  mean  width  25, 
area  1,150  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in  1840,  42,494.  Ctl. 
lat.  43  5  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  12  E.  Surface  rocky, 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous ;  soil,  however,  on 
the  streams,  and  in  many  other  parts  hilly,  fertile, 
and  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  town, 
Hillsborough.  The  preceding  area  includes  that 
of  Merrimack  co.  recently  formed  from  part  of 
Hillsboro'.— -See  Merrimack. 

Hillsboro\  village,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
U.  S.  turnpike  road,  almost  exactly  mid-distance 
between  Washington  and  Brownsville,  1 1  iris, 
from  each.  This  village  extends  in  a  single  street 
along  the  roa-1,  and  contains  about  80  inhabitants. 
According  to  Schriver's  map,  it  is  elevated  1,750 
feet  above  tide  water,  917  above  the  Monongahela 
at  Brownsville,  and  1,002  above  the  Ohio  at 
Wheeling.    Lat.  40  6,  lon.  W.  C.  3  2  W. 

Hillsborough,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H., 
W.  from  Contacook  river,  and  20  ms.  W.  from 
Concord.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,982.  Tp.,  Somer- 
set co.,  N.  J.,  15  ms.  W.  from  Brunswick.  Pop. 

in  1820,  2,885.  Village,  Caroline  co.  Md.,  on 

the  E.  side  of  Tuckahoe  river,  26  ms.  SSW.  from 

Chester.  Village,  Loudoun  co.,  Va.,  40  ms. 

NW.  from  Washington.  Village  and  seat  of 

justice,  Orange  co.,  N.  C,  on  Enos  river,  45  ms. 
NW.  from  Raleigh.  Lat.  36  2  N..  lon.  W.  C. 
2  8  W.— — Village,  Jasper  co.,  Ga.,  by  post  road 

59   ms.   NW.    from   Milledgeville.  -Village, 

Franklin  co,,  Tenn.,  by  post  road  60  ms.  SSE. 

from  Murfreesboro'.  Village  and  seat  of  justice, 

Highland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  rocky  fork  of  Paint 
creek,  36  ms.  W.  by  S.  from  Chillicothe,  and  62 
southwesterly  from  Columbus.  Lat.  39  14  N., 
lon.  W.  C  6  36  W.  Pop.  in  1800,  974.  The 
situation  of  this  town  is  high  and  healthy,  and  the 
adjacent  country  rolling  rather  than  hilly,  and  land 

productive.  -Village,  Montgomery  co.,  III.,  25 

ms.  NW.  from  Unadilla. 
402 


Hillsbridge,  post  office,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C, 
post  road  116  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Hillsdale,  town,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  i 
SE.  of  the  city  of  Hudson.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,5 

Hill's  Store,  post  office,  Randolph  co.,  N.  \ 
about  60  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Hilton,  village,  Charles  co.,  Md.  Consic 

able  island  on  the  coast  of  S.  C,  opposite  Be; 
fort  district.  It  is  about  20  ms.  in  length,  am 
in  breadth.    Lon.  80  20  W.,  lat.  32  10  N. 

Hiltuwn,  town,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  between  N 
Britain  and  Rockhill  tps.,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Newt 

Himmalaya,  chain  of  mountains  in  Asia,  wh 
extends  from  Cabul  along  the  N.  of  Hindoost: 
and  is  the  general  boundary  of  Thibet,  throi 
the  whole  extent  from  the  Ganges  to  the  ri 
Testa.  Himalah,  Himaleh,  from  the  Sans. 
Hem,  snow,  the  original  and  present  name  of  t 
stupendouschain  ofmountainswhich  separate?.  B 
doostan  from  Thibet.  The  Himalah  chain  branc' 
from  the  Hindoo  Coosh,  in  the  NW.  part  of 
dia,  and  in  Afghanistan,  and  inclining  SE.  rises 
tween  the  sources  of  the  Ganges  and  those  of 
Brahmapootra,  to  the  highest  peaks  yet  measu 
on  earth.  By  the  active  and  scientific  opeiati 
of  Crawford,  Colebrook,  Webb,  and  other  Brit 
officers,  the  great  elevation  of  this  chain  has  bt 
determined.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  i 
vation  of  some  of  the  principal  peaks  and  ghav 
or  passes : 

Niti  Ghaut,  or  pass,  (see  Ghaut)  -  16,* 
Limit  of  perpetual  snow  on  the  side  of 

Thibet  -  -  -  -  17,( 

Limit  of  perpetual  snow  on  the  side  of 

Hindoostan  -  IV 
Dhawalagiri  peak  -  -  -  26,£ 

Jamootri  peak   -  25, f 

Dhaiboon,  seen  from  Catmandoo  24,' 
Another  peak  seen  from  do.       -  -  24,( 

Another  peak  seen  from  do.       -  -  23,i 

The  singular  circumstance  [is,  if  it  is  real," 
the  limit  of  perpetual  snow  in  the  Himalah  fthl 
being  higher  on  the  southern  than  northern  ex 
sure,  is  accounted  for  by  the  Malte  Brun,  from 
high  plateau  of  Thibet,  affording  a  reflective  s 
face  much  nearer  the  summit  than  does  the  m 
depressed  plains  of  Nepaul  and  Hindoostan.  Si 
writing  the  art.  Asia,  in  which,  at  p.  89,  2d  c 
head  of  Himalaya,  the  opinion  is  expressed,  t 
the  Caucasus  and  Hindoo  Coosh  are  contiiuati 
of  that  system,  I  find  that  Humboldt  gives  thee 
tinuation  to  the  Kuen  Luen.  From  such  auth 
ity  in  this  case  there  is  no  appeal ;  the  more 
the  analogies  of  structure  support  the  statement 
the  consummate  geographer. 

Hinchinbrook  Island,  one  of  the  N.  Hebrides 
the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  168  33  E.,  lat.  17  25 

Hinchinbrook,  cape  of  America,  on  the  Pac 
ocean,  at  the  entrance  of  Prince  William  s  Sou 

Lon.  W.  C.  69°  W.,  lat.  60  16  N.  Island 

America,  in  Prince  William's  Sound,  on  wh 
the  Russians  have  factory. 

Hinckley,  town  in  Leicestershire,  It  has> 
large  church  with  a  lofty  spire,  and  a  censidera' 
stocking  manufactory.  It  is  12  ms.  SW.  of  I 
cester,  and  91  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  1 
W.,  lat.  52  34  N. 

Hinckley,  vil.,  Medina  co,,  O  —  See  Hinklt 


HIR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 

 i  


HOC 


Undelopen,  seaport  of  jhe  United  Provinces, 
ii  "riesland,  seated  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  20  ms. 
M.  of  Lewarden.    Lon.  5  10  E.,  lat.  52  58  N. 

'Jindmend  River. — See  Helmund  River. 

linesburg,  town,  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  about 
1  ms.  SE.  from  Burlington. 

lindoo  Coosh,  mountains. — See  art.  Asia.  This 
In  is  applied  to  the  continuation  of  the  Hima- 
ln  system,  or  the  Kuen  Luen  westward  from  the 
Jius  river,  and  separating  the  sources  of  the  In- 
d  and  Cabul  rivers  from  those  of  the  Amoo-De- 
ri  or  Gihon,  and  thence  through  the  Persic  region  j 
u  er  other  local  names. 

iindoosian,  or  India,  celebrated  country  of  I 
>a  which,  in  its  most  extensive  signification,  { 
eiprehends  the  tract  situated  between  the  Thibe-  | 
I  and  Tartarian  mountains  on  the  N.,  the  In-  j 
m  ocean  on  the  S.,  the  Burrampooter  and  the! 
b  of  Bengal  on  the  E.,  and  the  Indian  ocean  and  j 
Isia  on  the  W.    See  art.  Asia,  head,  Indostan.  \ 

[andahor  and  Cashmere  are,  though  vaguely,  ! 
csidered  as  Hindoostanic  regions. — See  Cash- 
we,  Kandahor,  and  Asia. 

Undostan,  village  in  Martin  co.,  Ia.,  by  post  j 
r»I  147  ms.  from  Indianapolis. 

tinsdale,  formerly  Fort  Dummer,  town  in 
tishire  co.,  N.  H.,  75  ms.  SW.  from  Concord.  | 

linesburg,  town  in  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  by 
H  road  38  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Montpelier.  ! 

iinesvillc,  village  in  Patrick  co.,  Va.,  280  ms. 
m.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

tingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  12  ms. 
W.  of  Norwich,  and  97  N  E.  of  London.  Lon. 

I  E.,  lat.  52  43  N.  Town  in  Plymouth  co., 

Ass.,  19  ms.  SE.  of  Boston.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  in 
MO,  2,857. 

iinkley,  village  in  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  about 
Lms.  N.  from  Columbus,  and  1?-  NE.  of  Medina. 

{inkson's,  post  office  in  Boone  co.,  Mo.,  by 
I  t  road  102  ms.  W.  from  St.  Charles. 

Hinsdale,  village  in  Berkshire  co  ,  Mass.  Pop. 

i  1820,  822.  Village  in  Cattaraugus  co.,  N. 

A  on  Olean  creek,  10  ms.  N.  from  Hamilton,  on 
/eghany  iiver,  and  25  S  VV.  by  W.  from  Angelica. 

iinsdale. — See  Hindsdale. 

Himuan,  Joanna,  St., one  and  the  principal  of 
t.  Comora  islands,  in  the  Indian  ocean.  This 
i  nd  is  a  proper  place  of  refreshment  for  the  East 
!  ia  ships,  whose  crews,  when  ill  of  the  scurvy, 
ia  recover,  by  the  use  of  limes,  lemons,  and 
>  nges,  and  from  the  air  of  the  land.  The  town 
1  ere  the  king  resides  is  at  the  E.  side  of  the  is-  j 
i  d  ;  and,  though  it  is  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  j 
Igth,  it  does  not  contain  above  200  houses,  j 

eir  principal  houses  are  built  with  stone,  with  j 
i  uadrangle  in  the  middle,  and  are  only  one  story  j 
I  t).  All  the  other  houses,  or  rather  huts,  are  j 
*;htly  composed  of  plastered  reeds  ;  and  yet  the  : 
i  sques  are  tolerable  structures,  very  neat  and  | 
•  m  in  the  inside.  Lon.  44  15  E.,  lat.  12  30  S. 
•ISee  article  Africa,  p.  30. 

Hio,  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland,  seated 
<  the  Lake  Wetter,  145  ms.  SW.  of  Stock- 
1-4  and  25  E.  of  Falcoping.  Lon.  14  0  E  ,  lat. 
.'153  N. 

Hiram,  village  in  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  34  ms.  SW. 

t'm  Paris.    Pop.  in  1820,  700.  Village  in 

Irtage  co.,  Ohio,  about  12  ms.  NE.  of  Ravenna. 

Hirch  Horn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
403 


of  the  Rhine,  with  a  castle-  It  is  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Neckar,  near  Eberbach. 

Hirchfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the 
same  name,  depending  on  the  house  of  Hesse  Cas- 
sel.  It  is  seated  on  the  FuUe,  16  ms.  NE.  of  the 
town  of  Fulde,  and  32  SE.  of  Cassel-  Lon.  9  50 
E.,  lat.  50  56  N. 

Hirberg,  town  of  Silesia,  famous  for  its  mineral 
baths.  It  is  the  most  trading  place  in  all  Silesia, 
next  to  Breslaw,  there  being  in  the  town  and  sub 
urbs  considerable  manufactures.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Bosar,  44  ms.  SW.  of  Breslaw. 

Hirsova,  Hirsowa,  or  Kerschowa,  town  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  on  the  Danube,  45  ms.  below  Si- 
listria,  and  64  above  Ismail. 

Hispaniola,  or  Hayti. — See  Domingo,  St. 

Hissar,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  and  capital 
of  the  sub-province  of  Hurriana.  Lat.  28  56  N., 
lon.  76  0  E. 

History,  from  Greek,  liisioria,  knowledge,  re- 
search, &c.  Recital  of  facts  and  events.  History 
ranks  amongst  the  highest  and  most  useful  of  sci- 
ences. It  is,  indeed,  the  reflector  which  enables 
us  to  account  for  the  present,  and  shows  us  what 
may  be  the  future,  by  placing  before  us  the  past. 

Hitchin,  large  and  populous  town  in  Hertford- 
shire, 15  ms.  NNW.  of  Hertford,  and  34NW.  of 
London.    Lon.  0  10  W.,  lat.  51  58  N. 

Hithe,  or  Hi/the,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Kent.  It 
is  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  had  formerly  five 
parishes,  but  by  the  choking  up  of  the  harbor  it 
is  now  reduced  to  one.  It  is  10  ms.  W.  of  Do- 
ver, and  68  SE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  10  E.,  lat. 
51  8  N. 

Hiwassee  river,  a  branch  of  Tennessee,  rises  in 
the  N  W.  part  of  Ga.,  and,  flowing  NW.,  enters 
Ten.,  and  falls  into  Tennessee  river, after  separating 
McMinn  and  Rhea  cos.  from  the  Cherokee  lands. 

Mix's  Ferry,  post  office  in  Lawrence  co.,  Ark. 

Hoai-ngan-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Kiang-nan,  seated  in  a  marsh,  and  enclosed  by 
a  triple  wall.  This  place  is  very  populous,  and 
every  thing  in  it  announces  a  brisk  and  active  trade, 

Hoang-Ho. — See  Yellow  river. 

Hoangtc.heou-fou,  populous  and  commercial 
city  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Houquang.  Its 
district  contains  one  city  of  the  secoRd  and  eight  of 
the  third  class. 

Hoboken,  ferry  and  post  office  on  the  W.  bank 
of  Hudson  river,  opposite  the  city  of  New  York, 
Bergen  co.,  N.  J. 

Hobart  town,  a  village  and  settlement  formed  in 
1801  by  the  British,  on  Van  Dieman's  island,  of 
which  it  is  now  the  capital. — See  Van  Dieman's 
island. 

Hochberg,  rnarquisite  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgaw,  be- 
longing to  the  prince  of  Baden  Bourlach. 

Hochstef,  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Danube,  22 
ms.  NE.  of  Ulm.    Lon.  10  33  E.,  lat.  38  48  N. 

Hockerland,  territory  of  Germany,  and  one  of 
the  circles  of  Prussia. 

Hockhocking,  Great,  river  of  Ohio,  which  emp- 
ties into  the  river  Ohio,  200  ms.  below  Pittsburg. 
It  is  one  of  the  deepest  and  best  boatable  streams 
of  any  in  the-country,  in  proportion  to  its  quan- 
tity of  water,  but  is  narrow,  not  exceeding  50  yards 
in  breadth.  Near  its  source,  7  ms.  northwestward- 
ly from  Lancaster,  is  a  very  romantic  cascade  in 


HOH  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HOL 


the  stream,  the  water  falling  over  a  stratum  of 
rock  of  about  40  feet  perpendicular  height.  A 
flouring  mill,  five  stories  high,  is  erected  on  this 
fall  ;  and  24  or  25  ms.  below  this  is  another  per- 
pendicular fall  of  7  feet.  Excepting  the  interrup- 
tion of  the  lower  falls,  and  some  mill  dams  latterly 
erected,  this  river  is  navigable  about  70  miles. 
Among  the  branches  of  Hockhocking  are  Rush 
creek,  Sunday,  Monday,  Margaret's,  and  Federal 
creeks. 

Hocking,  interior  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Fairfield  and  Perry,  E.  by  Athens,  S.  by 
.Jackson,  and  W.  by  Ross  cos.  It  is  26  by  24  ms. 
in  extent,  and  contains  432  sq.  ms  The  land  is 
generally  hilly  and  broken.  It  however  contains 
considerable  fertile  and  valuable  land,  particularly 
along  the  borders  of  Hockhocking  river,  which  runs 
across  the  southeastern  quarter  of  the  co.  from 
NW,  to  SE.  The  head  Waters  of  Raccoon  and 
Salt  creeks  are  also  in  this  co.  Chief  town,  Logan. 
Pop.  in  1820,  2,130;  in  1840,  9,741.  Central 

lat.  39  30,  lon.  W.  C.  5  35  W.  Central  tp. 

of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  the 
town  of  Lancaster. 

Hoddesdon,  town  of  England,  in  Herts,  near 
the  Lea,  3  ms.  S.  of  Ware,  and  17  N.  by  E.  of 
London.    Lon.  0  5  E.,  lat  51  49  N. 

Hoei-tcheou,  the  most  southern  city  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiang-nan,  in  China,  famous  for  its  teas, 
varnish,  and  engravings.  It  is  one  of  the  richest 
cities  in  the  empire,  and  has  six  cities  of  the  third 
class  dependent  on  it. 

Hoei-tcheou-fou,  commercial  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Quang-tong.  Its  jurisdiction  con- 
tains eleven  cities  of  the  second  and  third  classes. 

Hoekelum.—See  Heukelum. 

Hoesht,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of 
Mentz,  seated  on  the  Maine,  3  ms.  from  Frankfort. 

Hogansburg,  village  in  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.,  by 
post  road  267  ms.  NNW.  from  Albany. 

Hogansburg,  post  office  in  Franklin  co.,  N. 
Y.,  by  post  road  231  ms,  from  Albany. 

Hogestown,  village  in  Cumberland  co.,  Pa. 

Hog  island,  below  Peach  island,  is  situated  in 
the  strait  of  Detroit,  where  it  opens  into  Lake  St. 
Clair ;  the  lower  end  of  it  is  about  2  ms.  from  De- 
troit.- I>land  of  Lake  Champlain,  forming  part 

of  Franklin  co. 

Hogg's  Store,  post  office  in  Newberry  district, 
S.  C,  by  post  road  46  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Hogue,  Gape  la,  the  N  W.  point  of  Normandy, 
in  France.    Lon.  1  52  W.  lat.  49  45  N. 

Hohenlinden,  town  of  Bavaria,  22  ms.  E.  from 
Munich, 

Hohenlohe,  or  Holach,  principality  of  Franco- 
nia,  W.  of  the  margravate  of  Anspach,  abounding 
m  wine,  corn,  wood,  and  cattle.  Since  1809,  Ho- 
henlohe forms  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Wirtemberg. 
The  chief  town  is  Obringen. 

Hohenmant,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  river 
Meta,  13  ms.  E.  of  Chrudim. 

Hohenstein,  ancient  castle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  which  gives  name  to  a  county.  It 
is  situated  on  a  mountain,  at  the  foot  of  which  is 
the  village  of  Neustadt,  5  ms.  NNE.  of  Nord- 
hausen. 

Hohentweil,  fortress  of  Suabia,  surrounded  by 
the  county  of  Nellenburg,  on  a  mountain,  9  ms. 
ENE.  of  Shaffhausen. 
404 


Huhenzollern,   the  principality  is  enclosed 
tween  Baden  and  Wirlemberg,  extending  about 
ms.  in  length,  with  a  very  irregular  outline, 
tween  N.  lat.  47  50  and  48  30.    The  southi 
part  is  traversed  by  the  Danube  and  the  northi 
by  the  Neckar.  Territorial  extent  and  populatic 

Sq.  ms.  Inhabita 

Hohenzollern  Sigmaringen    -    340  38, ( 

Hohenzollem  Heckingen      -     50  15,C 

Total  -    390  53,C 

Hohenzollern,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  principal 
of  the  same  name,  the  seat  of  the  ancient  counts 
Hohenzollern.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of 
Neckar,  16  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Tubingen.  'J 
principality  is  now  divided  into  the  two  houses 
Heckingen  and  Sigmaringen.  Lon.  9  8  E.,  j 
48  2S  N. 

Hohmtehi,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misn 
on  the  river  Mulda,  11  ms.  NE,  of  Zwickau.  \ 

Hukesville,  village  in  Lincoln  co.,  N.  C, 
post  road  157  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Ho-kien,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in  i 
province  of  Pe-tcheli,  situate  between  two  rive 
85  ms.  S.  of  Peking.  Lon.  116  23  E.,  lat.  38  40 

Hola,  town  of  Iceland,  at  the  mouth  of  a  riv 
on  the  N.  coast.    Lon.  19  20  W.,  lat.  65  40 

Holbeach,  town  of  England,  in  Lincolnshi 
12  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Boston,  and  109  N.  by  E 
London. 

Holbeck,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
Zealand,  with  a  good  harbor,  from  which  gr. 
quantities  of  corn  a>e  annually  exported.  It 
30  ms.  VV.  of  Copenhagen.    Lon,  11  44  E.s  I 

55  42  N. 

Hulden,  town  in  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  6  n< 
N.  from  Worcester.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,402. 

Holderness,  town  in  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  ont 
Merrimack,  35  ms.  above  Concord.  Pop.  | 
1820,  1,160. 

Hole  in  the  Wall,  village  in  Talbot  co.,  Md., 

ms.  S.  from  Easton.  Remarkable  rock  in  t 

West  Indies,  in  the  island  of  Abaco.  Lon.  W. 
1  0  W.,  lat.  25  50  N. 

Holland,  province  of  the  kingdom  of  the  sai 
name,  bounded  by  the  German  ocean  W.,  Z( 
land  S.,  the  ZuyderZee  and  province  of  Utrecht! 
In  point  of  cleanliness,  no  country  suipassi 
and  few  come  up  to  it,  especially  in  North  Hollar 
and  that  even  in  the  villages.  It  has  consideral 
linen  and  woolen  manufactures,  and  numero 
docks  for  the  building  of  ships.  The  establish 
religion  is  Calvinism,  but  all  religious  sects  are  t< 
erated.    Amsterdam  is  the  capital. 

Holland,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  deriving  its  ti 
from  the  name  of  its  most  considerable  provinc 
extending  in  lat.  from  51  15  to  53  35  N.,  and 
lon.  from  3  25  to  7  15  E.  of  London.  Great* 
length  180  ms.  in  a  direction  nearly  NE.  from  tl 
southwestern  angle  of  Zealand  to  the  Dollart  ba 
or  mouth  of  Ems  river.  The  surface  general 
not  simply  level,  but  flat,  and  presenting  a  ne 
work  of  bays,  riveis,  lakes,  and  canals,  is  indisp 
tably  the  most  astonishing  conquest  ever  achievi 
by  human  talent  and  labor  over  the  asperities 
nature.  The  following  table  contains  its  provi 
cial  divisions,  extent,  and  population  : 


HOL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HOL 


jiUolland 
» loll  and 
2  land 
l?cht 
Cjlderland 
C  ryssel 
Inthe 
(  ningen 
f.-sland 
J  3rabant 

otal 


Area  in 
sq.  ms. 


'op. 


928 
1,166 
588 
542 
2,018 
1,293 
788 
778 
1,151 
1.653 


10,905  i  2,460.934 


Principal 
cities. 


Amsterdam  • 
Hague 

Middleburg  • 

Ut.-echt 

Arnheim 

Zw»lle 

Assen 

Groningen  ■ 
Lieuwardec  • 
Bois-le-Duc  • 


Pop. 


202,364 
56,015 
14,709 
43,707 
14,509 
15,640 
2,184 
30,260 
20,938 
20,490 


n  the  case  of  Holland,  we  have  on  10,905  sq. 
r  an  aggregate  which  gives  a  distributive  pop. 
every  near  226  to  the  single  sq.  in.  Was  such 
aiountry  as  Holland  now  discovered,  and  in  a 
6  e  of  nature,  it  would  be  pronounced  as  scarce- 
I  if  at  all,  habitable,  and,  in  its  actual  state,  gives 
t  most  conclusive  of  all  proofs  how  much  the 
edition  of  countries  depends  on  the  application 
oiuman  labor.  Were  the  209,000  sq.  ms.  com- 
p  ed  in  the  Spanish  peninsula  equally  populated 
vi  Holland,  the  number  on  the  former  would  be 
4234,000  ;  and,  were  only  2,000,000  of  the 
aiof  the  United  States  peopled  equal  to  Holland, 
4,000,000  would  be  the  living  multitude. — See 
»de  Europe. 

'he  surface  united,  of  Holland  and  Belgium, 
6a  one  natural  section,  to  which  all  the  rivers  of 
a  consequence  are  common.  Advancing  from 
to  NE.,  the  Scheld,  Meuse,  Rhine,  Yssel, 
Fest,  and  Vecht,  all  having  their  sources  beyond 
tl  limits  of  those  two  small  kingdoms,  traverse 
■lr  surfaces,  and,  with  innumerable  smaller 
8>ims  and  interlocking  currents  and  canals,  ren- 
d  both,  but  Holland  more  especially,  a  congeries 
I  slands. 

hlland,  JS'tw.  ~  Sec  Xeiu  Holland,  Oceanica, 
Atralia,  <^c 

hlland,  tp.,  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  56  ms.  N.  from 

Aitpelier  Town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  20 

a  E.  from  Springfield. 

hlland,  town,  Erie  co.,  N.  V.,  20  ms.  SE. 
fn  Buffalo.    Pop.  in  1820,  768. 

'hllenbeck's,  post  office,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass., 
I  ms.  W.  from  Boston. 

biles,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  on  the 
side  of  Merrimack  river,  between  Dunstable 
I  Merrimack  tps.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,543. 

iolley,  town,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  b  post 
%\,  211  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

hUiday  Cove,  village,  Brooke  co.,  Va.,  30 
W.  from  Washington,  Penn. 

hllidaysburg,  village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa., 
3's.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankstown.  This  village 
b'  gained  importance  from  being  the  point  of  con- 
'i«  on  on  the  Pennsylvania  line  of  canal  and  rail- 
fc  of  the  two  modes  of  transportation.  Pop.  in 
1*3,  1,896. 

olliss,  town,  York  co.,  Ma.,  on  Saco  river, 
4ins.  N.  from  York.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,762. 

ollings-wortlis  Farm,  post  office,  Habersham 
ocitia.,  by  post  road  137  ms.  N.  from  Milledge- 

bllis,  town  between  Nashua  and  Souhegan 
I  s,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  40  ms.  a  little 
V  of  S.  from  Concord. 


Holliston,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  27  ms. 
SW.  from  Boston. 

Holm,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland.    It  is  a 
place  seated  on  an  arm  of  the  sea,  12  ms.  N.  of 
|  Cockermouth,  and  310  NNW.  of  London.  Lon. 
i  3  19  W.,  lat.  54  53  N. 

Holmesburg,  village,  Philadelphia  co.,  Penn. , 
on  the  post  and  stage  road  to  N.  ¥'.,  10  ms.  NE. 
;  of  Philadelphia. 

Holmes'  Hole,  town,  Dukes  co.,  Mass.,  on  Mar- 
|  tha's  Vineyard,  9  ms.  from  Falmouth.  It  contains 
!  about  70  houses,  and  350  inhabitants. 

Holmesville,  village,  Pike  co.,  Mo.,  45  ms. 
iNW.  from  St.  Charles. 

Holstein,  duchy  of  Germany,  bounded  by  the 
German  ocean  on  the  W.,  the  Baltic  on  the  E., 
|  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg  on  the  SE.,  that  of 
!  Bremen,  with  the  river  Elbe,  on  the  SW.,  and 
i  Lauenburg,  with  the  territory  of  Hamburg,  on  the 
I  S.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  80  ms.,  and  its 
breadth  60.  A  great  part  of  this  country  con- 
sists of  rich  marsh,  which  being  much  exposed 
to  inundations  both  from  the  sea  and  rivers,  dikes 
have  been  raised  at  a  great  expense' to  guard  and 
defend  them.  Hamburg  and  Lubec  supply  the 
inhabitants  with  what  they  want  from  abroad  ; 
from  whence  and  Altena  they  export  some  grain, 
malt,  grots,  starch,  buckwheat,  peas,  beans,  rape 
seed,  butter,  cheese,  sheep,  swine,  horned  cattle, 
horses,  and  fish.  The  manufactures  of  the  duchy 
are  chiefly  carried  on  at  Altena,  Kiel,  and  Gluck- 
stadt.  Denmark  now  possesses  the  whole  duchy, 
the  imperial  cities  excepted.  The  king  of  Den- 
mark,  as  Duke  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg,  is  a 
member  of  the  Germanic  diet,  and  entitled  to 
three,  votes  in  the  general  assembly.  Holstein 
canal  has  its  eastern  mouth  in  the  gulf  of  Kiel, 
between  the  city  of  the  same  name  and  the  fortress 
of  Fredericscort,  near  the  mouth  of  the  small 
river  Lewensan.  It  passes  by  Holtenau,  Knoop, 
and  Ratmansdorf,  joining  the  Lake  Flemhud. 
Entering  the  Upper  Eyder  near  Forth,  it  traverses 
the  city  of  Rendsburg.  The  navigation  then 
continues  along  the  Lower  Eyder,  passing  be- 
tween the  cantons  of  Eyderstedt  and  Ditmarsen, 
until  terminating  in  the  German  ocean  a  short  dis- 
tance below  the  town  of  Tonningen,  This  canal  has 
in  every  part  a  depth  of  10  feet,  50  feet  width  at. 
the  bottom,  and  100  on  the  surface.  Flemhud 
lake  is  27^  feet  above  the  Baltic,  and  22  above 
the  Lower  Eyder.  There  are  threa  locks,  on  each 
side  of  Lake  Flemhud.  The  entire  length  of  this 
navigation  from  the  Baltic  to  the  German  ocean  is 
about  100  Eng.  ms. — See  Denmark,  p.  272. 

Holslon,  navigable  river  in  Tenn.  It  rises  in 
Va.,  and,  running  in  a  SW.  direction,  passes  by 
Knoxville,  and  falls  into  the  Tennessee  near  the 
town  of  Maryville. 

Holt,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  20  ms.  NNW. 
of  Norwich,  and  122  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  1 
6  E.,  lat.  53  5  N. 

Holt's  Store,  post  office,  McMinn  co.,  Tenn., 
157  ms.  by  post  road  SE.  from  Murfreesborough, 

Holy  Island,  island  of  Eng.  on  the  coast  of 
Northumberland,  6  ms.  SE.  of  Berwick.  It  is  2 
ms.  long,  and  one  broad.  The  soil  is  rocky  and 
full  of  stones.  It  has  a  town  and  a  commodious 
harbor,  defended  by  a  blockhouse.  On  this  island, 
which  is  likewise  called  Lindisfarne,  are  the  ruins 

405 


HON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


HOP 


of  a  stately  monastery  ;  and  here  was  anciently  a 
bishop's  see,  removed  with  the  body  of  St.  Cuth- 
bert,  first  to  Chester  le  Street,  and  afterward  to 
Durham. 

Holyhead,  seaport  and  cape  of  Eng.,  in  the  isle 
of  Anglesea.  It  is  the  most  usual  place  of  em- 
barkation for  Dublin,  there  being  packet-boats 
ihat  sail  for  that  city  every  day,  except  Tuesday, 
wind  and  weather  permitting.  Holyhead  is  93 
ms.  VVNW.  of  Chester,  and  276  NW.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  22  W.,  lat.  53  19  N. 

Holywell,  -  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire.  It 
takes  its  name  from  the  famous  well  of  St.  Wini- 
fred, concerning  which  so  many  fables  and  su- 
perstitious notions  have  prevailed.  It  is  a  copious 
stream,  bursting  out  of  the  ground  with  a  consider- 
able degree  of  impetuosity.  Besides  the  cold  bath, 
celebrated  for  wonderful  cures,  formed  at  the 
spring  head,  and  covered  with  a  beautiful  Gothic 
shrine,  it  is  now  applied  to  the  purpose  of  turning 
several  mills  for  the  working  of  copper,  making 
brass  wire,  paper,  and  snuff,  and  spinning  cotton. 
It  is  10  ms.  E.  of  St.  Asaph,  and  212  NE.  of 
London.    Lon.  3  21  W.,  lat-  54  13  N. 

Homburg,  150  ms.  N.  of  Frankfort.  Lon.  9  26 
E.,  lat.  50  45  N. — See  Hesse  Homburg,  art.  Hesse. 

Homberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Deux  Points,  between  the  Moselle  and  the  Rhine, 
50  ms.  SE.  of  Treves.  Lon.  7  32  E.,  lat.  49  16  N. 

Homer,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Cortlandt  co., 
N.  Y.,  on  the  Tioughnioga  creek,  branch  of 
Chenango  river,  145  ms.  W.  from  Albany.  Pop. 
1820,  5,504;  and  in  1840,  3,572.  Lat.  42  38 
N.  lon.  0  47  E. 

Homochitto,  river,  Miss.,  rises  in  Hinds  and 
Lawrence  cos.  flows  SW.  through  Franklin  ;ind 
Amite,  and  between  Wilkinson  and  Adams  cos., 
falls  into  the  Miss.,  44  ms.  below  Natchez,  after 
a  comparative  course  of  70  ms. 

Ho-nan,  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  province  of  Petcheli  and  Chan-si,  on 
the  E.,  Kiangsi  and  Chantong  on  the  S.,  by 
Houquang,  and  on  the  West  by  Chensi.  As 
every  thing  that  can  contribute  to  render  a  coun- 
try delightful  is  found  in  this  province,  the  Chinese 
call  it  Tonghea,  the  middle  flower. 

Honanfou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Honan.  It  has  under  its  jurisdiction  one  city  of 
the  second  class  and  13  of  the  third.  It  is  500 
ms.  SW.  of  Peking. 

Honduras,  large  province  of  Guatemala,  capital 
of  Valladolid. — See  America,  p.  55. 

Honduras,  Bay,  or  Gulf  of,  is  that  part  of  the 
Caribbean  sea  lying  betvv.  Honduras  and  Yucatan. 

Honesdale,  a  flourishing  village,  Wayne  co., 
Pcnn,,  at  the  junction  of  Dyberry  creek  with  the 
Lackawaxen  river,  24  ms.  above  the  junction  of  the 
latter  with  Delaware  river,  at  an  elevation  above 
the  Atlantic  tides  of  816  feet.  The  situation  is 
delightful,  and  here,  as  at  many  other  places, 
canals  and  roads  have  produced,  almost  instantly, 
a  town,  with  all  the  attributes  of  business,  wealth, 
and  population,  possessing  intelligence  and  inde- 
pendence. Honesdale  stands  at  the  point  of  con- 
nexion between  the  Lackawaxen  canal  and  rail- 
road; by  the  latter,  1 7 \  ms.  eastward  from  Carbon- 
dale,  and  130  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia.  N.  lat. 
41  35,  lon.  1  44  E.  from  W.  C.  Pop.  in  1840, 
1,086. 

406 


Honey  Brook,  town,  Chester  co.,  Penn. 
the  heads  of  both  branches  of  the  Brandywin6.  » 

Honey  Creek,  O.,  branch  of  Sandusky  riv. 

 Post  office,  Henderson  co.,  111.,  about  1 

ms.  by  post  road  from  Indianapolis. 

Honeoy,  creek,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  outlet  ol 
lake  of  the  same  name. 

Honey  ville,  village,  Shenandoah  co.,  Va,, 
post  road  142  ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Honfleur,  considerable  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  ( 
department  of  Calvados,  and   late  province 
Normandy,  with  a  good  harbor  and  a  trade 
lace.    It  is  8  ms.  N.  of  Pont  l'Eveque,  and  1 
NW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  15  E.,  lat  49  24  N. 

Honiton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  on  t 
Otter,  16  ms.  E.  of  Exeter,  and  156  W.  by  8* 
London.    Lon.  3  12  W.,  lat.  50  45  N.  j 

Honolstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elector 
of  Treves.    Lon.  7  5  E.,  lat."  49  48  N. 

Hood  Island,  one  of  the  Marquesas,  in  the  I 
cific  ocean,  discovered  and  named  by  Capti 
Cook  in  1774.    Lon.  138  47  W.,  lat.  9  26  S. 

Hoogly,  small  but  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan, 
Bengal.  It  is  now  improving,  though  still  in  p 
in  a  state  of  ruin.  In  the  beginning  of  this  centu 
it  was  the  great  mart  of  the  export  trade  of  Bi 
gal  to  Europe.  It  is  seated  on  an  arm  of  the  Gt 
ges,  called  Hoogly,  26  ms.  N.  of  Calcutta.  L 
88  28  E.,  lat.  32  30  N. 

Hoogly  River,  arm  of  the  Ganges,  formed 
the  union  of  its  two  westernmost  branches,  narr 
the  Cossimbuzar  and  Yellingby  rivers.  It  is  I 
port  of  Calcutta,  and  the  only  branch  of 
Ganges  that  is  commonly  navigated  by  shi 
The  Hoogly  is  the  Atchafalaya  of  the  Ganges,  a 
is  about  300  ms.  in  length,  following  the  st  ea 

Hoogstraten,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  B 
bant,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
ms.  S.  of  Breda,  and  15  NE.  of  Antwerp. 

Hookertown,   village,  Green  co.,  N.  C, 
post  road  102  ms.  SE.  from  Raleigh. 

Hooksett  Falls,  and  village,  Merrimack  co., 
H.,  8  ms.  below  Concord. 

Hookstown,  village.  Beaver  co.,  Penn.- 
Village  of  Md.,  6  ms.  NW.  from  Baltimore,  tj 

on  the  road  to  Reisterstown.  Green  co.,  N. 

 Talbot  co.,  Md.,  3  ms.  N.  from  Easton. 

Hoopers  Cross  Roads,  Bedford  co.,  Ten 
by  post  road  70  ms.  southwardly  from  Murfrt 
borough. 

Hoosack,  one  of  the  most  elevated  sunmit: 
the   Green-mountain   range,   in  Wiiliamstov 

Berkshire  co.,  Mass.  Tp.  of  Rensselaer  < 

N.  Y.,  30  ms.  N.  of  Albany,  on  the  E.  side 
Hudson  river. 

Hoosack  River,  rises  in  Bennington  CO.,  ^ 
flows  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Hudson,  8  ms.  ab 
Waterford. 

Hop  Bottom,  post  office,  Susquehannah  < 
Penn.,  by  post  road  150  ms.  NNE.  from  Hat 
burg.  | 

Hopejield,  village,  Phillips  co.,  Ark.,  on  '> 
Mississippi  river,  opposite  Chickasaw  Bluff. 

Hope,  tp.,  Durham  co.,  U.  C,  W.  from  Hai- 

ton,  and  fronting  on  Lake  Ontario.  Tos 

Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  38  ms.  NE.  from  Wiscas. 

 Town  in  Warren  co.,  N.  J.,  a  small  M<  ■ 

vian  settlement,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Easton,  in  Pa. 

Hopeton,  town  in  Yates  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  - 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HOR 


|e0f  Crooked  lake,  near  its  influx  into  Seneca 
D»,  15  ras.  S.  from  Geneva. 

{opewell,  tp.  of  New  Brunswick,  in  Westmore- 
Isl  co.,  on  a  small  river  flowing  into  the  Bay  of 

|L)y.  Village  in  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  be- 

uen  Canandaigua   and   Geneva.  Tp.  in 

Cnberland  co.,  N.  J.  Tp.  in  Hunterdon  co  , 

Hj.,  on  the  NE.  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  14 
BE.  of  Princeton,  and  10  N.  of  Trenton. — ~ 

I  in  York  co.,  Pa.,  joining  to  Md.  Tp.  in 

Vshington  co.,  Pa.,  about  14  ms.  NW.  by  W. 
rn  Washington.  SW.  tp.  of  Cumberland 

I  Pa.,  between  the  Blue  mountain  and  Conne- 
ij  winnet creek.  Tp.  in  Bedford  co.,  Pa.,  on 

II  NE.  border  of  the  county,  and  on  both  sides 

Kaystown  branch.  Tp.  in  Huntington  co., 

F,  on  both  sides  of  Raystown  branch,  12 

E.  from  Huntingdon.  Methodist  meeting-- 

h  se,  Montgomery  co.,  Md.,  17  ms.  N.  from  W. 

I — Village  in  Fauquier  co.,  Va.  Village  in 

Vk  district,  S.  S.,  about  70  ms.  a  little  W.  of 

>from  Columbia.  Tp.  in  Perry  co.,  Ohio,  7 

a  N.  from  Somerset.  Tp.  in  Licking  co., 

Go.    Pop.  in   1820,  657  Tp.  on  the  west- 

I  border  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in 

I  0,  1,259. 

{opkins,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Christian  S., 
Ewell  SW.,  Union  W.,  Henderson  NW., 
Gen  river  or  Davies  N.,  and  Muhlenberg  E. 
Lgth  35  ms.,  mean  width  21  ;  area  750  sq.  ms. 
Cef  town,  Madisonville.  Pop.  in  1840,  9,171. 
Ctral  lat.  37  42  N-,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  18  W. 

lopkinsville,  tp.  in  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.  36  ms. 

N.  from  Montpelier.  Village  in  Powhatan 

ci  Va.,  20  ms.  W.  from  Richmond-  Village 

icVarren  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road  85  ms.  SW. 

in  Columbia.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  for 

(Jistian  co.,  Ky.,  on  Little  river,  a  branch  of 
L-nberland  river,  36  ms.  W.  from  Russelville. 
P.  in  1840,  1,581. 

hpkinton,  town  and  tp.  in  Merrimack  co.,  N. 

II  on  Contacook  river,  8  ms.  W.  from  Concord. 

I .  in  1840,  2,455.  Town  in  Washington 

^iR.  I.    It  is  situated  between  Wood  and  Ashe- 

«  ue  rivers,  and  joins  Ct.  Village  in  St. 

i./rence  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  a  branch  of  St.  Regis 

Br,  40    ms.  E.  from  Ogdensburg.  Town 

ii Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  30  miles  SW.  from 
Eton. 

Iobde,  from  the  same  root  as  herd,  means  a 
li  p  under  a  leader.  In  geography  we  most  usu- 
a  apply  the  term  to  the  wandering  Tartars,  Mon- 
|  ,  Calmucs,  and  other  tribes  of  central  Asia. 

forth,  mountain  in  Arabia  Petrea,  in  Asia. 

ioRizos,  literally  Greek,  root  horos,  bounds, 
H  i,  and,  in  common  language,  means  what  can 
Teen  of  the  earth  and  heavens  from  any  given 
r>  e.  As  far  as  the  latter  is  concerned,  the  spec- 
ie- may  imagine  himself  standing  at  the  earth's 
t  re,  or  on  a  line  from  the  centre  to  the  surface, 
r  earth  may  be  regarded  a  point  when  compar- 
I  ith  the  starry  heavens,  and,  therefore,  if  we  re- 
ft ourselves  standing  on  a  plane  infinitely  ex- 
I  ed,  at  right  angles  to  a  line  from  the  earth's 
« re  to  the  starry  heavens,  and  our  body  in  that 
our  range  of  vision  would  not  sensibly  differ 
I  s  our  point  of  vision  from  the  centre  or  surface, 
I  ving  in  the  former  case  that  one  hemisphere 
w  removed  by  the  supposed  plane, 


Horn,  considerable  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Holland,  in  North  Holland,  with  a  good  harbor  on 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  13  ms.  NE.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon. 

4  59  E.,  lat,  52  38  N.  Town  of  the  kingdom 

of  Belgium,  in  the  bishopric  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  55 
E.,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Hornbach,  town  in  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Deux-Ponts.    Lon.  7  36  £.,  lat.  10  49  N. 

Hornbcrg,  ancient  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Black  Forest,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  with 
a  fortress  on  a  mountain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gut- 
lash,  21  ms.  NE.  of  Friburg.  Lon.  8  27  E.,  lat. 
48  12  N. 

Hornby,  town  of  Lancashire,  in  Eng.,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Lune,  with  a  handsome  church. 
Lon.  2  20  W.,  lat.  54  6  N. 

Horn,  Cape,  the  most  southern  part  of  Terra- 
del-Fuego,  in  South  America.  Lon.  W.  C.  9  14 
E.,  lat.  56  0  S. 

Horncasile,  large  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire, 
on  the  river  Bane,  ft  is  20  m3.  E.  of  Lincoln,  and 
136  N.  of  London.    Lon.  0  2  W.,  lat.  53  14  N. 

Hornchurch,  village  in  Essex,  2  ms.  E.  by  S.  of 
Rumford,  of  which  it  is  the  mother  church.  A 
large  pair  of  horns  is  affixed  to  the  E.  end  of  the 
church,  for  which  tradition  assigns  a  reason  too 
idle  to  be  repeated. 

Horndon,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  hill,  which  commands  a  beautiful  prospect, 
16  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Chelmsford,  and  19  E.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  0  35  E.,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Horn  Island,  long  narrow  bank  of  sand  off  the 
coast  of  Mississippi,  between  Petitebois  and  Dog 
island.  It  is  about  17  ms.  long,  with  a  mean 
width  of  half  a  mile. 

Hornellsville,  village,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  near 
the  sources  of  Canisteo  river,  about  20  ms.  E. 
from  Angelica. 

Hornsey,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Yorkshire,  188  ms. 
from  London.  It  is  almost  surrounded  by  a  small 
arm  of  the  sea,  and  the  church  having  a  high 
steeple,  is  a  noted  sea  mark.  Not  many  years  ago 
there  was  a  street  here  called  Hornsey  beck,  which 
was  washed  away  by  the  sea,  except  a  house  or 

two.  Lon.  6'  E.,  lat.  54°  N.  Town  of  Eng., 

in  Middlesex,  5  ms.  N.  of  London.  It  is  a  long 
straggling  place,  in  a  low  valley,  but  extremely 
pleasant,  having  the  New  river  winding  through  it. 

Hornorsville,  village,  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  by 
post  road  86  ms  SW.  from  W.  C. 

Horntown,  village  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Va., 
Accomac co.,  about  150  ms.  N.  by  E.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Horry,  eastern  district  of  S.  C,  bounded  by 
N.  Car.  NE.,  the  Atlantic  ocean  SE.,  George- 
town S.,  and  Little  Red  river  or  Marion  W. ; 
length  35  ms.,  mean  width  28,  area  1,100  sq.  ms.  • 
surface  level,  and  soil  generally  sandy  or  marshy, 
and  sterile.  Chief  town,  Conwaysborough.  Pop. 
in  1820,  5,025  ;  and  in  1840,  5,755.  Ctl.  lat.  34° 
N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  2°  W.,  intersect  in  this  city. 

Horsehead,  post  office,  Prince  George's  co.,  Md., 
35  ms.  from  W.  C. 

Horseneck,  cape  of  Long  Island,  extending 
into  Long  Island  Sound,  NW.  from  Huntingdon 

bay.  Village,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  S. 

side  of  Passaic  river,  4  ms.  SW.  from  Patterson. 

Horsens,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  seated 
on  the  bottom  of  a  bay  that  opens  into  the  Catte- 

407 


HOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  HUB 


gate,  near  the  island  of  Hiarnoe,  125  ms.  W.  by 
N.  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  9  40  E.,  lat.  55  57  N. 

Horse  Shoe  Bottom,  post  office,  Wayne  co., 
Ky.,  by  post  road  136  ms.  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Horsham,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  36  ms, 
S.  by  W.  of  London.    Lon.   12'  W.  lat.  51 

8  N.  Tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  S. 

branch  of  Neshaminy  creek,  joining  Bucks  co. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,081. 

Hosick,  river  of  Vt..  Mass  ,  and  N.  Y.,  rises 
in  Bennington  co..  Vt.,  and  Berkshire  co.,  Mass., 
falls  into  the  Hudson  river  at  the  point  of  sep- 
aration between  Rensselaer  and  Washington  cos., 
N.  Y.  Town,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Ho- 
sick river,  31  ms.  N.  from  Albany. 

Hosick  Falls,  village  in  the  NE.  angle  of  Rens- 
selaer co.,  N.  Y.,  28  ms.  NE.  from  Albany. 

Hoskinsville,  village,  Brookfield  tp.,  near  the 
northern  border  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  18  ms.  north- 
eastward of  McConnellsville,  theco.  seat,  and  about 
20  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  of  Cambridge,  co.  seat 
of  Guernsey  co. 

Hospodab,  title  given  by  the  Turkish  Govern- 
ment to  the  officers  sent  by  it  to  govern  Valachia 
and  Moldavia.  The  title  answers  lo  the  Sclavonic 
Waiwod.  The  Hospodars  were  generally  chosen 
from  the  Greeks  of  the  Fanar,  at  Constantinople, 
chiefly  from  the  families  Morouzzi  and  Souza. 

Hot  Springs,  post  office,  between  Cow  Pasture 
and  Jackson's  rivers,  Bath  co.,  Va.,  40  ms.  SW. 
from  Staunton,  and  183  SW\  by  W.  from  Rich- 
mond.   N.  lat.  37  56,  lon.  W.  C.  2  37  W. 

Hottentots,  and  country  of. — See  Africa,  pages 
26  and  27. 

Houat,  island  of  Fr.,  near  the  coast  of  Bre- 
tagne.    It  is  10  ms.  in  circumference. 

Houdan,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  Loire,  and  lately  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Beuce,  with  a  manufacture  of  woolen 
stockings.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vegre,  10  m3.  from 
Dreux,  and  32  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  41  E.,  lat. 
48  47  N. 

Houghton,  tp.,  Norfolk  co.,  U.  C,  on  Lake 
Erie,  W.  from  Walsingham. 

Hounsjield,  tp.  of  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Lake  Ontario,  including  the  village  of  Sackett's 
Harbor.    Pop,  in  1820,  3,429. 

Housatonick,  river  of  Connecticut.  It  rises  in 
Mass.,  and  runs  through  Litchfield  co.,  nearly  due 
S.  till  it  passes  N.  Milford,  thence  it  flows  SE.  till 
it  joins  the  Stratford,  and  the  united  stream  falls 
into  Long  Island  Sound  near  the  town  of  Strat- 
ford. 

Hounslow,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  on  a 
heath  of  the  same  name,  on  which  are  some  pow- 
der mills  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Coin.  Here  is 
a  charity  school  and  a  chapel.  Hounslow  is  10 
ms.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Hour,  the  one-twenty-fourth  part  of  the  enlire 
natural  day,  or  time  of  one  full  revolution  of  the 
earth  round  its  axis.  At  first  view  hour  would  appear 
as  a  purely  artificial  division  of  time,  and  as  ap- 
plied it  is  such  ;  but  there  is  no  doubt  when  we 
turn  to  its  original  meaning,  that  it  was  a  general 
expression  for  time,  and  came  from  the  same  root 
as  horizon.  The  Lat.  hora,  from  the  Gr.  ora, 
hour.  Horizon,  Gr.,  oros,  bounds,  limit,  or  what 
terminates.  The  Fr.  term  horlege,- (clock,)  horo- 
scope, &c,  have  all  the  same  origin. 
408 


Houssa,  country  of  central  Africa,  on  the  I 
ger.  It  is  too  little  known  to  admit  specific 
scription. 

Hou-quang,  province  of  China  which  occup 
nearly  the  centre  of  the  empire.  Yangtse-kia 
river  traverses  it  from  E.  to  W.,  and  divides  it  ii 
two  parrs. 

Houston's,  post  office,  Rowan  co.,  N.  C, 
post  road  138  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Houstonsville,  village,  Pendleton  district,  S.  ( 
by  post  road  184  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia.— 
Village,  Iredell  co.,  N  C,  by  post  road  172  r. 
W.  from  Raleigh. 

Hou-taheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  provir 
of  Tche-kiang.  It  is  160  ms.  NE.  of  Nf 
king.    Lon.  119  45  E.,  lat.  30  35  N. 

Howard,  town,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Car 

ter  river,  18  ms.  W.  from  Bath.  Tp.,  Cen 

co.,  Penn.,  on  Beach  creek,  in  the  northern  an 

of  the  co.    Pop.  in    1820,   1,055.  Co. 

Mo.,  lying  N.  from  Missouri  river,  bounded  N1 
by  Chariton,  Randolph  N.,  Boone  E.,  and  M 
souri  river,  separating  it  from  Cooper  S.,  and  5 
line  W.  This  co.  is  nearly  a  square  of  21  n 
each  side ;  area  440  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  39°,  a. 
lon.  15  40  W.  of  W.  C.  ;  intersect  in  this  ( 
Chief  town,  Franklin,  seat  of  government  of  t 
State.    Pop.  in  1840,  13,108. 

Howden,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  E.  Hiding 
Yorkshire.  It  gives  name  to  a  small  district,  call 
Howdenshire,  and  has  a  large  church  like  a  call 
dral.  It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Ouse,  15  n 
SE.  of  York,  and  179  N.  by  W.  of  Londc 
51'  W.,  lat  53  46  N. 

Howell,  tp.,  of  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J. 

Howland,  tp.  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  E.  frc 
Warren.    Pop.  in  1820,  625. 

Hoxter,  town  of  Westphalia,  seated  on  I 
Weser,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Corwey,  27  ms.  ISE. 
Paderborn.    Lon.  9  39  E.,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Hoy,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  situated  [ 
tween  the  island  of  Pomona  and  the  N.  coast 
Caithness-shire.    It  is  10  ms.  long.    Lon.  3  ' 
W.,  lat.  58  36  N. 

Hoya,  province  of  Hanover,  with  a  capital 
the  same  name  on  the  Allor,  23  ms.  SE.  frc 
Bremen. 

Hoye,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a  co. 
the  same  name,  subject  to  the  elector  of  Hanov.. 
seated  on  the  Weser,  13  ms.  NW.  of  Ze!l.  Lc 
9  6  E.,  lat.  52  57  N. 

Hoyiesville,  village,  Lincoln  county,  North  C 
olina,  by  post  road  200  miles  SW.  by  W.  fn 
Raleigh. 

Hua,  or  Kahua,  large  town  of  Asia,  capital 
Cochin- China,  with  a  royal  palace.  It  is  seat 
on  a  beautiful  plain,  and  divided  into  two  parts 
a  large  river.    Lon  105  5  E.,  lat  17  40  N. 

Huahine,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  ocean,  30  leagues  from  Otaheite.  It  is 
ms.  in  compass,  and  has  a  commodious  harb< 
Lon.  151  1  W.,  lat.  16  44  S. 

Hubbard,  tp.  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1820,  843. 

Hubbardstown,  town,  Worcester  co.,.  Ma 
It  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Ware, 

ms.  W.  from  Boston.  Town.  Rutland  c 

Vt.,  40  ms.  NW.  from  Windsor. 

Hubert,  seigniory,  Quebec  co  ,  L.  C. 


HUD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HUM 


'{ubert,  St.,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Neth- 
c  nds,  in  Luxemburg-,  20  tns.  SE.  of  Rochefort. 
I ).  5  12  E.,  Iat.  50°  N. 

'{adder afield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  W.  Riding 

0  forkshire.  It  is  *he  mart  for  narrow  cloths, 
c;=d  plains.    It  is  42  ms.  SW.   of  York,  and 

1  NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  1  40  W.,  Iat.  53 

fr* 

ludson  Bay,  bay  of  N.  America,  lying  be- 
t<en  51  and  69  N.  Iat.,  discovered  in  1610  by 
Otain  Henry  Hudson.  This  intrepid  mariner, 
jrearching  after  a  NW.  passage  to  the  Pacific 
o<in,  discovered  three  straits,  through  which  he 
bed  to  find  out  a  new  way  to  Asia.  This  bay 
I  ,municates  on  the  N.  by  two  straits  with  Baf-1 
fi  i  bay,  on  the  E.  side  it  is  bordered  by  Labrador, 
I  he  SW.  by  New  S.  Wales,  and  on  the  W.  j 
b  New  N.  Wales.  These  countries,  included : 
uerthe  name  of  New  Britain,  abound  with  an- J 
iris,  whose  skins  and  furs  are  far  superior  in  j 
q  lity  to  those  found  in  less  northerly  regions,  j 
T1  natives  are  called  Esquimaux,  and  northern  | 
Iians;  and  are  materially  different  from  all  the 
K  hern  tribes,  In  1670,  a  charter  was  granted 
I  company  for  the  exclusive  trade  to  this  bay.  I 
'Is  company  possess  three  forts  on  the  S.  coast! 

0  ames  bay,  by  which  name  the  S.  part  of  Hud-  j 
st  bay  is  distinguished  ;  these  factories  are  called  j 
R>ert,  Moose,  and  Albany;  but  the  former  has  | 
Itn  abandoned.  On  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  j 
bt  up  Hearne's  river,  is  a  factory  called  Flamboro',  I 
ai  to  the  N.  of  this  is  York  fort  and  Prince  of! 
Vies  fort.  In  December,  1770,  Mr.  Hearne,  in) 
d  service  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  set  out  j 
fri  Prince  of  Wales  fort  to  explore  a  river  that  j 
if  Esquimaux,  who  came  to  the  company's  facto  - 1 
ri  to  trade,  had  brought  to  their  knowledge  ;  and  | 
wch,  on  account  of  much  copper  being  found 

1  •  it,  had  obtained  the  name  of  Copper  Mine 
ri r.  Under  the  convoy  of  these  Indians,  he  ar- 
nd  at  this  river  in  1771,  and  traced  it  till  he 
I  e  in  sight  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  finding  it  en- 
cnbered  with  shoals  and  falls  to  its  mouth,  which 
■  lat.  72  N.  By  late  observations  the  position 
I  learne's  river  is  found  much  more  to  the  W. 
th  laid  down  by  that  traveller. 

ludson,  river  of  New  York.  The  basin  of  the 
1  Ison,  if  we  include  Raritan  bay  and  river,  the 

of  Newark,  with  its  two  confluent  rivers,  Hack- 
pack  and  Passaic,  and  the  contiguous  part  of 
I  ig  Island  sound  in  the  Hudson  basin,  we  have 
b>re  us  a  very  curious  connexion  between  inland 
a  maritime  navigation.  Taken  with  this  exten- 
di ,  the  Hudson  basin  reaches  from  Sandy  Hook, 
Mat.  40  30  to  the  extreme  source  of  the  Hud- 
*;  in  N.  lat.  44  5,  or  above  250  miles  in  length, 
wi  a  mean  width  of  40  ms.,  exclusive  of  the  W. 
P:  of  the  valley  of  Mohawk,  above  the  mouth  of 
S  oharie  river.  This  latter  section  includes  a  par- 
>1  ogram  of  60  miles  long  and  35  miles  wide,  the 
w  le  basin  spreading  over  an  area  of  14,600  sq. 
•  s.  The  Hudson  river  is  navigable  for  large 
sts  to  Hudson,  and  for  sloops  to  Albany.  The 
ft'  flows  to  Troy,  to  which  small  sloops  ascend. 

Hudson,  one  of  the  most  flourishing  cities  in 
tr  State  of  New  York,  situate  on  the  E.  bank  of 
Bison  river,  in  Columbia  co.,  115  miles  N.  of 

city  of  New  York,  and  30  S.  of  Albany,  in  the 
Is  of  42  15  N.  The  foundation  of  the  first  house 
52* 


was  laid  in  1783,  and  in  1800  it  contained  4,048 
inhabitants;  and  by  the  census  of  1820,  5,310; 
and  in  1840,  5,672.  It  is  considered  the  third 
town  in  the  State  in  manufactures,  and  the  fourth 
in  commerce.  The  site  rises  by  a  gentle  acclivity 
from  Hudson  river,  and  the  main  street,  following 
the  ascent,  extends  above  a  mile  from  the  water. 

Hudson,  village,  Caswell  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 

road  86  miles  NNW.  from   Raleigh.  Town, 

Portage  co.,  O.,  12  ms.  NW.  from  Ravenna. 

Hudson's  House,  factory  of  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
panv,  on  Saskashawine  river.  Lon.  W.  C.  29  27 
W.;  lat.  53'  N. 

Hudson's  Strait  unites  the  Atlantic  ocean  to 
Hudson's  bay.  This  sheet  of  water,  150  ms.  wide 
where  narrowest,  and  300  miles  where  opening  to 
Davis's  straits  between  Cape  Chidley  S.  and  Camp- 
bell N.,  stretches  NW.  by  W.  between  longitudes 
4°  W.  and  14°  E.  of  W.  C,  on  the  mean  lat.  of 
64°  N.    It  contains  many  islands. 

Huena,  island  of  the  Baltic,  3  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Sweden,  and  subject  to  the  Swedes,  to 
whom  it  was  ceded  by  the  Danes  in  1658.  In  this 
island  was  the  observatory  of  the  celebrated  Tycho 
Brahe.  It  is  6  ms.  in  circumference;  9  ras.  S  by 
E.  of  Elsinore,  and  14  N.  by  E.  of  Copenhagen, 
Lon.  12  38  E.,  lat.  55  54  N. 

Huesca,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  with 
a  bishop's  see  and  a  university.  It  is  sealed  on 
the  Issuela,  35  ms.  NE.  of  Saragossa.  Lon.  2'  W., 
lat.  42  18  N. 

Huescar,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Granada,  with  a  castle,  60  miles  NE.  of  Granada. 
Lon.  2  20  W.,  lat.  37  45  N. 

Huessen,  town  of  Dutcfr  Guelderland,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  3  miles  S.  of  Arnheim. 

Huetta,  old  and  small  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  67  miles  E.  of  Madrid.  Lon  1  55  VV.,  lat. 
40  22  N. 

Hughsville,  village,  Patrick  co.,  Va.,  about  75 
miles  SW.  by  S.  from  Fincastle. 

Hulingsburg,  village,  Armstrong  co.,  Penn. 

Hull,  or  Kingston-upon-Hull,  borough  and  sea- 
port in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  was  built 
by  Edward  L,  who  called  it  Kingston,  and  it  is 
seated  on  the  river  Hull,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Hum- 
ber.  The  harbor  is  artificial ;  and  here  are  docks 
for  building  and  repairing  ships.  Among  the  pub- 
lic buildings  are  the  Trinity  House,  for  the  relief 
of  seamen  and  their  widows  ;  a  custom-house,  an 
exchange,  and  a  town  hall.'  The  stone  bridge  over 
the  river  to  Holderness  was  rebuilt  in  1787,  and 
consists  of  14  arches.  Hull  sends  two  members  to 
Parliament,  and  is  36  miles  SE.  of  York,  and  173 
N.  of  London.    Lon.  14'  W.,  lat.  53  45  N. 

Hull,  tp.,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass  ,  on  the  S,  side 
of  Boston  harbor,  9  miles  E.  from  Boston. 

Hull's  Store,  post  office,  Pendleton  co.,  Va. 

Hulmsville,  town,  Bucks  co.,  Penn. 

Hulpen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 9  ms.  SE.  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  37  E.,  lat. 
51  44  N. 

Hulst,  strong  town  of  Dutch  Flanders,  seated 
on  a  plain  which  may  be  overflowed.  It  has  a  very 
fine  town-house,  15  miles  NW.  of  Antwerp,  and 
17  NE.  of  Ghent.    Lon.  4  6  E.,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Humber,  river  of  England,  formed  by  the  Trent, 
Ouse,  Derwent,  and  several  other  streams.  It  di- 
vides Yorkshire  from  Lincolnshire,  and  falls  into 

409 


HUN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HUN 


the  German  ocean  at  Holderness.  River  of 

Newfoundland,  flows  W.  into  the  gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence  Small  river  of  Upper  Canada,  in  York 

county,  falls  into  Lake  Ontario  a  short  distance  W. 
of  York. 

Humberstone,  tp.  of  Upper  Canada,  in  Lincoln 
co.,  on  Lake  Erie,  between  Bertie  and  Wainfieet. 

Hommelstown,  town  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pa.,  sit- 
uated on  the  E.  side  of  Swatara  creek,  9  miles  E. 
from  Harrisburg,  and  27  NW.  from  Lancaster. 
The  canal  connecting  Schuylkill  and  Susquehan- 
na rivers  passes  Hommelstown. 

Hummoch,  island  of  Asia,  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
about  6  miles  long.  The  rajah  is  supported  in  his 
authority  by  the  Dutch  East  India  Company.  It 
lies  five  leagues  S.  of  Mindanao.  Lon.  125  12  E., 
lat.  5  27  N. 

Humphries,  co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Perry  S., 
Tennessee  river  or  Caroline  W.,  Stewart  N.,  and 
Dickson  E.  ;  length  30,  mean  width  25  ms.,  area 
750  sq.  mile?.  Surface  rather  varying  than  hilly. 
Chief  town,  Reynoldsburg.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,067; 
and  in  1840,  5,195.  For  central  latitude,  see  Rey- 
noldsburg. 

Humphreysville,  village,  New  Haven  co.,  Conn., 
on  the  W.  side  of  Naugatuck,  4  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the  Housatonick  This  village  was 
named  after  General  Humphries,  who  first  intro- 
duced Merino  sheep  into  the  United  States  at  this 
place.     It  is  now  the  seat  of  an  extensive  wroolen 

manufacture.-  Village,  Chester  co.,  Penn.  

Village,  Union  district,  S.  C. 

Hungarians. — See  article  Finns.  "The  Ou- 
gres,  Ungres,  or  Hungarians,  were  a  branch  of  the 
Hunnic  confederacy  and  of  the  Uralian  race,  which, 
for  want  of  a  better  name,  has  been  termed  Fin- 
nic. The  Hungarian  language  is  an  undoubted 
proof  that  the  mass  of  the  nation  consisted  of  Finno- 
Uralian  tribes." — Malie  Brun.  Magiars,  another 
national  appellation  of  the  Hungarians,  seems  to 
be  derived  from  the  name  of  their  original  country 
in  Asia.  It  would  appear  that  the  primitive  word 
is  khun,  or  people,  derived  from  the  same  root  as 
khan,  or  king,  to  unite  or  make  one. — See  article 
King. 

Hungary,  kingdom  of  Europe,  included  in  the 
empire  of  Austria,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Poland 
and  Silesia,  W.  by  Moravia,  duchy  of  Austria,  and 
Styria,  S.  by  Sclavonia  and  Seivia,  and  E.  by  Wa- 
lachia  and  Transylvania.  It  is  divided  into  Upper 
and  Lower  Hungary  ;  and  to  these  may  be  added 
the  Bannat  of  Temeswaer,  incorporated  into  the 
kingdom  of  Hungary  in  1778.  Hungary  formerly 
included  Transylvania,  Sclavonia,  Dalmatia,  Ser- 
via,  and  VValachia.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Danube,  Save,  Drave,  Tresse,  Maros,  Raab,  and 
Waag.  The  air  is  unhealthy,  occasioned  by  the 
lakes  and  bogs ;  but  it  abounds  in  all  the  necessa- 
ries of  life;  and  the  wine,  especially  that  called 
Tokay,  is  excellent.  There  are  mines  of  gold, 
silver,  copper,  and  iron  ;  and  also  of  opal,  at  Cwer- 
weniza,  which  gem  is  peculiar  to  this  country. 
There  is  such  plenty  of  game,  that  hunting  is  al- 
lowed to  all.  The  inhabitants  are  well  shaped, 
generous,  and  brave,  but  haughty  and  revengeful, 
and  are  estimated  at  7,000,000.  The  trade  prin- 
cipally consists  of  cattle,  hogs,  sheep,  flour,  wheat, 
rye,  wool,  and  wine,  and  these  are  almost  wholly 
sent  to  the  Austrian  provinces.  Almost  all  the 
410 


towns  of  Hungary  have  two  names,  the  one  C 
man  and  the  other  Hungarian,  and  the  langu 
is  a  dialect  of  the  Sclavonian.    The  governu 
is  hereditary  in  the  house  of  Austria.    No  com 
in  the  world  is  better  suppli%d  with  mineral  wa 
and  baths;  and  those  of  Buda,  when  the  Ti  s 
were  in  possession  of  it,  weie  reckoned  the  fii 
in  Europe.    Buda  is  the  capital  of  Lower  H 
gary,  and  Presburg  of  the  Upper.    Populatior  ' 
Hungary  in  1822,  including  Transylvania  and 
Bannat  of  Temeswaer,  comprised — 
Roman  Catholics      -  5,500, 
Greek  Church  -  -  -  3,400, 

Calvinists     -  1,500,  i 

Lutherans  -  1,000, 
Jews  ....  ioo, 

Total     -  -  -  ll,500,i 

[See  article  Auttr 
Hungcrford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berkshire;  j 
64  miles  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  26  W.,  lat. 

26  N.  Tp.,  U.  C,  in  Hastings  co. 

Hungry  Bay,  N.  Y.,  Jefferson  co. — See  St  ■ 
eft's  Harbor. ' 

Hunmandy,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  E.  Ridin  f 
Yorkshire,  34  miles  NE.  of  Yoik,  and  209  N  f 
London.    Lon.  12'  W.,  lat.  54  12  N. 

Hunninguen,  fortified  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  i 
dep.  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  lately  in  the  provinc  f 
Alsace,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  5  miles  N.  of  Be 
Lon.  11  40  E.,  lat.  47  40  N. 

Hunterdon,  co.  of  N.  J.,  bounded  by  Delav  • 
river  SW.,  Sussex  co.  NW.,  Morris  NE  ,  S  • 
erset  E.,  and  Middlesex  and  Burlington  I 
Length  32  ms.,  mean  width  17;  area  about  I 
sq.  ms.    Surface  hilly,  but  with  a  soil  gener 
productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pasturage.    C  I' 
town,  Trenton.    Pop.  in  1820,  28,604  ;  am  i 
1840,  24,789.    The  cause  of  diminution,  as  u 
by  this  article,  in  the  population  of  Hunterdon  , 
was  that  a  consideracle  part  of  the  new  co  f 
Mercer  was  taken  from  the  former. — See  Me  • 
county.  Central  lat.  40  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.'SlJ 
Hunter,  town  in  Green  co.,  N.  Y. 
Hunterstown,  tp.  in  St.  Maurice  co.,  L.  C.  I 

ms.  NW.  from  Three  Rivers.  Village  in  1 ; 

co.,  Pa.,  25  ms.  W.  from  York. 

Hunter  sville,  village  in  Pocahontas  co.,  Va.-  ■ 
Village  in  Lincoln  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  » 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Huntingdonshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  25  ms.  in  leu  , 
and  20  in  its  broadest  part ;  bounded  on  the 
and  NW.  by  Northamptonshire,  on  the  E. ! 
Cambridgeshire,  and  on  the  SW.  by  Bedf  - 
shire.  Pop.  in  1801,  37,568;  in  1811,  42,2; 
land  in  1821,  48,771. 

Huntingdon,  county  town  of  Huntingdonsl , 
Eng.,  pleasantly  seated  on  a  rising  ground,  on» 
river  Ou?e,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge  to  G  - 

manchester.  Town  in  Chittenden  co.,  Vt..i 

the  S.  side  of  Onion  river,  10  ms.  northwarc  f 
Bristol,  and  16  SE.  of  Burlington.   Pop.  in  1.8, 

514.  Town  in  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,on  the . 

side  of  Housatonic  river,  about  16  ms.  W.  of  F  • 
field. 

Huntingdon,  tp.  in  Suffolk  co.,  N.  e 
Huntington,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y. 

Huntingdon,  co.  of  L.  C,  between  the  n(P 
boundary  of  N.  Y.  and  Richelieu  and  St.  L  ■ 


HUN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HUS 


rivers.  Tp.  in  Hastings  co.,  U.  C,  N. 

Ir<  Thurlow. 

untingdon,  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  SW.  by 
h'ord,  NW.  by  Cambria,  N.  by  Centre,  E.  by 
vf  in,  and  SE.  by  Franklin;  length  48  ms., 
ft  width  30,  and  area  1,185  sq.  ms.  This  is 
.  y  mountainous  county,  watered  by  the  Junia- 
a  nd  its  various  branches.    Though  generally 


Free  males  of  color 
Do.   females  of  color 


22 
13 


Total  -  1,306 

Huntsville,  village  in  Robertson  co.,  Ten.  Lat. 
34  45  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  1  W. 

Hurdwar,  town  of  the  province  of  Delhi,  where 
the  Ganges  first  enters  the  plains  of  Hindoostan. 
lb  and  barren,  much  very  excellent  soil  skirts  jit  is  117  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Delhi.    Lon.  78  15  E., 


b  ireain?.  Chief  town,  Huntingdon.  Pop.  in  lat.  29  35  N.  Hurdvvar  is  taken  from  the  Sans- 
B,  20,142;  and  in  1840,  35,484.  For  central  I  crit  Dwar,  door,  or  opening.  The  town  is  6ituat- 
ai  see  Huntingdon  borough.  ed  at  the  lower  falls  of  the  Ganges,  where  that 

untingdon,  borough,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  great  river  passes  from  the  mountainous  into  the 
4  tingdon  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Kays- 1  hilly  or  plain  countries  of  Hindoostan.  Below 
o  i,  branch  of  Juniata,  45  ms.  NE.  from  Bed- !  Hurdvvar,  the  Ganges  has  a  constant  and  uninter- 
w  "Pop.  in  1820,  841  ;  and  in  1840,  1, 145.  |  rupted  navigation  to  the  Bay  of  Bengal. — See 
^40  31  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  2  W.  Tp.  in  i  Ganges. 

Wns  co.,  Pa.,  on  Bermudian  creek,  12  ms.      Huron,  one  of  the  five  great  lakes,  commonly 

from  Gettysburg.  Town  in  Luzerne  co.,  called  the  lakes  of  Canada.    It  is  in  the  form  of  a 

triangle,  the  SW.  and  NE.  sides  of  which  are 
about  200  ms.,  that  of  the  SE.  110  ms.  Follow- 
ing the  indentings  of  the  shores,  Lake  Huron  ex- 
ceeds 1,000  ms.  in  circumference.  It  is  almost 
separated  into  two  lakes,  by  a  chain  of  islands  ex- 
tending from  its  NW.  to  SE.  side.  This  chain 
retains  its  Indian  «name  of  Manitoulin,  or  Islands 
of  the  Evil  Spirit.  Lake  Huron  receives  the  dis- 
charge of  Lake  Superior  by  St.  Mary's  strait,  that 
of  Lake  Michigan  by  the  straits  of  Michilimaki- 
nack,  that  of  Nipbsing  by  the  river  du  Francois, 
and  discharges  the  accumulated  mass  into  the  river 

St.  Clair.  River  of  Mich.,  rises  in  the  interior 

of  the  peninsula,  and,  flowing  E.,  enters  Lake  St. 

Clair.         Another  river  of  Mich.,  rises  with  the 

preceding,  and  flowing  SE.,  falls  into  Lake  Erie 

immediately  S.  of  the  mouth  of  Detroit  river.  — 

River  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Richland  and  Crawford 
cos.,  and,  flowing  north,  enters  Huron  county, 
Village  in  Laurens  district,  S.  C,  64  i  which  it  traverses,  and  falls  into  Lake  Erie,  10  ms. 

N'W.  from  Columbia.  Tp,  in  Gallia  co.,  SB.  from  the  mouth  of  Sandusky  bay.  Co.  of 

W.  of  Scioto  |  Ohio,  bounded  on  the  iN.  by  Lake  Erie,  E.  by 
Cuyahoga  and  Medina  cos.,  S.  by  Richland,  and 
W.  by  Seneca  and  Sandusky  cos.,  in  the  lately  ac- 


Pi  12  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Wilkesbarre,  on 
F:ing  creek. 

mtingdon,  East,  tp.  in  Westmoreland  co., 
m  between  Jacob's  creek  and  Big  Sevvickly,  10 
-BiG.  from  Greensburg. 

untingdon,  North,  tp.  in  Westmoreland  co., 
'i  along  Yough  river,  and  between  Big  Sewick- 
v  id  Brush  creeks. 
untingdon,  South,  tp.  in  Westmoreland  co., 
along  Yough  river,  between  Big  Sewickly 
in  Jacob's  creeks. 

untingdon,  village  in  Carroll  co.,  Ten.,  by 
■road  150  ms.  W.  from  Murfreesborough. 

hinting  Sound,  channel  of  N.  C,  Carteret  co., 
uung  Core  sound  to  the  main  ocean. 

untington,  town  in  the  NW.  angle  of  Suffolk 
oLong  island,  N.  Y.  The  village  is  built  upon 
<W  of  Long  Island  sound,  and  contains  an  acad- 
41  30  ms.  NE.  from  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1840, 


 Tp.  in  Ross  co.,  Ohio, 

'op-  in  1^40,  1,169.  Tp.  in  Brown  co 

Pop.  in  1840,  2,302. 


ihngtown,  village  in  Calvert  co.,  Md.,  on  quired  Indian  territory.    It  is  35  by  40  ms.  in  ex- 


t  ting  creek,  40  ms.  from  Annapolis. 


tent,  and  contains  about  900  sq.  ms.    It  includes 


untsburg,  village  in  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  near  all  the  tract  designated  by  the  appellation  of  Fire 
ii  ine  that  divides  this  State  from  L.  C,  at  the  lands,  besides  several  tps.  N.  of  Medina  co.  and 
li  nee  of  about  12  ms.  E.  of  Lake  Champlain.  j  W.  of  Black  river.    Sandusky  bay  and  Lake  Erie 
-•Village  in  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road 'skirt  the  whole  northern  boundary.    Surface  rather 
ms.  NE.  from  Columbus.  'level,  and  soil  fertile.     Chief  town,  Norwalk. 

unt's  Mills,  post  office  in  Hunterdon  co.,  N.J. !  Pop.  in  1820,  6,676.    Lat.  41  20  N.,  Ion.  W. 

'untspil,  small  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  |C.  5  40  W.  Tp.  in  Huron  co  ,  Ohio,  on  the 

*tae  mouth  of  the  river  Parret,  5  ms.  N.  of  i  lake  shore  ;  distance  47  ms.  westerly  from  Cleve- 
3  gewater,  and  143  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  land,  and  110  N.  by  E.  from  Columbus.   Lat.  41 


W.,  lat.  31  UN. 

untsvilk,  village  in  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y 


25  N.,  lon.  5  36  W.    Pop.  in  1820,  651. 

Hurriana,  western  part  of  the  province  of  Del 


village  in  Surry  co.,  N.  C,  15  ms.  SW.  of  hi,  Hindoostan  proper.  Chief  town,  Hissar.  This 

3  ania,  the  Moravian  town  Village  in  Lau- !  province  passed  under  British  authority  in  1809. 

Central  lat.  29°  N. 

Hurricane  Shoals,  post  office  in  Jackson  co., 
Ga.,  by  post  road  91  ms.  NNW.  from  Milledge- 
ville. 

Hurst. — See  article  Forest. 
Hurst  Castle,  castle  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire, 
188 1  near  Lymington.  It  is  seated  on  the  extreme 
157  |  point  of  a  neck  of  land  which  shoots  into  the  sea 
180  j  toward  the  Isle  of  Wight,  from  which  it  is  distant 
220  |  2  ms. 

Hussingabad,  town  in  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro- 

411 


■e  district,  S.  C,  70  ms.  from  Columbia. 

itsville,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Madi- 

•  ,  Ala.,  113  ms.  S.  from  Nashville,  in  Ten. 
s  a  new  but  very  flourishing  village,  about  12 

•  from  Tennessee  river.    Pop.  in  1820 — 


;  males  over  21 

do.  under  21 
J  females  over  21 

do.    under  21 
males 
females 


308 


228 


HYD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ICE 


vince  of  Malwa,  the  eastern  division  of  the  Mah- 
ratta  empire.  It  is  140  ms.  NW.  of  Nagpour. 
Lon.  77  54  E.,  lat.  22  42  N. 

Husurn,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  with  a  strong  citadel  and  a  very  handsome 
church.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Ow,  on  the 
German  ocean,  20  ms.  W.  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9° 
E  ,  lat.  54  45  N. 

Huttonsville,  village,  Randolph  co.,  Va.,  on 
Roaring  creek,  and  on  the  road  from  Clarksburg 
to  Beverly,  35  ms.  SSE.  from  the  former. 

Huy,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Liege.  The  Dutch,  in  1718, 
demolished  the  fortifications,  and  surrendered  it  to 
the  bishop  of  Liege.  It  is  seated  on  the  Maese, 
12  ms.  WSW.  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  22  E.,  lat.  50 
32  N. 

Hyacinthe,  St.,  village  of  Canada,  is,  says  a  trav- 
eller, one  of  the  most  beautiful  villages  of  Canada 
East.  The  prospect  from  it  in  summer  is  splen- 
did, and  the  scenery  in  its  vicinity  beautiful  and 
rural.  It  contains  222  houses,  upwards  of  2,500 
inhabitants,  1  cotton  factory,  1  soap  and  candle 
factory, '1  saw  mill,  1  grist  mill,  7  or  8  taverns,  with 
several  mechanics'  shops, 

Hyannis,  bay  of  Mass.,  Barnstable  co.,  sets  up 
from  the  Atlantic  ocean  between  the  tps.  of  Yar 

mouth  and  Barnstable.  -Town  on  Hyannis  bay, 

Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  by  post  road  97  ms.  SE. 
from  Boston. 

Hyattstown,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Md., 
on  the  road  from  Frederick  to  W.  C,  33  ms. 
NW.  from  the  latter,  and  15  SSE.  from  the  for- 
mer. It  is  a  small  village,  of  a  single  street  of 
about  30  houses  along  the  main  road. 

Hyde,  co  ,  N.  C,  bounded  SE.  and  S.  by 
Pamlico  sound,  W.  by  Beaufort,  and  N.  by 
Washington  and  Tyrrell.  Length  45  ras.,  mean 
width  18,  area  810  sq.  ms.  Surface  level,  soil 
marshy,  sandy,  and  generally  sterile.  Chief  town, 
Germantown.  Pop.  in  1840,  6,458.  Central  lat. 
35  28  N.,  lon.  35'  E. 

Hyde  Park,  town,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Hudson  river,  8  ms.  above  Poughkeepsie,  Vil- 
lage, Halifax  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  79  ms. 
NE  from  Raleigh. 

Hyderabad.— See  Hydrabad  2d. 

Hydra,  island  of  Greece,  the  ancient  Ansteia. 
It  is  a  rocky  mass,  about  3  ms.  from  Cape  Skylla, 
in  the  Morea,  about  3  ms.  by  one,  and  containing 
a  harbor  and  commercial  town.  The  latter  rose 
from  the  favorable  position  of  the  place  for  com- 
merce. Previous  to  the  late  revolution,  the  Hy- 
driots  had  80  ships,  of  an  average  of  300  tons. 
In  1810  they  purchased  from  the  Turkish  Govern- 
ment the  right  of  electing  their  own  magistrates, 
but  joined  the  other  Greeks  against  their  common 
oppressors,  and,  by  their  naval  skill,  did  most  ef- 
fectual service.  This  brought  upon  the  Hydriots, 
in  1824,  the  vengeance  of  their  enemies,  who  at- 
tacked and  took  the  island,  massacreing  such  of 
the  inhabitants  as  fell  into  their  hands.  In  a  few 
days,  however,  it  was  retaken,  and  a  most  san- 
guinary retaliation  inflicted  upon  the  Turkish  gar- 
rison. 

Hydra,  or  Idra,  island  of  the  Grecian  Archi- 
pelago. 

Hydrabad,  capital  of  Golconda,  in  the  Deccan 
of  Hindoostan,  seated  on  a  river  that  falls  into  the 
412 


Kistan,  352  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Madras.  Lon 

51  E.,  lat.  17  12  N.  Fort  of  Hindoostan  \ 

per,  in  the  province  of  Sinde.  It  is  the  reside 
of  a  Mahometan  prince,  who  is  tributary  to 
King  of  Candahar.  It  is  situated  on  the  Ind 
not  far  above  the  head  of  the  Delta,  and  in 
neighborhood  of  Nusserapour.  Lon.  69  30 
lat.  25  29  N. 

Hydrogen,  hydrography,  hydrostatics,  hyc 
dynamics,  and  several  other  terms,  comes  from 
Greek  word  hudor,  water,  as  a  prefix  to  suffi 
deciding  the  particular  sense  of  the  term.  Hyc 
gen,  one  of  the  constituents  of  water :  combi 
in  the  proportions  of  about  15  hydrogen  and 
oxygen,  water  is  the  result.  The  exact  proj 
tions  of  the  two  gaseous  bases  do  not  appea 
have  been  yet  determined  by  chemists.  Comj 
ing  results,  the  proportion  would  appear  to  b< 
oxygen  from  85  to  89  in  100. 

Hyniettus. — See  Trelo  Vouni. 

Hypolite,  St.,  town  of  France,  now  in  the 
partment  of  Gard,  lately  in  the  province  of  L 
guedoc.  This  town  has  a  good  fort,  and  is  ses 
on  the  Vidourle,  near  its  source,  12  ms.  8W 
Alais.    Lon.  4'  E.,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Hy the.—  See  Hithe. 


I. 


Ibarra,  town  of  Columbia,  in  Quito,  42 
NE.  from  Quito. 

Iberi,  lake  of  S.  America,  between  the  Par 
and  Uruguay  rivers.  It  is  rather  an  overflow 
country  than  a  real  lake. 

Iberville,  upper  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  ri 
on  the  left  side.  It  is  a  small  outlet,  leaving 
Mississippi  14«ms.  below  Baton  Rouge.  VY 
only  enters  this  channel  at  high  flood.  A 
flowing  about  20  ms,  and  receiving  from  boths; 
the  drain  of  the  adjacent  lowlands,  Iberville  jc 
the  Amite.  Schooners  drawing  5  feet  water 
cend  the  Amite  to  the  mouth  of  Iberville,  and  ih 
of  2  or  3  feet  draught  are  navigated  up  the  ia 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Spanish  bayou,  5  or  6  ms. 

Iberville,  parish,  Lou-,  bounded  by  the  ba; 
Iberville,  Mississippi  river,  and  bayou  Plaq 
mine,  N.  and  NW.,  Atchaf'alaya  river  SW.,  { 
ish  of  Ascension  SE.  and  E.,  and  Amite  r 
NE.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  10,  area  ! 
sq.  ins.  Surface  dead  level,  and  soil  exutierai 
fertile,  but,  except  along  the  streams,  not  aral 
on  account  of  being  subject  to  annual  overfl' 
Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  St.  Gabriel.  P 
1820,  4,414;  in  1840,  8,495.  Central  lat.  30 
N.,  lon.  14  10  West. 

Iberville,  or  St.  Gabriel,  village  on  the  left  b: 
of  the  Mississippi,  in  the  parish  of  Iberville,  L 
18  ms.  by  water,  and  6  by  land  below  the  ou 
of  Bayou  Iberville. 

Iborg,  or  Iberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cle  of  Westphalia,  and  in  the  bishopric  of  Os ; 
burg,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Osnaburg,  and  30  NE. 
Munster.    Lon.  8  20  E.,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Ica,  province  of  Peru,  bordering  on  the  Pac  i 

ocean.  Capital  of  the  province  of  Ica,  140  i 

ESE.  from  Lima.     Lon.  W.  C.  1  30  E., 
13  50  S. 

Iceland,  large  island  to  the  W.  of  Nonv 


i 


IDR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


1LH 


0  ms,  in  length,  and  150  in  breadth,  lying  be- 
een  64  and  66  N.  lat.  For  two  months  to- 
ther  the  sun  never  sets ;  and  in  the  winter  it 
ver  rises  for  the  same  space,  at  least  not  en- 
ely.  The  middle  of  this  island  is  mountainous, 
.ny,  and  barren,  but  in  some  places  there  are 
cellent  pastures,  and  the  grass  has  a  fine  smell, 
le  ice,  which  gets  loose  from  the  more  northern 
antry  in  May,  brings  with  it  a  large  quantity  of 
>6*d,  and  several  animals,  such  as  foxes,  wolves, 
d  bears.  Mount  Hecla  is  the  most  noted 
)untain,  and  is  a  volcano  which  sometimes 
ows  out  sulphureous  torrents.  Iceland,  which 
.s  considered  by  the  ancients  as  the  Ultima 
mle,  or  the  extremity  of  the  world,  and  by  us  as 
ircely  habitable,  once  abounded  in  learning  and 
ence,  at  a  time  when  a  great  part  of  Europe  was 
'olved  in  darkness.    Their  language  was  the 

1  Gothic  or  Teutonic,  the  vernacular  language 
the  Swedes,  Danes,  and  Norwegians,  before  it 
inched  into  the  several  dialects  since  spoken  by 
;  natives  of  these  three  kingdoms. 

Ichwell,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Bedfordshire. 
Ickleton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Cambridgeshire. 
Ickworth,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  23  ms 
kV.  of  Ipswich,  and  74  NNE.    of  London, 
n.  1°  E.,  lat.  52  22N. 

Icolmkill,  formerly  Iona,  a  small  island  of  Scot- 
j  d,  and  one  of  the  Hebrides,  about  one  mile 

m  the  S  W.  point  of  the  island  of  Mull.  It  is  3 
i.  long  and  one  wide.  Icolmkill  now  contains 
<  y  about  80  families  of  poor  and  ignorant  peo- 
i,  amounting  in  all  to  about  400  ;  but  this  neg 
Ited  spot,  during  the  dark  ages,  was  one  of  those 
i  red  asylums  which  even  the  ferocity  of  almost 
i  age  warriors  was  taught  to  respect.  This 
futary  operation  of  superstition  contributed  to 
I. 'serve  in  the  remote  Icolmkill  some  fragments 

•  science  amid  general  barbarism.  It  was  this 
lie  islet  that  was  made  the  refuge  of  St.  Colum- 
1  and  from  which  the  Christian  religion  shed  its 
liign  rays  over  Scotland  and  its  islands. 
konium,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Carama- 
|.;  it  is  now  called  Konia,  and  is  situated  in  a 

ley  of  the  Lycaonian  mountains,  upon  or  near 
:mall  lake  without  an  outlet.     E.  Ion.  32  40, 
lat.  38  30,  about  300  ms.  SE.  from  Constan- 
oplc. 

Icosoclastes,  (image  breakers,)  a  sect  which 

»  in  the  Constantinopolitan  Roman  Empire. 

■  an  edict  of  the  Emperor  Leo  III,  the  Isaurion, 
D.  726,  against  images,  and  those  who  used 

'ni  in  Christian  ordinances.     This  sect  and  its 

pMara  long  distracted  the  Christian  Church. 

Ida,  Mount,  lofty  and  pointed  mountain  in  the 
Hdte  of  the  island  of  Candia,  famous  in  ancient 

>es.  All  the  cattle  that  are  bred  on  it  are  a  few 
1  try  horses,  some  sheep,  and  half-starved  goats. 

Ida,  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia 
{■per,  famous  in  ancient  fable  for  the  judgment 
«  Paris,  and  for  being  the  resort  of  the  gods 

*  ing  the  Trojan  war. 

Idanka-la- Nueva,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
Li.  SW.  of  Idanha-la-Vella. 

Tdanha-la-Vella,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
'  the  river  Ponsul,  25  ms.  NE.  of  Castel-Branco, 
1  25  NW.  of  Alcantara.  Lon.  6  14  W., 
I  39  39  N. 

rdria,  town  of  Austria,  in  Illy ria,  in  the  circle 


of  Adesberg,  remarkable  for  its  mines  of  quick- 
silver.   Lon.  14  8  E.,  lat.  46°  N. 

Idstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetteravia, 
which  is  the  residence  of  a  branch  of  the  house 
ot  Nassau,  to  whom  it  belongs.  It  is  12  ms.  NE. 
of  Mentz.    Lon.  8  23  E.,  lat.  50  2  N. 

lekaterinoslaf  Government  of  Russia,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Dnieper,  and  on  the  E.  reaching  the 
Don;  bounded  by  Taurida  and  the  Azoph  sea  S., 
the  Cossack  territory  E.,  Yorenetz,  Kharhof,  and 
Poltava,  N.,  and  Kherson  W.  The  length  from 
E.  to  W.  300  English  ms.,  mean  breadth  80, 
and  area  24,000  sq.  English  ms. 

lekaterinoslaw,  capital  of  the  Government  of 
the  same  name,  is  situated  at  N.  lat.  48  24  Ion  , 
34  58  E.  London,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Dnieper,  about  600  ms.  a  little  YV.  of  S.  from 
Moscow. 

Iennicale. — See  Janicale- 

If,  island  of  France,  the  most  eastern  of  thr 
three  before  the  harbor  of  Marseilles.  It  is  well 
fortified,  and  its  port  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Med- 
iterranean. 

Igis,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  in 
Cadoea,  with  a  magnificent  castle,  in  which  is 
a  cabinet  of  curiosities  and  a  library.  It  is  23 
ms.  SW.  of  Coire,  and  23  S.  of  Glarus.  Lon. 
9°  E.,  lat.,  46  33  N. 

Iglaw,  considerable  and  populous  town  of  Mo= 
ravia,  where  they  have  a  manufacture  of  good 
cloth,  and  excellent  beer.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ig- 
law, 40  ms.  W.  of  Brinn,  and  62  SE.  of  Prague. 
Lon.  15  42  E.}  lat.  49  8  N. 

lglesias,  town  in  the  S.  part  of  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  37  ms.  WSW.  of 
Gagliari.    Lon.  8  39  E.,  lat.  39  18  N. 

Ignatius  Point,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  strait  of 
Michilimacinac,  8  ms.  W.  from  Mackinac  island. 

Ihor. — See  Johore. 

Hay. — See  hlay. 

llak,  or  Jalack,  town  of  Nubia,  on  the  Nile, 
supposed  bv  some  to  be  the  ancient  Meroe.  Lon. 
36  30  E.,  lat.  18  48  N. 

I/ants,  town  in  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
capital  of  the  Grey  League.  It  is  partly  surround- 
ed by  walls.  Here  the  general  diet  of  the  Three 
Leagues  assembles  every  third  year.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Coire, 

Ilchester,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  on 
the  Ivel,  16  ms.  S.  of  Wells,  and  123  W.  by  S. 
of  London.  Longitude  2  37  W.,  latitude  50  56 
North. 

Ildefonso,  St.,  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
5  ms.  N.  of  (Tzeda,  on  the  river  Cogolludo.  Here 
is  a  magnificent  palace,  built  by  Philip  V.  It  is 
a  superb  structure,  with  water  works  and  gar- 
dens. 

Ildefonso  de  los  Zapotacos,  St.,  town  of  New 
Spain,  seated  on  a  mountain,  50  ms.  NE.  of 
Antequiera.    Lon.  27  30  W.,  lat.,  17  5  N. 

Ilderton,  village  of  Eng  ,  in  Northumberland, 
4  ms.  S.  of  Wooler. 

Ilfracombe,  seaport  and  corporate  town  of  Eng., 
in  Devonshire.  It  is  seated  almost  opposite  Swan- 
sea, in  Glamorganshire,  49  ms.  NN  VV.  of  Exeter, 
and  181  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon,  4  5  W., 
lat.  51  144V. 

Ilheos,  seaport  in  Brazil,  in  Bahia,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  and  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 

413 

-  \  • 


ILL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ILL 


Lon.  W.  C.  37  18  E.,  lat.  14  34  S.  Seaport 

of  Brazil,  in  South  America,  capital  of  Rio-los- 
Ilheous.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  and  is  150 
ins.  SSW.  of  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  41  25  W., 
lat.  15  5  S. 

IlheoSy  or  Rio  los  Ilheos,  province  of  South 
America,  subject  to  Portugal. 

Ilkuck,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Cracow,  remarkable  for  its  silver  mines,  mixed 
with  lead.  It  is  seated  in  a  barren  country,  at 
the  foot  of  several  mountains  15  ms.  NW.  of  Cra- 
cow.   Lon.  19  40  E.,  lat.  50  20.  Iff. 

///,  river  of  Fr.,  in  the  former  Alsace.  The 
111  lises  westward  from  and  near  Basle,  in  Switzer- 
land, and,  flowing  nearly  parallel  to  the  Rhine 
about  100  English  ms.,  falls  into  the  W.  side  of 
the  latter  stream  at  Strasburg. 

Ille,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  the  Eastern 
Pyrenees,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Rousillon, 
10  ms.  SE.  of  Perpignan.  Lon.  3  5  E.,  lat  42 
35  N. 

7/Zer,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  Tyrol, 
runs  N.  through  Suabia,  passing  by  Kempten, 
Memtningen,  and  Kirchberg,  and  falls  into  the 
Danube  at  Ulm.     The  course  of  this  river  is  very 


!nequality  of  its  surface  for  the  superior  variety 
its  climate. 

Illinois  is  a  country  of  very  little  inequality 
surface,  compared  with  its  great  extent.  The  low 
or  southern  partis  rolling  rather  than  hilly;  ai 
not  one  eminence  in  the  State,  it  is  probable,  wou 
reach  600  feet  above  the  common  level. 

In  point  of  soil,  Illinois  admits  a  similar  classi 
cation  with  Ohio  and  Indiana  ;  though,  in  propc 
tion  to  extent,  the  former  has  less  wet,  irreclairo 
ble  land,  and  more  rich  prairie,  than  the  two  latt< 
The  State  may  be  considered  as  rolling  in  its  f,ou 
ern  and  western,  and  level  in  its  eastern  and  nort 
eastern  sections. 

In  its  central  parts  the  prairies  almost  vie  in 
tent  with  those  of  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and 
sisippi.    Their  margins  are  generally  composed 
rich  soil,  which,  as  elsewhere,  deteriorates  i 
ceding  from  the  woods.    Extensive,  howev 
are  the  prairies,  the  much  greater  proportion 
State  is  covered  with  forest  timber  of  growth 
able  to  the  soil  and  climate. 

The  Illinois  river  is  an  object,  however,  thi 
though  its  entire  course  is  within  the  State  of  t 
same  name,  from  some  peculiar  circumstances 
ts  natural  history  becomes  rather  a  subject  of  ge 


nortij 
n  e 
sed 

I 

t  su 


nearly  from  S.  to  N.,  and  remarkably  parallel  to 

the  Leek.    The  Iller  is  in  the  greatest  part  of  itsjeral  than  local  interest, 
course  a  boundary  between  the  kingdoms  of  Ba-      In  examining  the  rivers  of  the  Ohio  valley  flo\ 
varia  and  Wurtemberg.  ing  from  its  right  slope,  we  find  their  currents  bIc 

Illesugaguen,  strong  town  of  Africa,  in  the  j  near  their  sources,  and  gaining  accelerated  rapidi 
kingdom  of  Morocco.  !  in  their  progress  towards  their  common  recipiei 

Illi,  river  of  Central  Asia,  lost  in  an  interior  The  cause  of  this  increased  velocity  of  current  h 
lake  without  an  outlet,  called  Palcati  Nor.  Lon.  jbeen  discussed  and  explained.  This  common  chi 
E.  80°,  lat  45°  N.  jacteristic   distinguishes  the  Muskingum,  ficiot 

Illinois,  river,  rises  near  the  S.  end  of  Lake  j  Great  Miami,  and  Wabash,  but  does  not  extend 
Michigan,  and  taking  a  SW.  course,  falls  into  the! the  Illinois.  The  latter  has  many  traits  peculi 
Mississippi,  18  ms.  above  the  Missouri. — See  //—to  itself,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are  their 
linois,  State  of .  mensity  of  its  bed  and  the  uniformity  of  its  cl 

Illmois,  State  of  the  U.  S.,  between  Lake  J  rerjt.  What  may  in  strictness  be  designated  ti 
Michigan,  the  Wabash,   Ohio,  and   Mississippi  j  bedof  the  Illinois  is  from  two  to  three  miles  wid- 

i  and  in  some  places  even  more.    This  space  wou 
Miles,  i  seem  to  indicate  an  ancient  quantity  of  water  I 
210J  greater  than  now  flows  down  that  river.  In  fact,  ll 
|  present  appearance  of  the  stream  much  more  reset 
216  |  D]es  a  strait  rather  than  a  river,  in  the  simple  accej 
j  ation  of  the  latter  term.    The  water  flows  gentl 
150  ant|  jn  a  great  measure  uniform  in  all  its  lengt 
Rapids  there  exist  none  worth  notice  in  Illinoi 
130  land,  except  at  very  low  water,  but  very  little  lo< 

acceleration  is  any  where  perceptible. 
500  j     Tne  country  around  the  southern  extremity 

 !  Lake  Michigan  is  mostly  composed  of  level  swam 

Having  an  outline  of    -  -  -  1,206  j  intersected  by  interlocking  streams,  or  rather  I 

j  goons.    This  is  more  particularly  the  case  betwe' 


rivers. 

Illinois  has  a  boundary  on  N.  lat.  42  30 

Along  Michigan  lake  and  Indiana  to  Wa- 
bash river  - 

Down  the  Wabash  to  the  junction  with  the 
Ohio  ----- 

Down  the  Ohio  to  its  junction  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi - 

Thence  up  the  Mississippi  to  the  northwest 
angle  of  the  State  - 


Area  58,900  sq.  ms.  -=35,696,000  acres. 

Extreme  S.,  N.  lat.  37°. 

Extreme  N.,  N.  lat.  42  30. 

Greatest  length  from  the  junction  of  Ohio  and 
xMississippi  to  N.  lat.  42°,  380  ms;  mean  width, 
150  ms. 

Illinois  is  the  fourth  State  of  the  U.  S.  in  re- 
spect to  extent  of  territory,  and  the  first  in  point  of 
fertility  of  soil.  Excepting  Georgia,  it  is  also  the 
State  whose  climate  and  seasons  differ  most  at  the 
N.  and  S.  extremities.  Extending  through  5°  of 
lat.,  Illinois  embraces  the  greatest  extent  N.  and 
S.  of  any  section  of  the  U.  S.,  New  York  only 
reaching  through  4£,  and  Georgia  about  an  equal 
distance.  The  latter  is  indebted  to  the  greater 
414 


the  lake  and  the  heads  of  the  Plien  branch  of  II 
nois.  Here  the  face  of  the  globe  so  nearly  a 
proaches  to  a  perfect  level  as  to  produce  almf 
stagnation  in  the  waters,  and  leave  them  neai 
balanced  on  this  table  land. 

Lake  Erie  is  elevated  565  feet  above  tid^  wai 
in  tfye  Hudson  at  Albany.  The  distance  from  La 
Erie  to  Lake  St.  Clair  is  28  ms.,  from  Lake  St.  CJi 
to  Lake  Huron  35  miles,  and  through  the  straits 
Michilimackinac  10  miles,  or  the  entire  length 
current  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Michigan  is 
miles.  Of  this  distance,  the  current  is  every  whe 
gentle,  except  the  efflux  of  St.  Clair  river  fro 
Lake  Huron  at  Fort  Gratiot,  where  a  strong  cu 
rent  rather  than  rapid  continues  about  2  miles.  / 


ILL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ILL 


owance  of  6  inches  per  mile  is  too  high  an  esti- 
i  te ;  but  in  this  instance  we  will  assume  that 
ie  ;  and  consequently  allow  an  elevation  of  36£ 
It  for  the  surface  of  Lake  Michigan,  over  that  of 
jie,  and  give  to  the  former  601 1,  or  in  round 
i  nbers  600  feet  above  tide  water  in  the  Hudson, 
t  \  about  500  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  gulf  of 
j  xico.  The  existence  of  the  gulf  stream  demon- 
cites  that  the  surface  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico  is  ele- 
<ed  at  least  100  feet  above  that  of  the  Atlantic 
<  an  between  the  Chesapeake  and  New  York 
t's,  inclusive.  The  point  of  confluence  of  the 
]>nongahela  and  Alleghany  rivers,  at  the  city  of 
itsburg,  is  above  the  surface  of  Chesapeake  bay 
■(  bin  a  trifle  of  800  feet.  All  these  estimates  are 
trned  on  mathematical  operations,  or  on  the  result 
i  analogical  induction,  almost  equally  certain ; 
■  the  singular  facts  are  developed,  that  if  chan- 
iswere  open  from  Pittsburg  into  Erie  and  Mich- 
in,  the  Ohio  would  flow  into  the  latter  with  a 
i  cent  of  200  feet  in  about  400  miles,  and  into 
t  former  235  feet  in  little  more  than  100  miles. 

i  we  allow  361  feet  as  the  difference  of  level 
tween  the  water  at  the  mouth  of  Ohio  and  the 
'face  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  it  is  about  230  miles 
1  water  between  the  mouths  of  Illinois  and  Ohio, 
all  of  6  inches  per  mile  would  amount  to  115 
i:,  which,  added  to  361,  yields  476  feet  as  the 
Ightof  the  mouth  of  Illinois  above  the  surface 
(the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

We  have  already  determined  that  of  Lake  Mich- 
i|n  to  be  600  feet,  therefore  differing  only  36 
I  from  the  Mississippi  at  its  junction  with  the  II- 
his. 

t  has  been  determined  by  repeated  experiments 
tt  loaded  boats  of  considerable  size  can  pass 
fn  the  Mississippi  through  Illinois,  into  the  Can- 
aan sea,  and  vice  versa.  Very  little  current  is 
Jnd  in  the  small  and  very  short  streams  which 
i  srlock  with  the  sources  of  the  Illinois,  and  flow 
B  the  southern  extremity  of  Michigan  ;  therefore, 
t  sources  of  Illinois  cannot  be  much  above  the 
sface  of  Lake  Michigan.  Fifteen  or  20  feet  is  as 
i  ch  as  the  data  before  us  will  justify  ;  of  course, 
t  whole  volume  of  Illinois,  from  a  point  opposite 
t  head  of  Chicago  river  in  a  distance  following 
windings  of  upwards  of  400  miles,  does  not 
«'  60  feet. 

The  face  of  the  globe  may  in  be  vain  be  exam- 
1  d  to  find  any  other  spot,  except  the  sources  of 
'inoco  and  the  Rio  JNegro,  in  South  America, 
[  ere  natural  facility  to  internal  communication 
I  water  is  equal  to  that  we  have  this  moment 
f  veyed.  If  we  glance  an  eye  over  the  immense 
rions  thus  connected  ;  if  we  regard  the  fertility 
(&oil,  the  multiplicity  of  product  which  charac- 

•  ze  these  regions  ;  and  if  we  combine  those  ad- 
^tages  afforded  by  nature  with  the  moral  energy 
cthe  free  and  active  people  which  are  spreading 
t  ir  increasing  millions  over  its  surface,  what  a 
v  a  through  the  darkness  ct"  future  time  opens  ! 
la  view  is  indeed  almost  too  much  for  the.  facul- 
1  of  man.  We  see  arts,  science,  industry,  vir- 
m  and  social  happiness,  already  increasing  in 
t  se  countries  beyond  what  the  most  inflated  fan- 
c  would  have  dared  to  have  hoped  thirty  or  forty 
)  rs  ago. 

^ivil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Illinois,  with 

*  result  of  the  census  of  1820,  are  annexed. 


Counties. 


Alexander 

Bond 

Clark  - 

Crawford  - 

Edgar. 

Edwards  - 

Fayette. 

Franklin 

Fulton. 

Gallatin  - 

Green. 

Hamilton. 

Jackson  - 

Jefferson  - 

Johnson  - 

Lawrence. 

Madison  - 

Marion. 

Monroe  - 

Montgomery. 

Morgan. 

Pike. 

Pope 

Randolph 
St.  Clair  - 
Sangamon. 
Union 
Washington 
Wayne  - 
While  • 


626 
2,931 

931 
3,022 

3,444 

1,763 

3,155 

1,542 
691 
843 

13,550 

1,537 


2,610 
3,492 
5,253 

2.362 
1,517 
1,114 

4,823 


55,211 


Square 
miles. 


410 

600 
500 
500 

970 

864 

900 

720 
970 
480 

600 

324 


611 

860 
720 

430 
900 

800 
830 


No.  to  square  mile. 


»4  , 
5  nearly. 

2  nearly. 

2 
tt 


13.495 


nearly. 


4 
4 

7 

5 

if 

6  nearly. 


The  foregoing  estimate  is  confined  to  the  south- 
ern and  settled  parts  of  Illinois.  The  whole  State 
is  calculated  to  embrace  58,900  square  miles;  it  is 
obvious,  therefore,  that  comparatively  a  small  part 
of  this  State  is  yet  inhabited  by  civilized  settlers. 
Taken  as  a  whole,  however,  it  is  from  the  tenor  of 
the  best  information,  the  most  fertile  continuous  tract 
of  land  in  the  United  States,  and  in  a  peculiar  man- 
ner accessible  to  navigation. 

By  the  census  of  1820,  there  were  found  in  Illi- 
nois, whites,  53,788;  free  colored  persons,  506; 
and  slaves,  917;  the  whole  amounting  to  55,211, 
thus  classed  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  -  598 

Engaged  in  agriculture  -  -  12,395 

Engaged  in  manufactures         -  -  1,007 

Engaged  in  commerce  -  233 
Illinois  was  admitted  into  the  Confederacy  as  an 
indpendent  State  is  1818.  Pop.  in  1810,  12,282; 
in  1820,  55,211  ;  in  1825,  (by  the  State  census,) 
72,817;  and  in  1830,  157,445. 

The  subjoined  tables,  from  the  census  of  1840, 
exhibit  the  population  of  Illinois.  , 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100  ■ 
100  and  upwards  - 


Total  whites 


Males.  Females. 


43,363 
37,278 
31,062 
24.S76 
52,580 
31,428 
15,809 
8,755 
3,660 
1,119 
257 
35 
13 


255,235 


44,775 
34,913 
28,496 
24,0;8 
38,823 
22,676 
12,712 
6,514 
2,941 
866 
184 
39 
2 


217,019 
255,235 


472,254 


415 


ILL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ILL 


Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Ages. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

OtolO 

548 

536 

53 

53 

10  to  2*1 

568 

570 

63 

59 

24  to  36 

377 

it  i 

31  1 

oU 

20 

36  to  55 

265 

201 

15 

24 

56  to  100       -  • 

117 

102 

6 

7 

100  and  upwards 

2 

1 

0 

1,876 

1,722 

168 

163 

1,876 

168 

Total 

3,593 

331 

Table — Continued. 


Counties. 


Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


476,183 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age       -           -  54 
Do.  from  14  t.o  25           -            -            -            •  48 
Do.  above  25    -           -           -            -           -  53 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb            -           -           -  155 

Do.  blind        .....  86 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  -           -  36 

Private  charge                        -           -  177 

Total  whites  insane,  &c.            -  213 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are  — 

Deaf  and  dumb  24 

Do.  blind  .....  10 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Private  charge  -  -  -  -  65 
Public  charge  .....  14 
Toial  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining  ....  782 
Agriculture  .....  105.337 
Commerce  -  -  -  -  2,506 
Manufactures  and  trades  -  -  13,185 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  -  -  63 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  -  •  -  310 
Learned  professions  ....  2,021 
Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  and  military  services  -  195 
Universities  or  colleges  5 
Students  in  do  •  •  -  -  311 
Academies  and  grammar  schools  -  -  42 
Do.  students  in  -  .  -  -  -  1,967 
Primary  and  common  schools  -  -  -  1,241 
Do  scholars  in  ....  34,876 
Scholars  at  public  charge  -  -  -  1,683 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write   -            -           -  - 


Clay 
|  Clinton 
I  Coles 
j  Cook 
i  Crawford 
De  Kalb 
De  Witt 
Dupage 
Edgar 
Edwards 
Effingham 
Fayette 
Franklin 
Fulton 
Gallatin 
Greene 
Hamilton 
Hancock 
Hardin 
Henry 
Iroquois 
Jackson 
Jasper 
Jefferson 
Jersey 
Joe  Daviess 
Johnson 
Kane 
Knox 
Lake 
La  Salle 
Lawrence 
Lee 

Livingston 

Logan 

Macon 

Macoupin 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

McDonough 

McHenry 

McLean 

Menard 

Mercer 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Ogle 

Peoria 

Perry 

Pike 

Pope 

Putnam 


Population  of  Illinois,  by  counties,  from  the  cen-  Scott' 


sus  0/1840 


Counties. 


Adams 

Alexander 

Bond 

Boone 

Brown 

Bureau 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 

Champaign 

Chiistian 

Clark 

416 


Free  white 
persons. 


7,880 
1,877 
2,685 

930 
2,223 
1,698 

978 

605 
1,570 

762 
1,005 
4,095 


6,563 
1,427 
2,363 
775 
1,953 
1,863 
748 
414 
1.400 
713 
873 
3,331 


Free  col. 
persons 


Slaves. 


27,502  !gan,doT!Ph  . 
'      |  Rock  Island 

  I  Sangamon 

Schuyler 


Shelby 
Stark 
Stevenson 
St.  Clair 
Tazewell 
Union 
Vermilion 
Wabash 
Warren 
Washington 
Wayne 
White 
Whiteside 
Will 

Williamson 
Winnebago 

Total  Illinois 


Total. 


14,476 
3,313 
5,060 
1,705 
4,183 
3,067 
1,741 
1,023 
2,981 
1,475 
1,878 
7,453 


Free  whit* 
persons. 


1,716 
1,944 
4,991 
5,943 
2,308 
957 
1,685 
1,944 
4,339 
1 

'879 
3,359 
1,887 
6,913 
5,336 
6,364 
2,052 
5,169 
706 
707 
902 
1,836 
814 
2,937 
2,442 
3.632 
1,904 
3,530 
3,707 
1,414 
5,684 
3,593 
1,209 
411 
1,217 
1,611 
4  035 
7,821 
2,479 
993 
2,801 
1,407 
3,481 
2.382 
1,272 
2,421 
2,339 
10,292 
1,982 
3,335 
1,737 
6.162 
2,176 
;i,169 
4,181 
1,525 
7,623 
3,633 
3,213 
3,414 
817 
1,61 
7.273 
3,859 
2,300 
4,820 
2,169 
3,657 
2.592 
2,669 
4,127 
1,501 
6,585 
2,245 
2,564 


L489 
1,653 
4,592 
4,203 
2,074 
740 
1,561 
1,587 
3.842 
1,362 
791 
2,903 
1,784 
6197 
4,729 
5,537 
1,876 
4,762 
624 
549 
792 
1,687 
616 
2,816 
2,071 
2,408 
1,704 
2,96/ 
3,350 
1,214 
3,662 
3,274 
820 
346 
1,115 
1,425 
3,706 
6,269 
2.261 
'856 
2,507 
1,171 
3,075 
2,039 
1,080 
1,979 
2,139 
9,137 
1,491 
2,309 
1,483 
5,554 
1,860 
960 
3,446 
1,077 
6,918 
3,316 
2,997 
3,219 
756 
1,178 
5,898 
3,342 
2,694 
4,468 
2,035 
3,051 
2,171 
2,458 
3,715 
1,013 
3,572 
2,183 
2,041 


Free  col.  Slaves, 
persons. 


20 


111 

4 
1 


217019 


1876 


im 


Illock,  strong  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated  on  1 
Danube,  15  ms.  from  Peterwaradin,  and  55 
of  Belgrade.    Lon.  20  6  E.,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Jim,  or  Stadt  Jim,  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 


I  MM 


IND 


tlco.  of  Schwartzburg-Rodolstadt,  14  ras.  S.  o1 
Eurt. 

Imene,  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
]S/ogorod,  which  has  a  communication  with  the 
[  e  Ladoga,  by  the  river  Volkhof.  Lon.  30°  E., 
is  50°  N. 

I  minster y  town  of  Eng ,  in  Somersetshire,  in 
a  rty  bottom,  among  the  hills,  137  ms.  W.  by  S. 
o  .ondon.    Lon.  2  54  W.,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Uyria,  vague  name  for  the  regions  NE.  from 
tl  Gulf  of  Venice.  It  has  in  no  age  been  clearly 
dried.  Since  1816,  the  title  of  '"Kingdom  of 
Iris"  has  been  given  to  that  part  of  the  Austrian 
«iire  included  in  Carinthia,  Gambia,  Friuli, 
Cidal,  Istria,  and  Croatia.  It  is  again  subdivided 
ir  the  governments  of  Laybach  and  Trieste, 
jtti,  15,500  sq.  ms.    Pop.  1,060,000. 

'se,  river  of  Germany,  rising  in  the  mountains 
o  lohemia,  and,  running  S.,  falls  into  the  Danube 

•  llstadt. 

'sley,  East,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berkshire,  on  a 
p  . sant  valley,  between  two  hills,  and  excellent 
il  ns  for  feeding  sheep.  It  is  53  m.  W.  of  Lon- 
d.    Lon.  1  22  W.,  lat.  51  32  N. 

1st,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
F  island,  on  the  Weymer,  12  ms.  S.  of  Lewarden, 
I.  5  24  E.,  lat.  53  1  N. 

'stadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  seated  at 
tl  confluence  of  the  Danube  and  Ills,  opposite 
Fsau.    Lon.  13  37  E  ,  lat.  48  27  N. 

ktrop,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothland, 
li.  11  51  E.,  lat.  57  23  N. 

/.ten,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  principality 

0  junenburg. 

'Izhofer,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  territory  ofHalte. 

liaenstadt,  town  of  Suabia,  20  ms.  E.  of  Lin- 
IL    Lon.  10  20  E.,  lat.  47  35  N. 

tfiir,  or  Imaum,  originally  an  inferior  order  of 
u  isters  of  religion  amongst  the  Mahometans,  and 
■ivver  nearly  to  parish  priests  ;  but  the  title  in  it- 
s»  means  priest,  as  a  generic  term.  The  legitimate 
stressor  of  Mahomet  is  termed  Imaum.  The  Fri- 
ll Imaum,  who  has  the  direction  of  the  solemn 
fj;ers  of  that  day  at  noon,  is  called  Imaum-ul- 
tXrna.  One  of  these  pretended  humble  minis- 
H  is  now  sovereign  of  large  territories  in  both 
Aica  and  Asia. — See  Muscat. 

mbro,  woody  and  mountainous  island  in  the 

*  cian  archipelago.  It  abounds  with  game,  and 
■pout  20  ms.  in  circumference. 

meritia,  country  of  Asia,  between  the  Black 
\  and  the  Caspian,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Turkey, 

1  the  W.  by  Mingrelia,  on  the  N.  by  Ossetia, 
3  on  the  E.  by  Georgia,  of  which  it  is,  properly 
I  iking,  a  part.  The  Imeritians  are  of  the  Greek 
ftgion.  Their  patriarch,  who  is  generally  of  the 
f^l  family,  can  seldom  read  or  write,  and  the  in- 
tor  clergy  are  not  better  instructed.  Their 
I  rches  are  wretched  buildings,  scarcely  to  be  dis- 
l'  uished  from  common  cottages,  but  from  a  paper 
cis  over  the  principal  door,  and  some  paintings 
©She  virgin  and  the  saints.  Cutais  is  the  capital. 
Iiritia  is  now  politically  subject  to  Russia,  but 
it  :s  own  municipal  concerns  independent. 

\mmenhausen,  town  of  Hesse-Cassel,  in  Ger- 
ii  ly. 

mmenstadt,  town  of  the  co.  of  Konegsegg,  in 
6}bia.    It  is  situated  on  a  small  river  14  ms.  SE 
sny. 


Imola,  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  with 
a  bishop's  see ;  seated  on  the  Santerno,  45  ms.  N. 
by  E.  of  Florence.    Lon.  11  45  E.,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Imperial,  pleasant  town  of  South  America,  in 
Chili,  sealed  on  a  craggy  rock,  in  a  charming 
country.    Lon.  72  35  W.,  lat.  38  40  S. 

Inchcolm,  island  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  near  the 
coast  of  Fife,  but  within  the  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

Inchkeith,  desolate  Jil tie  island  of  Scot.,  in  Edin- 
burghshire, in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  lying  midway 
between  the  ports  of  Leith  and  Kinghorn.  Here 
is  a  ruinous  fort. 

Inchmarnock,  beautiful  little  island  of  Scot., 
SW.  of  the  Isle  of  Bute.  It  is  one  mile  long,  and 
on  the  W.  side  are  vast  strata  of  coral  and  shells. 
It  derives  its  name  of  Inchmarnock  from  a  chapel 
dedicated  to  St.  Marnoc,  the  ruins  of  which  are 
still  to  be  seen. 

Indapour,  seaport  of  the  island  of  Sumatra 
Lon.  100  50  E.,  lat.  41  50  N. 

Independence,  tp.,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,850.  Town  in  the  SE.  part  of  Alle- 
ghany co.,N.  Y.,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Angelica.  

Tp.,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.  Village  and  seat  of 

justice,  Bond  co.,  III.,  on  Kaskaskia  river,  65  ms. 
a  little  N.  of  E.  from  St.  Louis.    Lat.  38  47  N 
lon.  W.  C.  12  11  W. 

Inachus,  small  river  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea, 
rising  in  the  mountains  S.  from  Corinth,  and, 
flowing  S.,  passes  Argos,  and  is  finally  lost  in  the 
Gulf  of  Napoli,  near  Napoli  di  Romania. 

India,  extensive  region  in  Asia,  which  lies  be- 
tween 66  and  93°  E.  Ion.,  and  7  and  35°  N.  lat. 
Under  this  name,  the  Europeans  have  erroneously 
included  all  the  countries  which  lie  S.  of  Tartary, 
and  extend  from  the  eastern  frontiers  of  Persia  to 
the  eastern  coast  of  China.  But  the  name  of  India 
can  be  applied,  with  propriety,  to  that  country 
only  which  is  distinguished  both  in  Asia  and 
Europe  by  the  name  of  Hindoostan.  The  coun- 
tries to  the  E.  of  the  river  Burampooter,  namely, 
Aracan,,  Assam,  Ava,  Burmah,  Cambodia,  Cochiu- 
China,  Laos,  Malacca,  Pegu,  Siam,  and  Tonquin, 
which  geographers  have  hitherto  distinguished  by 
the  name  of  the  Peninsula  of  India  beyond  the 
Ganges,  are  no  more  to  be  considered  as  belonging 
to  India  than  the  bordering  countries  of  Persia, 
Tartary,  and  Thibet. — See  Asia,  Hindoostan,  Chin- 
India,  and  Oceanica. 

Indiana,  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  Westmoreland 
SW.,  Armstrong  W.,  Jefferson  N.,  Clearfield 
NE.,  and  Cambria  SE.  ;  length  33  ms.,  breadth 
23,  area  770  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly,  broken, 
and  soil  generally  rocky,  and,  except  near  the 
streams,  barren.  It  is  separated  from  the  Westmore- 
land by  the  Conemaugh  river,  and  mostly  drainc-, 
by  the  creeks  of  that  name  and  others  flowing  into 
the  Alleghany,  but  on  its  extreme  eastern  border 
the  W.  branch  of  Susquehannah  has  its  source. 
Chief  town,  Indiana.  Pop.  in  1820,  8,882;  and 
in  1840,  20,782.  CtL  lat.  40  42  N.,  Ion.  W.  C, 

2  5  W.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Indiana 

co.,  Penn.,  26  ms.  SE.  from  Kittanning,  and  35 
NE.  from  Greensburg.    Lat.  40  38  N.,  lon.  W 

C.  2  8  W.  Tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa. 

Indiana,  State  of  the  U.  S.,  bounded  by  Ohio 
river  S.,  the  State  of  111.  W.,  Lake  Michigan 
NW.,  Michigan  N.,  and  State  of  Ohio  E. 

Indiana  has  an  interior  boundary  on  the  Ohio 

417 


IND 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


IND 


river  opposite  Ky.,  from  the  mouth  of  Great  Mi- 
ami to  Wabash  of  -  -  -  336  ms. 
Up  Wabash  river  to  a  meridian  line,  ex- 
tending from  N.  lat.  39  23  -  -  150  " 
Along  meridian  line  to  Lake  Michigan  -  160  " 
Along  Lake  Michigan  to  N.  lat.  41  45  -  32  " 
E.  along  parallel  of  N.  lat.  41  45  to  the 

NE.  angle  of  the  State        -  -  110  " 

Due  6.  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami  185  " 

Having  an  outline  of  -  973 

Area  34,000  sq.  ms.  ;  21,760,000  acres. 


ined  in  Louisiana  was  indeed  striking.  The 
semblance  is,  however,  still  more  strong  at 
bottom  of  Michigan,  at  theNW.  part  of  India 
In  proportion  to  extent,  Indiana  does  not  \ 
sess  as  much  arable  land  as  does  Ohio.  "I 
part  of  both  States  lying  within  100  ms.  of  C 
river  is,  as  I  have  already  observed,  a  contin 
of  one  natural  section,  and  of  course  sinv 
common  physiognomy.  This  tract  would  be 
to  enter  Indiana  near  where  its  western  m 
leaves  the  Wabash,  and,  winding  throu 
State  between  the  sources  of  White  and  W 


'he  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  in  Indiana,  rivers,  would  enter  Ohio  in  Mercer  co.,  and,* 


is  from  itsSW.  to  its  NE.  angle,  325  ms. 


!  ing  in  the  latter  State  the  general  course  of 


Its  mean  breadth  between  Ohio  and  Illinois,  150  river,  would  merge  into  Lake  Erie  between 

and  Huron  rivers,  in  Huron  co. 

This  fine  margin  includes  all  the  hilly  an 


miles. 

Extreme  S. 


at  the  mouth  of  Wabash,  37  49. 


Extreme  N.  along  the  Territory  of  Michigan,  i  of  the  rolling  tracts  of  both  States,  leaving 

N  W.  the  level  plains  we  have  already  nor 


more  comparatively  extensive  than  that  of  Ohi 
The  civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Indi 
are  the  following,  with  the  result  of  the  censu 


Counties. 


41  45. 

The  position  of  this  State,  lying  lengthwise  N.  I  will  at  once  be  seen,  by  a  glance  on  a  map 
and  S.,  exposes  it  to  considerable  vicissitude  of  States,  that  the  level  region  of  Indiana  is  m 
seasons  and  difference  of  temperature.    It  is  still 
less  than  Ohio,  marked  by  bold  and  prominent 
scenery.    Advancing  towards  the  lowest  depres- 
sion of  the  Mississippi  basin,  its  surface  is  in  most  I  1820  subjoined 

places  monotonous,  and  in  the  central  and  north  

ern  parts  level  and  marshy.  In  every  general  at- 
tribute the  two  States  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  have, 
however,  so  much  resemblance  that  the  same 
terms  of  description  apply  to  both.  They  are  in 
fact,  naturally,  one  undivided  part  of  the  right 
slope  of  the  Ohio  valley,  and  as  such  might  be 
connected  in  geographical  description. 

The  prairies  which  we  have  found  commenc- 
ing in  Ohio,  expand  in  entering  Indiana.  The 
central  flat,  or  table  land,  is  also  wider  in  the  lat- 
ter than  in  the  former.  The  sources  of  the  III., 
Wabash,  St.  Joseph,  and  Maumee,  are  all  on  this 
table  land.    The  Maumee  is  a  very 

stream.  Its  two  superior  branches,  the  St.  Joseph  :  HarrVson" 
and  St.  Mary's,  unite  in  Indiana.  The  St.  Mary's  j  Henry, 
river  rises  in  Allen  and  Mercer  cos.,  in  Ohio,  and  j^^son 
pursues  a  NW,  course  of  65  ms.  to  Fort  Wayne.  Jennings 
The  St.  Joseph  river  rises  in  Michigan,  within 
less  than  20  ms.  of  the  mouth  of  Maumee,  flows 
80  ms.  SW.  to  Fort  Wayne,  unites  with  the  St. 
Mary's  river  at  that  place,  and  forms  the  Maumee. 
The  latter  literally  turns  upon  its  constituents, 
flows  NE.  60  ms.,  and  falls  into  the  SW.  angle  of  Monroe 
Lake  Erie.  |MorSaI1 


Bartholomew. 
Clarke 
Crawford 
Daviess 
Dearborn 
Decatur 
Dubois 
Fayette 
Floyd 
Franklin 
Gibson 

remarkable  Greene. 


Johnson. 
|  Knox 
i  Lawrence 
i  Madison. 
I  Marion. 
|  Martin 

Montgomery. 


Orange 
Owen 
Parke. 
Perry 
Pike 
Posey 
Putnam. 
Hand  lpli 
Ripley 


From  the  junction  of  the  St.  Mary's  and  St. 
Joseph  rivers,  at  Fort  Wayne,  to  the  navigable 
sources  of  the  Wabash  is  not  10  miles. 

The  country  before  us  is  one  widely  extended, 
flat,  interspersed  with  small  lakes,  low  long  ridges 
cf  arable  land,  and  much  swamp.  Prairies  ex- 
tend themselves  between  the  streams.  The  wa-  j^h 
ters  are  sluggish  in  their  descent.  The  country  I  Shelby 
around  the  extreme  S.  bay  of  Lake  Michigan  has  |  Spencer 
the  appearance  of  the  sea  marshes  of  Louisiana. 
Low  flooded  prairies  intersected  by  lakes  and  inter- 
locking creeks.  No  eminences  are  seen ;  one  unbro- 
ken horizon  encircles  the  eye.  It  is  the  same,  timber 
excepted,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Maumee.  I  sailed 
in  a  very  clear  morning  into  the  bay  at  its  mouth, 
and  very  carefully  swept  my  eye  repeatedly  around 
the  limit  of  vision,  but  none,  not  the  smallest 
swell  in  the  landscape  met  my  view.  The  re- 
semblance to  many  a  scene  I  had  previously  exam- 
418 


Sullivan 
Switzerland 
Union. 
Vermillion. 
Vanderburg 
Vigo 
Wabash 
Warrick 
Washington 
Wayne 

Totals 


Inhabi- 
tants. 

Sq.  ms. 

8,709 
2,583 
3,432 

11,468 
3,677 
1,168 
5,950 
2,776 

10'763 
3,876 

256 
250 
378 
410 
5,400 
378 
400 
360 
576 
4:30 

7,875 

410 

1,010 

8,038 
2,000 

170 
360 
300 

5,437 
4,116 

410 

400 

1,032 

910 

2,672 

324 

5,368 
838 

360 
520 

2,330 
1,472 
4,061 

400 
410 
4.30 

1,808 
1,822 

.540 
432 

2,334 

270 

1,882 
3,498 
3,934 

324 
630 
324 

1,798 
3,390 
147 
1,749 
9,039 
12,119 

240 
720 
8,000 
410 
470 
470 

147,178 

27,373 

*  Nearly. 


IND 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


IND 


hose  cos.  without  an  annexed  pop.  have  been 
oied  since  1820,  or  for  some  other  reason  not 
ii  ed  in  the  census  of  that  year. 

i  a  review,  however,  of  the  settled  parts  of  lu- 
ll a,  the  cos.  of  Wabash  and  Delaware,  with  the 
I  cent  Indian  country,  ought  to  be  excluded,  as 
h  extent  is  beyond  every  reasonable  proportion 
toieir  pop.  ;  and  more,  these  cos.  are  mere  mo- 
n  tary  divisions  of  convenience,  occupying  the 
eral  and  otherwise  unappropriated  parts  of  the 
ve.     Rejecting,  therefore,  the  area  of  these 

0  :  sections,  amounting  together  to  20,022  sq. 
n  the  actually  inhabited  section  of  Indiana  will 

1  sstricted  to  13,972,  say  14,000  sq.  ms.  De 
king  3,824,  the  number  of  persons  given  by  the 
:eus  as  inhabitants  of  Delaware  and  Wabash, 
I  147,178,  will  yield  a  balance  of  143,354,  as 
h  compact  mass  of  pop.  in  Indiana  on  14,000 
<qns.,  or  a  little  more  than  10  to  the  sq.  m. 
T  preceding  was  inserted  in  a  former  edition 
»♦  ly  Geographical  Dictionary,  and  retained  as 
h  ring  the  progressive  population  of  the  State. 

be  progressive  pop.  of  this  State  has  been  ex- 
pmgly  rapid  since  1800,  at  which  epoch  it  stood 
it  640.  In  1810  the  inhabitants  amounted  to 
J4  20.  The  next  period  of  ten  years  swelled  the 
w,  as  we  have  seen,  to  147,178. 

bis  increasing  body  is  composed  of  whites, 
i4  758;  free  persons  of  color,  1,230;  and  190 
#s.  The  population  of  this  State  in  1825  was 
wiated  at  250,000. 

ihey  are  classed  by  the  census  thus : 
Signers  not  naturalized        -  -  833 

Bilged  in  agriculture  -  -  61,315 

Staged  in  manufactures         -  -  3,229 

Staged  in  commerce  -  429 

Msubjoined  tabular  statements  exhibit  the  popu- 
lation of  Indiana  by  the  census  of  1840. 


Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


-  678,698 

-  7,165 

3 

-  ,685,866 


Whites.— Ages. 


«'40  - 

#'50  . 

IP  60  - 

9  70  . 

70,80  - 

«  90  - 

O  100  - 
' 1  nd  upwards 


Total  whites  - 


Males.  Females. 


70,468 
57,457 
46,129 
36,599 
60,002 
37,565 
21,678 
13,789 
6,195 
2,258 
551 
68 
14 


352,773 


Free  colored.— Ases. 


100 

id  upwards 
j'otal 
laves 


Males. 


1,258 
1,119 

620 
497 
220 
8 


3,731 


66,397 
53,805 
42,890 
36,904 
55,176 
32,708 
19,967 
10,759 
5,035 
1,780 
436 
59 
9 


325,925 
352,773 


.69; 


Females. 


1,112 
1,100 

592 
413 
215 
2 


3,434 
3,731 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age       -           -  112 
Do.  from  14  to  25           -           -            -  91 
Do.  above  25               ....  94 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb            -           -           -  197 

Do.  blind                    -    .                  -  135 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge              -           -           -           -  110 

Private  charge             -           -                      -  377 

Do.  total  insane,  &c.  -  -  -487 

Colored  persons  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb            -  15 
Do.  blind                   ....  19 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Private  charge  47 
Do.  public  charge  28 
All  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are  employed  in- 
Mining  -  ...  323 
Agriculture  ....  148,806 
Commerce  ....  3,076 
Manufactures  and  trades  •  -  -  '  20,590 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  -  -  89 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  -  ■  627 
Learned  professions  ....  2,257 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  380 
Universities  or  colleges  4 
Do.  students  in  -  322 
Academies  and  grammar  schools  .  -  54 
Do.  students  in  -  -  -  -  2,046 
Primary  and  common  schools  -  -  -  1,521 
Do.  scholars  in  ....  48,189 
Number  of  scholars  at  public  charge  •  -  6,929 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write  ...           -  38,100 


Population  of  Indiana,  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Counties. 


7,165 
3 


7,168 


Adams 

Allen 

Blackford 

Bartholomew 

Boone 

Brown 

Carroll 

Cass 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Daviess 

Dearborn 

Decatur 

De  Kalb 

Delaware 

Dubois 

Elkhart 

Fayette 

Floyd 

Fountain 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gibson 

Grant 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Harrison 

Hendricks 

Henry 


Free  white 
persons. 


1,169 

3,277 
623 
5,206 
4,126 
1,189 
4,137 
3,015 
7,403 
2, — 
3,918 
2,675 
3,491 
10,013 
6,081 
1,061 
4,601 
1,888 
3,521 
5,062 
4,716 
5,819 
6,832 
1,023 
4,562 
2.569 
4,225 
5,107 
3,855 
6,296 
5,747 
7,721 


1,078 
2,647 

590 
4,802 
3,976 
1,152 
3,676 
2,425 
6,804 
2,679 
3,581 
2,595 
3,204 
9,179 
6,02: 

900 
4,239 
1,737 
3,137 
4,722 
4,336 
5,366 
6,435 

969 
4,278 
2,306 
4,014 
4,681 
3,641 
6,074 
5,500 
7,262 


Free  col 
persons. 


14 

12, 
9 

23  11 

7  12 

10  13 

4 

19  21 

196  192 

31 

5 
6 

14|  11 

70  65 

28  35 

tl  2 

3  - 

3  4 

32  21 

2041  198 

171  16 

43  " 
1 

70 

47  35 
32  35 
15  24 

48  41 
6  11 

82  63 


Slaves. 


Total 


2,264 
5,942 
1,226 

10,042 
8,121 
2,364 
7,819 
5,480 

14,595 
5,567 
7,508 
5,282 
6,720 

19,327 

12,171 
1,968 
8,843 
3,632 


9.454 
11,218 
13.349 
li993 
8,977 
4,875 
8,321 
9,855 
7,535 
12,459 
11,264 
15,128 


419 


IND 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


I\D 


Tab  le —  Continued. 


Counties. 

Free  white 
persons. 

Free  col. 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Total . 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

|  Males, 

|  Females. 

Huntington 

823 

742 

7 



7 

1,579 

Jackson 

4,424 

4,347 

96 

94 

8  961 

Jasper 

683 

582 

1 

1 ,267 

Jay 

2,040 

.1,812 

6 

5 

3  863 

Jeflferson 

8,396 

7,7t9 

196 

233 

16,614 

Jennings 

4,609 

4,062 

83 

75 

Johnson 

4,796 

4,536 

13 

7 

9,352 

Kosciusko 

2,241 

1,929 

1,1  /U 

5,283 

4,813 

298 

263 

10  657 

1,960 

1,701 

3 

3,664 

828 

638 

1 

1 

L<aporTe  • 

4,455 

3,697 

17 

15 

8  184 

l^awrence 

5,9S2 

5,694 

53 

53 

1 1 ,/  Oa. 

IVladison 

4,620 

4,248 

3 

3 

«  Q7A 
0,0/  1 

TVIoraViol  1 

iviarsndii 

865 

785 

1 

1.00 1 

IVIarion 

8,243 

7,582 

140 

115 

1  R  flQO 
10,Uo'J 

IVIartin 

2,022 

1,830 

17 

6 

3,875 

(VTin  m  i 

1,618 

1,426 

3 

1 

3,048 

iVIonroe 

5,215 

4,915 

5 

8 

10,143 

iVIontgoni6iry 

7,411 

6,933 

56 

38 

14  Aid 

TVTnrcrji  n 

5,550 

5,101 

51 

39 

10.741 

Noble 

1,472 

1,230 

4,862 

4,582 

84 

74 

9  .61)2 

Ovveif6 

4,213 

3,998 

72 

76 

cs,ooy 

Park 

6,887 

6,519 

26 

37 

13  499 

2,412 

2,239 

3 

1 

4,655 

Pi^ke 

2,465 

2,284 

10 

10 

4  ^69 

1,172 

983 

2 

2' 162 

rosey 

5,125 

4,517 

22 

19 

9  683 

Pulaski 

306 

255 

001 

Putnam 

8,567 

8,248 

9 

18 

1 

16,843 

Randolph 

5,185 

4,995 

276 

228 

1U,0C>4 

5,340 

5,009 

28 

15 

10  392 

Rush  ^ 

8,133 

7,840 

242 

239 

1 

1 

10,400 

2,223 

2,004 

7 

8 

4  242 

Shelby 

6,152 

5,833 

13 

7 

1  Z,UUJ 

Spencer  • 

3,307 

2,971 

18 

9 

- 

6  305 

•St.  Joseph 

3,397 

3,019 

5 

4 

0,1-0 

Stark 

80 

69 

- 

149 

Steuben 

1,370 

1,208 

2,578 

Sullivan 

4,270 

4,019 

17 

9 

o,ol  0 

Switzerland 

5,150 

4,728 

16 

26 

9  920 

.Tippecanoe 

7,233 

6,437 

32 

22 

13,724 

4,120 

3,836 

32 

29 

8,01? 

vanueruurgii 

3,255 

2,881 

58 

56 

6,250 

Vermilion  ■ 

4,323 

3,928 

13 

10 

8,274 

Vigo 

6,104 

5,547 

226 

199 

12,076 

VV  abash 

1,511 

1,235 

4 

6 

2,756 

Warwick 

3,319 

2,994 

2 

6 

6,321 

Warren 

3,008 

2,648 

5,656 

Washington 

7,786 

7,290 

92 

101 

15,269 

Wells 

967 

842 

3 

10 

1 ,822 

AVhite 

948 

882 

2 

1,832 

Whitley 

667 

554 

8 

"s 

1,237 

Wayne 

11,567 

11,097 

328 

298 

23,290 

Total  Indiana 

352773 

325925 

3731 

3434 

1 

2 

685866 

Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State, 
December,  1816. 

Indian  Old  Town,  island  and  tp.,  Penobscot  co., 
Me.,  in  Penobscot  river,  just  above  the  great  falls. 
Pop.  about  500  Indians. 

Indianapolis,  village  and  seat  of  Government  for 
Indiana,  is  situated  in  Marion  co,  of  that  State,  on 
the  left  bank  of  White  river,  below  the  mouth  of 
Fall  creek;  distant  120  ms.  NW.  from  Cincin- 
nati, and  130  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Louisville. 
Indianapolis  stands  very  near  the  centre  of  the 
State,  in  a  very  productive  tract  of  country.  N. 
lat.  39  47,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  3  W.  Pop.  1840,  2,692. 

Indian  Rivers. — There  are  several  small  streams 
so  called  in  the  U.  S.  One,  Washington  co.,  Me., 
between  Addison  and  Jonesborough  ;  another,  N.. 
H.,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Connecticut;  one  in 
N,  Y.,  the  western  branch  of  the  Oswegatchie,  a 
420 


stream  of  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  heading  with  the  N: 
tikoke  river,  and  flowing  E.  enters  Rehoboth 
bay  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  12  ms.  S.  from  Hen 
pen  ;  a  sound  of  Florida,  on  the  Atlantic  cot 
N.  lat.  27°  ;  and  a  river  of  La.,  a  branch  of  IN 
river. 

India?i  River,  hundred  of  Sussex  co.,  Del., 
Indian  river.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,887. 

Indian  Tribes. — We  insert  the  subjoined, 
memoranda,  as  to  the  names  and  population  of 
aboriginal  native  inhabitants  of  our  interior.  So 
of  the  document  may  be  obsolete  as  fact,  bu 
accurate  (which  we  do  not  vouch  for)  when  w 
ten,  remains  history. 

Without  vouching  for  their  accuracy,  we  h 
continued  this  article  as  matter  of  history  on 
Indian  tribes. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Nashville  Republii 
furnishes  the  following  interesting  information 
specting  the  names  and  numbers  of  the  Indian  tri 
on  the  Western  frontier,  and  of  those  yet  remain 
within  the  limits  of  the  several  States.  It  is  s 
to  be  derived  from  official  sources. 

The  names  and  numbers  of  the  Indians  who  h: 
emigrated  to  the  West  of  the  Mississippi  are — 
Choctaws        -  -  -  -  15,( 

Appalachicolas  -  .  ' 

Cherokces       -  -  -  5,t 

Creeks  -  %*, 

Senecas  and  Shawnees  •  -  -  ~J 

Senecas  (from  Sandusky)        -  -  S 

Potawatomies  -  -  -  - 

Peorias  and  Kaskaskias 
Piankeshaws  - 

Weas  -  -  -  -  !. 

Ottovvas  -  -  - 

Kickapoos       -  -  -  -  .'■3| 

Shawnees        -  -  -  - 

Delawar.es       ...  -  I 

The  names  and  numbers  of  the  Indian  tri 
resident  west  of  the  Mis-issippi  are — 
lowas  -  I*' 

Sacs  (of  the  Missouri)  -  -  I 

Omahas  -  -  -  l»' 

Ottoes  and  Missourias  -  -  -  M 

Pawnees  -  10,1 
Camanches      -  -  -  7,< 

Mandans         -  -  -  -  15,1 

Minaterees      ...  -  15,1 

Assinaboins  -  I 
Crees  -  -  -  M 

Grosventres     -  -  -  -  3,( 

Crows  -  45,  v 

Sioux  -  -  -  -  -  27,i 

Quapaws         -  -  -  - 

Caddoes  -  f' 

Poncas  -  -  -  .  ■  I 

Osages  -  -  -  -      5,  1 

Kansas  -  >         -  -  -  hi 

Sacs  -----  M 
Aricarees        -  -  -  -  3,1' 

Chazeness       -  -  -  Vr 

Blackfeet        -  -  -  -    30,  j 

Foxes  -  -  -  "  '1 

Arepehas  and  Keawas  -  -  M 

And  there  are  yetremaining  E.  of  the  river  ine 
Southern  States  a  considerable  number ;  the  5  p  - 
cipal  tribes  are  the  Seminoles,  Creeks,  Cherok, 
Choctaws,  and  Chickasaws. 


IND 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  IND 


linoles  (yet  remaining  east)  -  -  2,420 

Cictaws       do  do  -  3,500 

ckasavvs     do  do  .   -  5,429 

rokees       do  do  -  10,000 

±s  do  do  -  22,668 

hose  stated  as  Western  tribes  extend  along  the 
I  ]e  Western  frontier.  And  taking  as  true  the 
Biota  of  the  Department,  that  the  average  nnm- 
)(of  an  Indian  family  is  four,  it  may  be  seen 
tv  t  number  of  warriors,  by  possibility,  might  be 
ought  into  the  field,  and  what  number  on  the 
I  r  hand  might  be  required  to  keep  them  in 
^k.— Nov.  1,  1834. 

i  an  article  on  the  subject  of  Indian  affairs,  the 
Medgeville  Journal  furnishes  some  interesting 
it  is  of  information  in  reference  to  the  numbers  of 
if  several  Indian  tribes  in  the  United  States,  and 
Itir  location  in  the  western  territory  allotted  for 
il  r  future  residence.  This  territory  is  stated  to 
I  tract  of  country  about  300  miles  wide,  west  of, 
ii  adjoining  the  Arkansas  Territory  and  the  State 
o!  Missouri.  Its  southern  end  is  based  on  Red 
ri  r,  which  there  divides  the  United  States  from 
I  ico,  and  the  territory  is  to  extend  north  as  far 
anay  be  wanted  ;  to  the  River  Platte,  as  at  pres- 
ei  contemplated,  or  still  further  up,  should  it  be 
ncssary,  till  the  eastern  side  of  it,  extending  be- 
v<l  Missouri,  may  meet  the  Mississippi,  as  it 
irds  westwardly,  in  latitude  46.  If  this  contem- 
phd  western  territory  should  stop  at  the  River 
ijte,  it  will  be  about  as  large  as  Georgia  was 
win  her  limits  reached  the  Mississippi.  Should 
I  tend  up  to  the  46th  degree  of  latitude,  it  will 
ubout  750  ms.  long,  N.  and  S.,  by  300  miles 
W3,  as  before  mentioned. 

he  allotments  already  laid  out,  commence  at 
liS.  end  on  Red  river.  First,  and  S.  of  all,  is 
lfc}of  the  Choctaws;  next  the  Creeks  and  Semi- 
Bts;  next  the  Cherokees;  and  north  of  these 
trOsages.  These  occupy  in  nearly  equal  por- 
tly that  territory,  forming  nearly  a  square,  that 
ii»  between  the  Arkansas  Territory  and  the  Mex- 
ic  line,  each  portion  extending  quite  across 
it.  whole  from  E.  to  W. 

'orthward  of  these  allotments,  and  after  an  un- 
aj-opriated  interval  of  70  or  80  miles,  there  is  an 
jular  location  of  a  territory  about  as  large  as 
tl  Cherokee  lands  in  Georgia,  among  the  Kanzas, 
P  wnees,  Kickapoos,  Delawares,  and  other 
t>2s  in  proportion  to  the  lands  ceded  by  them 
f  of  the  Mississippi,  and  situated  so  as  beet  to 
'"suit  their  several  wants.  North  of  these  the 
j  iginal  title  is  extinguished  to  part  of  the  land 
|  o  the  Platte,  and  as  much  north  of  that  river  as 
««!rs  a  country  larger  than  the  present  area  of  the 
S  e  of  Georgia. 

he  following  are  all  the  tribes  now  located  in 
!  Western  territory,  and  the  number  of  acres  as- 
*i  ed  to  each, 
ossessed  by  the  indigenous  Indians,  viz  : 


Assigned  to  the  emigrant  Indians,  viz : 

Choctaws  15,000,000 

Creeks  and  Seminoles        -          -  13,140,000 

Cherokees  ...          -  13,000,000 

Senecasfrom  Sandusky  ^  1Qq  q0() 
Senecas  and  Shawnees  S 

Quapaws   ....  96,000 

Ottowas     -  34,000 

Kaskaskias  and  Peorias      -          -  96,000 

Weas  and  Piankeshaws      -          -  160,000 

Shawnees  -  1,600,000 

Delawares  ....  2,208^00 

Kickapoos  -  708,000 

Total  -                     -  46,202,000 

Whole  number  of  acres          -  61,830,000 

The  tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi,  who  have 


iv  zas  -  -  - 

0;es  and  Missourias 
B»- bleeds,    Ottoe3,  Omahas,  and 
I  was  - 

Total  - 


No.  of  acres 
7,564,000 
6,400,000 
1,536,000 

128,000 


5,628,000 


agreed  to  emigrate,  and  the  number  of  persons  of 

each  tribe,  are  as  follows  : 

Seminoles  -          -          -  - 

5,000 

Creeks      -          -          -  - 

22,264 

Cherokees  - 

9,000 

Chippewas,  Ottowas,  and  Pottawato- 

mies  - 

7,400 

Chickasaws  - 

5,600 

Ottowas  of  Ohio  - 

230 

Appalachicolas  - 

340 

Pottawatomies  of  Indiana  and  the 

Wabash - 

3,000 

The  tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi,  who  have 
not  yet  agreed  to  emigrate,  are  stated  to  be  as  fol- 
lows : 

In  the  State  of  New  York,  viz  : 

Senecas      -          -          -  2,242 

Cayugas     -           -           -           -  128 

Onondagas  -  490 

Delawares  -  73 

Oneidas      ....  1,153 

Tuscaroras  -  278 

St.  Regis  298 

Connewaugas        -  54 

Total    -  -          -  4,176 
At  Green  Bay,  viz  : 

Oneidas      -          -  -          -  460 

Stockbridges          -  320 

Senecas                 -  -          -  5 

Total    -  725 

Wyandots  in  Ohio  -  575 

Miamies,    -          -  •           -  1,100 

Menomonies  -  -  -  3,170 
Chippewas  and   Ottowas   of  Lake 

Michigan    -          -  -          -  5,300 

Chippewas  -  6,800 

Cherokees  -          -  -  9,000 

Whole  number  -  -  30,846 

There  are  thirty  different  tribes  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi with  whom  the  United  States  have  trea- 
ties, embracing  an  aggregate  population  156,310 
souls. 

There  are  also  forty-nine  other  tribes  west  of 
the  Misssissippi,  with  whom  the  United  States 
have  no  treaties.  Their  numbers  amount  to  about 
156,000. 

421 


IND  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  IND 


Indiantown,  village,  Dorchester  co.,  Md.,  on 
the  left  side  of  the  Choptank  river,  3  ms.  SW. 

from  New  Market  Village,  Currituck  co..,  N. 

C,  59  ms.  ENE.  from  Edenton.  Village  in 

Williamsburg  district,  S.  C,  on  Cedar  creek,  80 
ms.  NNE.  from  Charleston. 

Indian  Wheeling,  creek  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio, 
falls  into  the  Ohio  river  opposite  Wheeling,  in  Va. 

Indies,  East. — See  Oceanica. 

Indies,  West.  This  misnomer  of  that  elonga- 
ted insular  group  between  the  two  sections  of 
America,  was  imposed  by  Columbus  on  his  discov- 
ery of  America,  from  supposing  himself  approach- 
ing the  continent  of  Asia.  The  name  has  been 
continued  by  the  mere  force  of  habit.  In  gratitude, 
and  an  act  of  justice  due  to  the  illustrious  and  in- 
jured Columbus,  these  islands  have  received  in 
the  most  respectable  geographical  works,  the  ap- 
propriate name  of  "The  Columbian  Archipelago." 
The  English  mariners  designate  them  as  the  Wind- 
ward and  Leeward  islands,  and  the  French  by  a 
term  equally  vague,  as  "  The  Greater  and  Lesser 
Antilles."  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  great 
American  Archipelago  will  remain  to  be  designa- 
ted in  the  U.  S.  as  West  Indies.  It  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  change  an  established  general  term. 

Glancing  our  eye  on  a  map  of  the  whole  Amer- 
ica, with  the  West  Indies,  we  at  once  perceive 
that  the  latter  is  a  prolongation  of  the  mountains 
of  Cumana.  La  Margarita,  the  Grenadines,  Bar- 
bados, Martinico,  Dominica,  Guadaloupe,  Grande 
Terre,  Marie  Galante,  St.  Christopher's,  St.  Eus- 
tatius,  and  the  Virgin  islands,  extend  from  Cuma- 
na in  a  northerly  direction,  from  lat.  11°  to  18  30 
N.  These  small  islands,  known  as  the  Wind- 
ward and  Leeward  islands,  and  from  the  aboriginal 
pop.  the  Caribbean  islands,  separate  the  Atlantic 
ocean  from  the  Caribbean  sea.  The  straits  inter- 
vening between  them,  are  inlets  of  the  tropic  cur- 
No  1. 

A  statement,  of  the  population,  produce,  and  imports  and  exports  of  the  British  West  Indies, 

piled  from  official  documents  : 


rent,  or  Gulf  stream,  from  the  Atlantic  ocean 
its  passage  into  the  Caribbean  sea.  Porto  R 
St.  Domingo,  and  Jamaica,  stretch  from  1 1  35 
from  W.  C,  to  1  40  W.  of  that  meridian; 
Cuba  and  the  Bahamas,  opening  like  forceps, 
close  the  southern  point  of  Florida,  leavinf 
deep  and  wide  channel,  through  which  the  tn 
flood  escapes  from  the  Mexican  gulf  into  the  i 
them  Atlantic.  The  islands  of  the  West  In< 
are  almost  uniformly  mountainous  in  the  inter 
with  a  sloping  border  more  or  less  alluvial.  M 
repore,  or  coral  rocks,  line  many  of  their  sho 
exhibiting  a  strong  analogy  with  the  group! 
Australasia  and  Polynesia.  Lying  in  great  ] 
within,  or  very  near  the  northern  tropic,  the 
mate  of  the  W.  indies  varies  but  little  in  the 
ferent  islands,  except  from  difference  of  le 
The  mean  temperature  of  the  sea  coasts  is  ab 
78°  of  Fahrenheit.  There  are  but  two  season 
this  archipelago  ;  these  are  the  wet  and  dry.  Tl 
seasons  have  no  very  definite  points  of  separati 
but  in  general  the  dry  season  continues  from 
beginning  of  May  to  the  end  of  September.  1 
rainy  season  sets  in  with  October,  and  contin 
to  the  latter  part  of  April.  The.  climate  of 
whole  region  is  destructive  to  northern  consti 
tions,  and  happily  to  armies  in  particular.  1 
higher  parts  of  St.  Domingo,  Jamaica,  and  Cu 
are  exceptions ;  but  tracts  above  1,400  feet  are  fi 
and  confined  in  extent.  In  a  treatise  so  brie 
this,  it  cannot  be  expected  that  we  can  insert 
various  vegetable  products  of  the  West  Indies; 
can  only  observe  that  the  numerous  islands,  fi 
the  variety  of  soil  and  elevation  are  capable  off 
taining  an  unexampled  variety  of  trees,  plants, 
herbs.  The  most  important  vegetables  cultivn 
by  the  inhabitants,  are  sugar  cane,  coffee,  pimei 
or  allspice,  cotton,  one  species,  but  many  vnrict 
ignames,  potato,  maize,  and  manioc. 


Inlands. 


Antigua 
Bahamas  - 
Barbados  - 
Berbice 
Bermuda  - 
Demarara  - 
Dominica 
Grenada 
Honduras  - 
Jamaica 
Montserrat  - 
Nevis 

St.  Kilts  - 
St.  Lucia  - 
St.  Vincent': 
Tobago 
Tortola 
Trinidad  - 

Totals  - 


Whites. 


•2,000 

4,200 
15,000 
550 

3,900 

3,000 
850 
800 
250 
37,000 
330 
700 

1,600 
980 

1,300 
320 
480 

4,200 


774 


Colored. 


Free. 


3,000 
3,000 
5,100 
1,150 
740 
6,400 
3,600 
2,800 
2.300 

35,000 
800 
2,000 
3,000 
3,700 
2,800 
1,200 
1,300 

16,000 


113,890  692,700 


Slaves. 


30,000 
9,300 
82,000 
21,300 
4,600 
70,000 
15,400 
24,000 
2,100 
323,000 
6,200 
6,600 
19,200 
13,600 
23,500 
12,500 
5,400 
24,000 


Sugar. 


Cwt. 
169,000 

322,000 
122,000 

737,000 
56,000 
186.0U0 

1,396,000 
26,000 
50,000 

102,000 
50,000 

222,000 

121,000 
16,000 

241,000 


3,816,500 


Coffee. 


Lbs. 

32,500 

1,585,000 

1,940,000 
613,000 
6,000 

15,460,000 


83,000 


19,769,500 


Rum. 


Gallons. 
160,000 

27,000 
220,000 

2,320,000 
63,000 
330,000 

3,506,000 
41,000 
150,000 
257,000 
12,000 
160,000 
500,000 

62,000 


7,808,000 


Value  of  ex 
port  s  to  Great 
Britain 


£ 

270,000 
21,000 
542,000 
371,000 
4,000 
1,627,000 
150  000 
338,000 
222,000 
3,653,000 
33,000 
80,000 
203,000 
149,000 
395,000 
165,000 
25,000 
355,000 


8,063,000 


Value  of  im-  Tonn 
ports  from  |emplo 
G.  Britain. 


£ 

115,000 
59,000 

360,000 
74,000 
60,000 

450,000 
16,000 
79,000 

572,000 
1,800,000 
8,000 
14,000 
70,000 
32,000  I 
82,000 
41,010 
3,000 

200,000 


Tor 


4,035,000 


1?) 

¥ 

5c » 

IS  J 
ID 

861 
U 

2) 

0. 

61) 

u 

22) 


These  islands  are  divided  into  four  principal  groups : 

1 .  The  Greater  Antilles,  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica,  and  Porto  Rico. 

2.  The  Caribbee  Islands,  consisting  of  Tobago  and  all  the  islands  between  it  and  Porto  Ri. 
;ubdivided  into  1,  the  Leeivard  Islands,  consisting  of  Dominica  and  all  the  islands  to  the  N.  of ; 

422 


IND  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  IND 


v  2,  the  Windward  Islands,  consisting  of  Martinique,  with  the  islands  which  lie  to  the  S.  of  it, 
S  Thomas,  St.  John,  Santa  Cruz,  Tortola,  Virgin  Gorda,  and  their  dependencies  are  also  called  the 
I  ain  Islands. 

.  The  Bahas,  or  Lucatos,  consisting  of  all  the  low  islands  N.  of  Cuba. 
The  Smaller  Antilles,  consisting  of  the  islands  along  the  coast  of  S.  America,  viz:  Trinidad, 
Mgarita,  Tortuga,  Salada,  Orchilla,  Buenos  Aires,  Curacoa,  and  Oruba. 

No.  2. 


STATISTICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  ISLANDS. 


Island8. 


Area  i a  sq.  ms. 


White. 


Black. 


Total. 


Belonging  to 


Jaica  - 
?0  Rico  - 
Bimas  - 
8  [Thomas 
8  ohn  - 
&a  Cruz 
Tola  - 
V-in  Gorda 
A.iilla  • 
S  Vlartin  - 
S  Bartholomew 

iji 

B  >uda  - 

SlSustatia 

S  Christopher 't- 

Ms 

llgua  * 
R/sterrat  - 
Glaloupe 
D  ada  - 
Jfiegalante 
D  inica  - 
fcjiinique 
S  Lucia  - 
JWrncent 


iiidad 
\  »arita 
i  icoa 

Total 


54,000 
30,000 
6,400 
4,140 
5,500 
40 
40 
100 
90 
80 
30 
90 
60 
10 
90 
22 
70 
■20 
93 
78 
675 
25 
90 
290 
370 
225 
131 
166 
109 
104 
1,700 
354 
600 

105,792 


311,051 

36,000 
162,311 

4,657 
550 
180 

2,223 
477 

1,500 
365 


5,000 
1,612 

700 
1,9S0 

930 


840 

881 
1.301 
14,959 
801 

280 
4,201 
5,500 
1,200 


393,436 


161,527 
13,916 

4,500 
2,250 
29.164 
6,4S8 
6,500 


15,000 
23,660 
10,722 
33,432 
7,329 


17,990 

17,267 
25,821 
^7,953 
27,322 
14,621 
41,083 
6,500 
7,300 


704,487 
935,335 
311,962 
323,833 
18,573 
5,050 
2,430 
31,387 
6,965 
8,000 
3,100 
6,100 
8,000 
1,600 
1,500 
20,000 
25,272 
11,422 
35,412 
8,259 
116,031 
900 
12,385 
18,830 
127,574 
18,148 
27,122 
102,912 
28,123 
14,901 
45,284 
12,000 
8,500 


Spain. 

Independent. 

Britain. 

Spain. 

Britain. 

Denmark. 

Denmark . 

Denmark. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Holland. 

Sweden. 

Holland. 

Britain. 

Holland. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

France. 

France . 

France. 

Britain. 

France. 

Britain 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Britain. 

Venezupl.t 

Holland. 


3,001,402 


Summary  of  the  West  Indies. 


Belomiincr  to 


mi  - 

f  ain  - 
H  ice  - 
Hand  - 
*  ezuela 
1  mark  - 
!s  den  • 

Total 


Area  in  sq 
miles. 


58,140 
30,000 
15,176 
1.160 

722 
354 
180 
60 


105,792 


Population. 


1,028,325 
935,335 
685,785 
256,890 
36,200 
12,000 
38,567 
8,000 


3,001,402 


t  op.  to  sq. 
mile. 


17 
31 
45 
221 
50 
14 
216 
133 

28 


'he  table  No.  1  is  inserted  as  historical  and 
c  iparative  data  on  the  very  important  subject  of 
tl  West  Indies,  and  is  from  the  Boston  Daily  Ad- 
viser. 

j»o.  2,  the  data  more  recent  and  more  general 
il  l  that  of  No.  1,  is  taken  from  Black's  Atlas. 

'he  Spanish  pop.  yet  retain  the  most  valuable 
Pi-ion  of  the  West  Indies.  That  nation  holds 
^  >a  and  Porto  Rico,  with  some  neighboring 
jtj:s.  The  British  have  procured  the  next  most 
h  ortant  portion. 

"he  second  island  of  the  West  Indies,  St.  Do- 


mingo, or  more  correctly  Hayti,  is  in  possession  of 
the  descendants  of  Africans,  though  many  Span- 
iards and  some  French  remain  on  the  island,  sub- 
jects of  the  Haytien  Government. 

Indigirka,  large  river  of  Russia,  in  northern 
Asia,  rises  in  the  Yablonoy  mountains,  about  170 
ms.  from  the  sea  of  Ochotsk,  and  flowing  a  little 
E.  of  N.  by  comparative  courses  700  ms.,  falls 
into  the  Norihern  ocean  350  ms.  E.  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Lena. 

Indore,  or  Endore,  modern  city  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  capital  of  a  territory  in  the  province  of 
Malwa,  subject  to  one  of  the  Poonah  Mahratta 
chiefs,  30  ms.  S.  of  Ougein.  Lon  76  5  E.,  lat. 
24  31  N. 

Indostan. — See  Hindoostan,  Jlsia,  &c. 

Indrapore,  Dutch  settlement  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Sumatra,  in  the  E.  Indies,  160  ms.  NW.  of 
Bencoolen. 

Indre,  department  of  France,  including  the  lale 
province  of  Berry.  It  has  its  name  from  a  river 
which  rises  in  this  dep.,  and  passing  into  that  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  falls  into  the  Soire  between  Chi- 
non  and  Saumur.    Chateauroux  is  the  capital. 

Indre  and  Loire,  department  of  France,  which 
include  the  late  province  of  Touraine.  Tours  is 
the  capital. 

423 


USD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


INN 


Industry,  town  and  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
13  ms.  AV.  from  Norridgewock. 

Interim,  title  of  a  convention  or  decree,  given  in 
1548  by  the  emperor  of  Germany,  Charles  V,  the 
declared  object  of  which  was  to  pacify  Germany 
on  the  subject  of  religion.  The  interim  stated, 
and  as  far  as  imperial  authority  went,  determined 
the  Articles  of  Faith,  which  were  to  be  adopted 
by  Catholics  and  Protestants,  until  the  religious 
controversies  should  be  decided  on  by  a  general 
council.  This  interim  had,  as  might  have  been, 
perhaps  was,  expected,  but  a  limited  effect  in  the 
accomplishment  of  its  ostensible  object.  It  must, 
however,  have  been  favorably  viewed  by  a  large 
part  of  the  Protestants,  as  it  was  defended  by  Melanc- 
thon ;  and  on  the  other  side,  offensive  to  many  of 
the  Catholics,  as  it  was  written  against  by  many 
of  their  eminent  clergy,  and  amongst  others  by 
Robert  Cenalis,  bishop  of  Avranches. 

Inq.uisi.tion,  written  deeply  on  human  history; 
an  ecclesiastical  tribunal  established  in  several  Ro- 
man Catholic  countries,  nominally  to  maintain  the 
purity  of  Roman  Catholic  doctrines,  but  really  to 
sustain  political  power  and  repress  all  free  expres- 
sion of  human  opinion.  This  repressive  jurisdic- 
tion dates  its  origin  back  to  A.  D.  1200  ;  was  adopt- 
ed  1229  by  the  court  of  Toulouse,  and  confided  to 
the  Dominicans  by  Gregory  IX.,  in  1233.  Inno- 
cent IV.  confirmed  its  empire  in  1251  overall  Italy, 
except  Naples.  In  1448  its  authority  was  com- 
pletely paramount  in  Spain.  Portugal  adopted  it 
in  1557,  and  12  years  before  Pope  Paul  III.  had 
formed  the  congregation  of  this  tribunal,  under  the 
name  of  Holt  Office,  and  Sextus  V.  confirmed 
that  congregation  in  1558. 

In  countries  where  the  inquistion  remains  in  ex- 
istence, its  power  has  become  in  great  part  nomi- 
nal, as,  like  many  other  outrages  against  human 
reason,  it  has  yielded  to  the  power  of  that  very 
reason  it  was  instituted  to  trammel  and  repress,  if 
not  to  destroy.  The  inquisition  affords,  we  might 
say,  the  most  conclusive  of  all  evidence  that  the 
Reformation,  so  called,  has  not  been  confined  to 
Protestants,  but  that  it  has  also  pervaded  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church,  and  influenced  all  Chris- 
tianity. 

Indus,  great  river  of  Hmdoostan  proper,  called 
by  the  natives  Sinde,  or  Sindeh;  formed  of  about 
ten  principal  streams,  which  descend  from  the  Per 


ning 
ding 
ledg, 


of  the  sources  of  the  Indus,  and  thence  flow 
nearly  parallel  to  the  Indus  200  ms.,  turns  to  S 
pierces  the  Himalaya,  and  following  the  latter  | 
eral  direction  500  miles  to  its  junction  with 
Chenaub,  (Ascesines  of  Alexander's  hibtoriai 
and  about  100  further  to  its  influx  into  the  In 
at  Mittun.  The  various  confluent  rivers  wl 
form  the  Sutledge,  Chenaub,  or  Gurrah,  as  ca 
in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  are  those  drainir 
Punjaub,  or  country  of  Five  Rivers,  includir 
Indus,  Zelum,  Chenaub,  Ravee,  and  Sutlt 
See  articles  Duab  and  Punjaub. 

It  is  certainly  very  unphilosophical,  and  proi 
tive  of  error,  to  estimate  the  jank  of  rivers  by  t 
mere  length,  the  surfaces  drained  being  the  fare 
correct  data.  As  respects  the  Indus,  however,  it 
be  doubted  whether  we  are  sufficiently  acquaii 
with  the  higher  part  of  its  valley  to  determine 
rank  by  either  means.  As  delineated  on  Bla 
map  of  "Indostan,  with  part  of  Cabul,"  the 
tire  basin,  including  the  Punjaub,  includes  a 
face  of  250,000  square  miles. 

Mr.-  Henry  Wheaton,  in  a  letter  dated  Be 
December  1,  1842,  directed  to  Francis  Markoe, 
Esq.,  corresponding  secretary  of  the  National 
stitute,  and  published  in  the^National  Inlellige 
March  28,  1842,  gives  new  and  very  importan 
formation  as  regards  the  Indus.  Mr.  Whe 
states  that,  from  a  recent  survey  made  by  c 
of  the  British  Government,  the  Indus  is  now 
charged  into  the  sea,  in  a  great  measure,  if  not 
tirely,  to  two  mouths;  that,  owing  to  the  sla 
such  of  the  channels  as  are  navigable,  no  ve 
drawing  above  7  feet  of  water  can  now  use  tl 

In  latitude,  the  basin  of  the  Indus  extends 
23  30,  or  northern  tropic,  to  38  30,  and  it 
from  65°  to  75°  E.  of  London.  This  fine 
drains  northwestern  Hindoostan,  Cabul,  Little 
bet,  a  large  extent  of  Great  Thibet,  with  pai 
Beloochistan. — See  Chenaub,  &c. 

Ingatstone,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  23  i 
NE.  of  London. 

IngersoWs  Store,  NW.  part  of  Tompkins 
N.  Y.,  about  10  ms.  from  Ithaca. 

Inglesville,  town,  Montgomery  county,  Va., 
miles  SW.  from  Lexington,  and  235  NE. 
Knoxville. 

Inglesheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palati 
of  the  Rhine,  remarkable  for  having  been  the 


sian  and  Tartarian  mountains.  From  the  city  of 
Attock  to  Moultan,  or  to  the  conflux  of  the  Che- 
naub, it  is  commonly  named  the  river  of  Attock. 
This  immense  river,  as  laid  down  on  Black's  Ed- 
inburgh Atlas,  (map  of  Indoostan,)  has  its  extreme 
source  N.  of  the  Himalaya  mountains.  N.  lat. 
31°,  and  Ion.  81°  E.  of  London.  Flowing  thence 
by  comparative  courses  northwestwardly  500  ms., 
pierces  the  Himalaya,  curving  gradually  to  SW. 
200  miles  to  Attock,  where  it  receives  from  the 
W.  the  river  of  Cabul.  Below  Attock,  the  course 
in  a  distance  of  400  ms.  is  a  little  W.  of  S.  to  the 
influx  of  the  Gurrah,  (Sutledge,)  or  river  of  the 
Punjaub,  and  thence  500  miles,  with  a  large  west- 
ern curve,  the  general  course  from  Attock  is  con- 
tinued to  the  Arabian  sea,  giving  to  the  Indus  an 
entire  general  course  of  1,600  miles. 

In  the  same  Edinburgh  map,  the  Sutledge  has 
its  remote  source  in  the  Lake  Rhavan  Rhad,  to  the 
northward  of  the  Himalayas,  and  within  a  few  ms. 
424 


deuce  of  the  emperors,  seated  on  the  river  S, 
on  an  eminence,  from  whence  there  is  a  chari 
prospect,  5  miles  SW.  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  lo 
lat.  49  48  N. 

Ingleton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  W.  Kidin 
Yorkshire. 

Ingling,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Mosell 

Ingolsiadt,  handsome  town  of  Germany,  an' 
strongest  in  Bavaria,  with  a  famous  university 
a  fine  church.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  5  ) 
NNE.  of  Neuburg,  and  45  N.  by  W.  of  Mu 
Lon.  11  10  E.,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Ingria,  province  of  the  Russian  empire,  « 
now  forms  the  government  of  St.  Petersburg 
is  130  miles  long,  and  50  broad  ;  bounded  o 
N.  by  the  river  Neva  and  the  gulf  of  Fin  lam 
the  E.  and  S.  by  the  government  of  Novog' 
and  on  the  W.  by  that  of  Livonia. 

Inhambania,  kingdom  of  Africa. — See 
p.  28,  col.  1st. 


JJa> 


INV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


IOA 


toman's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Wayne  co., 
Y.,  by  post  road  193  miles  NW.  from  Albany. 

Inn,  river  of  Germany,  which  has  its  source  in 
country  of  the  Grisons,  at  the  foot  of  the 
i.untain  Septimerberg.  It  runs  NE.  through  Ty- 
i,  by  Inspruc,  and,  continuing  its  course  NE. 
tough  Bavaria,  passes  by  Kufstein,  Vasseburg, 
jaunaw,  and  other  towns,  and  falls  into  the  Dan- 
|j  between  Passau  and  Instadt.  The  general 
<irse  of  the  Inn  is  from  SW.  to  NE.,  and  com- 
[•ative  length  about  300  miles.  The  lower  part 
<  the  Inn  separates  Bavaria  from  Austria. 

Innaconda,  fortress  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan, 
•i the  Guntoor  Circar,  situated  on  a  hill,  46  miles 
j  iV.  of  Ongole,  and  subject  to  the  Nizam  of  the 
lecan. 

Innerkeithing.  — See  Inverkeithing. 

Innicher,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Tyrol,  sit- 
*ed  on  the  Drave.  Lon.  12  17  E.,  lat.  46  48  N. 

Innisclochran,  or  the  Sandy  island,  island  in 
1!  river  Shannon,  where  there  was  a  monastery. 

Innisfuil,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of  Ireland. 

Innisfallen,  island  in  the  Lake  of  Killarney,  in 
|  county  of  Kerry,  and  province  of  Munster. 

Innishannon,  town  in  the  co.  of  Cork,  and  pro- 
^ce  of  Munster,  situated  on  the  river  Bandon, 

1  miles  from  Dublin,  and  6  from  Kinsale. 

Jnnishirkan,  island  between  Cape  Clear  island 
i]  Baltimore  bay,  in  the  co.  of  Cork. 

Inniskilling,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 

rmanagh,  with  a  strong  fort ;  it  being  a  pass  of 
I  greatest  importance  from  the  N.  to  the  S.  of 
ljland.    It  is  seated  in  the  middle  of  Lough 

me,  where  that  great  lake  is  contracted  for  about 
miles  to  the  breadth  of  an  ordinary  river.  It  is 
\  miles  E.  of  Ballyshannon.  Lon.  6  50  VV.,  lat. 
I  25  N. 

Innthal,  district  of  Germany,  in  the  Tyrol,  wa- 
led by  the  river  Inn.    Inspruc  is  the  capital. 
Innviertal,  extensive  district  of  the  Austrian  em- 
'e,  between  the  Danube,  Inn,  and  Sabza. 
Invwsladislow,  strong  and  considerable  town  of 
land,  and  capital  of  Cujavia,  with  a  fort  and 
:>alace,  where  the  bishop  of  Cujavia  resides.  It 
i  37  miles  NE.  of  Gnesnia,  and  70  W.  of  War- 
h.    Lon.  18  50  E.,  lat.  52  58  N. 
Inspruc,  populous  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Ty- 
,  capital  of  the  district  of  Innthal,  with  a  strong 
'tie,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  archdukes  of 
istria.    It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  on  the 
erlnn,  27  miles  NW.  of  Brixen,  and  60  S.  of 
mich.    Lon.  11  37  E.,  lat.  27  10  N. 
Instadt. — See  Passau. 

Insterburg,  city  of  Lithuania,  in  Prussia,  where 
"  inhabitants,  who  are  in  number  about  3,000, 
lue  principally  in  beer  and  grain.  Lon.  21  40 
X  lat.  54  40  N. 

Interlachen,  town  of  Switzerland,  32  miles  SE. 
1  Bern. 

Inverary,  royal  borough  in  Argyleshire,  seated 
<  the  NW.  side  of  Loch  Eyne.  It  is  75  miles 
1"V .  of  Edinburgh,  and  45  of  Glasgow.  Lon.  5° 
$,  lat.  56  16  N. 

Inverary,  small  borough  in  Aberdeenshire,  situ- 
«d  on  the  beautiful  and  fertile  banks  of  the  Don, 
j  t  above  its  confluence  with  the  river  called  Urie- 
1  ter.    It  is  15  miles  N  W.  of  Aberdeen. 

Inverbervie. — See  Bervie. 

hveresk,  village  in  Edinburghshire,  situated  on 
54* 


the  E.  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Esk,  on  the 
Frith  of  Forth.  In  1783,  the  subterraneous  re- 
mains of  a  Roman  hypocaust,  or  hot  bath,  were 
discovered  here. 

Inverkeithing,  royal  borough  in  Fifeshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Frith  of  Forth.  It  has  a  beautiful  bay, 
with  a  good  harbor,  and  considerable  trade  in  coal 
and  other  articles,  and  is  18  ms.  NW.  of  Edin- 
burgh.   Lon.  3  25  W.,  lat.  57  0  N% 

Inverlochy,  ancient  castle  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Fort  William,  in  Inverness  shire. 

Inverness,  royal  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of 
a  county  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  S.  bank 
of  the  river  Ness,  and  overlooking  the  Frith  of 
Murray.  It  has  a  safe  and  convenient  harbor.  To 
the  W.  of  this  town  is  the  remarkable  vitrified  fort 
called  Craig  Phadrick  ;  the  stones  composing  its 
walls.appear  to  have  been  partly  melted  by  fire.  In- 
verness is  50  ms.  NE.  of  Fort  William,  and  106 
N.  of  Edinburgh.    Lon.  4  10  W.,  lat.  57  34  N. 

Inve7-ness-shire,  includes  the  subdivisions  of  Ba- 
denoch,  Lochaber,  Inverness-shire,  Skie,  and  Har- 
ris, with  a  small  part  of  Ross-shire  and  Murray- 
shire.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Ross-shire ;  on 
the  E.  by  Nairnshire,  Murrayshire,  and  Aberdeen- 
shire ;  on  the  S.  by  Perthshire  and  Argyleshire  ; 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Western  sea.  It  is,  exclu- 
sive of  the  isles,  about  80  ms.  long  from  E.  to  W., 
and  50  broad  from  N.  to  S.  It  abounds  with  iron 
ore,  and  produces  plenty  of  oak  and  fir ;  it  abounds 
with  pastures,  but  little  corn,  and  is  reckoned  one 
of  the  most  barren  counties  in  Scotland.  Pop.  in 
1801,  74,292;  in  1811,  78,336;  and  in  1821, 
90,157. 

Inverness,  tp.  in  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  the 
waters  of  Becancour  river,  50  ms.  SSW.  from 
Quebec. 

Ioannina,  city  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
on  a  lake,  40  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N  from  Arta,  at 
N.  lat.  39  26.  It  is  situated  about  30  ms.  inland, 
and  m  a  direction  nearly  due  E.  from  the  island  of 
Corfu. 

"The  very  existence  of  such  a  city  as  Ioanni- 
na," says  Mr.  Hobhouse,  "seems,  until  very  late- 
ly, to  be  almost  unknown,  and  yet  I  should  sup- 
pose it,  after  Salonica  and  Adrianople,  [he  should 
have  added  Constantinople,  certainly,]  to  be  the 
most  considerable  place  in  European  Turkey. 

"This  city  stands  upon  the  western  banks  of 
the  lake,  at  about  2  ms.  from  its  northern  extremi- 
ty. In  its  utmost  length  it  may  be  perhaps  2  ms. 
and  a  half,  and  in  breadth,  though  in  many  places 
much  narrower,  nearly  a  mile.  Immediately  near 
the  lake,  it  stands  on  a  flat,  but  rising  and  uneven 
ground.  A  triangular  peninsula  juts  into  the  lake, 
and  contains  the  residence  of  the  Pasha.  The 
houses  are,  many  of  them,  large  and  well  built, 
but,  from  their  latticed  small  windows  and  large 
folding  doors,  have  a  gloomy  and  inhospitable  ap- 
pearance from  without ;  being  furnished  with  open 
galleries,  and  connected  with  good  gardens  in  the 
rear.  Many  that  belong  to  the  higher  classes  have, 
however,  a  lively  and  pleasant  appearance  within. 
Ioannina  is  a  place  of  much  trade  for  a  Turkish 
city ;  exports  oil,  wool,  corn,  and  tobacco,  for  the 
ports  of  the  Adriatic  and  Naples;  and  for  inland 
circulation  through  Albania  and  Roumelia,  spun 
cottons  from  the  plains  of  Tricala,  stocks  of  guns, 
and  pistols  mounted  in  chased  silver,  both  plain 

425 


IOW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


IOW 


and  gilt,  and  also  embroidered  velvets,  stuffs,  and 
cloths,  tvhich  are  here  better  wrought  than  in  any 
other  part  of  Turkey  in  Europe.  Pop.  perhaps 
40,000,  of  which  one-tenth  are  Mahometans,  the 
residue  Christians,  with  a  few  Jews.  This  city 
occupies  part  of  a  mountain  valley  ;  the  lake  is  in 
some  places  bordered  by  plains,  but  to  the  E.,  NE., 
and  N. ,  at  a  short  distance,  rise  mountains  of  great 
mass  and  extent.  The  vale  of  Ioannina  is  about 
25  ms.  long,  and  from  I  to  4  wide,  and  terminat- 
ed on  the  SE.,  S.,  SW.,  and  W.,  by  a  hilly, 
broken  country.  Tt  is  situated  in  a  mountainous 
but  fertile  and  romantic  region,  and  has  .been  re- 
cently rendered  remarkable  as  being  the  scene  of 
the  power,  wealth,  tragic  adventures,  and  final  ca- 
tastrophe of  Ali  Pacha.  Since  the  death  of  this 
ferocious  chief,  the  city  has  been  restored  to  the  Ot- 
toman empire."  • 

Ionia,  village  in  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y.,  NW. 
from  Salina,  and  by  post  road  157  ms.  NW.  from 
Albany. 

Ionian,  or  Republic  of  the  Seven  Islands.  This 
recently  established  nominal  republic  is  composed 
of  the  islands  along  the  SW.  coast  of  Greece,  from 
36°  to  40°  The  seven  principal  islands,  which 
give  name  to  the  State,  are,  Corfu,  ancient  Cor- 
cyra,  Cephalonia,  Zante,  Santa  Maura,  Ithaca, 
Cyrigo,  and  Taxo.  Entire  area,  about  1,500  sq. 
ms.,  and  peopled  by  200,000  inhabitants.  Since 
the  Congress  of  Vienna,  in  1815,  the  Ionian  re- 
public has  been  abandoned  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment. 

Iowa,  river  of  the  NW.  Territory  of  the  U.  S., 
rises  with  the  Des  Moines  river,  and,  flowing  par- 
allel, falls  into  the  right  side  of  the  Mississippi  at 
N.  lat.  41°. 

Iowa,  Territory  of  the  United  States.  There 
is  some  difficulty  in  giving  a  descriptive  sketch  of 
this  Territory,  so  rapidly  approaching  its  change 
to  that  of  an  independent  State  of  the  Union,  from 
our  ignorance  of  the  limits  which  may  be  assigned 
to  it  when  erected  into  a  State.  We  assume, 
however,  as  probable,  the  following  boundaries : 
the  State  of  Missouri  S.,  from  the  Missouri  river 
to  the  mouth  of  Des  Moines  river,  thence  up  the 
Mississippi  river  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Peter's  river, 
and  thence  up  the  latter  stream  to  its  great  bend, 
thence  in  a  SSW.  direction  to  the  Missouri  river, 
and  down  the  latter  to  the  northwestern  angle  of 
the  State  of  Missouri. 

Geographically,  the  preceding  limits  embrace  a 
zone  from  40  33  to  45°  N.,  and  in  Ion.  from  13° 
to  19°  W.  of  W.  C;  area  about  70,000  sq.  ms. 
The  part  organized  into  counties  and  included  in 
the  census,  (see  table  No.  2,)  lies  westward  from 
the  Mississippi  river  and  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin, 
extending  nearly  due  N.  from  the  Des  Moines  riv- 
er to  a  little  above  Prairie  du  Chien,  190  ms.  ; 
mean  width  70,  and  area,  13,300  sq.  ms.  The 
whole  space,  however,  included  in  the  designated 
boundaries  in  this  article  extends  from  S.  to  N. 
310  ms;  mean  breadth  at  least  200  ms.,  and  area 
62,000  sq.  ms.  The  southern  part,  and  about  the 
fourth  of  the  surface  sloping  southwardly  towards 
the  Missouri  river,  but  the  residue  declining  SE. 
towards  the  Mississippi  river,  and  in  that  direction 
drained  by  the  rivers  Skunk,  Lower  Iowa,  Wabes- 
ipimicon,  Great  Macoquetois,  Penaqua  or  Turkey 
river3  Upper  Iowa,  &c, 
426 


TABLE  No.  1. 
Population  of  Iowa,  distributively  and  by  class, 
census,  1840. 


Whites.—  Ages. 

Males. 

Femal' 

0to5  - 

5  to  10  - 
10  to  15  - 
15  to  20  - 
20  to  30  - 
30  to  40  • 
40  to  50  - 
50  to  60  - 
60  to  70  • 
70  to  80  - 
80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards  - 

4,380 
3,138 
2,475 
2,179 
6,207 
3,310 
1,512 
698 
272 
73 
12 
0 
0 

2.' 

3»' 
1, 

24,256 

15, 

24, 

Total  whites  - 

42, 

Free  colored  per- 

Slaves. 

sons. 

Ages. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fere 

0  to  10 

20 

14 

1 

10  to  24 

31 

39 

3 

24  t  o  36 

22 

8 

1 

36to55 

14 

16 

1 

1  55  to  100 

6 

2 

0 

100  and  upwards 

0 

0 

0 

93 

79 

6 

93 

Totals  - 

172 

Aggregate 

43: 

TABLE  No.  2. 


Population  of  Iowa  Territory  by  counties,  cen. 
of  1840. 


Free  whites. 

Free  col. 

Slaves. 

Counties.  • 

00 

<£ 

Males. 

Femal 

Males. 

1  Femal 

an 
09 
"3 

Femal 

Total. 

Clayton 

771 

323 

3 

4 

1 

Clinton 

472 

339 

3 

7 

Cedar 

717 

536 

1 

Dubuque 

1,742 

1,245 

30 

26 

6 

10 

3 

Des  Moines 

3,052 

2,519 

3 

3 

5 

Delaware 

106 

62 

Henry 

2,016 

1,740 

13 

3 

'  ; 

* 

Johnson 

963 

525 

2 

Jefferson 

1,515 

1,258 

2 

Jackson 

802 

599 

5 

5 

1 

Jones 

289 

182 

Linn 

795 

577 

1 

1 

Lee 

3,351 

2,731 

4 

7 

6 

Louisa 

1,069 

841 

8 

9 

1 

Muscatine 

1,074 

843 

15 

10 

1 

Scott 

1,217 

915 

4 

.  4 

2 

Van  Buren 

3,412 

2,732 

2 

6 

Washington  ■ 

893 

701 

1 

Total 

24,256 

18,668 

93 

79 

6 

10 

43 

White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  - 


IRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


IRE 


I  total  deaf  and  dumb 

I  blind  - 

I  insane  and  idiots  at— 

I  ilic  charge  - 

Kate  charge  - 

( jred  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are— 

I  f  and  dumb  -  - 

Fid  -  -  - 

I  ts  and  insane  - 

Itole  number  of  persons  employed  in— 

Fling 

i'iculture  - 
(nmerce  - 
rjnufactures  and  trades 
fvigation  on  the  ocean 
I  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
I;rned  professions  - 

I'sioners  for  revolutionary  and  military  services  - 

I  versities  or  colleges. 

.'  demies  and  grammar  schools 

ij  students  in 

■f  nary  and  common"schools 

|l  scholars  in 

Jlolars  at  public  charge. 

\\le  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 
•write  - 


10 

3 

2 
5 

4 
3 
*  4 

217 
10,469 
355 
1,629 
13 
78 
365 
2 


63 
1,500 


1,118 


'psala,  Cypsala,  or  Skipsilar,  town  of  Euro- 
ftn  Turkey,  on  the  Marittza,  20  ms.  above  its 
r  uth,  and  45  ms.  below  Adrianople. 

[psala,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  on  the  La- 
ra, 20  ms.  SW.  of  Trajanopoli,  and  118  W.  of 
(nstantinople.  Longitude  26  10  E.,  latitude  40 
J  North. 

Ipsara,  ancient  Pcyra,  small  island  of  the  Gre- 
(n  Archipelago,  12  ms.  NW.  from  Scio.  Pop. 
nut  16,000. 

'pswich,  borough  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Suf- 
E,  noted  as  being  the  birthplace  of  Cardinal 
lolsey,  and  is  seated  on  the  Orwell,  26  ms.  SE. 
r  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  69  NE.  of  London. 

In.  1  16  E.,  lat.  52  8  N.  Seaport  and  town 

iEssex  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  river  Ipswich,  12  ms. 
■of  Newbury  port,  and  10  NW.  of  Bsverly,  in 
t;  lat.  of  42  43  N.,  and  Ion.  of  71  0  W.  Pop. 
il820,  2,553. 

Ira,  town  in  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  about  20  ms. 
-'  from  Whitehall,  and  96  SSW.  from  Mont- 

jier.  Town  in  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  N.  from 

?ieca  river,  and  about  20  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 
Km  Auburn. 

Irac,  in  Asia,  divided  into  Irac  Arabia  and  Irac 
■emi.  Irac  Arabia,  or  Babylonian  Irac,  is  wa- 
ed  by  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and  is  almost 

under  the  dominion  of  the  Turks,  and  forms  the 
chalic  of  Bagdad.    Bagdad  is  the  capital. 
Irac  Agemi,  or  Persian  Irac,  province  of  Per- 
i,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Irac  Arabia  and  Kusis- 
1,  on  the  N.  by  Aderbeistan  and  Ghilan,  on  the 

by  Khuzistan,  and  on  the  S.  by  Farsistan.  Is- 
han  is  the  capital. 

Irasburg,  village  and  tp.  in  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  40 

NNE.  from  Montpelier. 
Irbitskaia,  town  of  Russia,  in  Peru,  on  the  Ir- 

nver,  140  ms.  NE.  from  Ekaterinenber"  Lon 

50  E.,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Ireby,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland;  it  is  10 
h  NE.  of  Cockermouth,  and  299  NNW.  of 
"n«lon.  Longitude  3  18  W.,  latitude  54  50  N. 
Iredell,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Mecklenburg 
L  Lincoln  SW.,  Burke  W.,  Wilkes  NW.,  Sur- 
|N.,  and  Rowan  E.  ;  length  40,  width  20  ms.  ; 
p  800  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and  in  part  moun- 
nous ;  soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Statesville.  Pop. 

1820,  13,071.  Lat  36°  and  lon.  W.  C.  4° 
■  intersect  in  the  N.  part  of  this  county. 


Irekin,  Jerkin,  or  Yarkan,  rich  and  populous 
town  of  Tartary,  the  capital  of  Bocharia,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  the  staple  town  of  all  the  trade  car- 
ried on  between  India  and  the  N.  part  of  Asia. 
The  Kalmucks  are  masters  of  it,  and  never  disturb 
any  one  on  account  of  his  religion.  It  is  8  ms.  N. 
of  Cashgur.    Lon.  73  25  E.,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Ireland,  second  most  important  island  of  Eu- 
rope, in  latitude  extends  from  Cape  Clear,  in  the 
co.  of  Cork,  51  26  N.,  to  Malin  Head,  in*  the  co. 
of  Donegal,  55  22,  and  in  lon.  W.  of  London 
from  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  co.  Down,  5  40, 
to  the  westernmost  point  of  the  co.  of  Kerry,  10 
30.  The  latter  is  also  the  westernmost  land  of 
Europe.  The  outlines  of  the  island  rudely  ap- 
proach a  rhomboid.  The  greatest  length  is  in  a 
NNE.  direction  from  Cape  Clear  to  Fair  Head, 
only  a  few  miles  exceeding  300  ;  the  area  so  near 
as  to  admit  the  adoption  of  32,000  English  sq. 
ms.,  which  yields  a  mean  breadth  of  140  ms.  On 
Black's  atlas  it  is  stated:  "The  island  contains 
29,499,550  imperial  acres;  whereof  14,603,415 
acres  are  cultivated,  or  capable  of  cultivation,  the 
remainder  being  covered  with  mountains,  bogs,  and 
lakes.  The  sea  which  separates  Ireland  from 
Great  Britain  varies  considerably  in  breadth.  The 
shortest  distance  between  the  two  islands  is  from 
Fair  Head,  in  Antrim,  to  the  Mull  of  Cantrie,  in 
Argyleshire,  which  is  12  ms.  From  Port  Patrick, 
in  Galloway,  (Scotland,)  to  the  nearest  point  of 
Antrim,  it  is  22  ms.  ;  from  Holy  Head  (island  of 
Anglesey)  to  Houth  Head  it  is  60  ms  ;  and  from 
Carnsore  Point,  in  Wexford,  (southeast  angle  of 
Ireland,)  to  St.  David's  Head,  in  Wales,  about 
50  ms.  The  greatest  width  of  the  Irish  sea  is 
130  ms." 

The  ancient  and  yet  popular,  though  not  offU 
cial,  provincial  division  of  Ireland  was  into  Ulster 
on  the  N.,  Connaught  W.,  Leinster  E.,  and 
Munster  S.  Before  entering  on  the  existing  ad- 
ministrative divisions,  (the  counties,)  we  may  ob= 
serve  that  the  climate  of  Ireland  is  the  superlative 
of  that  uniformity  of  temperature  so  characteristic 
of  Western  Europe,  but  must  premise  that,  in 
speaking  of  this  uniformity,  we  must  be  under- 
stood to  mean  comparative,  as,  though  the  seasons 
of  Ireland,  to  apply  particularly  to  those  of  that, 
island,  are  mild  and  uniform  when  compared  even 
with  those  of  England,  still  the  seasons  of  the  for 
mer  differ  greatly,  as  regards  temperature  and 
moisture,  with  each  other.  But,  with  these  dif- 
ferences, Ireland  is,  beyond  all  comparison  in  the 
expanse  of  the  earth  of  equal  polar  approach,  the 
most  habitable.  When  preparing  the  article 
"  Climate"  for  the  Philadelphia  edition  of  Brews- 
ter's Encyclopaedia,  I  was  at  great  pains  to  pro- 
cure and  collate  tables  of  wind  and  temperature, 
and  found  from  the  document  that  the  mean  an- 
nual temperature  of  England,  or  rather  Great 
Britain,  was  46.33,  England  alone  47.72,  Ireland 
48.90. 

Again,  in  addition  to  a  higher  mean,  Ireland 
has  very  remarkably  less  violent  extremes  than 
either  England  or  Scotland.  The  subjoined  tab- 
ular view  of  the  counties  of  Ireland,  with  their  re- 
spective number  of  inhabitants,  is  from  Black's 
atlas,  Edinburgh,  1841,  though  the  data  in  re- 
gard to  population  was  from  1831  : 


IRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


IRE 


In  Ulster. 


Counties. 

Area  in 
English 
sq.  ms. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Popula- 
tion to 
sq.  m. 

County  towns. 

Antrim 

Armagli 

Cavan 

Donegal 

Down 

Fermanagh  - 
Londonderry  ■ 
Monaghan  - 
Tyrone 

1,186 
513 
740 

1,820 
955 
736 
810 
511 

1,179 

325,615 
220,134 
227,933 
289,149 
352,012 
149,763 
222,012 
195,536 
304,468 

274 
428 
321 
159 
368 
203 
274 
382 
258 

Carrickfergus. 

Armagh. 

Cavan. 

Liffnrd. 

Downpatrick. 

Enniskillen. 

Derry. 

Monaghan. 

Omagh. 

Total 

8,450 

2,286,622 

270 

In 

Connaught. 

Counties. 

Area  in 
English 

Popula- 
tion. 

Popula 
tion  to 
sq.  m- 

County  towns. 

Gal  way 
Leitrirn 
Mayo 

Roscommon  - 
Sligo 

2,360 
657 

2,117 
952 
679 

414,681 
141,124 

366,238 
249,613 
171,765 

133 
214 
178 

262 
252 

Gal  way. 

Carrick. 

Castleblar. 

Roscommon. 

Sligo. 

Total 

6,765 

1,343,514 

198 

In  Leinster. 

Counties. 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Popula- 
tion to 
sq.  m. 

County  towns. 

Carlow 

Dublin 

Kildare 

Kilkenny 

King's  Co. 

Longford 

Louth 

Meath 

Queen's  Co.  - 
Westmeath  - 
Wexford 
Wicklow 

344 
388 
613 
803 
825 
412 
322 
886 
620 
604 
882 
673 

81,988 
380,163 
108,424 
193,686 
144,225 
112,558 
107,481 
176,826 
145,851 
136,872 
182,713 
121,557 

23S 
979 
178 
242 
175 
278 
333 
200 
235 
226 
207 
180 

Carlow. 

Dublin. 

Kildare. 

Kilkenny. 

Tullamore, 

Longford. 

Dundalk. 

Trim. 

Maryborough. 
Mullingar. 
Wexford. 
Wicklow. 

7,372 

1,892,348 

mean. 
243 

In  Munster. 

Counties. 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Popula- 
tion to 
sq.  m. 

County  towns. 

Clare 

Cork 

Kerry 

Limerick 

Tipperary 

Waterford 

1,254 
2,765 
1,795 
1,054 
1,583 
736 

258,322 
810,732 
263,126 
315,355 
462,563 
177,054 

206 
293 
146 
299 
292 
240 

Ennis. 

Cork. 

Tralee. 

Limerick. 

Clonmel. 

Waterford. 

9,187 

2,287,152 

mean. 
247 

Summary. 


Provinces. 

Area  in  sq. 

Population. 

Populat'n 

miles. 

to  sq-  mi. 

Ulster 

8,450 

2,286,622 

270 

Connaught 

6,765 

1,343,514 

198 

Linester 

7,372 

1,892,348 

243 

Munster 

9,187 

2,287,152 

247 

Totals 

31,774 

7,809,636 

245 

*dyor 
ted  S 
apgre 


It  may  here  l>e  noticed  that,  were  the  one 
lion  of  square  miles  included  by  the  already  i 
ized  States  and  Territories  of  the  United 
half  as  densely  peopled  as  Ireland,  the 
would  be  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  million 
hundred  thousand. 

From  the  foregoing  tables,  the  surface  of  Irel 
in  our  statute  acres,  would  be  found  20,35 
of  which  Black's  atlas  states  14,603,473 
arable  aud  pasture  lands.    From  these  eler 
appears  that  the  population  exists  by  the 
tion  and  pasturage  of  less  than  two  acres  to 
dividual. 

In  its  general  aspect,  Ireland  presents  some 
remarkable  features.  The  eastern  coast, 
Cape  Clear  to  Fair  Head,  though  broken  by 
merous  small  bays  and  inlets,  affords  exce 
havens  ;  yet  there  are  none  of  those  wide  and  p 
indentings  so  numerous  on  the  western 
From  the  same  south  and  north  points  of  ot  I 
but  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  besides  nurae  s 
lesser  inlets,  Ireland  is  broken  into  penin;  r 
points  by  the  bays  of  Dunmanus,  Bantry,  ]  r 
mare,  Ballinskelligs,  Dingle,  Tralee,  Shar  n 
Mouth,  Galway  Bay,  Clew  Bay,  Sligo  Bay,  ]  . 
egal  Bay,  Lough  Swilley,  and  Lough  Fc  , 
The  counties  of  Cork,  Kerry,  Clare,  Gab  , 
Mayo,  and  Donegal,  all  extend  long  penins  r 
projections  into  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Bes  , 
through  all  past  ages  and  all  seasons  of  the  j , 
by  incessant  western  winds,  and  washed  by  w  s 
whose  action,  if  unequal  as  to  time  and  sea  , 
never  cease,  the  land  yields  its  ever-claimed  i- 
ute  to  the  water.  But,  as  compensation,  if  e 
western  winds  aid  and  act  in  concert  with  e 
ocean,  they  also  give  to  Ireland,  as  already  <■ 
served,  the  mildest  of  all  climates  so  far  adva  d 
towards  the  polar  extreme,  and  the  most  uni  a 
of  all  climates  of  our  planet  as  to  temperature. 

The  political  situation  of  Ireland  is  so  nh 
matter  of  hypothesis,  that  we  may  well  pau:  it 
the  very  first  aspect  of  the  question.  I  pause,  d 
leave  that  solution  to  time,  which  time  only  n 
solve.  It  is  no  risk,  however,  to  say,  in  adva 
that  there  is  no  other  continuous  expanse  of  e  tl 
or  nearly  equal  area  of  the  earth  which  comt  ;g 
so  much  to  superinduce  national  prosperity,  e 
above  element  on  its  population  dates  as  far  k 
in  time  as  1831,  and  from  the  previous  rate  oi- 
crease  we  may  assume,  had  we  not  direct  meal  )t 
calculating,  a  further  accretion  ;  but  the  subjo  d 
table  will  serve  to  show  the  probable  existing  »• 
ulation  of  the  island  : 

Progressive  population  of  Ireland  from  18 
to  1843. 


Provinces. 


Ulster 
Connaught 
Leinster 
Munster 


Pop.  in 
1821. 


2,001; 

1,053,918 
1,785,702 
2,005,363 


6,846,951 


Pop.  in 
1831. 


2,286.622 
1,343,514 
1,892,348 
2,287,152 


7,809,636 


Decen'l 
ratio  of 
ncrease. 


Populatii  n 
1641,  aid- 
ing toll* 
no  of  p  0, 
132H3J 


1.14 
1.27 
1.06 
1.14 


2,606, 
1,706, 
2,005. 


1.13 


8,926, 


428 


Allowing  a  proportional  increase  for  the  last10 
years,  gives  very  near  9,150,000  as  the  exim 


IKE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


IRA 


j  mlation  of  Ireland,  which  probably  varies  not 
eentially  from  the  real  amount.  If  we  therefore 
8>pt  9,150,000  as  the  aggregate  population,  and 
i  000  sq.  ms.  as  the  nett  area,  we  have  286  as 
t  distributive  number  per  sq.  m.  These  relative 
rubers  and  proportions  are  not  offered  as  posi- 
1 5  but  approximative  data;  and,  adopting  them 
ginot  differing  to  any  serious  amount  from  the 
tth,  some  very  interesting  questions  on  the  phi- 
1 3phy  of  human  society  arises.  Ireland  has  never 
I  n,  as  far  as  history  has  recorded  facts  on  the 
;  iject,  inhabited  by  a  homogeneous  people,  either 
i  to  nation,  policy,  race,  or  language.  For  up- 
uds  of  six  hundred  years,  a  part  of  all  have  sub- 
i  ted  to  conquest ;  and  for  the  last  three  centu- 
ri,  two  conflicting  systems  of  religion  have  ag- 
i  vated  all  other  causes  of  national  dissension. 
B,  with  all  these  impediments,  the  people  have 
i  reused  beyond  what  could  have  been  anticipated 
1  the  most  profound  statist.  When  most  per- 
ns speak  of  national  degradation,  they  mean,  if 
ly  mean  any  thing,  individual  degradation,  con- 
1  nding  personal  character  with  the  loss  or  want 
nationality.  The  Spaniards,  Portuguese,  Ital- 
i  s,  Greeks,  and  Poles,  and,  if  possible,  to  a 
j  ater  extent  than  any  of  the  others,  the  Irish, 
lie  suffered  by  such  calumny.  The  individuals 
(all  these  nations  are  no  more  obnoxious  to  such 
t  ections  than  those  are  who  have  been  their  op- 
jssors.  If,  in  regard  to  energy,  the  Irish  de- 
sve  reproach,  it  is  for  excess.  But,  in  fact, 
fiJeping  aspersions  are  not  history.  All  great  el- 
Ms  must  have  adequate  causes  ;  and  effects,  as 
t  as  the  history  of  Ireland  is  concerned,  so  ap- 
j  ently  contradictory,  are  no  exceptions.  Again, 
i.ional  lamentations,  however  natural  they  may  j 
t  from  those  of  the  Prophet  Jeremiah  over  Jeru- 
sorn  and  Judea  to  this  hour,  are  mere  exposi-j 
tns  of  facts,  and  never  havs  or  ever  can  arrest 
I  course  of  events. 

All  poets  are  born  such,  and  education  and  cir-j 
instances  only  enkindle  combustible  material,  I 
B  few  and  far  between  have  been  those  flaming  < 
hts;  yet  fewer  still  have  been  real  historians,  j 
'icre  is  no  other  phenomena  in  the  range  of  hu-j 
;.n  progress  which  demands  such  a  combination 
intellectual  power,  and  suitable  social  position  ! 
give  that  power  scope  of  action,  as  history, 
lere  has  never  existed  another  example  so  rich  ! 
all  that  can  admonish  mankind  as  that  afforded 
Ireland.   But  where  is  the  historian  to  perform 
3  task  of  presenting  this  example  in  all  its  as- 
cts  to  the  world  1    Where  is  the  person  who,  to  i 
?  knowledge  of  general  history,  has  impartiality 
compare  the  effects  of  policy,  language,  and  re- 
iofl,  and  human  passions  influenced  by  till  these, 
well  as  by  local  position  1    And  to  all  these 
st  advantages  the  man  must  possess  independent 
tune,  to  place  him  above  what  he  must  encoun- 
I  or  sink  under  who  writes  and  publishes  the 
ftory  to  deserve  the  title  of  Ireland. 
Ireland,  tp.,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  Pitt 

t»j  50  ms.  S.  from  Quebec.  Village,  Hamp- 

tn  co.,  Mass.,  98  ms.  W.  from  Boston. 

[Ireland,  New. — See  Britain,  New. 

Jrish  Sea,  that  wide  strait  of  the  Atlantic  ocean 

tween  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Irishiown  — See  Kilkenny. 

Irjab,  town  of  the  c  ountry  of  Cabul,  seated 


near  a  western  branch  of  the  Indus,  110  ms. 
SSW.  of  Cabul.    Lon.  68  25  E.,  lat.  33  20  N. 

Irkeu,  or  Irkien. — See  Yarkan. 

Irkoutsk,  city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the  Augara 
river.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  vast  government 
of  the  same  name.  Lon.  103  30  E.,  lat.  52  16  N- 

Irkutsk,  largest  and  least  populous  government 
of  the  Russian  empire,  comprising  all  the  E.  part 
of  Siberia,  from  the  Northern  ocean  to  the  fron- 
tiers of  China,  and  from  the  boundaries  of  the 
Government  of  Tobolsk  to  the  Eastern  ocean. 
This  large  territory  was  gradually  conquered  and 
appropriated  by  the  Russians  in  their  desultory 
excursions  from  Tobolsk.  It  is  divided  into  four 
provinces  of  Irkutzk,  Nertshink,  Yakutsk,  and 
Okotsk,  the  extent  a  little  if  any  under  2,000,000 
sq.  ms. 

Irois,  Cape,  western  extremity  of  Hispaniola, 
or  St.  Domingo, 

Iron-acton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Staure  and  Laden,  which 
form  the  river  Frome,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Bristol. 
Much  iron  has  formerly  been  dug  up,  and  many 
iron  works  and  great  heaps  of  cinders  are  to  be 
seen  here- 

Irondequot,  bay  of  Lake  Ontario,  Monroe  co., 
N.  Y. 

Irondequot,  creek,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  the  bay  of  the  same  name. 
The  Grand  Western  canal  of  N.  Y.  crosses  this 
creek  by  very  expensive  and  massive  works. 

Iron  Mountain,  local  term  for  that  ridge  of  the 
Appalachian  chain  which  separates  N.  C.  from 
Tenn. 

Iroquois,  Poinle  aux,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y  » 
on  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  6  or  7  ms.  above  the 
Rapid  plat.  It  is  advantageously  situated  for  com- 
manding the  passage  up  and  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence. 

Irawaddy,  or  Erawady,  or  Irrawady,  or  more 
correctly  than  either,  it  is  probable,  Iravati,  great 
river  of  Asia,  yet  imperfectly  explored.  On  Ar- 
rowsmith's  Asia,  a  river  is  made  to  rise  in  Thibet, 
at  N.  lat.  27°,  between  the  Sanpoo,  and  the  Nou 
Kian  of  China,  which,  by  the  name  of  Kenpou, 
flows  southward  into  Assay,  and  is  there  named 
Keen  Duem  ;  continuing  southward  over  the  Bir- 
man  empire,  enters  the  gulf  of  Ava,  as  the  Ira- 
waddy, at  N.  lat.  16°.  The  whole  northern 
shore  of  the  gulf  of  Ava,  or  Martaban,  is  a  delta, 
or  outlet  of  rivers.  The  Irawaddy  enters  the 
western,  and  the  Thaluan  the  eastern  extremity 
of  this  gulf.  Cape  Negrais  was  formerly  supposed 
to  limit  the  outlets  of  the  Irawaddy  to  the  west- 
ward, but  in  1825,  during  the  Burmese  war, 
British  soldiers  made  their  way  by  water  from 
Prome  to  Aracan,  and  entered  the  gulf  or  bay  of  Ben- 
gal far  N.  of  Cape  Negrais.  As  delineated  in  Black's 
Atlas,  map  of  Birmah,  this  river  has  its  most  remote 
sources  in  the  mountains  of  Anoupectou-miou, 
southward  of  the  great  eastern  bend  of  the  Brah- 
mapootra, N.  lat.  27  30,  and  by  a  general  course 
southward  of  at  least,  900  ms.,  falls  into  the  gulf 
of  Martaban,  N.  lat.  16°  From  the  same  au- 
thority, the  basin  of  this  river,  has  a  length  of 
800  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  200,  and  area  of 
160,000  sq.  ms.  Umarapoura,  capital  of  Birmah, 
stands  on  this  river,  450  or  500  ms.  above  its 
mouth.    Like  the  Ganges,  the  Irawaddy  has  its 

429 


ISE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


ISL 


efflux  through  a  wide  delta,  on  one  of  the  streams 
of  which  stands  the  city  of  Rangoon. 

Irromaago,  considerable  island,  and  one  of  the 
New  Hebrides,  in  the  South  sea.  Lon.  169  20 
E.,  lat.  18  48  S. 

Irronam,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  in  the  South  sea, 
nearTanna.    Lon.  170  26  E.,  lat.  19  31  S. 

Irtysh,  large  river  of  Asia,  in  Siberia,  which 
rises  in  the  country  of  the  Kalmucs,  and,  running 
from  the  S.  to  W.,  falls  into  the  Oby.  The 
Irtysh  rises  upon  the  table  land  of  Asia,  first 
flows  into,  and  again  issues  from  the  lake  of 
Saisan  Nor.  After  a  course  of  about  250  ms.  it 
passes  the  Altaian  mountains,  and  enters  Asiatic 
Russia.  Below  its  passage  through  the  Altai, 
the  Irtysh  flows  to  the  NW.,  by  comparative 
courses,  about  1,000  ms. ,  to  Samarov,  where  it 
unites  with  the  Oby.  The  Irtysh,  augmented  by 
many  large  tributaries,  is  in  fact  the  main  stream, 
though  the  united  waters  take  the  name  of  Oby. 

Jrville,  village  in  the  western  part  of  Muskin- 
gum co.,  O.,  12  ms.  NW.  from  Zanesville. 

Irvine,  or  Irwin,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Ayr- 
shire, which,  descending  from  the  mountains  on 
the  E.,  passes  by  Derval,  Newmills,  Galston,  and 
Riccarton,  and  falls  into  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  close 
by  the  town  of  Irvine. 

Irvine,  or  Irwin,  royal  borough  and  seaport  of 
Scotland,  Ayrshire,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  frith  of  Clyde,  15  ms. 
E.  of  the  isle  of  Arran,  and  60  W.  by  S.  of 
Edinburgh.  Its  chief  trade  is  the  exporting  of  coal 
to  Ireland.    Lon.  2  41  W.,  lat.  55  32  N. 

Irvine,  river  of  Va.,  branch  of  Dan  river. — See 
Smith's  river. 

Invdl,  river  in  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  which 
rises  above  Bolton,  flows  thence  to  Manchester, 
and  falls  into  the  Mersey,  below  Flixton. 

Irwin,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  by  Fa.  S.,  Early  W., 
Doolen  N.,  Telfair  NE.,  and  Appling  E.;  length 
70  ms.,  breadth  48,  area  3,360  sq.  ms.  The  Ock- 
lockonne,  Suwanny,  and  Little  St.  Ilia  rivers  rise 
in  the  co.;  the  general  surface  is  level.  Pop.  in 
1820,  411 ;  and  in  1840,  2,038.  Central  lat.  31 
10  N.,  lon.  W.  C  6  30  W. 

Isabella,  ancient  town  of  St.  Domingo,  founded 
by  Columbus,  about  90  ms.  E  by  N.  from  Cape 
Frangois. 

Isabella,  St.,  island  of  the  South  sea,  discovered 
by  the  Spanards  in  1568.  It  lies  off  the  intend- 
ancy  of  Guadalaxara.    Lat.  21  50  N. 

Isbellsville,  village,  Todd  co.,  Ky.,  by  post 
road  218  ms.  SVV.  from  Frankfort. 

Ischia,  island  of  Naples,  ancient  (Enaria,  or 
Pilhecusa,  15  ins.  in  circuit,  lying  3  ms.  oil'  the 
coast  of  Terra  di  Lavora.  It  is  full  of  agreeable 
valleys,  which  produce  excellent  fruits;  moun- 
tains, on  which  grow  vines  of  an  exquisite  kind, 
rivers,  and  fine  gardens. 

Ischia,  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  an  island  of 
the  same  name.    Lon.  14  2  E.,  lat.  40  41  N. 

Iselslein,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
Utrecht  on  the  Issel,  4  ms.  SVV.  of  Utrecht. 

Isenarts,  or  Eisenarts,  town  of  Germany,  in 
Styria,  famous  for  iron  mines,  30  ms.  NW.  of 
Gratz.    Lon.  15  4  E.,  lat.  47  25  N. 

Isenach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circuit  of 
Upper  Saxony,  from  whence  a  Saxon  prince  takes 
the  title  of  duke.    Lon.  9  17  E.,  lat.  51°  N. 
4  30 


Isenburg,  large  town  of  Germany,  capit 
a  co.  of  the  same  name  in  the  electorate  of  Tr 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  a  river.  8  ms.  N.  by  ] 
Coblentz.  Lon.  7  34  E.,  lat.  50  32  N.. 
Principality  of  Germany,  divided  between 
houses  of  Hesse-Cassel  and  Hesse-Darmstadt 

Isenghein,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne 
lands,  with  the  title  of  principality,  sealed  oi 
river  Mandera.    Lon.  3  18  E.,  lat.  50  44 

Iser,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  on  the 
fines  of  Tyrol  and  Bavaria,  and,  passing 
Munich  and  Landschut,  falls  into  the  Danubi 
tween  Straubing  and  Passau. 

here,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  the 
pro.  of  Dauphiny.    It  is  so  named  from  a 
which  rises  on  the  confines  of  Savoy,  and  falls 
the  Rhone  above  Valence.  Grenoble  is  the  caj 

Iserthon,  or  Lohn,  town  of  Germany  in  tht 
cle  of  Westphalia,  32  ms.  from  Cologne,  v» 
they  manufacture  ribands,  &c. 

Isernia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Molise,  wit 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
penines,  12  ms.  W.  of  Molise,  and  46  N.  of 
pies.  Lon.  14  24  E.,  lat.  41  36  N. 
|  Isigni,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvi 
and  late  province  of  Normandy,  noted  for  its 
works,  cider,  and  its  butter.  It  is  15  ms.  W 
i  N.  of  Bayeux.  Lon.  0  59  W.,  lat.  48  20  I 

Isis. — See  Thames. 
i     Iskenderoon. — See  Scanderoon. 

Islamism,  the  proper  name  of  the  religit 
,  Mohammed,  and  that  used  by  the  votaries  of 
faith.  The  Mohammedans  say  al-islam,  fropi 
Arabic  word  salamez,  and,  as  they  thus  appl 
means  "an  entire  abandonment  to  God,  of  pe 
and  all  that  appertains  to  person." 

Islands,  Bay  of  of  New  Zealand,  at  the  N 
tremity  of  the  most  northern  of  the  two  islands 
go  under  that  name. 

Island  Creek,  tp.,  Jefferson  co.,  O. 
|  Islands  of  Guy andotte,  post  office.  In  th 
of  post  offices  published  at  Washington,  1 
this  office  is  placed  in  Logan  co.,  Va.,  « 
under  the  head  of  counties  there  is  no  Logai 
named  for  Va. 

Islay,  or  Ila,  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
rides  to  the  SW.  of  Jura.    Its  greatest  le 
is  25  ms.,  its  breadth  18.    The  principal  vi  |f 
is  Bowrnore,  which  has  a  convenient  harbor.  ie 
face  of  the  country  is  hilly.    Pop.  about  12,"; 
area  154,000  ac  res. 

I     Isle  aux  Petite  Bois,  small  island,  A 
tween  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Pa6cagoula 
Isle  aux  Crudres,  island  and  seigniory, 
j  umberland  co.,  L.  C,  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
Isle  aux  Noix,  island,  L.  C,  in  Sorral 
I  about  1 1  ms.  below  its  efflux,  from  Lake  Chamf 
Isle- Adam,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dej 
Seine  and  Oise,  lately  in  the  province  of  tin  l« 
of  France,  with  a  cast!*1,  seated  on  the  Oise,  2< 
!N.  by  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  13  E.,  lat.  49 
Isleborough,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me. 
Isle  of  Beeves,  island  of  N.  America,  it  Pf 
bay  of  Carnpeachy,  17  ins.  long  and  8  broad  It 
is  fertile,  and  abounds  in  cattle  and  fruits. 

Isle-Dieu,  small  island  of  France,  14  ms.  m 
the  coast  of  Poitou.  It  was  taken  by  the  f' 
lish  in  1795;  but  soon  after  evacuated,  ho  * 
15  W.,  lat.  46  55  N. 


1 


ISL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ISS 


)i-de- France. — See  France,  Isle  of. 
jg  Jesus,  island    and  seigniory,  Effingham 
Jj,  C.    It  is  situated  NE.  from  the  island  of 

to  real,  with  an  intervening  channel  of  St.  Law- 

i  n  river. 

i'.-Jourdam,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of 
ei  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Armagnac.  It 
«ted  in  an  island  of  the  river  Save,  8  ms.  N. 

■t'lmbez.    Lon.  1  2  E.,  lat.  43  40  N. 
r  of  Orleans,  island,  county,  and  seigniory, 
[  in  St.  Lawrence  river,  commencing  4  miles 

mli  Quebec. 

1;  Rousse,  town  of  Corsica,  on  the  seacoast, 

lilies  SW.  of  Bastia. 
i'.  and  Vilaine,  dep.  of  France,  containing  part 

H  late  pro.  of  Bretagne.  Rennes  is  the  capital. 

TaUcn. — See  Eisleben. 
I  of  Wight,  county  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Nan- 
nid  SE.,  by  Blackwater  river  or  Southampton 
W  Surry  NW,,  and  James  river  NE. ;  length 

id,!.,  mean  width  15,  area  450  sq.  ms.  Surface 
v<  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town, 
B  field.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,139  ;  and  in  1840, 
9  .    Central  lat.  36  48  N.,  lon.  20'  E.  

Ji|.  and  post  office,  Isle  of  Wight  co.,  Va., 

m.  W.  from  Norfolk,  and  89  SE.  from  Rich- 

ai.    Lat.  36  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  28'  E. 
Jj:  Royal,  long  island  of  Lake  Superior,  100 
i».  i  length,  and  40  wide  in  some  places. 
1  worth,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  seated 

til  p  Thames,  9  ms.  W.  of  London. 

■,  .Jj'  Verte,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  county,  L.  C, 
n  j;  SE.  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  104  miles  below 

Iborough,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  1  mile  W. 
rwCastine. 

Is  of  Shoals,  seven  small  islands,  about  nine 
i».  SE.  from  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  They  form  a 
artf  Rockingham  county  and  Staten  island  ;  the 
tltrms  the  township  of  Gosport. 

8;  de  St.  John,  seigniory,  Devon  co.,  L.  C, 
a  ?  SE.  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  45  miles  be- 
j|ri|uebec. 

I  da  Portage,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  co.,  L. 
y+h  the  SE.  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  85  miles  be- 
>wt»uebec. 

Ington,  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  county  of  Mid- 
il*L  on  the  N.  side  of  London,  to  which  it  is? 
DC  t  contiguous ;  appears  to  be  of  Saxon  origin, 
i  the  Conquerer's  time  was  written  Isledon, 
ndon. 

tip,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire,  4  miles  N. 
ford.  Islip  was  given  by  Edward  the  Con- 
i«j  to  Westminster  Abbey,  to  which  it  still  be- 
-fl)  By  the  late  inland  navigation,  it  has  a  com- 
iu::ation  with  the  river  Thames,  Humber,  and 
■  fit  many  others  ;  and  its  navigation  extends 

;jo  500  miles  through  different  counties.  

on  Long  Island,  in  Suffolk  county,  N.  Y., 
l(J  lies  E,  from  New  York  city. 

hail,  strong  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,-  in  Bes- 
*Wa,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Danube,  140  miles 
Hj  W.  of  Bender.   Lon.  29  47  E.,  lat.  45 

hid,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  capital  of  By- 
situated  on  the  sea  of  Marmora.    Lon.  29 
*7  I,  lat.  40  37  N.    It  is  the  Nicomedia  of  the 
mc'its. 

fay,  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the 


Isney,  14  miles  NE.  of  Lindau,  and  62  SW.  of 
Augsburg.    Lon.  If  3  E.,  lat.  47  42  N. 

Isnic,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia.  It 
is  the  ancient  Nice,  famous  for  the  first  general 
council  here  in  325.  Nothing  remains  of  its  an- 
cient splendor  but  an  aqueduct.  Jews  inhabit  the 
greater  part  of  it ;  and  it  is  seated  in  a  country  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  excellent  wine,  75  ms.  SE.  of  Con- 
stantinople.   Lon.  30  9  E.,  lat.  40  13  N. 

Isochuoxous,  from  Greek  isos,  equal,  and  chro- 
nos,  time,  and  most  usually  applied  to  the  vibra- 
tions of  a  pendulum,  supposed  to  be  made  in  equal 
time.  Synchronism  comes  from  the  same  roots, 
and  has  in  fact  the  same  meaning,  but  with  the 
following  difference  of  application  :  isochronism  is 
applied  to  the  vibrations  of  the  same  pendulum, 
whilst  synchronism  expresses  the  equality  of  mo- 
tion of  two  pendulums. 

Isola,  seaport  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Cala- 
bria Ulteriore,  18  ms.  SE.  of  St.  Severino.  Lon. 
17  26  E.,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Isona,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seated  near 
a  mountain,  at  the  foot  of  a  rivulet. 

Ispahan,  celebrated  city,  capital  of  Persia,  in 
the  province  of  Irac-Agemi,  and  thought  by  some 
to  be  the  finest  city  in  the  East.  It  stands  in  the 
middle  of  a  plain,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  moun- 
tains at  8  miles  distance,  and  on  a  small  river  call- 
ed  Sanderut,  which  supplies  almost  all  the  houses 
with  water.  It  is  20  miles  in  circumference,  with 
well-built  houses  and  flat  roofs,  on  which  they 
walk,  eat,  and  lie,  in  summer,  for  the  sake  of  the 
cool  air.  The  inhabitants  were  computed  at  about 
1,000,000;  but  this  kingdom  having  been  distract- 
ed by  civil  wars,  the  principal  towns  are  greatly 
depopulated.  Ispahan  has  3  large  suburbs,  called 
Juisa,  Hasenbath,  and  Kebrabath.  Though  at  a 
distance  from  the  sea,  it  carries  on  a  great  trade, 
people  of  several  nations  resorting  there  for  the 
sake  of  traffic.  It  is  265  miles  NE.  of  Bussarah, 
and  1,400  SE.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  52  55 
E.,  lat.  32  25  N. 

Issel,  or  Yssel,  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
which  branches  off  from  the  Rhine  below  Hues- 
sen,  and  running  by  Doesburg,  Zutphen,  Deven- 
ter,  and  Campen,  falls  into  the  Zuyder  Zee. 

Issel,  or  Yssel,  Little,  river  of  the  kingdom  of 
Holland,  which  waters  Ysselstein,  Montfort,  and 
Gouda,  and  falls  into  the  Merwe  above  Rotterdam. 

Issel,  or  Yssel,  Old,  river  which  rises  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleves,  and  enters  the  Issel  at  Doesburg. 

Issequibo,  flourishing  settlement  of  the  Dutch  in 
Guiana,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  and  contigu- 
ous to  that  of  Demarara. 

Issoire,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep. 
Puy  de  Dome,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Au- 
vergne.  At  Vernet,  near  this  town,  are  found  am- 
ethysts, of  color  as  beautiful  as  those  of  the  East, 
but  not  so  hard.  Issoire  is  seated  on  the  Couz, 
near  the  Allier,  13  miles  S.  of  Clermont.  Lon.  3 
25  E.,  lat.  45  34  N. 

Issoudun,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  dep.  of 
Indre,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Berry,  with  a 
castle  ;  its  trade  is  in  wood,  cattle,  cloth,  hats,  and 
stockings,  and  is  seated  partly  on  an  eminence  and 
partly  on  a  plain,  17  miles  SW.  of  Bourges,  and 
135  S.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  6  E.,  lat.  46  57  N. 

Is-sur-Tille,  town  of  France,  now  in  the  dep.  of 
Cote  d'Or,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Burgun- 

431 


ITA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ITA 


dy,  seated  on  the  Ignon,  near  the  Tille,  12  miles 
N.  of  Dijon. 

Isthxus,  Greek,  isthmos,  neck  of  land  between 
two  seas,  and  uniting  two  other  bodies  of  land, 
such  as  Suez  and  Panama. 

Istria,  kind  of  peninsula  of  Illyria,  lying  on  the 
NE.  part  of  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  bounded  by 
Carniola  on  the  NE.,  and  on  all  other  sides  by  the 
sea.  The  air  is  unwholesome,  especially  near  the 
coast;  but  the  soil  produces  plenty  of  wine,  oil, 
and  pasture ;  there  are  also  quarries  of  fine  marble. 
Istria  now  forms  a  part  of  the  Austrian  kingdom  of 
Illyria.     Capo  dTstria  is  the  capital. 

Italy,  one  of  the  finest  and  most  celebrated 
countries  in  Europe,  bounded  on  the  NN  W.  and 
NE.  by  France,  Switzerland,  the  country  of  the 
Grisons,  and  Germany  ;  on  the  E.  by  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean ;  its  figure  bearing  some  resemblance  to  that 
of  a  boot.  Its  length  from  Aosta,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Alps,  in  Mount  Blanc,  Savoy,  to  the  utmost 
verge  of  Calabria,  in  Naples,  is  about  600  miles  ; 
but  its  breadth  is  very  unequal,  in  some  places  near 
400  miles,  in  others  not  above  25  or  30. 

The  air  of  Italy  is  very  different,  according  to  the 
different  situation  of  the  countries  it  contains  :  in 
those  on  the  NE.  side  of  the  Appenines  it  is 
more  temperate,  but  on  the  SVV.  it  is  very  warm. 
In  Campagno  di  Roma  and  the  Ferrarese  it  is  said 
to  be  unwholesome,  from  the  lands  not  being  duly 
cultivated,  nor  the  marshes  drained  ;  but  in  the 
other  parts  it  is  generally  pure,  dry,  and  healthy. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Po,  Tiber,  Arno, 
Adige,  Piave,  Tagliamento,  Var,  Ombrone,  Carig- 
liano,  Volturno,  and  an  immense  number  of  fine 
but  minor  streams  on  both  sides  of  this  country. 
There  are  several  fine  lakes,  as  the  Maggiore,  Lu- 
gano, Como,  Garda,  Perugia,  Bracciano,  and  Ce- 
lano.  The  soil  in  general  is  very  fertile.  It  pro- 
duces a  great  variety  of  wines,  and  the  best  oil  in 
Europe;  excellent  silk  in  abundance;  corn  of  all 
sorts,  but  not  in  such  plenty  as  in  some  other  coun- 
tries; oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  pomegranates,  Ia- 
monds,  raisins,  sugar,  figs,  peaches,  apricots,  ap- 
ples, pears,  filberts,  chestnuts,  &c.  Most  of  these 
fruits  were  at  first  imported  by  the  Romans  from 
Asia,  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  Africa,  and  Syria,  and 
were  not  the  natural  products  of  the  soil. 

This  country  also  yields  good  pasture,  and 
abounds  with  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  buffaloes,  wild 
boars,  mules,  and  horses.  The  forests  are  well 
stored  with  game  ;  and  the  mountains  have  not 
only  mines  of  iron,  lead,  alum,  sulphur,  marble  of 
all  sorts,  alabaster,  jasper,  porphyry,  &c,  but  also 
gold  and  silver,  with  a  great  variety  of  aromatic 
herbs,  trees,  shrubs,  and  evergreens.  Wine,  oil, 
perfumes,  fruits,  and  silks,  are  the  principal  arti- 
cles of  exportation  ;  and  great  sums  of  money  are 
expended  by  travellers  in  the  purchase  of  pictures, 
curiosities,  relics,  antiquities,  &c. 

The  established  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic; 
but  all  sects  live  unmolested,  provided  no  gross  in- 
sult is  offered  to  their  worship.  Their  language 
(a  corruption  of  the  Latin)  is  remarkable  for  its 
smoothness,  and  is  said  to  be  spoken  in  its  greatest 
purity  at  Florence.  Further  particulars  of  this  coun- 
try will  be  found  under  the  names  of  its  particular 
divisions. 
432 


Italy,  as  a  natural  section,  is  little  less  defin 
bounded  than  if  it  was  really  an  island,  as,  w 
not  limited  by  the  sea,  a  rim  of  mountains  enc 
it  on  the  land  side ;  but,  except  under  the  Rorr 
this  country  has  been  at  all  times  politically 
celled  into  States,  independent  of  each  other, 
always  more  or  less  mutually  hostile.  No  ( 
country  has  ever  been  so  much  the  theatre  of  i 
lution,  but,  as  now  constituted,  we  give  fron 
Geography  of  Laurenaudiere,  Balbi,  and  Hu 
synopsis  of  its  existing  subdivisions. 

We  here  subjoin  synoptical  tables  of  the  p 
cal  divisions  of  Italy  and  Sicily. 

I.  Sardinia,  or  northwestern  Italy,  the  link 
deed,  between  France  and  Italy,  except  w 
under  French  power  during  the  changes  prod 
by  the  great  European  revolution,  has  been  a  i- 
dom  since  1713,  and  contains  the  following  j 
incial  divisions  : 


Division  of  Savoy. 

Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Savoy  proper 

Upper  Savoy 

Carouge 

Chablais 

Faucigny 

Genevois 

Maurienne 

Tarentaise 

129,000 

38,000 
40,000 
43,0'JO 
73,000 
77,000 
54,000 

42,000 

Chambery 

L'Hopital 

Saint  Julien 

Thonon 

Bonneville 

Annecy 

St.  Jean  de  Mau- 
rienne 
Montiers 

1 

Total  . 

501,000 

Division  of  Turin. 

Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

P. 

Turin  . 
Biella  . 
Ivree 
Pignerol 
Susa 

337,000 
98,000 
145,100 
114,000 
70,000 

Turin  . 
Biella  . 
Ivree  . 
Pignerol 
Susa  . 

1! 

Total  . 

764,000 

Division  of  Coni. 

Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

• 

Coni 
Alba 
Mondovi 
Saluces 

154,000 
106,000 
126,000 
136,000 

Coni 
Alba 
Mondovi 
Saluces 

Total 

522,000 

Division  of  Alexandria. 

Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

p, 

Alexandria 

iEqui 

Asti 

Casale 

Tortona 

Voghera 

97,000 
83.000 
115;000 
110,000 
51,000 
91,000 

Alexandria 

^qui 

Asii 

Casale 

Tortona 

Voghera 

• 

Total 

547,000 

ITA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


ITA 


Division  of  Novara. 


Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

i  i  Una  • 
[Sessia 

126,000 
111,000 

33,000 
66,000 
34,000 
111,000 

Novara 

Vigegano 

Domo  d'Ossola  • 

Pallanza 

Varallo 

Verceil 

13,000 
15,000 
1,500 
1,500 
3,000 
16/XX) 

481,000 

Division  of  Nice. 

Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

100.000 
61,000 
43,090 

Nice 

Oneille 

Vintimiglia 

15,000 
4.000 
4,500 

204,000 

the  Var  to  that  of  the  Dranze  into  the  Lake  of  Ge- 
neva, and  the  area  being  17,500  sq.  ms.  ;  the  mean 
breadth  will  be  90  ms.  In  lat.  between  43  40  and  46 
30.  The  city  of  Turin  at  lat.  45  4,  and  7  41  E. 
London,  is  not  far  distant  either  way  from  the 
centre. 

The  island  of  Sardinia,  separated  from  Corsica 
by  the  straits  of  Bonifacio,  about  8  ms.  wide,  lies 
between  latitudes  38  50  and  41  16  N.,  Ion.  9  0  E. 
of  London,  and  N.  lat.  40  0,  intersect  very  near 
the  centre  of  Sardinia.  The  greatest  length  of  this 
island  is  170  ms.,  by  a  line  declining  slightly  to 
NE.  and  SW.  from  due  N.  and  S.  Greatest 
breadth  about  85  ms.,  but  the  mean  is  fully  esti- 
mated at  65  ms.  ;  area  about  11,000  sq.  ms. 

Political  divisions  of  the  island  of  Sardinia. 


Division  of  Genoa, 


Pop. 


226.000 
55,000 
34,000 
99,000 

69,000 

61,000 
39,000 


■363,000 


Chief  towns. 


Genoa 
Albenga 
Bobbia 
Chiavari 
C  Spezzia 
\  Sarzane, 
Novi 
Savona 


Pop. 


80,000 
4,000 
3,500 
8,000 
4,000 
3,000 
8,000 

10,000 


\mary  of  the  continental  part  of  Sardinia. 

501,000  inhabitants, 
764,000  do. 
522,000  do. 
547,000  inhabitants. 
481,000  do. 
204,000  do. 
583,000  do. 

do. 


lion  of  Savoy 
;ion  of  Turin 
;ion  of  Coni 
.ion  of  Alexandria 
lion  of  Novara 
sion  of  Nice 
sion  of  Genoa 

Total 


3,602,000 


udinia,  or  that  part  of  the  monarchy  on  the 
c  inent  which  comprises  (he  provinces  specified 
nie  preceding  tables,  is  naturally  divided  into 
I  actions  of  Savoy  and  Var,  westward  of  the 
I  - ;  ihe  higher  valley  of  the  J»o,  and  a  strip 
44?  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  declining  rapidly  from  the 
A  ennine  mountains.    Savoy  is  drained  into  the 
toy  of  the  Rhone  by  confluents  of  the  Isere,  Sys- 
wArve,  and  other  lesser  streams,  and,  physical- 
J  nsidered,  belongs  rather  to  France  than  Sardi- 
nia The  Var  river,  which  separates  Sardinia  from 
»ce,  rises  in  the  maritime  Alps,  and  drains  the 
•fi'ion  of  Nice,  which  is  followed  eastward  by 
tWol  Genoa.    The  upper  valley  of  the  Po  con- 
the  main  body  of  the  monarchy,  with  its  cap- 
jJ|Turin.    This  part  of  Sardinia  is  enclosed  on 
IM  sides  by  mountains  from  which  streams  flow 
*ijdii  from  the  circumference  to  the  centre  of  a 
and  uniting  from  the  Po,  having  a  general 
e*rn  slope.    The  longest  line  which  can  be  ex- 
ited over  continental  Sardinia  would  be  one 
y  due  N.  and  S.,  190  ms.  from  the  mouth  of 
!  55* 


Provinces. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop.  , 

Cagliari 
Busachi 
Iglesias 
Isili  - 
Lanusei 

Nuovo  -  : 

Sassari 

Alghero 

Caglieri           -  , 
Ozieri  • 

102,000 
67,000 
39,000 
47,000 
26,000 
51,000 
58,000 
28,000 
32,000 
40,000 

Cagliari  - 

Busachi 

lelesias 

Isili 

Lanusei 

Nuovo 

Sassari 

Alghero 

Caglieri  - 

Ozieri 

27,400 
1,600 
4,600 
2,000 
1,400 
3,400 

19,400 
7,000 
3,40Q 
8,000 

Total  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia 

To  which  add  for  central 
Sardinia 

490,000 
3,602,000 

Total  of  the  monarchy 

4,092,000 

For  all  northeastern  Italy  we  may  refer  to  tabu  - 
lar view  of  Austria,  page  117,  Nos.  8  and  9.  We 
may,  however,  in  order  to  preserve  connexion, 
observe  that  Austrian  Italy  extends  from  Lake 
Maggiore  on  the  W.,  240  ms.,  to  the  small  river 
Isonzo  on  the  E.  Under  the  general  name  of 
Austrian  Lombardy,  or  Lombardo-Venetian  king- 
dom, this  fine  and  most  diversified  country  falls, 
by  a  general  southern  slope,  from  various  locally 
named  sections  of  the  Alps,  and  is  drained,  in  a 
direction  of  their  courses,  southeastward  by,  beside 
many  others  of  lesser  note,  the  Ticin,  Adda,  Og- 
lio,  Mincio,  Adige,  Brenta,  Piave,  Tagliamento, 
and  Isonzo.  About  100  ms.  of  the  lower  channel 
of  the  Po  winds  only  a  few  ms.  N.  of  lat.  45°, 
and  the  High  Alps,  which  bound  Lombardy  on 
the  N.,  ri=e  about  46  30  N. 

TABLE  OF  AUSTRIAN  ITALY. 

Government  of  Milan. 


Delegations. 


Sondiro  - 
Como 
Milan  - 
Pavia  - 
Lodi 
Bergamo 
Brescia  - 
Cremona 
Mantua  - 


Population. 


Chief  city.  Delegate 


3,374 
7,679 
124,647 
21,351 
14,882 
29,469 
32,911 
26,876 
£3,340 


83,451 
335,000 
463,500 
146.000 
198;000 
315,000 
324,000 
176,000 
240,000 


433 


ITA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ITA 


Government  of  Venice. 


Delegations. 


Chief  city 


Verona 

Rovigo 

Padua 

Vicenza 

Belluno 

Trevisa 

Venice 

Udina 


Population. 


eo,noo 

7,000 
47,000 
30,(100 

8,000 
15,000 
110,000 
18,000 


Delegat'n. 


278,000 
135,000 
•290,000 
298,000 
123,000 
233.000 
249',000 
351,000 


and  44  40  N.,  and  Ion.  11  40  and  13  14  E. 

London. 

For  political  and  administrative  purposes, 
Papal  territories  are  divided  into  delegations,  whi 
as  in  most  other  parts  of  Italy,  are  named  ft 
their  capital*.,  and  are  designated  in  the  subjoii 
table : 


General  population  of  Austrian  Italy,  by  nations. 


Italians 

Germans 

Jews 

Greeks 

Armenians; 

Total 


4,163,700 
66,500 
5,600 
700 
500 


4,237,000 


No. 


Delegations. 


Pop.  of  the 
cities. 


To  the  SE.  of  continental  Sardinia,  and  S.  of 
the  river  Po,  exists  the  principality  of  Monaco, 
duchies  of  Massa-Carara,  Lucca,  Parma,  Modena, 
and  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany.  Each  of  these 
States  will  be  briefly  noticed  under  their  proper 
heads.  Their  general  extent  and  relative  position 
are  here  given  in  connexion  with  the  contiguous 
States. 

From  the  extreme  southern  angle  of  Tuscany, 
near  Orbitello,  to  the  northern  angle  of  Parma,  on 
the  Po,  below  Pavia,  is,  in  i  direction  of  NNW., 
200  ms.  The  utmost  breadth  is  about  100  ms., 
from  Piombino  to  the  summit  of  the  Appennines ; 
the  mean  breadth  65,  and  area  13,000  sq.  ms.  ;  ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  42  20  to  45  5.  The  1 1th  de- 
gree of  Ion.  E.  of  London  traverses  this  region 
nearly  centrically.  Though  each  State  will  be 
found  noticed  under  its  proper  head,  we  here  insert 
a  tabular  synopsis  of  the  whole. 
States. 


Bologna 
Ferrara 
Ravenna 
Forli 
Pesaro 
Urbino 
Maceratoc 
Camerino 
Fermo 
Ascoli 
Spoleto 
Rieti 
Viterbo 
Civita- Vecchia 
Ancona 
Perugio 
Frozinone 
Ponte-Corvo 
Benevento 

Total  Papal  States 


65,000 
24,000 
24,000 
16,000 
14,000 
11,000 
12,000 
7,000 
7,000 
12,000 
7,000 
7,000 
13,000 
7,000 
30,000 
30,000 
6,000 
6,000 
14,000 


Pop.  of 


2,591 


under  their  pr< 


Massa-Carara 

Monaco 

Lucca 

Parma 

Modena 

Tuscany 

Total  - 


Population. 
29,000 
6,500 
143,000 
440,000 
350,000 
-  1,275,000 


See  Rome  and  St.  Marino 
heads. 

The  kingdom  of  Naples,  as  often  called  frorx 
capital,  and,  for  reasons  far  from  obvious,  kingc 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  comprises  all  the  residut 
the  peninsula  of  Italy  southward  from  the 
Territories,  as  also  the  island  of  Sicily  and  its  si 
border  islands,  as  also  the  group  of  Lipari  and 
solitary  Pantalaria. 

The  following  synopsis  exhibits  the  provir 
divisions  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples  Proper, 
Italian  part  of  the  monarchy  : 

Province  Naples,  or  Napoli. 


5,243,500 


States  of  the  Holy  See,  or  Papal  Territories. — 
This  hierarchy  has  the  Lower  Po  on  the  N., 
Adriatic  or  Gulf  of  Venice  E.,  or  rather  NE.,  the 
kingdom  of  Naples  bounds  it  on  the  SE.,  and  on 
the  NW.  it  joins  Tuscany  and  Modena. 

From  Tenacina,  the  extreme  southern  angle  on 
the  Mediterranean,  to  Ferrara,  on  the  Po,  the 
greatest  length  of  the  Papal  States  is  about  260 
ms.,  in  a  direction  NW.  by  N.  The  breadth  is 
very  unequal.  From  Civii  Vecchio  to  Ancona  it 
is  about  150  ms.  wide,  but  from  the  extreme 
eastern  part  of  Tuscany  to  Rimini,  the  breadth  but 
little  exceeds  20  ms. ;  the  mean  breadth  60,  and 
area  16,600  sq.  ms.  Lying  between  lat.  41  18 
434 


Chief  towns. 
Naples  - 
Castelmare  - 
Portici  - 
Puteoli  - 
Sorrenta  - 
Torre  del  Annunciata  - 
Torre  del  Greco 

Province  Terra  di  Lavora. 
Capua  -  • 

Aceua 
Arpino 
Aversa 
Caserta 
Fondi 
Gaeta  - 
Nola  - 


Popula 
335, 
19, 


Salerno 
A  main 
Nocera 

Avellino 

Ariano 

Atripalda 


Province  Principato  Citra. 


Province  Principato  Ultra. 


5 

4,  » 

5,  ) 
15,  > 


9.) 
13,3 

II 

9,0 


1 1,0 
3,0 
9,0 

13,0 
10,0 
4,0 


ITA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ITA 


Province  Abruzzo  Ultra. 

hief  town. 
Traino 

(itadi  Penna 
>jilla 

/?zzano  - 
C  ita  Ducal  - 
Sroona  - 
Vsto 

Province  Abruzzo  Citra. 

Ceti  - 
Liciano 


Population. 
9,000 
8,000 
13,000 
3,000 
2,000 
4,000 
4.000 


13,000 
12,000 


Province  Capitanato. 


Fia 
B  ino 
L  era 

Hifredonia  - 
8  to  Severo  - 


Lipooa 
Ca- 
ll con  a 
-  no 
T'ento 


Province  Sannio. 


Province  Terra  di  Bari, 


B 

A 

mura 

I 

etta 

etta 

opoli 

r 

li  - 

r 

izza 

Province  Terra  di  Otranto. 


?nta 
disi 
ipoli 

:e 

nto 


f  inza 
L  onegro 
VI  era 


Province  of  Bassilicato. 


Province  Calabria  Citra. 
1  -  enza  _ 
Csano  - 
Ctro-Villari- 
Pla- 

R  sano  - 


Province  Calabria  Ultra. 


ft  510 
Gice 
Sclio 
C  tazaro 


M  tsleone  - 
Nlstro  - 
Po- 

&a-Severina 
fmllace  t 

he  island  of  Sicily,  separated  from  the  ex 
ft  e  southwestern  part  ol  Italy,  or  Calabria  Ultra 


21,000 
4,000 
8,000 
5,000 
4,000 


8,000 
4,000 
5,000 
3,000 
4,000 


15,000 
15,000 
17,000 
11,000 
15,000 
14,000 
8,000 

18,000 
6,000 
8,000 

14,000 
3,000 


8,000 
5,000 
12,000 
7,000 

10,000 
6,000 
5,000 
3,000 
6,000 


16,000 
5,000 
4,000 
11,000 
5,000 
15,000 
10,000 
5,000 
6,000 
2,000 
4,000 


by  the  narrow  straits  of  Messina,  justifies,  by  its 
triangular  outline,  one  of  its  ancient  names — that 
of  Trinacria.  The  form  is  a  rude  approach  to  a 
right-angled  triangle.  The  right  angle  at  Cape 
Passaro,  its  utmost  southern  point,  N.  lat.  36  40. 
Thence  the  base  extending  160  ms.  northwesterly 
to  Cape  Marsala,  and  the  perpendicular  120  ms., 
a  little  E.  of  N.  to  Cape  Rasaculmo,  N.  of  the 
Straits  of  Messina,  N.  lat.  38  20.  These  elements 
give  to  Sicily  an  area  of  9,600  sq.  Eng.  ms.  A 
chain  of  mountains,  evidently  a  continuation  of 
the  Appennines,  only  interrupted  by  the  Straits  of 
Messina,  passes  over  the  northern  side  of  Sicily. 
Efcna,  however,  a  volcanic  mass,  appears  rather  de- 
tached from  the  main  chain,  though  rising  to  near 
1,000  feet,  an  elevation  far  above  that  of  any  oth- 
er summit  of  the  Appennines. 

Though  forming  a  part  of  the  monarchy,  Sicily 
has  a  separate  administrative  regimen,  and,  for 
political  purposes,  is  divided  into  7  intendancies. 


Intendancies. 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

Palermo 

Trapani 

Girgenti 

Caltanisetta 

Saragossa 

Catania 

Messina 

409,000 
147,000 
291,000 
156,000 
194,500 
292,500 
240,000 

Palermo 

Trapani 

Girgenti 

Caltanisetta  . 

Syracuse 

Catania 

Messina 

168,000 
24,000 
15,000 
17,000 
15,000 
45,000 
60,000 

Total  of  Sicily 

To  which  add  for  Naples 

1,730,000 
5,690,000 

7,420,000 

Names  and  population  of  the  islands  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Sicily. 

Alicudi           -          -          -          -  260 

Basiluzzo  20 

Felicudi  820 

Lampedusa     -          -          -          -  150 

Lipari  group    -  18,200 

Panaria                     ...  200 

Pantalaria       *  5,000 

Salina            ....  4,200 

Stromboli        -          -          -          -  2,100 

Ustica  700 

Summary  of  Italy  and  the  islands  of  Sardinia, 
Sicily,  SfC. 


Countries. 

English 
sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

Pop.  to  Eng. 
sq.  m. 

Sardinia,  continental  - 
Sardinia,  island  of 
Modena,  Tuscany,  &c. 
Papal  States 
Austrian  Italy 
Naples,  Italian  part  - 
Sicily,  &x. 

17,500 
11,000 
13,000 
16,600 
15,400 
32,500 
10,000 

3,602,000 
490,000 
2,243,500 
2,590,000 
4,237,000 
5,690,000 
1,730,000 

212,  nearly, 

44£ 

172 

162,  nearly. 

274 

175 

173 

116,000 

20,582,500 

177| 

Any  person  who  reads  attentively  the  history  of 
the  first  and  second  Punic  wars  must  be  convinced, 
on  comparing  the  circumstances  attending  those 
wars  with  the  results  of  the  preceding  tables,  that 
the  territory  of  Italy  and  that  of  the  adjacent  is- 

435 


IXW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


JAC 


lands  contained  a  more  dense  population  2,000 
years  past  than  at  this  time.  If,  however,  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States  was  peopled,  equal  in 
proportion  to  the  existing  population  of  Italy,  the 
aggregate  would  exceed  354,000,000.  It  may 
startle  many,  but  I  will  venture  the  anticipation, 
warranted  as  I  consider  myself  by  the  past,  that 
the  future,  in  one  century  more,  will  accomplish 
more  than  is  here  shadowed  forth. 

Italy,  SW.  town  of  Yates  county,  N.  York, 
20  ms.  S.  from  Canandaigua.  Population  in 
1820,  728. 

Itamaria,  island  of  Brazil,  in  Pernambuco,  about 
10  ms.  long  and  2  broad. 

Ttchen,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Hants,  which,  rising  in 
the  centre  of  the  county,  passes  by  Winchester, 
and  enters  the  Bay  of  Southampton  at  the  town  of 
that  name. 

Ithaca,  now  Thiaki,  island  of  the  Mediterranean 
sea,  seated  between  Cephalonia  and  Santa  Maura. 
Lon.  21  0  E.,  lat.  38  36  N.    It  now  forms  one  of 

the  Ionian  islands.  Village  and  seat  of  justice 

for  Tompkins  co  ,  N.  Y,,  at  the  head  of  Cayuga 
lake,  about  40  ms.  above  Cayuga  bridge.  Pop.  of 
the  tp.  in  1840,  5,650.  Distant  by  post  road  — 
ms.  a  very  little  S.  of  W.  from  Albany,  and  51 
SSE.  from  Geneva.  N.  lat.  42  27,  lon.  0  22  E. 
of  W.  C. 

Itzehoa,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  on  the  Stoer,  15  ms.  NE. 
of  Gluckstadt,  and  30  NW.  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  9 
30  E.,  lat.  53  58  N. 

Iverdun. — See  Yverdum. 

Ives,  St.,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Huntingdonshire. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ouse,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  6  ms.  NE.  of  Huntingdon,  and  50  N.  by 

W.  of  London.  Lon.  0  20  W.,  lat.  52  20  N.  

Seaport  and  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall.  It  is 
8  ms.  NE.  of  Penzance,  and  277  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  5  30  W.,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Ivica,  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  one  of  the 
Balearic  or  Pithycusce  group,  56  ms.  SW.  of 
Majorca.  It  is  about  60  ms.  in  circumference,  is 
mountainous,  but  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits, 
and  is  remarkable  for  the  great  quantity  of  salt 
made  there.  The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  has 
a  good  harbor.    Lon.  1  25  E.,  lat.  38  52  N. 

Ivingho,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
6  ms.  SW.  of  Dunstable,  and  32  N  W^.  of  London. 
Lon.  32  0  W.,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Ivrea,  ancient  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  Ca- 
navez,  on  the  Doria,  between  two  hills,  20  ms.  N. 
of  Turin,  and  32  E.  by  N.  of  Susa.  Lon.  7  48 
E.,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Ivry,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure,  and  late 
province  of  Normandy.  It  is  seated  on  the  Eure, 
10  ms.  N.  bv  W.  of  Dreux.  Lon.  1  28  E.,  lat. 
48  54  N. 

Ivy  Bridge,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  11 
ms.  NE.  of  Plymouth,  remarkable  for  its  rural  and 
picturesque  scenery  ;  the  river  Arme  runs  through 
the  village. 

Ivy  Mills,  post  office  in  Delaware  co.,  Pa. 

Ixworth,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk.  It  is  7  ms. 
NE.  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  79  NNE.  of  Lon- 

don.    Lon.  0  51  E.,  lat.  52  20  N.  Town  of 

Cornwallis  county,  Lower  Canada,  70  ms.  below 
Quebec. 

436 


J. 

Jaar,  river  rising  near  Tongress,  in  the  bisl 
ric  of  Leige,  and,  after  a  NE.  course,  falls  into 
Maese  at  Maestricht. 

Jablunka,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  territor 
Teschen,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Troppaw.  Lon.  18 
E.,  lat.  49  41  N. 

Jacca,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  i 
river  of  the  same  name,  among  the  mountair 
Jacca,  in  a  very  pleasant  and  fruitful  plain,  w 
are  a  part  of  the  Pyrenees,  22  ms.  N.  of  Hue 
Lon.  0  19  W.,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Jari-d' Aguila,  seaport  town  on  the  eas 
coast  of  Sicily,  10  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Catania.  I 
15  26  E.,  lat.  37  27  N. 

Jackson,  or  Hitchcock,  tp.  in  Hancock  co.,  ] 
25  ms.  NW.from  Castine. 

Jackson,  tp.  in  Lebanon  co.,  Pa.,  on  both  i 
of  Tulpehocken  creek,  6  ms.  E.  from  Lebai 
and  on  the  dividing  line  between  Lebanon 

Berks  cos.  Town  in  Washington  co.,Nj 

Pop.  in  1820,  2,004.  Village  in  Louisa 

Va.  Co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Clark  SE.,  \ 

ton  SW.,  Hall  and  Habersham  NW.,  and  Fr, 
lin  and  Madison  NE.  Length  25,  mean  widt 
ms.  ;  area  500  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Jeffei 
Pop.  in  1820,  8,355  ;  in  1840,  8,522.  Cei 

lat.  34  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  55  W.  Co.  ol| 

Ten.,  bounded  S.  by  White,  W.  by  Smith,  Pi 
Monroe  co.,  in  Ky.,  and  E.  by  Overton.  Le 
28  ms.,  mean  width  18;  area  500  sq.  ms.  C( 
berland  river  crosses  this  county  in  an  obliqu 
rection  from  NE.  to  SW.  The  surface  is  n| 
waving  than  hilly.  Chief  town,  Williams! 
Pop.  in  1820,  7,593;  and  in  1840,  12,872  i 

tral  lat.  36  25,  Ion.  W.  C  9  33  W.  G 

Ohio,  around  the  Scioto  salt  works,  erected  ii 
county  in  1816,  and  bounded  by  Lawrence 
Scioto  SW.,  Pike  W.,  Ross  NW,  Hocking 
Athens  NE.,  and  Gallia  SE.    Length  30,  v 
20  ms.  ;  area  490  sq.  ms.    Surface  generally 
and  broken.     Mineral  productions,  stone  coal  d 
salt,  or  perhaps  more  correctly  salt  water.    ( i 
town,  Jackson.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,746;  an  n 
1840,  9,744.    Central  lat.  39  6  N.,  lon.  \¥| 

32  36  VV.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  for  J  t- 

son  co.,  Ohio,  28  ins.  SE.  from  Chillicothe, d 
73  in  the  same  direction  from  Columbus. —  I 

in  Jackson  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  the  southern  rl 

of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  Wayne  ., 

Ohio.  Tp.  in  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio.  !■ 

tp.  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  853.  - 

Tp.  in  Knox  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  Chamj;n 

co.,  Ohio. — — Tp.  in  the  southern  limits  of  II 

roe  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  Stark  co.,  Ohio. —  I 

in  Perry  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  the  western  I 

ders  of  Montgomery  co.,  and  adjoining  the  ( of 

Preble,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  Preble  co.,  Ohio.  - 

The  northwesternmost  tp.  of  Muskingum  co.,  I  <>■ 

 Co,  of  la.,  on  White  river,  bounded  6EI 

Scott,  S.  by  Washington,  W.  by  Lawrence,  III 
by  Monroe,  N.  by  Delaware,  and  E.  by  Jen  P 
cos.;  length  30  ms.,  mean  width  19  ;  area  57  q- 
ms.  Chief  town,  Brownstown.  Pop.  in  1 0» 
4,010;  and  in  1840,  8,961.    Central  lat.  ffl 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9  0  W.  Village  in  I 

son  co.,  Ia.,  84  ms.  southward  from  Indiana 's- 
 Co.  of  III.,  bounded  by  the  Mississippi  er 


JAC  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  JAG 


V.,  by  Randolph  NW.  and  N.,  Franklin 
,r  Union  co.  S.  ;  length  30  ms.,  mean  midth  24 ; 
ft  720  sq.  ms.    Chieftown,  Brownsville.  Pop. 
„  820,  1,542;  and  in  1840,  3,566.  Central 

mi  47  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12  22  W.  Village 

,rseat  of  justice  for  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Mo.,  12 
I  NW.  from  Cape  Girardeau,  and  about  10  in  a 
ili  :t  line  from  the  Mississippi  river.    Lat.  37  26, 

S(W.  C.  12  20  W.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 

§1  for  Madison  co.,  Ten.,  on  the  S.  branch  of 
fked  Deer  river.  N.  lat.  35  58,  Ion  W.  C.  1 1 
id,V.,  and  198  ms.  by  post  road  a  little  S.  of  W. 

I  Murfreesborough.  Village  on  the  left  bank 

)f  orabigbee  river,  Clarke  co.,  Al.a,  12  ms.  below 

I  SE.  of  St.  Stephen's.  NE.  co.  of  Ala.,  N. 

Jpbennessee  river,  bounded  by  Tennessee  river 
fi,  by  Decatur  co.  SW.,  and  by  Franklin  and 
Aon  cos.  N.  It  is  nearly  in  form  of  a  triangle, 
|0ds.  by  a  direct  line  along  Tennessee  river,  an 
ol  distance  on  Decatur  co.,  and  an  equal  dis- 
til e  aldfig  the  S.  boundary  of  Tennessee ;  area 
3*  sq.  ms.  Soil  on  the  streams  and  intervals  fer- 
t>  Staples,  cotton  and  grain.  Pop.  in  1820, 
HI;  and  in  1840,  15,715.    Central  lat.  34  50 

N  Ion.  W.  C.  9  25  W.  Co.  of  Miss.,  bound- 

«'y  Mobile  co.,  Ala.,  E.,  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
SHancock  SW.,  and  by  Perry  and  Greene  cos., 
irMiss.,  N.  Length  42  ms.,  mean  width  30  ; 
n  1,250  sq.  ms.  Surface  flat  in  the  S.  and  hilly 
irhe  middle  and  northern  parts.  Soil  generally 
st  ile,  and  covered  with  pine  timber.  Some  good 
!a ,  however,  lies  along  the  Pascagoula  and  its 
bviches  which  intersect  this  county,  flowing  from 
tr'NW.,  N.,and  NE.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,682; 

I  in  1840,  1,965.  Village  on  Pearl  river, 

m  its  source,  in  Hinds  co.,  Miss.,  about  100 
d  NE.  from  Natchez.    N.  lat.  32  18,  Ion.  W. 

1  12  57  W.-  Village  in  the  parish  of  Felici- 

'M  La.,  by  post  road  163  ms.  NW.  from  New 

(  ;ans.  C.  H.  and  post  office  in  Jackson  co., 

Co,  28  ms.  NE.  from  Chillicothe.  Village  in 

(  laan  tp.,  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  N.  of  Woos- 
•1,  the  county  seat. 

racksonboroug?i)  village  in  Colleton  district,  S. 
Ct  on  the  right  bank  of  Edisto  river,  34  ms.  W. 

fin  Charleston.  Village  in  Scriven  co.,  Ga., 

o'the  point  between  Briar  creek  and  Beaverdam 

t;k,  about  70  ms.  NW.  from  Savannah.  

Alage  and  seat  of  justice  for  Campbell  co.,  in  E. 
'  n.,  50  ms.  NNW.  from  Knoxville.    Lat.  36 

N.,lon.  W.  C.  7  12  W. 

hcksonburg,  village  in  Wayne  tp.,  Butler  co., 
( io,  8  ms.  N.  from  Hamilton. 

rackson,s  rive?',  rises  in  the  S,  angle  of  Pendle- 
t  eo.,  Va.,  and,  flowing  SSW.,  enters  Bath  co., 
t  )ugh  which  it  meanders,  by  comparative  cours- 
e  about  50  ms.,  and,  turning  abruptly  to  NE., 
I  is  Cowpasture  river,  and,  together,  forms  James 

racksonville,  village  in  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  W. 
fjn  Ithaca,  and  by  post  road  209  ms.  W.  from 

fjany.  Village  in  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.,  74  ms. 

«[!.  by  E.  from  Harrisburg.  Village  in  Wood 

A  Va.,  by  post  road  459  NW.  by  W.  from  Rich- 

*M.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Telfair 

H  Ga.,  near  the  left  bank  of  Oakmulgee  river,  94 
if  a  little  E.  ofS.  from  Milledgeville.    Lat.  31 

'IN.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  12  W,  Village  in  Duvall 

%  E.  Flo.,  on  the  left  bank  of  St.  John's  river, 


45  ms.  NNW.  from  St.  Augustine.  Settle- 
ment or  town  in  Violet  tp.,  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  18 
ms.  from  Lancaster,  on  the  road  from  that  town  to 

Delaware.  Tp.  in  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  20  ms.  E. 

from  West  Union. 

Jacobsburg,  town  in  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  21  ms. 
from  Wheeling. 

Jacoeite,  partisan  of  the  royal  house  ^f  Stuart 
after  its  expulsion  from  the  English  throne  in  1688, 
from  Jacobus,  James  II.  The  term  was  and  is  ap- 
plied to  the  adherents  of  the  expelled  family,  and 
opposers  of  the  revolution  which  placed  William 
III.  and  Mary  II.  on  the  throne.  It  is  often  used 
as  synonymous  with  tory  ;  which  see. 

Jacobstown,  village  in  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  16 
ms.  S.  from  Trenton. 

Jacques  Cartier,  river  in  L.  C,  rises  in  the  in- 
termediate space  between  the  river  St.  Anne  and 
Jeaune,  and,  flowing  SW.,  falls  into  theNE.  side 
of  St.  Lawrence  river,  in  the  SE.  angle  of  the  ba- 
rony of  Portneuf.  Seigniory,  Hampshire  co., 

L.  C,  extending  from  the  N.  bank  of  St.  Law- 
rence river,  between  the  seigniory  of  D'Auteuil  and 
the  barony  of  Portneuf,  crossing  the  rivers  Jacques 
Cartier,  Savonnis,  and  St.  Anne. 

Jaen,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  country  producing  excellent  fruits  and  very 
fine  silk,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  15  ms.  SW. 
ofBueza.  Lon.  3  22  W.,  lat.  37  38  N.  Prov- 
ince of  Spain,  in  the  E.  part  of  Andalusia,  bound- 
ed W.  by  Cordova,  S.  by  Granada,  E.  by  Murcia 
and  Granada,  and  N.  by  La  Mancha.  Area  4,730 
sq.  ms.  Pop.  about  210,000.  Jaen  is  the  capi- 
tal.   Staples,  wine,  oil,  silk,  and  corn.  City  of 

Colombia,  in  the  province  of  Jaen,  about  300  ms. 
S.  from  Quito.  Lon.  W.  C.  1  30  W.,  lat.  5  25  S. 

Jean  de  Bracamoros,  province  of  Colombia,  in 
Quito,  bounded  N.  by  Loja  and  Quixos,  E.  by  Ma- 
inas,  and  S.  and  W.  by  Peru.  Pop.  13,000.— 
See  Colombia. 

Jaffa,  town  of  Palestine,  formerly  called  Joppa, 
and  entirely  fallen  from  its  ancient  grandeur.  It 
is  50  ms.  NW.  of  Jerusalem.  Lon.  35  0  E.,  lat. 
32  16  N. 

Jafnapatam,  seaport  of  Ceylon,  whence  are  ex- 
ported great  quantities  of  tobacco  and  some  ele- 
phants, which  are  accounted  the  most  docile  of  any 
in  the  world.  The  Dutch  took  it  from  the  Portu- 
guese in  1658,  and  it  was  taken  by  the  English  in 
1795.  It  stands  at  the  N.  end  of  the  island,  100 
ms.  N.  of  Candy.    Lon.  80  10  E.,  lat.  9  45  N. 

Jaffrey,  village  in  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  lying 
near  the  boundary  line  between  this  State  and 
Mass.,  about  70  ms.  SW.  of  Portsmouth,  and  25 
eastward  of  Connecticut  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,339. 
Great  Monadnock  mountain  is  in  this  tp. 

Jagarnaut,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Orissa.  Here  is  a  famous  pagoda,  one  of  the 
first  objects  of  Hindoo  veneration,  and  an  excellent 
seamark.  It  stands  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  48  ms. 
S.  of  Cattack.    Lon.  86  6  E.,  lat.  19  50  N. 

Jagerndorf,  town  and  castle  of  Silesia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  and  seated  on  the 
Oppa,  13  ms.  NW.  of  Trappau.  Lon.  17  44  E., 
lat.  50  0  N. 

Jaghire,  district  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
subject  to  the  English  East  India  Company.  It 
extends  101  ms.  along  the  coast,  from  Alemparve 
on  the  S.,  to  Lake  Pullicate  on  the  N.,  and  is  47 

437 


JAM  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY.  JAM 


ms.  inland  in  the  widest  part.  Madras  is  the  chief 
place. 

Jago,  St.,  largest  and  most  fertile  of  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands,  10  ms.  long  and  5  broad.  It  abounds 
with  high  barren  mountains,  and  the  air,  in  the 
rainy  season,  is  unwholesome  to  strangers.  The 
animals  are  beeves,  horses,  asses,  mules,  deer, 
goats,  h^>gs,  civet  cats,  and  monkeys. '  Here  are 
fowls  and  birds  of  almost  all  sorts ;  and  maize, 
plantains,  bananas,  pompions,  oranges,  lemons, 
tamarinds,  pine  apples,  cocoa  nuts,  guavas,  tar, 
apples,  and  sugar  canes.  It  has  also  some  cedar 
trees  and  plenty  of  cotton.  Ribeira  Grande  is  the 
capital,  but  the  governor  resides  at  Porto  Praya. 

 Capital  of  Chili,  with  a  good  harbor  and  a 

royal  audience.  Beside  the  cathedral,  there  are 
three  parish  churches  and  eight  monasteries.  The 
inhabitants,  about  40,000,  are  native  Americans 
and  Spaniards.  Here  are  several  canals,  and  a 
dike,  by  means  of  whieh  they  water  their  gardens 
and  cool  the  streets.  It  is  seated  in  a  beautiful 
plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  on  the  river  Mapo- 
cho.    Lon.  71  45  W.,  lat.  34  10  S. 

Jago-de-Cuba,  St.,  formerly  capital  of  the  island 
of  Cuba.    Lon.  W.  C.  1  28  E.,  lat.  20  15  N. 

Jalisco,  State  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico,  for- 
merly the  Intendancy  of  Guadalaxara,  bounded  W. 
by  the  Pacific  ocean,  N.  by  the  States  of  Sonora  y 
Sinaloa  and  Durango,  NE.  by  Xacatexas,  E.  by 
Guanaxuata,  and  SE.  and  S.  by  Mechoacan.  Length 
from  N.  to  S.  320  ms.,  and  breadth  E.  and  W. 
250,  with  an  area  of  74,280  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in  1825, 
944,867.    Lying  between  N.  lat.  19°  and  24°. 

The  State  of  Jalisco  is  crossed  from  SE.  to  NW. 
by  the  Rio  de  Santiago,  a  considerable  stream, 
which  communicates  with  Lake  Chapala,  and  will, 
no  doubt,  in  the  advance  of  population,  wealth, 
and  civilization,  become  an  important  channel  of 
inland  commerce  from  Salamanca  and  Zelaya  to 
San  Bias. 

All  the  eastern  part  of  this  State  is  the  table  land 
and  western  declivity  of  the  Cordilleras  of  Anahu- 
ac.  The  maritime  regions,  especially  those  which 
stretch  towards  the  great  Bay  of  Bayona,  are  cov- 
ered with  forests,  and  abound  in  excellent  wood 
for  ship  building.  But  in  this  latter  country  the 
air  is  excessively  heated  and  unhealthy.  The  high 
interior  and  eastern  part  is  temperate  and  salubri- 
ous. The  difference  in  elevation  from  the  Pacific 
coast  to  the  confines  of  Guanaxuato  and  Vallado- 
lid  exceeds  6,000  feet.  The  volcano  of  Colima 
rises  in  an  isolated  ridge  to  upwards  of  10,000 
feet.  It  is  only,  however,  occasionally  covered 
with  snow.  Colima  is  the  most  western  active 
volcano  known  in  America.  Lon.  W.  C.  26  0 
W.,  lat.  18  5  N. 

The  staples  of  this  State  are,  maize,  wheat,  cot- 
ton, cochineal,  and  the  precious  metals.  In  1802, 
the  value  of  its  agricultural  produce  amounted  to 
$2,599,000,  and  that  of  its  manufactures  to 
$3, 302,200.  The  State  contains  2  cities,  64arge  and 
322  small  villages.  The  principal  mines  are  those 
of  Bolanos,  Asientes  de  Ibara,  Hostiotipaquillo, 
Copala,  and  Guichichilla. — See  Guadalaxara. 

Jamaica,  island  of  the  W.  Indies,  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1494.  It  lies  30  leagues  W.  of  St. 
Domingo,  nearly  the  same  distance  S.  of  Cuba, 
and  is  of  an  oval  figure,  170  ms.  long  and  60  broad, 
containing  4,080,000  acres.  A  ridge  of  hills  runs 
438 


lengthwise  from  E.  to  W.,  whence  numerous 
ers  take  their  rise  on  both  sides,  and  though  i 
of  them  are  navigable,  even  for  barges,  yet  the 
gars  are  carried  upon  many  of  them  in  canoes  1 
the  remote  plantations  to  the  sea  side. — See  Lm 
West. 

Jamaica,  town,  Windham  county,  Vt.,  35 
SW.  from  Windsor.  Pop.  about  1,000. — - 
lage,  Queen's  co.,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  13  r 
E.  from  New  York.  Pop.  in  1840,  3,781. 
village  contains  an  academy  and  3  or  4  place 
public  worship. 

Jamana,  capital  of  a  principality  in  Arabia  F 
seated  on  the  river  Astan,  150  ms.  W.  of  Ele 

Jamba,  city  of  the  hither  India,  and  the  ca; 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  81  55 
lat.  31  21  N. 

Jamboli,  territory  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  1; 
on  the  Archipelago. 

Jambi,  or  Jambis,  seaport  and  small  king 
on  the  E,  coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra. 
Dutch  have  a  fort  here,  and  export  pepper  he 
with  the  best  sort  of  canes.    It  is  160  miles  N 
Bencoolen.    Lon.  102  35  E.,  lat.  59'  N. 

James  bay,  the  southern  extension  of  the  se 
Hudson,  or  Hudson's  bay.  It  abounds  with 
lands  of  various  extent,  and  reaches  as  far  si 
as  lat.  52°  N.,  receiving  a  number  of  rivers,  s 
of  which  are  of  great  length  and  magnitude; 
principal  are  Albany,  Moose,  Hurricane,  and 
Maine. 

James,  island  on  the  coast  of  South  Carol 
between  Stono  river  and  Charleston  harbor. 

James  City,  county  of  Virginia,  between  \ 
and  James  river,  and  bounded  by  Warwick  S 
James  river  and  Chickahominy  river  SW.,  F 
Kent  NW.,  and  York  river  and  York  co.  N 
length  23  miles,  mean  width  about  8,  area  184 
miles.  Surface  rather  waving  than  hilly.  Soil  \ 
erally  sterile.  Chief  town,  Williamsburg.  I 
in  1820,  3,161;  and  in  1840,  3,779.  Cer 
lat.  37  15  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  15'  E. 

James' Island,  island  of  Africa,  30  miles  up 
river  Gambia,  and  3  miles  from  its  nearest  sh 
Here  the  English  have  a  fort  and  a  factory.  I 
16°  W.,  lat.  13  15  N. 

James  river,  river  of  Virginia,  is  formed  f 
two  branches,  Jackson's  river  and  Cow-pasn 
river,  both  rising  in  Bath  and  Pendleton  counl 
and  uniting  in  the  northern  angle  of  Botetourt 
It  thence  flows,  by  comparative  courses,  SSE. ' 
miles  to  Pattonsburg,  where  it  turns  to  ENE.' 
miles,  to  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  Rockbr.  | 
co.,  and  receiving  from  the  N.  a  large  accesi 
of  water,  by  the  Great  Calf-pasture  river,  turn 
to  SE.,  and  pierces  the  mountain  at  lat.  37  35 
lon.  W.  C.  2  30  W.    From  its  passage  thro 
the  Blue  Ridge,  this  noble  stream,  with  many 
tial  windings,  but  a  general  comparative  co 
a  little  S.  of  E.  270  miles,  unites  with  the  Ch 
peake  bay  between  Old  Point  Comfort  and  Ly  - 
haven  bay.    Its  mouth,  between  Hampton  and  3 
mouths  of  Elizabeth  and  Nansemond  rivers* 
known  by  the  name  of  Hampton  Roads. 

The  tide  flows  up  James  river  to  the  first  3 
at  Richmond.  Ships  of  the  line  of  the  largest  c  8 
can  enter  its  mouth.  Vessels  of  40  guns  can  J 
navigated  to  Jamestown,  and  those  of  250  ton ' 
Warwick;  smaller  vessels  of  125  or  130  tons 


JAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


JAN 


■  to  Rocketts,  about  one  mile  below  Richmond. 
V.  <ial  cut  round  the  falls,  or  rapids,  opens  a  boat 
iavation  230  miles  still  higher. 
<aig's  creek  is  formed  by  two  branches,  John's 
and  Craig's  creek  proper,  both  rising  in  Giles 
Hy,  in  Virginia,  at  N.  lat.  37  20  and  3  30  W. 
Bw.  C.  Both  branches  flow  NE.  into  Bo- 
Otkt  county,  in  which  they  unite,  and  fall  into 
j£s  river  about  15  miles  below  the  junction  of 

iron  and  Cow-pasture  rivers,  after  a  compara- 

•v:ourse  of  40  miles. 

liking  creek  rises  between  Pond  and  Walker's 
apntains,  and  between  John's  and  Craig's  creeks, 
ill  les  county,  flows  SVV.  25  ms.,  and  falls  into 
X  Kenawha  at  N.  lat.  37  17,  and  W.  Ion.  3 
:t>m  W.  C. 


iver  at  the  mouth  of  Craig's 

louth  of  John's  creek,  following 
inds  of  the  water  course  - 
spring  tributary  to  Craig's 

lowest  point  on  the  dividing 

nearest  stream  tributary  to 
ag  creek 

noii'  li  of  Sinking  creek  • 
ng  James  river  up  to  the  mouth 
kson's  river,  ank  thence  to  the 
i  of  Bishop's  creek,  dividing 
"rom  Botetourt  county,  the  point 
ction  between  Jackson's  river 
linlap's  creek  was  found  to  be 
to  the  lowest  point  on  the  di- 
%  ridge 

mouth  of  Howard's  creek  into 
ibriar  river,  near  Lewisburg,  in 
lbriar  county 

te  mouth  of  Sinking  creek  to 
f  Greenbriar  river  is  55  miles, 
from  the  mouth  of  Howard's 
to  that  of  Greenbriar  50  miles, 
ition  of  mouth  of  Greenbriar  - 
oyer's  ferry  - 

tia  at  the  foot  of  the  Great  falls 
-■er  at  the  mouth  of  Kenawha  • 


34 


300 

266 

116 

98 
51 


69 


130 

240 


Above 
tide- 
feet. 


925 

270 

2,398 

2,551 

2,509 
1,585 


1,23S 
2,478 

1,640 


1,333 
930 
589 
4S1 


i'.ie  reader,  from  a  comparison  of  the  relative 
:|giUons  of  any  given  route  hitherto  rendered  nav- 
ies by  canals,  can  easily  determine  the  proba- 

\\  of  effecting  such  an  object  by  either  of  the 
■  routes  through  the  Appalachian  ridges. 
mestown,  town,  Chautauque  co,,  N.  Y.,  on 

I  utlet  of  Chautauque  lake.  Pop.  in  1820,  un- 

ei in.  Ancient  town  in  James  City  co.,  Va., 

i-ls  ed  as  early  as  1607,  and  made  the  seat  of  colo- 
ik>eat  of  government ;  it  is  situated  on  the  N. 
kit  of  James  river  in  lat.  37  9  N.,  and  Ion.  74 
imv .,  at  the  distance  of  8  miles  S.  from  Wil- 
m  .burg,  and  32  SE.  from  Richmond.    It  is  now 

:q  iins  Borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 

<«im,  seated  on  the  Shannon,  5  mihs  S.  by  E. 

f  arrick,  and  73  NW,  of  Dublin.    Lon.  8  29 

Wflat.  53  51  N.  Village,  Guilford  co.,  N. 

M>|>y  posUoad  147  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh.  

Wge,  St.  Louis  co.,  Mo.,  by  post  road  18  ms.  of 

Afharles.  Village,  Green  co.,  Ohio,  by  post 

rt*>8  miles  SVV.  by  W.  from  Columbus.  

flpNewport  co.,  R.  I.,  embracing  and  comraen- 
■fje  with  Connanicut  island.  Beavertail  light- 
I  3  is  at  the  S.  end  of  this  island.  Village, 


Prince  Edward  co.,  Va.  Town  of  Barbadoes, 

on  the  W.  side  of  the  island. 

Jamesville,  village,  Manlius  township,  Ononda- 
go  co.,  N.  Y.,  4  ms.  E.  from  Onondago  Hollow. 
 Village,  Sumpter  district,  S.  C,  59  ms.  east- 
ward from  Columbia. 

Jasper,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by  Newton 
NW.,  Morgan  NE.,  Putnam  E.,  Jones  S.,  and 
Ockmulgee  N.,  separating  it  from  Butts  W.  ; 
length  from  N.  to  S.  28  miles,  mean  breadth  15, 
and  area  420  sq.  miles.  Central  lat.  33  20,  lon. 
6  44  W.  W.  C.    Chief  town,  Monticello.  Pop. 

in  1840,  11,111.  Village  and  seat  of  justice, 

Marion  co.,  Tenn.,  on  Sequachee  river,  80  miles 
SE.  from  Murfreesborough.  Lat.  35  17  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  8  28  W. 

Jamtland,  province  of  Sweden,  bordering  on 
Norway,  nearly  of  a  circular  form,  about  70  miles 
in  length,  and  60  in  breadth,  annexed  to  the 
crown  of  Sweden  by  the  treaty  of  Roschild,  in 
1658.  It  is  in  general  mountainous.  The  east- 
ern part  is  a  champaign  country,  watered  with  sev- 
eral lakes  and  rivers,  which  abound  with  fish. 
The  country  produces  excellent  oats,  and  abounds 
in  good  turnips.  It  contains  alum  quarries,  sand- 
stone, slate,  the  lapis  ollarius,  fine  rock  crystals, 
lead  ore,  two  new  built  copper  works,  and  a  place 
where  salt-petre  is  refined.  The  inhabitants  sub- 
sist by  agriculture,  grazing,  hunting,  and  fishing. 
They  also  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  with  the 
Norwegians. 

Janeiro,  province  of  Brazil,  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic ocean  E.,  SE.,  and  S.,  St.  Paul's  SW.,  and 
Minas  Geraes  NW.  ;  length  380  ms.,  mean  width 
100,  area  380,000  sq.  miles.  The  tropical  latitude 
and  exposure  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  renders  this 
fine  province  capable  of  producing  most  of  the  ve- 
getable staples  of  the  highest  value.  Sugar  is  its 
chief  production.    Janeiro  is  its  capital  city. 

Janeiro,  Rio  de,  city  of  Brazil,  and  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  same  name,  stands  at  the  head  of 
a  large  basin  or  bay,  surrounded  by  lofty  moun- 
tains. The  opening  of  the  harbor  to  the  ocean  is 
about  one  mile  wide,  and  is  defended  by  Fort  Santa 
Cruz,  built  upon  an  immense  mass  of  granitic 
rocks.  The  city  rises  like  the  steps  or  seats  in  an 
amphitheatre,  and  the  houses  built  of  stone  along 
straight  and  well-paved  streets,  produces  a  fine  ef- 
fect from  the  water.  It  is  the  mart  of  an  immense 
and  increasing  inland  trade.  Pop.  above  100,000. 
Lon.  W.  C.  35°  E.,  lat.  22  56  S. 

Janissary,  from  the  Turkish,  and  literally 
means  new  troops.  This  arm  of  Turkish  power 
was  formed  in  1372,  by  Sultan  Amurath  II.,  and 
was  for  more  than  two  centuries  a  most  formidable 
infantry,  but  gradually  degenerated  into  a  turbu- 
lent and  disorderly  corps,  and  were  in  1826  finally 
suppressed  by  the  Sultan. 

Jaxissary,  species  of  Turkish  troops. 
Janissary,  Cape  of,  ancient  Sigeum  promon- 
tory, the  point  on  the  Asiatic  side  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Hellespont.  The  village  of  Giaur-Keni  occu- 
pies, it  is  supposed,  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sigeum. 
Giaur-Keni  is  sometimes  called  Yeni-Cher. 

Janna,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Macedonia,  on  the  S.  by  Livadia,  on 
the  W.  by  Albania,  and  on  the  E.  ,by  Archipel- 
It  is  the  Thessaly  of  the  ancients.  Capital, 


ago. 

Larissa.- 


-Town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  a  pro- 
439 


JAQ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


JAY 


vince  of  the  same  name.  It  is  62  ms.  W.  of  La- 
rissa.    Lon.  21  36  E.,  Ion.  39  48  N. 

Janikale,  Jenikaleh,  or  Jmikale,  town,  sea- 
port, and  fortress  of  Russia,  in  Taurida,  and  in  the 
straits  of  Taman.  It  commands  and  gives  name  to 
the  passage  strait  from  the  Euxine,  or  Black  sea, 
into  the  sea  of  Asoph.  Lon.  36  25  E.,  lat.  45  21  N. 

Janowitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Kaushim,  famous  for  a  battle  between  the  Swedes 
and  Imperialists  in  1645,  when  the  latter  were  de- 
feated. It  is  48  ms  SE.  of  Prague.  Lon.  15  38 
E.,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Jao-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  river  Po,  which,  at  a 
small  distance,  enters  the  Lake  Po-yang. 

Japan  Islands,  of  Asia,  between  30°  and  40° 
N.  lat.,  and  between  130°  and  144°  E.  Ion.,  the 
largest  of  which  is  called  Japan,  and  sometimes 
Niphon,  and  gives  its  name  to  all  the  rest,  being 
600  ms.  in  length,  and  from  100  to  150  in  breadth. 
Its  capital  is  Jeddo.  For  Japan,  see  article  Asia, 
pp.  98,  99,  and  100. 

Japan  has  been,  within  this  century,  visited 
by  several  Europeans,  who  have  published  their 
observations.  The  Russians,  Kruzenstern  and 
Galownin,  and  an  Englishman,  Dr.  Ainslie,  are 
the  most  conspicuous ;  but  it  is  probable  that 
neither  have  added  much  to  what  Ksempfer  had 
published  long  before.  Dr.  Ainslie,  and  indeed 
most  European  authors  who  have  spoken  of  the 
Japanese,  represent  this  people  as  approaching 
rather  to  the  European  than  to  the  Asiatic  stand- 
ard of  character.  Nothing,  says  the  doctor,  so 
much  offends  a  Japanese  as  to  be  compared  to  a 
Chinese.  The  doctor  might  have  found,  in  the 
feelings  of  his  own  countiymen  towards  the  French, 
a  very  remarkable  parallel  to  Japanese  national 
antipathy.  Dr.  Ainslie  also  compliments  the 
Japanese  on  their  propensity  to  foreign  intercourse. 
This  is  a  most  precious  sample  of  description  of  a 
foreign  people,  and  ought  to  afford  us  a  standard 
of  value  to  estimate  similar  documents.  The 
Japanese,  with  a  most  prudent  and  praiseworthy 
caution,  have  persevered  in  exactly  a  contrary 
course  of  politics  to  that  of  encouraging  Euro- 
pean intercourse.  There  is,  really,  every  reason 
to  believe  that  China  and  Japan  might  be  opened 
to  the  commerce  of  Europe,  witli  no  more  re- 
striction than  is  imposed  by  European  nations 
amongst  themselves,  if  the  Asiatic  nations  could 
be  assured  of  the  honesty  or  humanity  of  Euro- 
peans. As  long  as  that  insatiable  thirst  of  con- 
quest, and  the  more  absurd  and  equally  insatiable 
rage  of  religious  proselytism,  mark  the  conduct  of 
Europeans,  so  long  must  their  introduction  into 
either  China  or  Japan  depend  on  force,  and  force 
alone.  The  example  of  India  is  too  deeply  en- 
graven to  be  neglected. 

Japara,  seaport  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Java,  with  a  good  harbor.  It  was  the  capital 
of  a  considerable  kingdom,  till  the  Dutch  made 
themselves  masters  of  it ;  and  now  they  have  a 
colony  here,  and  a  considerable  trade.  It  is  253 
ms.E.by  S.  of  Batavia.  Lon.  110  45E.,  lat.  6  20S. 

Jaquemel,  town  of  St  Domingo,  on  a  bay  of 
its  name,  on  the  S.  coast,  32  ms.  SSW.  of  Port 
au  Prince. — See  Jacquemel. 

Jaques,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  falls  into  Missouri, 
from  the  N.,  about  lat.  43  N. 
440 


Jargeau,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Li  ( 
near  the  Loire,  10  ms.  ESE.  of  Orleans. 

Jarisburg,  town  of  Norway,  capital  of  a  I 
trict  abounding  in  mines,  in  the  diocess  of  I 
gerhuys,  5  ms.  N.  of  Tonsberg. 

Jarnac,  town  of  Fr.,'in  the  dep.  of  Char  I 
on  the  Charente,  20  ms.  W.  of  Angoulesme 

Jaromitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  on  the  1m 
9  ms.  N.  of  Konigingratz. 

Jaron,  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan,  celeb  m 
for  abundance  of  palm  trees,  and  their  exa  jf 
fruit.  It  is  95  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Shiras.  I 
53  10  E.,  lat.  28  15  N. 

Jaroslau,  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Russia,  A 
a  strong  citadel.  It  is  included  in  the  kinj  l 
of  Galicia,  and  seated  on  the  Seine,  55  me  I 
of  Lemberg.    Lon.  22  43  E.,  lat.  50  4  N.  1 

Jaroslaul,  government  of  Russia,  formeijB 
province  of  the  government  of  Moscow,  jl 
160  ms.  in  length,  and  from  30  to  110  in  breB 
The  capital  is  of  the  same  name,  and  a  large  I 
mercial  place,  with  numerous  manufactures,  s  i 
on  the  Volga,  145  ms.  NNE.  of  Moscow.  M 
39  50  E.,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Jasenitz,  town  of  hither  Pomerania,  seati* 
the  Oder,  8  ms.  N.  of  Stettin. 

Jasper,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  by  Jones  S.,  B|l 
and  Newton  W.,  Walton  N.,  Morgan  NE.B 
Putnam  E.  Length  25,  mean  width  18, M 
area  450.  This  co.  lies  along  the  E.  side  el 
Oakmulgee  river,  and  was  justly  named  in  1  ■ 
of  sergeant  Jasper,  who  replaced  the  U.  Sm 
on  the  parapet  of  fort  Moultrie,  at  Charley 
when  shot  off  by  a  British  cannon  in  the  afl 
made  by  Sir  Peter  Parker.  Pop.  in  1820, 13,6141 
in  1840,  11,111.  Lat.  33  22  N.,  lon.  W.C.7|1 

Jasque,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  provincpl 
Mecran,  which  gives  name  to  a  cape  in  tht  if 
of  Ormus.    Lon.  57  4  E.,  lat.  25  40  N.  1 

Jassey,  city  of  European  Turkey,  capitof 
Moldavia,  on  the  Pruth,  170  ms.  NNE.  of 
charest.    Lon.  27  30  E.,  lat.  47  8  N. 

Java,  island  of  the  E.  Indies,  lying  to  tl 
of  Borneo,  and  separated  at  its  W.  end 
Sumatra,  by  the  strait  of  Sunda.    It  is  some 
called  Great  Java,  to  distinguish  it  from  Ba! 
some  named  Little  Java,  and  is  420  ms.  in  le 
and  of  various  breadth,  extending  from  lOMo 
118°  E.  Ion.,  and  6°  to  8°  S.  lat.    After  siffl 
revolutions,  Batavia,  and  parts  adjacenr  to  I 
have  returned  to  the  possession  of  the  Dutch. 

Java  has  always  been  considered  in  a  higl  e- 
gree  unhealthy,  but  this  observation  appliesp 
rectly  only  to  the  seacoasts.      The  interior 
many  places  high,  airy,  temperate,  and  healt 
The  fruits,  grains,  and  other  vegetables,  of  n 
all  climates,  are  found  on  this  island,  but  I 
culture  depends  upon  suitable  elevation. 

Java  head,  W.  end  of  Java,  towards  the  s  ts 
of  Sunda. 

Java  Sea,  lies  between  Java  and  Borneo. 

Jay,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  20  ms.  NE.  w 

Paris.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,614.  Tp  ,  Oris 

co.,  Vt.,  about  50  ms.  N.  from  Montpelier.- 
Village,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Saranac  riverU 
ms.  SW.  from  Plattsburg. 

Jay  me,  San,  town  of  Colombia  Varinas,  o  to 
Aspuri  river,  200  ms.  SW.  from  Caraccas.  I 
W.  C.  9°  E.,  lat.  7  50  N. 


JEF 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


JEF 


,<y  Point,  village,  Oxford  co  ,  Me. 
.in  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.,  of 
,  lie,  formerly  in  the  province  of  Lorraine.  It 
<  ted  on  the  Sare,  12  ms.  W.  of  Deux-Ponts. 

0  7  12  E.,  lat.  49  16  N. 

I ui-(P Angely ■,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep. 
nver  Charente,  lately  in  the  province  Sam- 
Ill.    It  is  famous  for  its  brandy,  and  is  seated 

1  ie  Boutonne,  15  ms.  ]NE.  of  Saintes,  and 

>  B.  of  Rochelle.    Lon.   0  20  W.,  lat.  45 

mn  de  Laane,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the 
l)f  Cote  d'Or,  lately  in  the  province  of  Bur- 
ly. It  is  seated  on  the  Saone,  15  ms  SE.  of 
|,  and  155  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  19  E., 
07  8  N. 

.  'ii-de  Luz,  St.,  town  of  Fr  ,  now  in  the  dep. 
irk  Lower  Pyrenees,  lately  in  the  province  of 
i  jes.  It  is  the  last  next  Spain,  with  a  har- 
rind  owes  its  opulence  to  the  cod  and  whale 
■y.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  near  the 
Irfof  Biscay,  10  ms.  NE,  of  Fontarabia,  and 
:  Ar.  of  Bayonne.    Lon.   1  40°  E.,  lat.  43 

.  tn-de-Maurienne,  town  of  Italy,  in  Savoy, 
pi  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's 
si  It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  on  the  river  Arc, 
\k  S.  by  W.  of  Montier,  and  25  NE.  of 
|)ble.  Lon.  6  20  E.,lat.  45  17  N. 
mn-Pied-de-Port,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in 
Mep.  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  late  province  of 
Ur  Navarre.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Nive, 
4.  entrance  of  those  passages  or  defiles,  in  the 
rjiees,  which  in  this  country  are  called  Ports, 
■efended  by  a  citadel  upon  an  eminence.  It 
Ims.  SE.  of  Bayonne,  and  30  NE.  of  Pam- 
l'a.  Lon.  1  33  E..  lat.  43  12  N. 
J:n  Rube!,  town  of  St.  Domingo,  on  the  sea 
■  12  ms.  NE.  from  St.   Nicholas  le  Mole. 

>  W.  C.  3  53  E.,  lat.  19  55  N. 
.*bet  Auras. — See  Jibbel  Auras. 

.7,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburgshire,  which 
i  the  Teviot,  a  little  below  Jedburgh. 
Jbwgh,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburgh- 
lli>  on  the  Jed,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
lit.  it  is  36  ms.  SE.  of  Edinburgh.  Jedburgh 

e  principal  town  of  Roxburgshire,  and  is 
a  I  under  the  head  of  Jedburgh,  in  Brewster's 
i  clop&dia,  to  be  the  oldest  parish  in  Scotland, 
i'he  seat  of  a  monastery,  built  by  David  I,  in 

i.  It  is  still  a  very  flourishing  place,  in  part, 
i  »ul)t,  owing  to  its  favorable  position  near  the 
I  route  from  London  to  Edinburgh.  It  is  the 
a  of  very  valuable  and  extensive  manufac- 
ij    Pop.  5,000.    Lon.  2  25  W.,    lat.  55 

•  hlo,  capital  of  all  Japan,  a  city  situated  on 
Kf^j.  coast  of  the  island  of  Niphon.  Pop. 
t>,000.    Lon.  140°  E.,  lat.  36  30  N. 
Jdo,  town  of  Arabia. — See  Judda. 
>ferson,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Lake  On- 
'iW.,  St.  Lawrence  river  NW.,  St.  Law 
I  co.  NE.,  Lewis  co.  SE.  and  Oswego  S. 
i'lh  47  ms.,  mean  width  25,  area  about  1,170 
«  s.    Surface  broken  in  the  interior,  but  level 
'jds  Lake  Ontario  and  St.  Lawrence  river. 
Substratum  generally  a  shell  limestone,  which 

my  places,  particularly  near  Black  river,  and 
"id  Sackett's  Harbor,  approaches  near  thelur- 

!  56* 


face.  Soil  much  diversified,  but  generally  well 
calculated  for  the  production  of  grain  and  pastumge. 
Chief  town,  Sacket's  Harbor.  Pop.  in  1820, 
32,952;  and  in  1840,  60,984.  Central  lat.  44 
30  N,.,  lon.  W.  C.  2°  E. 

Jefferson,  co.,  Penn.,  bounded  by  Armstrong 
and  Venango  W.,  Warren  N.,  McKean  NE., 
Clearfield  SE.,  and  Indiana  S.;  length  46  ms., 
mean  width  26,  and  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  This  co. 
is  watered  by  Sandy-leek  creek,  Toby's  creek,  and 
other  branches  of  Alleghany  river.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  broken,  and  soil  generally  rocky,  or  much 
broken.  Some  highly  fertile  soil  skirts  the  streams, 
but  is  mostly  of  a  middling  quality.  Pop.  in 
1820,  561  and  in  1840,  7,253.  Central  lat.  41 
15  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2°  W. 

Jefferson,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  the  Potomac 
river  NE.,  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  Loudoun  co.,  SE., 
Frederick  SW.,  and  Berkeley  W.  and  NW.; 
length  20  ms.,  mean  width  15,  area  300  sq.  ms. 
This  co.,  limited  on  the  NW.  by  the  Opequan 
river,  on  the  NE.  by  the  Potomac,  and  traversed 
towards  the  Blue  Ridge  by  the  Shenandoah,  and 
lying  in  the  Great  Limestone  valley,  is  one  of  the 
most  productive  grain  and  fruit  counties  of  Va. 
Its  surface  is  pleasantly  variegated  by  hill  and 
dale,  and  well  watered.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,087; 
and  in  1840,  14,082.  Lat.  39  28  N.,  lon.  1  5  W. 

Jefferson,  co.,  Geo.,  bounded  by  Emanuel  S., 
Washington  W.,  Warren  NW.,  Columbia  N., 
Richmond  NE.,  and  Burke  E. ;  length  33  ms., 
mean  width  20,  area  660  sq.  ms.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  main  stream,  and  drained  by  several 
branches  of  Ogechee  river.  Surface  undulating, 
and  soil  sandy.  Chief  town,  Louisville.  Pop. 
in  1820,  7,058;  and  in  1840,  7,254.  Central  lat. 
33  5  N.,  lon.   W.   C.  5  42  W. 

Jefferson,  Co.,  Alabama,  bounded  S.  by  Tusca- 
loosa, SW.  by  Pickens,  NW.  by  Marion,  N.  by 
Blount,  NE.  by  St.  Clair,  and  SE.  by  Shelby  ; 
length  46  ms.,  mean  width  30,  area  1,380  sq.  ms. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  main  stream  of  the  Tusca- 
loosa. Chief  town,  Elyton.  Pop.  in  1840,  7,131. 
Central  lat.  33  38  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  22  W. 

Jefferson,  co.  of  Miss.,  on  the  Mississippi  river, 
bounded  by  that  stream  NW.,  by  Claiborne  N.f 
uncertain  on  the  E.,  by  Franklin  S.,  and  Adams 
SW.  ;  length  30,  breadth  18  ms.,  area  540  sq. 
ms.  Besides  the  Mississippi  river,  this  co.  is  wa- 
tered principally  by  Fairchild's  and  Cole's  creeks  in 
the  centre,  and  by  the  sources  of  Homochitto  river 
and  Bayou  Pierre  towards  its  eastern  extremity. 
It  is  bounded  along  the  Mississippi  by  a  selvage 
of  low  and  perfectly  level  land.  This  flat  is  fol- 
lowed at  a  distance  of  from  I  to  4  or  5  ms.  by  what 
is  known  as  the  Mississippi  bluffs.  With  the 
bluffs  commences  a  surface  generally  moderately 
hilly,  and  covered  by  a  very  dense  forest,  which 
continues  to  the  utmost  eastern  limits  of  the  co. 
The  soil  of  the  Mississippi  below  the  bluffs,  a  deep 
and  highly  fertile  loam,  but  mostly  subject  to  an- 
nual inundation  ;  the  soil  of  the  bluff's,  and  gener- 
ally on  the  waters  of  Cole's  and  Fairchild's  creeks, 
is  highly  productive,  but  gradually  deteriorates  to- 
wards the  branches  of  Homochitto  and  Bayou 
Pierre,  and  terminates  in  open  pine  woods,  with  a 
sterile  soil.  Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Green- 
ville. Pop.  1820,  6,822.  Central  lat.  31  45 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  11°  West. 

441 


JEF 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


JEK 


Jefferson,  co.  of  E.  Term,  bounded  by  Sevier 
SW.,  Holston  river  NW.,  Granger  co.  N.,  Haw- 
kins NE.,  Greene  E.,  and  Cocke  SE.  Length 
30,  mean  width  12  ms.,  area  360  sq.  ms.  This 
co.  is  traversed  by  Nolachucky,  and  bounded  by 
Holston  river,  and  contains  much  good  soil.  Chief 
town,  Dandridge.  Fop.  in  1820,  8,953;  and  in 
1840,  12,076.  Central  lat.  36  5  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
6  35  W. 

Jefferson,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Ohio  river  W. 
and  NW.,  Henry  NE.,  Shelby  E.,  and  Bullitt 
S.  ;  length  28  ms.,  mean  width  L8£,  and  area 
about  520  sq.  ms.  This  co.  is  remarkable,  from 
lying  opposite  to  the  Ohio  rapids.  The  surface  is 
waving,  though  not  hiliy.  Soil  highly  productive. 
Chief  town  Louisville.  Pop.  1820,  20,768  ;  and 
in  1840,  36,346.  Central  lat.  38  30  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C  8  20  W. 

Jefftrson,  eastern  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by 
Columbiana  co.,  E.  by  the  Ohio  river,  S.  by  Bel- 
mont, and  W.  by  Harrison.  It  is  27  ms.  long  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  20  broad  from  the  Ohio  river  west- 
wardly,  and  contains  about  500  sq.  ms.  The  prin- 
cipal waters  are  Yellow  creek,  Cross  creek,  and  Short 
creek,  besides  Ohio  river.  The  soil  is  generally 
very  fertile,  and  the  climate  healthy.  Chief  town, 
Steubenville.  Pop.  1820,  18,531;  and  in  1840, 
25,030.  Central  lat.  40  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  48 
West. 

Jefferson,  co.,  Ia  ,  bounded  by  Ohio  river  SE., 
Clarke  SW.,  Scott  W.,  Jennings  NW.,  Ripley 
N.,  and  Switzerland  NE,  ;  length  25  ©is.,  mean 
width  15,  area  about  360  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly, 
and  soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Madison.  Pop. 
1820,  8,038  ;  and  in  1840,  16,614.  Central  lat. 
38  43  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  28  W. 

Jefferson,  co.,  III.,  bounded  by  Franklin  S., 
Randolph  SW.,  Washington  W.,  Bond  NW., 
Crawford  N.,  Wayne  E.,  and  White  SE.  ;  length 
35  ms.,  breadth  34,  and  area  970  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face rather  level.  Pop.  1820,  691  ;  and  in  1840, 
5,762.  Central  lat.  38  22  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1 1  50 
West. 

Jefferson,  co.,  Mo.,  bounded  by  the  Mississippi 
river  E  ,  St.  Genevieve  and  Washington  cos.  S., 
Franklin  W.  and  NW.,  and  Merrimac  river,  or 
St.  Louis  co.,  N.  ;  length  30  ms.,  width  25,  area 
about  650  sq.  ms.  Surface  considerably  broken, 
and  soil,  except  partially,  rather  sterile.  Chief 
town  Herculaneum.  Pop.  1820,  1835;  and  in 
1840,  4,296.  Central  lat.  38  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
13  10  W. 

Jefferson,  village,  Camden  co.,  Geo.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Great  St.  Ilia,  50  ms.  SW.  from 
Darien,  and  25  NW.  from  St.  Mary's. 

Jefferson,  town,  Lincoln  co., Me.,  Pop.  in  1820, 

1,577. Town,  Coos  co.,    New  Hampshire.  

Town,  Scoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  most  ele- 
vated ground  between  the  Susquehannah  and 
Mohawk  rivers,  50  ms.  SW.  from  Albany.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,573.  Tp.,  Morris  co.  N.  J.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,231.  Town,  Green  co.,  Pa.,  on 

Monongahela  river,  above  and  along  Ten-mile 

creek,  22  ms.,  SE.  from  Washington.  Village, 

Powhatan  co.,  Va.,  32  ms.  westerly  from  Rich- 
mond. Village,  Ashe  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road 

238  ms.  a  little  of  W7.  from  Raleigh,  and  30 
ms.  SE.  from  Abingdon  in  Va. 

Jefferson,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Jackson 
442 


'ike 


co.,  Ga.,  on  one  of  the  head  branches  of  0( 
river,  80  ms.  N.  from  Milledgeville,  and  20  I 
from  Athens.  Lat.  34  8  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  52 

Jefferson,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Ashta 
co.,  Ohio.  It  contains  a  brick  court-house  ol 
by  50  feet  area,  and  a  school  house.  It  is  situ 
on  Mills  creek,  about  10  ms.  from  the  shoi 
Lake  Erie,  35  ms.  N.  from  Warren.  The  vil 
is  at  lat.  41  45  N.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  1820, 
and  in  1840,  710. 

Jefferson,  tp. ,  Guernsey  co.  Ohio.  Tp 

the  northern  border  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio 
|  the  right  side  of  Muskingum  river.    Pop.  \i 

1829  Eastern  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Ohio  1 

1 1820,  559.  SE.  tp.,  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  onS( 

!  river.    Pop.  1820,  1,407. 

Jefferson,  eastern  tp.,  Madison  co.,  Ohio, 

Little  Darby  creek.  Tp.,  Logan  co.,  0 

Pop.  1820,  1,169.  NW.  tp.,  Fayette  co., 

Pop.  1820,  892.  Northern  tp  ,  Scioto  co. 

 Tp.,  Adams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1820,  ! 

 NW.  tp.,  Preble  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1( 

876.  One  of  the  central  tps.,  Montgomery 

Ohio.    Pop.  1820,  1,339.  Town,  Pike 

Mo.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Missouri  river,  a 
ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Osage  river.- 
Rutherford  co.,  Tenn. 

Jefferson,  or  Jefferson  on  Pickaway 
town,  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  in  Pickaway  Pis 
on  Scioto  river,  28  ms.  below  Columbus,  3  b< 
Circleville,  and  16  above  Chillicothe. 

Jefferson  river,  NW.  branch  of  Missouri,  j 
Madison  river  at  lat.  45°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C,  30  45 
and  forms  the  Missouri.  A  short  distance  b< 
their  junction,  Gallatin's  river  enters  the  ur 
stream  from  the  SE. 

Jefferson  City,  village,  Cole  co.,  Mo.,  on 
right  bank  of  Missouri  river,  15  ms.  above 
mouth  of  Osage  river.  Lat.  38  33  N.,  Ion. 
C.  14  40  W.  This  place  was  chosen  as  t 
of  Government  of  the  State  of  Mo.  By  the 
of  1840,  it  contained  1,174  inhabitants, 
post  office  list,  1842,  it  is  stated  to  be  936  ms. 
W.  C. 

Jeffersonlon,  village,  Culpeper  co,  Va., 
S.  side  of  Hedge-man's  river,  50  ms.  SW,. 
from  Washington. 

Jeffersonlon,  Ashe  co.,  N.  C. — See  Jr.fftr , 
Ashe  co.,  N.  C. 

Jeffersontown ,  town,  Jefferson  co  ,  Ky.,f 
branch  of  Salt  river,  15  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  1  - 
isville. 

Jeffersonville,  town,  Clarke  co  ,  la.,  at  the  h  » 
of  the  rapids,  and  nearly  opposite  Louisville, 
at  Louisville,  pilots  reside  here  who  skilfully  ] 
boats  through  the  rapids.    When  necessary 
or  wagons  can  be  also  procured  to  transport 
by  land.    A  good  road  extends  from  Jeffer 
to  New  Albany.     Pop.  600. 

Jeffries'  Store,  post  office,  Nottaway  co., 
by  post  road  73  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Jehud,  or  Joad,  mountainous  district  in  e 
NW.  part  of  Hindoostan  proper,  extending  I  1 
Attock  eastward  to  Bember.  It  is  inhabited? 
mountaineers,  called  Gickers,  Gehkers,  or  Kaka  - 

Jekil  Irmak,  ancient  Iris,  river  of  Asia  Mil  * 
falling  into  the  Black  sea  atSamsoun. 

Jekyl,  small  island  of  Ga.,  S.  of  the  island 
St.  Simon's. 


heh  * 
Ky. 

y  — 
ry 
irt 
r 

o., 


JER 


G  EOG  RA.PH1CAL  DICTION  A  R  V . 


JER 


ppe,  post  office,  Caroline  co.,  Va.,  70  ms. 
.  from  W.  C,  and  77  NNE.  from  Rich- 

rlund,  province  of  Sweden,  bounded  on 
by  Angermania,  on  the  E.  by  Medelpadia, 
S.  by  Helsingia,  and  on  the  W.  by  Nor- 
It  is  full  of  mountains, 
strong  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
*th  a  university.    It  is  seated  on  the  Sala, 
SE.  of  Weimar,  and  25  SE.  of  Erfurt. 
1*4  E.,  lat  51  2  N. 

'o,  great  lake  of  Russia,  in  Finland.     It  dis- 
its  waters  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
eh. — See  Jam'cale. 
river.  — Sec  Yenisei  river, 
ilza,  ancient  Pel/a,  town  of  European  Turkey, 
onia.    It  is  often  written  and  pronounced 
Vardar.    It  stands  on  a  lake  12  ms. 
e  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Salonica,  about  24 
NVV.  from  the  citv  of  Salonica.    Lon.  22 
,  lat.  40  48  N. 

''z,  lown  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  principal- 
Anhault  Dessau,  situated  on  the  Muldau, 
NE.  of  Dessau. 

'nfnn,  lown,  Montgomery  co,,  Pa.,  10  ms. 
Philadelphia,  on  the  post  road  to  Bethlehem, 
tp.  of  Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Que- 
ig  creek,  on  the  road  from  Bedford  to 
-urg.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,129. 
uil/e,  village  of  Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
Bedford  to  Greensburg,  8  ms.  W.  from 
n. 

nersville,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa. 
nings,  co.  of  la.,  bounded  by  Jefferson  NE., 
and  Jackson  SVV.,  Delaware  NW.,  and 
Length  24,  breadth  18  ms.,  area  300 
s.  Surface  undulating.  Soil  productive, 
town,  Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  in  1820, 
Lat.  39°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  30  W. 
ting's  Ordinary,  post  office,  Nottaway  co., 
~  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond.  • 

town  of  Upper  Hungary,  20  ms.  S.  of 
Waradin,  and  48  NE.  of  Segedin.  Lon. 

lat.  46  40  N. 
mie,  town  and  cane  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
peninsula  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo, 
wn  is  situate  on  an  eminence,  in  fertile  soil, 
"ly  excellent  for  the  culture  of  coffee,  5 
of  St.  Domingo.    Lon.  W.  C.  3  5  E., 
N. 

icho,  town  of  Syria,  in  Palestine,  once  a  fa- 
city.  It  is  now  called  Herubi  by  the  Arabs, 
:ontains  only  a  few  wretched  huts,  where 
beggarly  Arabs  reside.  It  is  5  ms.  W.  of 
i'er  Jordan,  and  20  E.  by  N.  of  Jerusalem. 
Town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
eburg,  situate  on  the  Elbe,  32  ms.  NNE.  of 

eburg  Town,   Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  on 

i  river,  12  ms.  S.  from  Burlington.  

i,  Oyster  bay  tp.,  Queen's  co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms. 
>rn  the  city  of  N.  Y. 

icho.— See  Bainbridge,  Chenango  co.,  N. 

mah,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan,  distin- 
?d  by  the  numerous  herds  of  sheep  and  goats 
Jed  around  it,  and  by  many  majestic  ruins, 
xhibit  to  the  inhabitants  of  its  clay-built  cot- 
vestiges  of  greatness  to  which  they  are  perfect- 
ifferent.    It  is  60  ms.  SE.  of  Mourzook. 


Jermourasi,  town  of  A.  T.,  in  Natolia,  12  ms. 


SSE.  from  Smyrna.  This  name  is  written  Gia- 
\  moubash  in  the  map  published  to  illustrate  the 
'travels  of  the  Duke  of  Choiseuil. — See  Giama- 

bash. 

Jcromcsloivn,  trifling  Indian  settlement  so  called, 
I  in  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  adjoining  its  western  limit, 
on  the  road  from  Wooster  to  Mansfield. 

J  romesvillc,  village  on  Jerome's  creek,  1  mile 
from  the  above  described  settlement,  and  15  W. 
from  Wooster. 

Jersey,  island  in  the  English  channel,  18  ms. 
from  the  coast  of  Normandy,  in  France,  and  84 
!  S.  of  Portland,  in  Dorsetshire.  It  is  subject  to 
the  English,  but  is  still  governed  by  the  ancient 
Norman  laws.  It  is  30  ms.  in  circumference,  and 
difficult  of  access,  on  account  of  the  rocks,  sands, 
and  forts  erected  for  its  defence.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  is  estimated  at  20,000,  of  whom  3,000 
bear  arms. 

Jersey,  village,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post 
road  240  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Jersey  City,  or  Paulus  Hook,  village,  Hudson 
co.,  N.  J.,  on  Hudson  river,  opposite  N.  Y. 

Jersey,  New,  one  of  the  U.  S.of  America.— See 
!  New  Jersey. 

Jersey  Shore,  village  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.,  12  ms. 
above  Williamsport,  on  the  W.  branch  of  Susque- 
hannah  river. 

Jersey f own,  village,  Columbia  co.,  Pa.,  on 
Susquehannah  river,  above  Sunbury. 

Jersey,  tp.  in  the  western  borders  of  Licking 
co.,  Ohio. 

Jerusalem,  ancient  and  famous  town  of  Asia, 
formerly  capital  of  Judea,  after  David  had  conquered 
the  Jebusites.  It  was  taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar 
in  the  reign  of  Zedekiah,  and  the  Jews  were  led 
captives  to  Babylon.  It  was  afterwards  taken  by 
the  Romans,  and  ruined,  together  with  the  temple, 
70  years  after  the  birth  of  Christ,  alter  sustaining 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  sieges  in  history.  The 
emperor  Adrian  built  a  new  city  near  its  ruins.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Persians  in  614,  and  by  the  Sar- 
acens in  636.  In  1099  it  was  retaken  by  the  Cru- 
saders, who  founded  a  new  kingdom,  which  lasted 
88  years,  under  nine  kings.  Saladin,  King  of 
Egypt  and  Syria,  got  possession  of  it  in  1187. 
The  Turks,  who  drove  away  the  Saracens  in  1217, 
have  kept  possession  of  it  ever  since,  and  call  it 
El  Kods,  that  is,  the  Holy  City.  It  is  now  inhab- 
ited by  Turks,  Arabs,  Jews,  and  Christians.  It 
stands  on  a  high  rock,  with  steep  ascents  on  every 
side  except  to  the  N.  It  is  almost  surrounded 
with  valleys,  encompassed  with  mountains,  so  that 
>it  seems  to  stand  in  the  middle  of  an  amphitheatre. 
It  is  about  3  ms.  in  circumference,  and  includes 
Mount  Calvary,  which  was  formerly  without  the 
walls.  The  Christian  pilgrims  flock  here  from  va- 
rious parts,  and  the  inhabitants  accommodate  them 
with  lodging  and  provisions,  which  is  their  chief 
business;  and  a  bashaw,  with  a  guard  of  janissa- 
ries, always  resides  here  to  protect  them  from  the 
insults  of  the  Arabs.  Jerusalem  was  taken  by  the 
French,  under  Bonaparte,  in  Februay,  1799.  It 
is  112  ms.  SW.  from  Damascus,  and  45  from  the 
Mediterranean  sea.    Lon.  35  26  E.,  lat.  31  50  N. 

Jerusalem,  village,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Seneca  lake,  and  38  ms.  NE.  of  Bath. 
This  was  the  seat  of  Jemima  Wilkinson,  the  foun- 

44  3 


JIB 


CEOORAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


JOA 


dress  of  a  religious  sect.    Pop.  1820,  1,610.  

Village  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  Queen's  co., 

.'30  ins.  ESE.  from  N.  Y.  Village,  Southamp  j 

Ion  co.,  Va.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river  Nottaway, 
63  ms.  SW.  of  Norfolk. 

Jcsi,  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona,  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Jesi,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Ancona,  and 
112  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  16  E„  lat.  43  30 
North. 

JesOy  group  of  islands  on  the  E.  coast  of  Asia, 
lying  between  those  of  Japan  and  the  Kuriles. 
The  southernmost,  called  Matmai,  lies  N.  of  Nai- 
phon.  It  is  governed  by  a  tributary  prince,- de- 
pendent on  the  empire  of  Japan,  and  fortified  on 
the  side  toward  the  continent.  It  is  full  of  woods, 
and  the  inhabitants,  who  live  by  fishing  and  hunt- 
ing, are  strong,  robust,  savage,  and  slovenly,  when 
compared  to  the  Japanese.  The  two  islands  to  the 
NE.  of  Matmai,  Cunachir  and  Zellany,  and  like- 
wise the  three  still  further  to  the  NE.,  called  the 
Three  Sisters,  are  perfectly  independent.  The 
Japanese  give  the  name  of  Jeso  to  the  whole  chain 
of  islands  between  Japan  and  Kamschatka. — See 
Kuriles. 

Jessamine,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  SE.,  S.,  and 
SW.,  by  Kentucky  river,  NW.  by  Woodford, 
and  NE.  by  Fayette;  length  14  ms.,  breadth  12, 
area  170  sq.  ms.  The  surface  of  this  co.  may  be 
considered  level,  and  soil  generally  first  rate  quali- 
ty. Nicholasville,  its  chief  town,  stands  nearly  in 
the  centre,  about  85  ms.  almost  due  S.  from  Cin- 
cinnati. Pop.  1820,  9,297.  Central  lat.  37  50 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  18  W. 

Jesselrnere,  town  of  Asia,  in  Hindoostan,  in  the 
dominions  of  the  Great  Mogul.  Lon.  72  40  E., 
lat.  26  40  N. 

Jcssup,  village,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Huron 
co.,  Ohio. 

Jever,  town  of  Germany,  Westphalia,  and  capi- 
tal of  Jeverland,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  17  ms.  NE. 
of  Aurick,  and  30  NE.  of  Embden.  Lon.  7  41 
E.,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Jeverland,  territory  of  Germany,  in  Westphalia, 
belonging  to  the  house  of  Anhalt  Zerbst. 

Jewitt's  City,  village,  Conn.,  New  London 
co.,  6  ms.  NE.  from  Norwich. 

Jeypour. — See  Joodpoor. 

Jeypoor  is  the  eastern  and  best  part  of  Adjemere, 
or  Rajepootana,  lying  almost  entirely  in  the  valley 
of  the  Jumna,  and  sloping  eastwards.  Being  tra- 
versed almost  centrically  by  N.  lat.  27°,  the  cli- 
mate admits  an  immense  range  of  vegetable  pro- 
ductions and  of  minerals;  it  affords  salt,  alum, 
copper,  blue  vitriol,  and  verdigris.  In  1818,  like 
most  other  parts  of  Rajepootana,  Jeypoor  became 
dependent  on  the  British. 

Jeypoor,  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name, 
is  situated  about  150  ms.  a'very  little  S.  of  W.  from 
Agra,  and  about  a  like  distance  SW.  of  Delhi.  It 
is  a  city  of  comparative  modern  foundation  ;  the 
streets  are  straight  and  spacious  and  well  built.  Near 
this  city  there  is  an  astronomical  observatory,  well 
provided  with  instruments.  The  citadel  stands  on 
a  rock. 

Jezdkast. — See  YezdighasL 

Jibbel  Auress,  mountainous,  well  watered,  and 
fertile  district  of  Africa,  in  the  province  of  Con- 
stantia,  regency  of  Algiers.  Jibbel  Auras  be- 
comes very  interesting,  as  containing  a  remnant 
144 


descended  from  the  Vandals.  In  Arrowsm 
map  of  Africa,  the  Gebel  Auras  arc  laid  dow 
N.  lat.  35°  E.,  Ion,  6  30  E.,  about  200  ms. 
from  Algiers.  This  is  the  Aurasias  Muns  of 
midia,  and  the  quarter  where  Gelimer,  king  oi 
Vandals,  fled  after  his  defeat  by  Belisarius. 

"Mr.  Bruce  describes  a  very  savage  and  i 
pendent  tribe,  called  Neardie,  (perhaps  the  s 
whom  Abbe  Poiret  terms  Nades,  and  of  whor 
gives  a  similar  description,)  residing  near  J( 
Aurez,  and  dwelling  in  huts  of  mud  and  st 
They  occupy  a  very  rugged  and  inaccessible 
of  country  ;  and  the  great  hazard  of  attac 
them  was  expressed  by  one  of  their  Marabol 
the  strong  figure  of  4  eating  lire.'  They  ha 
fair  complexion,  red  hair,  and  blue  eyes,  'j 
have  the  figure  of  a  Greek  cross  marked  wfth 
mony  on  their  foreheads,  and  affirm  that  their 
cestors  were  Christians.  They  seemed  to  re 
more  in  that  relation  than  in  any  connexion 
the  Moors,  and  Mr.  Bruce  conceived  them  to 
remnant  of  the  Vandals." — Brewster's  Encyel 
dia,  art.  Barbary.  Gibe/,  or  Jibtl,  sigi 
mountain,  and  in  all  names  of  places  in  (i 
found  has  relation  to  mountains. — See  Gibra 
Jibbel  Iskel,  ancient  Mount  Cerna,  a  mom 
of  Tunis,  about  15  ms.  SW.  from  Bizerta. 

Jidda,  Judda,  or  Diedda,  seaport  of  A 
Felix,  on  the  Red  sea,  in  the  Sheriffate  of  M 
A  very  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  here 
city  being  a  mart  between  Egypt  and  India, 
ships  from  Suez  seldom  proceed  further  than 
port,  and  those  from  India  are  not  suffered  I 
vancc  to  Suez.    The  English  arc  particularl 
vored  in  the  trade  of  this  place,  as  they  pay 
8  per  cent,  dues  of  custom,  while  all  othei<,  n 
the  subjects  of  the  sultan,  pay  10,  and  the  % 
suffered  to  di.-charge  this  in  goods,  while,  all  I 
ers  must  produce  money.    Jidda  has  no  \\ 
water,  and  is  situated  in  a  barren,  sandy  in  I, 
34  ms.  SW.  of  Mecca,  of  which  it  is  the  I. 
Lon.  39  22  E.,  lat.  21  29  N. 

Jigitonhonha,  river  of  Brazil,  in  Minas  (i<  I 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  diamonds  found  in  its  itl 
Jihon,  or  Gihon,  ancient  Oxus,  river  ol  h 
rising  in  the  same  mountains  with  the  Indus 
Sihon,  or  Jaxartes.  Its  SE.  sources  interloc!  <o 
with  those  of  the  Hindmend,  ancient  Etyma  r> 
flowing  into  the  sea  of  Durrah.  The  course  i  ie 
Jihon  is  generally  to  theNW.  ;  comparativec* 
about  900  ms.  This  noble  stream  had  prok  a 
former  communication  with  the  Caspian,  wb» 
if  ever  so,  is  now  impeded  by  sand.  Beforae 
destructive  influence  of  the  Tartars,  the  count  )U 
the  Jihon  was  flourishing  and  well  cultivated.  b« 
regions  it  drains  are  amongst  the  finest  of  c  « 
Asia. 

Joachim,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  Mo. 
Joachimsthal,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir «» 
Saalz,  noted  for  its  mines  and  a  manufact  of 

lace,  15  ms.  N.  by  E,  of  Elbogen.  To\  of 

Brandenburg,  in  the  Ucker  mark,  31  ms. 
of  Berlin. 

Joanna. — See  Hinzuan. 
Joannes,  one  of  the  islands  in  the  mouth  c  c'j 
ta  of  the  Amazon;  it  is  about  150  ms.  long  no 
100  ms.  broad,  and  is  extremely  fertile. 
Joannina. — See  Ioannina. 
Joanpour,  city  of  Hindoostan  proper,  cap  01 


.1011 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


,  c;arof  the  same  name  in  Benares.  It  is  seated 
He  Goomty,  and  not  far  from  the  confluence  of 
Bfiver  with  the  Ganges;  the  fort  pf Joonpour  is 
,  tiding  of  considerable  extent,  on  a  high  bank 
coilnanding  the  bridge  over  the  Goomty.  It  is 
I  chiefly  in  ruins,  although  formerly  it  com- 
nislled  the  country  from  the  Ganges  to  Lucknow. 

stone  bridge  over  the  Goomty  consists  of  16 
p0l.ee)  arches,  and  on  the  top  of  it  arc  many  little 
ho  on  both  sides.  It  was  built  in  1567,  upon 
(i  sound  principles  as  to  have  withstood,  for 
ij,  a  length  of  time,  the  force  of  the  stream, 
I  h,  in  the  time  of  the  rains,  is  very  great.  The 
Illations  have  been  known  to  rise  frequently 
«  the  bridge,  insomuch  that,  in  1774,  a  brigade 
<if  ie  British  army  passed  over  it  in  boats.  Joan- 
,,o  is  49  ms.  N  W.  of  Benares.  Lon.  84  7  E., 
1H|25  45  N. 

Mown,  village,  Burlington  co..  N.  J.,  17 
Akrom  Trenton. 

calm,  kingdom  of  the  island  of  Java,  con- 
ing the  city  of  Batavia. 

cftgrim,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
vi  e,  situate  on  an  eminence  near  the  Rhine, 
W;.  SE.  of  Landau. 

mhangcorgenstadt,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
vl  iia,  celebrated  for  its  mines  and  a  considerable 
uuifacture  of  lace,  18  ms.  SSE  of  Zwickau. 

•hannesburg,  town  of  East  Prussia,  with  a 
oitfel,  seated  on  the  Pych,  near  the  Lake  Spird  - 
itjl5  ms.  SE.  of  Koning>berg.  Lon.  22  39  E., 
ii)3  16  N. 

»4\hnqucra,  very  ancient  town  of  Spain  in  Cala- 
<tM,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  20  ms. 
ifjf  Perpignan. 

imhnsburg,  village,  Warren  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  a 
Srich  of  Hudson's  river,  about  40  ms.  N  W. 
m  Glenn's  Falls,  and  by  post  road  81  ms. 
NW.  from  Albany. 

///?,  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Mo. 
ilm's  Island,  one  of  those  islands  on  the 
mt  of  S.  C  ,  formed  by  the  inlets  or  diverging 
•i  ents  of  the  rivers.    John's  isiand  is  formed  by 
<Mo  river,  and  north  Edisto  inlet.-  The  western 
I  i*  called  VVadmalau.    Staple,  cotton. 
ihmon,  post  town,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  on 

I  loille  river,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Burlington.  

,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Sampson  S.,  Cumber- 
I  SW  ,  Wake  NW.,  Nash  NE.,  and  Wayne 
I  and  SE. ;  length  32,  mean  width  20  ms.  ; 
I  i  640  sq.  ms.  Surface  undulating.  It  is  in- 
■  L'cicJ  by  Neuse  river  from  NW.  to  SE. 
Uftown,  Smithfield.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,607; 
'  in  1840,  10,600.  For  central  lat.,  see  Smith- 

Johnson  co.,  N.  C.  Co.,  III.,  bounded 

Ipe  Ohio  river  S.,  by  Alexander  and  Union 
V,  Franklin  N.,  and  Pope  E.;  length  30, 
I'idth  18  ms.;  area  486  sq.  me.  Surface  hilly 
I  irds  the  Ohio  river,  but  becoming  more  level 
it-he  interior.  Soil  fertile.  Chief  town,  Wil- 
ftonville.  Pop.  in  1820,  843;  and  in  1840, 
«6.  Central  lat.  37  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  11 
4  W. 

ohnsonburg,  village,  Warren  co.,  N.  J.,  30 
NE.  from  Easton,  in  Penn.,  and  74  N.  from 
J  nton. 

olinson's  Creek,  post  office,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y. 
ohnsori's  Mills,  post  office,  Dallas  co.,  Ala., 
9  s.  from  Cahaba. 

J*  it 


Johnson's  Springs,  post  office,  Goochland  co., 
Va.,  25  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Johnston,  tp.,  Providence  co.,  R.  I  ,  5  ms.  N. 

from  Providence.  Tp.,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 

Johns/on,  Fort,  N.  O.,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Cape  Fear  river,  at  its  mouth. 

Johnston's  Straits,  between  the  continent  of  N. 
America  and  the  island  of  Quadra  and  Vancouver, 
it  unites  Queen  Charlotte's  sound  to  the  gulf  of 
Guinea.    Lon.  W,  C.  46°  W.  lat.  50  35  N. 

Johnstown,  in  the  tp.,  of  Edwardsburg,  U.  C, 
is  situated  upon  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  above 
the  uppermost  rapids  in  ascending  to  Lake  On- 
tario, and  is  a  mile  square.  From  this  town,  ves- 
sels may  be  navigated  with  safety  to  Queenstown, 
and  to  the  ports  of  Lake  Ontario.     It  is  nearly 

opposite  Ogdensburg,  in  N.  Y.  Town  and  seat 

of  justice,  Montogomery  co.,  N.  Y.  The  village 
is  situated  about  4  ins.  N.  from  the  Mohawk,  on 
the  outer  road  from  Schenectady  to  Herkimer, 
25  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  the  former.     Lat.  45 

N.  Ion.  W.  C,  2  19  E.  Village  in  .the  SW. 

angle  of  Cambria,  co.,  Penn.,  40  ms.  'NW. 

from  Bedford,  and  60  E.  from  Pittsburg.-  

Small  town  in  the  northwestern  quarter  of  Lick- 
co.,  O.,  on  the  Middle  or  Raccoon  fork  of  Licking 
creek,  and  17  ms.  NW.  from  Newark,  on  the 
road  leading  to  Delaware. 

Johnstown  Mills,  post  office,  Cambria  co  , 
Penn.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Little  Conemaugb, 
above  the  mouth  of  Stony  creek,  and  18  ms.  N. 
from  Stoystown. 

Johore,  town  of  Malacca,  in  Asia.  Lon.  93 
55  E.  lat.  1  15  N. 

Joigny,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Yonne, 
and  lately  in  the  province  of  Burgundy.  Its  red 
wines,  though  not  of  the  first  quality,  have  a  great 
demand.  It  is  handsomely  seated  on  the  Yonne, 
17  ms.  SSF.  of  Sens.  Lon.  3  36  E.,  lat.  48°  N. 

Joinville,  ancient  and  considerable  town  of  Fr., 
in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Marnc,  and  lately  in  the 
province  of  Champagne.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Maine,  24  ms.  SW.  of  Bar  le-duc,  and  125  SE. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  5  20  E.,  lat.  48  20  N. 

Jolliet,  seigniory,  Dorchester  co.,  L.  C,  on 
the  Chaudiere  and  Echemin  rivers,  about  24  ms. 
S.  from  Quebec. 

Jonasville,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.^, 
Jones,  co.,  N.  C,  on  Trent  river,  bounde 
Carteret  SE.,  by  Onslow  and  Duplin  SW.,  Le- 
noir NW.,  and  Craven  NE.  and  E.;  lengfrV  30, 
mean  width  10  ms.,  area  300  sq.  ms.  Surface 
level,  and  soil  generally  either  marshy  or  sandy. 
Cliief  town,  Trenton,  22  ms.  W.  from  Newbern. 
Pop.  in  1820,  5,216;  and  in  1840,  4,945.  Cent- 

tral  lat.  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  30  W  Co., 

Ga.,  bounded  by  Wilkinson  and  Twiggs  SE., 
Oakmulgee  river  or  Fayette  SW.,  Jasper  NW., 
Putnam  N.,  and  Baldwin  E.;  length  21,  width 
20  ms.,  area  420  sq.  ms.  Clinton,  seat  of  justice, 
about  22  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Milledgeville. 
Pop.  in  1820,  17,411,  and  in  1840,  10,065 
For  geographic  position,  see  Milledgeville. 

Jonesborough,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wash- 
ington co.,  E.  Tenn.,  on  Limestone  creek,  branch 
of  French  Broad  river,  about  110  ms.  E.,  from 
Knoxville.    Lat.  36  12  N.,  lon.  VV.  C.  5  18  W. 

 Village,  Jefferson  co.,  Ala.,  on  Tuscaloosa 

river,  25  ms.  N.  from  Tuscaloose  village. 

445 


JOY 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


.HJB 


Jonesburg,  village,  Camden  N.  C,  by  post 
road  225  ins.,  NE.  by  E.  from  Raleigh.  Vil- 
lage and  seat  of  justice,  Union  co,,  Illinois,  22 
ins.  N  W.  from  Wilkinsonville,  on  the  Ohio  river. 

Jones's  Mills,  Cambria  co.,  Perm. 

Jones's  Store,  post  office,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C, 
83  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Jonestown,  village,  Lebanon  co.,  Penn.,  on 
(lie  point  above  the  junction  of  the  two  main 
branches  of  Swatara  creek,  23  ms.  nearly  E.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Joncsvillc,  village,  Lee  co.,  Va.,  near  the  N. 
shore  of  Powell's  river,  about  65  ms.  W.  from 

Abingdon.  Village,  Surrv  co.  N.  C,  by  post 

road  178  ms.  NW.  by  W.  fr"om  Raleigh. 
\  Jonkioping,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Smoland,  and  seat  of  the  parliament, 
or  superior  court  of  justice  fo  Gothland.  It  is 
seited  on  the  S.  side  of  Lake  Wetter,  with  a 
strong  citadel,  50  ms.  NW.  of  Calmar.  Lon. 
14  46  E  ,  lat.  57  12  N. 

Jonquiercs,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of 
Var,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Provence,  I 
mile  SW.  of  Aix,  and  10  NW.  of  Marsill.  Lon. 
5  10  E.,  lat.  43  20  N. 

Joodpoor,  city  of  Hindoostan,  and  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  about  350 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Delhi,  and  a  nearly  equal 
distance  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Agra.  N.  lat. 
26  15,  lon.  73  30  E.  It  is  still  of  considerable 
size,  but  destitute  of  wells  or  springs,  and  is  sup- 
plied with  water  from  a  tank  cut  in  a  rock. 

Joodpoor,  or  Mar war,  middle  or  rather  southern 
part  of  Adjemere.  The  name  of  Joodpoor  is  de- 
rived from  that  of  the  capital.  The  province  lies 
S.  from  Bicanair,  SE.  from  Jeysubinair,  and  NW. 
from  Mewar.  Territory  arid,  with  lead  mines. 
Slope  southwestward  towards  the  Run  of  Cutch. 
This  province  since  1818  has  been  subject  or  de- 
pendent on  the  British. 

Joppa — See  Jaffa. 

Joppa  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Harford  co., 

Md.,  17  ms.  NE.  from  Baltimore.  Village, 

Harford  co  ,  Md  ,  on  the  left  bank  of  Gunpowder 
river,  16  ms.  NE.  from  Baltimore. 

Jordan,  river  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Palestine, 
which  rises  in  Mount  Libanus,  and  running  from 
to  S.,  forms  two  lakes,  the  one  formerly  called 
sea  of  Galilee,  or  the  Lake  of  Tiberias,  and 
tbe  other  the  Dead  sea. — See  Dead  sea,-  see,  also, 
Asia,  p.  82. 

Jordansvillc,  village,  Mecklenburg  co.,  NC,  by 
post  road,  172  ms.,  southwestward  from  Raleigh. 

Jordan,  village,  Onondaga  co  ,  N.  V.,  og  the 
Western  canal,  where  passed  by  the  outlet  of  Ske- 
neatelas  lake,  about  10  ms.  N.  from  the  village 
of  Skeneatelas. 

Josselin,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Mor- 
bihan,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Bretagne,  25 
ms  NE.  of  Vannes.  Lon.  2  23  W.,  lat.  48° 
North. 

Jouare,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  Seine 
and  Mame,  and  lately  in  the  province  of  the 
Isle  of  France,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Meaux,  and  35  E. 
of  Paris. 

Joud. — See  Jehad. 

Joux,  Valley  and  Lake  of. — Sec  Jura,  Mount. 
Joy,  village,  Kennebec  co.,   Maine,  by  post 
road  110  ms.  N.  from  Portland.    Though  placed 
446 


in  Kennebec,  co.,  by  the  Post  Office  Departr: 
Joy  is  in  Oxford  by  Tanner's  map. 

Joycus,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  tbe  dep.  o( 
deche  and  lately  in  the  province  of  Daupl 
seated  on  tbe  Baune. 

Juan  de  la  Frontera,  St.,  a  town  of  Ohi 
S.  America,  in  the  province  of  Chiquito,  nea 
Lake  Guanacho.  The  territory  of  this  tov 
inhabited  by  20,000  native  Americans,  whe 
tributary  to  Spain.  It  contains  mines  of 
and  a  kind  of  almonds  that  are  vVry  deli 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  08  ins. 
of  St.  Jago.    Lon.  65  55  W.,  lat.  33  25  If. 

Juan  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.,  island  of  tbe  W 
dies,  50  ms-.  E.  of  Hispaniola,  and  usually  c 
Porto  Rico.  It  is  100  ms.  long  and  50  bi 
and  belongs  to  the  Spaniards.  It  is  full  of 
high  mountains  and  extremely  fertile  val 
interspersed  with  woods  and  well  watere 
springs  and  rivulets.  It  produces  sugar, 
ginger,  corn,  and  fruits,  partly  proper  tc 
climate,  and  partly  introduced  from  Spain 
there  are  so  many  cattle,  that  they  often  are 
for  the  sake  of  the  skins  alone.  Here  are  a  ; 
number  of  uncommon  trees,  and  there  is  a 
gold  in  the  N.  part  of  the  island.  It  is  conim 
said  that  the  air  is  healthy,  and  yet,  in  the  i 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  the  Earl  of  Cumberl 
when  he  had  taken  this  island,  lost  most  ol 
men  by  sickness,  and,  on  that  account,  was  fit 
to  abandon  it.  It  is  subject  to  storms  and  h 
canes,  like  the  rest  of  these  island-;.  The  ca 
is  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  67  4  W.,  lat 
17  N. 

Juan  de  Puerto  Rico,  St.,  capital  of  the  h 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  good  harbor,  defe 
bv  several  forts,  seated  on  the  N,  coast  o 
island.    Lon.  69  1  W.,  lat  18  29  N. 

Juan  de  Uloa.    See  St.  Juan  de  Uloa. 

Juan  Fernandez,  island  in  the  S.  Pacilicoc 
lying  in  83°  W.  Ion.,  and  33°  S.  lat., 
YV.  of  Chili.  It  is  uninhabited,  but  is  fount 
tremely  convenient  to  touch  at  and  water.  tM 
are  instances  of  two  men  living  alone  at  difii  it 
times  on  this  island  for  several  years ;  the  ca 
Musquito  Indian,  the  other  Alexander  Selkir  a 
Scotchman,  who,  having  been  Jeft  on  shor  n 
this  solitary  place  by  his  captain,  lived  here  * 
years,  till  he  was  discovered  by  Captain  Ro  | 
in  1709.  From  this  remarkable  history  Dank  'e 
Foe  is  said  to  have  derived  the  hints  which  c 
rise  to  his  celebrated  production,  The  Ad  I 
tures  of  Robinson  Crusoe.  This  island  is  )l 
quite  15  ms.  long,  and  about  6  broad— its  1 
safe  harbor  is  on  the  N.  side.  It  is  said  to  c 
plenty  of  excellent  water,  and  to  abound  w 
great  variety  of  esculent  vegetables  highly 
scorbutic ;  besides  which  Commodore  A 
sowed  a  variety  of  garden  seeds,  and  planter.  ie 
stones  of  plums,  apricots,  and  peaches,  vvhicie 
was,  many  years  afterwards,  informed  had  tht :n 
greatly,  and  now,  doubtless,  furnish  a  very  Mi 
uable  addition  to  the  natural  productions  of  is 
spot. 

Jukii.ee,  derived  by  Webster  from  the  Hebl 
and  literally  meaning  "blast  of  a  trunir" 
Amongst  the  Jews  it  was  the  50th  or  Sabbi  al 
year,  one  of  rest  and  enjoyment ;  and  when  s  « 
were  set  free,  lands  alienated  for  debt,  returned 


i 


JUM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


i  original  owners,  &c.  Amongst  the  nations 
jj  have  derived  the  word  from  the  Hebrew,  it 

ins  time  of  relaxation  and  enjoyment. 
bo,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  Africa  of  the 

I  name,  subject  to  the  Portuguese.    Lon.  43 
lift!.,  lat.  50'  N. 

.\catan.— See  Yucatan,  Honduras,  and  Merida.  the  side  of  a  hill  by  the 
idda,  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a  fort, 
I  a  on  the  Red  sea,  34  ms.  SW.  of  Mecca,  to 
ih  it  is  the  port.    Lon.  39  22  E.,  lat.  21  29 
\Ti-See  Jeddo. 

denburg,  considerable  town  of  Germany, 
■apital  of  Upper  Styria,  with  a  handsome  cas- 
I  The  public  buildings,  with  the  square,  are 
I  lificent.  It  was  taken  by  ihe  French  in  April, 
\U\  ;  and  here  an  armistice  was  settled  between 
i,  rchduke  Charles  and  Bonaparte.  It  is  seated 
ie  Mueln,  45  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Gratz,  and 
lllms.  SW.  of  Vienna.   Lon.  14  26  E.,  lat.  47 


Jumieges  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  on  the 
Seine,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Rouen,  and  77  NW.  of 
Paris.    Lrfn.  55'  E.,  lat.  49  24  N. 

Jummoo,  or  Jumbo,  town  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
per, in  the  country  of  Lahore.  It  is  situated  on 
river  Rawee.  This  city, 
though  in  a  decayed  state,  is  a  mart  of  the  first 
note  in  that  part  of  the  country.  It  is  90  ms.  N. 
of  Lahore.    Lon.  23  16  E.,  lat.  32  45  N. 

Jumnah,  large  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
which  rises  to  the  NW.  of  Delhi,  waters  that 
capital  as  well  as  the  city  of  Agra,  and  joins  the 
Ganges  100  ms.  below  Benaies.  The  Jumnah 
has  its  source  in  the  mountains  of  Cashmere,  and 
flowing  SSE.  600  ms.,  receives  the  Chumbul  from 
the  W.,  and  continuing  200  ms.  fuither  joins  the 
Ganges  Allahabad.  The  provinces  of  Delhi,  Agra, 
Malwa,  and  part  of  Allahabad,  lie  in  the  valley  of 
1^  the  Jumna. 

dith  Point,  SW.  point  at  the  entrance  of  I  Juniata,  tp.,  Perry  co.,  Penn.,  on  Juniata 
agansett  bay.  •  river.  20  ms.  from  Harrisburg.     Pop.  in  1820, 

doigna,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Neth- ;  1,748.  River  in  Pa.,  the  principal  branches 

ds,  in  S.  Brabant,  on  the  river  Greete,  12  ms.  j  of  which  rise  in  Bedford  co.  After  having  joined 
of  Louvaine,  and  16  N.  of  Namur.  Lon.  I  near  Huntingdon,  in  Huntingdon  co.,  the  united 
S,,  lat.  50  45  N.  j  stream  runs  for  the  most  part  in  an  eastern  direc- 

■vgernaut,  celebrated  temple  of  Hindoo  su-  j  tion  till  it  meets  the  Susquehannah  10  ms.  above 

Harrisburg.  This  river  affords  a  channel  through 
which  the  produce  of  the  adjacent  country  is  con- 
veyed fo  market,  either  at  Harrisburg,  Middle- 
town,  Columbia,  Baltimore,  &c. 

Junius,  town,  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the  lower 
end  of  Seneca  laku.    Pop.  in  1820,  5,113. 

Junksilon,  seaport  of  Asia,  the  principal  town 
of  an  island  on  the  SW.  coast  of  Malacca.  The 
town  is  situated  on  the  N.  part  of  the  island,  and, 
as  a  harbor,  capable  of  receiving  ships  of  a  mod- 
erate size.  The  island  is  fertile,  63  ms.  long  and 
from  10  to  20  broad.  Lon.  98  30  E.,  lat.  8  40 
N.  The  island  of  Jut.kseilon  is  one  of  the  most 
abundant  tin  districts  of  Asia.  The  mining  oper- 
ations chiefly  performed  by  Chinese.  Pop.  of  the 
island  about  12,000. 

Juntas,  river  of  Colombia,  Quito,  and  in  the 
province  of  Jaen  de  Bracaniores,  rises  in  the  An- 
des, and  flowing  E.,  receives  as  its  name  imports 
numerous  branches,  changes  its  name  to  San- 
tiago, and  falls  into  the  Lauricocha  at  lat.  4  30  S., 
lon.  W.  C.  30'  E. 

Jura,  one  of  the  Western  isles  of  Scotland. 
NE.  of  Islay,  supposed  to  be  34  ms.  long  and  10 
broad.  It  is  composed  principally  of  vast  moun- 
tains quite  naked,  and  without  a  possibility  of  cul- 
tivation ;  three  of  them,  called  the  Paps  of  Jura, 
are  most  remarkable  ;  they  are  of  a  conic  form  and 
stupendous  height.    The  rest  of  the  island  is  flat, 

and  generally  covered  with  heath.  Department 

of  France,  including  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Franche  Comte.  It  contains  mines  of  iron  of  a 
superior  quality  :  mines  of  copper  and  lead,  and 
many  quarries  of  black  marble,  jasper,  and  alabas- 
ter.   It  takes  its  name  from  Mount  Jura. 

Jura,  Mount,  chain  of  mountains,  which  be- 
gins in  the  canton  of  Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  ex- 
lends  along  the  Rhine  into  the  canton  of  Soleure. 
and  the  principality  of  Neufchatel,  branches  out 
toward  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  separates  that  country 
from  France,  and  continues  beyond  the  frontiers 
of  the  Genevois  as  far  as  the  Rhone.    In  various 

447 


eition,  in  Orissa,  a  few  ms.  E.  from  the  Ohil- ! 
::a  ke. — See  Juggernaut. 

jui,  river  of  S.  America,  in  the  province  of 
3w.  It  rises  in  the  Andes,  at  lon.  9  E.  W.  C, 
nliy  under  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  and,  flowing 

Hftlabout  300  ms  ,  falls  into  the  Rio  Grande.  

'r  ince  of  the  United  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
coying  the  peninsula  between  the  Jujui  and 
ijtyrrande  rivers. 

gon,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
iid.  Coast,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  seat- 
ed )  the  small  river  Arqueon,  12  ms.  from  the 
ilr  ish  channel. 

gora,  province  of  Russia,  depending  on  the 
vicsrnment  of  Archangel. 

Ran  Alps,  in  ancient  geography  called  also 
jfcarnian,  between  Noricum  and  Venetia,  now 
tulps  of  Corinthia  and  Tyrol. 
Ren  du  Sault,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the 
tmentof  Yonne,  and  late  province  of  Bur- 
u  y,  seated  between  two  mountains  covered 
'i  vines,  near  the  river  Yonne,  5  ms.  from 

Hers,  formerly  duchy  of  Westphalia,  64  ms. 
ia  ngth  and  36  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
'fiGuelderland,  on  the  E.  by  the  archbishopric  of 

?ne,  on  the  S.  by  Luxemburg  and  Treves, 

in  t he  W.  by  Limburg.  It  is  subject  to  the 
'dr  of  Prussia,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  quan- 
Uljjf  wood  it  produces,  which  is  much  used  in 
— Town  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  for- 

luchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong  cita- 
^eUt  is  seated  on  the  Roer,  15  ms.  E.  of  Aix  la- 
I  file,  and  18  W.  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  50  E., 
lati-0  56  N. 

4instown,  village,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  6 
nwirom  Trenton. 

Miet,  Mount,  hill  of  Illinois,  N.  from  Des 
i'Ups  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kankakie. 
U'42  6  N. 

«W//a,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Mur- 
H2  ms.  SVV.  of  Murcia. 


KAB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KAL 


parts  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud  this  chain  forms  many 
elevated  valleys  ;  of  these  the  most  delightful  is 
the  valley  of  the  lake  of  Joux,  upon  the  top  of 
that  part  called  Mount  Joux,  it  is  beautifully  che- 
quered with  wood,  arahle,  and  pasture  land  ;  and 
is  watered  by  two  picturesque  lakes,  the  largest  of 
which  is  called  the  lake  ol  Joux,  and  the  other 
lake  Brenet.  This  little  vale  is  very  populous, 
containing  3,000  inhabitants,  some  employed  in 
making  watches,  but  the  greater  part  in  polishing 
crystals,  granites,  and  marcasites.  These  parts 
are  much  infested  with  bears  and  wolves.  The 
descent  from  this  delightful  vale,  through  a  variety 
of  hill,  valley,  wood,  and  lawn,  affords  a  very  ex- 
tensive prospect  of  a  great  part  of  the  Pays  de 
Vaud,  the  lake  of  Geneva,  with  its  mountains, 
and  the  lake  of  Neufchatel. — See  Vosges. 

Jurullo,  very  remarkable  volcano  of  Mexico,  in 
the  State  of  Mechoacan.  Lon.  W.  C.  24  10  W., 
lat.  19  9  N.  It  was  formed  by  an  irruption  in 
one  night,  between  September  28th  and  29lh, 
1759.  The  irruption  was  preceded  by  shocks  of 
an  earthquake  from  the  month  of  July.  The  con- 
ical summit  rises  to  524  feet ;  and  it  is  asserted 
that  the  mountain  and  adjacent  plain  yet  emit 
smoke,  after  an  interval  of  84  years. 

Jtjkt,  from  jurare,  sworn.  That  species  of 
commission  which  was  probably  continued  from 
the  woods  of  Germany,  arid  remains  a  justly  cher- 
ished institution  by  the  Saxon  nations.  In  crimi- 
nal cases,  it  consists  of  two  separate  bodies — grand 
jury,  or  jury  of  accusation;  and  petit  jury,  or  jury 
of  trial. 

Jutland,  peninsula,  the  principal  part  of  Den- 
mark, 180  ms.  in  length  and  50  in  breadth,  bound- 
ed on  the  SE.  by  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  and  on 
the  other  sides  by  the  German  ocean  and  the  Bal- 
tic. The  air  is  very  cold,  but  wholesome.  The 
soil  is  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures,  and  feeds  a 
great  number  of  horses  and  beeves,  which  are  sent 
lo  Germany,  Holland,  tScc  It  was  anciently  called 
Cimbrica  Chersonesus,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the 
country  whence  the  Saxons  came  that  conquered 
England.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  called  N. 
and  S.  Jutland  ;  the  latter  being  the  duchy  of 
Sleswich,  and  lies  between  N.  Jutland  and  Hol- 
stein. The  Eyder  river  has  been  the  boundary 
between  Jutland  and  Germany  since  the  age  of 
Charlemagne,  or  upwards  of  1,000  years. 

Jutrilla,  island. — See  art.  Navigator's  islands. 

Jyepour,  city  of  Hindoostan  proper,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  the  same  name,  and  subject  to  one  of 
the  Rajpoot  princes,  now  a  place  of  great  wealth 
and  consequence,  being  the  staple  for  goods  that 
are  brought  from  every  quarter  of  India.  It  is  136 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Agra.  Lon.  7G  9  E.,  lat.  2G 
50  N. — See  Jeypuur. 

Jykijl,  island. — See  Jekyl. 


[Names  that  sometimes  begin  with  K,  and  ar-^  not  to  be 
found  under  that  letter,  may  be  soucht  for  under  the  let- 
ter  C] 

Kabarda,  territory  of  Russia  in  Europe,  be- 
tween the  Terek  river  and  the  Caucasus  moun- 
tains.    As  laid  down  on  Black's  map,  Kabarda  is 
bounded  S.  by  the  Caucasian  mountains,  W.  by 
44S 


Circassia,  N.  by  the  province  of  Caucasus,  am 
by  Daghestan ;  but  we  may  observe  that  the  )i 
of  those  provinces  between  the  Euxine  and  Cas 
seas  are  merely  nominal.  Lon.  45°  E.  of  Loi 
and  lat.  43°  intersect  in  Kabarda. 

Kadhema,  seaport  of  Arabia,  in  the  provir 
Bahrin.    The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employei 
the  pearl  fishery.    It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the 
of  Persia,  170  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Lachsa.  Lon 
36  E.,  lat.  28  40  N. 

Kaffungcn,  town  and  monastery  of  German1 
Hesse,  near  Cassel.    Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat.  51  If 

Kaffraria,  or  Caffraria. — See  Africa,  pp. 
27,  and  28. 


Kah 


Hua. 


Kuirvan,  city  of  Africa,  in  Tunis,  capital 
government  of  the  same  name.  It  is  the  sec 
city  in  the  kingdom  for  trade  and  population, 
is  20  ms.  W.  of  Susa.  Lon.  10  25  E.,  lat.  3{ 
N.  This  isj|e  same  with  Cairoan which 

Kaia,  village  of  Saxony,  near  Lutzen,  rema 
ble  lor  a  battle  between  the  French  and  the  J 
sian  and  Prussian  armies,  May  2d,  1813. 

Kaisarich,  city  of  Asia  Minor,  ancient  Cesa 
and  capital  of  Cappadocia.  Lon.  35  18  E., 
38  41  N. 

Kalaar,  town  of  Persia,  in  Chilan,  with  a  < 
siderable  manufacture  of  silk.    Lon.  58  45  E., 

36  23  N. 

Kaktt,  town  of  the  country  of  Georgia,  in 
province  of  its  name,  which  comprehends  a  pa 
the  ancient  Iberia.  It  is  situate  near  Mount  ( 
casus,  and  45  miels  NNE.  of  Teflis,  120  NW 
Derbend. 

Kalau,  town  of  Lusatia,  which  has  a  great  t 
in  wool,  11  ms.  SE.  ofLuckau. 

Kalhai,  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of  On 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  at  its  entrance 
the  gulf  of  Ormus,  80  ms.  SE.  of  Muscat. 

Kalis,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New  or 
near  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  37  miles  E.  of  ! 
gard. 

Kalisoh,  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  palati 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  sealed  on  the  river  ¥ 
na,  surrounded  by  morasses  and  walls,  40  mile 
of  Gnesen.    Lon.  18  5  W.,  lat.  52°  N. 

KalkaSy  tribe  of  Monguls  subject  to  Ch. 
They  are  called  Kalkas,  or  "  Black  Mongols,  » 
distinguish  them  from  the  "  Shana  Mongols,  I 
Yellow  Mongols.  The  Kalkas  reside  N.  from  I 
Great  Mongolian  desert. 

Kallingburg,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  isi  I 
Zealand,  seated  on  an  inlet  of  the  Great  Belt,  > 
the  best  harbor,  next  to  Copenhagen,  on  the  ifili  • 
It  is  55  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Copenhagen.  Lain  1 
11  E.,  lat.  55  47  IN. 

Kalmucs,  nation  of  Mongols  occupying  an  - 
mense  space  of  central  Asia.  This  nomadic  na  i 
is  nominally  tributary  in  part  to  Russia  and  in  t 
to  China,  but,  in  fact,  independent  of  either.  I 
Kalmucs  are  subdivided  into  Sifans,  Torg< 
Derbetes,  and  Songares.  No  doubt,  very  difle  1 
nations  are  by  European  writers  included  ui ' 
this  general  name  ;  but  the  Kalmucs  are  a  bra  1 
of  the  great,  yellow  race  of  central  and  cas  J 
Asia,  and  differ  as  much  from  the  real  Tartar  cf  & 
Caucasian  family  as  a  Moor  does  from  a  ne*** 
Though  absurdly  called  Tartars  by  English  * 
ters,  the  Kalmuc  language  is  pure  Mongolian,  & 


KAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KAP 


words  and  structure  totally  different  froM  that  of 
Tartars.  They  all  live  in  tents,  and  remove 
m  place  to  place  in  quest  of  pasturage  for  their 
merous  cattle,  consisting  of  horses,  camels,  cows, 
id  sheep.  In  person  they  are  of  a  low  stature, 
si  bow-legged,  occasioned  by  their  being  so  con- 
l  ually  on  horseback,  or  sitting  with  their  legs  be- 
Uf  them.  Their  faces  are  broad  and  flat,  with  a 
ft.  nose,  and  little  black  eyes,  distant  from  each 
<  er,  like  the  Chinese.  They  are  of  an  olive  color, 
■A  their  faces  full  of  wrinkles,  with  very  little 
I  rd. 

.{ae-mu-ki  is  pure  Sanscrit,  and  means  "black- 
Jed." — Rees,  article  Paravati. 

Kalmunz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Ba- 
Ma.    It  is  12  ms.  from  Ratisbon,  and  situated  at 

confluence  of  the  Vilz  and  Nad. 
\  Kubrick,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
ni of  Bracklaw.    Lon.  29  18  E.,  lat.  48  57  N. 

(atuga,  now  a  government  of  the  Russian  em- 
pi,  but  it  was  formerly  a  province  in  the  go vera - 
frit  of  Moscow.  Its  principal  town,  of  the  same 
O  le,  is  seated  on  the  Occa. 

'amakura,  island  of  Japan,  about  3  ms.  in  cir- 
•iference,  lying  on  the  S.  coast  of  Niphon.  It 
fc?re  they  confine  their  great  men  when  they 
committed  any  fault ;  and  the  coast  is  so  steep 
th  they  are  forced  to  be  lifted  up  by  cranes. 

umatschinzes  is  the  name  of  a  people  in  Tar- 
■  In  the  year  1629  they  were  made  tributary 
Russia,  and  then  led  a  rambling  life.  At  pres- 
fltheir  habitations  are  in  the  neighborhood  of 
wk  and  Abakansk,  two  oslrogs,  situated  one  on 
Aoenisei,  and  the  other  on  the  Kan.  Even  at 
tlMirae  that  they  submitted  to  Russia,  they  were 
•  a  scanty  people,  or  rather  the  remains  of  some 
flfcnt  nation. 

vmtmbala,  Mount,  ridge  of  mountains  in  Thibet, 
*een  Lake  Palte  and  the  Burrampooter.  From 
4ibp  of  this  ridge  may  be  seen,  to  the  north,  a 
of  still  higher  mountains,  covered  with  snow, 
ftfoot  of  Mount  Kambala  is  31  ms.  S.  of  Lassa. 
'inieck,  pronounced  Kamineitz,  very  strong 


racks  It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river  Kamt- 
schatka,  20  ms.  from  its  mouth.  Lon.  161  50  E., 
lat.  56  30  N. 

Kamtschatkoi,   Verchni,  town  of  Siberia,  in 
Kamtschatka,  on  the  river  Kamtschatka,  120  ms. 
SW.  of  Niznei  Kamtschatkoi. 
Kan. — See  Khan. 

Kandahor,  province  of  Afghanistan.  It  is  a  high 
but  level  country,  W.  from  the  mountains  of  Hin- 

doostan.  City  and  capital  of  the  province  of  the 

same  name,  is  situated  on  the  great  road  from  Hin- 
doostan  to  Persia,  and  is  extensive,  commercial, 
and  flourishing. — See  Candahor. 

Kandegheri,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic.  In  1599  it  was  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
called  Narsinga,  the  residence  of  a  Hindoo  king, 
whose  dominions  extend  over  Tanjore  and  Mandu- 
ra;  and  in  1640,  a  descendant  of  that  prince,  who 
reigned  here,  permitted  the  English  to  form  a  set- 
tlement at  Madras.  It  is  70  ms.  N  W.  of  Madras. 
Lon.  97  24  E.,  lat.  13  46  N. 

Kandy,  city  of  Ceylon,  in  the  interior  of  the  is- 
land, 1,400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Kanem,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  empire  of  Bor- 
nou,  and  in  a  province  of  the  same  name,  where 
are  bred  multitudes  of  cattle  and  horses.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Gazel,  150  ms.  NNW.  of  Bornou. 

Ka?iiow,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Kiow,  seated  near  the  Dnieper,  62  ms.  S. 
by  E,  of  Kiow,  and  100  NE.  of  Braclaw. 

Kanisca,  strqng  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Salawar,  seated  on  the  Drave, 
100  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  40  E.,  lat. 
46  55  N. 

Kankakie  river,  great  SE.  source  of  the  Illinois, 
rises  with  the  headwaters  of  St.  Joseph's  of  Mich- 
igan, flows  W.,  and,  uniting  with  the  Desplanes, 
form  Illinois.  The  country  drained  by  the  Kan- 
kakie is  generally  level,  and  most  of  it  prairie. 

Kansas,  one  of  the  great  southwestern  branches 
of  Missouri  river.  It  has  interlocking  sources  with 
those  of  Arkansas  and  Platte  rivers,  and  rises  in 
the  intermediate  plains,  as  far  W.  as  lon.  W.  C. 


)f  Poland,  capital  of  Podolia.    When  the  !  27  degrees  west.     Flowing  nearly  east,  the  various 


hians  seized  part  of  the  Polish  territories  in 
,  this  fortress  held  out  a  long  time,  but  at  last 
indered  to  their  arms.  The  castle  is  seated  on 
fegy  rock,  85  miles  W.  of  Bracklaw,  and  100 
:of  Lemburgh.  Lon.  26  30  E.,  lat.  48  58  N. 
'mtschaika,  peninsula  of  Asia,  formed  by  a 

of  stony  and  barren  mountains,  which  run 
•  d  the  SSW.  from  that  part  of  the  continent 
ited  by  the  Koraiks.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
1  rn  ocean,  the  gulf  of  Penschinskoi,  and  by 
'•a  of  Oghotzk  ;  in  all  probability  the  Kourili, 
*ge  of  isles  which,  in  many  directions,  extend 

as  Japan,  are  parts  of  the  same  natural  ridge 
'Kamtschatka.  It  is  situated  between  about 
fed  62°  N.  lat.  The  soil  is  stony,  full  of  cold 
S,*s,  destitute  of  any  great  space  of  fertile 
•id,  and  so  cold,  even  in  the  summer,  that  the 
'tis  very  unfit  for  culture,  and,  of  itself,  does 
1  roduce  a  sufficiency  for  the  cattle.  The 
•schadales  are  for  the  most  part  of  a  low  stat- 
M>ith  broad  shoulders,  large  heads,  long  flat 

flat  noses,  small  eyes,  thin  lips,  and  short 

mntschatkoi,  Niznei,  town  of  Siberia,  capital 
•mtschaika,  with  a  citadel,  arsenal,  and  bar- 
157* 


|  branches  gradually  converge,  and,  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  400  ms.,  unite,  and,  forming  a  noble 

I  stream  of  nearly  half  a  mile  wide,  continues  100 
ms.  further,  and  joins  the  Missouri  at  lat.  39  5  N. 

!  The  junction  of  those  two  streams  determines  the 

'  extreme  western  limit  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 
The  valley  of  the  Kansas  spreads  between  those  of 
the  La  Platte  and  Arkansas,  and,  stretching  its 
greatest  length  very  nearly  E.  and  W.  500  miles, 
though  in  no  part  much,  if  any,  above  100  wide; 
the  mean  width  about  80,  and  area  40,000  sq.  ms. 

Kan-tcheou,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-si,  on  the  Kau-kiang,  840 
ms.  S.  of  Peking.    Lon.  115  2  E.,  lat.  25  52  N. 

Kao-tcheou,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Quangtong.  In  its  vicinity  is 
found  a  kind  of  marble  that  represents  (naturally) 
rivers,  mountains,  landscapes,  and  trees;  it  is  cut 
into  leaves,  and  made  into  tables,  &c.  Kao-tcheou 
stands  on  a  navigable  river,  36  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  1,130  SSW.  of  Peking.  Lon.  145  36  E.,  lat. 
40°  N. 

Kaposwar,  fort  cf  Lower  Hungary,  on  the  river 
Kapos,  which  washes  its  walls.  It  is  55  ms.  W. 
of  Tolna.    Lon.  18  13  E-,  lat.  46  31  N. 

449 


KAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KEM 


Kara- Amid,  Turkish  name  of  Diarbekir,  ancient 
Amida. — See  Asia,  p.  84  ;  also,  Diarbekir. 
Karahissar. — See  Aphiom. 
Karadje  Bouroun,  Turkish  name  of  the  most 
southern  point  of  the  Crimea. 

Karasu,  ancient  Pangaeus,  mountains  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  between  Thrace  and  Macedonia. 

Karasubazar,  town  of  the  Crimea,  noted  for  its 
noble  antique  bath  and  an  ancient  manufacture  of 
leather  from  the  skins  of  Tauric  goats.  It  is  situ- 
ate on  the  Karasu,  in  a  delightful  valley,  34  miles 
W.  from  Caffa. 

Karek,  or  Garak,  island  in  the  NE.  part  of  the 
gulf  of  Persia,  5  miles  long,  and  2  broad,  where 
ships  bound  for  Bassora  generally  call  for  pilots. 
Lon.  50  26  E.,  lat.  29  15  N. 
i  Karlesburg,  or  Belgrade,  town  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  in  Transylvania.  It  contains  about  6,000 
i  nhabitants.  Lon.  23  34  E.,  lat.  46  4  N.,  32  ms. 
NW.  from  Hermandstadt. 

Karlstadt,  town  and  district  of  Austrian  Illyria. 
Karlstadt,  the  capital,  stands  on  a  branch  of  the 
Save,  about  100  miles  SE.  from  Trieste.  Pro- 
vince of  Sweden,  nearly  commensurate  with  the 
ancient  province  of  Warmeland. 

Karleby,  Gamta,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  East 
Bothnia,  with  a  trade  in  hemp,  salt,  and  ship- 
building, seated  on  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  near  the 
influx  of  the  river  Karleby,  90  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Christinestadt.    Lon.  22  20  E.,  lat.  63  56  N. 

Karleby,  Ny,  town  of  Sweden,  in  East  Bothnia, 
on  the  river  Lappajock,  6  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  20 
S.  of  Gamia  Karleby. 

Karlescruhe,  city  of  Germany^  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  in  the  Margravate  of  Baden  Darlach,  with 
a  magnificent  palace.  The  city  is  built  on  a  regular 
plan,  and  the  houses  are  all  as  uniform  as  the 
streets.    It  is  12  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Baden. 

Kars,  city  and  province  of  Asiatic  Turkey. — See 
Asia,  p.  83. 

Kasan,  country  of  the  Russian  empire,  lying 
on  both  sides  of  the  Volga,  which  now  forms  the 
three  Russian  governments  of  Kasan,  Simbersk, 
and  Penza.  City  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  gov- 
ernment of  the  same  name.  It  has  several  sub- 
urbs, one  of  them  inhabited  by  Tartars.  At  one 
end  of  the  city  is  a  manufacture  of  cloth  for  the 
army.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  a  university,  founded 
in  1803,  occupying  a  central  position  between  En- 
rope  and  Asia;  it  is  a  mart  of  extensive  trade.  It  is 
seated  on  the  rivulet  Kasanka,  where  it  enters  the 
Volga,  420  miles  N.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  49  8  E., 
lat.  55  44  N. 

Kashgar. — See  Cashgur. 

Kaskaskia,  river  of  Illinois,  rising  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  State,  near  the  W.  boundary  of  In- 
diana, and,  flowing  SW.  by  comparative  courses 
about  250  miles,  upwards  of  150  of  which  follow- 
ing the  windings  of  its  course,  it  is  navigable  for 
boats.    It  falls  into  the  Mississippi  about  100  ms. 

above  the  mouth  of  Ohio.  Town    and  seat 

of  justice,  Randolph  co.,  111.,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Kaskaskia  river,  12  ms.  above  its  mouth.  It  is  built 
upon  a  plain,  in  a  prairie. 

Kata  Vraona. — See  Vraona. 

Kataba,  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  with  a  cit- 
adel, situate  in  a  fertile  country,  near  a  river  which 
runs  into  the  sea  at  Aden,  75  miles  N.  of  Aden. 
Lon.  44  32  E.,  lat.  13  64  N. 
450 


Katif, town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of  Bal 
rin.  It  is  built  of  rock  salt,  and  stands  on  the  gu 
of  Persia,  95  ms.  N.  of  Lachsa.  Lon.  48  38  E 
lat.  27  40  N. 

Kat-Cherif. — See  Hati-Cheriff. 
Kauffbeuren,  free  imperial  town  of  Germani 
in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  in  the  territory  of  Kem 
ten.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wardech,  18  ms.  N] 
of  Kempten,  and  30  S.  by  W.  of  Augsburg.  Lo 
10  43  E.,  lat.  47  58  N. 

Kavenaugh,  village,  Wilson  co.,  Tenn. 
Kaurzim,  town  of  Bohemia,  near  Prague. 
Kaye's  Island,  island  in  the  N.  Pacific  ocea 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1778.    Its  N] 
point  is  a  naked  rock,  considerably  elevated  abo 
the  land  within  it.    Lon.  131  48  W.,  lat. 
51  N. 

Kayersberg,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep. 
Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  9  n 
NW.  of  Colmar,  and  25  NW.  of  Basil.  Lon, 
23  E.,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Kay  ser  slant  em,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  j 
latinate  of  the  Rhine,  on  the  Lauter,  22  ms. 
of  Worms,  and  38  S.  by  W.  of  Mentz.  Lon 
51  E.,  lat.  49  20  N. 

Kayser&tuhl,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  co. 
Baden,  with  a  bridge  over  the  Rhine  and  a  cast 
It  belongs  to  the  bishop  of  Constance,  and  i. 
ms.  SE.  of  Zurzach.  Lon.  8  24  E.,  lat.  47  8  , 
Kayserverd,  or  Keisewert,  town  of  Germany, 
the  circle  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of  Be 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  8  ms.  N.  of  Dusseldo 
and  22  NW.  of  Cologne.  Lon.  6  45  E.,  lat, 
14  N. 

Keene,  tp.,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  14  ms.  S( 
of  Walpole,  and  95  W.  of  Portsmouth.    Pjp J 

1820,  1,645.  Town  arid  seat  of  justice,  C 

shire  co.,  N.  H.,  14  ms.  SE.  of  Walpole,  and 
W.  of  Portsmouth.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Ke 
many  extensive  manufacturing  establishments h 
been  formed.  It  is  a  fine  thriving  village,  on  Ai 
utot  river.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,895;  and  in  18 

2,610.  Town,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  18 

605.  Village,  Coshoctoncty,  O.  ;  by  post  r 

97  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Keene  s  Mills,  post  office,  Adams  co,,  Pa.,' 
ms.  SW.  from  Harrisburg. 

Keenville,  village  of  Northampton  co.,  Pa.,  i 
the  road  from  Easton  to  the  Lehigh  Water  C 
2  ms.  from  Cherryville. 

Keesesville,  village,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  157 
N.  from  Albany. 

Kehl,  strong  and  important  fortress  of  (ierra>  j 
in  Suabia,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  over  which  i 
bridge  at  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  53  E.,  lat.  48  '34. 

Kelloggsville,  village,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  * 
tween  the  heads  of  Owosco  and  Skeneatelas  la  > 

30  ms.  NNE.  from  Ithaca.-  Village,  AsbJaJ 

co.,  O.  ;  by  post  road  284  ms.  NE.  from  Col  - 
bus. 

Kellyvale,  post  office,  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  ' 
by  post  road  110  ms.  from  Montpelier. 

Kelso,  populous  town  of  Scotland,  in  Roxbu 
shire,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Berwick,  and  338  NJN  • 
of  London.    Lon.  2  18  W.,  lat.  55  36  N. 

Kelvin,  small  river  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarbl !. 
over  which  the  great  canal  is  conveyed  bj! n 
aqueduct  bridge. 

Kempen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electora  n 


KEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KEN 


Cologne,  seated  on  the  Niers,  30  ms.  NW.  of 
:ologne.    Lon.  6  30  E.,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Kempsville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Princess 
.nn  co.,  Va.,  on  the  east  branch  of  Elizabeth  riv- 
r,  10  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Norfolk.   .Lat.  36  45 

\    lon.  W.  C.  1  1  E.  Village,  Princess  Ann, 

[aryland. 

'  Kempten,  free  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
rritory  of  the  abbot  of  Kempten,  who  is  a  prince 
'  the  empire.  The  inhabitants  are  Protestants, 
is  seated  on  the  Iller,  45  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Augs- 
irg.  Lon.  10  21  E.,  lat.  47  49  N. 
,  Ken,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Westmoreland,  which 
is  a  cataract  near  its  mouth  that  obstructs  the 
ivigation  ;  so  that  Milthorp,  situated  below  this 

taract,  is  the  only  port  of  Westmoreland.  

ver  of  Scotland,  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  that 
iws  to  New  Galloway,  below  which  it  expands 
•,o  a  lake,  4  ms.  long  and  1  broad.  The  stream 
it  issues  from  this  lake  falls  into  the  river  Dee, 
d  their  united  waters  meet  the  Irish  sea  at  Kirk- 
dbright. 

Kendui,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Westmore- 
liid,  46  ms.  S.  of  Carlisle,  and  262  NNW.  of 

ndon.    Lon.  2  52  W.,  lat.  54  15  N. 

Kendall,  Perry  tp.,  Stark  co.,  O.,  7  ms.  W. 
1m  Canton,  and  near  the  eastern  side  of  Tusca- 
fivas  river.  It  contains  106  inhabitants,  and  an 
<  ensive  factory  for  the  fabrication  of  woolen 
mhs.  In  this  place  and  its  vicinity  are  kept  sev- 
$1  very  extensive  flocks  of  sheep,  of  from  100  to 

.100  in  each. 

'Kenawha,  Great,  river  of  Va.  It  rises  in  Ash  co., 

C,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  Yad- 
D  and  Watauga,  branches  of  the  Tennessee.  This 
I:  her  part  of  Kenawha  is  called  New  river,  enters 
^  ginia,  and,  being  enlarged  by  a  number  of  trib- 
tiry  streams,  runs  nearly  due  N.  through  Gray- 
's!, Wythe,  and  Montgomery  cos.  ;  it  thence 
Ins  toNW.,  and  joins  the  Greenbriar;  thence  it 
c  tinues  nearly  NW.,  till  it  falls  into  the  Ohio  at 
iPnt  Pleasant.  Its  whole  course  is  about  400 
ft,  and  its  width  at  the  Ohio  about  500  yards. 

fenawha,  Little,  river  of  Va.,  rises  in  Lewis 
c  and,  flowing  NW.  through  Lewis  and  Wood 
W,  falls  into  the  Ohio  at  Parkersburg,  12  ms. 
iff  Marietta. 

kenawha,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  SE.  by  Fayette, 
by  Logan,  W.  by  Cabell,  NW.  by  Mason 
Wood,  and  NE.  by  Lewis,  Braxton,  and 
^holas.  Length  from  S.  to  N.  70  ms.,  mean 
bidth  22;  area  1,540  sq.  ms.  ;  general  slope 
w  tward.  It  is  intersected  by  Kenawha  and  Elk 
firs,  and  drained  by  their  numerous  branches. 
T  surface  is  extremely  broken,  and  part  moun- 
a  ous.  Soil  generally  rocky  and  sterile,  though 
Renting  some  remarkable  exceptions.  Chief 
toi,  Charleston.  Pop.  1820,  7,000;  but  since 
&  epoch  Fayette  co.  was  formed  from  it.  Pop. 
If),  13,567.  Central  lat.  38  28  N.,  lon.  W. 
C  30  W.  . 

enilvjorth,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire,  5 
'XI  N.  of  Warwick,  and  95  NW.  of  London. 

\enmare,  town  of  Ireland,  12  ms.  SSW.  from 
K  irny. 

ennebec,  river,  which  rises  in  the  northern 
pa  of  Me.,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  be- 
ton  the  bays  of  Casco  and  Penobscot.  The 
K'nebec  river  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Ken- 


nebec proper  with  the  Androscoggin,  and  drains 
a  basin  of  150  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  width 
of  80  ms.,  embracing  an  area  of  about  12,000  sq. 
ms.  The  tide  flows  up  the  Kennebec  to  Augus- 
ta, 45  ms.,  and  in  the  Androscoggin  to  near  Dur- 
ham. Though  interrupted  by  falls  and  shoals, 
both  branches  afford  very  considerable  extent  of 
inland  navigation.  Teconich  falls  occur  in  the 
Kennebec  at  Waterville,  about  20  ms.  above  Au- 
gusta, but  the  stream  is  navigated  to  a  considerable 
distance  higher  than  that  obstruction.  Timber  is 
the  principal  staple  brought  down  either  branch  of 
the  Kennebec.  Co.  of  Me.,  bounded  by  Lin- 
coln SE.  and  S.,  Oxford  W.,  Somerset  N.,  Pe- 
nobscot NE.,  and  Hancock  E.  Length  47  ms., 
mean  width  22;  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Surface  hil- 
ly, but  generally  arable,  and  soil  productive  in 
grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  towns,  Hallowell  and 
Augusta.  Pop.  1820,42,623;  in  1840,  55,823. 
Cent.  lat.  44  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  30  E. 

Kennebunk,  river  of  York  co.,  Me.  Town 

and  port  of  entry,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  at  the 
mouth  of  Kennebunk  river,  25  ms.  SWT.  from 
Portland.  The  port  is  good,  and  tonnage  exceed- 
ing 10,000  tons.    Pop.  1820,  2,145;  the  town 

and  port  in  1840,  5,100.  Village,  York  co  , 

Me.,  25  ms.  SW.  from  Portland. 

Kennedy's,  village,  Brunswick  co.,  Va.,  75 
ms.  SSW.  from  Richmond. 

Kennedy sville,  post  office,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y. 

Kennet,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  about  30  ms. 
SW.  from  Philadelphia,  on  the  waters  of  Clay 

creek.    Pop.   1840,   1,221.  River  of  Eng., 

which  rises  among  the  chalky  hills  in  Wilts,  and 
flows  to  Newbury,  in  Berks,  where  it  becomes 
navigable;  it  is  then  augmented  by  the  Laraborn, 
and  runs  to  Reading,  below  which  it  mingles  with 
the  Thames. 

Kennet  Square,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa., 
about  30  ms.  SW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Kenoque,  fort  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 6  ms.  from  Dixmude. 

Kensington,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  2 
ms.  W.  from  London.  The  extensive  gardens, 
of  late  years,  have  become  a  very  fashionable  walk. 

 Tp.,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  14  ms.  SW. 

from  Portsmouth.  Vill.,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y. 

Kensington. — See  City  of  Philadelphia. 

Kent,  one  of  the  cos.  of  Eng.,  situated  at  the 
SE.  corner  of  the  island,  and  from  thence  enjoy- 
ing many  advantages.  As  to  the  climate  of  this 
county,  it  varies  according  to  the  situation  of  pla- 
ces. There  is  no  region  more  happily  or  more 
beautifully  diversified  in  regard  to  soil,  so  that  ev- 
ery kind  thereof  is,  some  where  or  other,  to  be 
met  with  in  its  bounds;  and  in  no  shire  are  any  of 
those  soils  more  fertile  than  they  are  in  this.  The 
Weald  yields  a  variety  of  fine  timber,  particularly 
of  chestnut ;  the  middle  part  has  very  rich  arable 
land,  annually  bearing  every  species  of  grain  in 
immense  plenty,  and  these  excellent  in  their  seve- 
ral sorts.  There  are  also  many  beautiful  orchards, 
which  produce  a  variety  of  fine  fruits,  and  more 
especially  apples  and  cherries,  which  were  intro- 
duced here  from  Flanders.  The  many  rich  com- 
modities produced  in  this  co.  is  the  reason  why 
most  of  our  writers  have  represented  it  as  in  a 
manner  void  of  manufactures,  which,  however,  as 
appears  upon  a  strict  and  impartial  examination, 

451 


KEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KEN 


is  very  far  from  being  the  case.  Of  iron  works, 
there  were  anciently  many ;  and  there  are  still 
some  where  kettles,  bombs,  bullets,  cannon,  and 
such  like,  are  made.  The  principal  rivers,  besides 
the  Thames,  are  the  Medway,  Darent,  Stour, 
Cray,  and  Rother.  Maidstone  is  the  co.  town. 
Pop.  1801,  307,624;  in  1811,  373,995;  and  in 
1821,  426,016. 

Kent,  co.  of  L.  C,  commencing  opposite  Mon- 
treal, and  extending  down  the  St.  Lawrence  about 
11  ms.,  and  SE  to  the  boundary  of  Bedford  co. 

 Co.  of  U.  .C,  comprehends  all  the  country 

(not  being  the  territory  of  the  Indians)  not  already 
included  in  the  several  counties  herein  described, 
extending  northward  to  the  boundary  line  of  Hud- 
son's bay,  including  all  the  territory  to  the  west- 
ward and  southward  of  the  said  line,  to  the  ut- 
most extent  of  the  country  commonly  known  by 

the  name  of  Canada.  Co.  of  R.  I.,  bounded  by 

Ct.  W.,  Providence  co.  N.,  Narraganset  bay  E., 
and  Washington  S.  Length  23  ms.,  mean  width 
9  ;  area  207  sq.  ms.  Surface  waving,  rather  than 
hilly.  Soil  productive  in  fruits,  grain,  and  pas- 
turage. Chief  town,  Warwick.  Pop.  in  1820, 
10,228  ;  and  in  1840,  13,100.    Central  lat.  41  42 

N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  26  E.  Town  in  Litchfield 

co.,  Ct.,  on  Housatonick  river,  about  45  ms.  W. 

from  Hartford.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,956.  Village 

in  the  northern  part  of  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms. 
a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Newburg,  and  15  INE.  from 

West  Point.  Middle  co.  of  Del.,  bounded  by 

Delaware  bay  E.,  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  S.,  Md.  W., 
and  Newcastle  co.  N.  Length  32  ms.,  mean 
width  20;  area  640  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally 
level,  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town, 
Dover.  Pop.  in  1820,  20,793;  and  in  1840, 
19,900.    Central  lat.  39  5  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  25 

E.  Co.  of  Md.,  bounded  E.  by  Del.,  SE.  by 

Chester  river  or  Queen  Ann  co.,  W.  and  NW.  by 
Chesapeake  bay,  and  N.  by  Sassafras  river  or  Ce- 
cil co.  Length  27  ms.,  mean  width  8  ;  area  216 
sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  level  or  moderately  hilly. 
Soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  town,  Chester. 
Pop.  in  1820,  12,453;  and  in  1840,  10,842. 

Central  lat.  39  16  E.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1°  E.  Island 

in  Chesapeake  bay,  belonging  to  Queen  Ann  co., 
Md.    It  contains  nearly  30,000  acres. 

Kentaiffe,  Mount,  ridge  of  mountains  in  the  S. 
part  of  Thibet,  bordering  on  Hindoostan  proper. 
On  the  W.  side  ©f  this  ridge  are  the  two  heads  of 
the  Ganges,  and  from  its  E.  side  issues  the  Bu- 
rampooter. 

Kentsinguen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Brisgaw, 
on  the  river  Elz.    Lon.  7  57  E.,  lat.  48  18  N. 

Kentucky,  one  of  the  central  States  of  the  U.  S., 
bounded  by  Va  E.,  Ten.  S.,  and  the  Ohio  river 
W.,  NW.  and  N. 

Miles. 

Kentucky  has  a  boundary  on  Va.,  commenc- 
ing at  the  mouth  of  Great  Sandy  river, 
and  following  that  stream  to  its  source  in 
Cumberland  mountains  -  -  60 

Thence  along  Cumberland  mountains  to  the 
SW.  angle  of  Va.,  on  the  N.  boundary  of 
Ten.     -  -  -  -  110 

Thence  by  a  line  a  little  N.  of  W.,  along 
the  N.  boundary  of  Ten.,  to  Tennessee 
river     -  238 

Up  Tennessee  river  -  -  -  12 

452 


Thence  due  W.  along  the  N.  boundary  of 
Ten  ,  to  the  left  bank  of  Mississippi  river, 
and  extreme  SW.  angle  of  Ky.  -  -  i. 

Thence  up  the  Mississippi  river  to  the  mouth 
of  Ohio  -  .] 

Up  Ohio,  along  111.,  to  the  mouth  of  Wabash 
and  SW.  angle  of  la.  -  -  i 

Thence  up  Ohio  river,  opposite  la.,  to  the  ( 
mouth  of  the  Great  Miami,  and  SW.  an- 
gle of  Ohio       -  -  -  -  3 

Thence  up  Ohio  river,  along  Ohio  to -the 
mouth  of  Great  Sandy    -  -  -  l 

Having  an  entire  outline  of  1,2 

Area  37,680  sq.  ms,  or  24, 115,200  acres. 

The  greatest  length  of  Kentucky  is  from  i 
SW.  angle  of  the  State,  on  Mississippi  river, 
the  head  of  Great  Sandy  river,  380  ms.  ;  mt 
width  99  ms. 

Extreme  south,  N.  lat.  36  30;  extreme  not 
at  the  Great  Miami  bend,  39  5. 

It  is  obvious,  by  a  simple  inspection  of  its  gr 
features,  that  Kentucky  must  present  considers 
diversity  of  soil  and  climate.  On  its  SE.  bord 
it  is  limited  by  Cumberland  mountain,  from  wh 
most  of  its  streams  take  their  source.  Unlike 
opposite  slope  of  the  Ohio  valley,  no  table  land, 
the  true  meaning  of  the  term,  exists  on  that 
which  Kentucky  is  placed. 

In  point  of  soil,  the  State  is  divisible  into  tb 
portions  :  the  mountainous,  hilly,  and  level.    1  I 
mountainous  section  of  Ky.  is  of  small  and  uni 
portant  extent,  being  limited  to  the  region  towa 
the  sources  of  Cumberland,  Kentucky,  Licking,  i;., 
Great  Sandy  rivers.  If  all  the  SE.  angle  of  the  St 
is  taken  as  mountainous,  it  will  not  amount  too 
fourth  the  area  of  the  whole.    But,  though 
mountains  are  not  very  elevated,  this  part  of 
State  is  very  broken,  and  generally  sterile  soil. 

The  second,  or  hilly  section,  follows  the  mo 
tainous,  and  is  much  more  extensive.  The  h 
natural  subdivision  spreads  over,  in  fact,  much 
greater  part  of  the  State,  reaching  from  the  C 
river,  between  Great  Sandy  and  Licking  rivers 
the  border  of  Tennessee,  nearly  as  low  dowr 
Ohio,  below  ths  mouth  of  Salt  river. 

From  analogy  it  might  be  expected  that  on 
left  as  well  as  the  right  slope  of  Ohio  valley  ti  I 
land  would  be  found.    This  is  not,  however, 
fact;  so  far  otherwise  is  the  face  of  the  h.llv 
of  Kentucky,  that  in  no  part  6f  the  United  St  i 
is  the  earth  so  broken  by  abrupt  steeps,  nor  wl : 
the  watercourses  have  cut  channels  so  deep  in  J  • 
portion  to  quantity  of  water  and  length  of  cou 
In  their  natural  state,  before  the  settlement  of  ' 
whites,  these  vales  were  overgrown  with  a  tit 
forest,  under  which  grew  brakes  of  the  reed  ci. 
and  rendered  this  part  of  Kentucky  the  most  I 
penetrable  to  the  footsteps  of  man  of  any  pan 
the  North  American  forest  yet  attempted.    On  J 
level  bottoms  of  Louisiana,  the  large  cane  br:9 
are  extremely  difficult  to  pass,  but  it  is  on  DBfJ 
ground  that  this  gigantic  grass  renders  humar  I 
fort  to  penetrate  its  recesses  to  the  last  degree  p  I 
ful  and  slow.    The  cane  brakes,  however,  e 
the  wild  animals  they  once  sheltered,  disappe  d 
before  civilized  man.    In  Kentucky  this  fact  s 
been  realized  in  a  very  striking  manner.    The  »- 
falo,  deer,  bear,  elk,  and  the  arundo  gigantea,  i  * 


KEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KEN 


i  great  part  vanished,  and  in  their  places  farms, 
t  hards,  meadows,  towns,  and  villages,  have  arisen. 
[  have  more  than  once  remarked  the  curious  cir- 
mstance,  that  in  the  Ohio  valley  most  of  the  hills 
ue  fertile  to  their  summits.  This  characteristic  is 
\y  striking  in  that  part  of  Kentucky  we  have  un- 
d  review ;  it  is  so  peculiarly  so  that  the  hills  are, 
i  many  places,  more  fertile  than  the  bottoms, 
le  prevailing  timber  of  the  hills  is  chestnut,  hick- 
o,  poplar,  (liriodendron  tulipifera,)  sugar  maple, 
e,  and  hackberry.  In  the  bottoms  the  timber  is 
nrly  similar,  though  larger. 
La  the  rivers  advance  in  their  progress  toward 
ti.r  common  recipient,  they  pursue,  through  the 
toantainous  and  hilly  tracts  we  have  noticed, 
nrly  a  VV.  course,  but  are  all  less  or  more  inflect- 
tio  the  northward,  at  a  considerable  distance  be- 
fcl  their  final  discharge  into  the  Ohio.  The  uni- 
fciity  of  their  curves  must  have  arisen  from  some 
fejre  in  the  surface  of  the  original  plain,  into 
Wise  surface  their  channels  are  worn.  The  riv- 
•ijf.  the  right  slope  of  the  basin  are  remarkable 
fctll  having  courses  not  deviating  much  from  N. 
11  S.  Those  of  the  left,  in  the  lower  or  inferior 
ft  of  their  courses,  flow  nearly  N. 

he  rivers  of  Kentucky  are  more  characterized 
&  are  even  those  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  by  the  deep- 
m  of  the  vales  or  ravines  they  have  formed  out  of 
llnecondary  strata  over  whose  surface  they  flow. 
U  substrata  of  Kentucky  is  limestone  in  the  far 
mter  part,  into  which  the  rivers  have  worn  pre- 
ipous  channels. 

I  plow  the  great  bend  of  its  rivers  the  physiog- 
mf?  of  the  country  changes  from  sharp,  high, 
Wf  hills,  narrow,  deep,  and  gloomy  valleys,  to 
c  imparative   rolling  or  even   level  country, 
thgh  on  a  smaller  scale  than  the  expansive  tracts 
jf  •irtile  soil  on  the  opposing  slope,  this  part  of 
it  ucky  is  amongst  the  most  desirable  in  the 
Joed  States.    It  is  the  only  part  of  Kentucky 
Ijjh  assumes  any  of  the  attributes  of  a  table  land. 
KfrsoW  is  extremely  fertile,  but  in  many  places  so 
»|ishallow  as  scarce  to  admit  the  growth  of  large 
W)    Its  base  is  one  immense  floor  of  secondary 
ur  Detz  limestone.    This  region  may  be  said  to 
x>y  the  central  parts  of  the  State,  from  the  wa- 
■•Jr  if  Green  river  to  those  of  Licking,  inclusive, 
*ni  ontains  the  best  peopled  part  of  the  State.  A 
I  of  spring  water  is  felt  in  many  parts  of  this 
— a  common  deficiency  of  all  places  where 
e  of  lime  prevails,  to  the  exclusion  of  other 
Water  is  perhaps  in  equal  quantity,  but 
nually  distributed.    Springs  of  immense  volume 
and  are  followed  by  wide  spaces  where  none 
und. 

Wanting  SW.  through  Kentucky,  the  central 
•*Wand  we  have  under  review  gradually  becomes 
no  level  and  less  fertile.    The  natural  timber 
the  ?sE.  part  are  liriodendron,  elm,  black 
•I  t,  honey  locust,  buckeye,  papaw,  cotton 
and  wild  cherry.    This  forest  growth  pre- 
«u>n  the  middle  waters  of  Licking  and  Kentuc- 
ky* e  heads  of  Salt  and  Green  jjvers.    It  is  foU 
towards  Tennessee  by  the  "Barrens,"  an 
*'»<'ooded  by  oak,  chesnut,  elm,  &c.    The  bar- 
i««Bkre  interspersed  by  other  species  of  soil,  by 
Jl0*i.  and  what  is  called  the  oak  knob  districts. 
111  •?,  the  latter  term  much  more  appropriately 
a***  the  character  of  this  section  of  Kentucky 


than  does  barrens.  The  hills  are  here  round,  gen- 
tly sloping,  and  deviate  in  a  striking  manner  from 
the  common  ridge  form  of  a  hilly  country. 

The  substratum  continues  to  be,  as  to  the  NE.,  S 
flat  imbedded  limestone. 

Approaching  towards  the  Ohio  river,  the  true  su- 
perstructure of  the  basin  again  appears,  as  we  have 
seen  on  the  opposing  slope.  The  rivers  having 
found  their  way  from  the  mountains  over  the  hilly 
and  central  table  land,  their  channels  become 
deeper.  From  Great  Sandy  to  its  mouth,  the  as- 
pect of  the  two  opposing  banks  of  the  Ohio  river 
are  alike,  and  all  the  observations  made  in  any 
general  view  or  particular  survey  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois,  applies  with  equal  correctness  to  Ken- 
tucky. A  very  hilly,  broken  border,  of  about  25 
or  30  ms.  wide,  following  the  inflections  of  Ohio 
river,  skirts  the  State  from  Great  Sandy  to  the 
mouth  of  Cumberland  river.  This  border  is  the 
buttress  of  the  Kentucky  slope,  fractured,  if  such  a 
term  can  be  admitted,  by  the  abrasion  of  the  wa- 
ters flowing  from  the  interior.  Though  not  ob- 
structed by  falls,  or  even  remarkable  rapids,  the 
streams  of  Kentucky  flow  with  great  velocity,  oc- 
casioned by  the  considerable  inclination  of  their 
plane  of  descent.  The  space  between  the  moun- 
tains and  Ohio  river  has  a  small  declivity,  but  the 
great  depth  of  the  bed  of  the  latter  river  has  given 
so  much  pitch  to  the  water  that  every  stream  has 
formed  for  itself  a  channel,  whose  declivity  corres- 
ponds to  the  comparative  depression  between  their 
sources  and  recipient.  The  apex  of  the  hills  with- 
in 3  or  4  ms.  from  the  Ohio  river  is  little,  if  any, 
below  that  of  those  far  in  the  interior.  The  hum- 
ble elevation  of  the  interior  hills  is  in  relation  to 
their  base ;  if  taken  above  Ohio  river,  their  height 
would  nearly  correspond  to  those  near  that  stream. 

We  may  therefore,  on  leaving  Ohio  river,  con- 
ceive ourselves  rising  rapidly  to  a  level  with  the 
general  surface.  We  find  the  waters  flowing  in 
enormous  chasms,  lined  by  limestone  walls  of  from 
100  to  300  or  400  feet  deep.  These  chasms  be- 
come less  profound  as  we  advance  towards  the 
mountain  sources.  Near  the  Ohio  we  meet  with 
innumerable  gushing  springs  of  water,  which,  as 
we  ascend  the  central  table  land,  become  more  rare. 
We  again  find  these  fountains  increase  as  we  pro- 
ceed on  our  way  to  the  mountain  border. 

Over  all  the  wide  extent  of  Kentucky,  the  only 
really  level  surface  of  note  is  the  bottoms  of  Ohio. 
Those  bottoms  are,  in  every  place  where  they  oc- 
cur, perfectly  similar  in  structure,  and  generally 
uniform  in  their  texture.  But  the  bottoms  on  the 
Ohio,  in  much  the  greater  part,  fall  backwards  to- 
ward the  hills,  at  the  base  of  which  small  ponds 
and  marshes  are  frequent.  But  few  instances  of  a 
regular  acclivity  from  the  water  edge  exist  on  the 
Ohio.  In  this  instance  this  river  differs  essen- 
tially from  most  streams  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  and 
particularly  from  the  St.  Lawrence.  These  ponds 
along  the  base  of  the  Ohio  hills,  superinduce  bil- 
ious complaints  in  autumn.  They  are,  however 
easily  drained,  and  the  beneficial  consequences  of 
such  melioration  on  the  face  of  nature  are  felt  at 
Louisville  and  other  places,  where  such  works 
have  heen  executed. 

As  the  bottom  lands  of  Ohio  constitute  so  re- 
markable a  feature  in  the  topography  of  the  United 
States,  and  as  Kentucky  embraces  the  largest  share 

453 


KEN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  KEN 


of  this  species  of  soil,  I  have  reserved  to  the  pre- 
sent to  introduce  its  particular  description.  The 
natural  position  of  Ohio  river,  and  the  process  of 
its  formation,  has  been  amply  discussed.  It  has 
been  shown  thai  that  stream,  and  all  its  confluents, 
owe  their  existence  to  the  wearing  away  of  a  prim- 
itive plain.  It  has  been  also  noticed  that  this  pro- 
cess must  have  been  gradual  and  of  very  long  con- 
tinuance. 

The  vale  of  Ohio,  at  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  is 
460  feet  deep,  and  this  depth  diminishes  in  propor- 
tion to  an  advance  towards  the  lower  termination 
of  the  vale,  and  at  the  junction  of  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers  the  water  is  but  little  depressed  be- 
low the  level  of  the  adjacent  bottoms. 

Evidence  of  the  periodical  recession  of  the  water 
is  every  where  seen  in  the  bottoms.  In  most  pla- 
ces there  are  two,  and  in  some  places  three,  stages 
of  bottoms,  elevated  above  each  other  15,  20,  or 
25  feet.  The  first,  or  lowest  stage,  is  yet  subject 
to  immersion  at  the  period  of  very  high  floods; 
the  second  and  third  have  long  ceased  to  be  liable 
to  inundation. 

Newport  and  Covington,  the  former  above  and 
the  latter  below  the  mouth  of  Licking  river,  oppo- 
site Cincinnati,  are  on  first  bottoms. 

Louisville,  at  the  rapids  of  Ohio,  stands  on  a  first 
bottom  more  than  usually  elevated,  but  falling  in 
the  rear  into  low  ponds. 

In  general  the  towns  along  the  margin  of  Ohio, 
except  at  the  mouth  of  rivers,  are  on  second  bot- 
toms. Below  Louisville,  the  hills  are  so  much  de- 
clined in  elevation  as  to  render  that  place  a  point 
of  separation  between  the  bold  and  rich  scenery 
above  and  the  more  humble  and  less  variegated 
landscapes  below  that  place.  It  is  also  a  point 
where  the  bottoms  commence  a  change  from  the 
stair-form  we  have  described,  to  the  flat  and  monot- 
onous aspect  of  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi.  From 
the  apex  of  the  hills  on  one  side,  to  those  on  the 
other,  the  distance  is  about  2  ms.  ;  three-fourths  of 
which  is  occupied  by  the  river  and  slopes  of  the 
hills,  leaving  about  half  a  mile,  or  880  yards,  for 
the  breadth  of  the  bottoms.  The  length  of  Ohio  is 
848,  or,  in  round  numbers,  850  ms.,  which,  at 
half  a  mile  wide,  would  yield  425  sq.  ms.  of  bot- 
tom land.  This  amounts  to  only  528,200  acres, 
much  less  than  is  commonly  believed,  though  I  am 
well  convinced  falls  little  if  any  short  of  the  real 
quantity.  As  to  fertility,  no  description  can  much 
exceed  reality  ;  this  range  is  no  doubt  amongst  the 
most  productive  in  the  northern  temperate  zone. 
Its  natural  indigenous  forest  trees  indicate  a  soil  of 
the  very  highest  strength  of  production.  The  most 
prominent  species  are  oaks,  elms,  ash,  and  hickory, 
of  every  variety  ;  black  and  white  walnut,  lirioden- 
dron,  sugar-maple,  linen,  cotton-wood,  and  syca- 
more, with  an  underwood  of  papaw,  dogwood,  and 
spice.  Every  vegetable  which  the  climate  will  ad- 
mit can  be  produced  in  abundance.  We  may  dis- 
miss the  subject  at  present  by  observing  that,  in 
point  of  climate,  the  Ohio  itself  ranges  through 
three  degrees  and  forty  minutes  of  latitude.  The 
mouth  of  Big  Beaver  being  in  N.  lat.  40  40,  and 
the  mouth  of  Ohio  N.  lat.  37°.  Of  this  climactic 
expanse,  Kentucky  embraces  two  degrees  and  eight 
minutes  of  latitude. 

We  have  now  surveyed  Kentucky,  and  have 
found  the  features  of  nature  exhibited  on  its  surface 
454 


to  be  in  accordance  with  those  of  other  parts  of 
basin  in  which  it  is  situated.  We  have  foun 
much  more  varied  physiognomy  than  that  com 
is  commonly  allowed  to  possess.  It  is  a  reg! 
indeed,  which  well  deserves  the  attention  of 
philosopher  and  statesman  ;  it  is  interesting  to 
former  from  its  peculiar  structure  and  product 
and  to  the  latter  from  its  commanding  position. 

The  principal  productions  of  Kentucky 
wheat  flour,  Indian  corn,  salted  provisions, 
stock,  tobacco,  hemp,  and  salt.  Manufacture: 
various  kinds  have  risen  to  considerable  ext 
particularly  coarse  cloths  and  cordage.  The  c 
mercial  outlet  of  Kentucky  is  the  Mississippi  ri ' 

The  subjoined  tables,  from  the  census  of  M 
exhibit  the  population  of  Kentucky. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  - 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 

100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males.  Fern; 


59,290 
46,242 
39,190 
32,611 
53,265 
32,206 
19,958 
11,809 
6,639 
3,092 
860 
130 
31 

305,323 


3  i 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fe 

OtolO' 
10  to  24 

24  to  36 

36  to  55 

55  to  100  - 

100  and  upwards 

1,048 

786 
534 
754 
629 
10 

936 
800 
536 
680 
593 
11 

32,531 
31,627 
15,095 
9,054 
2,657 
40 

3,761 

3,556 
3,761 

91,004 

Total 

7,317 

1) 

Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge  4 

Total  whites  insane,  &c. 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Private  charge 
Public  charge  - 


KEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KEN 


'Jal  of  persons  employed  in— 

■Liner            .             -             .             -  331 

Aiculture   197,738 

Cmierce      ....           -  3,448 

JViufactures  and  trades           -           -  23,217 

Msation  on  the  ocean            -           -           -  44 

E canals,  lakes,  and  rivers        -            •            -  968 

Limed  professions      ...           -  2,487 

Plsioners,  for  revolutionary  and  military  services  -  886 

U'.versities  or  colleges             -           -           -  10 

S  ents  in  do.            -  1,419 

A  lemies  and  grammar  schools             -           -  116 

Sentsiado.            ....  4,906 

l'  tary  and  common  schools      -            -           -  952 

pare  in  do.            ....  24,641 

Briars  at  public  charge.  -  -  429 
Jibber  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 

nnot  read  or  write  ...           -  40,018 


ilation  of  Kentucky,  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Free  white 
persons. 


nit 

tenridge- 


:ken  - 


3i,470 
3,229 
2,237 
6,692 
3,921 
4,150 
4,13o 
3,191 
1,716 
1,063 
3.826 
&566 
4,181 
4,574 

2,  m 

1,680 
2,193 
4,895 
1,373 
3,46: 

2,02: 

1,869 
2,261 
3,303 
2,582 
1,334 
5,533 
5,663 
3,154 
3,430 
1,794 
3,631 
2,003 
3,376 
2,136 
5,211 
2,850 
1,074 
7,049 
1,467 
4,605 
3,083 
3,279 

3,  ' 

3,854 
3,817 
14,604 
2,964 
3,735 
2,562 
1,53S 
2,422 
2,942 
3,340 
3,879 
4,312 
5,566 
4,244 
5,810 
2,143 
2,353 
6. 

2,918 
3,282 


3,299 
3,146 
2,135 
6,455 
3,787 
3,674 
3,709 
2,692 
1,663 
1,013 
3,411 
2,430 
3,910 
4,296 
2,235 
1.532 
2176 
4,596 
1,338 
3,293 
1,927 
1,805 
2,31 
3,024 
2,376 
1,245 
5,352 
5,495 
2,949 
2,90 
1,56 
3,479 
1,835 
3,268 
2,126 
5,022 
2,629 
965 
6,780 
1,461 
4,39u 
2,895 
2,902 
3,657 
3,491 
3,600 
12,3S3 
2,816 
3,295 
2,1150 
1,426 
2,230 
2,931 
3,212 
3,459 
4,167 
5,292 
4,096 
5,326 
1,921 
2,013 
6,401 
2,893 
3,127 


Free  col 
persons 


Slaves. 


775 
456 
508 

2,011 
955 

1,090 

3,181 
410 
251 
51 
819 
680 

1,112 
426 
137 
369 
260 

3,002 
93 


Total. 


30-2 
87 
754 
976 
302 
179 
5,693 
961 
86 
1,379 
29 
1,660 
176 
364 

10: 

1,862 
366 
268 
1,244 
29 
1,773 
505 
1,691 
1,179 
767 
825 
4,164 
1,816 
354 
251 
46 
37 
190 
1,725 
621 
2,342 
2,695 
1,292 
2,119 
304 
684 
188  2,753 
346 
86  1,322 


830 
479 
551 
2,054 
996 
1,093 
3,144 
409 
264 
68 
872 
640 
1,059 
4S3 
152 
362 
271 
2,995 
93 
2;016 
201 
101 
731 
989 
256 
155 
5,017 
1,031 
96 
1,470 
307 
1,623 
172 
453 
97 
1,968 
3S8 
271 
1,238 
50 
1,611 
504 
1,628 
1,170 
8-28 
898 
4,432 
1,656 
397 
285 
63 
40 
216 
1,7: 

767 
2,464 
2,716 
1,320 
2,191 
350 
725 
2,533 
357 
1.413 


8,466 
7,329 
5,452 
17,286 
9,763 
10,034 
14,478 
7,053 
3,896 
2,195 
8,944 
6,334 
10,365 
9,794 
5,214 


Table — Continued. 


Counties. 

Free  whit° 
persons. 

Free  col . 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

Males. 

Females,  j 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

Morgan 

2,361 

2,178 

2 

1 

26 

35 

4,603 

Muhlenburg  - 

3,030 

2,725 

6 

7 

579 

617 

6,964 

Nelson 

4,499 

4,379 

53 

63 

2,310 

2,333 

13.637 

Nicholas 

3,671 

3,639 

85 

97 

607 

646 

8,745 

Ohio 

2,954 

2,793 

14 

8 

381 

442 

6,592 

Oldham 

2,571 

2,287 

85 

60 

1,167 

1,210 

7,380 

Owen 

3,679 

3,236 

23 

13 

599 

682 

8,232 

Pendleton 

2,177 

1,836 

4 

1 

191 

246 

4,455 

Perry 

1,548 

1,375 

15 

y 

60 

83 

3,089 

Pike 

1,756 

1  713 

6 

48 

37 

3,567 
9,620 

Pulaski 

4,436 

4,145 

8 

10 

474 

545 

Rockcaslle 

1  584 

1  439 

g 

I/O 

202 

3,409 

Russell 

$59 

l',869 

4 

188 

218 

4,238 

Scott 

4,340 

3,880 

54 

55 

2,737 

2,602 

13.668 

Shelby 

5,857 

5,399 

86 

71 

3,22.5 

3,130 

17:766 

Simpson 

2,560 

2,424 

21 

19 

739 

754 

6,537 

Spencer 

2,429 

2,221 

11 

9 

975 

936 

6,561 

Todd 

3,107 

2,963 

26 

16 

1.927 

1,952 

9,991 

Trigg 

2,899 

2,715 

29 

21 

1,011 

1,041 

7,716 

Trimble 

1,944 

1,843 

9 

11 

316 

357 

4,480 

Union 

2,573 

2,336 

24 

12 

866 

862 

6^73 

Warren 

5,700 

5,376 

85 

76 

2,126 

2,081 

15,446 

Washington  - 

4,006 

3,694 

19 

19 

1,277 

1,381 

10,596 

Wayne 

3,481 

3,273 

10 

5 

303 

327 

7,399 

Whitley 

2,284 

2,224 

12 

7 

59 

87 

4,673 

Woodford 

2,981 

2,835 

93 

79 

3,056 

2,696 

11,740 

Total 

305323 

284930 

3761 

3556 

91,004 

91,254 

779828 

The  interests  of  education  have  received  consid- 
erable attention  in  this  State j  the  Transylvania  is 
a  comparatively  recent,  but  a  really  respectable  in 
3,966 1  stitution.  According  to  a  report  of  the  professors 
in  this  seminary,  dated  February  1 1th,  1822,  the 
school  of  medicine  presents  "all  the  means  requi- 
site for  a  complete  course  of  medical  education, 
conducted  in  the  usual  academical  form. 

"  The  library  of  the  institution  is  select  and  valu- 
able, containing,  in  various  languages,  the  standard 
and  most  esteemed  works  in  medicine,  both  ancient 
and  modern,  with  no  inconsiderable  number  of  the 
same  rank  in  the  several  collateral  branches  of 
science ;  the  chemical  apparatus  is,  in  many  re- 
spects, not  inferior  to  any  in  the  U,  S.  ;  and  the 
anatomical  museum,  already  rich  in  matter  of  in- 
struction, will  be  rendered  much  more  so  by  addi- 
tions which  it  will  receive  from  Europe  in  the 
course  of  the  summer.  The  lecture  rooms  are  also 
spacious,  comfortable,  and  commodious. 

"Courses  of  lectures  are  delivered  on  all  thr 
branches  of  medicine  taught  in  the  oldest  schools 
of  our  country. 

"The  price  of  subsistence  is  unusually  moderate, 
and  accommodations  excellent;  the  situation  ex- 
ceedingly healthy ;  and  in  intelligence,  morality, 
and  refinement,  the  society  not  surpassed  by  that 
of  any  other  town  in  the  U.  S. 

"The  lectures  will  commence  annually,  on  the 
first  Monday  in  November,  and  terminate  early  in 
the  month  of  March. 

"To  be  entitled  to  present  himself  a  candidate  for 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  a  pupil  must  be 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  have  attended  two 
full  courses  of  lectures — one  of  them,  at  least,  in  this 
institution. 

"  But  any  physician  who  shall  have  practised  his 
profession  with  reputation  for  the  term  of  four  years 

455 


4,939 
15,567 
2,905 
1  0,802 
4,607 
3,863 
6,M90 
b,331 
5,535 
2  914 
22,194 
13,268 
6,3U2 
9,420 
4,0J3 
10,460 
4,192 
7,465 
4,461 
14,212 
6,297 
2,581 
16,357 
3,015 
12,472 
7,031 
9,548 
10,015 
8,966 
9,171 
36,346 
9,396 
7,816 
5,722 
3,079 
4,730 
6,306 
10,167 
9,025 
13,615 
16,355 
11,032 
15,719 
4,745 
5,780 
18,720 
6,526 
9,332 


KER  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  KEW 


may  become  a  candidate,  after  attending  one  full 
course  of  lectures  in  this  school." 

The  building  appropriated  to  the  use  of  the 
Transylvania  University  was  burned  on  the  night 
of  May  9th,  1829.  About  half  the  books  and  all 
the  philosophical  apparatus  were  saved  Insurance 
$10,000. 

The  charter  of  a  second  university,  to  be  located 
at  Danville,  was  granted  by  the  Legislature  in  1819. 

Kentucky,  river,  rises  in  Floyd  co.,  in  the  spurs 
of  Cumberland  mountain,  interlocking  with  the 
sources  of  Licking  and  Big  Sandy,  and  opposite  to 
those  of  Tennessee.  The  general  course  of  Ken- 
tucky river  is  NW.,  and  by  comparative  courses 
200  ms.,  through  or  bordering  on  Floyd,  Perry, 
Estill,  Clarke,  Madison,  Fayette,  Jessamine,  Gar- 
rard, Mercer,  Woodford,  Franklin,  Shelby,  Owen, 
Henry,  and  Gallatin  cos.  It  enters  Ohio  at  Point 
William,  and  in  times  of  flood  is  navigable  by  the 
windings  of  the  stream  about  150  ms. 

Keratea,  village  of  Greece,  in  Attica,  SE.  from 
Athens  about  15  ms.  It  is  inhabited  by  Alban- 
ians, and  contains  about  250  houses,  situated  near, 
though  not  on  the  Saronic  gulf,  and  at  the  foot  of 
a  range  of  mountains  called  Parne.  From  a  hill 
behind  Keratea  Mr,  Hobhouse  obtained  a  "com- 
manding prospect,  including  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  the  Negropont,  Macronosi,  or  Long  island, 
near  the  eastern  coast,  as  far  as  Sunium,  and  sev- 
eral islands  to  the  S.  of  that  promontory.  The 
two  ranges  of  Hymethus  were  distinctly  seen." 

Mr.  Hobhouse,  upon  what  authority  he  does  not 
state,  gives  the  name  of  Keratea  to  the  spurs  of 
Cithaeron  N.  from  Eleusis. 

Kerbela,  ancient  Vologesia,  town  of  Irak  Ara- 
bia, on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  about  50 
ms.  SW.  from  Bagdad.  Kerbela  is  also  the  Me- 
shed Hosein,  "  Tomb  of  Hosein,"  the  grandson  of 
Mohammed,  who  was  there  killed  in  battle;  hence, 
by  the  Sheah  branch  of  Islamism,  regarded  sacred. 
It  is  situated  on  or  near  the  great  desert,  and  a  few 
ms.  SW.  of  the  Euphrates. — See  Meshed  Ali,  Me- 
shed Hosein,  and  Mtshed. 

Kercolang,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  between 
SO  and  100  ms.  in  circumference.  Lon.  126  31 
E.,  lat.  4  28  N. 

Keresoun,  ancient  Cerasus,  town  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, on  the  Black  sea,  70  ms.  WSW.  from  Tre- 
bisond. 

Kergulen's  Land,  island  in  the  Southern  ocean, 
visited  by  Captain  Couk  in  1779.  Lon.  69  37  E., 
lat.  49  3  S. 

Kirkeslah,  ancient  Circessium,  town  of  ancient 
Mesopotamia  and  modern  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  at  and  below 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Khaboor,  ancient  Chaboras, 
about  300  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Damascus,  and  very 
nearly  an  equal  distance  SE.  by  E.  of  Scanderoon. 
This  place  was  remarkable,,  as  being  the  utmost 
bounds  of  the  Roman  empire  on  the  eastern  side 
of  the  Euphrates,  though  on  the  western  side  the 
Roman  eagles  hovered  many  ages  100  ms.  still 
lower,  at  Anatho.  The  immense  extent  of  Roman 
power  may  be  in  part  estimated  from  the  fact  that, 
by  any  road,  it  was  nearly  1,000  ms.  from  Anatho 
to  Constantinople. 

Kerman,  province  of  Persia,  ancient  Carama- 
nia,  lying  on  the  Gulf  of  Persia.    The  inhabitants 

drive  a  great  trade  in  their  wool.  Town  of 

456 


Persia,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  nar 
called  also  Cararnania.  It  is  120  ms.  NNW. 
Gambroon.    Lon.  55  15  E.,  lat.  29  20  N. 

Kernesville,  village,  Northampton  co.,  Pa, 
ms.  NW.  by.  W.  from  Easton. 

Kerpen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of  Juliers,  14  ms.  5 
of  Juliers.    Lon.  6  56  E',  lat.  50°  N. 

Kerry,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  M 
ster,  57  ms.  long  and  45  broad,  bounded  on 
E.  by  the  cos.  of  Limerick  and  Cork,  on  the 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the  N.  by  the  Shann 
which  separates  it  from  Thomond,  and  on  the 
by  Desmond  and  the  ocean.  It  is  a  mountain 
country,  but  in  many  places  are  good  corn-fie! 
It  contains  84  parishes.    Ardfert  is  the  capital. 

Kershaw,  district  of  S.  C,  bounded  by  Si 
ter  and  part  of  Richland  SE.,  part  of  KichI  J 
SW.,  Fairfield  W.,  Lancaster  NW.  and  J 
Chesterfield  NE.,  and  Darlington  E.  Lcn 
33,  mean  width  24  ms.,  area  about  860  sq.  . 
Surface  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  d! 
Soil  productive.  Chief  town,  Camden.  *I( 
district  was  not  returned  or  reported  in  the  cen 
of  1820;  we  cannot,  therefore,  show  the  prog 
of  population  in  the  20  years  preceding  18 
when  it  was  12,481. 

Kertoon  Pira,  river,  branch  of  the  Amur,  rj 
in  central  Asia,  in  the  country  of  the  Kalkas, 
lat.  49°,  lon.   1 10°  E.,  flows  NE.  600  ms.,  i  j 
uniting  with  the  Argoun,  forms  the  Amur.  ] 

Kertsch,  fortress  of  great  importance,  whi  i 
with  Jenikale,  commands  the  passage  which  fo  j 
the  communication  between  the  sea  of  A^oph  1 
the  Black  sea.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  coast 
the  Crimea,  near  the  N.  entrance  of  the  straits  < 
Caffra,  12  ms.  from  Jenikale. 

Kesroan,  chain  of  mountains  on  the  coas  - 
Syria,  of  which  Mount  Libanus  makes  a  part. 

Kessel,  town  of  Prussian  Guelderland,  wit  I 
handsome  castle,  seated  on  the  Maese,  betw  j 
Ruremond  and  Venlo.  Lon.  5  49  E.,  lat.  15  I 
North. 

Kesseldorf,  village  of  Germany,  in  the  circl ' 
Upper  Saxony,  3  ms.  below  Dresden,  remarks 
for  a  victory  gained  by  the  King  of  Prussia  cl 
the  Saxons,  in  1745. 

Kesteven,  one  of  the  three  grand  division:! 
Lincolnshire,  Eng.  It  contains  the  W.  par; 
the  co.,  from  the  middle  to  the  S.  extremity. 

Keswick,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberlund,  i  i 
vale  surrounded  by  hills,  near  the  rapid  river  G| 
ta;  near  this  vale  the  finest  hlack  lead  in  the  w  i 
is  dug  up.  It  is  25  ms.  NW.  of  Kendal,  and 
NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  3  15  W.,  lat.  58| 
North. 

Kestwick,  Vale  of,  Eng.,  in  the  S.  part  of  C 
berland.    Here  is  the  Lake  of  Derwent-w?- 
To  the  N.  of  this  is  the  lofty  mountain  of  Skid< 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  in  Eng.,  and  toe 
S.  is  the  dreary  region  of  Burrowdale. — See  I- 
rowdale,  Derwent- water,  and  Skiddaw. 

Kelcham's  Corner,  post  office,  Saratoga  co..  • 
Y.,  15  ms.  N.  from  Albany. 

Kettering,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northampionsi  , 
12  ms.  NE.  of  Northampton,  and  75  NWl 
London.    Lon.  0  59  E.,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Kew,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  7  ms-  W.l 
S.  of  London,  on  the  Thames,  over  which  a 


KEY 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KIA 


io>  bridge  of  7  arches  to  Brentford.  Kew  gar- 
ei  are  open  to  the  public  every  Monday,  from 
ni  ummer  to  the  end  of  autumn. 

weena,  Point,  projects  far  into  the  S.  side  of 
,a  Superior.  It  is  thus  distinguished  and  de- 
■r?d  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft:  "It  has  sometimes 
>e  confounded,  by  geographers  and  travellers, 
rfiPoint  Chegoimegon,  which  is  130  ms.  fur- 
wW.  In  coasting  round  this  point,  it  is  esti- 
M  to  be  90  ms.,  but  canoes  shorten  the  voy- 
.gfoy  ascending  the  Portage  river,  which  nearly 
isites  the  point  from  the  main  shore,  and  makes 
ptage  of  less  than  a  mile  into  the  lake  W.  from 
I  Lint.  To  the  E.  of  this  point  there  is  a  large 
M2  ms.  wide  by  20  in  length,  called  Keweena 
«ivvhich  it  is  necessary  to  cross  in  order  to  reach 
ttlge  river." — See  Portage  river, 
mcholm,  town  of  the  Russian  Government  of 
Wirgh,  on  two  islands  of  the  Lake  Ladoga,  60 
s.VE.  of  Wiburgh,  and  67  N.  of  Petersburg. 
,«30  25  E.,  lat.  61  3  N. 
munsham,  town   in   Somersetshire,  on  the 

v,  5  ms.  SE.  of  Bristol,  and  119  W.  of  Lon- 
X  Xon.  2  34  W.,  lat,  51  24  N. 

ly&ville,  village,  Charlotte  co.,  Va.,  on  the 
aa  waters  of  Meheim  river,  70  ms.  SW.  from 
icnond. 

Jy  West,  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
■t'kable  as  being  the  most  southern  settlement 
mm  U.  S,  It  is  used  as  a  naval  station.  Lat. 
§[  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  38  W. 
Me  following  observations  and  data  were  ex- 
■p  from  a  more  detailed  communication  from 
>!..[.  S.  Waterhouse,  dated  Key  West,  Novem- 
mu,  1831,  and  addressed  to  Messrs.  Gales  & 
Oh,  and  published  in  the  National  Intelligencer : 

Key  West,  Flor.,  Nov.  22,  1831. 

Assrs.  Gales  &  Seaton  :  Immediately  after 
Ma  became  an  integrant  part  of  the  United 
ifi,  the  General  Government  were  sensible  of 
lifreat  importance  of  this  place  in  a  national 
i4iof  view.  It  is  not  only  a  frontier  station, 
nt  the  key  of  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 

>,  nd  commands  the  communication  with  the 

Gat  Wes'r."  In  its  proximity  to  the  West  In- 
nd  to  the  South  American  States,  the  depth 

I  ;er  and  excellency  of  its  harbor,  and  the  cer- 
wiih  which  the  entrance  can  be  commanded, 

H  ^equalled  by  any  other  place  in  this  southern 

aige  space  of  ground,  formerly  covered  with 
Jh6  growth  of  bushes,  weeds,  and  tall  grass, 
"fh  which  the  sun's  rays  never  penetrated, 
"d  ider  which  the  earth's  surface  never  dried, 
» r  cleared,  laid  out  into  streets  and  squares, 
1  d  ccupied  by  substantial,  safe,  and  airy  build- 
up circumstance,  interesting  as  a  pathological 
li;ts leserves  mention.    The  Florida  Keys,  in- 
'*"g  this  island,  are,  without  an  exception, 
I  on  carbonate  of  lime.    The  reef  itself  con 
I  vholly  of  that  substance,  and  the  waters  of 
,t!  I  if  are  saturated  with  this  compound.  Medi- 
il  pn  will  bear  me  out  in  the  assertion,  that  an 
wjthus  based,  and  so  surrounded,  can  never, 
'd'  ordinary  contingents,  produce  pestilential 
ata. 

1  ive  now  resided  constantly  in  Key  West 
58* 


three  years  and  a  quarter,  commencing  23d  of  Au- 
gust, 1828.  The  extremes  of  temperature  on 
Fahrenheit's  scale  have  been  from  90°  (July  11 
and  August  5,  1830)  down  to  50°,  (on  the  morn- 
ing of  January  18,  1831,)  though  the  common 
annual  range  does  not  exceed  33°.  At  no  time 
has  the  alteration  in  temperature  been  otherwise 
than  gradual. 

The  extremes  of  atmospheric  pressure  (ascer- 
tained by  Adie's  sympicrometer)  have  been  from 
29.01  inches  to  30.28.  The  rarest  stale  (29.01) 
occurred  24th  September,  1830,  during  the  usual 
autumnal  equinoctial  gale.  The  greatest  pressure 
takes  place  in  the  coldest  days  of  winter — often  to 
30  inches  and  upwards.  But  sudden  alternations 
(as  indicated  by  this  extremely  delicate  instrument) 
seldom  exceed  14-100  of  an  inch. 

During  the  time  specified  above,  the  total  of 
deaths  in  this  town  and  harbor  has  been  86. 

Reckoning  the  number  of  inhabitants  on  this 
island  (including  U.  S.  troops)  at  300 — deaths  of 
residents  in  the  last  3£  years,  46 — gives  the  aver- 
age number  of  deaths  per  year,  15 — average  5  per 
cent. 

The  people  and  the  Government  are  alike  inter- 
ested in  being  made  acquainted  with  the  truth. 

H.  S.  WATERHOUSE,  M.  D. 

Khax,  a  primitive  title  in  the  central  and  north- 
ern languages  of  Asia,  evidently  the  root  of  the 
German  konig,  and  English  king.  In  Tartary, 
or  in  central  Asia,  where  the  term  originated,  it  is 
only  applied  to  independent  sovereigns,  though  in 
Persia  it  has  received  a  more  extended  significa- 
tion, and  is  applied  to  commanders  in  chief  of  ar- 
mies and  governors  or  viceroys  of  provinces  ;  but 
even  there  the  original  power  of  the  word  is  pre- 
served, as  it  applies  only  to  those  in  the  highest 
secondary  stations. — See  art.  King. 

Khirghahs,  conical  moveable  huts,  the  tempo- 
rary residences  of  the  nomadic  nations  of  central 
Asia.  To  call  a  people  Khirgueses  is  to  call  them 
people  of  the  huts. 

Khorasin,  country  of  Asia,  along  the  E.  side  of 
the  Caspian.  It  corresponds  in  part  with  ancient 
Hyrcania,  or  rather  the  western  part  of  Scythia 
Intra  Imaum. — See  Asia,  p.  86. 

Khorkofy  government  of  the  Russian  empire, 
formerly  comprised  in  the  government  of  Ukrania- 
Slovodskaia.  Its  capital  of  the  same  name  is  seated 
on  the  Uda,  which  falls  into  the  Donetz. 

Khosistan. — See  Chusistan. 

Khojund,  city  of  Bucharia,  on  the  Sihon  or  Jax- 
artes  river,  120  ms.  NE.  fram  Samarcand. 

Khyber  Passes,  in  Cabul.  From  Peshawar  to 
Jellalabad  is  90  ms.  through  the  Khyber  gPasses 
and  along  the  road,  which,  winding  among  the  hills 
and  on  the  precipitous  banks  of  the  Cabul  river, 
makes  the  distance  much  greater  than  in  a  direct 
line.  The  Khyber  Passes  (lat.  34  30)  are  eleva- 
ted 3,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  are  12 
ms.  in  lengthy  and  extremely  narrow  in  some 
places. — Henry  Wheaton. 

Kia-king-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Tche-kiang,  remarkable  for  nothing  but  its  streets, 
ornamented  by  beautiful  piazzas,  that  shelter  pas  ■« 
sengersfrom  the  sun  and  rain.  Seven  cities  of  the 
third  class  are  dependent  upon  it. 

Kiachta,  Kiakta,  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Irkoutsk,  and  on  the  Selenga 

457 


KIE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  KIL 


river.  It  is  a  point  of  contact  between  the  Rus- 
sians and  Chinese  ;  the  site  and  environs  are  bar- 
ren, mountainous,  and  deficient  in  water.  The 
chief  pop.  are  Russian  merchants.  Lat.  50  30 
N.  Ion.  107  E.,  and  about200  ms.  from  Irkoutsk. 

Kiang-nan,  province  of  China,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  Honan  and  Houquang,  on  the  S.  by 
Tche-kiang  and  Kiang-si,  on  the  E.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Nanking,  and  on  the  N.  by  Chang-tong.  It 
is  full  of  lakes,  rivers,  and  canals;  and  their  silks, 
japanned  goods,  ink,  and  paper,  bring  higher 
prices  than  those  of  the  other  provinces.  Nan- 
king is  the  capital. 

Kiangsi,  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Kiang-nan,  on  the  W.  by  Houquang,  on 
the  S.  by  Quang-tong,  and  on  the'E.  by  Fokien 
and  Tche-kiang.  Nan-tchang-fou  is  the  capital. 

Kiburg,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Zurich,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Theoff,  14  ms.  NE.  of  the  town  of  Zurich.  Lon. 
8  46  E.,  lat.  47  28  N. 

Kidderminster,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in 
Worcestershire,  under  a  hill,  on  the  river  Stour, 
and  is  the  principal  manufacturing  place  in  the 
co.,  and  it  was  particularly  noted  for  a  woolen 
manufacture  called  Kidderminster  stuff-.  Its  for- 
mer trade  of  stuffs  is  much  declined,  on  account 
of  the  general  use  of  cotton  goods;  but  its  carpet 
manufacture  has  greatly  increased.  It  is  14  ms. 
SE.  of  Bridgenorth,  and  125  NW.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  18  W.,  lat.  52  28  N. 

Kidwelly,  town  in  Carmarthenshire,  in  South 
Wales.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Bristol 
channel,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Towy.  From  this 
town,  a  canal  has  been  cut  to  some  collieries, 
whence  coal  is  brought  down  and  exported.  It  is 
8  ms.  S.  of  Carmarthen,  and  224  W.  by  N.  of 
London.    Lon.  4  20  W.,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Kiel,  strong  and  considerable  town  of  Germany, 
n  the  circle  oi  Lower  Saxony,  capital  of  Holstein, 
with  a  castle  and  a  university.  It  stands  on  a  pe- 
ninsula, in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  and  has  a  commo- 
dious harbor  for  ships  of  the  largest  size.  A  ca- 
nal was  begun  in  1777,  by  which  the  navigation 
of  the  Northern  sea  is  to  be  united  with  the  Baltic, 
and  crosses  Holstein  by  the  canal  of  Kiel  and  the 
river  Eyder,  which  passes  by  Rendsburg,  and  falls 
into  the  German  ocean  at  Tonningen,  by  which 
Kiel  has  become  one  of  the  most  commercial  places 
in  Holstein.  Kiel  is  37  ms.  N  W.  of  Lubec,  and 
46  N.  by  E.  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  10°  E.,  lat.  54 
20  N. — See  Holstein.  See  article  Navigation, 
Inland. 

Kiema,  promontory  of  Switzerland,  on  the  W. 
shore  of  Lake  Zug,  of  which  it  is  remarkable 
that  the  ground  belongs  to  the  canton  of  Lucern, 
the  timber  to  that  of  Zug,  and  the  leaves  to  that  of 
Schweitz. 

Kien-ning-fou,  city  ot  China,  in  the  province 
of  Fokien.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  of  China 
by  the  Manshurs,  it  sustained  two  sieges,  and  af- 
ter some  time  it  was  taken,  and  all  the  inhabitants 
were  put  to  the  sword.  Having  been  since  re-es- 
tablished, it  is  ranked  among  cities  of  the  first 
class,  and  has  eight  cities  of  the  third  class  under 
its  jurisdiction.    It  is  260  ms.  SE.  of  Nang-king. 

Kiernow,  town  of  Lithuania,  seated  on  the  Vil- 
Iia,  where  the  duke  resides.    Lon.  35  21  E.,  lat. 
54  50  N. 
458 


Kilbarchan,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Renf 
shire.  It  is  a  manufacturing  place,  and  has 
tensive  bleaching  grounds.    It  is  5  ms.  , 

Renfrew. 

Kilbeggan,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  West  M 
It  is  seated  on  the  Bosna,  and  is  44  ms.  V\ 
Dublin. 

Kilburn,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  ir 
vicinity  of  London,  famous  for  a  fine  well  of 
eral  water. 

Kilda,  St.,  small  island  of  Scotland,  one  of 
Hebrides,  18  leagues  to  the  W.  of  North  1 
A  great  number  of  the  poor  people  in  this  is 
live  chiefly  by  fishing  and  catching  wild  fc 
St.  Kilda  is  the  most  westerly  island  of  0 
Britain. 

Kildare,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  I, 
ster,  37  ms.  long  and  20  broad,  bounded  oi 
E.  by  Dublin  and  Wicklow,  on  the  W.  by  K; 
co.  and  Queen's  co.,  on  the  N.  by  E.  Meath, 
on  the  S.  by  Catherlough.  It  is  a  fertile  com 
contains  100  parishes,  and  sends  ten  menibe: 

Parliament.  Town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  i 

of  the  same   name,  with  a  bishop's  see. 

27  ms.  SW.  of  Dublin.    Lon.  6  37  W., 

53  9  N. 

Kildrummy,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberd 
shire,  seated  on  the  Don.  Lon.  2  35  W.,  lit 
20  N. 

Kilgarren,  town  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokes 
on  the  river  Tyvy  ;  near  it  is  a  remarkable  sal 
leap,  where  the  fish  are  caught  in  great  abunda 
Above  this  place  are  large  woiks  for  fabricatin 
plates.  It  is  30  ms.  N.  of  Pembroke,  and 
WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  4  40  W.,  lat.  52' 

Kilham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  East  Ridir 
Yorkshire,  on  the  Moulds,  and  is  36  ms.  NIf 
York,  and  200  N.  of  London.   Lon.  16'  W.f( 

54  5  N. 

Kilia,  fortified  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europm 
the  province  of  Bessarabia,  seated  in  an  islar  t 
the  mouth  of  the  Danube.  It  is  86  ms.  SM  I 
Bialogorod,  and  290  NE.  of  Constantinople.  \m 

28  46  E.,  lat.  45  22  N. 

Kilkenny,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  provim  f 
Leinster,  40  ms.  long  and  20  broad,  boundc  i 
the  E.  by  Catherlough  and  Wexford,  on  the  . 
by  Tipperary,  on  the  N.  by  Queen's  co.,  am  J 
the  S.  by  Waterford,  It  is  one  of  the  most  he;  - 
ful,  pleasant,  and  populous  cos.  in  Ireland,  • 
tains  96  parishes,  and  sends  16  members  to  - 

liament.  Town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  ac'f 

the  same  name.  It  is  one  of  the  most  popi  8 
and  commercial  towns  of  Ireland,  and  consis  >i 
the  Irish  and  English  town,  the  last  oi  whi'* 
the  principal.  It  once  had  a  bishop,  and  th<  - 
thedral  is  yet  standing.  It  is  26  ms.  N.  of  W  I 
ford,  and  54  SW.  of  Dublin.    Lon.  6  55  , 

lat.  52  36  N.  Tp.t  Leinster  co.,  L.  C.J 

ms.  NW.  from  Montreal.  Tp.,  Coos  co.  I 

H.,  8  ms.  NE.  from  Lancaster.  Village,;. 

Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y. 

Killala,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Ml 
and  province  of  Connaught,  with  a  bishop's  *• 
It  is  21  ms.  N.  of  Castleblar.  Lon.  9  11  -i 
lat.  54  15  E. 

Killalue,  city  of  Ireland,  in  the  ce.  of  C.S 
and  province  of  Munster,  with  a  bishop's 
seated  on  the  Shannon,  over  which  is  a  bridi* 


KIL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KIN 


ches.    Here  is  a  considerable  salmon  and  eel ,  Donegal  bay.    It  is  12  ms.  NW.  of  Ballyshan- 
:y.    It  is  10  ms.  NNE.  of  Limerick.    Lon.  jnon.    Lon."  8  6  W.,  lat.  54  40  N. 
[fW.,  lat.  52  50  N.  Kilmac-Thomas,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 

Marney,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Kerry,  Waterford,  and  province  of  Munster,  12  ms.  SE. 
•rovince  of  Munster,  on  the  side  of  a  lake  of  |  of  Waterford.    Lon.  7  10  W.,  lat  52  14  N. 
une  name.     Within  half  a  mile  of  this  place      Kilmainham,  town  of  Ireland,  situated  about 
ie  ruins  of  the  cathedral  of  Aghadoe,  an  an-  half  a  mile  from  Dublin.    It  has  a  session-house 
!j  bishopric  united  to  Ardfert.    It  is  143  ms.  and  a  jail  ;  and  here  the  quarter  sessions  are  held 

(of  Dublin.  Beautiful  lake  of  Ireland,  in  for  the  co.  of  Dublin,  and  the  knights  for  the  shire 

>.  of  Kerry,  otherwise  called  Lough  Lean,  [  elected. 

ltd  being  surrounded  by  high  mountains.    It      Kilmallock,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
ided  into  three  parts,  called  the  Lower,  Mid-  Limerick.    Lon.  8  34  W.,  51  24  N. 
jind  Upper  Lake.    The  Northern  or  Lower      Kilmarnock,  populous  town  of  Scotland,  in 
[is  6  ms.  in  length,  and  from  three  to  four  in  Ayrshire,  with  a  manufactory  of  gloves,  carpets, 
jlh.    The  Upper  Lake  is  four  ms.  in  length,  stockings,  nightcaps,  bonnets,  and  other  woolen 

com  two  to  three  in  breadth.    It  is  almost ,  goods.    It  is  15  ms.  SW.  of  Glasgow.  Vil- 

nnded  by  mountains,  from  which  descend  a  lage,  Lancaster  co.,  Va-,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Lan- 
ier of  beautiful  cascades.  The  islands  in  this  caster,  C.  H.,  and  by  post  road  115  ms.  NE.  by 
ure  numerous,  and  afford  an  amazing  variety  E.  from  Richmond. 

cturesque  views.  The  centre  lake,  which  Kilmorc,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Cavan, 
i.unicates  with  the  upper,  is  small  in  compar-  and  province  of  Ulster,  with  a  bishop's  see,  3  ms. 
vith  the  other  two,  and  cannot  boast  of  equal  S  W.  of  Cavan.  Lon.  7  11  W.,  lat.  54  2  N. 
y ;  but  the  shores  are  in  many  places  indent-  Kilteam,  town  of  Ross-shire,  in  Scotland,  re- 
tth  beautiful  bays,  surrounded  by  dark  groves  markable  for  being  the  burial  place  of  Donald 
?s.  In  the  several  mountains  adjacent  to  the  Monro,  who  gave  Buchanan  the  account  of  the 
tare  still  to  be  seen  vestiges  of  mines  of  iron,  islands  and  highlands  of  Scotland,  which  he  has 
and  copper.  inserted  in  his  history. 

'levan,  town  of  Ireland,  and  province  of  UI-  Kilworth,  thriving  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co. 
:  ii  the  co.  of  Monaghan,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Mon-  ;of  Cork,  and  province  of  Munster,  at  the  foot  of 
L    Lon.  7  26  W.,  lat.  54  10N.  '  Kilworth  mountains.    Below  the  town  runs  the 

Uicrankie,  noted  pass  in  Perthshire,  near  the  river  Funcheon,  on  which  stands  the  castle  of 
Ion  of  the  Tumel  with  the  Garry.    It  is  the  Cloughleagh,  which  has  stood  seven  sieges.  Kil- 

entrance  into  the  highlands  in  those  parts,  worth  is  108  ms.  SW.  of  Dublin, 
is  formed  by  the  lofty  mountains  impending      Kimberton,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa. 
he  Garry,  which  rushes  through  in  a  deep,      Kimbles,  post  office,  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio,  by 
Dtnc,  and  rocky  channel,    overhung   with  post  road  120  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Columbus. 
At  present,  a  fine  road  gives  an  easy  ac-      Kimblesville,  post  office,  Chester  co.,  Pa. 

0  the  remote  highlands,  and  the  two  sides  are      Kimbolton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Huntingdonshire, 

1  by  a  fine  arch.  8  ms.  NW.  of  St.  Noet's,  and  64  N.  by  W.  of 
Uileagh,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  London.    Lon.  18'  W.,  lat.  52  15  N. 

b,  seated  on  an  arm  of  Strangford  Lough,  j  Kimi,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  province  of 
b  ships  may  be  sheltered  from  all  winds.  The  the  same  name,  in  E.  Bothnia,  seated  on  a  river 
pated  Sir  Hans  Sloane  was  born  in  this  town,  of  the  same  name,  where  it  falls  into  the  gulf  of 
k  is  80  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Dublin.  Bothnia,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Tomea. 

yiinaule,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Tippe-      Kimi  Lap  mark,  province  of  Swedish  Lapland, 
and  province  of  Connaught,  14  ms.  N.  of  situated  on  the  frontiers  of  Russian  Lapland, 
nel.    Lon.  7  26  W.,  lat.  52  27  N.  Kimski,  town  of  Tartary,   in  Russia,  where 

ttingly,  town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.     Pop.  in  '  there  is  a  great  number  of  martens  and  sables. 
,  2,512;  in  1820,  2,803.    It  is  situated  be-      Kin,  town  of  Persia,  320  ms.  E.  of  Ispahan, 
i  Quinaboag  river  and  R.  I.,  in  the  NE.  cor-      Kinburn,  fortress  of  the  Russian  empire,  situa- 

f  the  State.  Centre  post  office,  Windham  ted  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dneiper,  opposite  Oczakow, 

^t.,  in  Killingly  tp.  Kincannon  Works,  post  office,  Surry  co.,  N. 


C,  by  post  road  139  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Kincardine  O'Neal,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Aber- 
deenshire, seated  on  the  river  Dee,  23  ms.  W.  of 
sland  Sound,  20  ms.  SW.  of  New  London,  \  Aberdeen. 

aui  25  ms.  NE.  of  New  Haven.  Kincardineshire,  or  Mearns,  co,  of  Scotland, 

my,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Sligo,  j  bounded  on  the  N.  and  NW.  by  Aberdeenshire 


ington  Peak,  moun'.ain  of  Vt.,  10  ms.  E. 
utland.    It  is  upwards  of  4,000  feet  above 
el  of  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
'ngicorth,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Ct.,  on 


of  Sligo.    Lon.  8  25  W.,  lat.  54  11 

llough,  or  Port  St.  Ann,  seaport  of  Ireland, 
3  co.  of  Down,  and  province  of  Ulster,  situ- 
on  the  N.  of  St.  John's  point,  in  the  Irish 
nd  has  a  good  quay  where  ships  lie  very  safe, 
is  a  manufacture  of  salt.  It  is  76  ms.  N. 
1  of  Dublin. 

Uybegs,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
gal,  with  a  spacious  harbor  on  the  N.  side  of 


on  the  E.  by  the  German  ocean,  and  on  the  S.  by 
Angusshire.  Its  length  along  the  coast  is  30  ms,, 
its  greatest  brsadth  20.  The  only  borough  in  it 
is  Inverbervie. 

Kinderhook,  creek  of  Columbia  and  Rensselaer 
cos.,  N.  Y.  It  composed  of  2  branches.  The 
S.  branch  rises  near  the  SE.  angle  of  Columbia 
co.,  the  N.  branch  near  the  SE.  angle  of  Rens- 
selaer co.,  and  each  flowing  about  25  ms.,  unite 
about  2  ms.  from  the  Hudson  river,  into  which 

459 


KIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KI\ 


the  united  stream  falls,  5  ms.  N.  from  the  city  of 

Hudson.  Town,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 

E.  side  of  Hudson  river,  10  ms.  N.  of  the  city  of 
Hudson,  and  20  S.  of  Albany.  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,963. 

Kinderhook  Landing,  village,  Kinderhook  tp., 
Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  3  ms.  S.  from  Kinderhook. 

Kineton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire.  It 
is  10  ms.  SSE.  of  Warwick,  and  88  NW.  of 
London.     Lon.  1  24  W..  lat.  52  11  N. 

King,  Anglo-Saxon  Cyning ;  Islandic  Konungr, 
Turkish,  and  other  languages  of  Central  Asia, 
Khan,  or  Khagan,  a  hero,  leader,  or  supreme  ru- 
ler. It  is  probably  one  of  the  most  primitive  titles 
now  preserved  by  man.  The  origin  of  this  title 
was  no  doubt  literally  "  Collector,"  a  leader  unit- 
ing many  into  one  political  body.  As  little  doubt 
can  be  entertained  but  what  the  title  of  "mighty 
hunter,"  given  to  Nimrod,  is  an  erroneous  trans- 
lation, and  ought  to  be  expressed  by  some  term 
designating  a  leader  who  united  scattered  tribes 
into  what  we  would  now  call  "  a  kingdom."  The 
preposition  con,  found  in  all  the  Teutonic,  Scla- 
vonic, and  Turkish  languages,  has  one  general 
meaning,  "unite  many  into  one."  Radja  in  San- 
scrit, reg  in  the  Albanian,  ras  in  Abysinian,  rex 
in  Celtic,  regin  in  Islandic,  roi  in  French,  rey  in 
Spanish,  &c,  are  taken  as  synonymous  with  king, 
though  the  idea  the  two  lists  of  terms  convey  is 
essentially  distinct — the  latter  having  the  mean- 
ing of  "chief,"  or  principal,  a  person  standing 
forth  and  distinguished  from  others. 

King  George's  Sound,  name  given  by  Captain 
Cook,  in  1778,  to  the  harbor  which  he  discovered 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Quadra  and  Vancouver's 
Island.  Lon.  126  48  W.  from  London,  49  48 
W.  from  W.  C,  and  lat,  49  33  N.  But  the 
natives  call  it  Nootka.— See  Nooiha  Sound  and 
Island. 

King  and  Queen,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Mattap- 
ony  river,  or  King  William  S W.,  Caroline  NW., 
Essex  and  Middlesex  NE.,  and  Gloucester  SE  ; 
length  40  ms.,  mean  width  10,  area  400  sq.  ms.  ; 
surface  waving  rather  than  hilly,  soil  of  middling 
quality.  Chief  town,  Dunkirk.  Pop.  in  1820, 
11,798;  and  in  1840,  10,862.  Oil.  lat.  37  46 
N.,  and  on  the  meridian  of  W.  C. 

King  and  Queen,  C.  H.,  King  and  Queen  co., 
Va.,  54  ms.  JNE.  by  E.  from  Richmond. 

King-an  fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  banks  of  a  river  in  a  very 
fertile  canton,  abounding  with  gold  and  silver. 

King  Creek,  village,  Barnwell  district,  S.  C. 

Kingfield,  village,  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  119 
ms.  N.  from  Portland. 

King  George,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  the  Rappa 
hannock  river  or  Caroline  co.  S.,  Stafford  W., 
Potomac  river  N.,  and  Westmoreland  E.  ;  length 
16  ms.,  mean  width  10,  area  160  sq.  ms;  surface 
hilly,  and  soil  of  a  middling  quality.  Chief  town, 
Hampstead.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,1 1G  ;  and  in  1840, 
5,927.    Ctl.  lat.  38  20  N.,  ion.  W.  C.  10  W. 

 C.  H.  and  post  office,  King  George  do.,  Va., 

about  75  ms.  NNE.  from  Richmond.  Lat.  38 
14  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4'  W. 

King  George  the  Third's  Islands,  group  on  the 
W.  coast  of  America,  extending  from  lat.  56  10 
to  58  18  N. 

Kinghorn,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
460 


on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  9  ms.  N.  of  Leith,  o 
opposite  side  of  the  Frith.    Lon.  3  W.,  la  , 
5  N. 

King's,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  \ 
ster,  which  is  38  ms.  long,  and  30  broad,  bou  ( 
on  theN.  by  Westmealh,  on  the  E.  by  Kildar 
the  S.  by  Queen's  co.  and  Tipperary,  and  oi 
W.  by  the  Shannon,  which  divides  it  from 
common,  Galway,  and  another  part  of  Tippc 
It  contains  56  parishes,  and  sends  6  mcinbe 
Parliament.  It  is  not  so  rich  as  some  of  the 
cos.,  nor  is  it  so  well  inhabited.  The  capit 
Phillipstown. 

Kings,  co.  of  New  Brunswick,  on  both 
of  ist.  John's  river,  bounded  by  Charlotte  co., 
by  St.  John  S.,  and  by  Westmoreland  and 

thumberland  W.  Co.  of  N.   Y.,  compi 

the  western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  bound 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  W.  by  the  Narrows, 
York  harbor,  and  E.  liver,  NE.  by  Queen'r 
and  E.  by  Jamaica  or  Rockaway  bay  ;  leiih 
ms.,  mean  width  6,  area  about  50  sq.  ms. ;; 
face  most  delightfully  variegated,  and  under 
plete  cultivation,  presenting  a  very  pleasing  a> 
The  soil  in  its  natural  state  was  sterile,  sandy  ( 
rocky,  but  by  manure  has  been  rendered  gent 
highly  productive  ingrain,  fruits,  and*gardeu 
tables.  Chief  towns,  Brooklyn  and  Flatbush. 
in  1820,  including  Brooklyn,  1 1 , 187  ;  and  in 
47,613.    Ctl.  lat.  40  38  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3 

Kingsborough,  village,  Montgomery  co.. 
Y.,  50  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Kingsbridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshin 
is  seated  at  the  head  of  a  small  inlet  of  the  i 
lish  channel,  34  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Exeter, 
218  WSW.  of  London.  Lon.  3  48  W.,  la 
20  N.— — Crossing  place  over  Harlem  riv<j 
strait,  on  the  road  from  New  York  up  Hu 
river. 

Kingsbury,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Herts,  ti 
N.  of  St.  Alban's.    Here  the  Saxon  kings  b 

palace.  Town,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y. 

situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  river,  bet' 
Fort  George  and  Argyle  tp.,  and  90  ms.  N.  ol 
bany.  Pop.  in  1810,  2,272;  in  1820,  2, 
and  in  1840,  2,773. 

Kingsclear,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire  It 
was  the  residence  of  some  of  the  Saxon  k  ;, 
and  is  9  ms.  NW.  of  Basingstoke,  and  56  Wy 
S.  of  Lundon.  Lon.  1  9  W.,  lat.  51  20  N.  - 
Tp.,  York  co.,  New  Brunswick. 

Kingsessing,  SE.  tp.,  Philadelphia  co., 
between  Blockly  tp.,  Schuylkill  river,  Dela 
river  and  Darby  creek. 

Kingsey,  tp.,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on 
Francis  and  the  W.  branch  of  Nicolet  ri 
about  40  ms.  S.  by  E.  from  Three  rivers. 

King's  Ferry,  post  office,  Cayuga  co.,  N. 

 Post  office,  Monongalia  co.,  Va.,  25  mil 

land  above  Morgantown,  and  3  below  the  i  " 
fork  of  Monongahela  river. 

King's  Langly,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Herl  5 
ms.  W.  of  St.  Albans. 

Kings,  mountain  in  Lincoln  co.,  N.  C,  2 
a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Charlotte,  and  35  S1 1 
E.  from  Rutherfordton.  This  mountain  or  U 
was  rendered  remarkable  by  a  battle  fought  t  e 
October  7th,  1780,  between  a  party  of  U.  UM 
litia  and  of  British  and  tories.    The  latter  fe 


KIN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  KIO 


deited  with  the  loss  of  Col.  Ferguson,  their 
comander,  and  nearly  the  whole  either  killed  or 
ta  n  prisoners. 

ingsport,  post  office,  Sullivan  co.,  Tenn.,  by 
nc  road  255  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Murfrees- 
•ough. 

ingstein,    strong  fortress  of  Norway. — See 
F\ierksiadt. 
ingston,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  19 

n  SW.  of  Portsmouth.  Town,  Plymouth 

-.c'Mass.,  on  a  small  bay,  near  Cape  Cod,  at  the 

li.-.nce  of  37  ms.  SE.  of  Boston.  Tp.,  Addi- 

-jo  Vt.,  25  ms.  SW.  from  Montpelier.  Town 

■bter  co.,  N.  Y.,  lying  on  the  W.  side  of 
rj  son  river,  32  ms.  S.  of  the  city  of  Hudson, 
v  ;h  was  burnt  by  the  British  forces  in  1777,  be- 
n  t  that  time  one  of  General  Washington's  prin- 

<jjf  magazines.  Village  of  Middlesex  co.,  N. 

i.  m  Millstone  river,  and  on  the  road  from  New 
-Jnswick  to  Trenton,  15  ms.  SW.  from  the  for- 

). place.  Village,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  built  on 

liitreet,  opposite  Wilkesbarre. — See  Wyoming. 
-  Tp.,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  around  and  including 
ti' (receding  village  of  the  same  name.  Vil- 
li Talbot  county,  Md.,  on  the  right  bank  of 
(■otank  river,  5  ms.  NE.  from  Easton.  Vil- 
la Somerset  co.,  Md.,  5  ms.  N.  from  the  mouth 

^■focomoke  river.  Tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Ohio, 

etojhe  headwaters  of  Alum    and  Big  Walnut 

c|t;s,  and  immediately  N.  of  Sunbury.  Small 

tm  situated  on  the  line,  but  within  the  co.  of 

■L  Ohio,  10  ms.  N.  from  Chilicothe.  Vil- 

iapand  seat  of  justice,  Roane  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the 
fw  between  Clinch  and  Holston  rivers,  60  ms. 

plater,  and  40  by  land  below  Knoxville.  

m\ge,  Morgan  co.,  Georgia,  33  ms.  NNW. 

fwMilledgeville.  Town  of  Jamaica,  on  the 

lilde  of  the  bay  of  Port  Royal,  about  a  mile  in 
kWh  and  a  half  a  mile  in  breadth.  It  is  a  place 
mod  trade.  Lon.  W.  C.  8'  E.,  lat.  17  56  N. 
JM  about  33,000,  of  which  about  10,000  only 
ara/hites. 

ngston,  U.  C.*,  occupies  the  site  of  old  Fort 
i  Menac,  at  the  head  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  op- 
P0^5  Wolf  island.    This  town  was  laid  out  in 
•7;,  and  is  now  the  most  populous  in  the  prov- 
I    Its  situation  as  an  entrepot  between  Lower 
•nijpper  Canada,  and  between  Canada  and  the 
1  xl  Slates,  is  very  advantageous.    The  harbor 
-ellent,  and  admits  vessels  of  the  largest  size, 
ntains  a  Protestant  and  Catholic  church,  a 
9  house,  jail,  hospital,  and  about  400  dwelling- 
I  ss,  with  2,000  inhabitants.    Distant  35  miles 
v  NW.  from  Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.  Lon. 
W     20'  E.,  lat.  44  8  N. 
wgston-upon- Hull.— See  Hull. 
ngston-upon-Thames,  a  corporate  town  of 
W,  in  Surry.    Queen  Elizabeth  founded  here  a 
I '  hool ;  and  the  Lent  assizes  are  constantly 
'lit  this  place.    The  wooden  bridge  over  the 
lhies  is  the  most  ancient  on  that  river,  except 
■  o  on  bridge.    It  is  11  miles  SW.  of  London. 
U  12'  W.,  lat.  51  27  N. 
Mg-te-ching,  town  of  China,  in  the  province 
1  aug-si,  and  district  of  Jaotcheou-fou. 
Mg  tree,  village,  Williamsburg  district,  S.  C,  i 
««'lack  river,  about  65  ms.  N.  from  Charleston. 
^ngsville,  town,  Ashtabula  co.,  O.,  on  Lake 
fi  10  ms,  NE.from  Jefferson. 


King  William,  county,  Virginia,  between  Mat- 
tapony  and  Pamunky  rivers,  and  extends  eastward 
to  where  those  rivers  unite,  and  form  York  river, 
and  bounded  NW.  by  Caroline  county;  length  40 
miles,  mean  width  12,  area  480  sq.  miles.  Sur- 
face moderately  hilly,  and  soil  generally  thin,  and 
in  part  sandy.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,697;  and  in  1840, 
9,258.    Central  lat.  37  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5'  W. 

 C.  H.,  post  office,  and  seat  of  justice,  King 

William  co.,  Va.,  35  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond — 
about  half  way  between  Mattapony  and  Pamunky 
rivers. 

Kingwood,  tp.,  Hunterdon  county,  N.  J.,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Delaware,  between  Amwell  and 

Flemington.  Village,  Preston  co.,  Va.,  near 

Cheat  river,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Morgantown. 

Kiniesnich,  village,  Lewis  county,  Ky.,  by  post 
road  NNE.  from  Frankfort. 

Kinross,  borough  of  Scot.,  in  Kinross-shire,  on 
a  plain  near  Loch  Leven,  screened  on  the  N.  by 
the  Ochil  Hills.  Its  manufactures  are  linen  and 
some  cutlery  ware  ;  and  it  is  20  miles  N.  of  Edin- 
burgh.   Lon.  3  22  W.,  lat.  56  15  N.. 

Kinross-shire,  co.  of  Scot.,  between  the  shires 
of  Perth  and  Fife,  and  30  miles  in  circuit,  and  its 
length  and  breadth  nearly  equal.  It  sends  one 
member  to  Parliament,  alternately  with  the  county 
of  Clackmannan.  Pop.  in  1801,  6,725;  in  1811, 
7,245  ;  and  in  1820,  7,762. 

Kinsale,  seaport  and  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  and  province  of  Munster.  It  is  a 
very  populous  trading  place,  and  has  an  excellent 
harbor,  14  ms.  S.  of  Cork.  Lon.  8  26  W.,  lat. 
51  41  N.  Village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Va., sit- 
uated on  the  SW.  side  of  the  river  Potomac,  near 
the  Chesapeake  bay. 

Kinsman,  NE.  town  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 
Kinslon,  town,  Lenoir  co.;  North  Carolina,  on 
the  left  bank  of  Neuse  river,  40  miles  by  water 
above  Newbern. 

Kintail,  peninsula  in  Ross-shire,  situated  be- 
tween Loch  Garron  and  Loch  Duich. 

Kin-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Hau-quang.  Its  district  contains  two  cities  of 
the  second  and  eleven  of  the  third  class. 

Kint-ching,  capital  of  the  islands  of  Lieou-kieou, 
in  the  China  sea,  in  Cheonli,  the  S.  part  of  the  is- 
land.   Lon.  146  30  E.,  lat.  26  2  N. 

Kinlore,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Aberdeen.  Lon.  2  5  W., 
lat.  57  8  N. 

Kinzua,  village,  Warren  co.,  Pa.,  by  post  road 
352  ms.  NW.  from  Harrisburg. 

Kiof,  town  of  Polish  Russia,  and  capital  of  the 
Ukraine,  in  a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with 
an  archbishop's  see  and  a  castle.  It  is  the  capital 
of  the  Russian  government  of  Kiof,  and  carries  on 
a  considerable  trade.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old 
and  New  Town,  and  seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Dnieper,  18C  ms.  NE.  of  Kaminieck,  and  335  E. 
by  S.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  31  51  E.,  lat.  50  30  N. 
Kirk's  Mills,  post  office,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa. 
Kiof,  or  Kiow,  government  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, being  part  of  the  Ukraine,  or  Little  Russia. 
It  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Dnieper,  although 
I  Kiof,  the  capital,  is  on  the  W.  side  This  country 
was  conquered  by  the  Tartars,  and  came  again  in- 
to the  possession  of  the  great  dukes,  but  was  over- 
run and  possessed  by  the  Cossacks  under  the  pro- 

461 


KIR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KIS 


tection  of  Poland.  In  1654,  the  natives,  discon- 
tented with  John  Cassimir,  king  of  Poland,  sub-' 
mitted  to  Russia,  and  have  ever  since  remained 
subject  to  the  empire.  This  government  contains 
11  districts;  and  its  principal  rivers  are  the  Dnie-j 
per,  Desna,  Oster,  Udai,  Sula,  Psol,  and  Trubesh. 

Kiof,  or  Kioiv,  palatinate  of  Poland,  in  that  part! 
of  the  Ukraine  which  lies  on  the  VV.  side  of  the' 
Dnieper.  It  contains  only  two  districts,  and  sev-. 
eral  small  towns  scarcely  worthy  of  notice;  its  cap- 
ital, Kiof,  being  subject  to  Russia. 

Kio-feou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of, 
Chang-tong,  and  district  of  Yencheou-fou.  It  is ' 
celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  Confucius;  several 
monuments  are  still  to  be  seen  here,  erected  in 
honor  of  this  eminent  man. 

Kioge,  or  Koge,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle 
of  Zealand,  with  a  good  harbor,  10  ms.  S.  of  Co- 
penhagen.   Lon.  12  40  E.,  lat.  59  31  N. 

Kioping,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Wermeland,  seat-| 
ed  on  a  small  stream  that  falls  at  a  little  distance  j 
into  the  Lake  Maeler.  Lon.  16  40  E.,  lat.  59  I 
38  N.  • 

Kioumzeik,  well-built  town  of  Pegu,  situated 
on  the  river  Irrawadjy.  It  seems  to  be  in  a  state 
of  improvement,  and  has  a  manufacture  of  cotton  ■ 
cloth,  which  is  the  source  of  its  prosperity. 

Kirby- Lonsdale,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Westmore-; 
land.  It  is  a  large  town,  with  a  manufactory  of  j 
woolen  cloth,  seated  on  the  Lon,  over  which  is  a ; 
stone  bridge,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Kendal,  and  253  NW.  | 
of  London.    Lon.  2  57  W.,  lat.  54  3  N. 

Kirby -Moorside,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  North  j 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  edge  of; 
the  moors,  near  the  river  Dow,  25  miles  N.  of 
York,  and  225  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  3 
\V.,  lat.  54  20  N. 

Kirby -Stephen,  town  of  England,  in  Westmore- 
land, near  the  skirts  of  the  hills  which  separate] 
this  county  from  Yorkshire,  and  has  a  manufac- 
tory of  stockings.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Eden,  1 
and  is  9  miles  S.  of  Appleby,  and  281  NNW.  of 
London.    Lon.  2  30  W.,  lat.  54  26  N. 

Kirchberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name, 
subject  to  the  house  of  Austria.    It  is  seated  on  the  j 
Danube,  9  ms.  S.  of  Ulm.    Lon.  10. 12  E.,  lat.  48  j 

16  N.  -Territory  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 

Suabia,  belonging  to  the  house  of  Austria. 

Kircheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Sua- 
bia, 25  ms.  from  Ulm. 

Kireheirn  Poland,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Rhine.    Lon.  7  49  E.,  lat.  49  39  N. 

Kirguis. — See  dsia,  p.  86. 

Kirin,  one  of  the  three  departments  of  Mandshu- 
ria,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  river  Saghalien,  on 
»h6  E.  by  the  sea,  and  on  the  S.  by  Corea,  and  on 
the  W.  by  Leatong.  It  contains  only  two  or  three 
ill-built  cities,  surrounded  by  mud  walls.  The  val- 
uable plant  ginseng  grows  here.  Capital  of  the 

province  of  the  same  name  in  Mandshuria,  situated 
on  the  river  Songari,  which  is  here  called  Kirin;  is 
the  residence  of  a  Mantchew  general,  who  is  in- 
vested with  the  authority  of  a  viceroy. 

Kirkises,  Tartar,  or  Tater,  nation  of  central 
Asia.  They  are  divided  into  three  hordes  or  clans: 
the  Little,  Middle,  and  Great  Horde.  This  widely- 
extended  people  inhabit  the  Asiatic  steppes  or  prai- 
ries. According  to  Mr.  Tooke,  they  derive  their 
462 


name  from  Kirghis-Kaisaki,  and  are  a  branc  f 
the  Kozaks.    In  their  manners  they  are  past 
and  extend  from  the  Volga  far  to  the  E.  of  e 
Aral  sea. — See  Asia,  p.  86. 

Kirkcaldy,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire  -\ 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  with  a  dock  yard  for  small  . 
sels  and  a  cotton  manufacture.  It  is  a  pretty  . 
ulous,  large,  well-built  town,  10  miles  N.  of  E  . 
burgh.    Lon.  3  8  W.,  lat.  56  8  N. 

Kirkcudbright,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Kirk  . 
brightshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Dee,  w  \ 
forms  its  harbor.  It  is  a  small  inconsiderable  p  i, 
admirably  situated  for  the  fishery  and  other  bran  i 
of  commerce.    It  is  60  miles  W.  of  Carlisle,  i 

53  SYV.  of  Edinburgh.    Lon.  4  8  W.,  lat.  55  . 
Kirkcudbrightshire,  co.  or  stewartry  of  8  'i< 

which  once  formed,  with  Wigtonshire,  the  ani  t 
province  of  Galloway.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
by  Ayrshire  and  Dumfriesshire,  on  the  S.  by  i. 
way  Frith,  and  the  Irish  sea,  and  on  the  W  a 
Wigtonsnire  and  Ayrshire.  Its  extent  from  ?jt 
S.  is  30  ms.,  and  from  E.  to  W.  45  ms.  Po  i 
1801,  29,211;  in  1811,  33,683;  and  in  I  I 
38,966. 

Kirkless,  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Ridii  f 
Yorkshire,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  is  the  m  . 
ment  of  the  famous  Robin  Hood  ;  and  on  thi  I 
jacent  moor  are  likewise  two  hills  called  R  \ 
Hood's  Butts. 

Kirkoswald,  town  of  Eng.,  in  CumberlaBdB 
a  hill  near  the  river  Eden,  9  miles  N.  byll 
Penrith,  and  292  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  'M 
W.,  lat.  54  48  N. 

Kirk's  Mills,  village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa. 

Kirkpatrick,  tp.  of  Scotland,  in  Dumba  • 
shire,  lying  E.  of  Dumbarton,  said  to  be  the  b  I 
place  of  the  tutelary  saint  of  Ireland.  The  i 
tiges  of  the  Roman  wall,  called  Graham'*  <fl 
built  by  Antoninus,  extend  from  the  Frith  of  C  e 
at  this  place  to  the  Frith  of  Forth. 

Kii-ksey's  Cross  Boads,  post  office,  Edgcfielci* 
trict,  S.  C.,  65  ms.  westerly  from  Raleigh. 

Kirkville,  village,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y. 

Kirksville,  village,  Mecklenberg  co.,  N.  C 
ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Kirkwall,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  A 
land,  the  principal  of  the  Orkney  islands 
built  on  an  inlet  of  the  sea  on  the  east  side  oi  • 
island,  and  has  a  tolerable  harbor,  with  a  fort' i- 
tion,  on  which  some  guns  are  mounted  for  iu> 
fence.  The  most  striking  object  is  the  statel'  | 
thedral  of  St.  Magnus.  It  is  30  ms.  NE.  ofTl 
so,  in  Caithness-shire.    Lon.  2  57  W.,  lat  I 

54  N. 

Kirkwood,  tp. ,  Belmont  county,  Ohio-  Po  o 
1820,  1,404. 

Kirton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  20  i's 
N.  of  Lincoln,  and  151  N.  by  W.  of  Loot- 
Lon.  28'  W.,  lat.  53  33  N. 

Kiskiminitas,  a  very  considerable  acce;  y 
stream  of  the  Alleghany  river,  Penn.,  rises  ir» 
mountain  valley  between  the  Alleghany  and  C!t- 
nut  Ridge  chains,  and,  flowing  NW.,  bitf 
through  Chestnut  Ridge  and  Laurel  Hill,  % 
after  a  comparative  course  of  75  ms.,  unite*  I 
the  Alleghany  near  midway  between  the  mou  "> 
Mahoning  and  Pittsburg. 

Kiskiminitas,  village,  "Westmoreland  co.,  PI 

Kismish,  island  of  Asia,  at  the  entrance  ol  >e 


KIZ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KNO 


m  of  Persia,  about  50  miles  in  length,  and  5  in  Kislar,  or  Kisliar,  considerable  town  of  Asiatic 
br«lth,  with  a  remarkable  pearl  fishery.  It  is  fer- I  Russia,  on  the  Terek,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
til, populous,  and  12  ids.  S.  of  Gambroon.  I  Caspian  sea.    Lat.  43  51  N. 

ishlac,  island  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  America,  j  Klattaw,  town  of  Bohemia,  46  ms.  SW.  of 
(Omiles  Ions,  and  about  30  mean  width.    Lon.   Prague.    Lon.  14  6  E.,  lat.  50  30  N. 

VC.  75°  W.,  central  lat.  57  30  N.  I     Kletenberg,  town  of  Switzerland,  seated  on  the 

{sti,  Asiatic  nation,  which  extends  from  the  j  river  Aar,  3  ms.  from  Waldschut.  The  bishop  of 
iufpst  ridge  of  Caucasus  along  the  Sundsha  rivu-  j  Constance  exercises  the  spiritual  jurisdiction,  but 
lat  they  are  bounded  to  the  W.  by  the  Little)  the  sovereignty  belongs  to  the  cantons.  Lon.  8  12 

;ttrda,  to  the  E.  by  the  Tartars  and  Lesguis,  I  E.,  lat.  47  35  N. 

■m;tb  the  S.  by  the  Lesguis  and  Georgians.  Klin gi 'est 'own,  village  in  Schuylkill  co.,  Pa. 

,  jfe's  Milk,  post  office,  Rockingham  co.,  Va.,       Klundert,  strong  fortress  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
of  oft  road  149  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond.         j  Netherlands,  in  Holland,  near  the  arm  of  the  sea 
'stna,  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  falls  into  j  called  Hollands  Diep.    It  is  9  ms.  SE.  of  Wil- 
'.|#ay  of  Bengal,  S.  of  Mas.ulipatam.    It  is  up- !  liamstadt. 

of  650  ms.  in  length,  rising  near  the  Mala-  [  Knapdale,  mountainous  district  of  Scotland,  in 
Lilioast.  ;  Argyleshire,  adjoining  to  Argyle  proper,  and  con- 

JULstnagheri,  town  and  strong  fortress  of  Hin-  j  nected  on  the  S.  by  a  narrow  neck  of  land  to  the 
dfcan,  in  Mysore,  66  ms.  from  Arcot.  peninsula  of  Cantyre. 

ttanning,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Arm-  j     Knaresborough,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  the  N.  Riding 

tig  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Alleghany  river,  (  of  Yorkshire.    It  is  delightfully  seated  on  the  river 

hRs.  NE.  of  Pittsburg.    Lat.  40  30  N.  Tp.,  Nid,  famous  for  its  medicinal  spring*,  on  a  rugged 

MflJtrong  co.,  Pa.,  including  the  preceding  town,  rock.  Knaresborough  is  18  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  York, 
m  ia  1820,  976,  exclusive  of  the  village.  ;  and  211  N.  by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  26  W., 

JLttaninny  Mountains,  this  range  passes  through  lat.  54  5  N. 

3m.ix  co.,  N.  J.,  crosses  Delaware  river  at  the  Knight  originally  signified  a  boy  attendant, 
flfcjarare  Water  Gap,  passes  through  Northamp-  and  subsequently  applied  to  a  youth  admitted  to 
jBpo.,  Pa.,  and,  continuing  SW.,  crosses  Sus-  bear  arms,  and,  finally,  a  title  of  distinction  con- 
|lbnnah  river  5  miles  above  Hamburg  ;  sepa- 1  ferred  by  various  ceremonies,  all,  or  most  of  them, 
Ml  Perry  from  Cumberland,  and  Franklin  from  '  however,  having  relation  to  the  military  profession, 
■tingdon  and  Bedford  counties,  and  merges  into  Knighton,  commercial  town  of  Wales,  in  Rad- 
■|W.  from  Conecocheague  creek,  crosses  Po-  norshire,  on  the  Tend,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge, 
Mplc  river  between  Back  creek  and  Shenendoah  |  and  is  14  ms.  W.  of  Hereford,  and  135  NW.  of 
cyj  It  is  finally  merged  amongst  the  other  London.  Loh.  2  46  W.,  lat.  52  13  N. 
■Mitain  ridges  of  Virginia.  Knightsbridge,  Eng.,  first  village  from  London 

\Mtatinny  valley  is  the  valley  between  the  Kit-   on  the  Great  Western  road.    Here  is  an  infirmary 
♦«iy  range  and  Blue  Ridge.    In  Pa.,  this  valley  for  the  sick  and  wounded,  called  St.  George's  Hos- 
from  8  to  15  ms.  wide,  and  is  uniformly   pital,  and  a  considerable  manufacture  of  painted 

iKosedof  a  limestone  base  towards  the  Blue  floor  cloths. 

Rk?,  and  of  clay  slate  on  the  side  of  Kittatinny  j     Knittelfeldt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
witain.    The  line  of  separation  between  those  j  Styria.    It  is  a  small  place,  78  ms.  from  Vienna, 
i-  »<  ock  formations  crosses  Delaware  river  about  seated  on  the  river  Muchr.    Lon.  14  57  E.,  lat. 
'*l'is.  above  Easton  ;  the  Lehigh  at  the  slates  47  29  N. 

ato;;5  ms.  above  Allentown;  the  Schuylkill  above  Knotsford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire.  There 
'  »f  louth  of  Maiden  creek  ;  the  Susquehannah  in  are  two  towns  of  this  name  pretty  near  together, 
ncorough  of  Harrisburg ;  and  the  Potomac  near  j  called  the  Higher  and  Lower.  It  is  7  ms.  NE.  of 
'.'Wrtouth  of  the  Conecocheague.  In  Va.,  the  i  Norwich,  and  173  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2 
'  B)f  division  nearly  corresponds  with  Opequan  |  28  W.,  lat.  53  20  N. 

•      between  Jefferson  and  Berkley  cos.    It  is  a      Knowlton,  tp.  in  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  Dela- 
ion  but  very  erroneous  opinion  that  the  whole  ware  river,  below  the  mouth  of  Pauling's  Kill,  and 
is  valley  is  based  on  limestone;  that  rock  is,  J  about  5  ms.  below  the  Delaware  Water  Gap. 
ver,  confined  to  the  SE.  side.  Knox,  tp.  in  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  28  ms.  NW. 

ttery,  town  in  York  co.,  Me.,  at  the  mouth  j  from  Castine.    Pop.  in  1820,  560.  Village  in 

scataway  river,  opposite  Portsmouth.  \  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.,  21  ms.  W.  from  Albany.  

un  tcheou-fou,  capital  of  the  island  of  Hai-  Co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Richland  N.,  Coshoc- 
&  stands  on  a  promontory,  and  ships  often  an- j  ton  E.,  Licking  S.,  Delaware  W.,  and  Marion 
a<at  the  bottom  of  its  walls.    Its  district  con-  NW.  ;  length  30,  breadth  20  ms.  ;  area  600  sq. 
«  three  cities  of  the  second  and  ten  of  the  third  j  ms.    It  is  watered  by  Owl  and  Mohiccon  creeks. 
c¥\  \  Surface  rather  level  than  hilly.  Chief  town,  Mount 

utaiah,  ancient  Cotyscum.    Lon.  29  52  E.,    Vernon.    Pop.  in  1820,  8,326;   and  in  1840, 

•<|9  25  N.    It  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  j  5,722.    For  central  lat.  see  Mount  Vernon  

airia,  ancient  Sangarius  river,  150  ms.  SSE.  I  Co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  SE.  by  Harlan,  SW.  by 
"O  Constantinople.    Pop.  about  50,000.  j  Whitely,  NW.  by  Rockcastle,  and  NE.  by  Clay; 

\zil  Ermack,  ancient  Halys,  largest  river  of)  length  43,  mean  width  19^  ms. ;  area  840  sq.  ms. 
Ast Minor,  rises  in  Mount  Tauris,  within  70  ms.  j  This  county  is  watered  by  Cumberland  river  and 
»fO|  the  Mediterranean  sea.  Its  general  course  1  several  of  its  branches.  The  37th  degree  of  N. 
nety  N.  about  f400  ms.,  to  where  it  falls  intoj  lat.  intersects  it  nearly  in  the  centre.  The  surface 
lne;|ack  sea,  near  the  ancient  Naustathmus  prom- 1  is  very  hilly  in  general,  and  towards  the  SE.  moun- 
ri,y  tainous.    Chief  town,  Barbourville,  is  about  125 

463 


KOL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KOL 


ms.  SSE.  from  Frankfort.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,661  ; 
and  in  1840,  29,579.    Central  lat.  37  0  N.,  Ion. 

W.  C.  6  30  W.  Co.  of  E.  Ten.,  bounded  by 

Sevier  SE.,  Blount  S.,  Roane  W.,  Anderson  NW., 
and  Grainger  and  Jefferson  NE.  ;  length  30,  mean 
width  15  ms.  ;  area  450  sq.  ms.  Holston  and 
Clinch  rivers  unite  at  Knoxville,  near  the  centre  of 
this  county,  and,  with  the  united  stream  below  their 
junction,  afford  much  excellent  land.  Chief  town, 
Knoxville.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,034  ;  and  in  1840, 
15,485.  N.  lat.  36°,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  7°  VV.  inter- 
sect in  this  county.  Tp.  in  Columbiana  co.,  O. 

 NE.  tp.  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio.  Co.  of 

la.,  between  White  and  Wabash  rivers,  bounded 
by  Kaskaskia,  or  Pike  and  Gibson  cos.  S.,  Wa- 
bash river  W.,  Sullivan  N.,  and  Daviess  E.  ; 
length  36,  mean  width  11  ms. ;  area  about  410 
sq.  ms.  Surface  level  towards  the  Wabash,  but 
becoming  hilly  in  the  interior.  Soil  generally  fer- 
tile. Chief  town,  Vincennes.  Pop.  in  1820, 
5,437.    For  central  lat.,  see  Vincennes. 

Knoxville,  town  and  seat  of  justtce  for  Knox 
co.,  Ten.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Holston  river,  22 
ms.  above  its  junction  with  Tennessee,  about  200 
ms.  E.  from  Nashville.  Lat.  35  50  N.  Pop. 
upwards  of  2,000.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 
A  very  liberal  donation  was  made  by  the  General 
Government  in  favor  of  the  formation  of  a  college 

at  this  place.  Village  in  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  12 

ms.  NW.  from  Steubenville.  Village  in  Craw- 
ford co.,  Ga. 

Koang-Jin-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-si,  surrounded  by  high  mountains.  Its  dis- 
trict contains  7  cities  of  the  third  class. 

Kobi,  called  by  the  Chinese  Chamo,  a  vast  de- 
sert of  Chinese  Tartary,  100  leagues  from  E.  to 
W.,  and  almost  as  much  from  N.  to  S. 

Kodiack,  extensive  group  of  islands  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast  of  North  America,  between  lat.  56  45 
and  58  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  from  74  15  to  76  48  W. 

Koei-tcheou,  one  of  the  smallest  provinces  in 
China,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Quang-si,  on  the  E. 
by  Hou-quang,  on  the  N.  by  Se-tchuen,  and  on 
the  W.  by  Yun-nan.  The  whole  country  is  al- 
most a  desert,  and  covered  with  almost  inaccessi- 
ble mountains  ;  it  may  be  justly  called  the  Siberia 
of  China.  This  province  produces  the  best  horses 
in  China.  Beside  Koei-yang,  the  capital,  it  con- 
tains 9  cities  of  the  first,  and  38  of  the  second  and 
third  classes. 

Koei~tcheou-fuu,  city  of  great  trade,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Se-tchuen.  Its  district  contains  1  city  of 
the  second  class,  and  9  of  the  third. 

Koei-Yang,  capital  of  the  province  of  Koei- 
tcheou,  in  China,  said  to  have  been  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  ancient  kings. 

Kokenhausen,  strong  town  of  Lithuania,  sub- 
ject to  Russia.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Dwina,  and 
is  42  ms.  E.  of  Riga.  Lon.  26  3  E.,  lat.  56  40  N. 

Kola,  town  of  the  Russian  Government  of  Arch- 
angel, capital  of  Russian  Lapland,  with  a  good 
harbor  on  the  river  Kola,  near  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Frozen  ocean.  Lon.  32  26  E.,  lat. 
68  34  N. 

Kollomenska,  town  of  Russia,  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  an  eminence  near  Moscow.  Lon.  38  16 
E.,  lat.  55  40  N. 

Kolokythia,  ancient  Gythium,  25  ms.  S.  from 
Misitra.    Lon.  22  34  E.,  lat.  36  47  N. 
464 


Kohkythia,  or  Cololokythia,  ancient  Gu 
Laconia,  a  large  bay  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea, 
closed  between  two  peninsulas,  one  on  the 
terminated  by  Cape  Metapan,  that  on  the  I 
Cape  St.  Angelo.  Kolokythia  is,  except  th 
Gibraltar,  the  most  southern  bay  of  contin< 
Europe,  extending  as  far  S.  as  N.  lat.  36  23. 

Kolyma,  or  Rovyma,  large  river  of  Asiatic 
sia,  rising  N.  from  the  sea  of  Ochotsk,  and, ; 
ing  nearly  parallel  to  the  Indigherka,  falls  intc 
Frozen  ocean.    Lat.  7L  25  N.,  lon.  152  24  ] 

Kolyvan,  government  of  the  Russian  em 
comprehending  a  part  of  western  Siberia,  and 
merly  included  in  the  Government  of  Tobolsk, 
capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  ( 
This  country  has  very  productive  silver  mi 
which  have  been  called  the  Potosi  of  Russia.  T 
lie  between  the  Oby  and  Irtysh,  near  the  mi 
tains  which  form  the  frontiers  of  Siberia,  and  s 
rate  that  country  from  Chinese  Tartary. 

Kongal,  town  of  Norway,  belonging  to  8we 
seated  on  the  river  Gotelba.  Lon.  1 1  5  E., 
58  30  N. 

Kongsberg,  town  of  southern  Norway,  celel 
ed  for  its  silver  mines.  It  lies  on  both  sides  ol 
river  Lowe,  and  contains,  including  the  rail 
6,000  inhabitants.  Kongsberg  is  45  ms.  SW 
Christiana.    Lon.  9  50  E.,  lat.  59  40  N. 

Kongswinger,  fortress  of  Norway,  on  the  f 
tiers  of  Sweden.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Glorr 
at  the  foot  of  a  steep  rock. 

Kong -tchang -fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  prov 
of  Chen-si.  It  is  surrounded  by  high  mounta 
where  a  tomb  is  seen  which  the  Chinese  preten 
be  that  of  Fohi.  Its  district  contains  3  citie 
the  second,  and  7  of  the  third  class.  It  is  700 
SW.  of  Peking. 

Koningsberg,  town  of  Franconia,  belonging 
the  house  of  Saxe-Weimar,  three  ms.  NE. 
Schweinfurt.  Lon.  10  44  E.,  lat.  52  5  N.- 
Town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  marquisate 
Brandenburg,  47  ms.  S.  of  Stettin.    Lon.  14 

E.,  lat.  52  50  N.  Capital  of  Polish  or  Dt 

Prussia,  with  a  university  and  a  magnificent  i 
ace,  in  which  is  a  hall  274  feet  long,  and 
broad,  without  pillars  to  support  it,  and  a  ha 
some  library.    The  town  house,  the  exc 
and  the  cathedral,  are  fine  structures.  The 
of  the  castle  is  very  high,  and  has  284  s" 
the  top,  whence  there  is  an  extensive  pr 
Here  are  18  churches,  of  which  14  belong 
Lutherans,  3  to  the  Calvinists,  and  1  to  t' 
man  Catholics.    The  town  is  5  ms.  in  circum 
ence,  and,  including  the  garrison  of  7,000  in 
contains  60,000  inhabitants.    It  stands  on 
Pregel,  which  here  falls  into  the  Frische  Haf, 
inlet  of  the  Baltic.    No  ships  drawing  more  tl 
7  feet  water  can  pass  the  bar,  and  come  up  to 
town ;  so  that  the  large  vessels  anchor  at  P 
a  small  town  on  the  Baltic,  which  is  the  p- 
Koningsberg ;  and  the   merchandise  is  se 
smaller  vessels  to  this  place.    The  trade  c 
ningsburg  is  very  considerable.    It  is  62  ms. 
of  Elbing,  and  135  N.  of  Warsaw-    Lon.  20 
E.,  lat.  54  42  N. 

Koningsgratz,  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  on  i 
Elbe,  35  ms.  SW.  of  Glatz,  and  115  N.  by  * 
of  Vienna.    Lon.  16  8  E.,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Koningshofen,  strong  town  of  Franconia,  w 


KOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


KUB 


a  shop's  see,  25  ms.  NNW.  of  Bamberg.  Lon. 

1(,16  E.,  lat.  50  24  N. 
(bningstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 

Oier  Saxony,  in  the  territory  of  Misnia,  with  an 
>  iijegnable  fort.  It  is  a  place  of  confinement  for 
4«3  prisoners,  and  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  10  ms. 

d]jof  Pyrna,  and  10  SW.  of  Dresden.  Lon.  13 
JK.,  lat.  51  2  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the 

dtp  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  which  is  strongly  forti- 
IM    Lon.  8  25  W.,  lat.  50  5  N. 

oningslutter,  town  of  Germany,  seated  in  the 
(tlLory  of  Brunswick-Wolfenbuttle.  Lon.  11  7 
jUlat.  52  25  N. 

,tbnitz,  town  of  Poland,  in  Western  Prussia, 
jlis.  NW.  of  Culm,  and  50  SW.  of  Dantzic 
M  18  16  E.,  lat  53  36  N.  ' 
Mbords. — See  Asia,  p.  82. 
>Mhochan,  or  Cochoon,  frontier  town  and  fortress 
jfiirsia,  in  Khorasan,  standing  near  midway  be- 
t*|n  Mern  and  Astrabad,  and  about  200  ms. 
I*)  each,  and  450  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Teheran. 

pys,  fortified  town  of  Lithuania,  seated  on 
,ilt)neiper,  18  ms.  N.  of  Mohilet.  Lon.  31  2 
•fl,  lat.  54  32  N. 

Wbrdofan.—  See  Africa,  p.  9,  2d  col. 
Mpriacs,  people  of  Tartary,  subject  to  Russia, 
Hinhabit  the  northern  coast  of  the  Gulf  Pens- 
■Lkoi,  and  the  most  northern  part  of  Kamtschat- 
H>  the  river  Anadir.  Their  country  extends 
Hvard  from  the  river  Olomon,  (which  runs  i  ri- 
fle Kolyma,)  as  far  as  the  Indian  ocean.  Their 
Hbors  are  the  Kamtschadales,  the  Tongusians, 
Hamouts,  and  the  Tschouktsches. 
Bkak,  Arabic,  "  to  read,"  adopted  as  the 
m,  by  pre  eminence,  of  the  Mahometan  scrip- 
H  Similar  to  other  Asiatic  names  ending  in 
Hit  is  pronounced  "Korawn."  Al  Koran 
Ha  "  The  Koran." 

jffir.ftxu?,  or  Kosoa,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
afcjf  Zealand,  with  a  fort,  45  ms.  W.  by  S.  of 
;o;nhagen.  Lon.  11  10  E.,  lat.  55  29  N. 
iirtright,  town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ras. 
$\om  Delhi.  Pop.  1820,  2,548. 
llsol,  or  Kosta,  fortified  town  of  Silesia,  near 
mver  Oder,  17  ms.  N.  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  17 
if  L  lat.  50  26  N. 

Ursum,  or  Korsun,  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
*ine,  seated  on  the  river  Ross.  Lon.  31  23 
I  it.  49  3  N. 

'stroma,  government,  of  the  Russian  empire, 
I  *rly  included  in  that  of  Moscow.  It  is  divi 
<J<  nto  the  provinces  of  Kustroma  and  Unsha. 
n  capital  of  the  former,  Kostoma,  seated  at  the 
jo h  of  the  Volga;  the  capital  of  the  second  is 
ifcinef,  situated  on  the  Unsha. 

Vho,-  civil  emperor  of  Jaffcm,  who  possesses 
■  xercises  the  whole  sovereign  power,  though 
*e)airi,  or  Hierarch,  is  surrounded' by  the  em- 
lej,  but  deprived  since  A.  D.  1585  of  all  au- 
to y,  even  that  nominally  appertaining  to  his 
*  ,-mpty  station. 

niei-fe-fuu,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
10  Q,  seated  between  two  large  rivers.  T4ie  in- 
•jints  treat  strangers  with  uncommon  hospi- 

'\um-Kale,  village  of  A.  T.,  in  Anatolia,  sit- 
*t  on  Cape  Janissary,  a  little  within  the  Hel- 
This  place  has  its  name  from  a  castle 
«;bythe  Turks,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  by 


Turkish  families  attached  to  the  garrison.  It  is  a 
clean  neat  village,  containing  about  600  inhabi- 
tants. N.  lat.  40  1  E.,  lon.  26  12.  The  reedy 
marsh  forming  the  mouth  of  the  Mendere  river 
spreads  above  Koum-Kale.  The  Mendere  enters 
the  Hellespont  about  one  mile  above  the  village. 
Koutaih. — See  art.  Asia,  p.  83,  2d  col. 
Koivno,  town  of  Lithuania,  seated  on  the  Wil- 
na  and  Niemen,  40  ms.  W.  of  Wilna.  Lon.  24 
12  E.,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Kraanenberg,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  between  Nimegu- 
en  and  Cleves. 

Krainbarg,  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Inn, 

35  ms.  E.  of  Munich.  Town  of  Germany,  in 

the  duchy  of  Carniola,  seated  on  the  Save,  18  ms. 
NW.  of  Laubach. 

Krainowitz,  town  of  Upper  Silesia,  between 
Ratibor  and  Troppaw.  Lon.  17  49  E.,  lat.  50 
7  N. 

Krainslaw,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  province  of 
Red  Russia,  and  palatinate  of  Chelm,  120  ms. 
SE.  of  Warsaw.    Lon.  23°  E.,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Krapitz,  town  of*  Silesia,  in  the  duchv  of  Op- 
pelim.    Lon.  18  10  E.,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Krasnoiarsk,  or  Krasnoyarsk,  town  of  Asiatic 
Russia,  in  the  government  of  Tomsk,  on  the  Aba- 
kan, a  branch  of  the  Yenisey  river.  Here,  ac- 
cording to  M.  Chappe  D'Auteroche,  quicksilver 
frequently  congeals  by  the  frost  in  winter.  Lon. 
109°  E.,  lat.  62  30  N. 

Kreiderville,  village,  Northampton  co.,  Pa.,  10 
ms.  W.  from  Bethlehem. 

Kregojeratz,  lat  43  44,  lon.  20  54  E,  of  Lon- 
don, town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Servia,  about 
80  ms.  nearly  due  S.  of  Belgrade.  It  stands  on  a 
branch  of  the  Morava  river. 

Krekith,  corporate  town  of  Wales,  in  Carnar- 
vonshire. It  is  seated  on  the  Irish  sea,  near  Tra- 
eth-Amawar  Bay,  13  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Carnarvon, 
and  237  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  4  18  W.,  lat. 
52  57  N. 

Krempen,  strong  town  of  Denmark,  in  Hoi- 
stein,  with  a  castle.  It  is  5  ms.  N.  of  Gluck- 
stadt,  and  30  NW.  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  9  15  E., 
lat.  53  58  N. 

Kremes,  town  of  Austiia,  seated  on  the  Dan- 
ube, 35  ms.  W.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15  40  E.,  lat. 
48  18  N. 

Krenzenach,  town  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  on  the 
Nahe,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Mentz. 

Krumlaw,  town  of  Germany,  in  Moravia,  50 
ms.  SW.  of  Olmutz.  Lon.  16  49  E.,  lat.  48 
46  N. 

Krutzow,  town  of  Lithuania,  30  ms.  SW.  of 
Mozcillaw.    Lon.  32  4  E.,  lat.  54  8  N. 

Krylow,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Kiof,  seated  on  the  Dneiper,  140  ms.  SE. 
of  Kiof.    Lon.  33  50  E.,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Kubesha,  large  strong  town  of  Lesghistan,  near 
the  western  shore  of  the  Caspian  sea,  situated  on 
a  hill  between  high  mountains.  Its  inhabitants 
call  themselves  Franki,  (Franks,  a  name  common 
in  the~E.  to  call  Europeans,)  and  relate  that  their 
ancestors  were  brought  hither  by  some  accident, 
the  particulars  of  which  are  now  forgotten.  The 
common  conjecture  is,  that  they  were  mariners 
cast  away  upon  the.  coast ;  but  they  who  pretend 
to  be  better  versed  in  their  history  tell  the  storv 

465 


KUT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LAC 


this  way  :  The  Greeks  and  Genoese,  say  they,  car- 
ried  on,  during  several  centuries,  a  considerable 
trade,  not  only  on  the  Black  sea,  but  likewise  on 
the  Caspian,  and  were  certainly  acquainted  with 
the  mines  contained  in  these  mountains,  from 
which  they  drew,  by  their  trade  with  the  inhabi- 
tants, great  quantities  of  silver,  copper,  and  other 
metals.  In  order  to  work  these  upon  the  spot, 
they  sent  hither  a  number  of  workmen  to  establish 
manufactures  and  instruct  the  inhabitants.  The 
Kooveshes,  or  Kubeshes,  seem  to  be  the  most  re- 
spectable people  found  between  Persia  and  Russia. 
They  are  the  merchants  and  brokers  between  these 
countries.  In  the  year  1725,  their  magistrates,  as! 
well  as  the  Usmeri,  acknowledged  the  sovereignty  i 
of  Russia,  but  without  paying  any  tribute.  Lon. 
47  59  E.,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Kudack,  strong  fort  of  Poland,  in  the  Ukraine, 
r-eated  on  the  river  Dneiper.  Lon.  35  45  E.,  lat. 
47  58  N. 

Kuf stein,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Ty- 
rol. It  is  seated  on  the  Inn,  46  ms.  S.  by  E.  of 
Munich.    Lon.  12  5  E.,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Kumaoon,  district  of  Indostan,  between  the  Al- 
cananda  and  Kalee  rivers.    It  is  traversed  by  N.  i 
lat.  30°,  and  lon.  from  London  80°  E.  The  peak 
of  Rhamnee,  one  of  those  of  Himalaya,  in  Kuma- 
oon, rises  to  22,200;feet,  800  ms.  N  W.  of  Calcutta. 

Kunackir. — See  Jeso. 

Kur,  ancient  Cyrus,  river  of  Persia,  which  ri- 
ses in  Mount  Caucasus,  and,  passing  by  Tefflis, 
falls  into  the  Caspian  sea.  It  is  formed  by  two 
large  branches,  the  Aras  and  Kur  proper.  The 
Aras  and  Kur  are  each  about  400  ms.  in  compar- 
ative length,  and  unite  70  or  80  ms.  from  their 
influx  into  the  Caspian.  The  Kur  is  completely 
a  mountain  stream,  with  a  basin  of  350  by  200 
ms.,  and  area  70,000  sq.  ms.,  between  N.  lat.  37 
and  4  3°. 

Kurah,  town  of  Asia,  in  Persia,  2  ms.  from 
the  Caspian  sea.    Lon.  50  15  E.,  lat.  37  36  N. 

Kurchee,  town  of  Asia,  in  Bokhara,  about  100 
ms.  8E.  from  the  capital.  It  is  a  straggling  town, 
a  mile  long,  and  has  10,000  inhabitants,  situated 
on  a  fertile  oasis,  abounding  in  grain  and  fruit.  It 
is,  next  to  Bokhara,  the  largest  town  in  the  king- 
dom. 

Kurgan,  river  of  Asia,  which  rises  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Korasan,  and  falls  into  the  Caspian  sea. 

Kurds. — See  Asia,  p.  81  and  82. 

Kuriles,  chain  of  islands,  extending  from  lat. 
45  to  51°  N.,  running  from  the  southern  promon- 
tory of  Kamtschatka  to  Japan,  in  a  SW.  direction. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  neighborhood  of  Lopatka, 
who  were  themselves  called  Kuriles,  gave  these 
islands  the  same  name,  as  soon  as  they  became 
acquainted  with  them.  Spanbug  says  they  are  22 
in  number,  exclusive  of  the  very  small  ones. 

Kursk,  government  of  the  Russian  empire,  for- 
merly part  of  that  of  Bielgorod.  Its  capital,  of 
the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Tukor,  which 
falls  into  the  Seine  or  Sem. 

Kusma  Damianski,  town  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, in  Tartary,  32  ms.  NE.  of  Vasigolorod  from 
the  river  Volga.    Lon.  51  30  E.,  lat.  56  2  N. 

Kusistan,  province  of  Persia,  bounded  on  the 
N.  and  E.  by  Irac-Agemi,  on  the  S.  by  Farsistan, 
and  on  the  W.  by  Irac-Arabia.  Suster  is  the  capital. 

Kutchuk  Minder. — See  Meinder. 
466 


Kultenburg,  town  of  Bohemia,  seated 
mountain,  remarkable  for  its  silver  mines,  3 
SE.  of  Prague.    Lon.  15  37  E.,  lat.  49  56 
Kuttore,  country  of  Asia,  which  contains  a 
number  of  towns  and  villages,  and  is  exc 
populous.    Its  principal  towns  are  Tonkul 
Jourkul ;  those  being  the  residence  of  its  rulers, 
abounds  in  fruits,  such  as  grapes,  apples,  plu 
&c.    It  likewise  yields  rice,  wheat,  and  o 
grain. 

Kuynder,  fortress  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Net 
lands,  23  ms.  S.  of  Lewarden.  Lon.  5  24 
lat.  52  50  N. 

Kylburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elect 
Treves,  seated  on  theKyll,  16  ms.  NW.  of  T 
Lon.  6  37  E.,  lat.  50  1  N. 

Kyneton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Herefordshire,  \ 
a  good  trade  in  narrow  cloth.  It  is  15  ms.  N 
of  Hereford,  and  149  WNW.  of  London.  I 

2  50  W.,  lat.  52  12  N.  Village  of  Eng. 

Somersetshire,  NE.  of  Somerton.    It  is  natui 
paved,  for  half  a  mile,  with  one  smooth 
which  looks  like  ice. 


L. 


Laa,  Laab,  or  Lahab,  town  of  Austria,  se 
on  the  Teya,  27  ms.  N  W.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  1 
E.,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Labadia,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  Polesiru 
Rovigo,  subject  to  the  Venetians.  It  is  seate( 
the  Adige,  20  ms.  NW.  of  Ferrara.  Lon.  1! 
E.,  lat.  45  39  N. 

Labar's,  post  office,  Pike  co.,  Pa. 
Labia,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Servia 
ms.  SW.  of  Nissa. 

Labiau,  town  of  Western  Prussia,  at  the  m( 
of  the  Deime,  near  the  Curischhaff,  with  a  sti 
castle,  30  ms.  NE.  of  Koningsberg.  Lon.  21 
E.,  lat.  54  57  N. 

Labourd,  late  territory  of  Fr.,  part  of  tha 
Basques.  It  abounds  in  fruits,  and  the  inhabit 
are  said  to  be  the  first  that  went  to  fish  for 
It  is  now  included  in  the  department  of  the  Lo 
Pyrenees. 

Labyrinth,  from  Gr.,  laburinthos,  place  ! 
with  innumerable  rooms,  alleys,  and  doors,  i 
much  winding,  and,when  Tn,  very  difficult  of  is: 
Lacau  Sable. — See  Lake  Sable. 
Laccadives,  an  archipelago  of  small  i: 
lying  SW.  of  the  Malabar  coast. 

Lac  Des  Deux  Monta^nes,  seigniory,  York 
L.  C,  on  the  left  bank  of  Ottowa  river,  25  ms 
from  Montreal. 

Lachawahanock  mountain  is  a  continuatioi 
the  Shawnese  rang^of  Wyoming  mountains.  1 
near  the  Susquehannah  river,  is  very  high 
steep,  but  becomes  lower  as  it  extends  northi 
wardly.  It  terminates  in  Susquehannah  co 
it  is  called  the  Moose  Mountain,  and  a  pai 

Mount  Ararat.  Valley,  extends  from  the 

of  Lachawahanock  creek,  up  the  same,  a 
ins  The  soil  is  of  second  quality,  the  land 
even,  forming  no  level  plain  of  any  consider 
extent.  This,  next  to  Wyoming  valley,  i» 
most  populous  in  Luzerne  co. 

Lachenaye,  seigniory,  Leinster  co.,  L.  C 
the  St.  John  channel,  13  ms.  N.  from  Montree 
Lachevrotere,  seigniory,  Hampshire  co.,  L< 


* 


.,  w 

r: 

bout 


LAF 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LAI 


he  left  bank  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  38  ms.  W. 
Quebec. 

achine,  village  of  Montreal  island,  7  ms.  above 
tl  city  of  Montreal,  L.  C.    From  the  interposi- 
li,  of  the  rapids  of  St.  Louis,  Lachine  is  the  up- 
port  of  Montreal.    A  navigable  canal,  how- 
now  unites  the  two  ports  above  and  below 
I  city. 

,  \,ackawaxen,  river  of  Pa.,  a  branch  of  Delaware, 

cn'ike  co.  Tp.,  Pike  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  waters 

oWelaware  river  and  Lackawaxen  creek,  60  ms. 
■from  E  as  ton. 

■ac  Metasiediach,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  county, 
Li/er  Canada. 

■lac  Metis,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  co.,  L.  C. 

aconia,  now  Maina,  or  Mistra,  the  southeast- 
*  part  of  the  Morea,  in  Greece.  The  Mainotes, 
present  inhabitants,  are  a  barbarous,  rude,  and 
a»;uinary  race,  though  brave,  hardy,  and  inde- 
ijlent.  They  are  a  Sclavonic  colony,  and  not 
tfctfescendants  of  the  ancient  Lacedemonians,  ac- 
wng  to  Chateaubriand. — See  Maina. 

aconia,  village,  Harrison  co.,  Ia.,  120  ms.  S. 
m  Indianapolis. 

r  iacurthal,  appertaining  to  a  lake.  This  term 
been  recently  much  used  in  geological  works. 
a  Dantre,  seigniory,  Warwick  co.,  L.  C,  on 
eft  bank  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  a  short  dis- 
a  above  the  mouth  of  Richelieu  river. 
doga,  the  largest  lake  in  Europe.  It  lies  be- 
n  the  Gulf  of  Finland  and  Lake  Onega,  re- 
ng,  by  the  river  Svir,  the  discharge  of  the 
5a,  and  is  itself  discharged,  by  the  river  Neva, 
the  Gulf  of  Finland.  At  the  town  of  Kos- 
n,  Lake  Ladoga  receives  the  united  waters  of 
ntricate  rivers  and  lakes  of  Carelia ;  and  at 
Ladoga,  near  its  southern  extremity,  enters 
olkof,  a  fine  river  flowing  from  Kinen.  The 
ga  is  united  to  the  waters  of  the  Volga  by  a 
1,  between  the  sources  of  the  Mista,  falling  into 
Ilmen  and  the  Tver,  entering  the  Volga  at 
A  )gda. 

adoga,  New,  town  of  Russia,  on  Lake  Ladoga, 
He  mouth  of  the  Volkof  river,  56  ms.  E.  from 
Petersburg. 

adogna,  or  Lacedogna,  town  of  Naples,  in 
OiUanata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  60  ms.  E.  of  Na- 
1     Lon.  15  46  E.,  lat.  41  1  N. 
adrone,  or  Marianne,  islands  of  the  N.  Pacific 
*n.    They  are  11  in  number,  exclusive  of  the 
r  1  islets  and  rocks,  and  lie  in  about  140°  E. 

,  and  between  1 1  and  28°  N.  lat.    They  were 
dnvered  by  Magellan,  in  1521.  Beside  the  other 
n 3  natural  to  the  soil  and  climate,  here  is  the 
J-fruit  tree  in  abundance.    The  names  of  the 
>r  npal  islands  are  Saypan,  Tinian,  Guam,  and 

ady  Washington,  post  office,  Montgomery 
0  Pa. 

a  Fargeville,  village,  Jefferson  co..  N.  Y.,  by 

road  174  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

afayette,  Madison  co.,  O.,  village  formerly 
ad  Lawrenceville,  on  the  national  road,  21^  ms. 
v  ward  of  Columbus,  and  5  ms.  NE.  of  Lon- 

•k)  the  co.  seat.  Parish,  La.    Pop.  in  1840, 

A.  1.    Vermillion  is  the  capital. 

afayette,  cos. — See  the  general  census  summa- 
iif  in  the  articles  on  the  respective  States,  where 
to  of  this  name  occur. 


Lafourche,  river  of  La,,  one  of  the  mouths  o 
the  Mississippi  river.  It  leaves  the  main  stream  a 
and  above  Donaldsonville,  by  a  mouth  of  about  80 
yards.  Though  receiving  no  tributary  waters  by 
its  banks,  in  all  its  length  the  Lafourche  gradually 
increases  in  width  and  depth,  and,  flowing  SE.  by 
S.  about  90  ms.,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  be- 
tween the  island  of  Tirnballier  and  the  Saut  or 
Jump  passage.  Vessels  drawing  9  feet  water  can 
enter  this  river,  and  ascend  to  the  settlements  40 
ms.  inland. 

Lafourche  Interior,  parish  of  Louisiana,  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  S.,  Atehafalaya  bay  and  St. 
Mary's  parish  W.,  parish  of  Assumption  NW., 
St.  Charles  and  St.  Bernard  NE.,  and  Orleans  E. 
Length  60  ms.,  breadth  50  ;  area  about  3,000  sq. 
ms.  Surface  a  uniform  level.  Soil  only  arable 
near  the  watercourses,  as  the  other  parts  are  liable 
to  submersion  annually.  Staples,  cotton  and  sugar. 
Pop.  in  1820,  3,755;  in  1840,  7,303.  Central 
lat.  29  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  13  40  W. 

Lafourche,  town  of. — See  Donaldsonville. 

Lagny,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and 
Marne,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with 
a  famous  Benedictine  Ibbey.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Marne,  15  ms.  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  45  E.,  lat. 
48  50  N. 

Lagoon,  one  of  the  new  discovered  islands  in  the 
S.  Sea,  inhabited  by  a  , race  of  Indians  of  a  copper 
color.  This  island  was  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook.    Lon.  139  28  W.,  lat.  18  47  S. 

Lagos,  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva,  with  a 
castle.  Here  fleets  bound  to  the  Straits  usually 
take  in  fresh  water.  It  is  120  ms.  SE.  of  Lisbon. 
Lon.  8  33  W.,  lat  37  2  N. 

Laguna,  capital  of  Teneriffe,  principal  of  the 
Canary  islands.  It  is  elevated  about  2,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  situated  on  a  ro- 
mantic hill  or  mountain  near  the  sea  ;  is  one  of  the 
most  attractive  places  perhaps  in  the  world.  Lon. 
16  20  W.,  lat.  28  28  N. 

Lahn,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  Hesse 
Cassel,  and  falls  into  the  Rhine  above  Coblentz. 

Lahoom,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Holland,  seated  near  the  Baltic,  50  ms.  N.  of  Co- 
penhagen.   Lon.  12  40  E.,  lat.  56  31  N. 

Lahore,  province  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  bound- 
ed on  the  W.  by  Candahar,  on  the  N.  by  Cash- 
mere, on  the  E.  by  Sirinagur  and  Delhi,  and  on 
the  S.  by  Moultan.  It  is  often  called  Panjab,  or 
the  country  of  Five  Rivers.  It  is  very  extensive, 
and  remarkably  fertile,  affording,  in  addition  to  all 
the  necessaries  of  life,  wine,  sugar,  and  cotton 
wool.  In  the  tract  between  the  Indus  and  the 
Chelum  are  salt  mines,  wonderfully  productive, 
and  affording  fragments  of  rock  salt  hard  enough 
to  be  formed  into  vessels,  &c — See  Panjab. 

Lahore,  city,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  in  Hindoostan  Proper.  It  is  a  place  of  high 
antiquity,  and  was  one  of  the  most  considerable 
cities  in  the  Mogul  dominions.  Lahore  is  now  the 
capital  of  the  Seiks,  whose  name  was  hardly  known 
till  the  rapid  decline  of  the  Mogul  empire,  in  the 
present  century.  Here  they  have  manufactures  of 
cotton  cloths  and  stuffs  of  all  kinds,  and  of  very 
curious  carpets.  It  is  210  ms.  S.  of  Cashmere, 
and  290  NW.  of  Delhi.  Lon.  73  45  E.,  lat. 
31  15  N. 

Laino,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 

467 


LAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LAN 


near  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  16  11  E., 
lat.  40  4  N. 

Lairdsville,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  108  ms. 
N  W.  by  W.  from  Albany,  and  12  ms.  from  Utica. 

Lai-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Chang-tong,  with  a  convenient  harbor  on  the  Yel- 
low sea,  containing  two  cities  of  the  first,  and  five 
of  the  third  class. 

Lake,  town  in  the  N.  part  of  Stark  co. ,  Ohio. 

 SW.  tp  ,  Wayne  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Logan 

co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  and  town,  Stark  co.,  Ohio, 

about  130  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Lake  Landing,  post  office,  Hyde  co.,  N.  C,, 
by  post  road  213  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Lake  Maskinonge,  seigniory,  St.  Maurice,  co., 
L.  C,  on  St. "Lawrence,  above  Maskinonge  river. 

Lake  of  the  Woods,  lake  between  Lake  Superi- 
or and  Lake  Winnipic,  discharging  by  Winnipic 
river  into  the  lake  of  the  same  name. 

Lake  Pleasant,  tp.,  Hamilton  co.,  N.  Y. 

Lala,  Turkish,  signifying  tutor.  It  is  a  title 
of  honor,  bestowed  by  the  sultan  on  his  vizier  and 
other  high  officers. 

Laland,  small  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic, 
lying  S.  of  Zealand,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
a  narrow  channel.  It  is  fertile  in  corn,  with  which 
it  supplies  Copenhagen.    Naxkow  is  the  capital. 

Lama,  priests  of  Thibet,  whose  Pontif  Dalai 
Lama  resides  at  Lassa. 

Lambale,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  N.  coast,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne.  It  is 
the  chief  town  of  the  late  dughy  of  Penthievre. 
Lambale  has  a  good  trade  in  cattle,  linens,  and 
parchment,  and  is  37  ms.  NW.  of  Rennes.  Lon. 
2  21  W.,  lat.  48  27  N. 

Lambert  sville,  village  on  the  Delaware  river, 
opposite  New  Hope,  Penn.,  16  ms.  NW.  from 
Trenton. 

Lambese,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  mouths  of  the  Rhone  and  the  province  of  Pro- 
vence, 9  ms.  N.  of  Aix.  Lon.  5  31  E  ,  lat.  43 
40  N. 

Lambeth,  village  of  Eng  ,  in  Surry,  on  the 
Thames,  opposite  Westminster.  By  the  vast  in 
crease  of  buildings,  Lambeth  is  now  joined  to  the 
metropolis,  in  a  direction  to  each  of  the  three 
bridges.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  artificial  stone, 
which  answers  every  purpose  of  stone  carving,  and 
extends  not  only  to  statues  from  the  finest  models, 
but  to  every  kind  of  architectural  ornaments. 

Lamborn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berks,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  which  falls  into  the  Kennet  below 
Newbury.  It  is  7  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Hungerford, 
and  68  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  26  W.,  lat.  51 
30  N. 

Lambro  Vouni,  mountain  of  Greece,  in  Attica. 
See  Trelo  Vouni.  Lambro  Vouni  extends  from 
Trelo  Vouni,  in  broken  ridges,  to  Cape  Coloni, 
ancient  Sunium. 

Lamego,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  with  a 
bishop's  see  and  a  strong  citadel,  containing  two 
churches,  a  hospital,  and  four  convents.  It  is  50 
ms.  SE.  of  Braga,  and  150  N.  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
7  30  W.,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Lammermuir,  mountainous  ridge  in  Scotland, 
which  divides  the  co.  of  Berwick  from  that  of  Had- 
dington for  above  20  ms.  These  mountains  are, 
in  general,  very  black  and  barren,  affording  but 
468 


scanty  pasture  for  the  sheep  that  feed  on  t 
Spoutra  Hill  is  the  most  elevated  of  this  ridge 

Lamo,  island  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Mel 
between  the  island  of  Pate  and  Cape  Formoss 

Lamoille,  river  of  Vt.,  which  rises  in  Calei 
co.,  and  runs  in  various  meanders  nearly  a 
course  through  the  country,  till  it  falls  into 
Champlain  near  Milton,  and  opposite  the  S. 
of  South  Hero. 

Lampedosa,  desert  island  on  the  coast  of  T 
12  ms.  in  circumference.  It  is  50  ms.  from! 
and  1 12  from  Malta,  and  has  a  good  harbor,  v 
ships  water.    Lon.  1 1°  E.,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Lampeter,  tp.  and  post  office,  Lancaster 
Pa.,  on  Mill  creek,  5  ms.  E.  from  Lancaster. 

Lamprey,  river  and  post  office,  Rockirij 
co.,  N.  H.  Lamprey  river  falls  into  Great 
The  post  office  is  37  ms,  SE.  from  Concord. 

Lampsaco,  ancient  town  of  Natolia.  It  i 
ancient  Lampsacus,  and,  according  to  Hobh- 
although  containing  only  200  houses,  it  y 
still  be  a  present  worthy  of  a  king.  Its  vicin 
one  fine  vineyard,  enclosed  by  hedges  of  pome; 
ate  trees.  It  is  situated  on  the  Asiatic  s 
about  8  ms.  S.  from  Gallipoli,  in  Europe. 
27  20  E.,  lat.  40  12  N.  | 

Lamspringe,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  siti 
at  the  source  of  a  river  called  Laine. 

Lanark,  borough  of  Scotland,  and  the  co. 
of  Lanarkshire.  Since  the  introduction  of 
cotton  manufacture  many  new  houses  have 
built.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the 
Clyde,  22  ms.  SE.  of  Glasgow,  and"  30  SW 
of  Edinburgh.    Lon.  3  43  W.,  lat.  55  42  N 

Lanarkshire,  co.  of  Scotland,  48  ms.  long 
38  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Dunbartons 
E.  by  the  cos.  of  Sterling,  Linlithgow,  Edinbi 
and  Peebles,  S.  by  Dumfriesshire,  and  W 
the  shires  of  Ayr  and  Renfrew.  It  is  divided 
41  parishes,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  in 
was  146,689  ;  in  1811,  191,752;  and  in  1 
234,387.  It  sends  one  member  to  Parliar 
The  river  Clyde  runs  through  the  whole  exte 
the  co.,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equal  pa 
the  southern  part  a  mountainous  district,  geri( 
called  Clydesdale.  It  abounds  in  lead,  iron 
coal. 

Lancashire,  co.  of  Eng.,  bounded  on  the  P" 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  E.  by  Yorks 
S.  by  Cheshire,  and  W.  by  the  Irish  sea.  It 
ms.  from  N.  toS.,  (including  a  detached  hur 
on  the  NW.,  called  Furness,  which  is  scpa  «1 
from  the  rest  by  a  creek  at  the  head  of  Morec  )e 
bay,)  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  44  ms.    It  I 
tains  1,150,000  acres,  is  divided  into  6  hum  Is 
and  63  parishes,  has  27  market  towns,  and  s 
14  members  to  Parliament.    The  number  o 
habitants  in  1801  was  672,781  ;  in  1811,  i 
309;  and  in  1821,  1,052,859.    It  is  a  coil 
palatine,  under  the  title  of  the  duchy  of  Lane?  r, 
the  only  duchy  of  England  (that  of  CornwaU- 
cepted)  which  is  not  merely  titular.  Lancare 
is  little  adapted  for  a  corn  country,  but  is  sil 
larly  fitted  for  the  growth  of  potatoes.    Amor.  t« 
products  is  a  species  of  coal,  called  cannel,  fa  1 
ceeding  all  other,  not  only  in  making  a  clear  e, 
but  for  being  capable  of  being  manufactured  to 
candlesticks,  cups,  standishes,  snuff  boxes,  c. 
As  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  co.,  it  i  y 


a 

I 


LAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LAN 


>r  to  any  other  in  the  kingdom.  Its  principal 
afactures  are  linen,  silk,  and  cotton  goods, 
ins  and  counterpanes,  shalloons,  baize,  serges, 
,  hats,  canvass,  sacking,  pins,  iron  goods, 
glass,  &c.  Of  the  commerce  of  the  co.,  it 
suffice  to  observe,  that  Liverpool  is  the  second 
in  the  kingdom.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
|ey,  Irwell,  Ribble,  Loyne,  Levern,  Wyre, 
ler,  Roche,  Duddon,  Winster,  and  Ken;  and 
3  two  considerable  lakes,  Winandermere  and 
stonmere.  It  has  also  numerous  canals,  and 
:onor  of  exhibiting  the  first  regular  one  in  the 
lorn,  which  was  begun  by  the  duke  of  Bridge- 
r  in  1758. 

incaster,  borough  of  Eng.,  and  the  capital  of 
ashire,  on  the  Loyne,  or  Lune,  which  forms 
t  for  vessels  of  moderate  burden,  and  over  it 
wo  stone  bridges.  Along  the  river  side  is  a 
quay,  also  yards  for  ship  building,  and  a  ca- 
from  Kendal,  winds  around  the  E.  part  of  the 
,  which  is  carried  over  the  river  by  an  aque- 
of  5  arches,  each  of  70  feet  span.  It  is  68 
S.  of  Carlisle,  and  235  NNW.  of  London. 
2  56  W.,  iat.  54  3  N. 
mcaster,  tp.  in  the  co.  of  Glengary,  U.  C,  on 
liver  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  lowest  in  the  pro- 
Is  adjoining  to  L.  C.  Town  and  seat  of 

;e,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  on  Connecticut  river, 
site  Guildhall,  in  Vermont,  40  ms.  above 
nouth  college,  and  1 17  N.  from  Concord, 
[in  1820,  844.  Lat.  44  28  N.,  Ion.  5  28  E. 
[rown  in  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  35  ms.  NW. 
bston,  and  17  NE.  of  Worcester.  Pop.  1810, 
1;  in  1820,  1,862. 

Vneastery  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  Cecil  co., 
S.,  by  the  Susquehannah  river  SW.,  Dau- 
|  and  Lebanon  cos.  NW.,  Berks  NE.,  and 
Iter  E.  Length  33  ms.,  width  28,  area  928. 
•aster  is  a  very  diversified  co.  in  respect  both 
i  I  and  surface.  Several  ranges  of  hills  approach- 
le  elevation,  and  rugged  aspect  of  mountains, 
beet  it  from  SW.  to  NE.  The  creeks  flow- 
•enerally  SW.  meander  through  the  whole  ex- 
and,  particularly  the  Conestoga,  have  margins 
•scellent  soil.  The  staple  productions  are 
I,  flour,  fruit,  whiskey,  peach  and  apple  bran- 
'&c.  Chief  town,  Lancaster.  Pop.  1820, 
J6;  and  in  1840,  84,203.  Central  lat.— See 
hosier  city. 

incaster,  city  of  Pa.,  on  the  great  road  from 
jdelphia  to  Harrisburg,  62  ms.  from  the  for- 

and  36  from  the  latter.  Lon.  W.  C.  0  40 
at.  40  3  N.    It  is  laid  out  in  streets  intersect- 

ach  other  at  right  angles.  The  site  is  wav- 
•bout  a  mile  VV.  from  Conestoga  creek.  The  Pa. 
lad  passes  through  this  city;  distant  111  ms. 
'(  W.  C,  37  from  Harrisburg,  and  61  W.  of 
idelphia.  The  adjacent  country  is  very  pleas- 
and  well  cultivated.  This  city  contains  a  co. 
I  house,  jail,  a  number  of  places  of  public 
-hip,  and  schools.  The  bulk  of  the  inhabitants 
E  ither  Germans  or  the  descendants  of  that  peo- 
I  The  trade,  commerce,  and  manufactures  of 
waster,  are  flourishing.  Pop.  in  1810,  5,405  ; 
»20,  6,633;  and  in  1840,  8,417. 
hncaster,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Chesapeake 
;  SE.,  by  the  Rappahannock  river  S.  and 
^Richmond  NW.,  and  Northumberland  NE. 
i!;th  23  ms.,  width  10,  area  about  230  sq.  rna, 


At  the  court  house  is  a  post  office.  Pop.  1820, 
5,517;  and  in  1840,  4,628.    Central  lat.  37  41 

N.,  lon.  W.   C.  32'  E.  District  of  S.  C, 

bounded  by  N.  C.  N.,  Wateree  river  W.,  Ker- 
shaw SE.,  and  Chesterfield  E.  Length  23  ms., 
width  20,  area  460  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Lancas- 
ter Court  House.  Pop.  1820,  8,716;  and  in 
1840,  9,907.    Central  lat.— See  Lancaster  Court 

House.  Court  house  and  post  office,  Lancaster 

district,  S.  C,  65  ms.  NNE.  from  Columbia. 
Lat.  34  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  42  W. 

Lancaster,  flourishing  village  and  seat  of  justice 
for  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.  It  is  handsomely  situated 
near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  in  Hocking  tp.,  near 
the  source  of  Hockhocking  river,  on  the  road  lead- 
ing from  Zanesville  to  Chillicothe.  It  is  situated 
28  ms.  SE.  from  Columbus,  36  SW.  from  Zanes- 
ville, and  34  NE.  from  Chillicothe.  Lon.  W. 
C.  5  35  W.,  lat.  39  45  N.    Pop.  1840,  3,272. 

Lancaster,  town,  Garrard  co.,  Ky.,  near  Dick's 

river,  about  30  ms.  S.  from  Lexington.  Village, 

Smith  co.,  Tenn.,  38  ms.  NNE.  from  Murfrees- 
borough. 

Lancaster's  Sound. — See  Sir  James  Lancaster's 
Sound. 

Lancerota,  one  of  the  Canary  Isles.  It  is  very 
high,  and  may  be  discovered  at  a  great  distance. 
The  goats  and  sheep  are  pretty  plenty,  and  the 
valleys  produce  a  little  wheat  and  corn.  It  is 
about  15  ms.  long  and  10  broad.  Lon.  13  26 
W.,  lat.  29  14  N. 

Lanciano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Cite- 
riore,  with  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Feltrino,  87  ms.  NE.  of  Naples.    Lon.  14 

50  E.,  lat.  42  18  N. 

Landaff,  small  place  of  Wales,  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, but  honored  with  the  appellation  of  a  city, 
on  account  of  its  being  an  episcopal  see.  It  is 
seated  on  an  ascent  on  the  river  Taafe,  near  Car- 
diff; but  the  cathedral,  a  large  stately  building, 
stands  on  low  ground.  It  is  30  ms.  NW.  of  Bris- 
tol, and  166  W.  of  London.    Lon.  3  10  W.,  lat. 

51  24  N.  Tp.,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  on  the  E. 

side  of  Connecticut  river,  between  Bath  and  Hav- 
erhill.   Pop.  700. 

Landaw,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pa- 
latinate of  the  Rhine.  It  was  formerly  imperial, 
but  was  ceded  to  the  French  in  1648.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Queich,  9  ms.  S.  of  Newstadt,  and  270  E. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  8  12  E.,  lat.  49  12  N. 

Landen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Becke,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Hoy,  and 
18  NE.  of  Namur.  Lon.  5  5  E.,  lat.  52  41  N.— 
See  Neerwinden. 

Landernau,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Finislerre,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne, 
seated  on  the  Elhoro,  16  ms.  NE.  of  Brest.  Lon. 
4  20  W.,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Lande,  Fr.,  means  a  large  extent  of  barrens, 
producing  only  heath,  bramble,  briars,  stunted 
timber,  &c,  from  which  comes,  the  name  at  the 
head  of  the  next  article. 

Landes,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  late  territory 
of  Marsan,  on  the  bay  of  Biscay.  It  is  a  barren, 
sandy  country,  covered  with  fern,  pines,  and  the 
holm  tree,  of  the  bark  of  which  corks  are  made. 
Monte-de-Marsan  is  the  capital  of  this  department, 
and  Dox  the  episcopal  see. 

Landgrave,  from  the  German  land  and  graaf, 

469 


LAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LAN 


a  judge.  Originally  the  landgraves  were  judges, 
named  by  the  emperors  to  administer  justice  in 
the  interior,  whilst  the  margraves,  or  more  cor- 
rectly markgraves,  exercised  similar  functions  on 
the  frontiers.  Insensibly,  the  landgraves  became  j 
hereditary,  and  finally  sovereign  princes ;  the  title 
is  now  more  particularly  applied  to  the  landgraves 
of  Hesse. 

Landgrove,  tp.,  Bennington  co.,  Vt.,  about  35 
ms.  NE.  from  Bennington. 

Landguard,  or  Pointe  aux  Pins,  N.  side  of 
Lake  Erie,  is  in  lat.  about  42  7  15  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  3  20  W  ;  variation  2  48  westerly.  This  point 
is  about  20  ms.  E.  of  the  S.  Foreland,  and  bears 
the  only  pine  timber  on  this  coast. 

Landisburg,  village,  Perry  co.,  Pa.,  on  a  small 
branch  of  Shareman's  creek,  30  ms.  NW.  from 
Harrisburg,  and  18  NNW.  from  Carlisle. 

Land  offices  of  the  United  States,  arranged  in 
alphabetical  order : 
Augusta,  Perry  co.,  Mississippi. 
Batesville,  Independence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Cababa,  Dallas  co.,  Alabama. 
Chicago,  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 
Chilicothe,  Rossco.,  Ohio. 
Clinton, 

Columbus,  Lowndes  co.,  Mississippi. 
Crawfordsville.  Montgomery,  co.,  Indiana. 
Danville,  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois. 
Demopolis,  Marengo  co.,  Alabama. 
Detroit,  Wayne  co.,  Michigan. 
Dixon,  Lee  co.,  Illinois. 
Dubuque,  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa. 
Edwardsville,  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 
Fairfield,  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 
Fayette,  Howard  co.,  Missouri. 
Fayetteville,  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 
Fort  Wayne,  Allen  co.,  Indiana. 
Genessee,  Genessee  co.,  Michigan. 
Green  Bay,  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Greensburg,  Louisiana. 
Granada,  Yalabusha  co.,  Mississippi. 
Helena,  Philips  co.,  Arkansas. 
Huntsville,  Madison  co.,  Alabama. 
Indianapolis,  Marion  co.,  Indiana. 
Jackson,  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Missouri. 
Jackson,  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi. 
Jeffersonville,  Clark  co.,  Indiana. 
Johnson,  Marion  co.,  Arkansas. 
Kalamazoo,  Kalamazoo,  Michigan. 
Kaskaskia,  Randolph  co.,  Illinois. 
Lebanon,  De  Kalb  co.,  Alabama. 
Little  Rock,  Pulaski  co.,  Arkansas. 
Milwaukee,  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Mineral  Point,  Iowa  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Montgomery,  Montgomery  co.,  Alabama. 
Natchitoches,  Natchitoches  Parish,  Louisiana. 
Newmansville,  Alachua  co.,  Florida. 
New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 
Opelousas,  St.  Landre,  Louisiana. 
Ouachita,  Ouachita,  Louisiana. 
Palestine,  Crawford  co.,  Illinois. 
Palmyra,  Marion  co.,  Missouri. 
Plattsburg,  Clinton  co.,  Missouri. 
Quincy,  Adams  co.,  Illinois. 
Saint  Augustine,  St.  John's  co.,  Florida. 
St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri. 
St.  Stephens,  Washington  co.,  Alabama- 
Shawneetown,  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois. 

470 


Sparta,  Conecuh  co.,  Alabama. 
Springfield,  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois. 
Springfield,  Green  co.,  Missouri. 
Tallahasseee,  Leon  eo.,  Florida. 
Tuscaloosa,  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Alabama. 
Upper  Sandusky,  Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 
Vandalia,  Fayette  co.,  Illinois. 
Vincennes,  Knox  co.,  Indiana. 
Washington,  Adams  co.,  Mississippi. 
Washington,  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 
Winemac,  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana. 

Landrecy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  th< 
on  the  Sambre,  30  ms.  SE.  from  Douay. 

Landsberg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  Wart 
ms.  NE.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder.  Lon. 

E.,  lat.  52  50  N.  Town  of  Germany,  i 

circle  of  Bavaria,  near  the  river  Leech,  23  n 
of  Augsburg. 

Landschut,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  due 
Schweidnilz.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zelder,  i 
falls  into  the   Bauber,    and  is  12  ms.  1 

Schweidnitz.  Town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  x 

strong  castle  on  an  adjacent  hill.  It  is  seaU 
the  Iser,  35  ms.  NE.  of  Munich.  Since 
this  town  has  been  the  seat  of  the  univers 
Louis  Maximillian,  formerly  the  university  c 
golstadt.  Lon.  12  10  E.,  lat.  48  30  N.**B 
of  Moravia,  seated  on  the  Morava,  on 
fines  of  Hungary  and  Austria. 

Landscroon,  fort  of  France,  in  the  dej 
Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  i 
on  an  eminence,  3  ms.  N.  of  Basil.  Lon, 
E.,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Landscroon,  or  Landscrona,  seaport 
den,  in  the  province  of  Gothland,  and  territo 
Schonen,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  within  the  so 
22  ms.  N.  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  12  52  E. 
55  52  N. 

Land's  End,  the  most  westerly  point  cf| 
Britain,  and  a  vast  aggregate  of  moorstone 
5  40  W.,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Landsford,  village,  Chester  district,  SM 
post  road  92  ms.  N.  from  Columbia. 

Laxdwehr,  from  two  German  words,  fl^p 
land  and  war  ;  literally,  land-guard,  or 
The  term  is  particularly  applied  to  the  nJJ 
Austria  and  Prussiar 

Lanesborough,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass 
is  situated  in  the  NW.  part  of  the  State,  joinii 
New  York. 

Lanesburg,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  L  ;• 
ford,  and  province  of  Leinster,  situated  on  e 
banks  of  the  Shannon,  62  ms.  from  Dublin.  I 
8  6  W.,  lat.  53  40  N. 

Lanesville,  village,  Susquehannah  co.,  Pa. 

Langdon,  town,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  on  l| 
necticut  river,  40  ms.  W.  from  Concord. 

Langeac,  small  town  of  France,  in  the  der  < 
Cantal,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne,  srd 
near  the  Allier,  among  the  mountains,  36  m*'- 
of  Clermont.    Lon.  3  35  E.,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Langeais,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  I* 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine,  st* 
on  the  Loire,  12  ms.  W.  of  Tours.    Lon.  31 
lat.  47  26  N. 

Langeland,  island  of  Denmark,  m  the  ( 
called  the  Great  Belt.    It  is  33  ms.   long,  « 
scarcely  5  m?.  in  breadth.    It  produces  plent  « 


LAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LAP 


The  principal  town  is  Rutcoping.  Lon. 
,  lat.  55  4  N. 

an,  or  Lacking,  the  capital  of  the  king- 
Laos,  in  the  further  India,  371  ms.  N.  of 
Lon.  101  51  E.,  lat.  21  10  N. 
ron,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
nde,  and  late  province  of  Guienne.  It  is 
for  excellent  wine,  and  seated  on  the  Ga- 
15  ms.  N.  of  Bazas.    Lon.  10'  W.,  lat. 

Xport,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire.  It 
d  on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Parret,  which  is 
ile  for  barges  to  Bridgewater.  It  is  10  ms. 
Bridgewater,  and  128°  W.  bv  S.  of  Lon- 
Lon.  3°  W.,  lat.  51°  N. 
*rts,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Marne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne, 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
e  sources  of  the  Marne,  and  its  cutlery 
ire  in  high  esteem.  This  town  is  thought 
I  the  highest  of  any  in  France ;  and  the 
:t  from  the  towers  of  the  principal  church  is 
il  beyond  conception.  It  is  35  ms.  NE.  of 
and  100  S.  by  E.  of  Rheims.  Lon.  5  24 
,  47  52  N. 

astohe,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  fa- 
br  its  harrfor,  which  is  capacious  enough  to 
i  the  whole  navy  of  Eng.  ;  but  on  account  of 


Laon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of  Aisne, 
and  late  province  of  Soissonnois,  with  a  ca9tle,  and 
lately  a  bishop's  see.  It  principal  trade  consists  in 
corn  and  wine.  It  is  advantageously  seated  on  a 
mountain,  77  ms.  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  43  E., 
lat.  49  34  N. 

Laos,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
China,  on  the  E.  by  Tonquin  and  Cochin  China, 
on  the  S.  by  Cambodia,  and  on  the  W.  by  Bur 
mah.  This  country  is  full  of  forests,  and  abounds 
in  rice,  fruits,  and  fish.  Lanciones  is  the  capita!. 
— See  Shy  am  and  Sia/n. 

La  Petite  Nation,  York  co.,  L.  C,  on  the  Ot- 
tawa river,  about  70  ms.  W.  from  Montreal. 

Lapland,  or  the  extreme  northern  part  of  Eu- 
rope. It  is  divided  into  Russian  and  Swedish 
Lapland. 

Russian  Lapland  extends  E.  from  Tomea  and 
Tana  river  to  the  White  sea,  under  the  name  of  the 
circle  of  Kola. 

Swedish  Lapland  embraces  the  residue,  includ- 
ing the  extreme  North  Cape  of  Europe,  and  is  sub- 
divided into  Tornea-Lapmark,  Lulea-Laprnark,  Pi- 
thea-Lapmark,  Umea-Lapmark,  Jamptland-Lap- 
mark,  Assele-Lapmark,  and  Finmark. 

The  whole  of  Lapland  stretches  over  150,000 
sq.  ms.,  of  which  Sweden  possesses  about  80,000, 
with  33,000  inhabitants,  and  Russia  70,000  sq. 


ere  is  no  entrance  for  large  ships  at  low  miles  and  27,000  inhabitants.    Lapland  may  be 

termed  a  huge  congeries  of  frightful  rocks  and  stu- 
pendous mountains,  interspersed,  however,  with 
many  pleasant  valleys,  watered  by  an  infinite  num- 


guedoc,  late  province  of  France,  bounded 
N.  by  Querci,  Rouergue,  Auvergne,  and 


on  the  E.  by  Dauphiny  and  Provence,  |ber  of  rivulets  that  run  into  the  rivers  and  lakes, 


W.  by  Gascony,  and  pn  the  S.  by  the 
rranean  and  Rousillon.  The  clergy  and  in- 
its  were  more  rich,  numerous,  and  more 
j  than  in  any  other  place  in  France.  It 
rms  the  departments  of  Aude,  Gard,  Upper 
ie,  and  Herault. 
ier,  Tp.,  Preble  co.,  Ohio. 
ion,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
irth  Coast,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne. 
le  consists  in  wine  and  hemp ;  and  it  has 
nineral  waters.  The  inhabitants  of  Lanion, 
amp,  and  the  environs,  speak  the  Welsh 
ge,  which  was  probably  brought  here  by  the 
s  who  took  refuge  in  these  parts  in  the  fifth 
y.  Lanion  is  15  ms.  W.  of  Treguier. 
moy  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
arth,  and  late  province  of  French  Flanders, 
SE.  of  Lisle. 

Noraye,  seigniory,  Warnick  county,  Lower 
la,  on  St.  Lawrence  river,  40  miles  below 
eal. 

isdoion  Township,  in  the  co.  of  Leeds,  U. 
the  11th  tp.  in  ascending  the  river  St. 
snce. 

isingburg,  town,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y., 
2d  on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  river,  near  its 
on  with  the  Mohawk  river,  about  4  ms. 
Troy,  and  9  above  Albany.  A  fine  bridge 
ludson  river  unites  Lansingburg  and  Water- 
Sloops  of  small  draught  ascend  thus  high, 
in  1820,  2,035  ;  and  in  1840,  3,330. 
ising,  tp.,  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in 
3,631. 

'tzo,  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  river  Sture, 
\.  NW.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7.  28  E.,  lat.  45 


which  discharge  themselves  into  the  gulf  of  Both- 
nia.   The  names  of  the  principal  lakes  in  Lapland 
are  the  Great  Urn  a,  the  Great  Windel,  the  Orea- 
van,  the  Stor-avan,  the  Great  Lula,  the  lakes  of 
Kartom,  Kali,  Torno,  Enara,  and  Limi.  Some 
of  these  extend  60  leagues  in  length,  and  contain 
a  great  number  of  islands ;  Storavan  is  said  to  con- 
tain 365  ;  and  Enora  contains  an  archipelago  o{ 
islands  so  large  that  no  Laplander  has  lived  long 
enough  to  visit  each  particular  island.  The  natives 
believe  this  country  to  be  the  terrestrial  paradise  ; 
and,  indeed,  nothing  could  be  more  enchanting 
than  such  vast  prospects  of  mountains,  hills,  for- 
ests, lakes,  rivers,  &c,  if  the  country  was  in  a 
moderate  climate ;  though  even  here,  in  summer, 
the  roses  are  seen  blowing  wild  on  the  banks  of 
lakes  and  livers,  with  all  the  beautiful  glow  of  color 
which  appears  in  those  cultivated  in  our  gardens. 
But  all  the  intervals  between  the  mountains  are 
not  engrossed  by  these  agreeable  prospects;  great 
part  of  the  flat  country  is  covered  with  brown 
dusky  forests  of  fir  and  pine  trees,  and  these  are 
often  skirted  by  wide  extended  morasses,  the  stag- 
nating waters  of  which  in  summer  produce  myri- 
ads of  mischievous  insects,  that  are  more  intoler- 
able than  even  the  cold  of  winter.    The  cold  in 
this  country  is  very  intense  during  the  winter, 
freezing  even  brandy  and  the  watery  part  of  spirit 
of  wine,  if  the  latter  is  not  highly  rectified  ;  all  the 
lakes  and  rivers  are  frozen  to  a  prodigious  thick- 
ness, and  the  whole  face  of  the  country  covered 
with  snow.    The  heat  of  summer  is  almost  as  in- 
tolerable as  the  cold  of  winter.    At  the  northern 
extremity  of  the  country  the  sun  never  sets  for 
three  months  in  summer,  and  in  winter  there  is  an 
uninterrupted  night  of  the  same  duration  ;  but  this 

471 


LAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LAU 


is  qualified  in  such  a  manner  by  a  constant  revolu- 
tion of  dawn  and  twilight,  by  a  serene  sky,  moon- 
light, and  aurora  borealis,  reflected  from  the  white 
surface  of  the  earth  covered  with  snow,  that  the  in- 
habitants are  enabled  to  hunt,  fish,  and  proceed 
with  their  ordinary  occupations.  The  country 
abounds  with  excellent  springs ;  and  is  remarkable 
for  some  surprising  cataracts,  in  which  the  water 
rumbles  over  frightful  precipices,  and  dashes  among 
rocks  with  amazing  impetuosity  and  noise.  Its  soil 
is  generally  so  chilled  and  barren  that  it  produces 
little  or  no  grain  or  fruit  trees  of  any  kind.  This 
sterility,  however,  is  not  so  much  owing  to  the 
soil,  which  is  in  many  places  of  a  rich  mould,  as  to 
want  of  industry  and  the  rigor  of  the  climate. 

It  ought  to  be  remarked,  that  Lapland  derives 
much  of  its  harsh  character  from  being  compared 
to  the  more  southern  and  temperate  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. In  itself,  it  is  incomparably  the  warmest 
part  of  the  earth  so  far  advanced  towards  the  pole. 
Even  extreme  northern  Lapland  as  high  as  72° 
bears  large  timber  trees — a  fact  existing  no  where 
else  on  earth  within  the  northern  polar  circle. 

In  stature,  appearance,  and  manners,  the  Lap- 
landers are  evidently  a  branch  of  the  family  so  ex- 
tensive within  and  contiguous  to  the  arctic  re- 
gions. The  Samoieds,  Laplanders,  Greenlanders, 
and  Esquimaux,  are  the  great  divisions  of  this  race. 

Lar,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Laris- 
ton,  with  a  castle.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade  in 
silk,  oranges,  lemons,  and  tamarinds.  Lon.  52  45 
E.,  lar.  27  30  N. 

Laracha,  ancient  and  strong  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  JYz,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
;>ame  name,  with  a  good  harbor.  Lon.  5  59  W., 
lat.  35  40  N. 

Laredo,  seaport  of  Spain,  on  the  bay  of  Biscay, 
with  a  large  safe  harbor.  It  is  30  ms.  W.  of  Bil- 
bo*.   Lon.  3  53  W.,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Largentiere,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of 
Ardeche,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny. 

Largo,  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  6  ms.  S. 
of  Cupar,  situated  on  a  large  bay  of  the  same  name. 

Largs,  village  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scot.,  memo- 
rable for  the  defeat  of  the  Norwegians  in  their  last 
invasion  of  this  country  with  a  fleet  of  160  sail 
and  an  army  of  20,000  men,  under  the  command 
of  Haquin,  king  of  Norway. 

Larino,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  60  miles 
NE.  of  Naples.    Lon.  15°  E.,  lat.  41  46  N. 

Larissa,  ancient  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
the  province  of  Janna.  It  carries  on  a  large  trade, 
and  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  river  Peneus,  50 
ms.  S.  of  Salonichi,  and  121  N.  by  W.  of  Athens. 
Lon.  22  47  E.,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Laristan,  province  of  Persia,  which  lies  N.  of 
the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Guebres.    Lar  is  the  capital. 

Larkanu,  town  of  Hindoostan  in  Sinde,  situ- 
ated to  the  westward  of  that  river,  and  on  an  out- 
let of  the  Indus,  about  60  miles  N  W.  of  Sehwun. 
The  great  road  westward  into  Beloochistan  branches 
from  Larkanu,  and  crosses  the  mountains  to  Kelat, 
by  the  pass  of  Belan. 

Larry  bandar,  seaport  of  Hindoostan  proper,  at 
the  mouth  of  a  branch  of  the  Indus,  called  Larry  - 
bundar,  with  a  harbor  capable  of  receiving  ships  of 
200  tons  burden.    Lon.  67  37  E.,  lat.  24  44  N. 

Larta. — See  Art  a. 
472 


: 


Larvigen,  or  Laurvigen,  seaport  town 
way,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name, 
iron  works  are  among  the  most  valuable  in  N 

La  Salle,  seigniory,  Huntingdon  co.,  L. 
ms.  S.  from  Montreal. 

Las  Chiapas,  formerly  a  province,  now 
of  Mexico.  It  is  an  interior  country,  bounde 
Guatemala  SW.,  Tabasco  NW.  and  N.,  Yu 
E.,  and  Vera  Paz  SE.  As  laid  down  on  Tan 
map,  Las  Chiapas  is  a  triangle,  each  sideahou 
miles;  area  13,000  sq.  ms.  On  the  same  ma 
population  is  stated  at  93,750.  The  rivers  S 
sinta  and  Tabasco  rise  in  and  traverse  Chiapa 
interior  of  which  is  very  imperfectly  km 
bounded  by  mountains  on  the  SW.,  and,  it 
ing  towards  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  this  country 
tending  from  lat.  15°  to  17  30  N.,  must  ha 
considerable  variety  of  climate  and  vegetable 
duction.  No  mines  of  consequence  have  beer 
covered.    Chief  city,  Chiapa  Real. 

Lassa,  or  Lahassa,  city,  the  capital  of  ( 
Thibet.  It  is  not  large,  but  the  houses  are  of  s 
spacious  and  lofty.  Seven  miles  on  the  JS^ 
the  city  is  the  mountain  of  Patula,  on  the 
of  which  is  the  palace  of  the  great  Lama, 
priest  and  sovereign  of  Thibet.  Lassa  is 
N.  by  E.  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  91  40  E.,  lat.  3G 

Lasselsvillc,  post  office,  Montgomery  count 
Y.,  10  ms.  W.  from  Johnstown. 

Latacunga,  town  of  Peru.    Lon.  W.  C. 
W.,  lat.  55'  S. 

Latakia,  formerly  Laudicea,  an  ancient 
considerable  town  of  Syria,  with  a  harbor, 
become  the  most  flourishing  place  on  the  c 
and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  ;  it  is  75  i 
SW.  of  Aleppo,  and  245  N.  of  Jerusalem. 
34  30  E.,  lat.,  35  40  N. 

Latessarie,  fief,  Hampshire  co.,  L.  ('.,  or 
Lawrence  river,  40  ms.  above  Quebec. 

Latimore,  NE.  tp\,  Adatns  county,  Pa.,  on 
waters  of  Bermudian  creek,  15  miles  NNE. 
Gettysburg. 

Latton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  between 
ping  and  Harlow. 

Laval,  considerable  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  de 
Maine     The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  24, 
Linen  of  all  kinds  and  qualities  is  manufacl  1 
here;  and  the  neighboring  quarries  produce  gi 
marble,  or  black,  veined  with  white.   It  is  seate  i 
the  Maine,  15  miles  S.  of  the  town  of  that  m  . 
and  40  W.  of  Mans.    Lon.  42°  W.,  lat.  m 
North. 

Lavarnund,  or  Lavant  Minde,  town  of  €t  B 
thia,  in  Austria.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  o'i; 
Drave  and  Lavarnund,  40  miles  E.  of  Clagen-. 
Lon.  15  18  E.,  lat.  46  44  N. 

Lavaur,  town  of  Fr.,  now  in  the  dep.  of  T  , 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  on  the  Agout ) 
ms.  NE.  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  52  E.,  lat.  33  4«  - 

Laubach,  strong  town,  capital  of  Camiola,  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  in  which  are  the  Mil 
crawfish  in  Europe.  32  miles  S.  of  Clagenfurt,  a 
155  S.  by  W.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  25  E.,la(S 
24  N. 

Lauthingen,  town  of  Suabia,  situated  on  e 
confines  of  the  Black  Forest. 

Lauda,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopri  »f 
Wurtzburg,  and  18  ms.  SW.  of  Wurtzburg.  I« 
9  45  E.,  lat.  49  28  N. 


LAU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LAU 


mder,  borough  of  Scot.,  in  Berwickshire,  with 
I  (;t!e,  22  ms.  S.  of  Edinburgh.    Lon.  3  5  W., 
it55  36  N. 

tuderdale,  small  district  of  Eng.,  in  the  co.  of 
vlte,  through  which  a  river  of  the  same  name 

kuderdale,  county  of  Ala.,  bounded  by  Ten- 
jifee  river  S.  and  8W.,  Tennessee  N.,  and  Lime- 
slop  E. ;  length  54  miles,  mean  width  12,  area 
bit  700  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly  ;  soil  productive. 
8t»le,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Florence.  Pop.  in 
im,  4,963;  and  in  1840,  14,485.  Central  lat. 
2|k)  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1 1°  W. 

\ivelb,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
wit  a  bishop's  see,  30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Naples. 
Lot  15  55  E.,  lat.  41  5  N. 
fpc//,  or  Lafelt,  village  in  the  bishopric  of 
:  !«e,  near  Maestricht. 
kkvenham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk.    It  has 
cpderable   manufactures  in  serges,  shalloons, 
«tu|;,  and  fine  yarn.    It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of 
■raret,  12  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  St.  Edmund's  Bury, 
ai  3 1  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  51'  E.,  lat.  52  39  N. 
W&uffen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
-wjemburg,  seated  on  the  Neckar,  10  miles  S.  of 

■born.    Lon.  9  25  E.,  lat.  49  3  N.  Small 

hn  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Basle,  seated 
aw  the  river  Birs. 

luuffen,  village  of  Switzerland  in  the  canton 
ijlurich,  3  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Schauff hausen. 
wis  a  celebrated  cataract  of  the  Rhine  -  the 
sin  precipitates  itself  in  accumulated  masses 
♦M)  or  60  feet  perpendicular,  raging  and  foam- 
ivvith  wonderful  violence. 
'tauffenbiirg,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cirp  of  Suabia,  and  one  of  the  four  Forest  towns, 
w  a  ruined  castle.  It  belongs  to  the  House  of 
.w.ria,  and  is  seated  on  a  rock  on  the  Rhine, 
wHh  divides  it  into  two  parts.  Here  is  a  small 
eiflact,  noted  for  the  beauty  of  the  scenery.  It 
HJ  ms.  E.  of  Basil.    Lon.  8  2  E.  lat.,  47 

'  Uugerftll,  mountain  of  Iceland,  containing 
tfcj  extraordinary  natural  jet  dyeau  called  the 
il»d  Geyser.    The  Laugerfell  is  entirely  sur- 

0  iled  by  a  morass,  which  extends  for  a  consid- 
w$e  way  in  every  direction,  except  towards 

I)  N.,  where  it  is  not  separated  by  an  interval 
>f  lore  than  half  a  mile  from  higher  mountains. 
T  N.  side  is  perpendicular,  barren,  and  craggy; 
t  opposite  one  rises  with  a  tolerably  gradual 
•silt;  and  from  this,  near  its  base,  we  saw  a  num- 

1  of  columns  of  steam,  mounting  to  various 
I  hts.    The  lower  part  of  the  hill  was  formed 

itejia  number  of  mounds,  composed  of  what  ap- 
Wed  to  be  clay,  or  coarse  bolus,  of  various  sizes : 
«oj3  of  them  were  yellowish  white,  but  generally 
•fyhe  color  of  red  brick.  Interspersed  with 
All,  here  and  there,  were  large  pieces  of  rock, 
w  ;h  had  rolled  or  been  washed  down  by  the  rains 
n>  the  higher  part  of  the  mountain.  On  these 
minds  at  irregular  distances,  and  on  all  sides  of 
m  were  the  apertures  of  boiling  springs,  from 
scle  of  which  were  issuing  spouts  of  water, 
frji  one  to  four  feet  in  height;  while  in  others 
th  water  rose  no  higher  than  the  top  of  the  basin, 
oiently  flowed  over  the  margin. — Hooker's  Tour 
Iceland.— See  article  Geyser. 

aughlinton,  village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn  , 

I  60* 


on  the  road  from  Bedford  to  Greensburg,  23  ms. 
E.  from  the  latter. 

Laughton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Yorkshire,  on  a 
high  hill,  noted  for  its  church,  whose  tower  and 
spire  are  not  excelled  by  any  Gothic  piece  of  the 
kind.  It  is  seen  in  some  places  at  the  distance  of 
60  miles. 

Lavigna,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name. 

Lavingfon,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts,  20  ms. 
NW.  of  Salisbury,  and  88  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  3  W.,  lat.  13  51  N. 

Launceston,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on  a 
hill  near  the  river  Tamar,  28  ms.  N.  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  214  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  4 
35  W.,  lat.,  50  40  N. 

Launu,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  road  from 
Leipsick  to  Prague,  near  the  river  Eger,  27  ms., 
NW.  of  Prague.    Lon.  14  20  E.,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Laurel,  village,  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  on  the  N. 
side  of  Broad  creek,  a  branch  of  Nantikoke  river, 
35  ms.  SE.  from  Easton,  in  Maryland. 

Laurel  Hill,  post  office,  Richmond  co.,  N.  C, 
100  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Laurel  Mountains.  In  general  terms,  this  range 
includes  the  extreme  NW.  ridges  of  the  Appa- 
lachian chain,  and  reaches  from  the  central  parts  of 
Penn.  to  Ala.,  under  various  local  names.  It  is 
pierced  by  the  eastern  branches  of  Monongahela, 
by  the  Great  Kenawha,  and  Tennessee  rivers. 

Laurenceburg,  village,  Armstrong  co.,  Penn. 
 Dearborn  co.,  Ia. — See  Lawrenceburg,  Dear- 
born co.,  Ia.  Village,  Franklin  co.,  Ky.,  10 

ms.  S.  from  Frankfort.  Lawrence  co.,  Tenn., 

See  Lawrenceburg,  Lawrence  co.,  Tenn. 

Laurens.  When  a  name  commencing  thus,  is  not 

to  be  found,  see  those  commencing  with  law.  

Laurens,tp.,  Ostego, co.,  N.Y.,  15  ms.  SW.  from 

Cooperstown.  District,  S.  C,  between  Ennore 

and  Saluda  rivers,  and  bounded  by  Newberry  SE., 
Saluda  river  or  Abbeville  SW.,  Greenville  NW., 
and  Ennore  river,  or  Spartanburg  and  Union  NE.; 
length  30  ms.,  mean  width  23,  area  690  sq.  ms. 
Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  productive. 
Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Laurensville.  Pop. 
in  i820,  17,682,  and  in  1840,  21,584.  Central 

lat.  34  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  W.  Co.,  Ga., 

on  both  sides  of  Oconee  river;  bounded  SE.  by 
part  of  Montogomery,  SW.  by  Pulaski  NW.  by 
Wilkinson,  N.  by  Washington,  and  NE.  by 
Emanuel,  and  part  of  Montgomery;  length  35  ms., 
mean  width  25,  area  about  875  sq.  ms.  Chief 
town,  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,436  ;  and  in 
1840,  5,585.  Central  lat.  32*°  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
6  10  W. 

Laurensville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Lau- 
rens district  S.  C,  80  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 
Lat.  34  29  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  58  W. 

Lauricocha,  river,  S.  America,  and  one  of  the 
great  constituents  of  the  Amazon.  It  is  formed 
by  innumerable  streams  flowing  from  the  Andes, 
between  lat.  2°  and  10°  S.  At  lat.  5°  S.  it  unites 
with  the  Gualaga,  and  forms  the  Tunguragua. 
Laurington,  village,  Marlborough  district,  S.  C. 
Lausanne,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  with  a  famous  college  and  a  bishop's 
see.  Its  lofty  situation  affords  the  most  sublime 
views  in  nature,  commanding  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 

473 


LAW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LEA 


the  Pays  de  Vaud,  and  the  rugged  coast  of  Cha- 
blais.  It  is  seated  between  three  hills,  30  ms. 
NE.  of  Geneva,  and  50  SW.  of  Bern.    Lon.  6 

50  E.,  lat.  46  31  N.  Tp.,  Northampton  co., 

Penn.,  on  the  Lehigh  river,  about  30  ms.  above 
Bethlehem.  It  includes  the  greatest  mine  of 
anthracite  coal  yet  opened  in  the  U.  S.  See 
Mauchchunk.  Pop.  in  1820,  220  ;  and  in  1840, 
1,590. 

Lauterburg,  town  of  Poland,  in  Western  Prussia, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Culm,  50  ms.  NE.  of  Thorn. 
Lon.  20  39  E.,  lat.  53  6  N.  Town  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  but  sub- 
ject to  the  French.  It  is  20  ms.  SE.  of  Weis- 
semburg.    Lon.  8  26  E.,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Lautrec,  town  of  France,  late  in  the  province 
of  Languedoc.    It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  and 

has  an  ancient  castle.  Town  of  Germany,  in 

the  palatinate,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  Sauter  and  Glaun. 

Lauzon,  seigniory,  Dorchester  co.,  L.  C,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  opposite 
the  city  of  Quebec. 

Lavora,  Terra  di,  province  of  Naples,  in  Italy, 
63  ms.  in  length  and  3^  in  breadth;  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  Campagna  di  Roma,  on  the  N.  by 
Abruzzo  Ulteriore,  and  Citeriore,,  on  the  E.  by 


co.,  O.  Tp.,  Tuscarawas  co.,  O.,  in  whicl  . 

situated  the  towns  of  Lavvrenceville  and  Zoar.- . 

Washington  co.,  Ohio.  Co.,  Ia.,  bounde 

Orange  S  ,  Owen  and  Martin  W.,  Monroe 
Jackson  E.,  and  Washington  SE.  Length 
ms.,  width  18,  area  378.  This  county  is  dra 
by  the  E.  branch  of  White  river  and  its  J 
fluents.  Chief  town,  Palermo.  Pop.  in  11  ] 
4,116.  Central  lat.  38  50  N.,  lon.  9  25  W.- 
Co.,  West  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Ala.  S.,  WV 
W  ,  Hickman  N.,  and  Giles  E.;  length  26  i 
width  22  ;  area  570  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Lawre 
burg.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,271.    Central  lat.  3i 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  30  W.  Co.  of  Arl 

sas,  boundaries  and  extent  uncertain,  but  ust 
called  the  White  River  co. 

Lawrence,  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
rence  co.,  Ark.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Black 
about  50  miles  above  its  confluence  with 
river. 

Lawrenctburg,  town,  Armstrong  co.,  Pa., 
Alleghany  river,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Butler, 
lage  and  seat  of  justice,  Dearborn  co.,  Inda 
ms.  below  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami, 
ms.  below  Cincinnati.  This  village  is  seatet 
an  extensive  bottom,  liable  to  inundation  a 
sons  or  high  flood.    Lat.  39  5  N.,  lon.  W. 


i 


the  Molise  and  Principato  Ulteriore,  and  on  thej45W. 

S.  by  Principato  Citeriore.    It  abounds  in  ex- j     Lawrence 's  Mills,  post  office,  Clinton  co., 
cellent  wines,  and  all  sorts  of  fruits  are  found  |Y.,  by  post  road  177  ms.  N.  from  Albany, 
in  great  plenty.    The  soil  is  excellent  for  tillage,  j     Lawrenceville,  village,  Tioga  co.,  Pa.,  by 

from  whence  it  takes  its  name,  and  there  are  j  road  149  ms.  NNW.  from  Hairisburg.  Viil 

mineral  springs  and  mines  of  sulphur.     Naples  Nansemond  county,  Virginia.  Village,  M 

is  the  capital.  !  gomery  co.,  N.  C,  109  ms.  SW.  by  W.  f 

Lawahannock,  river,  Penn.,  rises  In  the  NE.  j  Raleigh.  Village,  Gwinnett  co.,  Ga  ,  133 

angle  of  Luzerne  co.,  and,  flowing  SW.,  falls  I NW.  from  Milledgeville.  Village  on  the 

into  the  Susquehannah  river,  at  Pittstown,  12  ms.  I  bank  of  the  Alleghany  river,  2  ms.  above  P 
above  Wilkesbarre.  !burg.    At  this  place  is  an  arsenal  and  U.  S. 

Lawenburg,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  jitary  depot.  Village  laid  out  in  the  year  1* 

of  L( 


Saxony,  subject  to   the   kingdom  of  j  near  the  centre  of  Madison 


Ohio, 


)ad  leading  from    Columbus  to  Spr 


Hanover.  It  is  35  ms.  in  length,  and  20  in  [State 
breadth.  Considerable  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  I  field. 

capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is '  Lawson's,  post  office,  Greenbriar  co. 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Hamburg. 


on  the  Elbe,  40  ms. 

Lon.   10  50  E.,  lat.,  53  26  N.  Town  of 

Pomerania,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name 
Lon.  17  39  E.,  lat.  54  33  N*. 

Lawrence,  St. — See  St.  Luwrence  river  and 
St,  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y. 

Lav)rence,  co.,  Mississippi,  bounded  NW.  and 
N.  by  the  lately  ceded  Choctaw  territory,  E.  by 
Covington,  S.  by  Marion  and  Pike,  and  W.  by 
Franklin.  Length  60  ms.,  mean  width  21  ;  area 
1,260  sq.  ms.  Pearl  river  flows  through  this 
cos,  upon  the  banks  of  which,  and  on  some  of 
its  branches,  good  land  in  small  quantities  is  found. 
The  general  surface  is  covered  with  fine  timber, 
and  is  hilly  and  sterile,  though  well  supplied  with 
good  water.  Chief  staples,  cotton.  Pop.  in  1820, 
4,916.  Central  lat.,  see  Monticello. 

Lawrence,  Southern  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  on 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Jackson,  E.  by  Gallia  co.,  S. 
by  the  Ohio  river,  and  W.  by  Scioto  county.  It 
is  generally  a  very  hilly  and  barren  tract  of  coun- 
try. Symmes's  and  Indian  Guyandot  creeks  water 
the  eastern  parts.  It  contains  about  430  sq.  ms. 
Seat  of  justice,  Burlington.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,499; 
and  in  1840,  9,738.    Central  lat.   38  40  N„ 

lon.  5  28  W.  Tp.  in  the  W.  border  of  Stark 

474 


Lawson's,  post  office,  Greenbriar  co.,  Va. 
post  road  316  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmor 


Lawsville,  town  Susquehannah  co.,  Penn.; 
the  N.  Y.  line,  10  ms.  N.  from  Montrose. 

Lawyersville,  village,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y. 
ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Laxenburg,  town  of  Austria,  on  a  small  ri 
10  ms.  S.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  28  E.,  lat. 
3.N. 

Laytonstone. — 'See  Lovj  Lay  ton. 

Laybach,  town  and  government  of  Austriai  • 
lyria.  The  town  stands  on  a  small  river,  a  bra. 
of  the  same,  about  30  ms.  NE.  from  Trie 
Lon.  14  46  E.,  lat.  46  2  N.    Pop.  12,000. 

Laytons,  village,  Essex  co.,  Va.,  on  the  r  I 
bank  of  the  Rappahannock  river,  opposite  Le<, 
in  Westmoreland,  and  35  ms.  by  land  be' 
Fredericksburg. 

Lea,  river  of  Eng.,  rises  near  Luton,  in  I- 
fordshire,  flows  to  Hertford  and  Ware,  and,  d| 
ding  Essex  from  Hertfordshire  and  Middlesex,  II 
into  the  Thames  below  Blackwall. 

Leacock,  town,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.  It  is  I 
uated  between  Pequea  and  Conestoga  creek) 
ms.  E.  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  56  W-f 
Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,882. 

Leadhills,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarksh, 


LEB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LEC 


,g  the  mountains  of  Clydesdale,  and  said  to 
e  highest  human  habitation  in  Great  Britain. 

reside  many  hundred  of  miners  with  their 
ics.  These  miners,  though  in  a  great  measure 


tatinny  ridge.  The  surface  exceedingly  diversified. 
The  substratum  of  rather  more  than  one-half  its 
surface  is  limestone.  This  formation  lies  SE. 
from  the  Quitapahilla,  on  the  opposite  side  of  that 
d  from  s  iciety  by  their  situation,  pay  great  i  stream.  Towards  the  Blue  mountain,  the  soil  is 
n  to  the  cultivation  of  the  mind,  and  have  ,  based  on  clay  slate.  The  Union  canal,  intended 
]  a  circulating  library  for  the  instruction  |  to  unite  the  Swatara  to  the  Schuylkill  by  their 
lsement  of  the  little  community  belonging  respective  branches,  the  Quitapahilla  and  Tulpe- 
illage,  44  ms.  S.  from  Glasgow.  hocken,  will  pass  through  the  centre  of  this  co. 

ing  creek,  stream  rising  in  the  southern  Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  and  iron.  Chief 

Athens  co.,  Ohio,  which,  after  running  15  town,  Lebanon.    Pop.  in  1820,  16,988.  Vil- 

s.  to  the  SE.,  through  Meigs  co.,  falls  lage,  Russell  co.,   Va.,  by  post  road  358  ms.  a 

io  river  17  ms.  above  Gallipolis.  little  S.  of   W.   from    Richmond.  Village, 

wille,  village,  Randolph  co.,  Va.,  by  post  |  Washington  co.,  Ga.,   14  ms.  southward,  from 

)  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond.  Milledgeville.  Borough  and  village,  Lebanon 

river,  southwestern  branch  of  Pascagoula,  'co.,  Pa.,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  Quitapahilla 
see.)    Leaf  river  rises  by  a  number  of  creek,  28  ms.  W.  of  Reading,  and  25  ENE.  of 

Harrisburg.     The  streets  are  regular,  and  the 


»s,  in  the  Choctaw  country,  above  N.  lat. 


general  course  is  SE.  through  Coving- 1  houses  well  built,  principally  with  brick  and  stone. 


Wayne  cos.,  joins  the  Chickasawha  river, 


and  forms  Pascagoula 


•Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Warren  co.,  O., 


The  en-  j  containing  the  usual  co.  buildings,  with  a  bank, 


igth  of  the  Leaf  river  is  about  100  ms.,  and 
i  not  so  long  as  Chickasawha,  the  former  is 
ly  a  larger  volume  of  water  from  its  more 
ous  branches.    Both  streams  flow  from  a 
>rest ;  soil  thin  and  sterile. 
f  River,  post  office  on  the  preceding  river, 
co.,  Miss.,  57  ms.  SE.  from  Monticello. 
kesville,  village  on  Dan  river,  Rockingham 
.  C,  105  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 
mington  Priors,  village  of  Eng.,  Warwick - 
a  celebrated  watering  place,  22  ms.  SW. 
Jirmington,  and  90  NW,  from  London. 
o  tong,  or  Chen-yang,  one  of  the  three  de 
jnts  of  the  Mantshurs,  who  hence  entered 
mquered  China.    Chen-yang,  or  Mougden, 
capital. 

isburg,  village,  Caswell  co.,  N.  C,  85  ms. 
J .  from  Raleigh, 

rfherhead,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  which 
bridge  of  many  arches  over  the  river  Mole. 
itherwoocfs  Store,  post  office,  Henry  co., 
3y  post  road  245  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Rich- 


ftkes-water,  called  also  Wythburn,  or  Thirl- 
water,  fine  lake  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland, 
i  lies  S.  by  E.  of  Keswick.  Its  outlet  joins 
.pit!  river  Greeta  at  New  Bridge,  and  thus  has 
imunicatioir  with  the  lake  of  Derwentwater. 
avenworth,  village,  Crawford  co.,  Inda.,  on 
river,  68  ras.  below  Louisville. 
aWttva,  seaport  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island 
iylon,  which  yields  a  great  deal  of  salt.  Lon. 
|>E.,  lat.  6  40  N. 

barton,  town,  Yorkco.,  Maine,  on  the  E. 

Salmonfall  river,  about  20  ms.  NW.  of 
mouth,  in  N.  H.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,938;  in 

I  2,223.  Town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  4 

<E.  of  Dartmouth  College.  Town,  Wind- 

jpo.,  Ct.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Shetucket  river, 
it  N.  of  Norwich,  and  near  the  same  distance 

I  Windham.  Village,   Madison  co.,  N. 

.i5  ms.  SW.  from  Utica.  Town,  Hunter- 

i'o.,  N.  J.  Co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Lancas- 

E.,  Dauphin  SW.  and  NW.,  and  Berks 
Ej;  length  17  ms.,  width  17,  area  288  sq.  ms. 
i  fine  co  is  drained  by  the  Swatara,  Quitapa- 
I  andTulpehocken  creeks,  with  their  branches. 
>  W.  boundary  is  the  Blue  mountain,  or  Kit- 


printing  office,  two  market-houses,  and  a  library 
company,  28  ms.  S.  from  Dayton,  and  30  WE*, 
from  Cincinnati.    Lon.  W.  C.  7  5  W.,  lat.  39 

25  N.  Tp.,  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.- — One  of  the 

southern  tps.  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.  Seat  of 

justice  of  Marion  co.,  Ky.,  50  ms.  SW.  from 
Lexington,  and  45  SE.  from  Louisville.    Pop.  in 

1840,  546.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wilson 

co.,  Tenn.,  on  the  road  from  Nashville  to  Car- 
thage, 24  ms.  from  each.    Lat.   36  13  N.,  lon. 

W.  C.  9  14  W.  Village,  St.  Clair  co.,  111.,  55 

ms.  SW.  from  Vandalia. 

Lebeda,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Tripoli, 
with  a  good  harbor  and  an  old  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  85  ms.  E.  of  Tripoli,  and. 
is  seated  on  the  ruins  of  Leptis  Magna.  Lon.  14 
50  E.,  lat.  32  50  N. 

Lebrixa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated 
on  a  territory  abounding  in  corn,  wine,  and  olive 
trees,  which  produce  the  best  oil  in  Spain.  It  is 
12  ms.  NE.  of  St.  Lucar.  Lon.  5  44  W.,  lat. 
37  8  N. 

Lebus,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  marquisate  of  Brandenburg,  on  the 
Oder,  10  ms.  N.  of  Frankfort,  and  43  E.  of  Ber- 
lin.   Lon.  14  39  E.,  lat.  52  31  N. 

Lecco,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  seated 
on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Como,  26  ms.  N.  of  Mi- 
lan.   Lon.  9  21  E.,  lat.  45  53  N. 

Lech,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  Tyrol 
and  falls  into  the  Danube  below  Donawert.  The 
course  of  this  river  is  very  nearly  due  N.,  compar- 


ative course  about  150  English  ms.  Augsburg, 
the  former  capital  of  Bavaria,  is  on  its  bank. 

Lechlade,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Lech  with  the  Thames,  28 
ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Gloucester,  and  77  W.  by  N.  of 
London.    Lon.  1  35  W.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Lechnich,  town  of  Germany.  It  is  situated  in 
the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  and  in  the  electo- 
rate of  Cologne,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Cologne.  Len. 
7  8  E.  lat.  50  46  N. 

Leek,  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  which 
branches  off  the  Rhine  at  Wyckby-Deurstede,  and 
enters  the  Merve  10  ms.  E.  of  Rotterdam.  It  is 
very  difficult  by  verbal  description  to  give  an  idea 
of  this  river.  It  is  one  of  those  interlocking 
streams  peculiar  to  the  deltas  of  large  rivers,  and 

475 


LEE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LEE 


is  in  reality  a  part  of  the  Rhine.  Length,  about 
40  English  ms. 

Lectoure,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  and  late  province  of  Armagnac,  on  a 
mountain,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the  river  Gers, 
12  ms.  E.  of  Condom.  Lon  42'  E.,  lat.  43  56  N. 

Ledbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Herefordshire.  It 
is  inhabited  by  many  clothiers,  who  carry  on  a 
great  trade.  It  is  13  ms.  E.  of  Hereford,  and  1 16 
WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  17  W.,  lat.  52  3  N. 


Ledesma,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  seated  on  the 
Tome,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Salamanca.  Lon.  5  31 
W.,  lat.  41°  N. 

Lee,  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  on  the  confines 
of  Kerry,  and  flows  E.  to  Cork,  below  which  city 
it  forms  a  fine  harbor,  and  enters  St.  George's 

channel.  Village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  in  the 

churchyard  of  which  Dr.  Halley,  the  great  astron- 
omer, is  interred.    It  is  6  ms.  SE.  of  London. 

 Tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  about  27  ms.  NW. 

from  Castine.    Pop.   1820,  uncertain.  Tp., 

Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  10  ms.  NW.  from  Ports- 
mouth- Town,  Berkshire,  Mass.,  about  4  ms. 

E.  of  Stockbridge,  and  140  W.  of  Boston.  

Town,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  NW.  from 

Rome.  Tp.,  Athens  co.,  Ohio.  SW.  co., 

Va.,  bounded  SW.  by  Tenn.,  NW.  by  Cumber- 
land mountain  or  Ky.,  and  E.  by  Scott  co.,  Va 
This  co.  is  triangular,  extending  45  ms.  along 
Tenn.,  and  36  along  Ky. ,  with  an  area  of  about 
800  sq.  ms.  It  is  intersected  by  Powell's  river,  a 
branch  of  Tennessee.  The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous  or  hilly,  and  soil  rocky  and  sterile. 
Chief  town,  Jonesville.  Pop.  1840,  8,441.  Cen- 
tral lat.  36  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6°  W.  Court 

house  and  post  office,  Lee  co.,  Va.,  487  ms.  SW. 
by  W.  from  W.  C. 

Leece,  populous  and  most  beautiful  town  of 
Naples,  in  Otranto,  of  which  it  is  the  chief  place, 
10  ms.  W.  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  and  195  ESE. 
of  Naples.    Lon.  18  20  E.,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Lee,  Fort,  Bergen  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  9  ms.  above  Bergen. 

Leech  Lake,  one  of  the  higher  tributaries  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  lies  about  25  ms.  W.  of  Pa- 
kagama  falls,  and  at  nearly  mid-distance  between 
Rice  lake  of  Red  river,  of  Assiniboin,  and  the 
main  stream  of  the  Mississippi.  By  Leech  lake 
and  its  outlet,  with  a  short  intervening  portage,  a 
canoe  navigation  is  actually  in  operation  between 
Mississippi  and  Red  rivers. 

Leeds,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  W.  Riding  of  York 
shire,  in  a  vale,  which  trade  has  rendered  one  of 
the  most  populous  spots  in  Eng.,  and  is  the  princi- 
pal of  the  clothing  towns  in  Yorkshire.  It  is  par- 
ticularly the  mart  for  the  colored  and  white  broad 
cloths,  of  which  vast  quantities  are  sold  in  its  cloth 
halls.  Leeds  has  a  manufacture  of  camlets,  which 
has  declined,  and  a  flourishing  one  of  carpets,  re- 
sembling those  of  Wilts  and  Scotland.  Here  are 
also  some  mills  for  the  cutting  of  tobacco,  and  a 
great  pottery.  Within  3  ms.  of  the  town  are  nu- 
merous collieries.  Leeds  has  a  magnificent  stone 
bridge  over  the  Aire,  which  is  navigable  for  boats 
that  carry  much  coal  from  hence  to  York  and  Hull. 
It  is  22  ms.  WSW.  of  York,  and  192  N.  by  W. 
of  London.    Lon.  1  29  W.,  lat.  53  48  N. 

Leeds,  tp.,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  Becan- 
cour  river,  and  between  Broughton  and  Inverness, 
476 


40  ms.  S.  from  Quebec. — —Co.,  U.  C,  is  be 
ed  on  the  E.  by  the  co.  of  Grenville,  on  tl 
by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  the  W.  b 
boundary  line  of  the  late  tp.  of  Pittsburg,  rur 
N.  until  it  intersects  the  Ottowa  or  Grand  i 
thence  descending  that  river  until  it  meet; 
northwesternmost  boundary  of  the  co.  of  ( 

ville.  Tp.  in  the  co.  of  Leeds,  U.  C,  i 

twelfth  tp.  in  ascending  the  river  St.  Lawr 
 Town,  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  on  the  A 


scoggin,  20  ms.  SW.  from  Augusta.    Pop.  1 

1,309.  Village,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  oi 

Atlantic  ocean. 

Leeds/on,  village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Va. 
ms.  NW.  of  Westmoreland  court  house,  and 
S.  from  Washington. 

Lcefooga,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands,  in  t 
Pacific  ocean,  visited  by  Captain  Cook  in  ) 
This  island  is  7  ms.  in  length,  and  its  bread  n 
some  places  not  above  3. 

Leek,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  seati  n 
some  barren  moor  lands.  It  is  154  ms.  NJO  )t 
London.    Lon.  I  55  W.,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Leer,  or  Lehr,  town  of  Westphalia,  seated  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  1 1  ms.  SE.  of  Em!  i, 
and  24  WNW.  of  Osnaburg. 

Leerdam,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  N(  n 
lands,  seated  on  the  Linghe,  17  ms.  NE.  of  I 
Lon.  5  13  E.,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Leerot,  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the  circ  ■ 
Westphalia,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  m 
with  the  Embs,  10  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Embden. 

Leers,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  \  tj 
phalia  and  bishopric  of  Liege.  It  is  4  ms,  I  of 
Liege. 

Leesburg,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Lou  Hi 
co.,  Va.  Lat.  39  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  33'  W.,  3  | 
NW.  from  W.  C.  The  environs  of  this  villag 
waving  rather  than  hilly.  Beside  the  ordinal  o. 
buildings.  Leesburg  must  contain  300  house  id 
1,500  inhabitants.    The  neighborhood  is  at 

ently  of  good  soil,  and  well  cultivated.  Tiaj 

Harrison  co.,  Ky.,  10  ms.  NW.  from  Paris  id 

22  NE.  from  Frankfort.  Village,  Washir  »n 

co.,  Tenn.,  about  80  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  K  i 

ville.  Village,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.  I 

lage,  Champaign  co.,  Ohio.  Town,  Higl  id 

co.,  Ohio,  31  ms.  W.  from  Chillicothe. 
Leesville,  village,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  \  .,  5*  s. 

westerly  from  Albany.  Village,  Campbel  ( 

iVa.,  165  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond.  - 
Village,  Lexington  district,  S.  C,  30  ms.  n 

Columbia.  Village,  Lawrence  co.,  Ia.,  76  s 

SSW  from  Indianapolis. 

Lecta.koo,  recently  discovered  town  of  Sth 
Africa,  in  the  country  of  the  Boshwanas.  I 
discovered  in  1801,  and  since  visited  by  Dr.  I  I 
stenstein  and  Mr.  Campbell.  It  is  suppose  '<> 
contain  from  7,000  to  8,000  inhabitants.  " 
27°  E.,  lat.  26  30  S. 

Leetown,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  Va.,  84  s 
NW.  from  W.  C. 

Leeward  Islands,  that  part  of  the  Caribbe  s 
lands,  in  the  West  Indies,  commencing  at  C"" 
nica  and  extending  to  Porto  Rico. 

Leeiue,  fortified  town  of  the  kingdom  olie 
Netherlands,  in  Brabant,  seated  in  a  moras>»n 
the  Geete,  12  ms.  E.  of  Louvain.  Lon.  5  '*>•> 
lat.  50  53  N. 


LEG  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LEI 


;gate. — See  art.  Ambassador, 
gkorn,  city  of  Tuscany.    It  has  one  of  the 
^harbors  in  the  Mediterranean ;  its  commerce 
i  ensive.    The  Jews,  who  are  numerous  and 
i   have  a  handsome  synagogue  and  schools  ; 
ie  Greeks  and  Armenians  have  churches  of  their 
I  and  no  religion  is  disturbed.    According  to 

0  ing,  the  progressive  population  of  Leghorn 
iaeeen  as  follows  : 

n    .  -  -  -  -  50,790 

ti  .  -  -  -  -  64,095 

«    -  -  -  -  -  72,199 

y.   .  -  -  -  -  76,397 

,diere  are  so  many  canals  that  some  have  given 
f  title  of  New  Venice.    At  a  little  distance  is 
li  t-house,  on  a  small  island.    The  trade  con- 
ittpf  foreign  goods,  as  cotton,  sugar,  cocoa,  spi- 
e»iulphur,  and  alum  ;  and  in  home  productions, 
*  fences,  oils,  wine,  straw  hats,  cloth,  juniper 

1  s,  oranges,  lambs  and  goats'  skins,  and  coral, 
a  frdl,  this  city  suffered  greatly  by  an  earth- 
m.  It  is  145  ms.  NYV.  of  Rome,  and  46  W. 
t  brence.  Lon.  10  28  E.,  lat.  43  33  N. 
iUgnago,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese,  on 
■tdige.    The  town  is  populous,  and  carries  on 

c  siderable  trade,  particularly  in  grain,  which 
sgjatly  facilitated  by  means  of  a  canal  from  the 
dif  to  the  Po.    It  is  24  ms.  SE.  of  Verona. 

1  Goupe,  seigniory,  Northumberland  co.,  L. 
#i  i  ihe  left  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  54  ms. 
M  Quebec. 

mighy  river  of  Pa.,  the  NW.  branch  of  the 
Itt/are.    Its  extreme  northern  sources  are  in 
uebuthern  part  of  Wayne  co.,  and  in  Luzerne, 
ledWilkesbarre.    Augmented  by  many  ranun- 
kkitreams,  it  flows  SW.  by  comparative  courses 
J  s.  to  the  mouth  of  Wright's  Mill  creek,  it 
ln<e  turns  to  nearly  S.  by  a  serpentine  course, 
iirtii  a  direct  distance  of  about  20  ms.  to  Lehigh- 
oajHere  it  inflects  to  SE.,  and  continues  in  that 
lifriion  25  ms.  to  Allentown  or  Northampton. 
Ujllentown  it  once  more  turns  nearly  at  right 
nap,  and  flows  NE.  15  ms.  to  its  entrance  into 
ue»elaware  at  Easton.    The  entire  comparative 
ou|5  of  this  stream  is  85  ms.    From  near  its 
ou3  to  Trout  creek  it  separates  Pike  and  Lu- 
na cos.    From  Trout  creek  to  Rock  Eddy  falls 
sarates  Northampton  from  Luzerne  co.  Be- 
uhe  Rock  Eddy  falls,  to  its  passage  through 
►Hue  or  Kittatinny  mountain,  its  course  is 
a  Northampton  co.     Between  its  passage 
I  gh  the  mountain  and  the  mouth  of  Hocken- 
I  ie  creek,  it  forms  the  limit  between  Lehigh 
u  Northampton   cos.     Below  Hockendocque 
I  to  Bethlehem,  it  flows  through  Lehigh,  and 
el<r  Bethlehem  to  Easton,  in  Northampton. 
'  e  Lehigh  is  truly  a  mountainous  stream,  and 
ie  ders  through  a  series  of  natural  scenes  not 
Bed,  if  equalled,  in  the  U.  S.    The  following 
I  will  exhibit  its  descent  from  Stoddartsville  to 
I  outh: 

sto'artsville  to  the  mouth  of  Nesqueho-  Feet, 
itg  creek,  about  2  ms.  above  the  Lau- 
spane,  and  3  ms.  above  the  village  of 
Jiuchchunk  -  845 
"    Nesquehoning  to  Lehigh  Water  Gap  160 

?U  the  Gap  to  Easton  -  -  205 

1,210 


Lehigh,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  SE.  by  Bucks,  S  VV. 
by  Montgomery  and  Berks,  NW.  by  Schuylkill 
and  Northampton,  and  NE.  by  Northampton. 
Length  25,  breadth  13  ms.  ;  area  335.  The  sur- 
face of  this  co.  is  highly  picturesque  and  varied. 
Except  the  two  southeastern  tps.,  Upper  Milford 
and  Upper  Saucon,  the  residue  of  this  co.  lies  in 
the  valley  between  South  mountain  and  the  Blue 
or  Kittatinny  mountain.  The  valley  section  is 
nearly  equally  divided  between  the  limestone  and 
clay  slate  formations  so  frequently  mentioned  un- 
der various  articles  in  this  gazetteer.  The  soil, 
particularly  on  the  limestone  tracts,  is  excellent. 
The  whole  co.,  with  but  partial  exceptions,  is  well 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  grain,  grass,  and  fruits, 
though  in  many  places  the  surface  is  excessively 
broken.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit, 
salted  meat,  &c.  Chief  town,  Allentown,  or 
Northampton.  Central  lat.  40  38  N  ,  lon.  W.  C. 
1  25  E.  Pop.  in  1820,  18,895  ;  in  1830,  22,256  ; 
and  in  1840,  25,787.  Co.  seat,  Allentown,  with 
a  population  in  1840  of  2,493.  This  borough  is 
situated  on  a  beautiful  swelling  hill,  near  the  right 
bank  of  Lehigh  river.  Lat.  40  34  N.,  and  lon. 
1  30  E.  W.  C. 

Lehighton,  village  in  Northampton  co.,  Pa.,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Lehigh  river,  about  half  a  mile 
above  the  mouth  of  Mahoning  creek.  It  is  36  ms. 
WN  W.  from  Easton.  In  the  neighborhood  of  this 
village  are  some  very  strong  chalybeate  springs. 
The  vicinity  is  in  the  highest  degree  romantic,  and, 
from  the  elevation  of  the  ground,  might  become  a 
most  salubrious  and  eligible  watering  place  in 
summer.  The  Stone  Coal  landing,  or  Mauch- 
chunk,  is  3  ms.  above,  on  the  same  side,  on  the 
Lehigh.  Near  this  town  stood  the  old  Moravian 
settlement  of  Gnaden  Hutten,  on  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Mahoning,  about  100  perches  from  its  mouth, 
where  the  old  church  is  still  standing.  Here  a 
treaty  of  amity  was  held,  in  July,  1752,  between 
the  Moravian  brethren  and  the  Shawnese  Indians ; 
and  on  the  21th  of  November,  1755,  the  brothers 
and  sisters  were  surprised  and  murdered  by  a  party 
of  French  Indians.  Their  grave  is  still  marked  by 
a  large  stone,  with  a  most  pathetic  inscription  ;  the 
grave  is  on  the  hill,  to  the  S.  of  the  village. 
Nearly  opposite  Gnaden  Hutten,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  river,  stood  old  Fort  Allen.  There  is  a  wooden 
bridge  across  the  Lehigh,  214  feet  long,  and  25 
feet  wide. 

Leibnitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Styria,  seated  on 
the  Solm,  16  ms.  S.  of  Gratz. 

Leicester,  borough  of  Eng.,  and  the  capital  of 
Leicestershire,  governed  by  a  mayor.  The  comb- 
ing and  spinning  of  wool,  and  making  it  into 
stockings  and  other  articles,  is  the  chief  business  of 
this  town  and  neighborhood.  A  canal  passes 
hence,  by  Loughborough,  to  the  river  Trent.  At 
a  Parliament  held  here  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V, 
was  made  the  first  law  for  the  burning  of  heretics. 
In  the  meadows  near  the  town  are  the  ruins  of  an 
abbey,  in  which  Cardinal  Wolsey  died.  In  1811, 
Leicester  contained  23, 146  inhabitants.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Soar,  23  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Derby,  and  98 
NNW.  of  London.    Lon,  1  8  W.,  lat.  52  38  N. 

 Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  7  ms.  SW.  of 

Worcester,  and  54  in  the  same  direction  from  Bos- 
ton. It  contains  several  places  of  public  worship, 
an  academy,  and  an  extensive  manufactory  of  wool 

477 


LEI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LEM 


cards.    It  contained  1,181  inhabitants  in  1810; 

and  in  1820,  1,252.  Tp.  of  Livingston  co., 

N.  Y.,  on  Genesee  river,  about  25  miles  SE. 
from  Batavia.  The  villages  of  Moscow  and  Mount 
Morris  are  in  this  tp.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,331. 

Leicestershire,  co.  of  Eng.,  38  rns.  long,  and  30 
broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Nottinghamshire, 
E.  by  the  cos.  of  Lincoln  and  Rutland,  S.  by 
Northamptonshirp,  SW.  by  Warwickshire,  and 
NW.  by  Derbyshire.  It  contains  522,240  acres, 
is  divided  into  six  hundreds  and  196  parishes,  has 
12  market  towns,  and  sends  4  members  to  Parlia- 
ment. In  1811,  the  number  of  inhabitants  was 
150,419.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Avon,  Soar, 
Wreke,  Anker,  and  Welland  ;  and  it  has  several 
canals.  The  sheep  bred  here  and  in  Lincolnshire 
are  the  largest  mutton  with  which  the  London  mar- 
kets are  supplied,  and  have  the  greatest  fleeces  of 
wool  of  any  in  Eng.  Nor  is  the  wool  less  fine  on 
account  of  its  quantity  ;  it  has  the  longest  staple  in 
the  whole  island,  some  tew  places  excepted.  The 
horses  bred,  or  rather  fed  here,  are  the  largest  in 
Eng.,  being  generally  the  great  black  dray  horses, 
of  which  great  numbers  are  continually  sent  to 
London.  The  manufacture  of  stockings  is  the 
principal  one  in  the  co.  Pop.  in  1801,  131,081; 
in  1811,  150,419;  and  in  1821,  174,571. 

Leigh,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on  a  creek  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Thames.  It  has  a  good  road  for 
shipping,  and  is  18  ms.  SSE.  of  Chelmsford,  and 

40  E.  of  London.   Lon.  42'  E.,  lat.  51  31  N.  

Town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  7  ms.  NNE.  of 
Warrington,  and  191  NW.  of  London. 

Leighton,  village,  Lawrence  co.,  Ala.,  by  post 
road  260  ms.  NNW.  from  Cahaba. 

Leighfon-Buzzard,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bedford- 
shire, on  a  branch  of  the  Ou.-e,  18  ms.  S.  of  Bed- 
ford, and  41  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  35'  Wi, 
lat.  51  55  N. 

Leinengen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  7  ms.  SW.  of  Worms.  Lon.  8  22 
E.,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Leina,  river  of  Germany,  which,  flowing  through 
Brunswick  Lunenburgh,  falls  into  the  Aller. 

Leinster,  eastern  province  of  Ireland,  bounded 
by  Ulster  on  the  N.,  St.  George's  or  the  Irish 
channel  on  the  E.  and  S.,  and  by  the  provinces  of 
Connaught  and  Munster  on  the  W.  The  capital 
city  of  this  province,  and  of  the  kingdom,  is  Dub- 
lin. It  contains  12  cos,  viz:  Carlow,  Dublin, 
Kildare,  Kilkenny,  King's  co.,  Longford,  Louth, 
Meath,  Queen's  co.,  Westmeath,  Wexford,  and 
Wicklow.  It  is  the  most  level  and  best  cultivated 
province  in  the  kingdom;  containing  2,642,258 
Irish  plantation  acres,  858  parishes,  99  baronies, 
and  53  boroughs ;  it  is  about  124  ms.  long,  and 
74  broad,  and  extends  from  51  45  to  55  45  N.  lat. 
See  article  Ireland. 

Leiphaim,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  territory  of 
Ulm.  Its  vicinity  produces  good  hops,  and  it 
stands  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Danube,  10  ms.  NE. 
of  Ulm. 

Leipnic,  walled  town  of  Moravia,  near  the  river 
Beczwa,  14  ms.  ESE.  of  Olmutz. 

Leipsic,  city  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  with 
a  famous  university,  and  a  strong  citadel,  called 
Pleyssenburg.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade, 
and  has  3  great  fairs  every  year,  which  last  a  fort- 
night each.  Its  principal  manufactures  are  silk, 
478 


gold  and  silver  stuffs,  linen  and  cotton  prin  i 
leather,  and  paper.    The  number  of  inhabi '$ 
exceeds  30,000  ;  and  the  houses,  in  general  e 
lofty  buildings.    There  are  6  handsome  col  s 
belonging  to  the  university,  beside  the  private  B 
leges;  and  the  exchange  is  a  fine  structure.  |l 
seated  in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Pleysse,  60  5 
WNW.  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  20  E.,  lat.  51  1  I 
Leiria,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  A 
a  bishop's  see,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  an 
nence.    It  is  80  ms.  NNE.  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
W.,  lat.  39  48  N. 

Leisznic,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mi 
with  manufactures  of  cloth,  lace,  stockings, 
It  is  seated  on  the  Mulda,  24  ms.  ESE.  of  Lei 
and  32  NW.  of  Dresden. 

Leitenberg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Th 
gia,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain.  It  is  seate 
the  Sorbitz,  11  ms.  SSE.  ofSaalfeld. 

Le.ith,  seaport  of  Scot.,  on  the  Frith  of  For  I 
ms.  NNE.  of  Edinburgh,  of  which  it  is  the  poi  I 
is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Leith,  vM 
forms  the  harbor,  and  divides  the  town  into  N  d 
S.  Leith,  which  communicate  by  a  drawbrH 
The  harbor  is  secured  by  a  noble  stone  pier  a  I 
mouth  of  a  little  river,  called  the  Water  of  L  i 
and  is  accommodated  with  an  elegant  drawb  ■ 
and  a  good  quay.  The  commerce  of  Leith  is  m 
considerable;  and  the  vessels  employed  in  m 
London  trade  are,  in  general,  of  a  large  size  ■ 
the  largest  ships  are  those  employed  in  the  G  ■ 
land  whale  fishery.  To  Germany,  Holland,  d 
the  Baltic,  are  exported  lead,  glass  ware,  111 
woolen  stuffs,  and  a  variety  of  other  goods ;  as m 
to  the  other  countries  of  Europe,  the  West  In  fk 
and  America.  Ships  of  great  size  are  built  at  ■ 
port;  and  here  are  several  extensive  ropew  s. 
There  are  also  flourishing  manufactures  of  ill 
glass,  window  glass,  and  crystal ;  a  great  c  ■ 
manufactory,  a  soap  work,  and  some  iron  foM 
There  are  three  churches  in  Leith,  and  an  anil 
hospital  for  disabled  seamen.  Lon.  3  7  W.'H 
56°  N. 

Leitrim,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  m 
naught,  bounded  on  the  A',  by  Donegal  ha 
the  NE.  by  Fermanagh,  on  the  E.  by  Cavar  # 
Longford  on  the  SE.,  Roscommon  on  the  £■ 
and  Sligo  on  the  W.  It  is  42  ms.  long,  ar  7 
broad  ;  is  a  fertile  country,  and,  though  mour  w 
ous,  produces  great  herds  of  black  cattle,  but  1- 
tains  few  places  of  note.    It  contains  21  pari  s. 

 Co.  town  of  Leitrim,  in  Iieland;  pleas  ly 

situated  on  the  river  Shannon,  80  ms.  from  b- 
n,  and  appears  to  have  been  formerly  a  pla  of 
some  note.    Lon.  8  30  W.,  lat.  53  57  N. 

Leixlip,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Ki  f. 
seated  on  the  Liffey,  8  ms.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Leman,  real  name  of  the  fine  lake  on  whic  B 
city  of  Geneva  stands.    It  is  commonly  tbjh 
erroneously  called,  from  the  city,  Lake  uf '  Ge  a> 
Lemaifs  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Granvill  h 
N.  C,  26  ms.  N.  from  Raleigh. 

Lempster,  town,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  3MS. 
W.  from  Concord. 

Lemburg,  Austrian  Poland,  or  Leopold,  Se 
commercial  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  the  palace 
of  Red  Russia/and  now  of  the  Austrian  king 
of  Galicia  and  Lodomeria.    It  is  well  fortifiecwl 
defended  by  two  citadels,  one  of  which  is  0  an 


LEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LEO 


nence  without  the  city.  The  square,  churches, 
loublic  buildings,  are  magnificent.    It  has  a 

0  in  Catholic  archbishop  and  an  Armenian  and 
feek  bishop.  It  is  seated  on  the  Peltu,  90 
aVW.  of  Kaminieck,  and  a  150  E.  of  Cracow. 

01  24  26  E.,  lat  49  51  N. 
dmbro,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  on  the  coast 
"Jmania,  22  ms.  in  circumference,  with  a  town 
lie  same  name,  and  a  harbor.    Lon.  26°  E., 
I  0  25  N. 

umffow,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  co.  of 
Ek  17  ms.  N.  of  Paderborn.   Lon.  9°  E.,  lat. 

mnington,  village  and  tp„  Essex  co.,  Vt,  on 
fiecticut  river,  65  ms.  NE.  from  Montpelier. 
Um7ios,  one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the 
■pelago,  now  called  Stalimene.  It  lies  at  the 
pice  of  the  Dardanelles,  and  has  a  town  of  the 
itiname,  which  is  capital  of  the  island.  It  is 
»  25  ms.  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth,  and 
■cs  to  the  Turks.  The  soil  is  pretty  fertile, 
■tally  in  corn  and  wine,  and  is  famous  for  an 
m  called  Terra  Sigiliata,  formerly  in  greater 
■n  among  physicians  than  at  present.  It  con- 
■jabout  75  villages,  whose  inhabitants  are  al- 
IMall  Greeks,  and  are  very  industrious.  Lem- 
■r  Stalimene  is  but  a  small  town,  standing  on 
Ipclivity  of  a  hill,  on  the  top  of  which  there  is 
■lie,  near  the  sea.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek 
■ashop,  and  is  20  ms.  SE.  of  Mount  Athos, 
Hfe  shadow  covers  it  a  little  before  sunset,  and 
jjjW.  of  Metelin.     Lon.  25  28  E..  lat.  40 

Hnon,  one  of  the  northeastern  tps.  of  Butler 

aMmpta,  ancient  Leptis  Parva,  or  Little  Lepis, 
jmand  seaport  of  Africa,  60  ms.  S.  from  Tunis. 

us,  large  river  of  Siberia,  which,  flowing  in 
•■Jherly  direction,  receives  16  other  rivers,  and 
Minto  the  Frozen  ocean  by  several  mouths 
ilfcuena  rises  by  two  great  branches,  one  E.  and 
Miner  VV.  from  the  Baikal  >ea.  These  branch 
Mie  atN.  lat.  59°,  and,  after  flowing  ENE. 
ffffds  of  1,000  ms.,  receives  the  Aldan  from 
Ml,  and  abruptly  turns  to  a  northern  course, 
fm  it  maintains  800  ms.,  to  its  influx  into  the 
vitf.  ocean.     The  Lena  is,  after  the  Jenisey 

id  by,  the  largest  and  longest  river  of  Northern 
*ij  Its  basin  lies  between  lat.  52  and  72°  N. 
hcicia,  strong  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 

•Jtfaate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  fort,  on  a 

jcIi  The  nobility  of  (he  province  hold  their  diet 
*en}  It  stands  in  a  morass,  on  the  river  Blura, 
17  f  SE.  of  Gnesna,  and  110  N.  by  W.  of 
J»w.    Lon.  18  20  E.,  lat.  52  10  N. 
liham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  seated  on  an 

ai  nee,  10  ms.  E.  of  Maidstone,  and  47  ESE. 

i  Tndon.    Lon.  0  45  E.,  lat.  51  18  N. 
linep,   town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 

•^eohalia,  in  the  duchy  of  Berg.  Lon,  6  56  E 
U  N. 

hoir,  co.  N.  C,  bounded  by  Jones  SE  _ 
»uln  SW.,  Wayne  W.,  Greene  N.,  and  Cra- 
»«4E.  Length  20,  width  16  ms.  ;  area  320 
«!•  p.  Surface  level ;  soil  tolerably  productive, 
'-hi;  town,  Kingston  ;  stands  on  the  N.  bank  of 
-Net)  river,  above  50  ms.  by  water  above  New- 
tek Pop.  in  1820,  6,800;  and  in  1840,  7,605. 
Cer  kt.  35  12,  lon.  W.  C.  0  40  W. 


Lenoir's,  post  office,  Roane  co.,  Tenn.,  E.  from 
Murfreesborough. 

Lenox,  co.,  U.  C.,  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
co.  of  Addington,  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  bay  of 
Quinte,  to  the  eastermmost  boundary  of  the  Mo- 
hawk village  ;  thence,  by  a  line  running  along  the 
westernmost  boundary  of  the  tp.  of  Richmond,  to 
the  depth  of  12  ms.,  and  thence  running  N.  until 
it  meets  the  NW.  boundary  of  the  co.  of  Adding- 
ton. Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Berkshire  co., 

Mass.,  half  way  between  Pittsfield  and  Stock- 
bridge,  and  about  20  ms.  E.  of  Hudson  river. 
Besides  the  ordinary  co.  buildings  and  places  of 
public  worship,  this  town  contains  an  academy 
and  foundry  for  casting  hollow  iron  ware.  Pop. 
in  1840,  1,315.  Lat.  42  21  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3 
53  E  — — Town  of  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Onei  - 
da lake  and  Erie  canal,  about  28  ms.  W.  from 
Utica. 

Lenox  Castle,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  C, 
16  ms.  E.  from  Germantown,  and  10  SW.  from 
Danville. 

Lenoxville,  town  and  seaport  of  Carteret  co., 
N.  C.,  to  the  N.  from  Beaufort,  and  on  a  small 
creek  or  bay  communicating  with  Core  sound,  3 
ms.  W.  from  Beaufort. 

Lens,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Straits  of 
Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois,  whose  fortifi- 
cations are  demolished.  It  is  8  ms.  NE.  of  Ar- 
ras, and  95  of  Paris. 

Lentini,  or  Leontini,  ancient  town  of  Sicily, 
in  the  valley  of  Noto.  It  was  greatly  damaged  by 
an  earthquake  in  1693,  and  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Catania,  and  20 
NW.  of  Syracuse.  Lon,  14  15  E.,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Lentzen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Saxony.    It  is  74  ms.  from  Berlin. 

Lenzburg,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  seated  on  a  small  river,  8  ms.  W.  from 
Baden. 

Lenzo,  small  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the 
Appennines,  and  falls  into  the  Po. 

Leogane,  town  and  fort  of  the  W.  Indies,  with 
a  good  harbor,  on  the  W.  side  of  St.  Domingo. 
Lon.  72  37  W.,  lat.  18  38  N. 

Leominster,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Herefordshire. 
It  is  famous  for  its  fine  wool,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Luii,  25  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Worcester,  and  137 
WNW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  35  W.,  lat.  52  20 

N.  Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  25  ms.  NW. 

of  Concord,  and  43  from  Boston,  nearly  in  the 
same  direction.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,800. 

Leo,  St.,  small  but  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
the  duchy  of  Urbino,  on  a  mountain,  near  the  riv- 
er Merrechia,  8  ms.  SW.  of  San  Marino,  and  15 
N  W.  of  Urbino.    Lon.  12  25  E.,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Leon,  fertile  province  of  Spain,  formerly  a  king- 
dom, bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Asturias,  on  the 
W.  by  Galicia  and  Portugal,  on  the  S.  by  Estra- 
madura,  and  on  the  E.  by  Old  Castile.  It  is  125 
ms.  in  length  and  100  in  breadth,  and  is  divided 
into  almost  two  equal  parts  by  the  river  Douero, 
 Small  island  belonging  to  Spain.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  continent  by  a  strait  about  10  ms. 
long.  The  town  of  Cadiz  is  built  at  its  NW.  ex- 
tremity . 

Leon,  ancient  Legia,  city  of  Spain,  capital  of 
the  province  of  that  name,  built  by  the  Romans  in 
the  time  of  Galba.    It  is  an  episcopal  see,  and  has 

479 


LER  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LES 


the  finest  cathedral  in  all  Spain.  It  was  formerly 
richer  and  more  populous  than  at  present,  and 
boasts  the  honor  of  being  the  capital  of  the  first 
Christian  kingdom  in  Spain.  It  is  seated  between 
two  sources  of  the  river  Esra,  50  ms.  SE.  of  Ov- 
iedo,  and  165  N.  by  W.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  13 
W.,  lat.  42  45  N. 

Leon,  New. — See  New  Leon. 

Leon  de  Nicaragua,  town  of  Central  America, 
in  Nicaragua,  the  residence  of  the  Governor.  It 
is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  which  is  a  vol- 
cano, at  the  NW.  extremity  of  the  Lake  Nicara- 
gua, 30  ms.  from  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  104  NW. 
of  Niagura.    Lon.  88  10  W.,  lat.  12  25  N. 

Leonard  le  Noblet,  St.,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in 
the  dep.  of  Upper  Vienne,  and  late  territory  of 
Limosin,  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  pa- 
per, and  another  of  cloth  for  clothing  the  army.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Vienne,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Limoges, 
and  195  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  32  E.,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Leonardslown,  village  in  St.  Mary's  co.,  Md., 
situated  on  the  N.  side  of  Potomac  river,  33  ms. 
SE.  of  Port  Tobacco,  and  68  S.  by  E.  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Leonardsville,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  95 
ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Leonhart,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Austria  and  duchy  of  Carinthia,  42  ms.  E.  of 
Clagenfurt.    Lon.  15  23  E.,  lat.  43  5?  N. 

Leontini, — See  Lentini. 

Leopold. — See  Lemburg. 

Leopoldstadt ,  small  but  very  strong  town  of  Up- 
per Hungary,  built  by  the  Emperor  Leopold  in 
1665,  seated  on  the  Waag,  36  ms  NW.  of  Neu- 
hausel,  and  62  E.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  18  6  E., 
lat.  48  35  N. 

Lepage,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  co.,  L  C. 

Lepanto,  strong  and  very  considerable  town  of 
Turkey,  in  Europe,  and  in  Livadia.  It  is  built  on 
the  top  of  a  mountain,  in  form  of  a  sugar  loaf,  and 
is  divided  into  four  towns,  surrounded  by  as  many 
walls,  and  commanded  by  a  castle  on  the  top  of 
the  mountain.  The  produce  of  the  adjacent  coun- 
try is  wine,  oil,  corn,  rice,  Turkey  leather,  and 
tobacco.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto,  112 
ms.  NW.  of  Athens,  and  350  SW.  of  Constanti- 
nople.   Lon.  22  13  E.,  lat.  38  34  N. 

Lepanto,  Gulf  of,  ancient  sea  of  Alcyon,  or 
Crissa,  a  deep  bay  of  Greece,  between  Roumelia 
and  the  Morea,  extending  inland  80  ms.,  inclining 
a  little  S.  of  E.  The  entrance  is  not  more  than 
half  a  mile.  The  opposing  capes,  now  called  from 
their  castles  the  Dardanelles  of  Lepanto,  were 
known  to  the  ancients  as  Rhion,  on  the  side  of 
Peloponnesus  and  Anti  ;  Rhion  on  that  of  yEtolia. 
The  naval  battle  of  Lepanto  was  fought  outside  of 
the  gulf,  between  Patras  and  the  islands  of  Curso- 
lari,  upwards  of  20  ms.  W.  from  the  town  of  Le- 
panto. 

Lepers,  Isle  of,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  168°  E.,  lat.  15  23  S. 

L' Epinay,  seigniory,  Devon  co.,  L.  C,  on  the 
S.  side  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  30  ms.  E.  from 
Quebec. 

Leray,  tp..  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Indian  riv- 
er, 20  ms.  NE.  from  Sackett's  Harbor.  Pop.  in 
1820,  2,944. 

Leraysville,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  in 
Leray. 

480 


Leria,  or  Leiria,  strong  town  of  Portug,  i„ 
Estramadura,  with  a  castle.  It  contains  ■<  $ 
3,000  inhabitants,  and  was  formerly  the  resic  <e 
of  the  kings  of  Portugal,  and  is  30  ms.  S.  bl 
imbra,  and  60  N.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  46  W  j 
39  37  N. 

Lerici,  seaport  of  Italy,  on  the  E.  coast  o  » 
Gulf  of  Specia,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa.  L  9 
55  E.,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Lerida,  ancient  and  strong  town  of  Spaii  n 
Catalonia,  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Segra,  15^ 
SW.  of  Balaguer,  and  200  N W.  of  Madrid.  a 
0  45  E.,  lat.  41  44  N. 

Lerins,  the  name  of  two  islands  in  the  Me<  r- 
ranean,  on  the  coast  of  France,  5  ms.  from  rf 
tibes.  That  nearest  the  coast,  called  St.  Marj  £ 
was  guarded  by  invalids,  State  prisoners  hi  9 
formerly  been  sent  here.  The  other  is  ealle  u 
Honorat. 

Lerma,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  seatia 
the  Arlanza,  with  the  title  of  a  duchy.  Lon.  M 
W.,  lat.  42  16  N. 

Lernica,  town  of  Cyprus,  formerly  a  large  I 
as  appears  from  its  ruins,  situated  on  the  S.  I 
of  the  island,  where  there  is  a  good  road,  a  a 
small  fort  for  its  defence. 

Lero,  or  Leros,  anciently  Leira,  an  island  c  » 
Archipelago,  on  the  coast  of  Natolia.  Lon.  0 
E.,  lat.  37  0  N. 

Leroy,  village  in  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  lOrrfl 
from  Batavia. 

Lerwick,  chief  town  of  the  Shetland  island:  ■ 
uated  on  the  east  side  of  Mainland,  the  prirl 
island.  It  is  the  rendezvous  of  the  fishing  b  es 
from  Britain,  Holland,  Denmark,  and  other  ]  §. 
Lon.  1  30  W.,  lat.  60  20  N. 

Les  Eboulemens,  seigniory,  Northumberlan >, 
L.  C,  about  60  ms.  below  Quebec. 

Lescar,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Lm 
Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Gascony,  on  a  ft 
3  ms.  NW.  of  Pau,  and  42  SE.  of  Bayonne.  M 
0  7  W.,  lat.  43  17  N. 

Lesghistan,  part  of  ancient  Albania,  n<fi. 
province  of  Russia,  in  the  mountains,  W.  fro  le 
Caspian  sea.  It  lies  between  Daghistan  and  o» 
Lat.  42  30  N. 

Lessini,  group,  of  which  one  is  Lesina,  annt 
Pharia,  one  of  the  ancient  group  of  Absyrtid  - 
See  Absyrtides. 

Leskeard,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall;  id 
one  of  the  coinage  towns  for  tin.  It  has  a  coni'r* 
able  manufacture  of  yarn,  which  is  chierly  di  a- 
ed  of  at  Exeter.  It  is  31  ms.  ENE.  of  Truro  id 
221  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  4  36  W.  W 
50  27  N. 

Lespare,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gme, 
and  late  province  of  Guienne,in  the  en  vironsof  v:k 
are  found  transparent  pebbles,  resembling  the  «• 
diamonds  of  Alencon,  and  known  by  the  natof 
cailloux  de  medoc,  medoc  stones.  It  is  31  is. 
NW.  of  Bourdeaux. 

Lessard,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  co.,  L.  Cpl 

the  S.  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Seigny, 

Devon  co.,  L.  C,  45  ms.  below  Quebec. 

Lessines,  town  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  Nor- 
lands, in  Hainault,  on  the  Dender,  famous  t  ib 
linen  manufacture.  It  is  6  miles  NE.  of  m 
and  28  SW.  of  Brussels.  Lon.  3  46  W.}  lfp« 
40  N. 


LEV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LEW 


Lestoff,  or  Leostoff,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk  ; 
t  :  coast  is  very  dangerous  to  strangers.  It  is  7 
1.  S.  of  Yarmouth,  and  115  NE.  of  London. 
Jn.  1  45  E.,  lat.  52  37  N. 

Lestwithiel,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall.  It 
i:  eated  in  a  vale,  on  the  Fowey,  not  far  from  its 
f  into  Fowey  haven.  Formerly  ships  came  as 
fi'as  the  town,  but  the  channel  is  now  stopped  up. 
Jire  is  a  woolen  manufacture,  and  it  is  one  of  the 
ti  coinage  towns.  Lestwithiel  is  19  ms.  WN  W. 
oPlymouth,  and  230  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon. 
MB  W.,  lat.  50  27  N. 
"uetart,  tp.  in  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 
metfere,  a  commercial  town  of  Italy,  in  the  king- 
d  i  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore.  It  is  seat- 
a  X  the  back  of  a  mountain,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Sa- 
io,  and  20  SE.  of  Naples. 
Xetterktnny ,  tp.  in  Franklin  co.,  Pa.  Itissitu- 
|ti  about  5  ms.  N  W.  of  Chambersburg,  and  3  S. 
Itrasburg. 

ijewano,  village  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Ohio 
■',  in  Brown  co.,  Ohio.  It  lies  2  ms.  below 
■ley,  immediately  above  the  mouth  of  Straight 

I  kvant.  This  word  properly  signifies  the  east, 
wising  sun,  but  is  generally  used,  when  speak- 
Aof  trade,  for  Turkey  in  Asia,  comprehending 
IJ)lia,  Syria,  Palestine,  Egypt,  the  island  of 
■tJia,  and  the  adjacent  parts.  The  Levant  sea 
Was  the  E.  part  of  the  Mediterranean  sea.  The 
ail  comes  from  the  Latin,  through  the  Italian  ; 
■jo,  levare,  to  rise,  and  has  been  applied  by  the 
■fins  to  those  countries  relative  to  Italy  towards 
Wising  sun. 

ivant,  town  in  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  10  ms. 
Iwj.  from  Bangor. 

ivantine  valley,  valley  of  Switzerland,  on  the 
•  nes  of  Italy,  lying  between  Mount  St.  Goth- 
mjind  Lake  Maggiore  ;  now  a  part  of  the  canton 
jf  iessin. 

vacate,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aude,  and 
it  irovince  of  Languedoc,  seated  near  a  lake  of 
A^ame  name,  18  ms.  S.  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  3 
■j,  lat.  43  0  N. 

wmchtenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  upper 
a  inate  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
ltiver  Esreimpt,  50  ms  N  W.  of  Ratisbon.  Lon. 
18.6  E.,  lat.  49  40  N. 

'.ue,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  \ 
I  rabant,  seated  on  the  river  Gheet,  10  ms.  E.  ! 
t  suvain.    Lon.  0  5  E.,  lat.  50  55  N. 
'vana,  village  in  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  102  ms.  , 
$w.  from  Columbus. 

ven,  Loch,  beautiful  lake  in  Kinross-shire,  Scot- 1 
l«jn  12  ms.  in  circumference,  and  somewhat  of  aj 
r»t'ar  form. 

ven,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Dumbartonshire, 
J  issues  from  Loch  Lomond,  and,  after  a  me- 
JB<!  ing  course  through  a  delightful  vale,  enters 
>to  stuary  of  the  Clyde  below  Dumbarton. 

'■'orth,  village  in  Crawford  co.,  Ia.,  on  the 
g  bank  of  Ohio  river,  68  ms  below  Louisville, 
'i  ammiiig's  Western  Navigator,  this  place  is  I 
P<  d  Leavenworth ;  which  see. 
t-\verett,  town  in  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  10  ms. 
SCfrom  Greenfield. 

verings,  village  in  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.,  8 
fns  «,TW.  from  Philadelphia,  on  the  road  to  Nor- 
nstyn. 

61* 


Levi,  Isle  du  Fort,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
in  front  of  the  tp.  of  Edwardsburgh,  U.  C.  ;  it  lies 
about  5  ms.  below  Ogdensburg. 

Levi,  Point,  SE.  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  2§  ms. 
E.  from  Quebec. 

Leugne,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Saone,  and  late  province  of  Franche  Comte,  lying 
to  the  E.  of  Vesoul. 

Leuk,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Upper  Val- 
lais,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  Khone.  Lon. 
7  39  E.,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Levroux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre,  and 
late  province  of  Berry,  35  ms.  SW.  of  Bourges. 
Lon.  1  40  E.,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Lease,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
Hainault,  seated  on  the  Dender,  14  ms.  NW.  of 
Mons.    Lon.  3  45  E.,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Leutkirk,  free  imperial  town  of  Germany,  in 
Suabia,  seated  on  a  rivulet  that  falls  into  the  Iller, 
42  ms.  NE.  of  Lindau.  Lon.  10  12  E.,  lat.  47 
53  N. 

Leutmeritz,  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  cir- 
cle of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  30  ms. 
NW.  of  Prague,  and  40  SE.  of  Dresden.  Lon. 
14  30  E.,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Leutmuhl,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bohemia,  in 
the  circle,  of  .Chrudim,  22  ms.  E.  of  Chrudium, 
and  72  from  Prafue. 

Leutsch,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Car- 
niola. 

Lewarden,  populous  and  strong  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  27  ms.  W.  of  Gron- 
ingen,  and  65  N.  by  E.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  5 
32  E.,  lat.  53  11  N. 

Lewenstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  fortress,  10  ms.  E.  of  Hailborn.  Lon.  9 
38  E.,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Lewentz,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Gran,  and  on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  10  ms.  N.  of  Gran.  Lon.  18  31  E.,  lat.  48 
21  N. 

Lewes,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  30  ms.  E„ 
of  Chichester,  and  49  8.  of  London.  Lon.  0  5 
E.,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Lewis,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Hebrides,  or 
Western  islands  of  Scotland,  extending  about  60 
ms.  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  13  to  14 
in  breadth,  and  parted  by  the  sea  into  two  divi- 
sions, called  Lewis  and  Harries,  the  former  lying 
to  the  westward  of  the  other.  Area  451,000  acre^, 
lying  between  lat.  57  54  and  58  28  N.  The  air 
is  temperately  cold,  moist,  and  healthy  ;  great  part 
of  the  low  ground  is  flooded  with  lakes ;  the  rest  in 
arable  in  many  places,  and  has  been  counted  fruit- 
ful in  oats,  barley,  rye,  flax,  and  hemp.  Town 

of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant,  on  a  morass,  10 
ms.  from  Louvain.     Lon.  4  10  E.,  lat.  50  50  N. 

 Town  in  Essex  co.,  Vt.,  60  ms.  NE.  from 

Montpelier.  Co.  in  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Onei- 
da S.,  Oswego  SW.,  Jefferson  NW.,  St.  Law- 
rence NE.,  and  Herkimer  E.  Length  50  ms., 
mean  width  30;  area  1,500  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly, 
soil  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief 
town,  Martinsburg.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,227 ;  and 
in  1840,  17,830.   Central  lat.  44  10  N.,  lon.  W. 

C.  3  30  E.  Town  in  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  6  ms. 

N.  from  Elizabethtown.  Co.  in  Va.,  bounded 

by  Nicholas  S.,  Kenawha  SW.,  Wood  NW., 

481 


LEX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


LEX 


Harrison  N.,  and  Randolph  E.  Length  45  ms., 
mean  width  32  ;  area  about  1,400  sq.  ms.  Surface 
hilly,  and  soil  generally  rather  barren.  Chief  town, 
Westtown.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,247;  and  in  1840, 
8, 151.  Central  lat.  38  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  40  W.  \ 

 Town  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  Brown  j 

co.  Co.  of  Ky.,  on  Ohio  river,  bounded  by 

Fleming  SW.,  Mason  W.,  Ohio  rive'r  N.,  and  i 
Greene  E.  and  NE.  Length  28  ms.,  mean  width  j 
14  ;  area  380  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  pro-  i 
ductive.  Chief  town,  Clarksburg.  Pop.  in  1820,1 
3,973;  in  1840,  6,306.    Central  lat.  38  40  N.,  j 

Ion.  W.  C.  6  10  W.  C.  H.  and  post  office  in  | 

Lewis  co.,  Ky.,  103  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Frankfort,  i 

Lewis  bay,  harbor  of  Yarmouth,  Barnstable  co.,  \ 
Mass.,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Cape  Cod. 

Lewisberry,  village  in  York  co.,  Pa. 

Lewisburg,  capital  of  the  island  of  Cape  Bre- 
ton. It  was  ceded  to  the  English  by  the  peace  of 
1763.  The  fortifications  are  now  demolished. 
Lon.  61  30  W.,  lat.  46  50N.  Village  in  Pre- 
ble co.,  Ohio,  81  ms.  SW/.  by  W.  from  Colum- 
bus.--— Village  in  Union  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Susquehannah  river,  7  ms.  above  North- 
umberland. Town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Green- 
brier co.,  Va.,  60  ms.  W.  from  Lexington,  Rock- 
bridge co.  Lat.  37  46  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  18  W.  

Town  in  Muhlenburg  co.,  Ky.,  dfc  Green  river,  40 
ms.  SE.  from  Russelville. 

Lewisham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the 
river  Ravensboum,  5  ms.  SE.  of  London,  with  an 
elegant  church. 

Lewis  river,  river  of  the  Columbia  valley,  in 
the  great  Western  territory  of  the  U.  S.  It  is  the 
main  middle  fork  of  Columbia;  rises  about  30°  W. 
from  W.  C,  lat.  40°  N.,  and,  flowing  NW.  by  its 
various  windings  900  ms.,  joins  Clark's  river,  and 
forms  the  Columbia. 

Lewis's  Store,  post  office  in  Spottsylvania  co., 
Virginia,  by  post  road  90  miles  SSE.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Lewislon,  town  in  Lincoln  co..  Me.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Androscoggin,  13  ms.  above  its  junction 

with  the  Kennebec.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,312.  

Village  in  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Niagara  river, 
opposite  to  Queenstown,  in  U.  C.  Lewiston 
stands  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation  from*  Lake 
Erie.  A  steamboat  plies  regularly  from  that  place 
to  Sackett's  Harbor.  Above  Lewiston  to  naviga- 
ble water,  above  the  falls  of  Niagara,  is  about  8  ms. 
Pop.  in  1820,  869  ;  and  in  1840,  2,533.  Vil- 
lage in  Montgomery  co,,  Mo.,  50  ms.  westerly 
from  St.  Louis. 

Lewistown,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Sussex 
co.,  Del.,  on  Lewis  creek,  about  3  ms.  from  the 
light-house  at  Cape  Henlopen.  It  is  inhabited 
principally  by  pilots,  and  supports  a  small  coasting 
trade.    It  lies  in  the  lat.  of  38  25  N.,  and  Ion.  of 

75  10  W„  about  113  ms.  S.  of  Philadelphia.  

Village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  on 
the  N.  side  of  Juniata  river,  55  rns.  NW.  of  Har- 
risburg,  and  162  of  Philadelphia.  Pop  in  1840, 
1,006.    Lat.  40  37  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  34  W. 

Lewisville,  village  in  Brunswick  co.,  Va.,  about 

70  ms.  S.  from  Richmond.  Village  in  Chester 

district,  8.  C,  72  ms.  N.  from  Columbia.  

Village  in  Blount  co.,  Ten.,  by  post  road  176  ms.  { 
E.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Lexington,  town  in  Middlesex  county,  Mass.,  | 
482 


11  ms.  NW.  from  Boston.  In  this  town,  A| 
19th,  1775,  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  that  Re 
lution  which  produced  the  United  States.  P 

in  1820,  1,200.  Town  in  Green  co.,  N. 

Pop  in  1820,  1,798.  Village  in  Erieco., 

 Town  and  capital  of  Rockbridge  co.,  \ 

about  150  ms.  W.  of  Richmond.  It  stands  ab 
half  a  mile  S.  of  the  N.  branch  of  James  river 
has  about  120  houses,  many  of  them  handsorrj 
built  of  brick,  a  court-house,  jail,  and  Presto 
rian  and  Methodist  houses  of  worship.  The  p 
is  766,  and  the  town  is  improving.  There  i 
public  arsenal  of  the  State,  in  which  a  numbe 
arms  is  deposited,  say  20,000  stand.  This  to 
is  also  noted  for  its  seminaries  of  learning.  Ws 
ington  College  was  endowed  by  the  illustrious  n 
whose  name  it  bears,  with  100  shares  of  the  Jai 
River  Company  stock,  which  produce  an  ann 
income  of  $2,400.  It  has  a  considerable  libn 
and  philosophical  apparatus.  The  faculty  are 
president,  two  professors,  and  a  tutor.  And 
Smith's  academy,  for  the  education  of  young  lad 
has  a  large  and  handsome  edifice,  and  teachers  in 
the  branches  of  education  commonly  taught  in  si 

schools.  Village  in  Rowan  co.,  N.  C,  oi 

branch  of  the  Yadkin,  136  ms.  W.  from  Ralei 

 District  of  S.  C,  bounded  SE.,  S.,  andS 

by  Orangeburg,  W.  by  Edgefield,  NW.  by  N- 
berry,  and  NE.  by  Fairfield  and  Richland,  or 
Broad  and  Congaree  rivers.  Length  38  ms.,  m 
width  27  ;  area  about  1,000  sq.  ms.  Chief  to< 
Granby.  Pop.  in  1830,  8,083;  and  in  18 
12,141.    Central  lat.  33  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C 

10  W.  Town  and  seat  of  j  ustice  for  Oglethc 

co.,  Ga.,  on  Ogechee river,  76  ms.  NW.  from, 

gusta.     It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy,  Vill 

in  Richland  co  ,  Ohio,  62  ms.  NNE.  fromColi 

bus.  Tp.  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  St 

co.,  Ohio,  in  which  is  a  village  of  the  same  nai 

 -Village  in  Scott  co.,  Ia.,  95  ms.  a  little  E 

S.  from  Indianapolis.  Post  office  in  Boone 

Mo.,  163  ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis.  Town  and: 

of  justice  for  Fayette  co.,  Ky.,  on  Town  fork 
branch  of  Elkhorn  river,  25  ms.  ESE.  from  Fra 
fort,  and  about  90  S.  from  Cincinnati.    Lat.  3£ 
It  contains,  besides  the  ordinary  county  buildi 
and  places  of  public  worship,  a  university,  acs 
my  for  the  education  of  young  females,  a  pu 
library,  and  a  masonic  hall.    The  progressive  [ 
ulation  and  improvement  of  this  town  has  been 
tremely  rapid.    Thirty  five  years  ago,  it  contai 
about  50  ordinary  houses.  It  is  now  a  splendid  to 
abounding  with  elegant  buildings,  and  inbab 
by  a  cultivated  and  polished  people.    The  ma 
facturing  establishments  are  on  a  large  scale, 
numerous,  consisting  of  nail  factories,  those 
copper  and  tin,  for  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
mills,  steam  paper  mills,  rope  walks,  tanner, 
breweries,  and  distilleries.    Pop.  in  1840,  6, 9 
Transylvania  university  is  located  in  this  to  , 
and  is  now  a  flourishing  institution     In  18 16 1 
received  its  present  form,  and  in  1820  the  nunt 
of  students  amounted  to  235.— See  Kentuc 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Henderson  i| 

Ten.,  on  Beech  river,  a  small  branch  enteij 
Tennessee  river  from  the  W.,  140  ms.  SS- 
from  Nashville.    Lat.  35  38,  lon.  W.  C.  Uf 

W.  C.  H.  and  post  office  in  Lexington  - 

trict,  S.  C,  12  ms.  from  Columbia. 


LIB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LIC 


= 

.txington  Heights,  post  office  in  Green  co., 
ISY.,  50  ms.  from  Albany. 

.exington  Hill,  post  office  in  Lillard  co.,  Mo., 
1'  ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

eyden,  city  of  South  Holland,  seated  on  the 
lent  bed  of  the  Rhine,  which  here  almost  ex- 
ffk  in  a  number  of  small  channels.  It  is  sur- 
ro'ided  by  a  brick  wall,  with  8  gates.  A  univer- 
rtitwas  founded  in  1575,  celebrated  for  its  colle- 
ge medicinal  garden,  anatomical  theatre,  aslro- 
ilcical  observatory,  and  valuable  library.  The 
l*r,ipal  church  is  a  superb  structure,  and  the  old 
te,  town-house,  custom-house,  and  house  for 
■fans,  deserve  notice.  Here  are  excellent  man- 
■Mures  of  cloth,  serge,  and  cambric ;  and  the  vi- 
mv  produces  the  best  Dutch  butter  and  cheese. 
[■Hinds  on  50  islands,  and  has  145  bridges,  the 
nest  part  built  of  freestone.  The  inhabitants 
Estimated  at  50,000.  In  1807,  the  university 
Aalmost  destroyed  by  the  catastrophe  of  a  ves- 
ilpaded  with  gunpowder  blowing  up.  Leyden 
■pis.  E.  from  the  German  ocean,  and  20  SW. 
iff  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  28  E.,  lat.  52  8  N. 
-Town  in  Lewis  county,  New  York,  on  Black 
m  33  miles  north  from  Utica.  Population  in 
1L  1,203. 

<mikura,  ancient  mountains  of  Parnassus.  Li- 
»  is  only  a  corruption  of  Lycorea,  ancient  name 
Hp  snowy  summits  above  Delphi, 
■rnassus  is  not  so  much  a  single  mountain,  as 
MR  range  of  hills,  which  was  once  the  western 
■Hary  of  Phocis,  and  the  line  of  separation  of 
ftocri  Ozolse,  and  the  Locri  Opuntii  and  Epic- 
Mnii,  and  is  now  the  limit  between  the  districts 
d  (alona  and  Livadia.  The  two  tops  have  a 
itjriif  poetical  existence,  but  the  summit  of  the 
m  separated  by  the  chasm  of  Castalia  must  have 
>«ethose  dedicated  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses,  and 
•jftcchus,  as  the  mountain  itself  is  not  notorious 
iijiis  singularity.  To  go  from  Castri  to  the 
nts  of  Liakura,  there  is  a  rocky  path,  begin- 
jja  little  to  the  E.  of  the  ruined  stadium.  For 
•jrst  two  or  three  miles,  the  ascent  leads  up  a 
■course;  there  is  then  a  plain  to  the  right,  in  ! 
Afcfirection  of  the  Castalian  precipices.  These, 
Jjome  other  flat  spots,  according  to  Benjamin  1 
>f  dela,  were  cultivated  about  A.  D.  1170,  by  j 
I  Jews,  who  gave  the  name  of  Jerusalem  to  a^ 
He  on  the  mountain.  The  path  continues  to 
Hd  a  hill  covered  with  pines,  then  passes  over 
P  n  4  or  5  ms.  in  compass,  to  the  foot  of  a 
ay  peak,  where  there  is  a  strong  bubbling 

*  f  called  Drosonigo,  flowing  into  a  lake  a 
I  er  of  a  mile  to  the  SE.    Higher  than  this  no  : 
v  ler  has  ventured  to  go.    The  peak  is  covered 
it  perpetual  snow  ;  and  Wheeler,  who  went  to  | 

•  ^ots  mentioned,  thought  the  extreme  sum- 
it  called  formerly  Licorea,  were  as  high  as 

♦toit  Cenis.  If  viewed  on  a  map  of  that  part  of 
'Oi  >e,  and  which  extends  sufficiently  to  the  N. 
"  «  brace  the  great  chain  of  Haemus,  Parnassus, 
;  ikura,  appears  simply  as  a  continuation  of 

»n  s,  or  Metzovo.  From  Liakura  flows  to  the 
^E.he  branches  of  the  Boeotian  Cephissus,  and 
1  b  SW.  the  petty  streams  flowing  into  the 
*tl(-f  Lepanto. 

I  m-po.~ See  Ning-po. 

I  anus,  Lebanon,  the  name  of  mountains  of 
■yy  in  Asia,  between  Syria  and  Palestine,  ex- 


tending from  the  Mediterranean  sea  as  far  as  Ara- 
bia.— See  Asia,  p.  81. 

Libau,  seaport  of  Courland,  on  the  Baltic,  with 
a  harbor.  It  is  35  miles  N.  of  Memel.  Lon.  21 
40  E.,  lat.  56  31  N. 

Liberty,  tp.,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Delaware 
river.  SW.  tp.  of  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  wa- 
ters of  Middle  and  Marsh  creeks,  commencing  4 
ms.  SW.  from  Gettysburg.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,027. 

 Village,  Tioga  co.,  Pa  ,  123  ms.  a  little  W. 

of  N.  from  Harrisburg. — Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Bedford  county,  Va.,  on  one  of  the  higher 
branches  of  Otter  river,  25  miles  SE.  from  Fincas- 

tle.    Lat.  37  16  N.,  lon.  2  26  W.  County  of 

Ga.,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  SE.,  Mcintosh 
S.,  Alatamaha  river  SW.,  Tatnall  NW.,  and 
Bryan  NE. ;  length  50  miles,  mean  width  10,  area 
500  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Riceborough.  Pop.  in 
1820,  6,695;  and  in  1840,  7,241.  Central  lat. 
38  48  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  36  W.  Tp.,  Trum- 
bull co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  the  S.  part  of  Delaware 

co.,  O.  Tp.  in  the  northern  limits  of  Fairfield 

co.,  O.  Central  tp.  of  Highland  county,  O.,  in 

which  is  situated  the  town  of  Hillsborough.  

Tp.  in  the  northern  limits  of  Clinton  co.,  O. — — 
Large  tp.  in  the  SE.  quarter  of  Butler  co.,  O.,  in 
which  is  situated  the  town  of  Princeton.  Vil- 
lage, Jefferson  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  O.,  9  miles 

westerly  from  Dayton.  Village,  Union  co.,  Ia., 

85  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Indianapolis,  Village, 

Casey  co.,  Ky.,  on  Green  river,  68  miles  S.  from 

Frankfort.  Village,  Smith  co.,  Tenn.,  about 

20  miles  S.  from  Carthage,  and  50  miles  E.  from 

Nashville.  Post  office  and  seat  df  justice,  Amite 

co.,  Miss.,  45  ms.  SE.  from  Natchez.  Lat.  3121 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  13  42  W. 

Liberty  Corner,  village,  Somerset  county,  N. 
J.,  33  miles  E.  from  Easton,  Pa.,  and  26  W.  from 
Newark. 

Liberty  East,  village,  Marion  co.,  Tenn.,  102 
miles  SE.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Liberty  Hall,  village,  Pittsylvania  co.,  Va.,  121 

miles  SW.  from  Richmond.  Pendleton  district, 

S.  C,  107  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia.  Village, 

Morgan  co.,  Ga.,  about  40  ms.  NNW.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Liberty  Hill,  village,  Kershaw  district,  S.  C, 
25  ms.  NNW.  from  Camden,  and  40  NNE.  from 

Columbia.'  Vilhge,  Greene  county,  Ala.,  about 

50  ms.  SSW.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Liberty  town,  village,  Frederick  county,  Md., 
10  ms.  NE.  from  Fredericktown. 

Libourne,  small  well-built  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
dep.  of  Gironde,  and  late  province  of  Guienne.  It 
is  one  of  the  staples  of  commerce  of  Bordeaux,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Dordogne,  20  miles  NE.  of  Bor- 
deaux, and  205  S.  bv  W7.  of  Paris.  Lon.  12'  W., 
lat.  44  58  N. 

Liberum-Veto,  "1  forbid  all  further  delibera- 
tion." The  most  deadly  of  the  many  causes  which 
led  to  the" final  dissolution  of  Poland.  It  was 
Schimsky,  a  deputy  from  Lithuania,  who,  in  the 
reign  of  John  Casimir,  introduced  this  germ  of 
discord,  by  which  any  one  member  was  empower- 
ed'to  suspend  the  whole  deliberations  of  the  Polish 
legislature. 

Lich,  or  Lichia,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravate  of  Hesse,  and  co.  of  Solms,  18  ms.  N.  of 
Frankfort,    Lon.  8  24  E.,  lat.  50  15  N. 

483 


LIC 


CEOGRAPHieAL  DICTIONARY. 


LIE 


Lichfield,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  in  afine 
champaign  country,  14  miles  SE.  of  Stafford,  and 
119  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  44  W.,  lat.  52  54 
N.— See  Litchfield. 

Lichstall,  handsome  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Basle. 

Lichtallen,  or  Liestal,  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  co.  of  Basil.  -It  is  seated  on  the  Ergetz,  8  ms. 
SE.  of  Basil.    Lon.  7  39  E.,  lat.  47  29  N. 

Lichtenau,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia,  9  miles  from  Paderborn.    Lon.  8  23 

E-,  lat.  51  52  N.  ^own  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 

Cassel.    It  is  24  ms.  from  Naumburg.    Lon.  9  28 

E.,  lat.  51  1  N  Fortress  of  Franconia,  seated 

on  the  Revel.  It  is  subject  to  the  city  of  Nurem- 
burg,  and  is  17  miles  from  that  city.  Lon.  1 1  12 
E.,  lat.  49  10  N. 

Lichtenburg,  town  of  Germany,  ia  the  circle  of 
Franconia,  the  vicinity  of  which  abounds  with 
quarries  of  marble,  and  mines  of  iron  and  other 

metals.    Lon.  11  41  E.,  lat.  50  16  N.  Town 

of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Franconia,  in  the 
margravate  of  Cullembach,  20  miles  NE.  of  Cul- 
lembach.    Lon.  12  2  E.,  lat.  50  25  N. 

Lichtenberg,  castle  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  a 
rock,  near  the  Vosges  mountains,  and  looked'upon 
as  impregnable.  It  is  12  ms.  NNW.  of  Haguenau. 
Lon.  7  45  E.,  lat.  48  55  N. 

Lichtenfels,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia  and  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  seated  on 
the  Maine,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  11  10 
E.,  lat.  50  20  N. 

Lichtensteig,  handsome  town  of  Switzerland, 
the  capital  of  the  co.  of  Tockenburg.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Thur,  31  ms.  E.  of  Zurich.  Lon.  9  8  E., 
lat.  47  15  N. 

Lichtenstein,  principality  of  Germany,  between 
the  Tyrol,  Voralberg,  and  Switzerland. 

Lick,  central  tp.,  Jackson  co.,  Ohio,  so  called 
from  the  salt  lick  within  its  limits. 

Licking,  interior  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Knox,  E.  by  Muskingum,  S.  by  Perry  and 
Fairfield,  and  on  the  W.  by  Franklin  and  Dela- 
ware counties.  It  is  30  ms.  long  from  E.  to  W., 
and  24  broad  from  N.  to  S.,  containing  700  sq. 
miles.    Surface  pleasantly  diversified 


Licola,  lake  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  the 
cient  Lucrine  Lake,  formerly  famous  for  pleni 
excellent  fish;  but,  in  1538,  an  explosion  of  a 
cano  changed  one  part  of  it  into  a  mountai 
ashes,  and  the  other  into  a  morass. 

Liconiu,  village,  Harrison  co.,  Indiana. 
Lida,  town  of  England,  in  Kent,  one  of 
Cinque  ports.  It  is  26  ms.  from  Canterbury, 
74  from  London.  Lon.  58'  E.,  lat.  50  58  N 
Lidd,  town  of  Lithuania  proper,  in  the  pa 
nate  of  Wilna,  situated  on  the  Detta,  56  mih 
of  Wilna.    Lon.  25  34  E.,  lat.  53  50  N. 

Liddel,  river  of  England,  in  Roxburghs 
abounding  in  fish.  It  is  the  only  one  in  tha 
that  flows  southward,  and  falls  into  Solway  F 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk. 

Liddisdale,  district  of  Scotland,  in  Roxbu 
shire,  comprehending  the  whole  southern  ang 
that  county.  It  admits  of  little  cultivation,  ai 
chiefly  employed  in  pasture. 

Lidford,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  or 
river  Lid,  7  ms.  N.  of  Tavistock. 

Liefkenstock,  fortress  of  Dutch  Flanders,  8 
from  Antwerp.    Lon.  4  10  E.,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Liege,  formerly  a  bishopric  of  Westphalia, 
now  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherla 
bounded  on  the  N,  by  Brabant  and  Gueklerl 
on  the  E.  by  the  duchies  of  Limburg  and  Ju! 
on  the  S.  by  Luxemburg  and  the  Ardennes,  an 
the  W.  by  Brabant  and  the  country  of  Namui 
is  fruitful  in  corn  and  fruits,  and  contains  min 
iron,  lead,  and  coal,  besides  quarries  of  marble.  . 
2,900  sq.  ms.    Pop.  240,000. 

Liege,  large,  ancient,  and  strong  city,  capit 
the  territory  of  its  name.  Here  the  river  M 
is  divided  into  three  branches,  and,  after  pa* 
through  the  city,  under  several  bridges,  u 
again.  Liege  is  4  miles  in  circumference,  and 
16  gates;  it  has  also  10  large  suburbs.  It  i 
miles  WSW.  of  Cologne.  Lon.  5  35  E.,  lat 
38  N.    Population  50,000. 

Lien-tchou,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  ran) 
the  province  of  Quang-tong.  Its  territories  be 
on  the  kingdom  of  Tonquin,  from  which  it  is 
arated  by  mountains.  It  is  seated  on  the  I 
kiang,  which  forms  a  convenient  harbor  for  h 
325  ms.  WSW.  of  Canton.    Lon.  108  40  E. 


les.    curiace  pleasantly  tuversined  t>y  hill  and 
dale.    Soil  highly  fertile.    It  is  drained  by  Licking!  21  40  N. 
creek,  affording  an  extensive  variety  of  sites  where- 1     Lieu-kieu,  or  Leoo  keoo,  the  general  name  c 
on  to  use  the  advantage  of  water  power.  It  abounds  j  islands  lying  between  Formosa  and  Japan. 


also  with  iron  ore,  which  is  already  manufactured 
into  hollow  ware  and  bar  iron.  Chief  town,  New- 
ark.   Central  lat.  40  10  N.  lon.  W.  C.  5  30  W. 

Licking,  river  of  Ky,,  rising  on  Floyd,  Pike, 
and  Montgomery  counties,  and,  flowing  NV^.  be- 
tween or  through  Bath,  Fleming,  Nicholas,  Harri- 
son, Bracken,  Pendleton,  and  Campbell  counties, 
falls  into  the  Ohio  between  Newport  and  Coving- 
ton, opposite  the  city  of  Cincinnati. 

Licking,  tp.,  Muskingum  co.,  O.,  10  ms.  NW. 

from  Zanesville.  Small  river  of  Ohio,  draining 

Licking  county,  and,  flowing  ESE.,  falls  into  the 

Muskingum  opposite  Zanesville.  Tp.,  Licking 

county,  Ohio. 

Licking  Creek,  post  office,  in  the  SE.  angle  of 
Bedford  co.,  Pa.,  25  miles  SE.  from  Bedford,  and 
10  ms.  N.  from  Hancockstown. 

Lickville,  village,  Greenville  district,  S.  C,  116 
ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 
484 


form  a  kingdom,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are 
ilized,  and  of  a  mild,  gay,  affable,  and  tempi 
disposition.  Each  island  has  a  particular  Bi 
the  principal  one,  called  Lieu-kieu,  is  126  n 
long,  and  28  broad  ;  but  the  others  are  inconsi 
able.  The  chief  products  are  sulphur,  copper, 
with  shells  and  mother  of  pearl.  The  king  is 
utary  to  China.  Kint-ching,  the  capital,  in  the 
part  "of  Lieu-kieu,  is  in  lort.  127  30  E.,  lat.  26  J 
Liere,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brab 
which  has  a  great  trade  in  cattle,  seated  a! 
junction  of  the  Great  and  Little  Nethe,  10 
SE.  of  Antwerp. 

Liesina,  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  Gulf  of 
nice,  about  58  ms.  long  and  12  broad,  and  aboi 

in  corn,  olives,  saffron,  and  wine.  Seapor 

Dalmatia,  capital  of  An  island  of  the  same  ns 
with  a  harbor  capable  of  containing  vessels  of 
sort,s.    Lon,  16  23  E.,  lat.  43  30  N. 


LIG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LIG 


.iesse,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
A.iie.    It  is  6  ms.  E.  of  Laon. 

.iffcy,  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in"  the  co. 
olMcklow,  runs  W.  thence  into  Kildare,  where 
it  is  a  cataract  near  Leixslip,  and  then,  turning 
N,  passes  through  the  co.  of  Dublin,  and  by  the 
^i  of  that  name,  below  which  it  enters  the  Irish  sea. 

'ifford,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Done- 
ri  situate  on  the  Foyle,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Donegal. 

ight-houses  on  the  coast  of  the  United  States, 
lsert  the  following  tabular  statement,  as 
jv  nay  regard  their  positions  as  accurately  deter- 
red: 

J^t'ist  of  latitudes  aud  longitudes  of  light- ^ 
ntscs  on  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  as  dc- 
Tnined  from  the  preliminary  calculations  of 

I  \e  coast  survey.  


A  States 
ilaces. 


ty  hall 

ISLAND. 

fliih 

11 

land 


41  19  34 
41  18  54 
41  18  55 
41  16  13 
41  12  38 
41  14  52 
141  09  02 
Beacon  -  |41  09  42 
i  -  141  02  50 

|41  08  27 
40  58  52 


tdon 


:'s  island 
/en 


Latitude. 


Longitude  coun 
ted  from  N.  Y 
city  hall. 


d.  m.  s. 
40  42  40.9 


41  21  35 
41  18  09 
41  13  24 


In  time. 


ock 
island 


Point 
feck 


land 
nd 


,nd 
B<ty 


h.  m.  s. 
0  0  0 


0  10  06.1 
0  03  35.6 
0  09  43.5 


0  08  24.3 
0  08  04.2 
0  07  40.1 
0  06  40.0 
10  05  24.7 
10  04  24.6 
10  03  36.7 
0  03  36.6 
'0  02  20  " 
0  03  09.7 
0  01  31.8 


Salarbor.* 
I  tfa  Reef 


Book 
ink 


na 

sland 
Hook 


;a  Henlopen  - 
0  Beacon 
&  3reak\vater 


le  Grace  - 


40  48  15 
40  51  52  0 
40  57  09  0 

40  58  33 

41  10  21 
41  12  18 
41  04  10 
40  37  46 
40  30  22 
40  35  57 

40  39  21 


40  27  37 
40  23  40 
39  45  54 

38  55  45 

39  10  28 
39  20  15 


39  43  12 
39  29  57 
39  21  43 
39  10  13 
38  56  34 
38  46  35 
38  47  21 
38  47  50 


39  32  30 


00  51.7  0 

01  06.4  0 

02  26.6  0 
-  03  33  0  0 
0  07  10.5  1 
0  07  36.0  1 
0  08  36.0  2 
0  03  09.3  0 
0  00  49 
0  00  11. 


In  deg. 

d.  m.  b, 
0  0  0 


2  31  31 

2  03  54 
2  25  53 


2  06  05 
2  01  03 
1  55  01 
1  39  50 
1  21  10 
1  06  09 
0  54  11 
0  54  09 
0  35  13 
0  47  25 
0  22  57 


12  55 
16  36 

36  3 

53  1 
47  42 

54  0U 
08  58 
4719 
12  2 
02  53 


0  00  14.3 


0  00  01.0 
0  00  04.9 
0  00  24.0 
0  03  50.4 
0  04  32.0 
0  05  25.0 


0  06  03.5 
0  06  15.1 
0  06  01.1 
0  05  34.7 
0  05  13  8 
0  04  18.7 
0  04  19.1 
0  04  24.4 


I  I 


0  03  34 


0  00  15 
0  01  14 
0  05  59 

0  57  36 

1  07  59 
1  21  15 


1  30  53 
1  33  47 
1  3017 
1  23  41 
1  18  27 
1  04  41 
1  04  47 
1  06  06 


W. 


"9  a 


I*3 


0  0819.7  2  04  46  "    76  05  42 


'4  00  56.7 


71  29  25 
71  52  03 
71  35  04 


71  54  52 

71  59  54 

72  05  56 
72  20  59 
72  39  46 

72  54  47 

73  06  46 
73  06  47 
73  25  43 
73  13  21 
73  37  59 


73  48  01 
73  44  21 
73  24  18 

73  07  41 
72  13  14 
72  06  57 
71  51  58 
7313  38 

74  13  24 
74  03  50 

74  04  30 


74  00  42 

73  59  42 

74  06  56 

74  58  33 

75  08  56 
75  22  12 


75  31  50 
75  34  44 
75  31  13 
75  24  38 
75  19  24 
75  05  37 
75  05  44 
75  07  03 


Built  since  the  survey  of  the  harbor  was  made. 


The  foregoing  determinations  aro  deduccd,  for  the 
latitudes,  from  observations  made  at  various  sta- 
tions of  the  coast  survey  ;  and  the  longitudes,  from 
the  three  solar  eclipses  of  1834,  '36,  and  '38,  ob- 
served at  different  stations  of  the  survey,  all  be- 
ing reduced  to  the  city  hall  of  New  York,  by  the 
results  of  the  main  triangulation,  to  make  that 
point  the  starting  point  of  the  longitudes ;  and 
thence  the  positions  of  the  light-houses  are  again 
deduced,  by  the  results  of  the  proper  ulterior  oper- 
ations of  the  survey ;  all  which  are  referred  to 
Greenwich  by  the  difference  of  longitude,  deter- 
mined,  as  stated,  for  the  city  hall  of  New  York. 

The  foregoing  exhibits  a  number  of  determina- 
tions of  light-houses  by  their  geographic  latitudes, 
and  their  longitudes  referred  to  New  York  city, 
and  to  the  observatory  of  Greenwich,  England  ;  as 
from  the  latter  longitudes  are  generally  calculated 
by  English  navigators. 

The  addition  of  2°  20'  24",  difference  of  longi- 
tude between  Greenwich  and  Paris,  would  reduce 
the  longitudes  to  the  meridian  of  Paris ;  and  the 
subtraction  of  17°  39'  36"  would  refer  them  to  the 
meridian  of  the  island  of  Ferro,  accepted  for  the 
common  maps  as  dividing  meridian  between  the 
two  plani-globes. 

These  results  are,  as  stated  in  the  superscription 
to  the  list,  obtained  from  the  preliminary  calcula- 
tions, taken  to  the  nearest  second  in  the  arc,  (so 
called,)  omitting  decimals,  which  may  answer  all 
the  purposes  of  navigation,  at  the  same  time  that, 
in  the  language  of  the  sciences,  it  is  indicating  the 
state  of  the  data  and  the  limits  of  their  corrections, 
if  any,  by  the  fully  finished  operations  of  the  sur- 
vey. F.  R.  HASSLER. 
Washington  City,  May  9,  1843. 

Ligne,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Hainault,  on  the  Dender,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Mons. 

Lignerolles,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Allier,  4  ms.  S.  of  Montluzon. 

Lignieres,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cher,  with  a  collegiate  church  and  a  castle,  24 
ms.  SSW.  of  Bourges. 

Lignitz,  fortified  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name.  Here  is  a  spacious 
academy,  founded  by  Joseph  I  for  the  instruction 
of  young  gentlemen.  Lignitz  has  a  considerable 
trade  in  cloth  and  madder,  and  stands  at  the  con- 
flux of  the  Katzbach  and  Schwartz wasser,  32  ms. 

S.  of  Glogau.   Lon.  16  16  E.,  lat.  51  11  N.  

Government  of  Prussian  Silesia,  enclosed  by  those 
of  Breslaw,  Schweimitz,  Jawer,  Glogaw,  and 
Wolaw. 

Ligny,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  seated  on  the 
Orney,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Bar  le  Due 

Ligonia,  village,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  81  ms.  N. 

from  Portland.  Post  office  in  the  NE.  angle 

of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa. 

Ligonton,  village,  Amelia  co.,  Va. 

Ligor,  seaport  of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  cap- 
ital of  a  small  territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
magazine  belonging  to  the  Dutch  East  India  Com- 
pany. It  is  seated  on  the  E.  coast.  Lon.  100  5  E., 
lat.  7  40  N. 

Ligueil,  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine, 
seated  on  a  brook,  in  a  very  fertile  country,  23 
ms.  SSE  of  Tours.    Lon.  52'  E„  lat.  47  3  N. 

485 


LIM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LIM 


Lillers,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois,- 
whose  fortifications  are  demolished.  It  is  seated 
on  theNavez,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Arras.  Lon.  2  35 
E.,  bit.  50  3  N. 

Lillo,  fort  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Scheldt,  7  ms.  N.  of  Antwerp.  Lon.  4  18 
E.,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Lilly  Point,  village,  King  William  co.,  Va., 
36  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond. 

Lima,  village,  Beaver  tp.,  northwestern  part  of 
Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  15  ms.  NE.  of  New  Lis- 
bon. County  seat,  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  situated  on 

Ottowa  river,  a  branch  of  Auglaize  river,  100 
ms.  NW.  of  Columbus,  12  ms.  N.  of  WTapaugh- 
konnetta,  and  65  ms.  SSW.  of  Perrysburg,  on 
Maumee  river.  N.  lat.  40  40,  lon.  7  7  W.  W. 
City. 

Lima,  city  of  and  capital  of  Peru.  It  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Indian  word  rimac.  The  Spanish 
name  imposed  by  the  founder  is  Ciudad  de  los 
Reyes,  or  city  of  the  kings.  It  was  founded  by 
Francis  Tizarro,  in  1535,  about  6  ms.  from  the 
the  Pacific  ocean  and  the  port  of  Callao.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  in  straight  lines.  The  houses 
are  constructed  of  wood  on  account  of  the  frequent 
earthquakes,  and  are  generally  low  from  a  similar 
cause,  and  the  heat  of  the  climate.  The  centre 
square  and  the  surrounding  buildings  are  very 
magnificent.  Pop.  about  50,000,  of  whom  about 
20,000  are  whites,  the  residue  mixed  races,  In- 
dians, negroes,  &c. 

Independent  of  the  emolument  derived  from  be- 
ing the  capital  of  the  province,  Lima  derives  in 
calculable  advantages  as  a  mart  of  trade.  It  is 
indeed  the  emporium  of  one  of  the  richest  sections 
of  South  America.  Its  exports  are  gold  and  sil- 
ver ;  imports,  silk,  cloths  of  several  kinds,  lace, 
linen,  iron  ware,  &c.  Lon.  only  8'  W.  from 
Washington;  lat.  12  2  S.  Lon.  W.  from  Cadiz 
70  50. 

Notwithstanding  the  frequent  earthquakes  which 
destroyed  the  city  in  the  years  1586,  1630,  1655, 
1687,  and  1764,  Lima  occupies  an  area  of  10  ms. 
circumference,  including  the  suburb  of  San  Lazars. 
The  pop.  amounts  to  52,627  inhabitants — com- 
posed of  292  clergy,  991  religious  monks  and 
friars,  572  nuns,  84  beatas,  17,215  Spaniards  and 
white  Creoles,  3,912  Indians,  8,960  negroes,  and 
the  remainder,  intermediate  classes,  mixtures  of 
the  others. 

Lima,  the  intendancy  of,  comprehends  74  doc- 
trineas,  (curacies,)  3  cities,  5  towns,  and  173  tps. 
Pop.  149,112  souls.    It  is  divided  into  8  districts. 


Clergy  -           -           -  -  432 

Religieuses  -          -          -  -  1,100 

Nuns  -  572 

Beatas  -  84 

Spanish  and  Spanish  Creoles  -  22,370 

Indians  ....  63,180 

Mestizoes  -  13,747 

Mulattoes  -          -  -  17,864 

Slaves  -  29,763 


Total  -  -  149,112 


Lima,  province  of  Peru,  extending  300  ms- 
along  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  inland  to  the  Andes 
486 


about  70  rns.  ;  bounded  by  the  Pacific  ocean  S 
N.  by  Truxillo,  NE.  by  Guancavelica,  and  ! 

by  Arequipo.  Town,  Livingston  co.,  N. 

16  ms.  W.  from  Canandaigua.  Pop.  1820,  1,  I 

Limale,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne  1 
lands,  in  Brabant,  seated  on  the  river  Dyle,  II  5 
SE.  of  Brussels.    Lon.  4  30  E.,  lat.  50  45  I  ' 

Limasol,  town  of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  sin  J 
on  the  SE.  side,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Famagousta  t 
is  the  ancient  Amathul. 

Limavady,  town  of  Ireland. — See  ./Veie/p 
Limavady. 

Limbourg,  or  Limpurg,  town  of  German; 
the  electorate  of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Lahn 
ms.  E.  of  Nassau,  and  20  N.  of  Mentz.  I.o 
51  E.,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Limburg,  province  of  the  Netherlands,  boui 
on  the  N.  by  the  duchy  of  Juliers,  on  the  E 
the  duchy  and  the  territory  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  1 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Maese.  It  is  42 
long  and  30  broad,  and  contains  some  of  the 
iron  mines  in  the  Netherlands,  and  the  soil  is  j 
for  corn. — See  Luxemburg. 

Limburg. — Here  is  a  manufacture  of  wo 
cloths,  and  it  is  famous  for  excellent  cheese, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  almost  inaccessible,  neai 
river  Verse,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Liege.    Lon.  6  5 
lat.  50  38  N. 

Lime,  town  of  England,  in  Dorsetshire.— 
Lyme  Regis. 

Lime,  or  Limen,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Ken 
ms.  W.  of  Hithe.  It  was  formerly  a  port, 
choked  up  by  the  sands. 

Lime  Creek,  Monroe  co.,  Ala. 

Limerick,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  provinc<  f 
Munster,  48  ms.  long  and  23  broad  ;  bounded  i 
the  N.  by  Shannon,  on  the  W.  by  Kerry,  on  \, 
S.  by  Cork,  and  on  the  E.  by  Tipperary.  It<- 
tains  130  parishes,  and  sent  8  members  to  Pa  • 
ment  before  the  Irish  union.  It  is  a  fertile  cow U 
and  well  inhabited,  though  the  W.  parts  are  mc  • 

tainous.  Town,  York  co.,  Me.,  about  12  , 

W.  of  the  river  Saco.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,377— 

Village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.  Tp.,  Mont#- 

ery  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  NE.  side  of  Schuylkill,  5 
E.  from  Pottsgrove,  and  25  W.  from  Philadelp. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,577. 

Limerick,  or  Louth  Meath,  city  of  Ireland, 
the  co.  of  Limerick,  and  the  metropolis  of  I 
province  of  Munster.    Within  a  century,  it 
reckoned  the  second  city  in  the  kingdom ; 
present,  the  linen,  woolen,  and  paper  manufacii  \ 
are  carried  on  here  to  a  great  extent ;  and  the  • 
port  of  provisions  is  very  considerable.    Populat  j 
50,000.    It  is  40  ms.  S.  of  Galway,  and  94  S 
of  Dublin.    Lon.  8  34  W.,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Lime  Rock,  post  office,  Providence  co.,  R.  1 ' 
ms.  from  Providence. 

Limestone,  co.  of  Ala.,  bounded  by  Tenrjes' 
river  SW.,  Lauderdale  co.  W.,  Giles  co.,  in  Tt 
nessee,  N.,  and  Madison,  in  Ala.,  E.  ;  length  . 
width  24  ms. ;  area  560  sq.  ms.  Elk  river  pat  i 
obliquely  through  the  N  W.  angle  of  this  co.,  a 
beside  being  washed  by  Tennessee  river  along  ! 
SW.  border,  it  is  drained  by  Limestone,  Mud> 
Round  Island,  and  several  other  fine  creeks.  II 
surface  is  waving  rather  than  hilly,  and  much' 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LIN 


LIN 

•   



h soil  is  excellent.  Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town, 
C  on  Port.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,871  ;  and  in  1840, 
[  574.    Central  lat.  34  50  N.,  Ion.  x10  25  W. 

imington,  town,  York  co.,  Me.,  ,  on  the  W. 
iii  of  Saco  river,  4  ms.  W.  of  Standish,  aijd  22 
I  of  Portland.  Population  in  1810,  1,774;  in 
18),  2,122. 

\immat,  river  of  Switzerland,  which  is  formed 
.vie  junction  of  the  Mat  and  the  Linth  ;  the 
!o:er  issuing  from  the  NW.  extremity  of  the 
Wk  of  Wallenstadt,  and  the  latter  flowing  from 
R  The  Limmat,  continuing  its  course  NW., 
lies  through  the  Lake  of  Zurich,  and  falls  into 
h  ^ar,  below  Baden. 

\fnogcs,  ancient  and  considerable  town  of  Fr., 
r  al  of  the  dep.  of  Upper  Vienne,  and  late  ter- 
i'H\f  of  Limosin,  on  the  Vienne,  50  ms.  NE.  of 
;?f£uex,  and  110  E.  of  Bourdeaux.    Lon.  I  20 
Sat.  45  50  N. 

['mosin,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  the 
<i\y  Marche,  and  (he  E.  by  Auvergne,  on  the 
A \r  Querci,  and  on  the  W.  by  Perigord  and  An- 
ipnois.  It  is  covered  with  forests  of  chestnut 
tp,  and  contains  mines  of  lead,  copper,  tin,  and 
tfr  but  the  principal  trade  consists  in  cattle  and 
bills.  It  now  forms  the  dep.  of  Upper  Vienne. 
i||'raoua;,  populous  and  commercial  town  of  Fr., 
i  c  dep.  of  Aude,  and  late  province  of  Langue- 
oi  It  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and  its  envi- 
■{produce  excellent  white  wine.  It  is  seated  on 
ttkude,  37  ms,  W.  by  S.  of  Narbonne,  and  50 
■of  Toulouse.  Lon.  2  16  E  ,  lat.  43  4  N. 
Utmburg. — See  Limbourg. 
,  Vnares,  town  of  Mexico,  in  New  Leon,  be- 
twn  Bravo  and  St-  Fernando  rivers.  Lon.  W. 
Wk  20  W.,  lat  25  50  N. 

nche,  or  Linke,  strong  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
twof  the  North,  and  late  province  of  French 
W  ders,  seated  on  a  river,  15  ms.  SVV.  of  Dun- 
■  Lon.  2  20  E.,  lat.  51°  N. 
innco/n,  capital  of  Lincolnshire,  on  the  side  of 
■Bp  hill,  on  (he  Witham,  which  here  divides 
mUhree  streams.  The  chief  trade  is  in  coal, 
ttpht  by  the  Trent  and  Fossdike,  and  oats  and 
W,  which  are  sent  by  the  Witham,  and  there  is 
■a  small  manufacture  of  camlets.  It  is  32  ms. 
I  of  Nottingham,  and  133  N.  of  London.  Lon. 
WN.,  lat.  53  15  N. 

hicnlnshire,  co.  of  Eng  ,  77  ms.  long  and  45 
I  1;  bounded  on  the-N.  by  the  H umber,  which 
h  lei  it  from  Yorkshire,  E.  by  the  German  ocean, 
by  the  Wash  and  Norfolk,  &  by  Cambridge- 
W  and  Northamptonshire,  SVV.  by  Rutlandshire, 
i  W.  by  the  cos.  of  Leicester  and  Nottingham, 
t  mtains  1,783,680  acres;  is  divided  into  30 
nlreds  and  630  parishes;  has  1  city  and  31 
n  ;et  towns,  and  sends  12  members  to  Parlia- 
" The  principal  rivers  are  the  H umber, 
;  it,  Witham,  Welland,  and  Ancholm.  This 
I  s  divided  into  three  districts,  called  Holland, 
'{•even,  and  Lindsey.  Pop.  in  1801,  208,557  ; 
fell,  237,891  ;  and  in  1821,  283,058. 

Incobi  County,  U.  C,  is  a  very  fine  and  pop- 
'Jl's  settlement,  consisting  of  20  tps.,  containing 
Mi  6,000  souls,  and  furnishes  five  battalions  of 
ni'jia.  It  occupies  the  peninsula  between  Lake 
Ef,  Niagara  river,  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  river 

incoln,  tp  ,  Sunbury  co.,  New  Brunswick,  on 


the  W.  side  of  St.  John's  river.  Co.,  Me.,  on 

both  sides  of  the  Kennebec,  bounded  by  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  S.,  Kennebec  bay  and  Androscoggin 
river  SW.,  Kennebec  co.  NW.,  Hancock  NE., 
and  Penobscot  bay  E.  Length  45,  mean  width  25 
ms. ;  area,  exclusive  of  water,  about  800  sq.  ms. 
The  surface  is  extremely  indented  by  bays  and 
rivers.  The  whole  southern  and  southeastern 
part  is  composed  of  an  intricacy  of  islands  and  long 
peninsulas,  extending  between  the  rivers  and  bays 
towards  the  ocean.  The  northwestern  and  north- 
ern sections  rise  into  a  finely  diversified  country. 
Soil  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief 
town,  Wiscasset.  Pop.  in  1820,  53,189  ;  and  in 
1840,  63,517.    Central  lat.  44°  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

7  35  E.  NW.  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  27  ms. 

NW.  from  Castine.  Tp.,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H,, 

between  the  sources  of  the  Merrimac  and  Amrao- 

noosuck  rivers,  60  ms.  above  Concord.  Tp. , 

Addison  co.,  Vt.,  21  ms.  SW.  from  Montpelier. 
 Tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.    Pop.  1820,  706. 

Lincoln,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  S.  C,  S., 
Rutherford  W.,  Burke  NW.,  Iredell  or  Catawba 
river  NE.,  and  Catawba  river  or  Mecklenburg  E. ; 
length  48,  mean  width  25  ms.  ;  area  1,200  sq.  ms. 
It  is  washed,  on  its  northern,  northeastern,  and 
eastern  borders  by  Catawba,  and  drained  by  Little 
Catawba  and  several  branches  of  Broad  river.  Sur- 
face moderately  hilly,  and  soil  on  the  streams  ex- 
cellent. Chief  staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Lin- 
colnton.    Pop.  in  1820,  18,147;  and  in  1840, 

25,160.  For  central  lat.,  see  Lincolnton.  Co., 

Ga.,  on  Savandah  river,  bounded  by  Columbia 
SE.,  Wilkes  SW.,  and  Savannah  river  NE.; 
length  22,  mean  width  10  ms.  ;  area  220  sq.  ms. 
Central  lat.  33  50,  lon.  5  33  W.  C.  Chief  town, 
Lincolnton.    Pop.  in  1820,  6,458  ;  and  in  1840, 

5,895.  Co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Pulaski  SE., 

Casey  SW.  and  W.,  Mercer  NW.,  Garrard  NE.. 
and  Rockcastle  E.  ;  length  27,  mean  width  17  ms. ; 
area  450  sq.  ms.  It  occupies  the  dividing  ground 
between  Green  and  Dick's  rivers;  is  hilly  and 
broken.  Chief  towns,  Stanford  and  Crab  Orchard. 
Pop.  in  1820,  9,979  ;  and  in  1840,  10,187.  Cen- 
tral lat.  37  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C-  7  20  W.  Co  , 

W.  Tennessee,  bounded  by  Madison  co.,  in  Ala., 
S.,  by  Giles  co.,  in  Tennessee,  W.,  Bedford  N., 
and  Franklin  E.  ;  length  25,  breadth  23  ms.  ;  area 
580  sq.  ms.  This  co.  is  divided  into  nearly  two 
equal  parts  by  Elk  river.  Surface  diversified,  and 
soil  productive.  Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Fay- 
etteville.  Pop.  in  1820,  14,761;  and  in  1840, 
21,493.  Central  lat.  35  13  N.,  lon.  Washington 
City  9  28  W. 

Lincoln,  village,  Mercer  co.,  Ky.,  on  Dick's 

river.  Co.,  Mo.,  bounded  by  Mississippi  river 

E.,  Cuivre  river  SE.,  Montgomery  co.  SW.  and 
W.,  and  by  Pike  NW.  and  N.  Length  24  ms., 
breadth  22  ;  area  528  sq  ms.  This  co.  is  drained 
by  Cuivre  river.  Chief  town,  Alexandria.  Cent, 
lat.  39°,  lon.  W.  C.  13  32  W.  Pop.  in  1840, 
7,449. 

Lincolnton,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Lincoln 
co.,  N.  C,  on  Little  Catawba,  150  ms.  SW.  by 
W.  from  Raleigh,  and  31  ms.  NW.  from  Char- 
lotte.   Lat.  35  27  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  14  W.  ■ 

Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Lincoln  co.,  Ga.,  40 
ms.  NW.  from  Augusta.  Lat.  33  49  N.,  lon. 
W.  C.  5  45  W. 

487 


LIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


LIS 


Lincolnville,  or  Duck  Trap,  town,  Hancock 
co',  Me.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Penobscot  bay,  16 
ins.  W.  from  Castine. 

Lindau,  city  of  Suabia.  It  is  a  trading  place, 
seated  on  an  island  of  the  lake  of  Constance,  join- 
ed to  the  main  land  by  a  long  bridge,  22  ms.  ESE. 
of  Constance,  and  75  SW.  of  Augsburg.  Lon. 
9  41  E.,  lat.  47  32  N. 

Lindau,  town  and  castle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Anhalt  Zerbst,  5  ms.  N.  of 
Zerbst. 

Lindau,  or  Lcndow,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  Middle  Mark,  5  ms.  NE.  of  Ruppin. 
Linden,  village,  Marengo  co.,  Ala. 
Lindeness. — See  Naze. 

Linden f els,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  14  ms.  NNE.  of  Manheim. 

Lindisfarne. — See  Holy  Island. 

Lindley's  Store,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  N.  C. ;  j 
by  postroad  59  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Lindsaifs  Store,  post  office,  Albemarle  co.,  Va.,  | 
80  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Lindsey's  Mills,  post  office,  Trigg  co.,  Ky.  ;  I 
by  post  road  231  ms.  SW.  from  Frankfort. 

Lindsleysiown,  village,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y. 

Line  Creek,  post  office,  Montgomery  co.,  Ala., 
SE.  about  60  ms.  from  Cahaba. 

Lin  gen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Munster,  capital  of  a  co.  of  its  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ems,  48  ms.  NNW.  of  Munster. 
Lon.  7  25  E.,  lat.  52  32  N. 

Linkeang,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiangsi,  on  the  Yuho,  410  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Can- 
ton.   Lon.  115°  E.,  lat.  27  58  N. 

Linkoping,  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothland, 
on  the  river  Steng,  near  the  Lake  Roxen,  26  ms. 
W.  of  Nordkoping. 

Link  Leair,  post  oflice,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y., 
132  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Linlithgow,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of 
■Linlithgowshire.  The  chief  manufacture  is  leather 
and  shoes  ;  the  woolen  and  bleaching  business  is 
also  carried  on.  Linlithgow  is  17  ms.  W.  of  Ed- 
inburgh.   Lon.  3  33  W.,  lat.  56°  N. 

Linlithgow,  or  West  Lothian,  co.  of  Scotland, 
20  ms.  long  and  12  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  SE-  by  Edinburghshire,  SW. 
by  Lanarkshire,  and  NW.  by  Stirlingshire.  The 
surface  is  finely  diversified  with  hill  and  dale,  and 
the  chief  rivers  are  the  Avon  and  Amond.  It  is 
fertile  in  corn  and  pasture,  and  produces  coal, 
iron,  limestone,  and  lead.  Pop.  1801,  17,844; 
in  1811,  19,451  ;  and  in  1821,  22,685. 

Linnhe  Loch,  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Scotland,  which  separates  the  cos.  of  Argyle  and 
Inverness. 

Linnich,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Juliers,  seated  on  the  river  Roer,  5  ms.  NNW.  of 
Juliers. 

Linosa,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
coast  of  Tunis,  near  the  Latnpedosa,  and  12  ms. 
in  circumference.    Lon.  12  31  E.,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Lin-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Kiangnan.  It  has  nothing  to  distinguish  it  but 
the  excellence  of  the  fruit  with  which  it  abounds. 

Lintz,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  Upper  Aus- 
tria. Here  is  a  hall,  in  which  the  States  assem- 
ble, a  bridge  over  the  Danube,  and  several  manu- 
factures. It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
48S 


Danube  and  Traen,  42  ms.  E.  of  Passau,  ant  io 
W.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  14  3  E  ,  lat.  48  16  N.  a 
Town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  L  | 
Rhine,  and  electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  or  !e 
Rhine,  15  ms.  W.  of  Coblentz,  and  18  S.  oil 
logne.    Lon.  7  10  E.,  lat.  50  37  N. 

Linton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cambridgeshix  2 
ms.  SE.  of  Cambridge,  and  46  N.  by  E.  of  I 
don.    Lon.  0  22  E.,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Lipari,  the  largest,  most  fertile,  and  popi  I 
of  the  Lipari  islands,  about  15  ms.  in  circui  I 
ence.  It  was  celebrated  among  the  ancients;  m 
by  the  description  of  Aristotle,  it  appears  to  8 
been  considered  by  the  sailors  in  his  time,  a 
Strombolo  is  in  ours,  as  a  light-house,  as  its  I 
were  never  extinguished.  It  abounds  with  j 
currant  grape  ;  cotton  also  grows  here  ;  and  (1 

quantities  of  pomice  are  gathered.  Anil 

town,  capital  of  the  island  of  Lipari.  This  (I 
has  a  garrison,  and  stands  on  the  S.  side  of  e 
island.    Lon.  15  30  E.,  lat.  38  35  N. 

Lipari  Islands,  group  of  islands  lying  in  e 
Mediterranean,  to  the  N.  of  Sicily,  12  in  nntel 
and  nearly  as  follows  in  the  order  of  their  i , 
namely  :  Lipari,  Strombolo,  Volcano,  Salina, 
licudi,  Alicudi,  Panari,  Volcanello,  Vachel',' 
Lisca,  Dattolo,  and  Tila  Navi.  They  are  sul  t 
to  the  King  of  Naples,  and  bring  in  a  good  reve  I 

Lippa,  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  banna  f 
Temeswar,  on  a  mountain  22  ms.  NE.  of  Teil 
war,  and  75  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  22  45  B.,  1 
45  51  N. 

Lippe,  river  of  Westphalia,  which  washes  ill 
erborn,  Lipstadt,  and  Ham,  and  falls  into  1 
Rhine  above  Wesel. 

Lipstadt,  considerable  town  of  Westph; , 
capital  of  the  co.  of  Lippe.  It  was  once  free  1 
imperial,  afterwards  subject  to  its  own  counts,  1 
now  to  the  King  of  Prussia.  It  carries  on  a  £  Ji 
trade  in  preparing  timber  for  building  vessels  !' 
the  Rhine,  with  which  it  has  a  communicatioi  ' 
the  river  Lippe.  It  is  seated  on  a  morass,  17  . 
WSVV.  of  Paderborn,  and  30  SE.  of  Mum. 
Lon.  8  30  E.,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Liquet,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  St  s 
of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois,  12  ms. 
of  St.  Omer.    Lon.  2°  E.,  lat.  50  43  N. 

Liqueo,  or  Likeo  Islands. — See  Lieou-Kiec 

Lis,   river  of  the  Netherlands,  which  haM 
source  in  Artois,  and,  running  NE.  into  Fland, 
passes  by  A  aire,  St.  Venant,  Armentiern,  Me  , 
Courtray,  and  Deynse,  and  then  falls  into 
Scheldt,  at  Ghent. 

Lisbon,  considerable  city,  the  capital  ol  Po  - 
gal,  with  a  university,  a  tribunal  of  theinquiait 
It  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  an  earthquf, 
November  1,  1755.  The  harbor  will  com 
10,000  sail  of  ships,  which  ride  in  the  great 
safety  ;  and  the  city,  being  viewed  from  the  sor 
em  shore  of  the  river,  affords  a  beautiful  prosp 
as  the  buildings  gradually  rise  above  each  otl  - 
It  contained  before  the  earthquake,  at  most,  lfl 
000  inhabitants  ;  and  it  is  seated  on  the  Tajo, P 
ms.  from  its  mouth,  178  W.  by  N.  of  Sev;. 
and  255  S.  by  W.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  9  5  W.,  ■ 

38  42  N.  Town,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  on 

Androscoggin,  23  ms.  W.  from  Wiscasset.  P- 

1820,  2,240.  Post  office,  Grafton  co.,  N.  11 

by  post  road  about  80  ms.  NW.  from  Concc 


LIT 


GEOGRAPHICAL"  DICTIONARY. 


LIT 


--Town,  New  London  co.,  Ct.,  7  ms.  N.  from 

s  wjcjj.  Town,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  3 

i)  below  Ogdensburg.    Pop.  in  1820,  930.  

—  -Village,  Lincoln  co.,  Ga.,  on  the  right  bank 
pie  Savannah  river,  below  the  mouth  of  Broad 

isburn,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  An- 
It  has  a  large  manufacture  ef  linen  cloth, 

is  seated  on  the  Laggan,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Bel- 

a     Lon.  6°  W.,  Iat.  54  41  N.  Village  in 

|  cm  part  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pa. 
(Misca,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  3,ms.  from  Li- 
jd    It  is  a  desert  spot. 

isier,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Arriege, 
ir  late  province  of  Couserans,  on  the  Satat,  50 
I  SE.  of  Auch,  and  390  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
Jj.  E.,  Iat.  42  56  N. 

i&ieux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados, 
ir  late  province  of  Normandy.  It  has  a  good 
r-.\  particularly  in  linen  cloth,  and  is  seated  at 
til  confluence  of  the  Touque  and  Orbec,  12  ms. 
I  the  sea,  and  40  SW.  of  Rouen.  Lon.  0  20 
iHlat.  49  1 1  N. 

Isle,  large,  handsome,  and  strong  town  of 

I  in  the  dep.  of  the  North,  and  late  province  of 
Ajich  Flanders,  of  which  it  was  the  capital.  It 
jflteemed  one  of  the  richest  and  most  commercial 
tfeis  in  France,  and  the  inhabitants  are  computed 
JJnount  to  65,000.  It  is  called  Lisle  (that  is 
Me,  the  island)  because  it  was  formerly  sur- 
■jjded  by  marshes.  The  principal  trade  is  in 
Hets.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Deule,  14  ms. 
Jbf  Tournay,  32  SW.  of  Ghent,  37  NW.  of 
9k  and  130  N.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  9  E.,  Iat. 

H8  N.  Town,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  situated 

m\e  Tioughneoga  river,  near  its  junction  with 
..flpango,  and  about  14  ms.  NE.  of  Union.  Pop. 

W,  3,083.  Village  and  post  office,  Lisle 

tp  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.  This  is  a  separate  post 
;qB3  from  that  of  Lisle,  though  in  the  same  tp. 

ismore,  one  of  the  western  islands  of  Scotland, 
aLe  mouth  of  Loch  Linhe,  a  capacious  lake  in 
A  /leshire.  It  is  a  fertile  island,  7  ms.  long  and 
l-.iroad. 

isonzo,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  Carin- 
th  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  at  the  har- 
oOf  the  same  name. 

issa,  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  coast 
jDalmatia.  It  produces  excellent  wine,  and  is 
<'ns,  W.  of  Ragusa.    Lon.  17°  E.,  Iat.  43  52 

I  Town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of  Pos- 

i  of  which  it  is  the  capital,  50  ms.  W.  ol  Ka- 
i  i.    Lon.  16  50  E.,  Iat.  52°  N. 

issa,  village  of  Silesia,  16  miles  from  Breslaw. 
it  seated  on  the  Weisnitz,  and  remarkable  for  a 
Jf't  victory  gained  by  the  Prussians  over  the  Aus- 
■ns  in  1757. 

ilchfield,  NW.  county  of  Connecticut,  bound- 
By  N.  Y.  W.,  Mass.  N.,  Hartford  county  E., 

I I  Haven  SE.,  and  Fairfield  SW.  ;  length  38 
n  mean  width  22  ms.,  area  836  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
fa  very  hilly  or  mountainous.  The  Housatonic 
Jfes  through  and  the  Naugatuck  and  Fanning- 
tprise  in  Litchfield.  Though  broken,  it  contains 
ro  h  excellent  soil,  productive  in  grain,  fruits, 
at.  pasturage.  Chief  town,  Litchfield.  Pop.  in 
IP,  41,266  ;  and  in  1840,  40,448.  Central  lat. 
*  -5  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  45  E. 

dtchjield,  village  and  capital  of  Litchfield  co., 
62* 


Conn.,  24  miles  W.  of  Hartford,  and  44  NW.  of 
New  Haven.  Pop.  in  1810,  4,630;  in  1820, 
4,610.  Lat.  41  44  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  50  E.  The 
tp.  is  elevated,  and  in  part  mountainous,  though 
well  cultivated.  Litchfield  Great  pond,  a  very  cu- 
rious sheet  of  water,  one  of  the  sources  of  the 
Shepang  river,  affords  fine  mill  seats  at  its  outlet. 
There  are  in  Litchfield  6  fulling  mills,  5  or  6  tan- 
neries, 18  or  20  saw  mills,  4  forges,  1  slitting  mill, 
1  or  2  nail  factories,  and  14  or  15  places  of  public 
worship.  This  town  contains  also  Morris's  acad- 
emy, a  flourishing  and  very  respectable  institution. 
In  Litchfield  village  is  a  seminary  for  the  educa- 
tion of  young  ladies,  which  has  long  and  continues 
to  hold  a  distinguished  rank  amongst  similar  insti- 
tutions in  the  United  States.  The  Litchfield  Law 
school  was  established  in  1784,  by  the  honorable 
Tapping  Reeve,  and  has  become  one  of  the  most 
systematic  law  schools  in  the  United  States. 

Litchfield,  village  and  tp.,  Hillsborough  county, 
N.  H.,  26  ms.  S,  from  Concord.  Tp.,  Herki- 
mer co.,  N.  Y.,  10  miles  S.  from  Utica.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,730.  Village,  Bradford  co.,  Penn.,  by 

post  road  193  miles  N.  from  Harrisburg.  Vil- 
lage, Grayson  co.,  Ky.,  70  ms.  SSW.  from  Lou- 
isville. town,  Lincoln  county,  Me.  Population 

in  1820,  2,120. 

Lithuania,  former  name  of  an  extensive  country 
of  Europe,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Volhinia  and 
part  of  Red  Russia,  on  the  W.  by  upper  Poland, 
Polacia,  Ducal  Prussia,  and  Samogitia,  on  the  N. 
by  Livonia,  and  on  the  E.  by  Russia.  It  is  about 
300  ms.  in  length  and  250  in  breadth,  and  is  wa- 
tered by  several  large  rivers,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  Dnieper,  the  Lewina,  the  Niemen,  the 
Pripecz,  and  the  Bogg.  It  is  a  flat  country  like 
Poland,  and  the  lands  are  very  proper  for  tillage. 
The  soil  is  not  only  fertile  in  corn,  but  it  produces 
honey,  wood,  pitch,  and  vast  quantities  of  wool. 
This,  perhaps,  is  the  only  country  in  Europe  where 
Jews  cultivate  the  ground.  The  peasants  are  in  a 
state  of  the  most  abject  vassalage.  In  1772  the 
Empress  Catharine  compelled  the  Poles  to  cede  to 
her  all  that  part  of  Lithuania  bordering  upon  Rus- 
sia, and  including  at  least  one-third  of  the  country. 
This  she  erected  into  the  two  governments  of  Po- 
losk  and  Mohilef.  In  1793,  in  conjunction  with 
the  king  of  Prussia,  she  effected  another  partition 
of  Poland,  in  consequence  of  which  she  extend- 
ed her  dominions  over  the  whole  of  Lithuania.  It 
forms  at  present  the  Russian  governments  of  Wil- 
na,  Grodno,  and  Minsk.  The  name  of  this  coun- 
try is  in  Polish  Litwania,  and  pronounced  Lit- 
vania. 

Litiz,  village  and  Moravian  settlement,  Lancas- 
ter co.,  Pa.,  about  7  ms.  N.  from  the  city  of  Lan- 
caster. This  village  was  founded  in  1757,  and, 
though  small,  has  the  appearance  of  quietness  and 
neatness,  characteristic  of  the  sect  by  which  it  is 
inhabited. 

Little  Beaver  Bridge,  post  office,  Columbiana 
co.,  O.,  55  ms.  NW.  from  Pittsburg. 

Little  Britain,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y. 

 Tp.,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.    It  is  situated  on  the 

W.  side  of  Octorara  creek,  in  the  SE.  corner  of 
the  county. 

Little  Compton,  town,  Newport  co.,  R.  I.  It 
is  a  maritime  district,  and  famous  for  its  dairies. 
Little  Creek,  hundred  of  Kent  county,  Del.  It 

489 


LIT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LIV 


is  on  the  N.  side  of  Jones's  river,  about  6  ms.  from 
Dover. 

Little  Cape  Capon,  creek,  Hampshire  co.,  Va. 
Little  Creek,  tp.,  Sussex  co.,  Del. 
Little  Darby,  considerable  western  branch  of 
Big  Darby,  rising  in  the  northwestern  quarter  of 

Madison  co.,  Ohio,  and  running-  southeastward-  j  and,  in  part  of  its  course,  separates  North  Ca>  n 
ly  into  the  western  side  of  Big  Darby,  opposite  from  South  Carolina.  Little  river,  branch  o  a- 
Georgesville.    Along  the  borders  and  westward  of  vannah  river,  which  it  joins  30  miles  above  u- 


Little  Rest,  post  office,  Washington  co.,  ] 
by  post  road  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Providenc 

Little  River,  is  the  name  of  several  small  sti 
in  the  United  States.    Little  Red  river,  a 
of  White  river,  in  Arkansas.    Little  river,  c  of 
the  constituents  of  Pedee,  rises  in  North  Car  »( 


this  stream  are  extensive  bodies  of  open  prairie 
land,  much  of  which  is  fertile  and  valuable. 

Little  Egg  Harbor,  tp.  of  Burlington  county. 
New  Jersey.  Soil  generally  sandy,  though  well 
cultivated  near  the  coast.  The  sandy  land  in  the 
interior  is  covered  with  pine  and  oak  timber.  Prin- 
cipal town,  Tuckerton.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,102. 

Little  Egg  Harbor,  or  Mullican's  river,  rises 
in  Atlantic,  Burlington,  and  Gloucester  counties, 
N.  J.,  by  a  number  of  creeks  which  unite  11  or  12 
ms.  from  the  sea,  and,  separating  the  counties  of 
Atlantic  and  Burlington,  falls  into  Little  Egg  Har- 
bor inlet  2^  ms.  SE.  from  Tuckerton.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  shallops  as  high  as  Basto  furnace. 

Little  Egg  Harbor,  bay  or  inlet,  a  sheet  of  salt 
water  separated  from  the  ocean  by  Tucker's  is- 
land and  Long  beach.  It  communicates  with  the 
ocean  by  the  Old  and  New  inlet  of  Little  Egg 
Harbor. 

Little  Egg  Harbor,  new  inlet,  lies  7|  miles  due 
S.  from  Tuckerton,  admits  vessels  of  from  15  to 
18  feet  draught,  many  of  which  during  the  late 
war  entered  and  discharged  valuable  cargoes.  The 
old  inlet,  to  the  N.  from  Tucker's  island,  is  now 
but  little  used,  except  for  very  light  vessels. 

Little  Falls,  flourishing  village  on  the  Mohawk 
river,  at  what  is  called  the  Little  Falls  in  that 
stream,  8  ms.  below  Herkimer. 

Little  Hockhocking,  an  inconsiderable  stream  in 
the  S.  part  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  running  into 
the  Ohio  river  5  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Great 

Hockhocking.  Village,  Washington  co.,  Ohio, 

116  ms.  SE.  from  Columbus. 

Little  Indian  £reek,  small  stream  of  Clermont 
co.,  0.,  putting  into  the  Ohio  river  2  miles  below 
Big  Indian  creek. 

Little  Miami,  river  rising  in  the  southwestern 
corner  of  Madison  county,  Ohio,,  and,  after  run- 
ning SW.  about  70  miles,  across  Clark,  Green, 
Warren,  and  Hamilton  counties,  joins  the  Ohio 
7  miles  above  Cincinnati.  It  is  one  of  the  best  mill 
streams  in  the  State;  30  or  40  mills,  among  which 
2  or  3  are  paper  mills,  are  already  erected  upon  it. 
The  principal  streams  running  into  it  are  East 
branch,  Shawnee,  Obannon,  Turtle,  Todd's  fork, 
Cesar's,  and  Massie's  creeks,  on  the  eastern  side, 
and  Sugar  and  Beaver  creeks  on  the  W.  For  navi- 
gation it  is  of  little  consequence,  but  for  mills  is 
preferable  to  the  Great  Miami. 

Little  Missouri,  the  name  of  two  rivers  of  the 
United  States,  one  a  branch  of  Missouri  joining 
that  stream  from  the  SW.,  90  miles  above  the 
Mandan  villages;  and  the  other  a  branch  of  Wash- 
itau,  in  Arkansas,  rises  with  the  Little  river  of  the 
N.,  flows  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Washita  from 
the  W. 

Little  Plymouth,  village,  King  and  Queen  co  , 
Va.,  by  post  road  60  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond. 

Little  Red  River,  post  office,  Ark.,  100  miles 
from  Little  Rock. 
490 


gusta.  Little  river,  in  Georgia,  falls  into  0  ee 
12  ms.  above  Milledgeville.  Little  river,  Chr  m 
county,  Kv.,  which  falls  into  Cumberland.  |l 
river  of  Indiana,  joining  Wabash  river  above  o- 
cennes.  Little  North  river,  a  branch  of  Red  ^ 
rises  in  Arkansas,  and  falls  into  Red  river  a  m 
distance  above  the  NW.  limit  of  Louisiana  )J 
Litt)e  river  S.,  another  branch  of  Red  river,  et 
in  Texas,  and,  flowing  E.,  falls  into  Red  riv  in 
the  NW.  angle  of  Louisiana. 

Little  River,  post  office,  Horry  district,  8  ■ 
by  post  road  92  miles  E.  from  Columbia. —  i 
lage  and  post  office,  Lincoln  co  ,  Me.,  29  ms.  3. 
from  Portland. 

Little  Rock,  village  and  seat  of  justice  foi  q. 
laski  co.,  and  seat  of  government,  Arkansas.  « 
new  capital  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  o!<fp 
kansas  river,  about  120  ms.  by  land  above  the  n  h 
of  that  stream,  400  miles  SSW.  from  St.  I  s, 
and  300  NNW.  frum  Natchez.  Lat.  34  17  ). 
W.  C.  15  55  W. 

Little  Sandy  Salt  Works,  village,  Greenuj 
Ky.,  132  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Littleton,  town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  situatj 
the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut  river,  45  null 
of  Haverhill,  and  about  40  N  W.  of  Conway.  - 
Village  and  tp.  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  23  es 
WNW.  from  Boston.  Pop.  in  1840,  1,728  - 
Village,  Sussex  co.,  Va.,  70  ms.  SSE.  fr 

mond.  Village,  WTarren  co.,  N.  C,  67  es 

SE.  from  Raleigh.  Village  and  post  offic  h 

the  northern  part  of  Grafton  co.,  N.  H-. 
a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Concord. 

Little  Valley,  town,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N  ., 
25  ms.  NW.  from  Hamilton,  on  Alleghany  ■', 
and  50  ms.  S.  from  Buffalo. 

Little  York,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Ohi  17 

miles  SW.  by  W.  from  Columbus.  Vi  c, 

Hardin  co.,  Ky.,  91  ms.  SW.  from  Frankfor 

Littorate,  now  part  of  the  Austrian  kingdi  of 
Illy ria,  formerly  a  district  of  Dalmatia,  conta  ig 
the  towns  of  Trieste,  Fiume,  Buccari,  and  * 
to  Re. 

Lilvania.  — See  Lithuan ia. 

Livadia,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  b<  ti- 
ed on  the  N.  by  Janna,  E.  by  the  Archipeo. 
S.  by  the  Morea,  and  W.  by  the  Mediterra  0. 
It  includes  ancient  Greece,  properly  so  called  id 
its  capital  is  Athens. 

Livadia,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  th<* 
vince  of  its  name  ;  it  has  a  trade  in  wool,  corn  I 
rice,  and,  according  to  most  gazetteers,  is 


near  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto,  68  ms.  NW.  ol 
Lon.  23  20  E.,  lat.  38  42  N.  Livadia  is  th  n- 
cient  Lebadea,  the  Midea  of  Homer,  and  i  J» 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto,  but  al  leal 
ms.  in  the  interior,  and  with  Mount  Libethru  n- 
tervening.  Livadia  is  built  on  the  steep  dec  ty 
of  a  hill,  and  contains  1,500  houses,  inhabited  .e  • 
ly  by  Greeks,  but  contains  about  100  Turkish 


LIV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LLA 


,    Livadia,  as  a  province,  is  nearly  commensu- 
a  with  Greece  proper,  or  the  Achaia  of  the  Ro- 
•n  s,  except  the  Morea. 
ivadostro,  bay  of  ancient  Alcyonium  Mare,  the 
\Miie  eastern  angle  of  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto. 
ivaudicre,  seigniory,  Hartford  co.,  L.  C,  12 
alSE.  from  Quebec. 

ivcnza,  river  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Ve 
ii,  which  runs  on  the  confines  of  Trevisano  and 
I  li,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Venice  between  the 
n  th  of  Piava  and  the  town  of  Caorlo. 

•  rermore,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  18  ms.  NE. 
tk  Paris.    Pop.  in  1820,  2.134. 
(verpool,  borough  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Lan- 
ire.    It  had  but  one  church,  which  was  a 
cb  el  of  ease  to  Walton  (a  village  3  ms.  off)  till 
h  ear  1699,  when  an  act  passed  to  make  the  town 
tmct  parish,  and  erect  a  new  church;  since 
I  h  time  it  has  been  gradually  advancing  in  pop. 
trade.  v  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1773 
U,407;  in  1790,  it  was  55,732;  in  1801, 
■53;. and  in  1811,  no  less  than  94,376.  Its 
I  and  increase  was  owing  to  the  salt  works,  but 
I  particularly  to  American  commerce ;  and  it  is 
no  become,  with  respect  to  population  and  com- 
iv  e,  the  second  port  in  the  kingdom.    It  is  seat- 
1  i  the  river  Mersey,  and  has  a  harbor,  formed 
I  great  labor,  and  expense,  there  being  8  wet 
do  s,  secured  by  large  flood  gate.-1,  bound  by  keys, 
ainle  and  a  half  in  length,  where  1,000  vessels, 
•r  10,000  tons  of  shipping,  may  lie  in  the  great- 
ifety.    The  trade  of  Liverpool  is  general,  but 
k  rincipal  branch  is  the  African  and  West  In- 
I  trade.    The  American,  Baltic,  and  Portugal 
cfioerce,  is  also  very  great,  as  well  as  that  of 
iiejid  ;  many  ships  are  sent  to  the  Greenland 
Me  fishery  ;  the  coasting  trade  employs  a  great 
«  )er  of  vessels,  and  many  good  ships  are  built 
H    By  the  late  inland  navigation,  Liverpool 
,a  :ommunication  with  the  rivers  Dee,  Ribble, 
At,  Trent,  Humber,  Severn,  and  Thames.  Its 
ipal  manufactures  are  fine  porcelain,  earthen 
wt,  watches,  and  stockings,  some  glass,  iron, 
calami  copperas  works,  many  roperies,  and  up- 
of  50  breweries.    The  exchange  is  a  hand- 
1  modern  edifice  of  stone,  with  piazzas  for  the 
bants,  and  over  it  is  the  town  hall.    There  is 
i  handsome  exchange,  a  custom  house,  an  as- 
a  ly  room,  an  elegant  theatre,  a  library,  and  a  bo- 
ljail  on  Mr.  Howard's  plan.    Beside  the  pa- 
I  al  churches,  there  are  ten  or  more  other 
h  ;hes  for  the  established  religion ;  also  Roman 
olic  chapels  and  dissenting  meeting-houses, 
t't  numerate  the  asylums  for  the  wretched  and 
n  tunate  of  every  description  and  denomination, 
I J  far  exceed  our  bounds.    Liverpool  is  48  ms. 
■  Lancaster,  and  202  NW.  of  London.  Lon. 
0     lat.  53  22  N. 
verpool,  tp.,  Queen's  co.,  Nova  Scotia,  on  the 

■hof  Fundy.  Village,  Salinatp.,  Onondago 

0-NT.  Y.,  3  ms.  from  Salina  Village  in  the 

il  part  of  Perry  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  right  bank  of 
°uuehannah  river,  about  30  ms.  above  Harris- 

**'\  Village,  York  co.,  Fa.,  6  ms.  N.  from 

trough  of  York.  Village,  Medina  co.,  O., 

bfcpstroad  170  ms.  NE  from  from  Columbus. 

vingston,  tp.,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  contain- 
er,651  inhabitants  in  1810,  and  in  1820,  1,938. 
'I  situated  40  ms.  S.  of  Albany,  on  the  riyer 


Hudson.  Co.,  N.  Y.,  on  both  sides  Genesee 

river,  bounded  S.  by  Steuben  and  Alleghany,  VV. 
by  Genesee,  N.  by  Monroe,  and  E.  by  Ontario. 
Length  30  ms.,  width  20,  area  600  sq.  ms.  In 
respect  to  soil  and  surface,  this  is  a  very  diversi- 
fied country.  It  is«generally  hilly  and  fertile,  but 
exceptions  to  both  these  features  exist;  extensive 
flats  skirt  Genesee  river,  and  part  of  the  upland  is 
sterile.  This  co.  was  formed  from  part  of  Ontario 
and  Genesee.    Lat.  42  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  J  3 

E.    Pop.  1840,  35,140.  Village,  Essex  co., 

N.  J.,  54  ms.  NE.  from  Trenton.  Co.,  Ky.. 

bounded  by  Tennessee  river  SW.,  by  Ohio  river 
W.  and  NW.,  by  Trade  Water  river,  or  Union 
co.,  NE.,  and  Caldwell  co.  SE.  Length  47  ms,, 
mean  width  15,  area  about  720  sq.  ms.  Cumber- 
land river  passes  through  and  enters  Ohio  river 
in  this  co.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and 
much  of  the  soil  highly  fertile.  Chief  town,  Sa- 
lem. Pop.  1820,  5,824,  and  in  1840,  9,025. 
Central  lat.  37  18  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1 1  10  W. 

Livingstonvilk,  village,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y., 
22  ms.  westerly -from  Albany. 

Livonia,  province  of  the  Russian  empire,  which, 
with  that  of  Esthonia,  has  been  reciprocally  claim- 
ed and  possessed  by  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Poland, 
and  for  more  than  two  centuries  has  been  a  perpet- 
ual scene  of  the  most  bloody  wars.  It  was  finally- 
wrested  from  the  Swedes  by  Peter  the  Great,  and 
confirmed  to  the  Russians  by  the  peace  of  Nystadt, 
in  1721.  It  now  forms  the  government  of  Riga, 
or  Livonia,  of  which  Riga  is  the  capital.  It  is 
bounded  on  theN.  by  the  government  of  Esthonia, 
on  the  E.  by  that  of  Pskof,  on  the  S.  by  that  of 
Polotsk  and  part  of  Poland,  and  on  the  W.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Livonia.  It  is  250  ms.  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
150  from  E.  to  W.  The  land  is  so  fertile  in  corn 
that  it  is  called  the  granary  of  the  North.  Area 
21,000  sq.  ms.    Pop.  600,000. 

Livonia,  village  and  tp.,  Livingston  co.,  N. 
Y.,  between  Genesee  and  Hemlock  lake,  20  ms. 

SW.  from  Canandaigua.    Pop.  1820,  2,427.  

Village,  Washington  co.,  Ia.,  97  ms.  S.  from  In- 
dianapolis. 

Lizard,  the  most  southern  promontory  of  Eng., 
whence  ships  usually  take  their  departure  when 
bound  to  the  westward.  Lon.  5  10  W.,  lat.  49 
57  N. 

Llanarth,  town  of  Wales,  in  Cardiganshire,  1 7 
ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Cardigan,  and  212  W.  by  N.  of 
London.    Lon.  4  20  W.,  lat.  52  13  N. 

Llanbeder,  town  of  Wales,  in  Cardiganshire,  on 
the  river  Tyvy,  over  which  is  a  bridge  into  Car- 
marthenshire, 24  ms.  E.  of  Cardigan,  and  197 
W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  4  8  VV.,  lat.  52  9 
North. 

Llandilovawr,  town  of  Wales,  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, on  the  river  Towy.  Lon.  3  58  W.,  lat.  51 
55  N. 

Llanelly,  town  of  Wales,  in  Carmarthenshire. 
It  trades  much  in  coal,  and  is  seated  on  a  creek  of 
the  Bristol  chanuel.  Lon.  4  10  W.,  lat.  51  43 
North. 

Llangadoc,  town  of  Wales,  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, 185  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  3  48 
W.,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Llangollen,  town  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire, 
184  ms.  from  London. 

Llangunner,  village  of  Wales,  in  Carmarthen- 

491 


LAC  GEOGRAPHICAL  DI  TIONARY.  LOD 


shire.  Sir  Richard  Steele  had  a  private  seat  here, 
and  here  he  died  in  1729. 

Llanroost,  town  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire,  on 
the  Conway,  15  ms.  S.  of  Denbigh,  and  222  NW. 
of  London.    Lon.  3  58  W.  lat.  53  6  N. 

Llantrissent,  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, in  S.  Wales,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Landaff,  and 
166  W.  of  London.  Lon.  3  22  W.,  lat.  51  28 
North. 

Llanwilling,  town  of  Wales,  in  Montgomery- 
shire, near  the  river  Cane,  15  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Montgomery,  and  179  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  3 
8  W.,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Llanydlos,  town  of  Wales,  in  Montgomeryshire, 
18  ms.  S  W.  of  Montgomery,  and  157  WNW.  of 
London.    Lon.  3  28  W.,  lat.  52  19  N. 

Llanymddovery,  town  of  Wales,  in  Carmar- 
thenshire, near  the  Towy,  26  ms.  ENE.  of  Car- 
marthen, and  181  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon. 
3  42  W.,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Llaugharn,  town  of  Wales,  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, in  S.  Wales,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Towy,  7 
ms.  SW.  of  Carmarthen,  and  233  W.  by  N.  of 
London.    Lon.  4  28  W.,  lat.  51  48  N. 

Llobregat,  two  rivers  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  the 
least  considerable  of  which  falls  into  the  bay  of  Ro- 
sas, but  the  largest  rises  in  the  Pyrennean  moun- 
tains with  the  Noguera,  and  enters  the  Mediter- 
ranean 15  ms.  SW.  from  Barcelona. 

Lloyd's,  post  office,  Essex  co.,  Va.,  68  ms. 
NE.  from  Richmond. 

»  Lloydsville,  village,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  90  ms. 
W.  from  Albany. 

Lo,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Channel,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  with 
a  good  citadel.  It  has  considerable  manufactures 
of  cloths,  stuffs,  iron,  and  gold  lace.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Vire,  12  ms.  E.  of  Coutances,  and  125  W. 
by  N.  of  Paris.    Lon.  53'  W.,  lat.  49  6  N. 

Loanda,  small  island  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of 
Angola.  It  is  12  ms.  in  length,  and  three-quar- 
ters of  a  mile  in  breadth.  It  has  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  which  is  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Angola,  in  South  Guinea,  with  a  very  good  har- 
bor. It  belongs  to  the  Portuguese.  Lon.  12  25 
E.,  lat.  8  45  S. 

Loango,  considerable  kingdom  of  Africa. — See 
Africa,  pp.  25,  26. 

Loans  or  Lavora,  town  of  Genoa,  near  the 
sea  coast.    Lon.  7  58  E.,  laf.  44  9  N. 

Lobaw,  town  of  Polish  Prussia,  with  a  castle, 
where  the  bishop  of  Culm  resides.  It  is  25  ms. 
E.  of  Culm.    Lon.  19  E.,  lat.  53  25  N. 

Loboa,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Es- 
tramadura,  seated  on  the  Guadiana,  22  ms.  E.  of 
Badajoz.    Lon.  6  22  W.,  lat.  38  32  N. 

Lobos,  islands  of  Peru,  near  the  coast.  Lat. 
6  25  S. 

Locarno,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  which  is  one  of  the  four 
transalpine  bailiwicks.  It  contains  1,500  inhabi- 
tants. Locarno  was  once  situated  on  the  lake, 
and  had  a  port  capable  of  receiving  large  barks ; 
at  present  it  stands  at  the  distance  of  a  quarter  of 
a  mile,  which  is  owing  to  the  accumulation  of  sand 
brought  down  by  the  torrent  Maggia.  It  is  46  ms. 
N.  of  Novara,  and  55  N.  by  W.  of  Milan. 
Lon.  8  31  E.,  lat.  46  10  N. 

Lacarno,  Lake  of. — See  Maggiore. 
492 


Lochaber,  bleak,  barren  mountains,  and  &j 
ged  district,  in  the  SW.  part  of  Inverness-shi 

Lochem,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  in  e 
co.  of  Zutphen,  on  the  Borrel,  10  ms.  E.  of  . 
phen.    Lon.  6  13  E.,  lat.  52  12  N. 

Locher  Moss,  morass  in  Dumfriesshire,  J 
land,  10  ms.  in  length    and  three  in  bre?  t. 
Here  vast  oak  trees,  and  also  canoes  and  anc! 
have  been  frequently  dug  up. 

Loches,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre  d 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine,  on  the  | 
Indre,  15  ms.  S.  of  Amboise,  and  20  \|| 
Tours.    Lon.  51°  E.,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Lochmaben,  royal  borough  of  Scotland,  in  I L 
friesshire.    Lon.*3  19  W.,  lat.  55  19  N. 

Loch  Ranza,  post  office,  Montgomery  co.,.* 
36  ms.  easterly  from  Cahaba. 

Lochrida,  or  Ocrida,  town  of  Turkey  in  is 
rope,  in  Albania.  It  is  a  pretty  large  place,  d 
well  fortified ;  and  is  62  ms.  SE.  of  Dun  . 
Lon.  20  40  E.,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Lochta,  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Bothnia  n 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  90  ms.  S.  of  Tornea. 
24  16  E.,  lat.  64  20  N. 

Lochwinnock,  town  of  Renfrewshire,  Scoti  1, 
on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  called  also  t  e 
Semple  Loch,  near  3  ms.  in  length. 

Lochy  Loch,  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  SW.  rt 
of  Inverness-shire,  10  ms.  in  length,  and  n 
one  to  two  in  breadth.  From  the  NW.  >e 
waters  of  Loch  Arkek  descend  into  this  !. 
Out  of  it  runs  the  river  Lochy,  which  falls  I 
Loch  Eil  at  Fort  William. 

Locke,  town,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  23  ms.  iw 
from  Auburn.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,559. 

Lockport,  very  thriving  village  of  Niagara., 
N.  Y.,  on  the  western  or  Erie  canal,  220  m  I 
the  canal  W.  from  Utica,  and  by  the  can.  % 
NNE.  from  Buffalo.  Lat.  43  HN.,lon4 
C.  1  43  W.  It  is  at  this  village  that  the  st 
series  of  locks,  from  Lake  Erie,  occur  ii  te 
canal,  and  brings  the  water  from  the  Erie  el 
to  that  of  Rochester,  by  double  locks  of  12  et 
each.  Lockport,  in  1823  had  a  pop.  of  50  it 
now  (1826)  exceeds,  it  is  probable  1,000,  ai  n 
1840,  9,125.  The  village  is  on  the  high  gr  id 
above  the  locks. 

Lockwood,  village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  78* 
N.  from  Trenton. 

Locust  Grove,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  Va>y 
post  road,  86  ms,  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Loddon,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  8  ms.Si 
of  Norfolk,  and  113  NE.  of  London.  Lc  1 
18  E.,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Lodesan,  district  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  M  }• 
It  lies  along  the  river  Adda,  and  is  very  fertiM 
populous.    Lodi  is  the  capital. 

Lodeve,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Her  I, 
and  late  province  of  Lauguedoc.  Its  man  m 
turee  of  cloth  render  it  very  rich,  but  it  is  seat  in 
a  dry  barren  country,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ci  fi- 
nes, 27  ms.  NW.  of  Montpelier.  Lon.  m 
E.,  lat.  42  37  N. 

Lodi,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ducr  of 
Milan,  and  capital  of  the  Lodesan.  It  is  bi! 
in  a  pleasant  country,  on  the  Adda,  15  ms.  N> 
of  Placentia,  and  20  SE.  of  Milan.  Lon.  % 
E.  lat..  45  15  N. 

Lodimont,  village,   Abbeville    district,  £» 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LON 


LOI 

=== 

(Jiilina,  by  post  road,  134  ms.  W.  from  Colum- 

Ilt  v* 

Khmer ia. — See  Galicia. 

idrone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  bishopric  of  Trent, 
e;  d  on  the  small  Lake  Idro,  at  the  place  where 
c  :eives  the  river  Chiese,  31  ms.  SW.  of  Trent. 
I  10  46  E.,  lat.  46  N. 

tflus  Heights,  very  elevated  Bluffs  in  Adams 

0  Miss.,  on  the  E,  bank  of  the  river  Mississippi, 
fegis.  below  the  town  of  Natchez. 

gan,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  NW.  by  Cabell, 
vuvvha  N.,  Fayette  NE.,  Mercer  E  ,  Tazewell, 
Si  and  S.,  and  Lawrence  co.,  Ky.,  W.  Pop. 
gi,  4,309.  N.  lat.  38°,  and  Ion.  5  W.  W.  C. 
n  sect  in  the  NW.  part  of  this  co.  slope  NW., 

1  drained  by  the  branches  of  Big  Sandy  and 
(lilt  Guyandotte  rivers. 

gun  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Tenn.,  Todd  co., 
£  W.,  Muhlenburg  NW.,  Butler  N.,  and  Simp- 
,)  NE.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  21,  area 
m  sq.  ms.  It  occupies  the  high  ground  be- 
«n  Cumberland  and  Green  rivers.  It  is  drained 
y  ed  river,  branch  of  Cumberland,  anjiby  Big- 
I  ler  and  Muddy  rivers,  branches  of  Green  river. 
I  surface  is  waving  rather  than  hilly,  soil  ex- 
tant. Chief  town,  Russelville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
.423;  and  in  1840,  13,615.  For  central  lat. 
I  Russelville. 

)gan,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by  Hardin,  E. 
Union,  S.  hy  Champaigne,  SW.  by  Miami, 
.fby  Shelby,  and  NW.  by  Allen.  Length  26 
m breadth  21,  area  500  sq.  ms.  Miami  river, 
Mies,  Mill,  and  Darby  creeks,  and  Mad  river, 
:Jkse  in  this  co.  The  land  is,  however,  tolera- 
lljevel  and  fertile.  Chief  town,  Bellefontaine. 
h  in  1820,  3,181,  and  in  1840,  14,015. 
Krai  lat.  40  22  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  50  W. 
igan,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Hocking 
;o  Ohio,  on  the  N.  bank  of  Hocking  river,  18 
m  SE.  from  Lancaster.  Lat.  39  36  N.,  Ion. 
Wp.  5  26  W.  v 

og-house  landing,  post  office,  Beaufort  co., 
'f|C.,  170  ms.  S.  of  E.  from  Raleigh. 

ogowogorod,  town  of  Poland,  in  Lower  Vol- 
uii,  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Dnieper. 
m  31  7  E.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

vgronno,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  in 
i  untry  abounding  with  excellent  fruits  and 
I  wines,  and  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  It  is 
f)?d  on  the  Ebro,  115  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Madrid. 
I*.  2  20  W.,  lat.  42  29  N. 

aire,  the  principal  river  of  Fr.,  which  rises  in 
^mountains  of  the  Cevennes,  in  Languedoc. 

I  gins  to  be  navigable  at  Roanne,  is  joined  to 
'h^eine  by  the  canals  of  Briare  and  Orleans,  and 
m  into  the  Bay  of  ! Biscay  below  Paimbceuf. 

T  basin  of  the  Loire  lies  in  the  central  and 

I I  part  of  France.  This  river  has  a  compara- 
I  course  of  about  450  ms.,  but,  like  most  other 
H'i's  of  southern  and  western  Europe,  has  but 

I  tide  navigation.  Dep.  of  Fr.,  contiguous 

0  Q  deps.  of  Rhone  and  Isere.  Chief  town, 
W  tbrison.  , 

oire  and  Cher,  dep.  ofFr.,  including  the  late 
prince  of  Blasois.  It  takes  its  name  from  the 
nvs  Loire  and  Cher,  the  first  of  which  falls  into 
t-h  Sarte  above  Angers  ;  and  the  last  empties 
its?  into  the  Loire,  5  ms.  above  the  confluence 
f  ie  latter  with  the  Indre.    Blois  is  the  capital. 


Loire,  Lower,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containing  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Bretagne.  It  has  its  name 
from  the  river  Loire,  which  forms  its  S.  boundary, 
and  then  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Nantes  is 
the  capital. 

Loire,  Upper,  dep.  of  Fr.,  late  the  province  of 
Velay.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  river  Loire, 
which  rises  near  its  S.  boundary.  Puy  is  the 
capital. 

Loiret,  dep.  of  Fr.,  late  the  province  of  Or- 
leannois.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  small  river  that 
falls  into  the  Loire.    Orleans  is  the  capital. 

Lombahps,  from  longobardi,  long  beards,  one 
of  the  Germanic  nations  who  partitioned  the  Ro- 
man empire,  and  in  A.  D.,  568,  fixed  themselves 
in  Italy,  and  from  whom  comes  Lombardy  as  a 
name  for  northern  Italy.  The  name  or  epithet  of 
Lombards,  was  long  applied  to  the  Gibelines,  and 
extended  to  Italian  merchants  and  usurers  who 
spread  themselves  over  northern  and  central 
Europe. 

Lombardo,  Venetian  kingdom,  name  imposed 
on  Austrian  Italy  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
in  1815. 

Lombardy,  name  formerly  given  to  part  of 
Italy,  and  which  comprehended  almost  all  the 
ancient  Cisalpine-Gaul.  It  lies  towards  the  N., 
and  was  divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower.  Up- 
per Lombardy  was  the  western  part,  and  compre- 
hended Piedmont,  with  its  dependencies,  and  the 
duchies  of  Montserrat  and  Milan.  Lower  Lom- 
bardy, which  was  the  eastern  part,  comprehended 
Parma,  Modena,  Mantua,  Ferrara,  the  Bolognese, 
the  territories  of  the  Church,  the  Paduan,  Vi- 
centin,  the  Veronese,  the  Bressan,  the  Cremase, 
and  the  Bergamese.    See  arts.  Austria  and  Italy. 

Lombardy,  village,  Amelia  co.,  Va.,  50  ms. 

SW.  from  Richmond.  Village,  Columbia  co., 

Ga.,  64  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Milledgeville. 

Lombardy  Grove,  post  office,  Mecklenberg,  co., 
Va.,  110  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Lombez,  town  of  Fr.  in  the  dep.  of  Gers,  and 
late  piovince  of  Gascony,  lately  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Save,  27  ms.  SW.  of  Toulouse. 
Lon.  1°  E.,  lat.  43  39  N. 

Lomond,  Ben,  mountain  of  Scotland,  in  the  N. 
of  Stirlingshire,  about  3,200  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  lake  at  its  bottom.  From  this  lofty  moun- 
tain are  seen  Loch  Lomond,  the  Clyde,  the  Forth, 
Edinburgh,  the  eastern  coast  as  far  as  the  Cheviot 
Hills,  the  isles  of  Bute  and  Arran,  the  rock  of 
Ailsa,  Ireland,  the  mountain  of  Plynlimmon,  in 
Wales,  the  Skiddaw  in  Cumberland,  and  the  hills 
far  beyond  it. 

Lomond,  Loch,  beautiful  lake  in  Dumbartonshire. 

Lon,  or  Lune,  beautiful  and  romantic  river 
which  rises  in  Westmoreland,  and  flowing  by  Kir- 
by  Lonsdale  in  that  co.,  falls  into  the  Irish  sea,  be- 
low Lancaster.    Its  banks  are  beautiful. 

London,  metropolis  of  Great  Britain,  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  opulent  cities  of  the  world,  men- 
tioned by  Tacitus  as  a  considerable  commercial 
place  in  the  reign  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Nero. 
In  its  most  extensive  view,  as  the  metropolis,  it 
consists  of  the  city,  properly  so  called,  the  city  of 
Westminster,  which  was  once  a  mile  from  Lon- 
don, and  the  borough  of  Southwark,  beside  the 
suburbs  in  Middlesex  and  Surry,  within  what  are  call- 
ed the  bills  of  mortality.    London  and  Westminster 

493 


LON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LON 


are  situated  in  Middlesex,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river 
Thames.  Southwark  is  situated  on  the  opposite 
bank,  in  Surry.  The  extent  of  the  whole,  from 
Limehouse  and  Deptford,  to  Miibank  and  Vaux- 
hall,  is  above  7  ms. ;  but  the  greatest  breadth  does 
not  exceed  3. 

In  the  former  editions  of  my  Dictionary,  attempts 
were  made  to  describe  London,  but  in  this  present 
edition  no  such  attempts  were  made  on  any  large 
city,  not  even  those  of  the  United  States.  Any  thing 
deserving  the  name  of  a  description  of  such  cities 
as  London,  Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  New  York,  &c; 
would  demand  a  volume  as  large  as  this  treatise. 
This  city  now  contains  a  population  little,  if  any, 
short  of  two  millions.  There  is  no  rational  doubt 
but  that  in  this  city  more  wealth  and  other  means 
of  human  power  are  concentrated  than  was  ever 
the  case  with  any  other,  not  excepting  Rome. 
The  tide  ascends  the  Thames  to  the  city,  the  great- 
est distance  inland  of  any  tide  of  Europe,  yielding 
commercial  facilities  to  the  many  other  causes 
which  have  produced  this  giant  city.  Lat.  5131 
North. 

London,  New. — See  New  London. 

London,  district  of  U.  C,  along  Lake  Erie  

Town  of  TJ.  C,  on  the  Thames,  about  100  ms. 
NE.  by  E.  from  Detroit,  and  150  SW.  by  W. 
from  York.  The  surrounding  country  is  extreme- 
ly well  adapted  to  agriculture.  Lat.  42  55  N. 
-—Town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Madison  co., 
Ohio,  25  ms.  W.  by  S.  from  Columbus.  Pop.  in 
1820,  200,  but  rapidly  increasing.  Lat.  39  51  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  6  30  W. 

London  Bridge,  village  in  Princess  Anne  co., 
Va.,  140  ms.  SE.  from  Richmond. 

London  Britain,  tp.  in  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  adja- 
cent to  the  NE.  angle  of  Cecil  co.,  Md. 

London  Harbor,  a  bay  of  the  island  of  St.  John, 
on  its  north  side.  Lon.  W.  C.  13  52  E.,  lat.  46 
26  N. 

Londonderry,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
Ulster,  32  ms.  long  and  30  broad,  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Donegal,  on  the  N.  by  the  ocean,  on  the 
S.  and  SW.  by  Tyrone,  and  on  the  E.  by  An- 
trim. It  is  a  fruitful  champaign  country.  The 
linen  manufacture  flourishes  through  every  part 
of  it. 

Londonderry,  handsome  town  of  Ireland,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  modern 
place,  built  by  a  company  of  London  adventurers, 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.  The  principal  commerce 
of  Londonerry  is  with  America  and  the  West  In- 
dies. It  contains  18,000  inhabitants,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Foyle,  over  which  a  wooden  bridge 
1,068  feet  in  length,  and  of  singular  and  excellent 
construction,  was  erected  in  1791.  Londonderry 
is  4  ms.  S.  of  Lough  Foyle,  and  194  NW.  of  Dub- 
lin.   Lon.  7  5  W.,  lat.- 55  4  N. 

Londonderry,  tp.  of  Halifax  co.,  Nova  Scotia, 
on  Colequid  river,  30  ms.  above  the  Bay  of  Minas. 

 Town  in  Rockingham  co  ,  N.  H.,  35  ms. 

SW  of  Portsmouth,  and  37  NW.  of  Newbury  - 
port,  Mass.    It  is  peopled  mostly  by  emigrants 

from  Ireland,  as  the  name  implies.  Town  in 

Windham  co.,  Vt.,  27  ms.   SW.  from  Windsor. 

 Tp.  in  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  E.  side  of 

Octorara  creek,  between  Oxford  and  Nottingham. 

 Tp.  in  Dauphin  co.,  Pa.,  between  Conewa- 

494 


go  and  Swatara  creeks,  about  15  ms.  from  H  s. 
burg.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,411;  in  1820,  1,  ), 

 SW.  tp.  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  .  fl& 

1,629.  This  and  the  preceding  formed  or  * 
in  Dauphin  co.  previous  to  the  formation  of  I  \. 

non  co.  SW.  tp.  of  Bedford  co.,  Pa.,  on  ym 

creek,  between  Wills  and  Little  Alleghany  rr  I 

tains.  Tp.  in  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.    Po  ^ 

1820,  902. 

London  Grove,  town  in  Chester  co.,  Pa.jB 
tween  New  Garden  and  Oxford,  about  40  m 
SW.  from  Philadelphia. 

London  Town,  village  of  Anne  Arundel  ■ 
Md.,  on  the  right  bank  of  South  river,  5  ms.  ill 
from  Annapolis. 

Longacoming,  village  in  Gloucester  co.^  IN  I 
16  ms.  SE.  from  Philadelphia. 

Long  bay,  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  coast  o  I 
U.  S.  between  the  mouths  of  the  Pedee  and  1 1 
Fear  rivers. 

Long  Beach,  on  the  coast  of  Monmouth  co  9 
J.,  is  a  low,  sandy  island,  extending  from  Ban  $ 
inlet  to  Little  Egg  Harbor. 

Longanico,  town  of  the  Morea,  anciently  c  d 
Olympia,  famous  for  being  the  place  where  e 
Olympic  games  were  celebrated,  and  for  the  ■ 
pie  of  Jupiter  Olympus,  about  a  mile  distant,! 
is  now  a  small  place,  seated  on  the  Alpheus  J 
ms.  from  its  mouth,  and  50  S.  of  Lepanto.  ] . 
22  0  E.,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Longavi,  one  of  the  Chilian  peaks  of  the  . 
des,  supposed  to  be  20,000  feet  above  the  lev  A 
the  ocean. 

Long  Bottom,  post  office  in  Athens  co.,  C  , 
by  post  road  135  ms.  SE.  from  Columbus. 

Long  Creek,  post  office  in  Caldwell  co.,  K 

Longford,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  provinc  j 
Leinster,  25  ms.  long  and  16  broad,  bounden. 
the  E.  and  S.  by  Wast  Meath,  on  the  NW  I 
Leitrim,  on  the  NE.  by  Cavan,  and  on  the! 
by  the  Shannon,  which  parts  it  from  Roscomi: 
It  is  a  rich  and  pleasant  country,  contains  24  • 
rishes,  and  sends  10  members  to  Parliament.- - 
Borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  s  9 
name,  70  ms.  WN  W.  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  40  , 
lat.  53  48  N. 

Long  Island,  an  island  of  N.  Y,,  separ  1 
from  Ct.  by  Long  Island  sound,  and  divided  > 
3  counties,  King's,  Queen's,  and  Suffolk.  It  • 
tends  from  the  Narrows  E.  140  ms.,  but  is  t 
more  than  10  broad  on  a  medium.  The  proc? 
of  the  middle  and  western  parts  of  the  islan  i 
carried  to  New  York.  This  island,  in  1810,  <• 
tained  48,752  inhabitants;  in  1820,  56,978;  1 
in  1840,  110,406 — very  nearly  doubling  in  20  ye. 
A  ridge  ot  hills  extends  along  the  N.  side  f 
Long  island,  with  a  declivity  towards  the  soi  • 
South  of  the  hills,  the  descent  is  more  gradual,  1 
terminates  in  a  flat  border,  sinking  impercept  j 
in  approaching  the  Atlantic  ocean.  See  the  • 
spective  counties,  for  a  more  particular  descripu 

of  this  island.  A  name  given  to  sundry  un« 

portant  islands  in  different  parts  of  the  w^rld.  (: 
near  the  W.  coast  of  Biliton  ;  one  on  the  SE.  c(  t 
of  Madura;  one  in  Queen  Charlotte's  sound, i 
the  coast  of  New  Zealand,  off  the  coast  of  IN' 
Guinea,  in  lat.  1°  S. ;  one  on  the  African  ca, 
in  the  Indian  ocean,  lat.  10  25  S. ;  one  in  Pen- 


LON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LOR 


it  bay,  coast  of  Maine.  For  the  latter,  see  Isle- 
u<  mgh. 

,on g  Island  sound,  kind  of  inland  sea,  25  ras. 
|y  and  140  long,  extending  the  whole  length  of 

I  g  inland,  and  dividing  it  from  Ct.  It  com- 
D  licates  with  the  Atlantic  at  both  ends  of  the 

ovgitude  as  a  geographical  term,  expresses 
hJistance  on  the  earth's  surface  of  any  two  or 
u3  places  E.  and  W.  of  each  other,  without  ref- 
eree to  their  difference  of  latitude.  Longitude 
ig  ekoned  from  given  meridians,  and  it  is  to  be  re- 
ii  cd  that  the  great  civilized  and  scientific  na- 
mi  had  not  agreed  on  a  common  meridian. 

stronomical  longitude  means  an  arc  of  the 
K'tic,  comprised  between  the  equinox  or  first 

I I  of  Aries,  and  the  place  on  the  ecliptic  to 
I  :h  the  star  or  planet  responds.  Lon.  is  to 
fjiecliptic  what  right  ascension  is  in  regard  to 
■equator.  Planetary  lon.  is  of  two  kinds; 
dicentric,  the  '  point  on  the  ecliptic  responding 
,oie  place  of  the  planet  seen  from  the  sun  ;  and 
■entric,  as  seen  from  the  earth. 

ong  Meadow,  town  in  Hampden  co.,  Mass., 
it  le  left  side  of  Connecticut  river,  6  ms.  below 
Hpgfield. 

ong/nire's  Store,  post  office  in  Edgefield  dis- 
JHS.  C,  75  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Columbia. 
-  Post  office  in  Conecuh  co.,  Ala.,  112  ms.  S. 
■  Cahaba. 

yng  point,  or  North  Foreland,  is  a  long,  nar- 
•jpeninsula  of  Walsingham  tp.,  U.  C,  stretch- 
awn  a  direction  nearly  E.,  and  lies  nearly  oppo- 
dfthe  town  of  Erie,  in  Pa. 

~%yng  Prairie,  village  of  Ark.,  175  ms.  from 
hie  Kock. 

wg  Reach,  a  remarkable  long  and  straight  por- 
(Kof  the  Ohio  river,  stretching  17  ms.  along  the 

borders  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio, 
j  vig  Saut,  Isle  au,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
liin  front  of  the  tp.  of  Osnabruck,  contains  from 
1,  0  to  1,500  acres;  the  soil  is  good.    It  lies  off 
hVtl.  angle  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y. 

mg's  Mill,  post  office  in  Orange  co.,  N.  C, 
Ws.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

mg  Swamp,  town  in  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
I  rs  of  Little  Lehigh  creek,  18  ms.  NE.  from 
&ling. 

ongtown,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  on  the 
I  12  ins.  N.  of  Carlisle,  and  307  NW.  of  Lon- 
I   Village  in  Rowan  co.,  N.  C.,by  post  road 

ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

wgueville,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
*je,  23  ms.  N.  of  Rouen. 

»iguion,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle. 
|wis  a  considerable  iron  forge  and  cannon  foun- 
ts It  is  10  ms.  SW.  of  Longwy,  and  36  NW. 
i  etz. 

mgueil  Township,  in  the  county  of  Glengary, 
s  e  second  in  ascending  the  Ottowa  river,  U.  C. 

mgueil,  seigniory,  Kent  co.,  L.  C,  extend- 
li  'rom  St.  Lawrence  to  Richelieu  river,  and  com- 
i»;ing  immediately  opposite  Montreal. 

mguiel Barony,  that  part  of  the  seigniory  on 
'hoorel. 

>ngwy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle, 
GBp  eminence,  on  the  river  Chiers,  36  ms.  NW. 
<J*  etz,  and  160  ENE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  41  E,, 
!*t:9  32  N. 


Lonicera,  village,  Baldwin  co.,  Ga.,  11  ms. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Lons  le  Saunier,  town  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the 
dep.  of  Jura.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  salt 
springs  in  its  vicinity,  and  is  seated  on  the  Sol- 
van,  30  ms.  SSW.  of  Dole.  Lon.  5  30  E.,  lat. 
46  37  N. 

Loo,  town  of  Holland,  in  Guelderland,  18  ms. 
N.  of  Arnheim. 

Loochoo  Islands,  called  recently  by  Mr.  Mac- 
leod  Lewchew,  and  by  some  others  Liqueo,  Liei- 
keou. — See  Lieikeou.  Great  Loochoo  is  about  50 
by  12  or  15  ms.  The  climate  is  represented  as 
most  delicious,  and  the  manners  of  the  people  as 
highly  civilized.  The  coasts  are  dangerous  coral 
banks. 

Looe,  East  and  West,  two  decayed  boroughs 
of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  separated  by  a  creek,  over 
which  is  a  narrow  stone  bridge.  They  are  16  ms. 
W.  of  Plymouth,  and  231  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Lookout,  cape,  one  of  those  remarkable  prom- 
ontories of  N.  C.  It  is  the  SW.  point  of  Ocra- 
coke  bar,  and  the  SW.  outlet  of  Core  sound.  Lon. 

W.  C.  0  23  E.,  lat.  34  22  N.  Cape,  name  of 

several  capes  of  America  :  one  south  coast  of  Hud- 
son's bay,  ldn.  W.  C.  7°  W.,  lat,  56°  N.  ;  one 
in  Hudson's  bay,  lon.  W.  C.  12°  W.,  lat.  55  30 
N. ;  one  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  South  America, 
lat.  48  24  S.  ;  and  one  on  the  Pacific  ocean  of 

North  America,  45  32  N.  Mountain,  one  of 

the  Appalachian  ridges,  in  the  NW.  part  of  Ga., 
terminating  near  the  Suck,  in  Tennessee  river. 

Loop,  village,  Giles  co.,  Va.,  275  ms.  W.  from 
Richmond. 

Looz,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  territory  of  Liege,  17  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Ma- 
estricht. 

Lopatka,  cape,  the  S.  extremity  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Kamtschatka. — See  Kuriles. 

Lora,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the  river 
Guadalquiver,  28  ms.  NE.  of  Seville.    Lon.  5  4 

W.,  lat.  37  46  N.  Town  of  Upper  Saxony, 

In  the  co.  of  Hohenstein,  30  ms.  N.  of  Saxe-Go 
tha.    Lon.  10  55  E.,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Loramie,  tp.  of  Shelby  co.,  O.  . 

Lorain,  co.  of  O.,  bounded  N.  by  Lake  Erie, 
W.  by  Huron,  S.  by  Richland  and  Wayne,  and 
E.  by  Medina  and  Cuyahoga.  Length  30  ms., 
mean  width  23,  and  area  690  sq.  ms.  Vermilion 
and  Black  rivers  rise  within  this  co.,  and,  flowing 
over  it  in  a  northerly  direction,  fall  into  Lake 
Erie.    Pop.  1840,  18,467. 

Lore,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  15  ms.  N.  of 
Malaga.    Lon.  4  35  W.,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Loredo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Polesino  di  Rovigo, 
seated  on  the  Adige,  20  ms.  E.  of  Rovigo.  Lo- 
vurgana,  Sar  Vincente  de. 

Loreniz,  store  and  post  office,  Lewis  co.,  Va., 
348  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Loretto,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marqui- 
sate  of  Ancona.  The  cathedral  contains  the  Casa 
Santa,  or  Holy  House,  in  which  it  is  pretended 
the  Virgin  Mary  lived  at  Nazareth.  It  is  seated 
on  a  mountain,  3  'ms.  from  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  12 
SE.  of  Ancona,  and  112  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon. 

13  38  E.,  lat.  43  27  N.  Village,  Essex  co., 

Va.  ;  by  post  road  77  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond. 

Lorgues,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  seated 
on  the  Argens,  16  ms.  W.  of  Frejus. 

495 


LOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LOU 


V  Orient,  fine  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  Morbihan,  on 
Port  Louis.  The  harbor  is  deep,  sufficient  for 
ships  of  the  first  class.  Pop.  about  18,000;  340 
ms.  W.  by  S.  from  Paris.  Lon/  3  21  W.  from 
London,  lat.  47  45  N. 

Lorrach,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Brisgau,  6  ms. 
NE.  of  Basel,  and  30  S.  of  Friburg. 

Lorrain,  late  province  of  Fr.,  100  ms.  long  and 
75  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Luxemburg  and 
Treves,  E.  by  Alsace  and  Deux  Pont?,  S.  by 
Franche  Comte,  and  W.  by  Champagne  and 
Bar.  It  abounds  in  all  sorts  of  corn,  wine,  hemp, 
flax,  and  rape  seed.  There  are  fine  meadows  and 
large  forests,  with  mines  of  iron,  silver,  and  cop- 
per, and  salt  pits.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Maese,  Moselle,  Seille,  Meurte,  and  Sare.  This 
province  now  forms  the  deps.  of  Meurte,  Moselle, 
and  Vosges. 

Lorraine,  town,  Jefferson  co.,  N,  Y.,  20  ms. 
SSE.  from  Sackett's  Harbor.    Pop.  1820,  1,112. 

Lossiemouth,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Murrayshire, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lossie,  5  ms.  NE.  of 
Elgin,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  The  harbor  will 
receive  vessels  of  80  tons,  and  hence  much  corn  is 
exported. 

Lost  River,  post  office,  Hardy  co.,  Va. ;  by 
post  road  215  ms.  NNW.  from  Richmond. 

Lot,  river  of  Fr.,  which  rises  in  the  dep.  ofLo- 
zere,  passes  by  Mende,  Cahors,  and  Agen,  and 
enters  the  Garonne.  It  begins  to  be  navigable  at 
Cahors.  Dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  late  prov- 
ince of  Quercy.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  river 
Lot.     Cahors  is  the  capital. 

Lot  and  Garonne,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Guienue.  It  is  so  called  from 
two  rivers.    Agen  is  the  capital. 

Lotbirtiere,  seigniory,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C, 
on  the  S.  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  40  ms.  above 
Quebec. 

Lothian,  district  of  Scotland,  now  divided  into 
East,  Middle,  and  West  Lothian,  or  Haddington- 
shire, Edinburghshire,  and  Linlithgowshire. 

Lotzin,  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  castle,  situated 
on  a  canal,  which  joins  the  Angersberg  and  Le- 
vantin  lakes,  78  ms.  SE.  of  Konigsberg. 

Louans,  small  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Sa- 
one  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy, 
situated  in  a  kind  of  island  between  the  rivers  Se- 
illes,  Salle,  and  Solnan,  18  ms,  SE.  of  Chalons. 

Louche,  town  of  Fr. 

Loudeac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cotes  du 
Nord,  with  an  iron  forge  and  a  manufacture  of 
thread,  20  ms.  S.  of  St.  Brieux. 

Loudon,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Merrimack  river,  45  ms.  N  W.  of  Ports- 
mouth. Village,  Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  63  ms. 

SW.  from   Harrisburg.  Co.,  Ya.,  bounded 

SE.  by  Fairfax,  SW.  by  Prince  William  and 
Fauquier,  NW.  by  Frederick  and  Jefferson,  and 
NE.  by  the  Potomac  river.  It  is  about  20  ms. 
square,  with  an  area  of  400  sq.  ms.  Surface 
delightfully  variegated  by  hill,  dale,  and  mountain. 
Soil  excellent.  Staples,  grain  and  flour.  Chief 
town,  Leesburg.  Pop.  1820,  22,702  ;  and  in 
1840,  20,431 .  Cent.  lat.  39  5,  lon.  W.  C.  0  30  W. 

Loudon  village,  post  office,  Merrimack  co.,  N. 
H.,  7  ms.  from  Concord. 

Loudonville,  town  in  the  southeastern  quarter 
of  Richland  co.,  O.,  66  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 
496 


Loudun,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Vm  e 
30  ms.  NW.  of  Poictiers,  and  155  SW.  of  I  j 

Loughborough,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Leicester,  e. 
The  chief  manufactures  are  wool -combing  1(] 
hosiery  ;  and  it  has  a  trade  in  coal,  &c,  by  n  as 
of  a  canal  from  the  Trent.  It  is  seated  nea  he 
Soar,  18  ms.  N.  of  Leicester,  and  109  NW  of 

London.  Tp.  in  the  co.  of  Frontcnac, 

lies  in  the  rear  and  to  the  N.  of  Kingston. 

Louisa,  town  of  Finland,  with  a  fortress,  l| 
bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  The  houses  are  m 
wood,  two  stories  high,  and  painted  red. —  I 
of  Va.,  bounded  by  Hanover  SE.,  Goochlam  id 
Fluvanna  SW.,  Albemarle  NW.,  and  Orang3 
Spottsylvania  N.  Length  28  ms.,  mean  'I 
20  ;  area  560  sq.  ms.  Surface  moderately  ■ 
Soil  generally  fertile.  Chief  staples,  flour  m 
tobacco.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,746  ;  and  in  I 
15,433.    Cent,  lat,  38°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  1 

 Village,  Lawience  co.,  Ky.  ;  by  port  I 

182  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort.  Court-hous<  id 

post  office,  Louisa  co.,  Va.,  63  ms.  NW.  I 
Richmond.    Lat.  38°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  1  \M 

Louishurgh,  capital  of  the  island  of  Cape  e- 
ton.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1758  id 
ceded  to  them  in  1763,  since  which  the  for  a- 
tions  have  been  destroyed.  It  has  an  exc  nt 
harbor,  near  four  leagues  in  circumference.  ■ 
59  48  W.,  lat.  45  54  N. 

Louishurg,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  FrcjB 
co.,  N.  C,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Tar  river,  2  m 
NE.  of  Raleigh,  the  capital  of  the  State. 

Louis  de  Ramsey,  seigniory,  Richelieu  co  m 
C,  on  the  SE.  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  ne  m 
head  of  Lake  St.  Peter's,  6  ms.  E.  from  the  if 
of  Richelieu  river.  Lat.  36  4,  lon.  W.  C.  I  1  m 

Louis,  Fort,  strongly  fortified  island  iibj 
Rhine,  12  ms.  E.  from  Haguenau. 

Ijouisiade,  group  of  islands  in  AustralasH 
Oceanica,  lying  SE.  from  New  Guinea,  in 
10°,  lon.  E.  150°-  This  archipelago  is  verl 
perfectly  known.  They  have  been  rather m 
than  explored.  The  natives  are  black,  and« 
covered  with  wool.  The  Malay  language  ism 
unknown. 

Louisiana,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Pik 
Mo.,  96  ms.  N.  from  St,  Louis.    It  is  situat* 
the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  Salt  river.  * 
39  28  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  13  38  W. 

Louisiana,  State  of  the  United  States,  boi  j 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  S.  and  SE.,  Missil 
NE.,  Arkansas  N.,  or  rather  NW.,  an  by 
Texas  W. 

Louisiana  has  an  interior  limit  on  the  Gulf  1* 
of  Mexico,  from  the  mouth  of  Sabine  to  J 
that  of  Pearl  river        -  -  -  0 

Up  Pearl  river  to  N.  lat  31° 

Thence  along  N.  lat.  31°  to  the  right  bank  t 
of  the  Mississippi 

Thence  up  that  river  to  N.  lat.  33° 

Thence  due  W.,  along  N.  lat.  33°,  to  the 
NW.  angle  of  the  State 

Thence  due  S.,  along  1°  of  lat.,  from  the 
33d  to  the  32d  degree  of  N.  lat. 

Thence  down  the  Sabine  to  its  mouth,  or 
to  the  SW.  angle  of  the  State  - 

Having  an  entire  outline  of 

Area  about  48,220  sq.  ms.,  =  30,860,800  * 


LOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LOU 


he  longest  line  which  can  be  drawn  in  Louis- 
11  is  from  the  mouth  of  Mississippi  to  the  NW. 
ne  of  the  State,  380  ms.  Its  width  is  very  dif- 
i^t  to  estimate;  120  ms.  is,  however,  not  far 
r,  an  accurate  mean.  Extreme  S.  at  N.  lat. 
■B;  extreme  N.  at  N.  lat.  33°. 

ie  State  of  Louisiana  contains,  perhaps,  as 
zr*-  diversity  and  extremes  of  soil  as  any  country 
f  .e  globe  of  equal  extent.  It  is  no  misrepre- 
ei.tion  to  say  that,  in  this  State,  every  kind  of 
ar>  exists,  from  the  most  sterile  to  the  most  pro- 
id  ve. 

ie  very  singular  features  of  Louisiana,  and  its 


separate  in  that  quarter  the  inundated  tract  from  the 
sea  marsh. 

In  the  angle  between  the  bay  of  Atchafalaya  and 
Lafourche  river,  a  number  of  minor  streams  head 
near  Bayou  Boeuf,  and  flow  S.  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  These  small  creeks  have  all  arable  banks 
towards  their  sources,  which  gradually  depress  in- 
to the  sea  marsh. 

The  Lafourche  has  arable  banks  about  90  ms. 
from  its  efflux  from  the  Mississippi,  below  which 
distance  the  sea  marsh  encroaehes  and  prevents 
settlement. 


Between  the  high  banks  of  Lafourche  and  those 
ii  rtance  in  our  topography,  will  warrant  a  more  j  of  the  Mississippi  river,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
*\  ]y  extended  range  of  descriptive  remark  than  i  small  spots,  the  intermediate  space  is  occupied  by 
judged  necessary  with  other  sections  more  J  the  sea  marsh. 

The  Mississippi  proper  differs  in  ordinary  phe- 
nomena, in  no  essential  respect,  except  magnitude, 
soil  of  Louisiana  admits  of  five  very  distinct  j  from  the  Lafourche.    The  banks  of  both  are  the 
s:  river  alluvion,  pine  forest,  prairie,  river  |  highest  ground  near  their  beds.    The  former  car - 
Of  these,  the  ries  its  arable  border,  with  varied  width,  to  the 
lower  end  of  Plaquemine  bend,  3  ms.  below  Fort 
St.  Philip,  where  the  naked  unwooded  sea  marsh 
reaches  the  river  bank. 

Northeast  of  the  Mississippi,  the  sea  marsh  bor- 
ders the  river  to  Plaquemine  bend,  where  the  ara- 
»iwhich  presents  itself  is  the  sea  marsh.    Thislble  selvage  commences,  which,  with  a  breadth  of 


in  their  interior,  and  more  analogous  in 
:terior  features  to  the  contiguous  countries.  | 


lated  land,  and  sea  marshes, 
extensive  is  pine  forest,  but  the  most  valua- 
alluvion.  In  Louisiana,  the  sea  sand  allu- 
is  so  limited  in  extent  as  not  to  merit  a  dis- 
ve  classification. 

ramencing  from  the  S.,  the  first  natural  divi- 


a  is  commensurate  with  the  entire  extent  of 
I  late,  reaching  from  Pearl  to  Sabine  river.  It 
m jnost  destitute  of  timber.  Its  width  inland 
irs  from  20  to  30  ms.,  extending  highest  into 


not  more  than  700  or  800  yards,  intervenes  be- 
tween the  river  and  marsh,  to  Terre  aux  Bceufs, 
15  ms.  below  New  Orleans.  Terre  aux  Bceufs 
extends  an  arable  border  for  about  15  ms.,  where 
rlor  between  the  streams.  All  the  rivers  j  the  sea  marsh  reaches  both  its  banks  and  terminates 
ommunicate  with  the  Mississippi,  in  a  less-  j  settlement. 

Above  Terre  aux  Bceufs  the  arable  border  is 
wider  than  below  that  stream,  but  is  confined  to 
the  Mississippi  banks  as  far  up  that  stream  as  the 
higher  parish  of  St.  John  Baptiste,  opposite  lake 
Maurepas.  In  the  distance  from  Terre  aux  Bceufs 
to  St.  John  Baptiste  the  marsh  is  only  interrupted 
n  4  or  5  ms.  from  its  efflux,  the  right  bank  j  in  one  place.  Ten  ms.  above  New  Orleans  an  an- 
>  annual  submersion  from  the  Mississippi,  cient  outlet  of  the  Mississippi  pursues  a  NE.  di- 
Dwing  5  ms.,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  I  rection,  and,  singular  as  it  may  seem,  actually 
rery  limited  extent,  the  shores  of  this  river  J  crosses  Bayou  St.  John  in  the  suburb  of  that  name, 


greater  degree,  protruding  a  narrow  slip  of 
land  along  their  shores,  far  beyond  the  inte- 
mit  of  the  sea  marsh ;  none,  however,  ex- 
g  this  elevated  border  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
s  Atchafalaya  has  but  very  little  arable  land 
shores.    Its  left  bank  is  above  ordinary  in- 


fesndered  uninhabitable  as  far  down  as  the 
*ii  of  the  Teche.  The  arable  shores  of  the 
■I  river  are  continued  about  5  ms.  down  the 
^|r,  below  their  junction;  the  sea  marsh  then 
ences,  and  all  further  habitable  land  ceases, 
ifc'!  or  four  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Teche,  on 
I  )posite  bank,  the  Atchafalaya  receives  Bayou 
"  •  This  bayou  is  the  drain  of  the  space  be- 
m  the  Fourche  and  Atchafalaya  rivers,  and 
I  narrow  border  of  high  land  along  its  banks, 
"erhich  the  overflow  of  the  Mississippi  very  sel- 
"C  eaches ;  consequently,  all  the  water  which  is 
ro'ht  down  by  the  Atchafalaya  is  here  confined 
fcj  own  volume.  This  circumstance,  though 
tcl  s  contrary  to  common  opinion  in  the  country 
#1  All  the  space  between  the  Lower  Teche 
>w  afourche  is  usually  considered  subject  to  an- 
iw  numlation.  It  is  so  in  fact,  with  the  excep- 
•jf  the  range  we  have  noticed.  A  chain  of 
klct  lies  between  the  Atchafalaya  and  Lafourche, 
ircjh  which,  by  a  ferry,  is  formed  the  route  of 
Jttunication  between  the  settlements  on  the 
wl-sippi  and  Lafourche  and  those  in  Lower  At- 
■•js.  The  sunken  flooded  character  of  the 
^  of  these  lakes  lead  to  the  error  we  have  cor- 
cl  •  In  reality,  Bayou  Boeuf  and  its  confluents 
63* 


and  continues  its  original  direction  by  the  name  of 
Bayou  Gentilly,  and  falls  into  the  pass  of  Chef 
Menteur.  Its  entire  length,  about  20  ms.  On  a 
small  scale  this  outlet,  in  its  natural  state,  had  an 
elevated  arable  wooded  border  in  .all  its  course. 
With  this  very  partial  exemption  the  marsh  reaches 
within  a  mean  of  half  a  mile  from  the  Mississippi 
bank.  The  whole  S.  and  SW.  borders  of  Lakes 
Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas  form  one  undivided 
marsh.  This  marsh,  towards  New  river,  imper- 
ceptibly changes  to  river  inundated  land. 

The  general  interior  boundary  of  the  sea  marsh, 
from  what  we  have  seen,  proceeding  from  W.  to 
E,.  extends  from  the  head  of  the  Sabine,  Cal- 
cassieu,  and  Mermentau  lakes ;  from  the  latter  to 
the  western  bend  of  Vermilion,  (the  right  shore  of 
the  latter  river  extending  a  narrow  arable  border 
about  20  ms.  lower  down,)  a  range  of  low  hills 
or  high  ranges  along  the  left  side  of  the  Vermilion, 
but  sinks  into  the  sea  marsh  10  ms.  above  the 
southern  extension  of  the  cultivated  opposing 
margin. 

Leaving  the  Vermilion  river,  the  marsh  winds 
around  the  inflections  of  the  bays  of  Vermilion, 
Cote  Blanche,  and  Atchafalaya,  leaving  those  bays 
to  the  SW.  and  the  Teche  river  to  the  SE.,  ad- 

497 


LOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LOU 


vancing  in  many  places  to  within  one  or  two  ms. 
of  the  latter.  At  the  junction  of  Teche  and  Atch- 
afalaya  rivers,  we  have  shown  the  sea  marsh  to  be 
bounded  inland  by  Bayou  Bceuf,  and  its  constitu- 
ent branches,  between  the  Atchalafaya  and  La- 
fourche rivers.  Between  the  latter  and  Mississippi 
more  than  nine-tenths  of  the  entire  space  is  marsh. 
The  same  observation  is  applicable  to  all  that  part 
of  the  island  of  Orleans  below  the  parish  of  St. 
John  Baptiste. 

It  would  be  an  interesting  operation  to  deter- 
mine the  extent  of  the  irreclaimable  sea  marsh. 
The  solution  of  this  problem  is  impracticable, 
however,  to  any  great  exactitude  without  extraor- 
dinary and  unnecessary  expense  of  time  and  labor. 
The  following  estimate  will  serve  for  every  requi- 
site purpose  : 

Between  the  Sabine  and  Lafourche  rivers,  is  a 
distance  of  180  ms.  In  this  space  the  sea  marsh 
and  bays  will  averge  at  least  30  ms.  in  width,  pro- 
ducing an  area  of  5,400  sq.  ms.,  3,456,000  acres, 
or  near  one-ninth  part  of  the  superfices  of  the  State. 

Northeast  of  the  Lafourche,  the  sea  marsh  ex- 
tends over  at  least  3,000  sq.  ms.,  or  1,920,000 
acres,  which,  added  to  3,456,000,  yields  5,376,000 
acres,  or  nearly  one-sixth  part  of  all  Louisiana. 

The  distinction  between  sea  marsh  and  the  con- 
tiguous soils,  arises  solely  from  relative  height. 
There  is  no  part  of  the  maritime  shores  of  the 
United  States  which  rise  so  gradually  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  sea  as  do  those  of  Louisiana.  This 
acclivity  is  in  fact  so  gentle  that  the  common  sur- 
face of  the  country  at  Opelousas  court-house,  70 
ms.  inland,  is  not  more  than  20  feet  above  the  lev- 
el of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  very  near  ad- 
vance of  such  a  country  to  the  curve  of  a  real 
sphere  will  be  conceived,  when  it  is  considered 
that  70  ms.  contain  369,600  feet ;  or  that,  in  round 
numbers,  400,000  feet  has  only  gained  an  eleva- 
tion of  20  feet;  that  is  1  of  elevation  for  20,000  in 
distance.  It  is  the  natural  consequence  of  so 
gradual  an  ascent  to  render  the  gradations  of  soil 
almost  imperceptible.  Therefore  the  positive  line 
which  separates  the  sea  rnarsh  from  the  prairies  or 
river  inundation  cannot  be  drawn. 

The  tides  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  do  not  exceed 
3  feet,  and  yet  they  are  perceptible  in  all  the 
watercourses  of  Louisiana,  Mississippi  excepted, 
as  high  as  N.  lat.  30  20.  From  this  arises  the 
singular  phenomenon  that  the  tides  in  Plaque- 
mine  and  Iberville,  approach  to  within  10  ms.  of 
contact,  though  upwards  of  200  ms.,  above  the 
head  of  tide  water  in  Mississippi. 

The  prairie  soil  partakes  of  the  quality  of  the 
adjacent  lands.  On  the  waters  of  Sabine,  Cal- 
cassieu,  and  Mermentau,  the  prairies  have  generally 
a  thin  sterile  soil,  whilst  on  the  Vermilion,  Teche, 
and  Courtableau,  the  prairies  are  almost  uniformly 
fertile.  Wherever  the  waters  of  Red  or  Missis- 
sippi have  flowed,  the  soil  is  productive;  and  that 
both  these  streams  have  contributed  to  form  the 
deposite  which  lines  the  Teche,  Vermilion,  and 
Courtableau,  is  evident  from  the  texture  and  al- 
ternation of  the  strata.  The  evidences  of  the 
prevalence  of  these  waters  in  places  far  remote 
from  their  present  influence  are  seen  in  digging 
wells,  where  the  pale  blue  sediment  of  the  Missis- 
sippi is  found  in  contact  with  the  red  ochreous 
earth  brought  down  by  Red  river. 
498 


We  have  already  alluded  to  the  probability,  t, 
at  a  former  period,  the  Mississippi  and  Red  i  fg 
did  not  unite.    The  soundness  of  this  hypotb  } 
is  rendered  obvious  by  the  general  physiogr  y 
of  the  country  at  present.    But  to  an  eyevB 
has  viewed  with  careful  attention  the  regioi  v 
tween  lower  Red  river,  the  prairies  of  Opelo  ^ 
and  the  Atchafalaya  river,  it  must  be  demor  u 
ble  that  the  former  river  once  entered  the  1  !r 
through  the  channel  of  the  present  Courtab.  li, 
and  that  a  long  narrow  peninsula  extended  m 
the  highlands  N.  of  Red  river  towards  the  an  at 
junction.    I  have  traversed  this  tract  in  all  it  jet 
tent,  and  formed  the  theory  we  are  now  reviefl 
from  actual  survey.  The  range  of  hills  which  m 
terminates  at  Red  river,  no  doubt,  was  once  unit  ■ 
the  opposing  high  ground  of  Avoyelles.  The  ink  m 
diate  space  is  not  at  this  time  more  than  2  ma.  vfl 

The  elevation  of  the  platform  lof  Avoyetyll 
about  20  or  25  feet  above  the  circumjacen  I 
lands  ;  its  length  15  or  16  ms.  There  exll 
small  wooded  hill,  of  similar  height  and  struc  ■ 
about  5  ms.  S.  of  Lake  Pearl.  The  hill  d 
prairie  of  Bayou  Rouge  is  the  last  remaining 
ment  of  the  ridge  which  anciently  I  suppose  I 
tributed  to  turn  Red  river  southeastwardly.  )  it 
is  at  present  Lake  Pearl,  and  the  Bayou  le  Mc 
and  De  Glaize,  were  once  an  outlet  of  Red  i  t, 
according  to  the  induction  we  have  assumed,  it 
high  water,  the  overflow  of  Red  river  yet  pjfl 
by  that  channel.  I  have  myself  passed  from* 
river  to  Opelousas  through  an  outlet  15  ms.  bfl 
Alexandria,  into  Bayou  le  Mourir,  and  themfl 
that  stream  into  Bayou  Boeuf,  and  down  it 
stream  to  its  junction  with  the  Crocodile,  or  t  it 
head  of  Courtableau  river. 

When  Red  river  flowed  in  its  ancient  chaj 
the  channel  E.  of  the  Avoyelles  was  then  u- 
pied  by  the  Ouachitta  and  Catahoula  rivers;  fl 
sequently,  the  junction  of  Red  and  Ouachitt  d 
not  then  exist.  The  latter,  it  is  probable,  u  A 
with  the  Mississippi  as  at  present,  and  the  h  sr 
parts  of  Atchafalaya  was  a  counter  channt 
tween  Red  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

Whatever  may  have  been,  however,  the  nil 
revolutions  of  those  streams,  the  surplus  watJjl 
Mississippi  must,  from  the  superior  elevati* 
that  river  at  time  of  high  water,  have  fourv  l» 
way  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  at  present. 

The  river  Teche  is  also  one  of  the  ancient  l- 
lets  of  Red  river.  The  Teche  is  a  small,  1 » 
singular  and  very  interesting  stream.  Itssois 
are  in  the  Opelousas  prairies,  near  th«  cxtrem  I 
extension.  Draining  the  prairies,  the  Upp<  i  T<  I 
by  the  name  of  Bayou  Grand  Louis,  rez3S 
within  3  ms.  of  the  court-house  of  that  pa  »• 
where  it  forms  the  port  of  the  higher  part  of  * 
lousas.  Three-fourths  of  a  mile  below  the  t. 
or,  as  it  is  there  designated,  Carron's  landing,* 
channel  divides  into  two  branches,  one  passin 
into  Courtableau  river  by  the  name  of  Bayou  I 
ron,  and  the  other  continuing  SE.  forms  the  * 
Teche.  When  the  Mississippi  is  low,  most  o  i« 
water  of  Bayou  Grand  Louis  flows  into  Gotfl 
bleau,  and  by  that  stream  into  the  Atchandaya '«» 
the  contrary,  when  the  Mississippi  is  0«1 
moderate  flood,  part  of  the  stream  of  Courtal  u 
flows  through  the  Carron,  and  is  turned  int<v« 
Teche.  So  that  the  water  of  Bayou  Grand  L< 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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ar  in  part  that  of  Bceuf  and  Crocodile,  contribute  to 
Mi  the  rivers  Courtableau  and  Teche,  alternately 
t'oiwingthe  stage  of  the  Mississippi  tide  of  flood. 

elow  its  efflux  from  Bayou  Carron,  the  Teche 
ics  20  ms.,  following  its  windings,  receives  Bay- 
ti^usillierfrom  Opelousas,  and  enters  Attacapas. 
i  m  this  point  the  Teche  receives  no  more  tribu- 
a  water;  like  the  Mississippi,  its  banks  are  the 
ail  est  adjacent  ground  ;  its  course  in  Attacapas  is 
tb it  115  ms.,  and,  though  not  augmented  by  any 
:oluent  stream,  its  volume  increases  in  width 
K  20  to  200  yards.  The  tide  rises  at  all  times 
,o  ew  Iberia,  N.  lat.  30  2,  and  at  dry  seasons  it 
s  irceptible  at  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Fusillier. 
T.  comparative  length  of  Teche,  in  Attacapas,  is 
qpj  75  ms.  Its  banks  are  the  most  perfectly  uni- 
o  of  any  watercourse  I  ever  examined.  I  have 
>e  along  its  entire  channel  from  Bayou  Carron 

0  e  mouth,  and  could  never  perceive  a  single  in- 
tr.e  of  an  abrupt  bend,  though  so  very  remark- 
,b  for  extensive  curves,  even  comparatively  more 
•o  an  the  Mississippi.  It  may  be  also  noticed, 
nigst  the  peculiarities  of  the  Teche  river,  that 

widely  sweeping  bends  are  turned  towards 
h  Mississippi,  or  rather  Atchafalaya. 

it  the  circumstance  which  is  most  worthy  of 
iti  tion  in  the  natural  history  of  the  Teche  is  the 

1  Hire  of  its  bed.  Commencing  with  the  junc- 
io  of  Bayou  Carron  and  Courtableau  river,  and 
tjB.vhig  the  latter  to  the  head  of  Teche,  and  down 

Matter  to  its  mouth,  the  immensity  of  the  chan- 
4Hwhen  compared  with  the  volume  of  water 
mi  enters  and  flows  through  it,  is  every  where 
tfang.  From  the  apex  of  the  banks  to  the  sur- 
NDof  the  highest  water  is  at  all  places  very  con- 
wable,  and  the  distance  between  the  opposing 
d{  banks  four  or  five  times  greater  than  the  most 
■  xnsive  breadth  of  the  water.  It  is  neverthe- 
:«)bvious,  on  inspection,  that,  at  some  former 
U»  d,  the  whole  channel  was  filled  to  overflowing, 
ttjs  waters  of  Red  river  were  again  turned  into 
ipj  ancient  course,  the  Teche  would  also  again 
dime  its  former  magnitude.  It  is  strikingly  ob- 
W,  from  actual  examination,  that  the  entire  wa- 
*fr  Courtableau  could  be  turned,  with  a  very 
lAg  expense,  down  the  Teche.  And  it  could  be 
•(shown  that  nature  has  afforded  equal  facility 

oermit  art  to  turn  the  latter  into  Vermilion, 
lave  been  thus  particular  in  describing  the  riv 

Pof  this  section  of  Louisiana,  in  order  to  en- 
the  reader  to  comprehend  more  clearly  the 

n  ?s  of  the  varieties  of  soil  and  facility  of  naviga- 
30  strikingly  existing  between  the  prairies  and 

lia)  river  lands,  on  the  streams  which  have  yet, 
'*  hich  once  had,  communication  with  the  Red, 

* issippi,  and  Atchafalaya  rivers,  and  those  wa- 

ipurses  which  have  not  ever  had  connexion  with 

■bii  controlling  waters. 

f  J  e  now  proceed  to  examine  the  prairies  of  Lou- 
a  in  detail ;  but,  before  enumerating  the  pra- 
1*1  we  ought  to  review  the  rivers  which  drain  or 
t»  over  their  surface. 

ie  Teche  we  have  already  examined.  The 
W  river  W.  of  the  Teche  is  the  Vermilion.  We 
<»a  mentioned  Bayou  Fusillier  as  a  branch  of  the 
**ae  ;  it  is,  however,  an  outlet  of  the  Vermilion, 
*  'rhaps,  more  correctly,  an  interlocking  channel 
!je  een  the  two  rivers.  The  Vermilion  rises  at 
>tousas  court-house,  and,  by  the  name  of  Bayou 


Bourbee,  flows  S.  10  ms.,  divides  into  two  branch- 
es, that  to  the  right,  continuing  S.,  forms  Vermil- 
ion ;  that  to  the  left  turns  E.  into  Teche,  and  is 
the  stream  we  have  noticed  as  Bayou  Fusillier. 
The  Vermilion  has  a  comparative  course  of  70  ms., 
receiving  several  small,  but  no  considerable  branch- 
es, and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Vermilion.  The 
woods  are  scanty  on  this  stream  in  all  its  course ; 
both  its  source  and  discharge  are  totally  void  of 
timber.  Its  banks  are  generally  fertile,  and,  un- 
like those  of  Teche,  are  high,  bold,  broken,  and 
diversified,  above  the  termination  ©f  the  timber  and 
commencement  of  sea  marsh. 

The  Mermentau  is  a  much  more  considerable 
stream  than  either  the  Teche  or  Vermilion,  and 
may  not  unaptly  be  viewed  as  the  river  of  the  pra- 
iries. It  is  formed  by  a  number  of  branches,  the 
principal  of  which  are  the  Queue  Tortue,  Lacas- 
sine,  Plaquemine-Brule,  Bayou  Cane,  and  the 
Nezpique.  The  entire  length  of  the  Mermentau 
is  about  100  ms.,  but  the  wide  space  over  which 
its  branches  extend  gives  it  a  volume  of  more  mag- 
nitude than  its  length  would  indicate.  The  tide 
rises  in  Mermentau,  in  a  low  state  of  its  waters, 
above  the  junction  of  its  principal  branches.  Be- 
low the  mouth  of  Queue  Tortue,  the  Mermentau 
expands  into  a  long,  narrow  lake ;  timber  ceases, 
the  sea  marsh  commences.  The  river  again  con- 
tracts into  a  confined  channel,  and  again  opens  into 
a  lake  of  20  ms.  long  and  10  ms.  wide,  connected 
with  the  gulf  by  two  channels.  On  the  higher 
branches  of  Mermentau,  the  first  secondary  rock 
in  Opelousas  is  found  ;  it  is  a  sandstone,  loosely 
compacted. 

I  have  already  remarked  that  the  soil  of  the  pra- 
iries, beyond  the  influence  of  the  interlocking  wa- 
ters of  Mississippi,  becomes  of  very  inferior  quali- 
ty. The  correctness  of  this  observation  is  seen  on 
every  branch  of  the  Mermentau.  A  list  of  the 
prevalent  timber  on  the  Teche  and  Vermilion,  con- 
trasted with  that  on  the  Mermentau,  will  amply 
develop  the  respective  quality  of  the  soil. 

On  the  two  former  streams  are  found,  in  abun- 
dance, hackberry,  sycamore,  willow,  laurel,  magno- 
lia, the  black  oak,  upland  white  oak,  honey  locust, 
mulberry,  black  walnut,  hickory,  (several  species,) 
liriodendron  tulipifera,  sweet  gum,  cotton  wood, 
dogwood,  wild  cherry,  linden,  ash,  red  flowering 
maple,  sassafras,  (two  species,)  laurier  almond,  elm, 
(two  species,)  &c.  On  the  latter  soil,  sweet  gum, 
linden,  black  walnut,  honey  locust,  and  black  oak, 
quercus  tinctoria,  become  rare ;  the  liriodendron 
tulipifera  entirely  ceases.  The  prevalent  timber 
trees  are — water  oak,  Spanish  oak,  black  jack,  up- 
land shellbark  hickory,  and  pine.  On  the  former 
space,  the  underwood  is  spice,  Spanish  mulberry, 
papaw,  (morus  scabra,)  red  elder,  large  reed  cane, 
and  a  large  muscadine  grape  vine ;  on  the  latter, 
whortleberry,  (two  species — vaccinium  stamineum, 
and  vaccinium  arboreum,)  &c.  The  trees  and  shrubs 
common  to  both,  are  dogwood,  persimon,  holly, 
(ilexopaca,)  iron  wood,  horn  bean,  chincopin,  lau- 
rier almond,  and  blackberry  briar.  Some  reed  cane 
is  found  on  the  waters  of  Mermentau,  but  of  hum- 
ble growth,  and  of  very  limited  extent. 

The  live  oak  is  common  to  both  sections,  but  on 
the  Teche  this  tree  is  found  as  high  as  Bayou  Fu- 
sillier, whilst  on  the  Vermilion  and  Mermentau  it 
ceases  10  or  12  ms.  further  S.  - 

499 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LOU 


The  prairies  of  Louisiana  have  heen  overrated  in 
extent,  even  including  the  sea  marsh  which  we 
have  noticed.  Their  irregular  form  renders  an  ac- 
curate estimate  of  their  extent  difficult.  On  a 
former  occasion,  I  carefully  calculated  the  prop- 
er prairie  land  in  the  State  to  amount  to  3,000 
sq.  ms.,  equal  to  1,920,000  acres.  I  am  confi- 
dent that  2,000,000  of  acres  is  a  more  than  suffi- 
cient estimate  of  all  the  prairie  ground  in  the  State  ; 
which,  if  added  to  the  extent  allowed  for  sea  marsh, 
5,376,000  acres,  yields  7,376,000  as  the  naturally 
unwooded  surface  in  the  State  of  Louisiana.  This 
is,  indeed,  a  fearful  expanse,  amounting  to  almost 
one-fourth  part  of  the  whole  area ;  and  of  this  su- 
perficies, not  more  than  one  million  and  a  half  ot 
acres  can  be  reduced  to  culture  without  enormoas 
expense. 

We  now  proceed  to  examine  river  inundated  al- 
luvion, another  species  of  soil,  which,  though  of- 
ten confounded  with  sea  marsh,  under  the  term 
swamp,  differs  in  most  respects  from  either  marsh 
or  swamp. 

The  alluvial  banks  of  the  Louisiana  rivers  are 
all,  in  their  natural  state,  more  or  less  subject  to 
inundation  ;  therefore,  as  used  in  this  place,  some 
explanation  is  necessary,  to  show  the  distinction 
between  grounds  casually  submerged  and  those 
which  are  so  annually,  and  between  those  which 
admit  being  reclaimed  and  those  which  are  irreme- 
diably liable  to  be  laid  under  water. 

The  distinction  between  the  leclaimable  and  ir- 
reclaimable alluvion  does  not  consist  merely  in 
more  or  less  exemption  or  exposure  to  water  ;  the 
respective  soils  are  different  in  texture  and  compo- 
sition. The  reclaimabie  alluvion  is  an  inclined 
plane,  sloping  in  all  cases  from  the  rivers  by  a  very 
gentle  descent ;  the  irreclaimable  alluvion  is  gen- 
erally a  dead  level,  extending  indefinitely  into  the 
spaces  between  the  streams.  The  arable  river 
border  is  usually  composed  of  a  fine,  loose,  rich 
soil ;  the  interior  plains  are  composed  of  a  very 
hard,  stiff,  and  less  fertile  soil  than  the  river  bor- 
bers ;  what  is  vulgarly  and  very  erroneously  desig- 
nated Mississippi  swamp,  becomes  in  most  places, 
when  laid  dry,  almost  as  solid  as  a  stone.  Except 
the  sea  marsh  I  have  surveyed,  very  little  swamp, 
in  the  true  intent  of  the  term,  exists  in  Louisiana. 

The  natural  vegetables  found  on  the  two  varie- 
ties of  alluvion  are  strikingly  different.  The  trees 
ordinarily  found  most  prevalent  on  the  reclaimabie 
river  borders  are — laurel  magnolia,  black  oak,  white 
oak,  red  elm,  mucilaginous  elm,  sycamore,  honey 
locust,  sweet  gum,  ash,  blackberry,  poplar,  black 
walnut,  white  oak,  (two  varieties,)  white  bitter  nut 
hickory,  (two  species,)  cotton  wood  tree,  linden,  red 
maple,  box  elder,  iron  wood,  horn  beam,  red  bud, 
wild  cherry,  sassafras,  and  laurier  almond.  The  com- 
mon undergrowth  is  the  large  reed  cane,  spice 
wood,  many  different  kinds  of  grape  vine  and  smi- 
lax,  and  a  species  of  corn  us  called  swamp  dog- 
wood, yet  never  found  in  swampy  places,  and  very 
seldom  on  overflowed  land. 

Another  very  common,  and  yet  very  erroneous 
opinion,  is  current  respecting  the  large  reed  cane 
of  the  Mississippi  basin.  This  noble  vegetable  is 
supposed  to  flourish  on  the  annually  inundated 
soil.  So  far  from  this  being  the  habitude  of  that 
grass,  but  few  vegetables  will  more  certainly  or 
more  rapidly  perish,  if  its  roots  are  laid  under  wa- 
500 


ter ;  it  is,  perhaps,  of  all  grasses,  the  one  v  : 
would  continue  to  vegetate  longest  without  rail  [ 
all  my  range  of  observation  I  never  once  witn  > 
cane  of  any  size  or  quantity  worthy  notice  oi  a 
annually  flooded  lands.  I  have  also  uniform  | 
served  that,  when  the  ground  covered  by  a  | 
brake  became  exposed  to  submersion,  the  cane  <i 
ished  from  the  casualty. 

In  the  rear  of  the  river  border,  and  after  the  t 
has  ceased,  its  place  is  usually  supplied  by  wl  j, 
designated  in  the  country,  by  the  English  n  t 
palmetto,  in  French,  latania,  a  species  ol « 
chsemerops  of  botanists. 

The  palmetto  is  a  true  dwarf  palm,  and  wi  a 
sist  the  effects  of  water  continuing  over  its  I 
for'some  time  ;  but  when  the  depth  of  the  ove  « 
exceeds  18  inches,  or  2  feet,  I  have,  in  all  cl 
observed  the  disappearance  of  the  palmetto.  I 
soil  in  which  the  palmetto  predominates  is  fe  1 
but  of  harsher  texture  than  that  commonly  f  I 
covered  with  cane.  Much  of  the  sugar  Ian  ( 
Louisiana  have  been,  in  their  natural  state,  c  f 
ed  by  an  undergrowth  of  latania.  It  is  ver  fl 
markable  that,  though  in  contact,  and  growin  n 
grounds  in  many  respects  analagous,  yet  cane  d 
palmetto  very  seldom  admix  to  any  consider 
extent,  and  in  most  cases  their  line  of  contact  t 
distinct  as  if  drawn  by  art. 

The  poke  (phytolacca  decandra)  is  also  a  vl 
table  which  obtains  the  full  development  oj 
growth  on  the  alluvial  river  border  soil  of  Lol 
ana,  and  is  very  seldom  found  on  either  low  i  I 
dated  ground  or  in  pine  woods. 

The  two  trees  of  Louisiana  found  on  thegl 
est  variety  of  soil  is  the  sweet  gum  and  persii  A 
I  have  seen  those  two  species  of  trees  on  the  U 
est  and  highest  parts  of  the  country,  admixed  W 
every  other  kind  of  timber  natural  to  the  respe' t 
sections. 

The  live  oak  (quercus  virens,  or  quercus  tl 
pervirens)  may  be  considered  also  as  a  tree  w  1 
grows  only  on  border  alluvion,  and  never  on  ail 
ally  inundated  land.  I  did  not  include  the  4 
oak  in  the  general  list,  from  the  confined  exf 
on  which  this  tree  is  found. 

In  the  basin  of  Mobile  the  live  oak  reaches  t<  I 
lat.  31°  nearly.  West  of  Mobile  bay,  it  is  1 
found  on  the  sea  coast  and  a  few  miles  inli. 
This  range  is  continued  nearly  to  the  Mississi  ; 
here  the  live  oak  line  is  inflected  to  the  S.,  an' 
not  found  on  the  Mississippi  banks  above  W. 
30  10.  It  grows  on  the  margin  of  Atchafal  t 
where  any  spot  of  high  alluvion  suits  its  habitu 
On  Teche,  it  reaches  to  N.  lat.  30  23.  Thi] 
the  highest  point  of  lat.  attained  by  that  tree  M  f 
the  Mississippi.  On  the  Mermentau,  under  J 
shelter  of  the  Placquemine  woods,  it  reaches . 
lat.  30  20.  On  Lacasine,  a  few  trees  only* 
found  ;  beyond  the  latter  bayou  westward,  on  * 
waters  of  Sabine  and  Calcassieu,  the  live  oak  (3 
not  exist.  I  could  never  perceive  a  single  ster  i 
this  tree  on  any  branch  of  either  of  the  two  lat 
rivers,  though  in  a  situation  to  have  detected 
remarkable  an  object  in  the  vegetable  kingd  • 
When  I  made  my  voyage  down  the  Sabine  1 
along  the  Mexican  gulf,  I  mistook  an  opening  J 
ms.  W.  of  Calcassieu  for  that  river,  and  whe  I 
reached  its  real  mouth  I  mistook  it  for  the  Merro- 
tau.    At  that  time  I  had  never  been  down  the  la  f 


LOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LOU 


trm  below  its  upper  lake,  and  had  been  inform- 
J  at  the  live  oak  continued  long  after  the  disap- 
[  trice  of  every  other  tree ;  and  had  also  receiv- 
J  formation  that  the  live  oak  grew  on  the  small 
d  s  running  parallel  to  the  coast ;  but  finding 
>flfina  river  without  timber  of  any  kind,  30 
^inland,  I  distrusted  the  truth  of  report,  until  I 
B  my  mistake  by  arriving  at  the  settlements 
a  ,'alcassieu  lake.  Subsequently  I  ascertained 
iiejrrectness  of  the  statement  respecting  the  live 
itfc.f  .\fermentau. 

'e  causes  which  have  operated  to  limit  this 
alble  tree,  and  to  so  much  inflect  its  line  of  ter- 
^ion,  are  to  be  sought  for  in  the  comparatively 

v  ?  winters  of  Louisiana. 

Me  trees  which  prevail  upon  the  inundated 
■ids  are  swamp  overcap  white  oak,  red  oak,  ; 
■jvoak,  Spanish  oak,  large  chestnut-leaved  oak,  I 
tpw,  cypress,  swamp  hickory,  bastard  paccan,  j 
i^>seeded  honey  locust,  ash,  (two  species,)  and  , 
■v,  (three  species. )    Three  or  four  nondescript  j 
»  trees  form  the  ordinary  underwood,  admixed  j 
Brines  of  various  genera  and  specie*. 
/  ny  other  trees  are  naturally  produced  on  both  I 
je^sof  soil;  I  have  enumerated  the  principal, 
ijciose  which  more  particularly  serve  to  desig- 
■tbe  texture  of  the  land  and  vegetable  associa- 
oi  Before  quitting  this  part  of  our  subject,  I  j 
■observe  that  the  timber  trees  of  the  river  allu- 
Hire  in  general  the  same  genera  and  species  j 
m  on  the  bluff  lands,  noticed  in  my  survey  of  [ 
■jtate  of  Mississippi.    It  is  a  subject  of  real  ] 
■frophical  attention  to  behold  the  same  vegeta- ) 
*,.milies  associating  together  on  two  places  in  j 
m  respects  so  different.    To  this  statement  the 
m.  wood  may,  from  its  rarity  on  the  bluff  land, 
rtwsidered  almost  an  exception, 
ffl  person  can  examine  the  timber  trees  of  Lou- 
w  and  Mississippi  without  astonishment  at 
■Enormous  trunks.    Dr.  Bartram,  in  his  Trav- 
el Florida,  speaks  in  rapture  of  the  majestic  } 
■I  of  the  laurel  magnolia.    Where  I  have  seen  | 
■■ee,  its  column  is  humble,  either  in  respect  [ 
■ration  or  girth,  when  compared  to  that  of  the 
&is  tinctoria,  liriodendron  tulipifera,  cupressus 
ilia,  plantanus  occidentalis,  or  populus  angu- 
*  Indeed,  every  tree  on  the  alluvion  is  far 
»  the  ordinary  development  of  its  species  ;  not 
if  have  mentioned,  but  the  largest  individuals  I 
r»seen,  were  on  the  soil  in  question.    The  gi- 
»r:  mass  of  the  black  oak,  poplar,  sycamores, 
f;s,  and  cotton  wood  trees  of  Louisiana,  are] 
aj}d  the  limits  of  easy  credibility. 

determine  the  quantity  of  inundated  land  in  i 
Jiiana  is  attended  with  much  difficulty,  from  | 
e  tricate  involutions  of  the  other  species  of  soil, 
n  lowance  of  one-half  as  much  surface  for  in- 
•Bed,  as  we  have  given  to  sea  marsh  and 
will  not  produce  a  result  far  removed  from 
ntness.  The  amount  estimated  for  those 
'il  .vas  7,376,000  acres,  one-half  of  which  is 
HOOO;  the  entire  surface  of  sea  marsh  prairie, 
:*l?er  inundated  land,  will  consequently  amount 
JJ  appalling  extent  of  11,064,000  acres,  or 
l^i  a  trifle  of  17,300  sq.  ms.,  or  nearly  three 
B^the  surface  of  New  Jersey. 
I  light  not  to  be  understood  that  all  this  wide 
lt<  is  equally  useless  to  the  purposes  of  human 
e-  The  irreclaimable  sea  marsh  is,  indeed, 


worse  than  useless — it  is  pernicious  ;  but  the  prai- 
rie, as  pasture  grounds,  and  the  wooded  inundated 
land,  as  a  resource  for  timber,  permits  a  greater 
area  of  arable  ground  to  be  brought  into  culture. 
It  is,  however,  a  fact,  that  immense  spaces  of  the 
superfices  of  Louisiana  must  remain  uncultivated 
wastes,  until  the  increase  of  population  and  conse- 
quent dearness  of  land  will  superinduce  recurrence 
to  operations  of  melioration  far  beyond  either  the 
means  or  the  necessity  of  the  present  age. 

We  now  proceed  to  examine  the  largest  natural 
division  of  the  soil  of  Louisiana — the  pine  forests. 
It  ought  not  to  be  understood  that,  under  the  gen- 
eral term  pine  forests  is  meant  places  where  that 
tree  prevails,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others  ;  what 
is  intended  is,  places  where  the  greatest  mass  of 
the  timber  is  pine. 

The  pine  lands  of  Louisiana  are  divided  into 
four  grand  sections  :  the  first  and  most  extensive, 
between  Sabine  river,  Red  river,  and  the  prairies 
of  Opelousas.  This  section  embraces  more  than 
one-half  of  the  parishes  of  Opelousas,  Rapides,  and 
Natchitoches,  and  extends  to  the  NW.  extremity 
of  the  State ;  the  second  section  lies  between  Red  and 
Ouachitta  rivers,  and  sweeps  over  more  than  seven- 
eighths  of  the  whole  surface  of  that  part  of  Louisi- 
ana included  between  those  two  streams.  A  third 
pine  tract  stretches  E.  of  Ouachitta,  and  near  the 
boundary  between  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  reaches 
within  8  or  10  miles  of  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  extends  S.  to  near  the  junction  of  the 
rivers  Bceuf  and  Ouachitta.  The  four  parishes  of 
Louisiana,  E.  of  the  Mississippi,  W.  of  Pearl,  and 
N.  of  Lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas,  and 
Amite  river,  contain  upwards  of  3,000,000  of 
acres,  out  of  which  at  least  2,500,000  acres  are 
covered  with  pine.  With  every  due  allowance, 
therefore,  the  pine  lands  of  the  State,  taken  to- 
gether, exceed  16,000,000  acres;  which,  added 
to  11,064,000  acres,  estimated  for  sea  marsh,  wet 
prairie,  and  pine  woods,  gives  a  grand  total  of 
27,064,000,  leaving  only  3,804,000  for  the  sur- 
face of  the  arable  river  alluvion  of  the  State.  This 
limited  surface  does  not  include  all  the  productive 
farming  land  ;  some  of  the  intervals  between  the 
alluvial  bottoms  and  pine  woods  have  good  second 
rate  soil.  About  45  miles  in  length  from  Bayou 
Iberville  to  N.  lat.  31°,  and  20  miles  wide  E.  from 
the  Mississippi,  and  a  part  of  the  prairie  lands  of 
Opelousas,  are  very  productive ;  but  we  will  soon 
perceive  that  five  millions  and  a  half  are  an  ample 
allowance  for  all  the  soil  of  this  State  capable  of 
advantageous  cultivation.  This  statement  will  no 
doubt  appear  incredible,  when  compared  with  the 
common  received  opinion  on  that  subject,  but  the 
following  mathematically  determined  facts  put  the 
question  at  rest.  The  river  lines  in  the  State, 
measuring  both  banks  where  necessary,  are,  upon 

Miles. 

The  Mississippi  -  946 

Pearl  river,  one  side        -  -  -  60 

Bogue  Chitto,  both  banks  -  60 

Chifuncte,  both  banks     -  -  -  50 

Tangipao,  Tickfoha,  Amite,  and  Comite, 

united  -  200 

Lafourche  -  -         #  -  -  180 

Teche     -  -  -  -  200 

Vermilion  -  -  -  -  150 

Mermentau  and  its  branches        -  -  250 

501 


LOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LOU 


Calcassieu          -          -          -  200 

Sabine,  one  bank            -          -          -  150 

Red  river,  and  bayous  Bo2uf  and  Robert    -  640 

Black  Bodcau,  Dacheet,  and  Saline  rivers  400 

Ouachitta  and  its  confluents         -          -  600 


Amounting  in  all  to  -  -  4,086 

This  estimate  embraces  every  stream  of  any  con- 
sequence in  the  State,  and  includes  many  without 
any  alluvial  banks  worthy  of  notice  in  a  geographi- 
cal point  of  view ;  and  yet,  if  the  width  of  half  a 
mile  is  given  to  the  whole  aggregate,  the  result  is 
2,043  sq.  ms.,  or  1,307,520  acres.  If  to  this  is 
added  as  much  more  for  woodland,  the  result  will 
be  2,615,040  acres ;  and  this  again  doubled,  for  all 
other  grounds  capable  of  productive  cultivation,  the 
whole  will  only  amount  to  5,230,080  acres. 

Of  this  surface,  about  one-fifth  will  admit  the 
production  of  sugar;  the  residue  remaining  for  all 
other  objects  of  agriculture  suitable  to  the  climate, 
such  as  cotton,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  the  cereal 
gramina.  Of  the  latter,  however,  rice  and  maize 
are  the  only  species  which  will  flourish  on  strong 
alluvial  soil,  and  the  former  is  restricted  by  a  cli- 
mate not  much  more  severe  than  will  arrest  the  ad- 
vance of  sugar  cane.  One  pre-eminent  advantage 
of  rice  arises  from  the  circumstance  of  its  growth 
on  soils  too  moist  for  the  beneficial  cultivation  of 
almost  any  other  vegetable  useful  to  man.  Conse- 
quently, in  the  S.  of  China,  along  the  large  rivers 
of  the  hither  and  nether  India,  of  an  extensive  sur- 
face in  both  Americas,  rice  has  become  an  impor- 
tant aliment,  and  must  continue  to  occupy  a  great 
part  of  the  labor  of  mankind ;  this  grain  has  added 
at  least  one-twentieth  to  the  habitable  earth,  and 
permitted  the  increase  of  the  human  species  in  that 
ratio.  Its  beneficent  results  are  no  where  more 
ample  than  on  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi. 

I  have  been  more  particular  in  the  survey  of  the 
delta  than  would  be  requisite  with  a  country  less 
peculiar  in  its  features,  or  whose  relative  import- 
ance in  our  Confederacy  was  less  apparent. 

It  must  be  evident  that,  in  all  countries  where 
the  only  arable  land  of  consequence  is  river  alluvion, 
settlements  must  be  formed  in  lines  corresponding 
to  the  curves  of  the  streams.  With  the  exception 
of  the  Mississippi  bluff  region,  noticed  in  my  re- 
view of  that  State,  most  of  the  settlements  in  the 
pine,  sea  sand,  and  sea  marsh  districts  of  the  U.  S., 
conform  to  this  natural  arrangement;  of  course, 
habitation  becomes  dense  along  the  river  margins, 
diminishes  receding  from  their  banks,  and  in  a 
great  number  of  instances  leaves  wide  uninhabited 
intervals.  These  effects  are,  however,  more  appa- 
rent and  influential  in  Louisiana  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  Southern  or  Southwestern  States. 

The  settlements  in  Attacapas,  Opelousas,  Avoy- 
elles, on  Red,  Ouachitta,  Bocuf,  Black,  and  Mis- 
sissippi, are  uniformly  in  lines  upon  the  streams, 
or  stretching  along  the  wooded  margin  of  the  prai- 
ries. That  part  of  Louisiana  formed  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi bluff  lands  is  the  only  spot  in  the  State 
where  human  habitation  assumes  the  scattered  rel- 
ative position  to  which  they  conform  in  the  Northern, 
Eastern,  and  some  of  the  Western  States.  It  has 
been  shown  that  Arkansas  and  Missouri  are  in 
these  respects  in  a  great  degree  similar  to  Louisiana. 

The  mere  position  of  settlement  would  in  itself 
be  a  matter  beneath  statistical  review,  but,  in  the 
502 


instance  before  us,  the  mechanical  arrangem  of 
human  location  is  connected  with  one  of  the  »8( 
interesting  subjects  of  inquiry  that  can  oi  py 
philosophical  research  ;  that  is,  the  number  o  m 
man  beings  which  can  be  enabled  to  subsist  o  H 
given  space.  It  may  be  assumed,  a  priori,  <m 
dense  or  even  moderately  compact  population  B| 
never  exist  upon  any  region  where  the  aspefil  m 
nature,  or  moral  causes,  prevent  the  producti  m 
the  greatest  part  of  their  aliment  on  or  near  H 
place  of  residence.  If  the  truth  of  these  pnfl 
tions  are  acknowledged,  the  induction  followsH 
nature  has  opposed  the  concentration  of  as  m 
numbers  of  people  upon  a  given  space  of  our  8  m 
em  as  upon  an  equal  area  of  Northern  terr  H 
Many  other  natural  causes  might  be  adduced  i  I 
of  this  assumption,  but  it  would  be  needless  t  W 
lect  contingent  causes  to  account  for  an  M 
whose  production  was  so  demonstratively  and  * 
nipotently  established  upon  the  durable,  it  ill 
almost  be  said  unchanging,  laws  of  matter.  M 
It  mny  be  enumerated  as  one  of  the  peculiiB 
of  the  soil  of  the  Southern  and  Southwestern  S I 
to  have  but  little  mean  between  the  best  am  ie 


worst;  the  latter  exceeding  in  extent  even  M 
than  does  the  former  in  quality. 

The  principal  staples  of  Louisiana  are  ccm 
sugar  and  rice.  Cotton  is  general,  but  sugaul 
rice  confined,  particularly  the  former,  to  the  ifl 
or  southern  parts  of  the  State.  The  quantifl 
sugar  made  in  Louisiana  is  rapidly  increasing™ 
1810,  it  was  about  10,000,000  pounds;  in  1,1 
15,000,000  pounds;  and  in  1817,  upwar<  of 
20,000,000.  In  Darby's Louisiana,the  relatives  r, 
rice,  and  cotton  lands  are  estimated  at  250,0(  jr 
sugar,  250,000  for  rice,  and  2,500,000  for  cot 

The  civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Loui  u 
are  into  parishes.  Counties  do  exist  in  the  i  e, 
but  are  confined  in  their  uses  to  a  few  judicia  r- 
poses,  and  are  unknown  in  the  ordinary  muni  4 
regulations  of  the  country. 


Parishes. 


Natchitoches 

Ouachitta 

Catahoula 

Concordia 

Rapides 

Avoyelles 

St.  Landre,  or  Opelousas 

St.  Martin's,  7. 

St.  Mary,     j  Attacapas 

Point  Coupee 

West  Baton  Rouge 

Iberville 

Ascension 

Assumption 

Interior  of  Lafourche 

St.  James 

St.  John 

St.  Charles 

St.  Bernard   •  - 

City  of  New  Orleans 

Orleans 

Plaquemine  .  - 

East  Baton  Rouge 

New  Feliciana  - 

St.  Helena 

St.  Tammany  - 

Washington 

Total 


Inhabitants 
1820. 


7,486 
2,609 
2,287 
2,626 
6,065 
2,245 
10,085 

12,063 
4,912 

2,335 
4,414 
3,728 
3,576 
3,755 
5,686 
3,854 
3,862 
2,635 
27,176 
14,175 
2,354 
5,220 
12,732 
3,026 
1,723 
2,517 


153,407 


Sq.  ms. 


10,600 
4,000 
2,000 
2,100 
2,300 
700 
7,600 

5,100 


1 

H 

3 
U 


850 
350 
350  110 
500  7 
2,500  I. 
170  33 
150  \% 
300 
400 


1,300 
1,500 
500 
1,050 
1,300 
1,000 
1,000 


48,220 


In  Louisiana,  more  than  in  any  other  secti^ 
the  U.  S.,  population  is  extended  in  lines  a»g 


LOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LOU 


intercourses.  From  the  above  table,  it  is  seen 
.a  he  twelve  parishes  along  the  Mississippi  river, 
CL  the  efflux  of  Atchafalaya,  include  upwards 
t^,000  inhabitants,  leaving  only  a  small  fraction 
l0  than  60,000  for  the  residue  of  the  State.  The 
nt  if  settlement  along  Mississippi,  below  Atcha- 
ki,  is  about  200  ms.  in  length,  and  at  the  ut- 

0  even  embracing  woodland,  not  averaging, 
^1  -  bayou  Iberville,  more  than  3  ms.  in  width, 
be  Iberville,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river,  settle- 

1  j  widen.   The  two  parishes  of  New  Feliciana 

Baton  Rouge  are  between  lat.  31°  and 
ni  Iberville,  and  extend  over  1,500  sq.  ms.  If 
ifilow  for  land  actually  employed  in  the  pur- 
Kpof  agriculture,  including  tillage  and  wood- 
a«  600  sq.  ms.  below  Iberville,  and  1,000  along 
fiontiguous  to  the  Mississippi,  above  Iberville 
■Below  Atchafalaya,  the  aggregate  will  rather 
Id  than  fall  below  reality.  And,  if  we  then 
miB  double  that  extent  for  all  the  actually  em- 
linl  agricultural  land  of  the  State,  we  have 
m>  sq.  ms.  inhabited  by  153,407  persons,  equal 
to  the  sq.  m.  ;  and  leaving  an  uncultivated 
fit  of  45,120  sq.  ms. 

1  the  census  of  1820,  the  population  of  Lou- 
is were  found  composed  of  73,867  whites, 
AU  slaves,  and  10,476  free  colored  persons, 
ilfese,  foreigners  not  naturalized       -  3,062 
.ijjed  in  agriculture  -  ~  50,045 

iffced  in  manufactures        -  -  5,797 

■ijed  in  commerce  -  6,168 

■j  subjoined  tables  exhibit  the  population  of 
H  Louisiana,  by  the  census  of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


rards 


!lal  whiles 


Males. 


13,835 
10,736 
7,848 
7,218 
20,795 
16,304 
7,940 
3,309 
1,206 
410 
102 
26 
18 

89,747 


Females. 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age       -           -  14 
Do.  from  14  to  25           -            •            -            -  17 
Do.  above  25    -           -           -           -  11 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb            -           •  42 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  ...  .6 

Private  charge             -  49 

Total  whites  insane,  &c.            -  55 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  ana  dumb            -           -           •  17 
Do.  blind        .....  36 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  45 
Total  of  persons  employed  in— 

Agriculture     ...                       .  79,289 

Commerce      .....  &,549 

Manufactures  and  trades           -  7.565 

Navigation  on  the  ocean            -           -           -  1J322 

Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers       -  662 

Learned  professions      ....  1,018 

Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  and  military  services  -  12 

Universities  or  Colleges            -                      -  12 

Students  in  do             -           •  989 

Academies  and  grammar  schools             •           -  52 

Students  in  do.             ....  1,995 

Primary  and  common  schools      -           -  179 

Scholars  in  do.             ....  3,573 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -  -  1,199 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 

cannot  read  or  write   ....  4,861 


Population  of  Louisiana,  by  parishes,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


10,395 
7,760 
7,947 
13,602 
7,907 
4,099 
1,967 
891 
323 
84 
19 
1 

68,710 
89,747 


158,457 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

upwards 

4,015 
3,207 
2,014 
1,581 

683 
26 

4,163 
3,679 
2,971 
2,164 
986 
13 

22,703 
23,572 
24,717 
12,699 
2,769 
69 

23,158 
24,804 
22,373 
9,441 
2,114 
33 

11,526 

13,976 
11,526 

86,529 

81,923 
86,529 

25,502 

168,452 

352,411 


Parishes. 

Free  white 
persons. 

Free  col. 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Total , 

Males. 

as 

a; 

ns 

s 

ft 

Males. 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

B.  LOUISIANA. 

Orleans 

34,903 

24,616 

8438 

10786 

9,795 

13,653 

102,193 

Plaquemine  - 

833 

518 

179 

145 

1,965 

1,420 

5,060 

St.  .Bernard 

620 

415 

33 

32 

1,297 

840 

3,237 

St.  Charles  - 

473 

401 

55 

49 

2,264 

1,458 

4,700 

St.  John  Baptist 

1,108 

1,033 

98 

93 

2,002 

1,442 

5,776 

St.  James 

1.433 

1,329 

27 

48 

3,237 

2,474 

8,548 

Ascension 

L209 

1,046 

63 

80 

2,519 

2,034 

6,951 

Assumption  - 

2,149 

1,954 

26 

24 

1,599 

1,389 

7,141 

Lafourche  Inte 

rior 

2,072 

1,914 

30 

41 

1,736 

1,510 

7,303 

Terrebonne  - 

1,140 

935 

17 

18 

1,226 

L074 

4,410 

Iberville 

1,353 

1,170 

44 

41 

3,099 

2,788 

8,495 

W. Baton  Rouge 

765 

606 

47 

73 

1,695 

1,452 

4,638 

E.  Baton  Rouge 

2,095 

1,655 

75 

107 

2,099 

2,107 

8,138 

Washington  - 

992 

864 

2 

391 

400 

2,649 

Madison 

755 

455 

3 

6 

2,002 

1,921 

5,142 

Carroll 

664 

482 

5 

4 

1,544 

1,538 

4,237 

St.  Tammany 

1,315 

1.038 

153 

152 

1,121 

819 

4,596 

Concordia 

879 

'501 

17 

14 

4,155 

3,648 

9,414 

Point  Coupee  - 

1,171 

916 

174 

207 

2,869 

2,561 

7,898 

West  Feliciana 

1,178 

866 

43 

48 

4,272 

4,463 

10,910 

Jefferson 

3,123 

1,743 

317 

301 

2,881 

2,105 

10,470 

East  Feliciana 

2,234 

1,758 

15 

15 

3,953 

3,918 

11,693 

St.  Helena  • 

1,046 

899 

6 

1 

773 

800 

3,525 

Livingston 

849 

684 

24 

19 

364 

375 

2,315 

Total 

64,359 

47,818 

9891 

12306 

•38,658 

56,409 

249,641 

W.  LOUISIANA. 

Avoyelles 

1,680 

1,386 

48 

30 

1,794 

1,678 

6,616 

Caddo 

1,418 

998 

12 

17 

1,479 

1,358 

5,282 

Catahoula 

1,608 

1,327 

12 

10 

1,004 

994 

4,955 

Calcassieu 

711 

638 

114 

112 

222 

260 

5,057 

Caldwell 

733 

621 

9 

5 

318 

331 

2,017 

Claiborne 

2,119 

1.727 

25 

19 

1  186 

1,107 

6,165 

Lafayette 

2,370 

2;i04 

55 

79 

L653 

1,580 

7,841 

Natchitoches  - 

3,963 

3,079 

302 

355 

3,416 

3,233 

14,350 

Ouachitta 

1.240 

948 

7 

1,254 

1,184 

4,640 

Rapides 

1,821 

1,422 

180 

190 

5.364 

5,147 

14,132 

St.  Landry  - 

3,828 

3,351 

465 

460 

3,710 

3,419 

15,233 

St.  Martin 

1,955 

1,594 

241 

243 

2,529 

2,112 

8,674 

St.  Mary's 

1,268 

1,098 

155 

143 

3,471 

2^815 

8,950 

Union 

674 

599 

2 

267 

296 

1,838 

Total 

25,366 

20,892 

1635 

1,670 

27,671 

25,514  102,770 

503 


LOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  LOU 


Louisiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  as  an 
independent  State,  at  the  session  of  Congress  of 
1811-' 12,  and  changed  its  name  from  that  of  Ter-  j 
ritory  of  Orleans  to  what  it  now  bears.    The  ma- 1 
jority  of  the  white  inhabitants  are  the  descendants  j 
of  the  early  French  colonists  ;  the  next  most  nu- 
merous class  is  Anglo-Americans,  and  the  resi- 
due made  up  of  various  nations.    Contrary  to 
common  belief,  there  are  very  few  Spaniards  in  that 
State.  During  34  years  that  it  was  held  by  Spain, 
it  was  occupied  by  the  officers  of  that  nation,  but 
never  became  an  object  of  colonization  with  the 
Spanish  people. 

The  varieties  in  the  shades  of  human  society 
are,  perhaps,  in  no  civilized  country  more  marked. 
Between  New  Orleans  and  Sabine  river  every  va- 
riety can  be  seen,  from  the  hunter  state  to  that  of 
the  highest  refinement  of  the  mercantile  and  aris- 
tocratical.  In  New  Orleans  and  its  vicinity  the 
merchants  and  planters  vie  with  the  most  luxurious 
countries  in  Europe  in  their  agriculture  and  man- 
ner of  living.  As  the  traveller  advances  west- 
ward, this  glare  gradually  vanishes,  and  in  Attaca- 
pas,  Opelousas,  Rapides,  Ouachitta,  and  Natchi- 
toches, the  features  of  society  bespeak  substantial 
independence.  Still  further  westward,  and  much 
intermingled  with  the  latter  settlements,  the  true 
pastoral  state  is  seen  in  its  simplest  forms.  Many 
of  those  shepherds  are  truly  wealthy.  Beef  cattle 
forms  in  fact  one  of  the  principal  interior  staples  of 
the  SW.  part  of  Louisiana.  • 

This  description  of  Louisiana,  written  upwards 
of  30  years  past,  and  when  residing  in  Louisiana, 
remains  substantially  correct. 

Louisville,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Jefferson 
co.,  Ky.,  stands  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  river, 
below  the  mouth  of  Bear  Grass  creek,  and  at  the 
head  of  the  Rapids.  In  1810  it  contained  only 
1,357  inhabitants,  by  the  census  of  1830,  10,196 ; 
and  21,210  by  the  census  of  1840.  This  fine  and 
flourishing  city  is  situated  at  N.  lat.  38  1 1,  Ion.  8 
42  W.  of  W.  C.  A  canal,  to  pass  the  rapids  of 
Ohio,  extends  in  front  of  this  city,  from  Bear 
Grass  creek  to  Shippingport,  below  the  rapids. 
With  its  rapid  yet  steady  growth,  the  foundations 
of  commerce  and  manufactures  have  here  been 

solidly  placed.  Town,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N. 

Y.,  on  the  right  bank  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  30 

ms.  below  Ogdensburg.    Pop.  in  1820,  831.  

Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Jefferson  co.,  Ga.,  on 
the  Ogechee,  50  ms.  S  W.  from  Augusta,  and 
about  50  SE.  by  E.  from  Milledgeville.  Lat.  33 
1  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  41  W. 

Lewistoivn,  village,  Talbot  co.,  Md.,  10  ms. 
NE.  from  Easton. 

Loui-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Quang-tong,  separated  by  a  narrow  strait  from 
the  isle  of  Hainan,  where  pearls  are  said  to  have 
been  formerly  fished  up.  It  is  343  ms.  SW  of 
Canton. 

Louitz,  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Rava,  55  ms.  E.  of  Gnesna.  Lon.  19°  E., 
lat.  52  26  N. 

Louken,  river  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Aggerhuys,  rises  in  the  Dofrine  mountains,  to  the 
southward  of  the  sources  of  the  Glommen,  and, 
flowing  about  150  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S.,  falls  into 
the  bay  of  Christiana  at  that  city.  The  triangu- 
lar region  drained  by  the  Glommen,  Louken,  and 
504 


other  lesser  rivers,  and  included  in  the  provii  0f 
Aggerhuys,  extend  in  lat.  from  58^°  to  62 
covered  N.  and  W.  by  the  Dofrines,  and  0{  to 
the  S.  to  the  Katgat  and  Skagerrac  gulfs,  ^ 
garded  as  the  warmest  part  of  the  earth  in  so  A 
latitude. 

Lou-nghanfou,  city  of  China,  in  the  pre  ot 
of  Chansi,  agreeably  situated  near  the  sou  of 
the  river  Tso-tsang  ho.    It  is  375  ms.  SVl 

Peking. 

Loung-Loch,  great  arm  of  the  sea,  in  Ai  l 
shire,  Scotland,  which  communicates  on  til 
with  the  Frith  of  Clyde. 

Lourdes,  town  of  France,  in  the  departnwl 
the  Upper  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  cl 
gorre,  15  ms.  S.  of  Tarbes.  Lon.  5'  W.,1 
43  8  N. 

Louth,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  I 
ster,  29  ms.  long  and  13  broad,  bounded  oil 
N.  by  Armagh  and  Carlinford  bay,  on  the] I 
the  Irish  sea,  on  the  W.  by  Monaghan,  and] I 
Meath,  from  which  it  is  parted  by  the  Boyritl 
is  a  small  but  fruitful  co.,  and  proper  to  feet  I 
tie,  contains  50  parishes,  and  sends  ten  meifl 

to  Parliament.  Drogheda  is  the  capital.  ifl 

of  Ireland,  in  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  19  mil 
by  W.  of  Drogheda. 

Louth,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincoln  I 
It  is  a  large  well-built  town,  the  market  well 
quented  ;  here  is  a  free  school,  founded  by  Ed  I 
VI.  It  has  a  new  navigation,  by  means  il 
brook,  the  Lud,  to  the  German  ocean  at  Ti  ■ 
creek.  It  is  28  ms.  NE.  of  Lincoln,  and  14  I. 
of  London.  Longitude  0  10  F.,  latitude  IM 
North. 

Louth  Township,  in  the  co.  of  Lincoln,  U  jl 
lies  in  the  W.  of  Grantham,  and  fronts  I 
Ontario. 

Loutre,  Pass  a  la,  one  of  the  outlets  of  the 
sissippi  river.  It  is  small,  and  is  the  most  nert  1 

Loutre,  island  and  post  office,  Montgomery* 
Mo.,  68  ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis.  Lat.  38  4l 
lon.  W.  C.  14°  W.  Loutre  island  is  in  I 
Mississippi  river,  opposite  Gasconade  co.,  anil 

low  the  mouth  of  Gasconade  river.  Vill 

Montgomery  co.,  Mo. 

Louvain,  large  and  pleasant  city  of  the  II 
dom  of  the  Netherlands,  Brabant,  with  ft  I 
brated  university.  Its  walls  are  nearly  7oi 
circumference,  but  within  them  are  mam  gai  u 
and  vineyards.  The  public  buildings  are  mh 
ficent,  and  the  university  consists  of  ft  i| 
number  of  colleges ;  they  formerly  made  '• 
large  quantities  of  cloth,  but  this  trade  is  gr  I 
decayed,  and  it  is  now  chiefly  remarkable  for  d 
beer,  with  which  it  serves  the  neighbouring  to  «• 
It  is  seated  on  the  Dyle,  14  ms.  E.  by  N.  I 
Brussels,  and  40  NE.  of  Mons.  Lon.  4  3l| 
lat.  50  53  N. 

Louvenstein,  fortress  of  the  kingdom  ofts 
Netherlands,  in  Holland,  seated  at  the  conflu  * 
of  the  rivers  Waal  and  Maese,  on  the  W.  eil 
an  island  called  Bommel  waert.    It  is  16  ms 
of  Dort.    Lon.  5  13  E.,  lat.  50  40  N. 

Louviers,  handsome  town  of  France,  in  i« 
dep.  of  Eure,  and  late  province  of  Norma  I, 
with  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  seated  on  the 
10  ms.  N.  of  Evreux,  and  55  NW.  of 
Lon.  1  13  E.,  lat.  49°  N. 


LOX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LOB 


ouvo,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  50  ms. 
\  of  the  city  of  Siam.     Lon.  100  50  E.,  lat. 

ft  n. 

ovellf  village,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  62  ms.  NW. 
I  Portland. 

\wington,  village,  Nelson  co.,  Va.,  110  ms. 
Wrom  Richmond. 

•  Uwdore,  fine  cataract  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland, 
;mie  E.  side  of  the  lake  of  Derwentwater,  in  the 
.tiof  Keswick. 

I  \twell,  flourishing  manufacturing  town  of  Mid- 
Jpx  co.,  Mass.,  at  and  above  the  confluence  of 
flilimack  and  Concord  rivers.     The  second  fac- 
nrwas  erected  here  in  1822,  and  prospered  so 
Hy  that  it  contained,  by  the  census  of  1830, 
^[  inhabitants;  and  by  that  of  1840,  20,796. 
■ell  is  connected  with  Boston  by  25  ms.  of 
rpad,  which,  with  the  ordinary  rapidity  of  mo- 
Dn  this  species  of  road,  brings  the  two  places  j 
illy  in  the  vicinity  of  each  other.    The  falls 
errimack  river,  opposite  to  which  this  manu- 
ring phenomenon  has  risen,  afford  unlimited 
r,  which  has  been  reduced  to  subjection,  and 
Is  one  of  the  most  striking  proofs  perhaps 
jiven  to  what  rapid  extent  human  genius  can 
itself  of  the  facilities  prepared  by  nature. 
whill,  tp.,  Lehigh  co.,  Penn.,  on  Jordan 
12  ms.  NW.   from  Allentovvn.    Pop.  in 
703. 

wer  Addison,  village,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y., 
20  ms.  S.  from  Bath. 

er  Bartlett,  village,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  76 
from  Concord. 
wer  Blue  Lick,  post  office,  Nicholas  co.,  Ky., 
■s.  NE.  by  E.  from  Frankfort. 

wer  Chanceford,  post  office,  York  co.,  Penn. 
er  Gilmanton,  village,  Strafford  co  ,  N.  H., 
&.  NNE.  from  Concord. 

wer  Marlborough,  village,  Calvert  co.,  Md., 

3  E.  side  of  Patuxent  river,  30  ms.  SSW.  of 

polis,  and  24  NW.  of  St.  Leonard's. 

wer  Saucon,  extreme  southern  tp.  of  North  - 

>n  co.,  Penn.,  on  Saucon  creek,  4  ms.  S. 

Bethlehem. 

fver  Sandusky,  post  office,  Sandusky  co., 
M  on  Sandusky  river,  102  ms.  N.  from  Co- 
nns. 

<Wt*r  Smithjield,  village 
WW,  about  15  ms.  NNE.  from  Easton 
mver  Ihree  Runs,  post  office,  Barnwell  dis- 
rijS.  C. 

i'mcz,  populous  town  of  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
of  Rava,  with  a  strong  fortress,  seated  on 
iczura,  21  ms.  S.  of  Plocksko,  and  30  N.  of 
I    Lon.  19  29  E.  lat.  52  24  N. 


the  province  Quito,  200  ms.  ENE.  of  Paita. 
Lon.  W.  C.  0  10  W.  lat.  4  50  S. 

Loyalsock,  river  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn.,  rises 
on  the  southern  borders  of  Bradford,  and  westward 
of  Luzerne  co.,  heading  with  the  Towanda  and 
Mahoopeny  rivers,  and,  flowing  SW.  between 
Muncy  and  Lycoming  creeks,  falls  into  the  W. 
Branch  of  Su^quehannh,  4  ms.  below  Williams- 
port. 

Loyahock,  town,  Lycoming  co.,  Penn.,  ex- 
tending from  the  W.  branch  of  Su^quehannah, 
between  Lycoming  creek  and  Loyalsock  river, 
and  including  the  borough  of  Williamsport. 

Loylz,  town  of  Pomerania,  in  the  co.  of  Gutz- 
kow,  seated  on  the  Pene,  10  ms.  above  the  city  of 
Gutzkow. 

Lozere,  department  of  France,  including  the 
late  province  of  Gevaudan.    It  is  a  mountainous, 
mpn  this  species  of  road,  brings  the  two  places  j  barren  country,  and  receives  its  name  from  one  of 
ir  illy  in  the  vicinity  of  each  other.    The  falls  its  principal  mountains.    Mende  is  the  capital. 

Luban,  town  of  the  Russian  government  of  Li- 
vonia, 70  ms.  E.  of  Riga.  Lon.  26  36  E.,  lat. 
56  55  N. 

Lubensken  Sea,  or  the  Lake  of  Luban,  lake  of 
ifciriven  to  what  rapid  extent  human  genius  can  !  Livonia,  toward  the  confines  of  Courland  and  Li- 
WWitself  of  the  facilities  prepared  by  nature.        |  thuania.    The  river  Rositta  falls  into  this  lake. 

Lubben,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Lusatia, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  with  a  hand- 
some castle.  It  belongs  to  the  duke  of  Morsen- 
burg,  and  is  seated  on  the  Spree,  60  Las.  SE.  of 
Berlin.    Lon.  14  25  E.,  lat.  52°  N. 

Ijubec,  city  of  Germany,  in  Holstein,  or  rather 
enclosed  within  that  duchy,  situated  on  the  Trave 
river,  about  14  ms.  above  its  mouth  into  the  Bal- 
tic, and  about  45  ms.  NE.  from  Hamburg.  This 
itwer  Chanceford,  post  office,  York  co.,  Penn.  j  city,  once  the  capital  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  is 
iiwer  Gilmanton,  village,  Strafford  co  ,  N.  H.,  still  one  of  the  imperial  free  cities.    Its  territory 

extends  along  the  Trave  about  30  ms.  ;  area  114 
sq.  English  ms.  Entire  pop.  41,000,  of  whom 
22,000  reside  in  the  city,  and  1,000  in  the  port  or 
village  of  Travemunde,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Trave. 
Though  sunk,  indeed,  from  its  ancient  splendor 
and  power,  Lubec  is  still  respectable  as  a  manufac- 
turing and  commercial  city.  The  adjacent  coun- 
try is  in  most  part  a  dead  level,  though  the  ground 
on  which  Lubec  stands  is  something  elevated. 
Lat.  53  51  N.,  lon.  10  48  E.  London.  It  is  pro- 
Northampton  co.,  |  bable  that  there  is  no  other  European  city  which 
unites  ancient  or  middle  age  features  and  those  of 
the  present  times  so  completely  as  Lubec.  Ham- 
burg has  been  more  modernized. 

lAibec,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  near  the  is- 
land of  Madura.    Lon.  112  22  E.,  lat.  5  50  S. 

Lubeck,  town,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  between 
the  Atlantic  ocean  and  Cobscook  bay,  contiguous 
WbhLayton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  w  hich,  to  Eastport.    The  village  was  commenced  in  1815, 
•'k  .hat  of  Laytonstone,  forms  one  parish.    It  is  and,  with  an  excellent  harbor,  a  custom-house,  and 


V  NE.  of  London. 

Ivry's  Mills,  village,  Chesterfield  district,  S. 

•,23  ms.  NE.  from  Columbia. 

i vihersville,  village,  Lewis  co.,  Va.,  365  ms. 
^  V  from  Richmond. 

Jvville,  fine  village  of  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
1 « U  creek,  near  the  W.  side  of  Black  river, 
•flj.  N.  from  Utica. 

ipz,  considerable  town  of  Spain,  in  the  king- 
tawrf  Granada,  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on 
he'/erXenil,  18  ms.  W.  of  Granada.  Lon. 

;  5  W.,  lat.  37  15  N.  Town  of  Peru,  in 

64* 


numerous  other  commercial  advantages,  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Pop.  1820,  1,430;  and  in  in  1840, 
2,307. 

Ijuben,  town  of  Germany,  in  Silesia,  capital  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name,  in  the  principality  of 
Lignitz,  22  ms.  NW.  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  16  28 
E.,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Lublin,  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  palatinate  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  citadel,  a  bishop's  see,  an 
academy,  and  a  Jewish  synagogue.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Weiprz,  75  ms.  SE.  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
22  45  E.,  lat.  51  14  N. 

505 


LUC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LUC 


Luboiv,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Cracow,  50  ms.  SE.  of  Cracow.  Lon.  20  36  E., 
lat.  49  3G  N. 

Luc,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Var, 
and  late  province  of  Provence,  25  ms.  NE.  of 

Toulon.    Lon.  6  25  E.,  lat.  43  28  N.  Town 

of  France,  in  the  department  of  Isere  and  late  pro- 
vince of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the  river  Drome,  32 
ms.  S.  of  Grenoble.    Lon.  5  48  E.,  lat.  44  40  N. 

Lucanas,  town  and  district  of  Guancavelica,  in 
Peru,  remarkable  for  its  silver  mines.  Lon.  W. 
C.  3°  E.,  lat.  15°  S. 

Lucar  de  Barameda,  St.,  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia.  It  has  a  very  large  fine  harbor,  well 
defended,  and  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gua- 
dalquiver,  44  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Seville,  and  270  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  5  54  W.,  lat.  36  58  N. 

Lucar  de  Guadiana,  St.,  strong  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  with  a  small  harbor  on  the  river  Gu- 
adiana, 39  ms.  NE.  of  Faro.  Lon.  8  16  W.,  lat. 
37  18  N. 

Lucar  la  Mayor,  St.,  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, seated  on  the  Guadiana,  10  ms.  NW.  of 
Seville.    Lon.  5  33  W.,  lat.  37  36  M. 

Lucayas. — See  Bahamas. 

Lucca,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the 
the  same  name.  It  is  about  3  ms.  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  surrounded  with  a  wall  and  other  mod 
ern  fortifications.  It  is  an  archbishop's  see,  and 
the  churches  are  very  handsome.  They  have  also 
an  academy,  a  university,  and  an  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences.  The  inhabitants  have  a  considera- 
ble manufactory  of  silk  and  gold  and  silver  stuffs. 
It  is  seated  in  the  middle  of  a  fruitful  plain,  sur- 
rounded with  pleasant  hills,  near  the  river  Serchio, 
over  which  there  are  two  bridges.  It  is  10  ms. 
NE.  of  Pisa,  37  W.  of  Florence,  and  155  N.  by 
W.  of  Rome.    Lon.  10  35  E.,  lat.  45  50  N. 

Lucca,  formerly  a  republic  of  Italy,  lying  on  the 
Tuscan  sea,  about  20  ms.  in  length,  and  10  in 
breadth.  The  soil  does  not  produce  much  corn, 
but  there  is  plenty  of  wine,  oil,  silk,  wool,  and 
chestnuts ;  their  oil  in  particular  is  in  high  esteem, 
and  the  common  people  usually  eat  chestnuts  in- 
stead of  bread.  The  usual  revenues  amount  to 
about  £30,000  per  annum. 

Luce,  great  bay  of  Scotland,  in  Wigtonshire, 
lying  to  the  E.  of  Mull  of  Galloway. 

Lucera,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  with  a  bishop's  see,  30 
ms.  SW.  of  Manfredonia,  and  65  NE.  of  Naples. 
Lon.  15  34  E.,  lat.  41  28  N. 

Lucern,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Switzerland,  and 
the  most  considerable,  except  Zurich  and  Berne.  It 
is  30  ms.  in  length,  and  20  in  breadth,  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  cantons  of  Underwalden,  Schweitz, 
and  Zug,  and  on  all  the  other  sides  by  the  canton 
of  Berne.  The  inhabitants  of  this  canton  are  reck- 
oned about  100,000,  and  are  Roman  Catholics. 
The  government  was  formerly  aristocratical,  con- 
sisting of  a  Senate  of  36,  and  a  council  of  64,  in 
which  some  plebeian  burghers  were  admitted  every 
election  ;  but  the  Helvetic,  confederacy,  as  well  as 
the  constitution  of  the  several  cantons,  is  now  dis- 
solved, the  French  having  cruelly  and  unjustly  en- 
slaved this  brave  and  virtuous  people. 

Lucern,  capital  of  the  canton  of  Lucern,  in 
Switzerland.    It  is  divided  into  two  by  a  branch 
506 


of  the  Reuss,  which  falls  into  the  lake,  on  the  ]  i 
end  of  which  the  town  is  seated,  and  corrm  )s 
an  extensive  prospect.  It  scarcely  contains  !  ■ 
inhabitants,  has  no  manufactures  of  consequ,  I 
and  little  commerce.  The  pope  has  always  a  1 
cio  resident  here.  In  the  cathedral  is  an  org  3f 
a  fine  tone,  and  an  extraordinary  size;  tbecB 
pipe  is  40  feet  in  length,  near  3  in  breadth  d 
weighs  1,100  pound?.  The  bridges  which  rt 
the  town,  round  the  edge  of  the  lake,  are  the  I 
ionable  walk  of  the  place,  and  remarkable  for  jr 
length.  They  are  decorated  with  coarse  paint  J( 
representing  the  histories  of  the  Old  Testar.  9 
the  battles  of  the  Swiss,  and  the  Dance  of  D  I 
Lucern  is  30  ms.  SW.  of  Zurich,  ahfl  35  ■ 
Bern.  Lon.  8  6  E.,  lat.  47  5  N.— See  art.  .  I 
zerland. 

Lucern,  Lake  of. — See  Waldstsetter  Sea, 

Lucerna,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  15  j. 
SW.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  38  E.,  lat.  44  52  N  j 

Luchen,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom  of  I 
encia,  30  ms.  S.  of  the  city  of  that  name.  ■ 
10'  E.,  lat.  38  53  N. 

Lucia,  St.,  one  of  the  windward  O'aribbf  j. 
lands,  in  the  W.  Indies,  22  ms.  in  length,  ar  1 
in  breadth.  It  consists  of  plains  well  watered  h 
rivulets,  and  hills  furnished  with  timber,  ant  is 
several  good  bays  and  commodious  harbors.  1  -e 
are  two  high  mountains,  by  which  this  island  j 
be  known  at  a  considerable  distance.  It  is  214 
S.  of  Martinico.    Lon.  60  45  W.,  lat.  23  2  | 

Lucia,  St.,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islil 
about  450  ms.  W.  of  the  continent  of  A  1 
Lon.  24  32  W.,  lat.  16  45  N. 

Lucignano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  T  i- 
ny,  10  ms.  S.  of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  11  E.  t. 
43°  N. 

Lucknow,  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan  pr  r, 
capital  of  Oude.  It  is  an  extensive  place  jt 
meanly  built ;  the  houses  are  chiefly  mud  I 
covered  with  thatch,  and  many  consist  en  tin  of 
mats  and  bamboos,  and  are  thatched  with  ie<r.  I 
the  cocoanut,  palm  tree,  and  sometimes  D 
straw.  The  palace  of  the  Nabob  is  seated  a 
high  bank  near  the  Goomty,  and  command  .n 
extensive  view  both  of  that  river  and  the  cory 
on  the  eastern  side.  Those  of  the  British  resi  is 
stand  in  the  vicinity.  Lucknow  is  650  ms.  ]] 
of  Calcutta.    Lon.  81  25  E.,  lat.  26  35  N. 

Lucko,  considerable  town  of  Poland,  capi  of 
Volhinia,  with  a  citadel  and  a  bishop's  see,  s  J 
on  the  Ster,  75  ms.  NE.  of  Lembursr,  and  1 
SE.  of  Warsaw.    Lon.  25  30  E.,  lat.  51  13 

Luco,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeie, 
seated  on  the  Lake  Celano. 

Lucon,  or  Luzon,  town  of  France,  in  th<  s- 
partment  of  Vendee  and  late  province  of  Po  1, 
and  lately  an  episcopal  see,  seated  in  an  unw  e- 
some  morass,  17  ms.  N.  of  Rochelle,  and  50  of 
Nantes.    Lon.  1  5  W.,  lat.  46  27  N. 

Luconia,  Luzon,  or  Manilla,  the  chief  o:tf 
Philippine  islands,  in  the  N.  Pacific  ocean,  >g 
between  lat.  12  30  and  19°  N.,  and  between  n- 
gitudes  120°  and  124  30  E.  London.  The  | 
line  and  form  very  irregular.  Northwards  0  w 
city  of  Manilla  it  extends  300  ms.,  with  a  i"1 
breadth  of  100,  area  30,000  *q.  ms.  From  a- 
nilla  southwards  it  extends  about  300  ms.,  in  f 


LUG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LUN 


rc  n  nearly  SE.  ;  outline  very  irregular,  and 

I  breadth  not  exceeding  30  ms.,  or  area  9,000 
Fig.  Entire  surface  of  Luzon,  about  40,000 
1 1?.    It  is  separated  from  Samar  by  the  straits 

I  rnardino.  It  is  not  so  hot  as  may  be  expect- 
I  cause  it  is  well  watered  by  large  lakes  and 
B  and  the  periodical  rains  which  inundate  all 
eilains.  There  are  several  volcanoes  in  the 
Etains,  which  occasion  earthquakes,  and  a  va- 
Mof  hot  baths.  The  produce  of  this  island  is 
h  cotton,  wild  cinnamon,  sulphur,  cocoanuts, 
gold,  horses,  buffaloes,  and  game.  Philip  II, 
ain,  formed  a  scheme  of  planting  a  colony  in 
w  hilippine  islands,  which  had  been  neglected 
I  the  discovery  of  them  by  Magellan,  in  1521. 

mlla,  in  this  island,  was  the  station  chosen  for 
I  ipital  of  the  new  establishments.  Hence  an 
I  s  commercial  intercourse  began  with  the  Chi 
ei  a  considerable  number  of  whom  settled  in 
:<  'hilippine  islands,  under  the  Spanish  protec- 
i)  These  supplied  the  colony  so  amply  with 
.1  e  valuable  productions  and  manufactures  of 

I  as  enabled  it  to  open  a  trade  with  America, 
V  direct  course  of  navigation.  This  trade,  at 
rt  was  carried  on  with  Callao,  on  the  coast  of 

;'e,  but  it  was  afterwards  removed  to  Acapulco, 
ode  coast  of  New  Spain.  From  this  port  an- 
no y  sail  one  or  two  ships,  which  are  permitted 
tAlirry  out  silver  to  the  amount  of  500,000 
cans,  in  return  for  which,  they  bring  back  from 
Julia  spices,  drugs,  China  and  Japan  wares, 
owes,  chintz,  muslins,  silks,  &c.  The  inhabit- 
ware  a  mixture  of  several  nations,  besides  Span- 
»,  and  they  all  produce  a  mixed  breed,  distinct 
twany  of  the  rest — See  Manilla. 
iLcos,  ancient  Lixus,  river  of  Morocco,  falls  in- 
H  Atlantic  ocean  at  Larache. 

idamar,  region  of  central  Africa,  bounded  on 
thk  by  Kaarta  and  Bambara,  and  N.  by  the 
m  desert.   Benown  is  the  capital. — See  Africa, 

mb'dersburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Aer  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Lawenburg,  seat- 
a  the  Elbe,  5  miles  above  the  town  of  Law- 

II  rs . 

\:idgershall,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire,  15 
;i4|N.  of  Salisbury,  and  72  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
1  45  W.,  lat.  51  17  N. 

.idlow,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  on  the 
ft  e,  29  ms.  S.  of  Shrewsbury,  and  138  IN  W.  of 

tjlon.    Lon.  2  42  W.,  52  23  N.  Town  in 

Iiptlen  co.,  Mass.,  on  a  branch  of  Chickapee 

|L  12  ms.  NE.  from  Springfield.  Town  in 

Wdsor  co.,  Vt.,  16  ms.  W.  from  Windsor. 

udlowville,  town  in  Tompkins  co.,  N,  Y.,  on 
hii.  side  of  Cayuga  lake,  at  the  mouth  of  Sal- 
m<  creek,  8  ms.  below  Ithaca. 

ugano,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  baili- 
#i:  of  the  same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Tessin. 
Ice  articles  Tessin  and  Switzerland.  It  is 
my   populous,  containing  8,000  inhabitants. 

17  ms.  NW.  of  Como.  Lon.  8  48  E.,  lat. 
IM  N. 

ugano,  lake  of  Switzerland,  on  the  Italian  side 
of'ie  Alps,  25  ms.  in  length,  and  from  2  to  4  in 
Iw'dth.  It  lies  between,  and  yet  its  surface  is 
tft  'e  190  feet  higher  than  the  lakes  Maggiore  and 
tyio  ;  it  is  discharged  by  the  little  river  Tresa 
id  the  former. 


Lugo,  ancient  city  of  Spain,  in  Galicia.  There 
are  springs  in  this  city  boiling  hot.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Minho,  32  miles  SE.  of  Mondonnedo,  and 
60  SW.  of  Oviedo.  Lon.  8  52  W.,  lat.  42  46  N. 

Luke,  St.,  parish  of  S.  C,  situated  in  Beaufort 
district. 

Lula,  town  of  Swedish  Lapland,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Dula,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  42  ms.  SW.  of  Tornea.  Lon. 
21  0  E.,  lat.  64  30  N. 

Lula  Lapmark,  province  of  Swedish  Lapland, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Tornea,  on  the  E.  by  the 
Bothnia  gulf,  on  the  S.  by  Pithia,  and  on  the  W. 
by  Norway. 

Lumella,  village  in  Italy,  which  gives  name  to 
the  Luniellin,  a  small  district  lying  on  the  river 
Po,  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Savoy.  Lon.  8  42 
E.,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Lumberland,  tp.  of  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Delaware  river. 

Lumberton,  village  of  Robeson  co.,  N.  C,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Drowning  creek,  25  ms.  S.  of  Fay- 
etteville,  in  Cumberland  co.  Village  in  Bur- 
lington co.,  N.  J.,  1  m.  SE.  of  Mount  Holly. 

Lumpkin,  co.  of  Ga.  This  county  has  been 
recently  formed  out  of  that  part  of  what  was  the 
territory  of  the  Creek  Indians,  now  called  "  the 
Gold  Region  ;"  it  lies  westward  of  Chestatee  river, 
which  separates  it  from  Habersham,  and  occupies 
that  elevated  country  giving  source  to  the  Coosa, 
Chattahoocho,  and  Hiwassee,  branch  of  Tennessee 
river.  N.  lat.  34  30  and  lon.  W.  C.  7  0  W. 
intersect  in  the  eastern  part  of  "  the  Gold  Region," 
at  about  150  ms.  by  the  road  NNW.  of  Milledge- 
ville.   Chief  town,  Auraria.  Pop.  in  1840,  5,671. 

Lunar,  from  Latin,  Luna,  the  Moon. — See  art. 
Astronomy. 

Lund,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland,  and  cap- 
ital of  Sconen,  with  an  archbishopric  and  a  uni- 
versity. It  is  an  inconsiderable  place,  containing 
little  more  than  800  houses,  and  carries  on  but  lit- 
tle trade.  Charles  XI.  founded  a  university  here, 
which  is  its  chief  support.  The  cathedral  is  an  an- 
cient irregular  building.  It  is  20  miles  SE.  of 
Landscrona,  and  225  SW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
13  26  E.,  lat.  55  33  N. 

Lunden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Holstein,  seated  near  the  Eyder,  36  ms.  NNW. 
of  Gluckstadt.  Lon.  9  20  E.,  lat.  54  26  N. 

Lundy,  island  in  the  mouth  of  the  Bristol  chan- 
nel, near  the  middle,  between  Devonshire  and 
Pembrokeshire.    Lon.  4  13  W.,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Ijundy's  Lane,  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  ar- 
my of  the  United  States  and  that  of  Great  Britain, 
on  the  25th  of  July,  1814.    This  is  commonly 
called  the  battle  of  Bridgewater. 
Lune. — See  Loyne. 

Lunel,  town  of  Ft.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  near 
the  river  Ridourle.  It  has  excellent  muscadine 
wine,  and  is  16  ms.  E.  of  Montpelier. 

Lunon,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  co.  of  Marck, 
situated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Zezisk  with  the  Lippe, 
20  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Munster. 

Lunenburg,  duchy  of  Lower  Saxony,  and  in 
the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  which,  including  Zell,  is 
separated  from  Holstein  and  Lauenburg  on  the  N. 
by  the  Elbe.  It  is  about  100  ms,  in  length  and  70 
in  breadth.  It  is  watered  by  the  rivers  A  Her,  Elbe, 
and  Ilmenau,  and  part  of  it  is  full  of  heaths  and 

507 


LUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LUZ 


forests,  but  near  the  rivers  pretty  fertile.  Lunen- 
burg is  the  capital. 

Lunenburg,  large  fortified  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  its  name.  The  chief  public 
edifices  are — the  places  for  public  worship,  the  du- 
cal palace,  three  hospitals,  the  town-house,  the  salt 
magazine,  the  anatomical  theatre,  and  the  academy. 
The  salt  springs  near  this  place  produce  great 
quantities  of  salt,  which  bring  in  a  large  revenue  to 
the  sovereign,  and  form  the  chief  employment  of 
the  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the  Ilmenau,  31 
ms.  SE.  of  Hamburg,  and  60  N.  of  Brunswick. 

Lunenburg,  co.  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  Mahone  bay. 
 Tp.  in  Lunenburg  co.,  Nova  Scotia.  Vil- 
lage and  tp.  in  Essex  co.,  Vt.,?on  Connecticut 

river,  nearly  opposite  Lancaster,  in  N.  H.  

NE.  tp.  and  village  in  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  on  a 
branch  of  Nashua  river,  45  ms.  N  W.  from  Bos- 
ton.   Pop.  in  1820,  1,209. 

Lunenburg,  co.  of  Va.,  between  Nottaway  and 
Meherin  rivers,  bounded  by  Brunswick  SE.,  Meck- 
lenburg SW.,  Charlotte  W.,  Prince  Edward 
NW.,  and  Nottaway  NE. ;  length  22  ms.,  mean 
width  10;  area  220  sq.  ms.  Surface  pleasantly 
diversified,  and  soil  productive.  Staples,  cotton 
and  tobacco.  Chief  town,  Lewistown.  Pop.  in 
1820,  10,662;  and  in  1840,  11,055.  Central  lat. 

36  52  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  7  W.  C.  H.  and  post 

office,  Lunenburg  co.,  Va. 

Luneville,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurte. 
Its  castle,  where  the  Dukes  of  Lorraine  formerly 
kept  their  court,  as  did  afterward  King  Stanis- 
laus, is  now  converted  into  barracks.  The  church 
of  the  late  regular  canons  is  very  handsome  ;  and 
here  Stanislaus  founded  a  military  school,  a  large 
library,  and  a  fine  hospital.  Luneville  is  seated 
in  a  plain,  between  the  rivers  Vezouze  and  Meurte, 
14  ms.  ESE.  of  Nancy,  and  62  W.  of  Strasburg. 
Lon.  6  30  E.,  lat.  48  36  N. 

Lungro,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 
chiefly'inhabited  by  Greek?,,  35  ms.  NNW.  of 
Cosenza. 

Lupow,  town  of  further  Pomerania,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  15  ms.  E.  of  Stolpe. 

Luray,  village  in  Shenandoah  co.,  Va.,  131 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  W.  C. 

Lure,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Saone, 
near  the  Ougnon,  30  ms.  NE.  of  Besancon. 

Lurgan,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Armagh, 
with  an  extensive  linen  manufacture,  14  ms.  NE. 
of  Armagh,  and  67  N.  of  Dublin. 

Lusatia,  marquisate  of  Germany,  90  ms.  long 
and  60  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.by  Brandenburg, 
E.  by  Silesia,  S.  by  Bohemia,  and  W.  by  Misnia 
and  Saxony  proper.  It  is  divided  into  upper  and 
lower.  Upper  Lusatia  abounds  more  in  mountains 
and  hills  than  the  lower,  in  which  are  many  boggy 
and  moorish  tracts,  yet  it  is  the  most  fruitful.  The 
breeding  of  cattle  is  very  considerable,  and  there  is 
plenty  of  game  ;  but  the  products  of  the  country  do 
not  supply  the  necessities  of  the  inhabitants.  This 
want  is  compensated  by  its  numerous  manufac- 
tures, particularly  those  of  cloths  and  linens.  Baut- 
zen and  Luckau  are  the  capitals. 

Lusignan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Vienne, 
seated  on  the  Vonne,  15  ms.  SSW.  of  Poitiers. 

Luso,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  duchy  of 
Urbino,  crosses  part  of  Romagno,  and  enters  Ve- 
nice 10  ms.  W.  of  Rimini. 
508 


Luian ge,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Mo  I 
8  ms.  SE.  of  Thionville,  and  11  NNE.  of  M  ' 

Luton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bedfordshire,  m 
situated  on  the  river  Lea,  18  ms.  S.  of  Bed  | 
and  31  ON.  by  W.  from  London. 

Luttenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Styria,  s< m 
on  the  Stantz,  42  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  MarchburfM 

Luiter,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duel  >f 
Brunswick,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Goslar. 

Lutterberg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  thed  4 
of  Brunswick,  20  ms.  S.  of  Goslar. 

Lutterworth,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Leicester.*  ., 
Lutterworth  has  an  extensive  cotton  manufacB 
and  many  hands  are  employed  in  the  stoc  ■ 
trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Swift,  14  m  ■ 
of  Leicester,  and  88  NW.  of  London. 
/  Lutzelstein,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  L  m 
Rhine,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  a  moun  £ 
30  ms.  NW.  of  Strasburg.  • 

Lutzen,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Tburii  J 
It  is  seated  on  the  Elster,  7  ms.  WSW.  of  Lei  I 

Luxemburg,  province  of  the  ."Netherlands,  bo  ■ 
ed  on  the  E.  by  Treves,  S.  by  Lorrain,  Wj| 
Champaigne  and  Liege,  and  N.  by  Liege  and  ]  m 
burg.  It  lies  in  the  forest  of  Ardennes,  an  u 
some  places  is  covered  with  mountains  andwedj 
but,  in  general,  is  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  aiv  s 
a  great  number  of  iron  mines.  The  principal  . 
ers  are  the  Moselle,  Sour,  Ouite,  and  Semoy.  m 

Rather  more  than  one-third  of  both  the  pnfl 
ces  of  Limburg  and  Luxembourg,  with  their  tl 
chief  towns,  Maestricht  and  Luxemburg,  were  m 
firmed  to  Holland  on  the  final  arrangement  w 
tween  the  latter  and  Belgium.  The  city  of 
emburg  is  one  of  the  federal  fortresses  of  the  I 
manic  Confederation,  though  the  civil  po;se;  n 
of  the  town  and  district  has  been  assigned  to  e 
King  of  Holland,  as  Grand  Duke  of  Luxembu 

Luxemburg,  strong  city  of  the  Netheri™ 
capital  of  the  province  of  its  name.  It  is  dhfl 
by  the  Alsitz  into  the  upper  and  lower  towns1! 
former  almost  surrounded  by  rocks,  but  the  I  ;r 
seated  in  a  plain.  It  is  22  ms.  WSW.  of  Tns 
Lon.  6  12,  lat.  49  37  N. 

Luxeuil,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  S;  I 
Near  it  are  some  mineral  waters  and  warm  b  i; 
also  an  abbey,  founded  by  St.  Columban,  an  1 1 
man.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Vosge;  4 
ms.  NE.  of  Vesoul. 

Luxara.  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man*  I 
near  the  conflux  of  the  Crostolo  with  the  Po  It 
is  18  ms.  SSW.  of  Mantua. 

Luya  and  Chilayos,  province  of  Peru,  E.  a 
the  Tunguragua  river,  and  nearly  due  S. 
C,lat.  5°  S. 

Luzerne,  county,  Pennsylvania,  bounded  <• 
by  Pike  and  Northampton,  S.  by  Schuylkill, : 
by  Columbia,  W.  by  Lycoming,  NW.  by  El 
ford,  N.  by  Susquehannah,  and  E.  by  W'a  \ 
length  45,  breadth  40  miles,  area  1,784  sq.  n  «• 
Luzerne  county  is  in  many  respects  a  very  i  I 
esting  region,  and  merits  a  very  particular  n  # 
in  an  elementary  work. 

Its  soil  and  surface  are  perhaps  more  varied  m 
any  other  county  of  Pennsylvania.  The  sod 
the  valleys  is  in  some  parts  composed  of  the  £ 
est  alluvion,  but  varies  froin  that  species  to  br  n 
rock.  The  mountains  are  rugged  and  barren,  id 
in  general  seem  incapable  of  culture.    The  *■ 


LUZ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LYC 


innah  river  enters  the  county  at  its  NW.  an_ 
md  flows  to  the  SE.  by  comparative  courses 
iles,  to  the  mouth  of  Lacka  wan  nock  river; 
it  turns  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  flows 
35  miles  by  comparative  courses  to  a  litlle 
I  Nescopeck,  where  it  enters  Columbia, 
e  following  specific  description  was  compiled 
(the  manuscript  notes  of  Isaac  A.  Chapman, 

[b  country  is  very  mountainous,  and  the  moun- 
:onsist  principally  of  ridges  running  parallel 
:h  other ;  and,  like  the  other  mountains  of 
lyWania,  extending  nearly  parallel  to  the  sea- 
in  nearly  a  SW.  and  NE.  direction.  In  the 
ill  between  the  mountain  ridges  are  the  fer- 
lloys,  on  which  are  placed  the  body  of  the 
l  ion  of  the  county.  The  principal  moun- 
i  of  Luzerne  are  the  following  :  Wyoming 
ains  on  each  side  of  Susquehannah  river, 
arming  the  valley  of  Wyoming.  The  local  j 
;  of  those  two  ridges  are  Bullock  mountain 
and  Shawaney  mountain  NW.  The  over- 
|  of  Bullock  mountain  1,000,  and  that  of 
iney  850  feet  above  the  Susquehannah  river, 
the  summit  of  one  mountain  to  that  of  the 
opposite  Wilkesbarre  by  the  road  6£,  but  byi 
line  5 J  miles.  At  the  foot  of  each  moun- 
,re  the  small  hills;  consequently,  the  broken  I 
lJ  occupies  more  space  than  the  real  bases  of 
tiuntain.  At  Wilkesbarre,  the  level  plain  on  I 
[.  side  extends  about  1^  mile  from  the  river,  j 
ji  the  E.  side  only  about  a  half  mile.  Upon  j 
tter  the  town  of  Wilkesbarre  is  situated. 
Nescopeck  mountain,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  j 
|peck  creek,  is  a  range  nearly  of  similar 
with  those  of  Wyoming,  and  parallel  to  t 
The  Nescopeck  forms  a  regular  unbroken  j 
:  nearly  destitute  of  timber  on  its  summit, 1 
aches  from  the  Susquehannah  nearly  to  the: 
jh.  Hell  Kitchen  mountain  commences  at 
,ad  of  Nescopeck  valley,  and  extends  NE.  to- 1 
the  Lehigh.  It  is  a  high,  rocky,  and  barren; 
;  naked  of  timber  on  its  summit,  where  only 
*  shrubbery  finds  support.  From  the  NW.  j 
of  this  mountain  flows  Hell  Kitchen  creek,  a  I 
^branch  of  Nescopeck. 

;ar-loaf  mountain  is  an  isolated  pyramidal 
rising  from  Nescopeck  valley.  Mahoopeny 
:ain  is  a  mere  spur  of  Bowman's  mountains,  j 
'  Bowman's  mountains  and  Lackawannock 
wain. 

3  Wyoming, Lackawannock, and  Buck  moun- 
all  produce  mineral  coal  of  the  anthracite 
It  forms  an  important  article  of  com- 
from  Luzerne  county. 

valleys  of  Luzerne  are  the  following  :  Val- 
Wyoming,  about  20  ms.  long  and  5  wide, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Susquehannah  river, 
enters  it  at  its  NE.  extremity,  through  the 
■itous  gap  in  the  Shawaneg  range.  The 
traverses  the  valley  in  a  serpentine  course, 
:aves  it  by  a  gap  called  Nantikoke  falls.  In 
alley  stand  the  towns  of  Wilkesbarre  and 
ton,  opposite  to  each  other.  This  is  the  most 
^us  valley  in  the  county  ;  the  soil  is  exuber- 
j  fertile. 

;opeck  valley  lies  on  both  sides  of  Nescopeck 
and  between  Nescopeck  and  Buck  moun- 
It  is  about  20  miles  long  and  5  wide,  and 


does  not  extend  to  the  river.  In  point  of  soil,  it 
stands  next  to  Lackawannock  valley  ;  but  the  soil 
of  Nescopeck  is  somewhat  superior. — See  Lacka- 
wannock  valley. 

Tunkhannock  valley  is  very  irregular  and  crook- 
ed, about  a  mile  wide,  lessening  in  some  places  to 
half  a  mile,  and  about  35  miles  long,  and  reaches 
from  the  Susquehannah  river  into  Susquehannah 
county.  In  proportion  to  its  width,  it  is  well  cul- 
tivated and  populous. 

Mahoopeny  valley  lies  along  Mahoopeny  creek. 
It  is  narrow,  irregular,  and  thinly  peopled.  Its 
length  about  20  miles  from  the  river.  Its  opening 
to  the  river  is  in  Braintrim  township,  in  the  NW. 
part  of  the  county.  All  the  streams  of  Luzerne 
are  rapid,  and  supply,  in  an  indefinite  number  of 
places,  excellent  sites  for  water  works. 

About  one-fiftieth  part  of  the  whole  county  is 
already  cleared  and  cultivated,  and  not  more  than 
one-third  will  admit  of  agriculture.  For  pastoral 
purposes,  the  proportion  to  the  whole  will  be  larger. 

The  mountain  timber  of  Luzerne  is  various  spe- 
cies of  oak,  thinly  admixed  with  yellow,  pitch,  and 
white  pine,  of  a  small  growth.  On  the  hills  timber  be- 
comes larger  and  more  numerous  in  species,  the  oak 
and  pine  being  mixed  with  hickory,  wild  cherry, 
beach,  birch,  and  hemlock.  In  the  northern  parts 
of  the  county,  4  or  5  ms.  from  the  Susquehannah, 
sugar  maple  is  very  abundant,  and  mixed  with  an 
immense  quantity  of  beech  and  hemlock  ;  the  lat- 
ter peculiarly  abounding  on  the  low  lands.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  county  the  low  grounds  or 
valleys  generally  produce  yellow  pine,  white  pine, 
oak,  and  hickory,  and  occasionally  buttonwood. 
Black  walnut  is  common  to  the  dry  rich  soil  of  the 
whole  county. 

The  only  minerals  yet  found  in  any  considerable 
quantity  in  Luzerne  are  iron  and  coal.  Two  forges 
for  the  manufacture  of  iron  have  been  erected,  one 
in  Lackawannock,  the  other  in  Nanticoke  valley. 
Staples  of  Luzerne — grain,  flour,  whiskey,  lumber 
and  coal.  Chief  towns,  Wilkesbarre,  Kingston, 
and  Stoddartsville.  Pop.  in  18i0,  20,027  ;  and  in 
1840,  44,006. 

Luzerne,  tp.,  Warren  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Hudson 
river,  10  miles  W.  from  Sandy  Hill.    Pop.  in 

1S20,  1,430   Tp.,  Fayette  county,  Pa.,  in  the 

great  bend  of  the  Monongahela,  opposite  Ten-mile 
creek,  12  miles  NW.  from  Union.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,610. 

Luzzaro,  strong  town  of  Italy,  on  the  confines 
of  the  duchies  of  Mantua  and  Gaustalla,  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Crostola  with  the  Po.  It  is  10 
miles  S.  of  Mantua.    Lon.  10  50  E.,  lat.  45°  N. 

Luzzi,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore, 
near  the  river  Crate,  3  ms.  S.  of  Bisignano. 

Lybian  Desert. — This  immense  sandy  region  of 
Africa  is  the  eastern  extension  of  the  Sahara. 
Though  but  imperfectly  explored,  that  part  of  in- 
terior Africa  between  the  mountains  of  Fezzan  and 
the  Niger  is,  however,  known  not  to  be  so  abso- 
lutely sterile  as  even  the  desert  of  Barca.  Rivers 
do  flow  southwardly  from  the  Lybian  sands,  which 
must  be  confluents  of  the  Niger.  The  Lybian  des- 
ert is,  nevertheless,  only  a  shade  less  rude  than  the 
great  western  Sahara ;  barrenness  and  barbarism 
reign  from  the  Nile  to  the  Atlautic. — See  Africa, 
p.  15,  and  sequel. 

Lychaniy  town  of  England,  in  Norfolk.    It  is 

cm 


LYM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


LYN 


24  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Norwich,  and  92  NNE.  of 
London. 

Lycoming,  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Susquehannah,  bounded  SE.  by  Columbia,  S.  by 
Northumberland,  Union,  and  Centre,  W.  by  Clear- 
field and  McKean,  N.  by  Potter,  Tioga,  and  Brad- 
ford, and  E.  by  Luzerne;  length  92,  width  25 
miles,  area  2,290  sq.  miles.  In  many  respects,  a 
strong  resemblance  exists  between  Lycoming  and 
Luzerne  counties,  though  the  former  is  less  moun- 
tainous than  the  latter.  Lycoming  is  traversed 
from  W.  to  E.  by  the  W.  branch  of  Susquehan- 
nah, and  drained  by  numerous  large  creeks  or 
small  rivers,  flowing  principally  from  the  N.  and 
NE.,  such  as  the  Sinnamahoning,  Kettle  creek, 
Pine  creek,  Loyalsock,  and  Muney  creeks.  Soil, 
timber,  productions,  and  staples,  nearly  the  same 
as  those  noticed  under  the  head  of  Luzerne.  Chief 
town,  Williamsport.  Population  in  1820,  13,517. 
This  description  includes  what  is  now  divided  be- 
tween Lycoming  and  Clinton;  the  latter  (a  new 
county)  comprises  western  Lycoming.  In  1840, 
the  population  of  the  two  counties  stood  thus: 
Lycoming        -  -  -  -  22,649 

Clinton  -  8,323 


Total 


30,972 


Lycoming,  tp.,  Lycoming  co  ,  Pa  ,  extending 
from  the  W.  branch  up  Lycoming  creek,  and  com- 
mencing at  Newry,  2  ms.  above  Williamsport 

Lycoming,  small  river  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pa., 
rising  in  the  southern  border  of  Bradford,  leading 
with  the  Towanda,  and,  flowing  SVV.,  falls  into 
the  W.  branch  2  ms.  above  Williamsport. 

Lydd,  populous  town  of  England,  in  Kent.  It 
is  a  member  of  the  Cinque  port  of  Romney,  and 
seated  in  Romney  Marsh,  26  miles  S.  of  Canter- 
bury, and  71  SE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  4  E.,  lat. 
50  58  N. 

Lydsing,  village  of  England,  in  Kent,  near 
Gravesend.  In  this  village  600  young  Normans, 
who  came  over  with  Alfred  and  Edward,  the  sons 
of  Ethelred,  after  the  death  of  Canute,  to  take  pos- 
session of  their  father's  throne,  were  massacred  by 
Godwin,  Earl  of  Kent. 

Lyesse,  town  of  Fr. ,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North, 
and  late  province  of  Hainault,  15  ms.  E.  of  Land- 
recy.    Lon.  4  10  E.,  lat.  50  6  N. 

Lyman,  tp.,  York  co.,  Maine,  27  ms.  N.  from 
York. 

Lyme,  town,  Grafton  county,  N.  H.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Connecticut  river,  between  Hanover  and 
Oxford,  about  8  miles  N.  of  Dartmouth  College. 

 Town,  New  London  co.,  Conn.,  on  the  E. 

bank  of  Connecticut  river,  and  on  Long  Island 
sound,  18  miles  SW.  of  New  London,  in  the  lat. 
of  41  25  N.,  and  lon.  72  40  E.  Tp.,  Jeffer- 
son co  ,  IN.  Y.,  on  Lake  Ontario.  Town  in 

the  western  borders  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  about  100 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Columbus. 

Lyme  Regis,  borough  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  in 
Dorsetshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
craggy  hill,  on  the  river  Lyme,  which  runs  through 
it,  at  the  head  of  a  little  inlet,  and  from  which  it 
takes  its  name  ;  and  its  harbor  is  formed  by  a  noble 
pier,  called  the  Cobb.  It  is  28  ms,  E.  by  S.  of 
Exeter,  and  143  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3° 
W.,  lat.  53  40  N. 
510 


Lymford,  lake  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  bet  ;n 
the  provinces  of  Ripen  and  Wiborg  on  the  S.  !<] 
Aalborg  on  the  N.,  extending  in  a  westerly  i  I 
tion  from  the  Cattegat,  towards  the  German  c  n 
and  reaching  so  near  the  latter  as  to  almost  ins  ie 
Aalborg.  This  sheet  of  water  is  about  70  ms.  a 
but  full  of  islands,  and  of  very  unequal  breailt  It 
extends  nearly  along  lat.  57°  N. 

Lymington,  borough  and  seaport  of  EnjJJ 
Hants.  It  is  seated  about  a  mile  from  the  ch  9 
called  the  Needles,  and  the  harbor  will  admi  I 
sels  of  considerable  burden.  It  is  seated  on  a  m 
hill,  12  ms.  SSW.  of  Southampton,  and  90  I 
of  London.    Lon.  1  42  W.,  lat.  50  45  I\ . 

Lynchburg,  town,  Campbell  .co.,  Va.,  sill 
on  the  S.  side  of  James  river,  118  ms. 
Richmond,  and  128  W.  by  N.  of  Petersburg.  ,D 
W.  C.  2  16  W.,  lat.  37  18  N.  This  tovuM 
advanced  with  great  rapidity  within  the  last  t' I 
years.  It  was  incorporated  in  1805.  It  is  a  I 
porium  for  the  trade  of  an  extensive,  fertile  nd 
well-cultivated  interior.  James  river  being  ■ 
gable  for  batteaux  from  here  to  Richmond,  t| 
bacco,  wheat,  flour,  hemp,  whiskey,  and  bee  in 
I  embarked  and  sent  down  by  water.  Pop.  \M 
|  census  of  1840,  6,395.  A  marble  manuf;  0f 
has  been  also  established — a  circumstance  veryl 

trative  of  wealth  and  taste.  Village,  0\M 

co  ,  Ky.,  54  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort  -4 
Village,  Lincoln  co.,  Tenn.,  50  ms.  SSW.H 
Murfreesborough. 

Lynch' 's  Creek,  so  called,  river  which  nYfl 
N.  C.,  a  few  ms.  W.  of  Sneadsborough,  id, 
flowing  S.,  enters  S.  C,  between  Lancaster 
Chesterfield  districts,  and,  assuming  a  SE.  cm 
flows  through  S.  C,  and  falls  into  the  Great  lfl 
The  entire  length  of  Lynch's  creek,  by  conn* 
tive  courses,  exceeds  100  ms. 

Jjynch  Ljuke,  Williamsburg  district,  S.  C 

Lyndehorough,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  I 
10  ms.  NW.  from  Amherst.    Pop.  1820,  1 

Lyndhurst,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hants,  i 
New  Forest.  Here  is  a  seat  which  belong! 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  as  lord  warden  of  tbefl 
Forest.    It  is  7  ms.  N.  of  Lymington. 

Lyndon,  town,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.,  33  ins  B. 
from  Montpelier.    Pop.  1,100. 

Lynesville,  village,  Granville  co.,  N.  C.jtfl 
N.  from  Raleigh. 

Ijynn,  town,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  famo.. 
manufacture  of  women's  shoes,  10  ms.  N 
Boston,  and  5  SW.  of  Salem,  in  the  lat.  of  M 

N.,  and  lon.  of  70  52  W.  Western  tp.  i  j 

high  co.,  Pa.  It  joins  Berks  and  SchuylkilB 
and  is  situated  between  West  Penns  and  W«|B 
berg  tps. 

Lynn  Canal,  or  Strait,  NW.  coast  of  d 
America,  winds  in  a  northerly  direction  fro  to 
northern  extremity  of  Chatham  strait,  of  wlN 
is  in  reality  a  continuance.  Lon.  W.  C.  4i 
W.,  lat.  of  its  entrance  58  12  N. 

Lynn  Creek,  post  office,  Giles  co.,  Tenn.,  oil 
70  ms.  S.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Lynnjield,  tp.,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  10  ml 
from  Salem,  and  11  N.  from  Boston. 

Lynnhaven  Bay,  a  curve  of  the  Chesapeti* 
its  southern  extremity,  between  Hampton  ad 
and  Cape  Henry. 

Lynn  Regis,  or  King's  Linn,  borough  a'  sea 


MAC 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


MAC 


o,of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  42  ms.  WNW.  of  Nor- 
Ji  and  106  N.  by  E.  of  London.    Lon.  24/ 
at.  52  48  N. 

inn  River,  in  the  co.  of  Norfolk,  U.  C,  rises 
ti  e  tp.  of  Windham,  and,  running  from  thence 
kjcerly  through  the  tp.  of  Woodhouse,  empties 
s<  into  Lake  Erie,  where  it  has  about  three  feet 
ro-  on  the  bar.    It  is  a  good  harbor  for  batteaux. 

nuibville,  village,  in  the  western  part  of  Le- 
,igco.,  Pa.,  by  post  road  80  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from 
rfeisburg. 

tonnois,  late  province  of  Fr.,  which,  with  that 
>fi>rez,  forms  the  dep.  of  Rhone  and  Loire. 

ions,  second  city  of  Fr.  for  beauty,  commerce, 
mopulence.    It  is  the  capital  of  the  dep.  of 
e  and  Loire,  and  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
e  Rhone  and  Saone.    It  was  founded  about 
I  ear  42  B.  C,  by  the  Romans,  who  made  it 
u3ntreof  the  commerce  of  the  Gauls.  About 
it  ear  145  it  was  totally  destroyed  by  fire,  but 
a  ebuilt  by  the  munificence  of  Nero.    Many  an- 
ies  are  still  observed,  that  evince  its  Roman 
i.    Lyons  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and, 
?f  3  its  recent  calamities,  contained  150,000  in- 
ahnts,  upwards  of  30,000  of  whom  were  era- 
I  d  in  various  manufactures,  particularly  of  rich 
u  of  the  most  exquisite  workmanship,  in  silk, 
I  silver,  &c.    The  quays  were  adorned  with 
ia  ificent  structures.    The  Hotel  de  Ville  vied 
i  that  of  Amsterdam;  and  the  theatre  was  not 
ssed  by  any  in  Fr.    The  other  principal  pub- 
.ildings  were,  the  Hotel  de  Dieu,  the  Hospital 
larity,  the  Exchange,  the  Custom-house,  the 
|e  of  Justice,  the  Arsenal,  a  public  library, 
iwo  colleges.    The  bridge,  which  unites  the 
kith  the  suburbs  de  la  Guillotiere,  is  1,560 
e  ong;  and  there  are  three  other  principal  su- 
,  six  gates,  and  several  fine  churches.  No 
mi  France  suffered  so  much  from  the  revolu- 
mbs  Lyons;  its  population  was  reduced  to  less 
18  80,000.    It  is  again  rapidly  increasing,  and 
I  ins,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  tabular  view  of 
Oke,  p.  329,  150,814  inhabitants.    This  city  is 
lljs.  N.  of  Vienne,  and  220  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon. 

'  '  E.,  lat.  45  46  N.  Town  and  seat  of  jus- 

Wayne  co.,  N.  Y.,  16  ms.  N.  from  Geneva, 
*0  E.  from  Canandaigua,  and  by  the  canal  117 
•evV.  from  t/tica;  lat.  43  5  N.  and  lon.  W.  C. 
3  sing  almost  exactly  on  the  meridian  of  that  city, 
lis  is  elegantly  situated  on  the  Grand  Western 
I  of  N.  Y.,  and  rapidly  improving.  Pop.  in 
■8  of  the  tp.,  3,972. 

ion's  Creek,  in  the  co.  of  Lincoln,  U.  C,  dis- 
*W;es  itself  into  Chippewa  river,  in  the  tp.  of 
•V^ughby,  not  far  above  the  mouth  of  that  river. 

'ons,  Gulf  of,  that  curve  of  the  Mediterranean 
-**.nween  Catalonia  and  the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 

'sander,  town,  Onondago  co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the 
m  jence  of  the  Onondago  or  Oswego  and  Seneca 
af 20  ms.  NW.  from  Onondago. 

M. 

Mtea,  one  of  the  Society  isles,  in  the  South 
*«a.-See  Society  Isles. 

'bra,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  seated 
°*  e  Gulf  of  Bona,  W.  of  the  town  of  Bona. 
A'c  Arihurstown,  village  in  the  southwestern 


part  of  Athens  co.,  O.,  and  in  Elk  tp.,  25  ms.  SW. 
from  Athens,  and  30  ms.  nearly  due  E.  of  Chilli- 
cothe. 

Mac  Allister's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Mont- 
gomery co.,  Tenn.,  99  ms.  NW.  from  Murfrees- 
borough. 

Macao,  town  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Can- 
ton, on  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Can- 
ton. It  is  defended  by  three  forts.  The  Portu- 
guese have  been  in  possession  of  the  harbor  since 
1610.  They  pay  a  tribute  for  the  liberty  of 
choosing  their  own  magistrates,  exercising  their  re- 
ligion, and  living  according  to  their  own  laws;  and 
here,  accordingly,  is  a  Portuguese  governor,  as 
well  as  a  Chinese  mandarin,  to  lake  care  of  the 
town  and  the  neighboring  country.  The  British 
and  some  other  European  nations  have  factories  in 
this  place.    Lon.  113  46  E.,  lat.  22  12  N. 

Mac  Calla?i's  Cross  Road^,  post  office,  Harrison 
co.,  Ia.,  110  ms.  S.  from  Indianapolis. 

Macarsca,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  with  a  pretty 
good  harbor,  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  25  ms. 
SE.  of  Spalatro.    Lon.  18  7  E.,  lat.  43  49  N. 

Macas. — See  Majus. 

Macassar,  kingdom  of  Celebes,  whence  that 
island  is  called  Macassar. — See  Celebes. 

Macassar,  large  town  of  the  island  of  Celebes, 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  The 
houses  are  all  of  wood,  supported  by  thick  posts, 
and  the  roofs  covered  by  very  large  leaves;  they 
have  ladders  to  ascend  into  them,  which  they  draw 
up  as  soon  as  they  have  entered.  It  is  seated  near 
the  mouth  of  a  large  river,  which  runs  through  the 
kingdom  from  N.  to  S.  Lon.  117  28  E.,  lat.  5°  S. 

Macassar,  Straits  of,  between  Borneo  and 
Celebes. 

Mac  Cawley's,  post  office,  Wayne  co.,  111.,  by 
post  road  131  ms.  SE.  from  Vandalia. 

Mac  Clellansville,  village,  Camden  co.,  Ga.,  214 
ms.  SSE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Macclesfield,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Che- 
shire. It  is  seated  at  the  edge  of  a  forest  of  the 
same  name,  near  the  river  Bolin.  It  has  manu- 
factories of  mohair,  twist,  hat  bands,  buttons,  and 
thread,  and  mills  for  the  winding  of  silk.  It  is  36 
ms.  E.  of  Chester,  and  171  NW.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  17  W.,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Mac  Connellsburg,  or  Mac  Connellstown,  village 
of  Bedford  co.,  Pa.,  19  ms.  W.  from  Chambers- 
burg. 

Mac  Connellsvil/e,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y. 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Morgan  co., 

Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Muskin- 
gum river,  30  ms.  NW.  from  Marietta,  and  25 
SSE.  from  Zanesville.  Lat.  39  43  N.,  Ion.  W\ 
C.  4  50  W.     Pop.  of  tp.  in  1840,  1,518. 

Mac  Culblis,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  16 
ms.  from  Steubenville. 

Mac  Cutchensville,  village,  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio, 
30  ms.  SSE.  from  Columbus. 

Mac  Danielsville,  village,  Spartanburg  district, 
S.  C,  103  ms.  NW.  of  Columbia. 

Mac  DonneWs,  post  office,  Muskingum  co.,  O., 
72  ms.  E.  from  Columbus. 

Macdonough,  tp.,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y. 

Macedonia,  province  of  Turkey,  in  Europe, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Servia  ancl  Bulgaria,  on 
the  E.  by  Romania  and  the  Archipelago,  on  the 
S.  by  Livadia,  and  on  the  W.  by  that  country 

511 


MAC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAC 


and  Albania.  Salonichi,  ancient  Thessalonia,  is 
the  capital. 

Macedon,  SW.  tp.  and  village,  Wayne  co.,  N. 
Y.  The  tp.  lies  along  both  sides  of  the  western  ca- 
nal, 12  W.  from  Lyons. 

Mac  Entire's,  post  office,  Franklin  co.,  Ga.,  96 
nis.  NNE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Macerata,  handsome  populous  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona,  near  the  mountain 
Chiento,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Loretto.  Lon.  13  27 
E.,  lat.  43  20  N. 

Mac  Farland's,  post  office,  Lunenburg  co., 
Va.,  about  60  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Mac  Galley's,  post  office,  Rockingham  county, 
Virginia,  by  post  road  139  miles  NW.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Mac  Grewsburg,  village,  Adams  co.,  Pa.,  32 
ms.  SE.  from  Harrisburg. 

Machecou,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  seated  on 
the  Tenn,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  11 
W.,  lat.  47  2  N. 

Macherry,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  situated 
in  the  province  of  Mewat,  about  72  ms.  distant 
from  Delhi. 

Machian,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  20  ms. 
in  circumference,  and  the  most  fertile  of  them  all. 
It  produces  the  best  cloves,  and  the  Dutch  have 
here  3  inaccessible  forts.    Lon.  126  55  E. 

Machias,  maritime  tp.  and  village,  Washington 
co.,  Maine,  on  the  W.  side  of  Machias  river. 
Lat.  44  44  N.,  and  lon.  67  34  W.  The  principal 
village,  post  office,  and  seat  cf  justice  for  the  co., 
is  at  the  falls  in  Machias  river.  On  the  E.  branch 
there  is,  however,  another  fine  village  with  a  post 
office.  The  principal  export  from  this  place  is 
lumber.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,570  ;  that  of  the  tp.  and 
port  in  1840,  2,185. 

Machicaco,  promontory  of  Spain,  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.    Lon.  3°  W.,  lat.  43  37  N. 

Machynleth,  town  of  Wales,  in  Montgomery- 
shire, on  the  Douay,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge 
leading  into  Merionethshire.  It  is  57  ms.  W.  of 
Montgomery,  and  198  NW.  .of  London.  Lon.  3 
45,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Macintosh,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean  SE.,  Alatamaha  river,  or  Glynn,  and 
Wayne  SW.,  and  Liberty  NW.  and  NE,  ;  length 
40,  mean  width  14  ms.,  area  560  sq.  ms.  ;  sur- 
face level,  and  soil  in  part  sandy.  Chief  town, 
Darien.  Staples,  sugar  and  cotton.  Pop.  in  1820, 
5,129;  ami  in  1840,  5,  360.  Ctl.  lat.  31  34  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  4  40  W. 

Macintosh,  C.  H.^and  post  office,  Mac  Intosh 
co.,  Ga. 

Mac  Kean,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Clearfield  S., 
Jefferson  SVV.,  Warren  W.,  Cattaraugus  and 
Alleghany  cos.  N.,  York  N  ,  Potter  E.,  and  Ly- 
coming SE.  ;  length  42,  width  35  ms.,  area  1,442 
sq.  ms.  ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil  generally  of  mid- 
dling quality.  Chief  town,  Smithport.  Pop. 
in  1820,  728;  and  in  1840,  2,975.  Ctl.  lat.  41 
45,  lon.  W.  C.  1  35  W. 

Mac  Keansburg,  post  office,  Schuylkill  co., 
Pa.,  4  ms.  NE..  from  Orwiesburg. 

Mac  Keesport,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  on 
the  right  banks  of  Youghiogheny  and  Mononga- 
hela  rivers,  at  their  junction,  11  ms.  SE.  from 
Pittsburg. 
512 


Mackenzie's  River,  or  Unjigah  River,  or 
River,  an  immense  stream  of  N.  America,  Q» 
n  the  Chippewan  mountains,  lon.  W.  C.  40 
and  lat.  52|0  N.  'J  his  is  the  Elk  river,  J 
flows  NE.  "to  lat.  58°,  enters  the  Athap  ,w 
lake,  by  which  it  receives  from  the  NE.  a  m 
large  accession  of  water.  A  short  distance  « 
the  Athapescow  discharge,  the  proper  Peace  i  « 
from  the  SW.  The  united  streams  curl 
NN  W.  to  about  lat.  61  30,  where  the  whokl 
is  lost  in  Great  Slave  lake,  a  body  of  wat  t. 
tending  nearly  E.  and  W.  upwards  of  301 2 
At  the  extreme  N  W.  part  of  the  lake  Macke  I 
river  is  discharged,  which,  assuming  a  coi  J 
little  W.  of  NW.,  enters  the  Arctic  ocean  i  ■ 
69°  N.,  and  56°  W.  from  Washington.  Til 
tire  course  of  this  great  river  passes  through  1° 
of  lat.,  and  with  its  difference  of  lon.  and  J. 
ings,  exceeds  2,000  ms.  in  length. 

Mackey's  ville,  village,  Burke  co.,  N.  C.  \ 
Mac  Leomsborough,  village,  Hamilton  co.  I 
60  ms.  NE.  from  Vandalia. 

Mac  Leonis  Mills,  post  office,  Rutherford  ■ 
Tenn.,  14  ms.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Mac  Minn,  co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  SE.  by  t§ 
roe,  SW.  by  Hiwassee  river,  NW.  by  ]■ 
and  NE.  by  Roane  and  Blount.  It  is  drain  jy 
the  various  branches  of  Hiwassee  river.;  lm 
30,  mean  width  20  ms.,  area  600  sq.  I 
surface  hilly,  and  soil  varied.  Chief  town,  ■ 
houn.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,623  ;  and  in  I 
12,719.  Ctl.  lat.  35  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  3  1 
Mac  Minnville,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  W  >n 
co.,  Tenn.,  70  ms.  SE.  from  Nashville.  L;» 
43  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  8  42  W. 

Mac  Nairy,  co.,  Tenn.,  position  uncertain 
Macomb,  co.,  Michigan,  bounded  E.  bfl 
Clair  river  and  lake,  S.  by  Wayne  co.,  SV  >y 
Oakland  co.,  NW.  by  Lapeer,  and  NE. 
Clair;  surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  ex< 
Pop.  in  1820,  869  ;  and  in  1840,  9,716. 

Mac  Neils  Store,  and  post  office,  Moore  CO  | 
C,  by  post  road  90  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Macon,  western  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  th  fl 
ritory  of  the  Cherokee  Indians  W.  and  £T 
Haywood  co.,  N.  C,  NE.  and  E.,  Pickcn  »• 
trict,  S.  C,  and  Rabun  co.,  Ga.,  S.  ;  length  o 
E.  to  W.  48  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  area86qi 
ms.  Lat.  35  to  35  26,  lon.  W.  C.  5  48  to  l« 
V/.  It  is  very  nearly  commensurate  witl » 
higher  part  of  the  valley  of  Tennessee  pr  r, 
and  slopes  to  NNW.  Chief  town,  Frarn. 
Pop.  in  1830,  5,833. 

When  Mr.  H.  S.  Tanner  published  the  * 
impressions  of  his  map  of  the  U.  S.,  the  two  <• 
em  cos.  of  N.  C,  Haywood  and  Macon,  re 
delineated  and  colored  so  as  to  include  the  vie 
section  of  the  State  westward  of  Buncombe 
Subsequent  documents  enabled  Mr.  T.  to  nfy 
his  map  ;  from  which  it  now  appears  that  th  4 
treme  western  part  of  the  State  is  still  in  pen- 
sion of  the  Creek  Indians  to  the  extent  of  75  q- 
ms.  Haywood,  Macon,  and  the  adjacent  (ek 
co.,  is  an  elevated  region  ;  the  mean  height 
without  estimating  that  of  the  mountain  ch"* 
exceed  1,500  feet  above  the  Atlantic  tide.  N» 
therefore,  allowance  is  made  for  relative  eleven* 
the  winter  temperature  of  Macon  will  be  fouiM 
low  as  that  on  the  Atlantic  shore  on  N.  lat- 


MAD  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MAD 


Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Bibb  co.,  Ga., 
i ted  on  the  right  or  west  bank  of  Oakmulgee 

on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Hawkins.  N.  lat. 
[,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  37  W.,  and  30  ms.  SW. 

Milledgeville. 

icon,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
tone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bur- 
wy.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  good  wine, 
ts  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  near  the 
I,  35  ms.  N.  of  Lyons,  and  188  SE.  of  Paris. 
iconsville,  town,  Northampton  co.,  North 
Iftra. 

■cran,  or  Mekran,  extends  along  the  Indian 
L  from  Cape  Jask,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
iin  gulf,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Araba  river, 
ill  separates  it  from  Sinde,  in  a  direction 
I  E.  and  W.  about  600  ms.,  along N.  lat.  26 
w.    The  position  and  extent  corresponds  in 

part  with  the  ancient  Gedrosia,  but  may  be 
1  in  the  list  of  countries  with  which  we  are 

imperfectly  acquainted. — See  Mecran. 

ores,  river  of  Africa,  which  runs  across  the 

om  of  Tripoli,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterra- 
i  a  little  to  the  E.  of  Lebeda. 

cquarrie,  river  of  New  Holland,  in  New  S. 
is,  rises  in  and  flows  westerly  from  the  Blue 
(tains,  and  is  lost  in  inland  marshes  at  S.  lat. 

jc  Reynold's  Storey  and  post  office,  Campbell 
fa.,  132  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 
icri,  ancient  town  of  Samos,  in  the  Archi- 

[rronissi,  ancient  Helen,    small   island  of 
k,  S.  from  Attica.    This  little  island  lies 
5  ms.  E.  from  Cape  Colonni,  and  is  an  ob- 
sj»F  8  by  I  mile. 

kulje.     Dark  spots  on  the  face  of  the  sun 

called.  This  class  of  phenomena  are  not 
jnent  as  are  those  seen  on  the  Moon.  The 

\po\s  are  changeable,   and  must  arise  from 

tions  in   the   envelope  of  that  luminary. 

have  been  seen,  though  rarely,  by  the  naked 

such  was  the  case  in  1816. 
bungy,  tp.,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Little 
fh  river,  between  Upper  Milford  and  Weis- 
l.rg,  5  ms.  SW.  from  Allentown. 
c  Veylown,  village,  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  68  ms. 

by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 
V  Ville,  Washington  co.,  Ky. — See  Max- 

Washington  co.,  Ky. 

[c  Wi/liarnstown,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa., 
.  from  Philadelphia. 

czua,  small  island  on  the  Red  sea,  near  the 
if  A hex. 

dagascar,  large  island  of  Africa. — i 
jp.  30. 

dalena,  river. — See  Magdalena. 
dawaslca,  river,  settlement,  and  village  of 
,  northward  of  St.  John's  river.    The  river 
■vaska  rises  in  the  highland  or  mountains, 
k  15  ms.  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  opposite 

mouth  of  Saguenay  river,  and  including 
'I  lakes,  of  which  the  largest  is  the  Temis- 
t,  falls  into  St.  John's^river  after  a  corapara- 
purse  of  SSE.  50  ms.  The  settlement  of 
paska,  included  in  the  co.  of  Aroostook, 
ned  in  1840,  1,876  inhabitants.  The  vil- 
M  Aroostook,  as  laid  down  on  Bradford's 
n  Atlas,  is  situated  on  the  point  between  the 

65* 


St.  John's  and  Green  rivers.  N.  lat.  47  18,  Ion. 
W.  C.  8  53  E. 

Madberry,  tp.,  Stafford  co.,  N.  H.,   11  ms. 
NW.  from  Portsmouth. 

Madensborough,  tp.  of  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C, 
12  ms.  SE.  from  Three  Rivers. 

Madeira,  island  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  120  ms. 
in  circumference,  and  240  N.  by  E.  of  Teneriffe  ; 
the  centre  in  lat.  32  48  N.  The  scorching  heat 
of  summer  and  the  icy  chill  of  winter  are  here 
equally  unknown.  Spring  and  autumn  reign  con- 
tinually, and  produce  flowers  and  fruits  throughout 
the  year.  Many  brooks  and  small  rivulets  descend 
from  the  mountains  in  deep  chasms  or  glens,  which 
separate  the  various  parts  of  the  island.  The  water  is 
conducted  by  wiers  and  channels  in  the  vineyards, 
where  each  proprietor  has  the  use  of  it  for  a  cer- 
tain time ;  some  being  allowed  to  keep  a  constant 
supply  of  it,  some  to  use  it  thrice,  others  twice, 
and  others  only  once  a  week.  As  the  heat  of  the 
climate  renders  the  supply  of  water  to  the  vine- 
yards absolutely  necessary,  it  is  not  without  great 
expense  that  a  new  vineyard  can  be  planted ;  for 
the  maintenance  of  which,  the  owners  must  purchase 
water,  at  a  higher  price,  from  those  who  are  con- 
stantly supplied,  and  are  thus  enabled  to  spare  some 
of  it.  The  cedar  tree  is  found  in  great  abundance, 
and  extremely  beautiful ;  most  of  the  ceilings  and 
furniture  at  Madeira  are  made  of  that  wood,  which 
yields  a  very  fragrant  smell.  The  dragon  tree  is  a 
native  of  this  island.  The  hedges  are  mostly  form- 
ed of  the  myrtle,  rose,  jessamine,  and  honeysuc- 
kle; while  the  larkspur,  fleur-de-lis,  lupin,  &c., 
spring  up  spontaneously  in  the  meadows.  There 
are  very  few  reptiles  to  be  seen  in  the  island  ;  the 
lizard  is  the  most  common.  Canary  birds  and 
goldfinches  are  found  in  the  mountains ;  of  the  for- 
mer, numbers  are  sent  every  year  to  England.  This 
island  is  well  watered  and  populous.  Funchal  is 
the  capital. 

Madera,  river  of  South  America,  one  of  the  great 
southern  confluents  of  the  Amazon,  rises  as  far  S. 
as  lat.  20°  S.,  interlocking  sources  with  the  Pilco- 
mayo  and  Ucayale,  flowing  thence  nearly  due  N. 
to  S.  lat.  10°;  it  thence  turns  to  NE.,  and  enters 
the  Amazon  at  lat.  3°  S.  The  Madera  is  one  of 
the  largest  secondary  rivers  of  the  globe. — See  art. 
America,  p.  52. 

Madia,  or  Maggia,  town,  river,  valley,  and  bail- 
iwick of  Switzerland,  in  Upper  Vallais.  The  val- 
ley is  long  and  narrow,  between  high  mountains, 
watered  throughout  its  whole  length  by  the  river, 
ani  it  is  the  fourth  transalpine  bailiwick.  The 
town  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  Locarno. 

Madison,  town  in  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  on  the 
Kennebeck  river,  10  ms.  above  Norridgewock.  Pop. 

in  1820,  881.  Co,  of  N.  York,  bounded  by 

Onondaga  W.,  Oneida  lake  NW.,  Oneida  co. 
NE.,  Otsego  SE.,  and  Chenango  S.  Length  28 
ms.,  mean  width  20  ;  area  560  sq.  ms.  It  occu- 
pies the  dividing  ground  between  the  waters  flow- 
ing into  the  Chenango  and  Unadilla  branches  of 
Susquehannah ;  the  Chitinengo,  Oneida,  and  Ca- 
naserago  creeks  entering  Oneida  lake,  and  some 
creeks  flowing  into  the  Mohawk.  The  surface  is 
generally  hilly,  but  the  soil  highly  fertile,  and  pro- 
ductive in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruits.  Chief 
towns,  Hamilton,  Madison,  and  Cazenovia.  Pop. 
in  1820,  32,208  ;  and  in  1840,  40,008.  Central 

513 


MAD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAD 


lat.  43  0  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  22  E.  Tp.  in 

Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  heads  of  Chenango 
river  and  Oriskany  creek,  22  ms.  SW.  from  Utica. 
 Tp.  in  Columbia  co.,  Pa.,  between  Green- 
wood and  Derry,  5  ms.  N.  from  Danville.  Co. 

of  Va.,  bounded  SE.,  S.,  and  SW.,  by  Orange  co., 
or  the  Rapid  Ann  river,  NW.  by  the  Blue  ridge, 
or  Shenandoah  co.,  and  NE.  and  E.  by  Culpeper. 
It  is  about  28  ms.  square,  and  has  an  area  of  784 


W.  from  Miami  river,  and  adjoining  to  the  c  jf 

Preble.  Village  in  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  3 

ms,  S  VV.  from  Columbus.  Tp.  in  Butler  co  ) 

 NE.  tp.  in  Perry  co.  0.  Town  and  se;  }f 

justice  for  Jefferson  co.,  Ia  ,  on  the  Ohio  rive  5 
ms.  above  Louisville,  and  75  below  Cincin  i. 
Pop.  about  1,500.  It  has  already  one  pri,  g 
office,  a  bank,  and  three  or  four  places  of  p  S 
worship.  Lat.  38  44  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  16  W.  1 


sq.  ms.    It  is  drained  entirely  by  various  creeks  of  I  Co.  of  la.,  bounded  by  Hamilton,  Marion,  Sh 

.1       r»__s  1     A  .    .U-.   r  :_  J  .  r».._u  1  LI   f   TT  ]  ..!  1 1  •      w  ■ 


the  Rapid  Ann  ;  the  surface  is  moderately  hilly 
and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Staples,  flour  and 
tobacco.  Chief  town,  Madison.  Pop.  in  1820, 
8,490;  and  in  1840,  8,107.    Central  lat.  38  20 

N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  10  W.  Village  in  Madison 

co.,  Va.,  on  Robertson's  river,  branch  of  Rapid 
Ann,  45  ms.  W.  from  Fredericksburg.  Vil- 
lage in  Amherst  co.,  Va.,  on  the  left  bank  of  James 

river,  opposite  Lynchburg.  Co.  of  Ga.,  on 

Broad  river,  bounded  S.  by  Oglethorpe,  SW.  by 
Clark,  W.  by  Jackson,  NW.  and  N.  by  Frank- 
lin, and  NE.  by  Elbert.  Length  30  ms.,  mean 
width  10;  area  300  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  but 
soil  productive.    Chief  town,  Danielsville.  Pop. 

in  1840,  5,045.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  for 

Morgan  co.,  Ga.,  50  ms.  NNW.  from  Milledge- 

vUle.  Lat.  38  38  N  ,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  43  W.  Co. 

of  Ala.,  bounded  N.  by  Ten.,  E.  by  Decatur,  S. 
by  Tennessee  river,  and  W.  by  Limestone  co., 
Ala.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20  ;  area  600 
sq.  ms.  Surface  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and 
soil  highly  fertile.  Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town, 
Huntsville.  Pop.  in  1820,  17,481  ;  and  in  1840, 
25,706.    Central  lat.  34  50  N.,  Ion.  WT.  C.  9  48 

W.  .Co.  of  Ten,,  bounded  by  Henderson  co. 

on  the  E-,  and  drained  by  the  S.  and  middle  forks 
of  Forked  Deer  river.  Ctl.  lat.  35  37  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 

II  50  W.    Pop.  in  1810,  16,530.  Co.  ofKy., 

bounded  by  Clay,  SE.,  Rockcastle  S.,  Garrard  W., 
Kentucky  river,  or  Jessamine  NW.,  Kentucky  river, 
or  Fayette  and  Clark  N  ,  and  Estill  E.  Length  38 
ms.,  mean  width  15  ;  area  570  sq.  ms.  Chief  town, 
Richmond.  Pop.  in  1820,  15,954  ;  and  in  1840, 
16,355.  Central  lat.  37  43  N.,  Ion.  W.  C  7  12  W. 

 Co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  on  tho  N.  by  Union,  E. 

by  Franklin,  S.  by  Fayette,  and  W.  by  Clark  and 
Champaign  counties.  It  is  about  28  miles  long 
from  N.  to  S.,   by   19  broad  from  E 


Rush,  and  Henry.  C.  H.  and  village  in  Ma.  n 

co.,  Ia.,  15  ms.E.  from  Indianapolis.  Co.  o 

on  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers,  opposit  e 
mouth  of  Missouri.  Extent  in  sq.  ms.  uncei  j, 
It  is  bounded  S.  by  St.  Clair  and  Washirijfl 
and  E.  by  Bond.  Surface  in  most  part  level  ■ 
fertile.  Chief  town,  Edwardsville.  Pop.  in  IB 
13,550;  and  in   1840,14,433.    Central  la  I 

50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12  50  W.  Co.  of  I 

forms  a  square  of  30  ms.  each  way  ;  area  90 1 
ms.  ;  mostly  drained  by  the  higher  branches  c  ij 
Francis  river.  Central  lat.  37  25  N.,  Ion.  ll 
W.  of  W.  C.  Chief  town,  Frederickton.  PoM 
1840,  2,775. 

Madison,  Eost,  town  in  Somerset  co.,  Me  * 
post  road  114  N.  from  Portland. 

Madison's  ricer,  branch  of  Missouri,  rises  r  it 
Chippewan  mountains,  between  the  Yellow  (V 
and  Jefferson's  river,  and,  flowing  NE.,  join;  f. 
ferson's  and  Gallatin's  rivers,  and  forms  the  c- 
souri. 

Madisonville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  ■ 
kins  co  ,  Ky.,  on  the  dividing  ground  bet  wee  te 
waters  of  Green  and  Tradewater  rivers,  549 
SE.  from  Shawnectown,  and  67  a  little  N.  I 
Clarksville,  in  Tennessee.    Lat.  37  20  N.,1! 

W.  C.  10  22  W.  Village  and  seaport  of  tM 

rish  of  St.  Tammany,  La.,  on  Chifuncte  rive 'A 
ms.  nearly  due  N.,  and  on  the  opposite 
Lake  Pontchartrain,- from  New  Orleans. 

Madras,  or  Fort  St.  George,  fort  and  t 
the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  o 
mandel.  It  is  the  principal  settlement  of  th 
lish  East  India  Company  on  the  E.  side  of 
ninsula,  and  is  a  fortress  of  very  great  exit 
eluding  within  it  a  regular  well-built  city, 
close  on  the  margin  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  M 
which  it  has  a  rich  and  beautiful  appearance  ie 


to  S.,  by   19  broad  from  E.   to  W., 
and  contains  400  sq.  ms.    This  county  contains  j  houses  bring  covered  with  a  stucco  called  chujfl 
extensive  bodies  of  tine  land,  well  adapted  to  agri-  j  which  in  itself  is  nearly  as  compact  as  iheil 
culture  and  grazing.    One  of  the  staples  of  the  marble,  and,  as  it  bears  as  high  a  polish,  ia  eq 


plendid.  They  consist  of  long  colonnades,  lb 
open  porticos,  and  flat  roofs  ;  and  the  city  cor,  M 

many  handsome  and  spacious  streets. 


13u  ie 


county  is  neat  cattle,  which  are  sent  to  Detroit, 
Pittsburg,  Philadelphia,  and  other  place  »,  CVuef 
town,  Loudon.    Pop.   in  1820,  4,799  ;  and  in 

1840,  9,025.    Central  lat.  39  55  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  [inner  apartments  of  the  "houses  are  not  much  o- 

6  26  W.  Tp.  in  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.  Irated,  presenting  to  the  eye  only  white  vm 

Tp.  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  E.  from  Muskin- j  which,  however,  from  the  marble-like  appea  l 
gum  river,  and  containing  the  village  of  Hay-  of  the  stucco,  give  a  freshness  grateful  in  si 

market.  Tp.  in  the  NE.  part  of  Highland  co.  a  country.    Ceilings  are  very  uncommon  iiP 

 Village  and  NE.  tp.  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  rooms.    Indeed,  it  is  impossible  to  find  any  vi| 

Grand  river  traverses  through  this  tp.  Tp.  in  |  will  resist  the  ravages  of  that  destructive  inMC  'e 


Richland  co.,  Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  the  village 

of  Mansfield.    Pop.   in  1820,  552.  Tp.  in 

Licking  co.,  O.  SE.  tp.  of  Franklin  co.,  O.  

NE.  tp.  of  Pickaway  co.,  O.  Tp.  in  Guernsey 

co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  Jackson  co.,  Ohio.  NE. 

tp.  of  Scioto  co.,  O.  Tp.  in  Fairfield  co.,  O. 

 SE.  tp.  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  Fay- 

ette  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 

514 


white  ant.  There  is  a  second  city,  calie 
Black  Town,  nearly  4  ms.  in  circuit,  sep 
from  Madras  by  the  breadth  of  a  proper  espl 
only.  Madras,  in  common  with  all  the  Euro  in 
settlements  on  this  coast,  has  no  port  for  ship,  gf 
the  coast  forming  nearly  a  straight  line;  audi* 
incommoded  also  with  a  high  and  dangerous  ft 
Madras  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1746,  bi  e- 


MAE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MAG 


4t?d  by  the  peace  of  Aix-Ia-Chapelle.    It  is  100 

in  N.  by  E.  of  Pondicherry,  1,030  SW.  by  W. 

Calcutta,  and  758  SE.  of  Bombay.    Lon.  80 

jk,  lat.  13  5  N. 
'adre  de  Dios,  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  near 

h  :oastof  Patagonia,  180  ms.  in  circumference. 
m  42°  W.,  lat.  51°  S.  It  is  the  Resolution  of 
finish  sailors  and  geographers. 

adre  de  Popa,  town  of  New  Granada,  on  the 
Jljelena,  50  ms.  E.  of  Carthagena. 

udrid,  capital  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile.  The 
tales  are  all  built  with  brick,  and  the  streets  are 
IM  broad,  and  straight,  and  adorned  at  proper 
dfcnces  with  handsome  fountains.  There  are 
j&  100  towers  or  steeples,  in  different  places, 
Jjh  contribute  greatly  to  the  embellishment  of 
Jflfty.  It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain,  surrounded 
i»:gh  mountains.  Madrid  is  seated  on  the  river 
■Panares,  which,  though  small,  is  adorned  with 
Mhnagnificent  bridges.  It  is  265  miles  NE.  of 
r|W  790  S.  by  W.  of  London,  and  625  SSVV. 

I  aris.    Lon.  3  20  W.,  lat.  40  25  N.    It  is 

itnost  elevated  capital  in  Europe,  standing  on 
jjkid  1,977.84  feet  above  the  level  of  the  At- 
mt  ocean ;  consequently,  the  air  in  winter  is 

e.  and  piercing.  The  atmosphere  is,  however, 
■rally  pure  and  serene.  Pop.  about  200,000. 
flblearned  institutions  of  Madrid  are  numerous 
aiuighly  respectable.    It  is  850  miles  W.  by  S. 

0  Rome,  but  upwards  of  1,000  by  land. 
tdrid,  tp.  and  village,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N. 

Bn  St.  Lawrence  river,  at  Point  Iroquois,  2 
.nil  above  Hamilton,  and  12  below  Ogdensburg. 
Win  1820,  1,930. 

-'rfrigal,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castle,  seated 
I  >lain,  fertile  in  excellent  wine,  10  miles  from 
Vfcha-iiel-Campo.  Lon.  4  19  W.,  lat.  41  25  N. 
— Town  of  South  America,  in  the  province  of 
I'oyan.    Lon.  75  45  W.,  lat.  50'  N. 

j'.drisio,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  the  State  of 
tflhe,  32  ms.  from  Venice. 

.  d  River,  name  of  a  tp.  in  Clark  co.,  Ohio. 
Win  1820,  734.  I 

1  d  River,  large  eastern  branch  of  the  Great 
W»ii,  rising  in  the  northern  parts  of  Logan  co., 
Jfci  across  which,  and  Clark,  and  the  northwest  I 
»t'y  corner  of  Green  county,  it  runs  in  a  south-  ] 
vfc/ardly  direction,  above  50  ms.,  into  theteastern  ] 
>ar>f  Montgomery  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Miami  i 
■to  the  town  of  Dayton.  i 

hdrogam,  large  town  of  Africa,  capital  of  Mo-  < 
oi  tapa,  with  a  spacious  royal  palace.  The  up-  ] 
*r  art  of  the  house  is  in  the  shape  of  a  bell.  ] 
*I  31  40  E.,  lat.  18°  S. 

<:dura,  large  town  and  capital  of  an  island  of  1 
'jeime  name,  in  the  Indian  sea.    Lon.  12  49  '< 

Hpt.  9  50  N.  Town  of  the  Carnatic,  capi-  i 

a  province  of  the  same  name,  on  the  coast  ( 
I  >romandel,  130  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Cape  Co-  i 
■,  and  303  SW.  of  Madras.  Lon.  78  12  E.,  1 
■  55  N.  , 

Jie/er,  lake  of  Sweden,  80  miles  long  and  20  c 
*%  between  the  provinces  of  Westmania  and  i 
utrnania. 

Mclstrom,  very  extraordinary  and  dangerous  i 
'blpool  on  the  coast  of  Norway,  in  68°  N.  lat.,  I 
» I  province  of  Nordland,  and  district  of  Lofo-  c 
«r  near  the  island  of  Moskoe,  whence  it  is  also  \ 
ar  d  Moskoestrom.    The  mountains  of  Helseg-  \ 


)  gen,  in  Lofoden,  lie  a  league  from  the  island  of 
.    Moskoe,  and  between  these  two  runs  this  large 
)   and  dreadful  stream,  the  depth  of  which  is  from  36 
to  40  fathoms.    When  it  is  flood,  the  stream  runs 
r  up  the  country  between  Lofoden  and  Moskoe  with 
a  boisterous  rapidity  ;  but  the  roar  of  its  impetuous 
f  ebb  to  the  sea  is  scarcely  equalled  by  the  loudest 
cataract.    The  whirlpool  is  of  such  an  extent  and 
!  depth,  that  if  a  ship  comes  within  its  attraction  it 
is  inevitably  absorbed  and  beat  to  pieces  against 
'  the  rocks  below ;  and  when  the  water  relaxes,  the 
fragments  come  up  again.    The  intervals  of  tran- 
quillity are  only  at  the  turn  of  the  ebb  and  flood, 
and  calm  weather;  they  last  but  a  quarter  of  an 
hour,  its  violence  gradually  returning.    When  the 
'  stream  is  most  boisterous,  and  its  fury  heightened 
by  a  storm,  vessels  have  been  reached  by  it  at  the 
distance  of  5  miles. 

Maerna,  town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol,  23  miles 
WSW.  of  Trent. 

Maeseyk,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Liege,  on  the  river  Meuse,  10  ms.  SSW. 
of  Ruremonde. 

Maeslandsluys,  town  of  S.  Holland,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Meuse,  10  ms.  W.  of  Rotterdam. 
Maes  river. — See  Meuse. 

Maestricht,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  and 
capital  of  the  province  of  Limburg,  about  4  ms. 
in  circumference,  seated  on  the  Meuse,  opposite 
Wyck,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  stone 
bridge.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at 
18,000.— See  article  Luxemburg.  The  fortifica- 
tion and  situation  of  Maestricht  are  such  that  it  is 
deemed  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  Europe.  It 
is  14  ms.  NNE.  of  Liege,  and  58  E.  of  Brussels. 
Lon.  5  48  E.,  lat.  50  49  N. 

Mafra,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  with 
a  college,  founded  in  1772.  The  town  is  seated 
near  the  sea,  18  ms.  NN  W.  of  Lisbon. 

Mugadi,  or  Maghery,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Mysore,  seated  in  a  hilly  country,  abounding  in 
timber  trees,  stone,  and  iron,  24  ms.  W.  of  Ban- 
galore. 

Magadoxo. — See  article  Africa,  p.  29. 
Magdalena,  river  of  South  America,  formed  by 
two  large  branches  rising  in  the  province  of  Po- 
payan,  and  near  the  city  of  Popayan.  Magdalena 
proper  has  its  source  in  a  small  mountain  lake 
about  70  ms.  SE.  from  Popayan,  at  N.  lat.  1  45, 
and  about  45'  of  lon.  E.  from  W.  C.  The  Can- 
ca,  or  Western  branch,  rises  at  the  city  of  Po- 
payan. The  two  branches,  inclining  a  little  to  the 
E.  of  N.,  flow  nearly  parallel  down  two  mountain 
valleys,  to  N.  lat.  9  30,  or  upwards  of  600  miles. 
Below  their  junction  the  united  stream,  inclining 
a  little  to  the  W.  of  N.,  is  finally  lost  in  the  Ca- 
ribbean sea  at  N.  latitude  11°,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  nearly  1,000  miles.  A  branch  of  the 
Andes  extends  from  Popayan,  between  the  two 
branches  of  this  river,  which  only  terminates  a  few 
miles  above  their  junction.  Neither  branch  re- 
ceives any  large  tributaries,  being  augmented  by 
mere  mountain  torrents. 

The  city  of  Popayan  stands  upwards  of  5,900 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean ;  therefore,  the 
Magdalena  has  a  fall  from  its  source  to  the  point  of 
discharge  of  more  than  6,000  feet.  When  com- 
pared with  length  of  course,  the  Magdalena  is  a 
very  unnavigable  stream.  Though  discharged  into 

515 


MAG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAH 


nesia.  It  is  still  a  large,  fine,  and  populous 
Lon.  27  18  E„  lat.  38  44  N. 

Magny,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine 
Ou?e,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France 
ms.  NW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  54  E.,  lat.  49  K 

Magra,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  Ap 
nines,  in  the  valley  of  Magra,  washes  Pont-I 


the  Atlantic,  the  extreme  S  W.  sources  of  the  Can- 
ca  branch  of  Magdalena  rise  within  70  ms.  of  the 
Pacific  ocean,  at  the  bay  of  Choco. 

Magdeburg,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Sax- 
ony, bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  Brandenburg, 
S.  by  Anhalt  and  Halberstadt,  and  W,  by  Bruns- 
wick.   It  is  divided  into  four  circles — Holz,  Saal, 

Jerich,  and  Ziesar.    The  country  is  in  general 1  oli  and  Sarzana,  below  which  it  falls  into  the  j 

level,  and  the  parts  which  are  not  marshy  and  !  iterranean.  Valley  in  the  duchy  of  Tusc 

overgrown  with  wood  are  very  fertile.    The  salt!  27  ms.  in  length  and  15  in  breadth, 
springs  are  of  such  richness  that  they  are  able  to  j     Magruder's,  post  office,  Prince  George's 
supply  all  Germany  with  salt.  This  duchy  belongs  I  Md.,  15  ms.  from  W.  C,  and  22  from  An 
to  the  king  of  Prussia.  |  olis. 

Magdeburg,  fortified  city  of  Prussia,  capital  of  i  Maguelone,  lake  of  Fr ,  in  the  dep.  of  Hei 
the  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  handsome  near  a  town  of  the  same  name,  which  is  seatc 
palace,  a  citadel  with  a  fine  arsenal,  and  a  mng-  j  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  into  which 
nificent  cathedral,  which  contains  the  superb  mau-  j  lake  enters  by  a  canal,  the  beginning  of  ih 
soleum  of  Otho  the  Great.  This  city  is  happily  mous  capital  of  Languedoc. 
situated  for  trade,  having  an  easy  communication  |  Magtarok,  proper  name  of  the  Hungar 
with  Hamburg  by  the  Elbe ;  therefore,  they  carry  j  though  Hungary  contains  other  nations,  su< 
on  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  &c,  to  a  great  |  Germans,  Slovacks,  (Sclavonians,)  Rousniac 
extent,  but  their  principal  merchandise  is  silk  and  Red  Russians,  &c.  The  Magyars  are  supposi 
woolen.  It  is  the  strongest  place  belonging  to  his.be  of  Turkish  origin.  United  with  some  Scla 
Prussian  majesty,  where  his  principal  magazines  j  ans,  (Slovacks,)  they  entered  Hungary  abou 


and  foundries  are  established.  It  is  40  ms.  W.  of 
Brandenburg,  and  125  SE.  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  11 
45  E.,  lat.  52  11  N. 

Magellan,  strait  of  South  America,  between  the 
continent  and  island  of  Terra  del  Fuego,  discov- 
ered in  1520  by  Magellan,  a  Portuguese  in  the 
service  of  Spain,  since  which  time  it  has  been 
sailed  through  by  several  navigators ;  but,  the 
passage  being  dangerous  and  troublesome,  they 
now  sail  to  the  Pacific  ocean  round  Cape  Horn. 


D.  884,  where  they  have  since  remained,  and 
form  one  of  the  many  nations  of  civilized 
Christian  Europe.  Their  respective  langi 
prove  a  common  origin  to  the  Magyars  and  ] 
In  the  ten  centuries  of  war,  migration,  and  c 
sion  which  followed  the  fall  of  the  Roman  err 
there  arose  a  mixture  of  nations,  defying  all 
view  of  the  various  fortunes  of  any  one  peop 
Maha,  great',  hence  Maha-Rajah,  Gnat 
jah.    This  title  was  rendered  of  some  noto 


Mahadia. — See  Elmadia. 

Mahalen,  town  of  Egypt,  capital  of  Garbia 


The  Spaniards  call  the  country  to  the  north  of  this  j  as  being  recently  applied  to  the  sovereign  o: 
strait  Tierra  Magallanica.    Recent  and  more  ac-  hore  and  Moultan,  who  was  styled  "  The  ft 
curate  information  tends  to  show  that  the  difficul-  Rajah  Runjeet- Singh  " 
ties  and  dangers  of  the  straits  of  Magellan  have 
been  greatly  exaggerated. 

Mageville,  township,  Sunbury  county,    New  j  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  in  linen 
Brunswick,  on  the  right  side   of  Saint  John's  and  sal  ammoniac,  and  the  inhabitants  have  ( 
river.  to  hatch  chickens.   Lon.  30  31  E.,  lat.  31  S 

Mag"ia. — See  Madia.  Mahanoy,  river  of  Pa.,  rises  in  the  nor 

Maggiore,  or  Locarno,  lake  of  Italy,  partly  in  part  of  Schuylkill  co.,  in  the  tp.  of  Rush, 
the  duchy  of  Milan,  and  partly  in  the  country  of  flowing  WSW.  about  50  ms.,  falls  into  the 
the  Grisons,  being  about  35  ms.  in  length  and  6  'quehannah,  11  ms.  below  Sunbury.  About 
in  breadth.  (half  its  course  towards  its  mouth  is  in  Nori 

Magindanao,  lat.  7  6  N.,  lon.  124  30  E.,  berland  co 


town  and  capital  of  the  island  of  the  same  name, 
situated  on  a  deep  bay,  SW.  side  of  the  island. 
The  island  severally  written  Mindanao,  Maginda, 
and  Magindanao,  is  the  southern,  and,  next  to 
Luzon,  the  most  extensive,  of  the  Philippine  group, 
lying  between  lat.  5£  and  10°  N.,  lon.  125  E. 
of  London,  traverses  it  about  200  ms.  The  form 
of  this  island  is  very  irregular.  Extreme  length 
and  breadth  nearly  equal,  and  about  300  ms.  ; 
area  37,500  sq.  ms. 

Magliano,  small  but  populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  territory  of  the  Pope,  and  district  of  Sabino, 
seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  river  Tiber,  30  ms. 
SW.  of  Spoletto,  and  30  N.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12 
35  E.,  lat.  42  25  N. 

Magnavacca,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrarese, 
with  a  fort,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  lake  of  Co- 
machio,  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  18  ms.  N.  of  Ra- 
venna.   Lon.  12  4  E.,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Magnesia.— See  Manachia. 

Magnissa,  town  of  Asia  Minor,  ancient  Mag- 
516 


Mahanoy  Mountains  are  one  ridge  bet 
Mahanoy  and  Catawissa  rivers,  and  anothe 
tween  Mahanoy  river  and  Shamokin  creeks. 

Mahanoy,  Little,  tp.,  Northumberland 
Pa.,  between  Line  and  Mahanoy  mountains, 
in  1820,  447. 

Mahanoy,  Lower,  tp.,  Northumberland 
Pa.,  along  the  Susquehannah,  between  Mab 
and  Mahantango  rivers.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,2 
Mahanoy,  Upper,  tp  ,  Northumberland 
Pa.,  enclosed  by  the  Scire  movntain,  the  I 
limit  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Mahantango  creek,  an 
tp.  of  Lower  Mahanoy.    Pop.  1820,  1,639. 

Mahantango  Creek,  stream  of  Pa.,  rises  i 
N  W.  angle  of  Schuylkill  co.,  and  flows  WS 
and  falls  into  the  Susquehannah,  35  ms.  B 
Harrisburg.  For  about  12  ms.  above  its  m* 
it  separates  Dauphin  and  Northumberland  cos 
Mahantango,  Lower,  tp.  in  the  NW.  am 
Schuylkill  co.,  Pa.,  on  Long  Pine  creek,  or 
branch  of  Mahantango.    Pop.  1820,  937. 


MAH  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAI 


hantango,  Upper,  tp.  in  the  NW.  angle  of 
U^lkill  co.,  on  Little  Mahantango.  Pop,  in 
3  8C3. 

f.a middy,  or  Mahanady,  river  of  Hindoos- 
I  vhich  takes  its  rise  in  the  NW.  part  of  Be- 
ll It  falls  by  several  mouths  into  the  bay  of 
•rtl,  at  Cattack.  These  mouths  form  an  as- 
Xhge  of  low  woody  island?.  At  the  mouth  of 
incipal  channel,  near  False  Point,  is  a  forti- 
land,  named  Cajung  or  Codjung.  The  ba- 
il ( the  Mahanuddy  is  between  that  of  the  Gan- 
-8  id  Godavery.  The  sources  of  the  Saone,  a 
r«i  of  the  Ganges,  and  those  of  the  Nerbud- 
ijjodavery,  and  Saone,  between  N.  lat.  20° 
&e  northern  tropic. 

wmoning,  river  of  Pa.,  rises  by  one  large 
nn  in  the  western  part  of  Jefferson,  and  by 
mst  in  the  western  part  of  Indiana.  These 
rpiies  interlock  with  the  extreme  western 
)t<(S  ot  the  Susquehannah,  and,  flowing  west- 
r*i  unite  at  Nicholsburg,  in  the  NW.  angle  of 
iidiia;  and  the  united  stream,  continuing  a  lit- 
4]  of  W.  about  20  ms.,  falls  into  the  Allegha 
JLer,  20  ms.  above  Kittaning.  The  entire 
a:i  of  the  Mahoning  is  about  50  ms. 
i  honing,  northern  tp.  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn. 

»«riin  1820,  1,106.  NW.  tp.  of  Mercer  co., 

Ijb,  traversed  by  the  Shenango  and  Mahoning 

rat;.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,647.  Large  creek 

mall  river  rising  in  Columbiana,  Stark,  Por- 
tland Trumbull  cos.,  Ohio,  enters  Penn.  at 
nejS.  angle  of  the  latter,  and  joins  the  Shenango, 

jijm  Big  Beaver,  in  Beaver  co.,  Penn.  

Cfiif  Columbia  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  right  side  of 
imehannh  river,  including  the  village  of  Dan- 
m  Pop.  in  1820,  1,478. 

ihratta,  name  of  one  political  division  of  the 
■dOiof  Indostan.    In  the  ancient  Hindoo  geog- 
ap ,  the  term  Maharashtra  was  given  to  a  divis- 
jinf  the  Deccan,  and  from  which  has  come 
raitta.    Khandesh,  Baglana,  and  part  of  Be- 
•aiyere  included  in  original  Mahratta,  extending 
idiwest  as  far  as  Gujerat  and  the  Nerbuddah, 
the  Grassias  and  Bheels  commence.  But, 
uo.h  their  general  name  is  thus  derived,  what 
creen  known  as  Mahrattas  in  modern  times  is 
jii  gregation  of  Mahometans,  Hindoos,  Raje- 
PS*,  Pindarees,  and   other   barbarous  tribes. 
HI  the  reignof  Aurungzebe  until  1761,  the 
i"48(atta  power  increased,  but  in  that  year  they 
Jteila  most  sanguinary  defeat,  at  Paniput,  by 
ie  fghans,  under  their  king,  Ahmed  Schah  Ab- 
dilji.    Under  the  title  of  Peshwa,  the  nominal 
>vjign  of  the  Mahrattas  had  long  established  his 
nee  at  Poona,  in  Berar,  but  they  were  always 
n  d  ded  and  ill-governed  mass.    The  most  mili- 
ar ;>f  the  chiefs  has  always  been  the  real  sove- 
na»  for  the  time  being.    In  1802,  the  Peshwa 
va  lefeated  aud  dethroned  by  Holcar,  sought  and 
'Jtied  British  protection,  and  was  reinstated  in 
Pfca  by  General  Wellesley,  since  duke  of  Wel- 
hlfi'n.    Henceforth,  to  1815,  the  Peshwa  was 
*:t< lately  a  dependent  or  open  enemy  to  the 
Btlh,  and  held  his  place,  but  in  that  year  was 
fiiw  dethroned,  and  sent  into  exile  at  Pithoor, 
in  lahabad.    The  greater  part  of  his  territories 
we  taken  under  direct  British  rule. 

\e  Mahratta  power  is,  however,  very  far  from 
^ei  extinct  in  Indostan.  They  have  still  a  nom- 


inal representative  at  Poona,  and,  under  the  Gui 
cowar,  the  Mahrattas  yet  rule  over  much  of  Guje" 
rat  and  Adjemere,  and  the  Rajahpoots  prevail  in 
large  sections  of  Malwa  and  southeastern  Gujerat. 

The  British  regard  the  Mahrattas  and  Seiks  as 
counterpoising  powers  to  each  other,  and  have  lit- 
tle difficulty  in  fomenting  the  disputes  between 
two  bodies  so  mutually  inimical. 

Mahrattas,  two  large  and  powerful  States  of  In- 
dia, which  derive  their  name  from  Mahrat,  an  an- 
cient province  of  the  Deccan.  They  are  called  the 
Poonah,  or  western  Mahrattas ;  and  the  Berar  or 
eastern.  Collectively,  they  occupy  all  the  S.  part 
of  Hindoostan  proper,  with  a  large  proportion  of  the 
Deccan.  Malwa,  Orissa,  Candeish,  and  Visia- 
pour,  the  principal  parts  of  Berar,  Guzerat,  and 
Agimere,  and  a  small  part  of  Dowlatabad,  Agra, 
and  Allahabad,  are  comprised  within  their  empire, 
which  extends  from  sea  to  sea,  across  the  widest 
part  of  the  peninsula,  and  from  the  confines  of 
Agra  northward  to  the  river  Kishna  southward, 
forming  a  tract  of  1,000  ms.  long  and  700  broad. 
The  western  State,  the  capital  of  which  is  Poonah, 
is  divided  among  a  number  of  chiefs  or  princes, 
whose  obedience  to  the  paiswah,  or  head,  like 
that  of  the  German  princes  to  the  emperor,  is 
merely  nom|nal  at  any  time ;  and  in  some  in- 
stances an  opposition  of  interests  begets  wars, 
not  only  between  the  members  of  the  empire 
themselves,  but  also  between  the  members  and 
the  head.  Nagpour  is  the  capital  of  the  eastern 
Mahrattas.  Their  armies  are  principally  com- 
posed of  light  horse. 

Maiden  Creek,  large  branch  of  Schuylkill  river, 
rising  in  the  NW.  angle  of  Lehigh  co.,  flows 
nearly  S.  through  Lehigh  and  Reading,  and  falls 

into  Schuylkill  6  ms.  above  Reading.  Tp.  of 

Berks,  co.,  Penn.,  along  the  Schuylkill,  on  both 
sides  of  Maiden  creek. 

Maidenhead,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Berk- 
shire. It  carries  on  a  pretty  considerable  trade 
in  malt,  meal,  and  timber.  It  is  on  the  Thames, 
over  which  is  a  bridge,  12  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Read- 
ing, and  26  W.  by  N.  of  London.     Lon.  0  40 

W.,  lat.  51  32  N.  Tp.  of  Hunterdon  co.,  N. 

J.  It  is  situated  on  the  post  road,  about  6  ms. 
NE.  of  Trenton. 

Maidstone,  borough  of  Eng.,  and  the  co.  town 
of  Kent.  It  is  seated  on  the  Medway,  a  branch 
of  which  runs  through  the  town,  over  which  there 
is  a  bridge,  and  enjoys  a  brisk  trade  in  exporting 
the  commodities  of  the  co.,  particularly  its  hops, 
of  which  there  are  numerous  plantations  around 
it.  Here  are  likewise  paper  mills,  and  a  manu- 
facture of  linen  thread.  It  is  20  ms.  W.  of  Can- 
terbury, and  35  ESE.  of  .London.  Lon.  0  38 
E.,  lat.  31  16  N. 

Maidstone  Township,  Essex  co.,  U.  C,  lies 
between  Sandwich  and  Rochester,  upon  Lake 
Erie. 

Maidstone,  tp.,  Essex  co.,  Vt.,  53  ms.  N.  from 
Montpelier. 

Maina,  district  of  the  Morea,  ancient  Pelopon- 
nesus, which  answers  in  part  to  the  ancient  La- 
conia.  It  is  mountainous  and  barren,  and  inhab- 
ited by  a  poor,  bold,  and  hardy  race,  who  have 
never  entirely  submitted  to  the  Turkish  yoke. 
Maina,  though  sometimes  so  stated  by  authors,  is 
not  commensurate  with  ancient  Laconia,  but  is 

517 


MAI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAI 


restricted  to  that  mountainous  and  barren  point  of 
land,  extending  into  the  Mediterranean,  between 
the  Gulfs  of  Coron  and  Kolokythia.  What  may 
be  the  numbers  of  the  brigands  who  inhabit  this 
rude  tract  is  unknown,  but  their  territory  does  not 
exceed  30  ms.  in  length,  with  10  ms.  in  width, 
or  about  300  sq.  ms.  Maina  is,  except  the  point 
of  Gibraltar,  the  most  southern  promontory  of 
Europe. — See  Mainotes. 

Maine,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  runs  by  Bamburg,  Wurtz- 
burg,  AschafTenburg,  Hanau,  and  Frankfort,  and 
falls  into  the  Rhine  at  Mentz. 

Maine,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  circles  of  Ba- 
varia ;  the  former  including  the  principalities  of 
Upper  Bamberg,  Bareuth,  with  the  northern  part 
of  the  Upper  Palatinate.  Lower  Maine  contains 
the  grand  duchy  of  Wurtzeburg,  principality  of 
Fulda,  with  part  of  the  dutchies  of  Hesse  and 
Fulda.  The  two  circles  were  in  great  part  an- 
nexations made  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  in 
1815,  and  extend  over  6,700  sq.  ms.  ,and  peopled 
by  860,000  inhabitants. 

Maine,  or  Mayenne,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  in- 
cludes the  late  province  of  the  same  name.  It 
takes  its  name  from  the  river  Main*1,  which,  soon 
after  its  junction  with  the  Sarte,  fails  into  the 
Loire.    Laval  is  the  capital. 

Maine,  northeastern  State  of  the  U.  S.,  bound- 
ed by  the  Atlantic  ocean  SE.,  N.  H.  SW.,  L.  C. 
NW.  and  N.,  and  New  Brunswick  E. 

M3. 

Maine  has  an  external  limit  on  the  Atlantic 
ocean  of  -  -  -  -  -  200 

On  Passamaquoddy  bay  and  St.  Croix  river  100 

A  frontier  curved  limit  on  New  Brunswick 
and  Lower  Canada         -  400 

A  limit  in  common  with  New  Hampshire  of  150 

Having  an  entire  outline  of         -  -  850 

Its  area  35,000  sq.  ms.,  or  22,400,000 acres. 
Extreme  south,  N.  lat.  43  4 ;  extreme  north, 
N.  lat.  48°. 

The  greatest  length  of  Maine  is  by  a  line  drawn 
from  its  SW.  to  NE.  angle,  350  ms.  Greatest 
width,  nearly  on  lat.  45°  N.,  200  miles. 

Extending  through  5°  of  lat.,  very  serious  dif- 
ference of  climate  is  experienced  at  the  two  ex- 
tremities of  Maine.  The  inhabited  Atlantic  bor- 
der has  a  comparatively  mild  climate.  The  sur- 
face of  the  State,  though  not  mountainous,  may 
be  viewed  as  rough  and  hilly.  The  soil,  how- 
ever, is  generally  well  adapted  to  the  purposes  of 
agriculture,  though  varying  very  much  in  quality. 
The  Atlantic  border  is  indented  and  chequered 
more  by  peninsulas  and  islands  than  any  other 
part  of  the  coast  of  the  U.  S.  This  highly  di- 
versified zone  is  followed  by  another  more  elevated  ; 
the  falls  of  the  rivers  marking  the  line  of  separa- 
tion. The  inhabited  part  of  the  State  extends 
about  100  ms.  inland,  and  is  followed  by  a  region 
abounding  with  lakes,  and  but  imperfectly  known. 

Beside  many  of  lesser  note,  Maine  is  drained 
by  the  three  fine  rivers,  Androscoggin,  Kennebec, 
and  Penobscot.  The  two  former,  are,  however 
in  strictness,  only  one  river.  See  the  articles 
Kennebec  and  Penobscot.  The  sea  border  of  this 
State,  is  in  a  peculiar  manner  remarkable  for  the 
number  and  excellence  of  its  harbors;  and  the  ex- 
518 


cessive  rise  and  ebb  of  the  tides  tends  to  bre  ^ 
ice,  and  preserve  the  harbors  of  this  and  all  ler 
parts  of  the  coast  of  the  U.  S  ,  from  Cap(  0d 
more  open  in  winter  than  could  be  expect  jn 
ordinary  case?,  from  relative  lat. 

The  principal  productions  of  Maiue  are  i  |A 
such  as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  maize  and  bm 
meadow  grasses,  and  flax.  The  immense  ir  m 
forests  supply  large  quantities  of  lumber.  ■ 
latter  may  indeed  be  viewed  as  the  primary  m 
of  the  State.  Its  principal  ports  are  Por  H 
Hallowell,  Penobscot,  Bangor,  and  EastportB 
Politically  Maine  was  subdivided  into  the  cos  11 

Pop.il 

Cumberland       -  4 1 

Hancock  -  -  -  -  3:1 

Kennebec  -  -  -  -  4 1 

Lincoln  - 

Oxford  -  -  -  -  2'fl 

Penobscot  - 
Somerset  - 

Washington  -  -  -  •  111 
York  4<  U 


Total 


29'  19 


Of  these— 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  <?H 

Engaged  in  Agriculture  -          -  5 

Engaged  in  Manufactures  -  - 
Engaged  in  Commerce  - 

Population  of  Maine  by  ages,  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 
40  to  50 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  • 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 

100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


OtolO  • 
10  to  24  - 
24  to  36  - 
36  to  55  • 
55  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards  - 


Total  free  colored 
Totol  whites  - 


Aggregate 


Males. 


Fer  j, 


40,532 
35,671 
31,691 
27,74(1 
42,266 
29,864 
19,943 
12,551 
7,403 
4,152 
1,041 
120 
5 

252,989 


Males. 


149 
231 
135 
137 
67 
1 


74 

I 
10 

~i  19 

2  8 


720 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  - 


total  deaf  and  dumb 
blind 


■f  93 


MAI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAJ 


I  hi  persons  of  the  foregoing,  who  are— 
isult  and  idiots  at— 

ub)  charge  - 
n  3  charge 

.  al  insane  and  idiots^ 
1  j  persons  in  the  foregoing,  who  are- 
aphddumb 

II  il. 

hoi.nd  insane  at— 
riv  i  charge 

ub  charge  -  - 
■  number  of  persons  employed  in— 


3', 


rare  - 
■fcrce 

j&ctures  and  trades 
SJ.tion  on  the  ocean  - 
Jaals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Bd  professions  "- 
Sners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  - 
ii  sities  and  colleges 

Hdents  in  .  .  .  . 

tpnies  and  grammar  schools 
Hdents  in 

rfcjy  and  common  schools 

Hholars  in  : 

ofetirs  at  public  charge 

mmersons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 


207 
330 

537 

13 
10 

56 
38 

36 

153,357 
2.935 
21,974 
10,115 
544 
1,905 
1,429 
4 
366 
86 
8,477 
3,385 
164,477 
60,212 

3,241 


'at  ion  of  Maine,  by  counties,  from  the  cen- 
sus o/ 1840. 


Free  whit  j  per- 
sons. 


26,137 
33,144 
19,400 
32,019 
27,924 
23,749 
21,335 
14.62S 
14,559 
17,383 
6,850 
10,568 
5,288 

Iaine  252,989 


27,833 
34,973 
18,944 
31,263 
27,700 
21,826 
20,122 
13,953 
13,708 
16,501 

6,287 
10,215 

4,122 


Free  col . 
persons. 


17,449  720  635 


Slaves. 


Total. 


54,034 
68,658 
3S  351 
63,517 
55,823 
45,705 
41,509 
28,605 
28,327 
33.912 
13.138 
20,801 
9,413 


501,793 


P.gressive  population  of  Maine  : 

-  228,705 

Mr  -  297,839 

m-  -  -  399,437 

-  501,793 

wing  an  increase  exceeding,  by  a  small  frac- 
120  per  cent,  in  30  years. 
1  s  State  has,  like  other  sections  of  New  Eng- 
MMjpaid  early  and  steady  attention  to  the  in- 
**t*  of  education.    Amongst  its  principal  liter- 
>fy  iistitutions,  may  be  enumerated,  Bovvdoin 
■flty)  in  Brunswick.   The  Maine  Charity  School 
!   angor,  and  the  Literary   and  Theological 
ii  or  institution  at  Waterville.    Maine  was 
'med  a  State  of  the  U.  S.,  March  3,  1820. 
d  Vie  and  Loire,  department  of  France,  which 
i<H<es  the  late  province  of  Anjou.    It  has  its 
'arcjfrom  two  rivers  of  the  same  name.  Angers 
*  H capital. 

Mieville,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
'I  E|e,  and  late  province  of  Normandy.  Lon. 
I  Wj.,  lat.  49  2  N. 

hnland,  the  principal  of  the  Shetland  isles, 
W  r  long  from  N.  to  S.,  but  its  breadth  seldom 


exceeds  six.  The  face  of  the  country  exhibits  a 
prospect  of  black,  craggy  mountains,  and  marshy 
plains,  interspersed  with  some  verdant  spots,  which 
appear  smooth  and  fertile.  Neither  tree  nor  shrub 
is  to  be  seen,  except  the  juniper  and  the  heath. 
The  inhabitants  are  a  stout,  well  made,  comely 
people,  the  lower  sort  of  a  swarthy  complexion. 
The  gentry  are  allowed,  by  all  who  have  conversed 
with  them,  to  be  most  of  them  polite,  shrewd,  sen- 
sible, lively,  active,  and  intelligent  persons ;  they 
manufacture  a  strong  coarse  cloth  for  their  own 
use,  as  also  linen.  They  make  likewise,  of  their 
own  wool,  very  fine  stockings.  They  export  some 
herrings  and  other  fish,  with  a  considerable  quan- 
ity  of  butter  and  train  oil,  otter  and  seal  skins, 
and  no  inconsiderable  quantity  of  the  fine  stockings 
just  mentioned.  Their  chief  trade  is  to  Leith, 
London,  Hamburg,  Spain,  and  to  the  Straits. 
Kirkwall  is  the  capital. 

Mainotes,  a  people  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  in- 
habiting the  district  of  Maina.  As  early  as  the 
reign  of  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus,  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighth  century,  the  Eleuthero 
Laconians  had  acquired  the  name  of  Mainotes. 
From  what  nation  or  nations  has  sprung  this  race 
of  savages  is  uncertain  and  unimportant,  as  Cape 
Tenaerus,  now  Metapan,  the  most  southern  ex- 
tremity of  the  Morea,  has  been,  from  remote  anti- 
quity, inhabited  by  savages,  who  have  been  pirates 
and  murderers  of  all  those  so  unfortunate  as  to  fall 
into  their  power.  The  well  known  character  of 
these  ruffians  has  gained  for  them,  from  the  Greeks 
of  the  Morea,  the  title  of  Cacavounies,  "villains 
of  the  mountains."  The  existence  of  a  band  of 
cutthroats  on  the  European  side  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, even  under  the  Turkish  Government,  may 
well  excite  wonder.  The  Mainotes,  before  the 
late  revolution  in  Greece,  were  considered  some- 
times as  independent,  and  at  other  times  as  sub- 
jected to  the  Pacha  of  7Vipolizza. — See  Maina. 

Mainlenon,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Eure  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Beauce, 
seated  on  the  Eure,  between  two  mountains.  It 
is  5  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Chartres.  Lon.  1  36  E., 
lat.  48  31  N. 

Maire,  Le,  strait  of  S.  America,  between  Sta- 
ten  island  and  Terra  del  Fuego,  in  lat.  55°  S. 
Through  this  strait  ships  sometimes  sail  in  theit 
passage  to  Cape  Horn. 

Maissy,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  and  late  province  of  Normandy.  Lon. 
1  2  W.,  lat.  49  24  N. 

Maixant,  St.,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the 
j  department  of  the  two  Sevres,  and  late  province  of 
j  Poitou.    It  carries  on  a  trade  in  corn,  stockings, 
'and  woolen  stuffs,  and  is  seated  on  the  Sevre,  26 
!  ms.  SW.  of  Poitiers.    Lon.  7'  W.,  lat.  46  24  N. 
I     Majas,  pronounced  and  written,  but  improperly, 
!  Macas,  a  district  of  the  province  of  Majas,  and 
Quijos,  in  Peru,  now  part  of  Colombia.    It  lies 
jE.from  the  Andes,  on  the  sources  of  the  Napo, 
nearly  on  the  meridian  of  Washington,  and  from 
the  equator  to  lat.  2  30  S. 

j  Majorca,  island  of  Spain,  60  ms.  long  and  45 
broad,  situate  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  between 
i  Ivica  and  Minorca.  The  whole  coast  is  lined 
j  with  strong  towers.  The  NW.  part  is  mountain- 
!  ous,  the  rest  produces  good  corn,  olive  trees,  fine 
I  honey,  and  delicate  wine.  It  has  no  rivers,  though 

519 


MAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MAL 


there  are  a  great  many  fine  fountains  and  wells. 
The  inhabitants  are  robust  and  lively,  and  make 
good  sailors. 

Majorca,  strong  city,  capital  of  the  the  island  of 
the  same  name.  The  public  squares,  the  cathe- 
dral, and  the  royal  palace,  are  magnificent.  It 
contains  4,000  houses,  built  after  the  antique  man- 
ner, a  university,  more  ancient  than  celebrated, 
and  22  churches,  besides  the  cathedral.  The  har- 
bor is  extremely  good.  It  is  seated  on  the  SW. 
side  of  the  island.    Lon.  2  30  E.,  lat.  39  35  N. 

Makefield,  village,  Bucks  co.,  Pa. 

Makefield,  Lower,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
Delaware,  commencing  opposite  Trenton,  in  N.  J. 

Makefield,  Upper,  tp.  of  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  along 
the  Delaware,  above  Lower  Makefield. 

Macarev,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Niznei  Novogorod,  situate  on  the  Volga,  24  ms. 
ENE.  of  Niznei  Novogorod. 

Makarief,  or  Makaren,  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Kostroma.  It  is  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Unza,  and  situate  on  the  river  Unza, 
80  ms.  E.  of  Kostroma.  Lon.  44  14  E.,  lat.  58 
50  N. 

Maker,  village  of  England,  in  Cornwall,  7  ms. 
SE.  of  St.  Germains,  on  an  eminence,  forming  the 
W.  point  of  the  Hamoaze,  at  Plymouth.  The 
steeple  of  the  church,  called  Maker  Tower,  is  a 
noted  sea  mark.    Lon.  4  10  W.,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Makoonda,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country 
of  Allahabad,  66  ms.  S.  of  Allahabad,  and  110 
NNE.  of  Gurrah.    Lon.  84  37  E.,  lat.  24  33  N. 

Mackran. — See  Mecran. 
#  Malabar,  western  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan, lying  between  9°  and  14°  N.  lat.  It  is 
divided  among  several  petty  princes  and  States. 
The  customs  and  manners  of  the  inhabitants  are 
very  different,  as  well  as  the  productions.  The 
people  are  generally  of  a  dark,  olive  complexion, 
with  long  black  hair,  and  good  features.  In  some 
places  they  are  distinguished  into  tribes  or  castes, 
all  of  which  are  brought  up  to  the  same  employ- 
ments as  their  parents.  These  are  the  Gentoos, 
of  whom  see  an  account,  under  the  article  Hin- 
doostan. 

Malacca,  or  Malaya,  peninsula  of  Asia,  contain- 
ing several  petty  kingdoms,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Siam,  E.  by  the  ocean,  and  S  W.  by  the  strait  of 
Malacca,  which  separates  it  from  Sumatra.  It  is 
560  ms.  in  length,  and  150  in  breadth.  It  pro- 
duces few  commodities  for  trade,  except  tin  and 
elephant  teeth,  but  there  are  a  great  many  excel- 
lent fruits  and  roots,  pepper,  and  other  spices, 
with  some  precious  gums  and  woods.  The  pine 
apples  are  the  best  in  the  world,  and  the  cocoanuts 
have  shells  that  will  hold  an  English  quart.  The 
inhabitants  are  fond  of  navigation,  war,  plunder, 
emigration,  adventures,  and  gallantry.  They  talk 
incessantly  of  their  honor  and  bravery,  and  speak 
the  softest  language  of  Asia,  yet  they  are  deemed 
the  most  treacherous,  ferocious  people  on  the  face 
of  the  globe.  Their  religion  is  a  mixture  of  Ma- 
hometanism, 

Malacca,  seaport,  and  the  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  peninsula  of  Malaya, 
seated  on  the  strait  of  its  name,  480  ms.  SE.  of 
Acheen.    Lon.  102  5  E.,  lat.  2  12  N. 

Maladetta,  most  elevated  peak  of  the  Pyrenean 
system  of  mountains.  The  crest,  often  called 
520 


"the  Mount  Blanc  of  the  Pyrenees,"  and  r  e(| 
particularly  Nethon,  rises  at  N.  lat.  42  36  ^ 
lon.  40'  E.  of  London,  about  55  ms.  a  little  0f 
N.  from  Balbastro,  100  NE.  from  Saragossa,  a  irj 
ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Venasque.  From  a  noti  iQ 
the  National  Intelligencer,  April  5,  1843,  th  3 
thon,  hitherto  regarded  as  inaccessible,  has  en 
ascended  to  its  summit,  on  the  18th  of  July,  W 
by  a  Russian  officer,  M.  de  Tchitacheff,  and  1 
by  him,  from  barometrical  admeasurement,  be 
elevated  3,371  French  metres,  equal  to  1  ■ 
Eng.  feet,  to  within  a  small  fraction.  FronB 
masses  of  Maladetta  flow  northwards  the  til 
sources  of  the  Garonne,  and  southwards  the  8 
the  Spgra,  a  confluent  of  the  Ebro. 

Malafia. — See  Asia,  p.  83. 

Malaga,  seaport  and  episcopal  town  of  Spa  in 
Granada,  with  two  castles  and  a  good  harbor.  ■ 
commerce  is  principally  in  raisins  and  excjl 
wines;  and  it  has  a  manufacture  of  cards,  j| 
inhabitants  are  about  40,000.  It  is  seated  oil 
Mediterranean,  surrounded  by  hills,  70  ms.  W| 
of  Granada.  Lon.  4  10  W.,  lat.  36  35  N.I 
Village,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  30  ms.  S.  I 

Philadelphia.  Village,  Monroe  co.,  Ohic A 

post  road  147  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Columbus* 

Malatia,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Aladl 
seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Euphrates,  9(1 
WNW.  of  Diarbekar.  Lon.  37  50  E.,  lat.  37 : 1 

Malawully,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mjl 
with  a  large  mud  fort,  separated  into  two  pa  I 
a  transverse  wall.  Here  is  a  fruit  garden  of  m 
extent,  planted  by  the  late  sultans.  It  is  2?Jl 
E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Malchin,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  thecH 
of  Mecklenburg,  seated  on  the  river  Peene,  \ff 
it  forms  the  Lake  Camrow,  22  miles  E8lS 
Gustrow. 

Malcho,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  d'fl 
of  Mecklenburg,  between  the  Lakes  Calpir  id 
Plau,  23  ms.  ESE.  of  Gustrow. 

Maldeghina,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  o\m 
10  ms.  E.  of  Bruges. 

Maiden,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  seat  >n 
an  eminence,  on  the  river  Blackwater.  VessMt 
a  moderate  burden  come  up  to  the  town,  but  ■ 
ships  are  obliged  to  unload  at  a  distance  belo  in 
Blackwater  bay.  This  town  carries  on  a  con  W 
able  trade,  chiefly  in  corn,  salt,  coal,  iron,  (m 
and  wine.    It  is  10  ms.  E.  of  Chelmsford,  aiw 

NE.  of  London.  Village  of  Eng.,  in  Sui  8 

ms.  SE.  of  Kingston,  with  some  gunpowder  \% 
on  a  stream  that  flows  from  Ewel  to  Kingston."! 
Tp.  in  the  co.  of  Essex,  U.  C,  situated  ail 
mouth  of  Detroit  river,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  »J| 
having  Colchester  to  the  E.  and  Huron  to  tfri$ 
and  includes  the  village  of  Amherstsburg  - 
Town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  situated  bet  en 
Medf'ord  and  Lynn,  5  ms.  NE.  from  Boston  It 
is  united  to  Charlestown  by  Mystic  bridge. 

Maldives,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in  the  Inn 
ocean,  lying  SW.  of  Cape  Comorin.  The  r  h- 
ernmost,  called  Head  of  the  Isles,  or  Kelly,  i" 
lon.  73  4  E.,  lat.  7  5  N. ;  and  Maldiva,  in  v  ch 
the  king  resides,  is  in  lon.  75  35  E.,  lat.  4  1** 
They  are  innumerable ;  but  all  low  and  sandy 
most  of  them  uninhabited.  They  are  dividei  it° 
13  antolons,  or  provinces,  each  having  its  septe 
governor,  who  rules  with  great  oppression. 


MAL 


MAL 


altsherbes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loire. 

0  26°  E.,  Iat.  48  20  N. 

destroit,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Morbihan, 
niate  province  of  Bretagne,  seated  on  the  Oust, 
17  s.  E.  ot  Port  l'Urient.  Lon.  2  23  W.,  Iat. 
Eft. 

tfligne,  Grand  Pointe,  U.  C,  on  the  river  St. 
jt  ence,  is  opposite  to  the  Grand  Island  of  St. 

\kligne,  la  Petit  Ponte,  U.  C,  on  the  N.  shore 
river  St.  Lawrence,  not  far  above  the  lower 
tm»f  Grand  Isle  St.  Regis. 
>mlio,  Cape  of,  or  St.  Angela,  cape  of  the 
■L  at  the  S.  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Napoli, 
§;■?.  E.  of  Malvasia. 
lUcollo,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  New  He- 

1  ,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  lying  in  16  15  S.  Iat.,  i 
,.m'67  45  E.  lon.  It  extends  20  leagues  from  I 
I  S.    Its  inland  mountains  are  very  high,  and  i 

ii  mb.  forests. 

JklKcola,  as  written  in  English  geographical 
w,  or,  as  written  by  Mr.  D'Urville,  Vanicora.  \ 
m,  on  this  island  that  the  French  discovery 
i    under  the   lamented   La   Perouse,  were 
m  edin  1788  or  1879.    In  1791,  the  French 

0  nment  sent  out  an  expedition,  under  Entre- 
>*(.u,  in  search  of  La  Perouse,  which,  after 
0*1;  its  admiral,  was  abortive.  The  real  place 
ffljs  fatal  accident  was  discovered  by  a  Captain 
»,  who  made  it  known  to  Europe.  This  dis- 
mm  led  the  French  Government  to  again,  in 
M  send  out  M.  Durnont  D'Urville,  in  the  cor- 
iwsloop-of  war)  the  Astrolabe,  who, on  the  14th 
•tt.ary,  1828,  reached  and  verified  the  place  of 
■■ipwreck,  and  erected  a  monument  with  the 
■ring  inscription  :  "  A  la  Memoire  de  La  Pe- 
■jet  de  ses  compagnons  I'Astrolabe,  14  Mars, 

idling  West,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  6  ms.  W. 
»r'  ,iidstorie,  and  30  E.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon. 
Ml.,  Iat  51  20  N. 

illoysville,  village,  Wilkes  co.,  Ga.,  by  post 
0*32  ms.  NE.  from  Milledgeville. 

<i\llow,  small  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
W  and  province  of  Munster,  seated  on  the 
o|«  water,  17  ms.  N.  of  Cork.  Lon.  8  32  W., 
I#  10  N. 

j  linedy,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
aft|,  in  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  on  the  Recht,  9 
[.»:'».  of  Limburg,  and  40  N.  of  Luxemburg. 
■  o  6  2  E.,  Iat.  50  18  N. 
ilnnstra,  town  of  Asia,  in  Natolia,  seated  at 
ie  outh  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  di- 
•d  it  into  the  Old  and  New  town.    It  is  30  ms. 
■wTerasso,    Longitude  36  15  E.,  latitude  36 

1  orth. 

ilmoe,  seaport  of  "Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
"O  and,  seated  on  the  sound,  with  a  large  harbor 
;  ic:rong  citadel.  It  is  15  ins.  SE.  of  Copen- 
U&.    Lon.  13  7  E.,  Iat.  53  38  N. 

ijmsbury,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire  It 

f  isanlly  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Avon, 
vn a  almost  surrounds  it,  over  which  it  has  six 
*>rkhs.  It  drives  a  trade  in  the  woolen  manufac- 
tm  It  is  26  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Bristol,  and  95  W. 
^ljndon.    Lon.  2°  W.,  Iat.  51  34  N. 

-  loiJaraslowitz,  town  of  Russia,  in  Kaluga, 
Ipjns.  SW.  from  Moscow. 

lone,  village,  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y.,  25  ms. 
1  66* 


NE.  from  St.  Regis,  and  50  NW.  by  W.  from 
Plattsburg. 

Malo,  St.,  seaport  of  France. — See  St.  Malo. 

Malaria,  small  island  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of 
Tuscany,  10  ms.  W.  of  Leghorn.  Lon.  10  4  E., 
Iat.  43  43  N. 

Malpartido,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  14 
ms.  S.  of  Placentia.  Lon.  5  30  W.,  Iat.  39  36  N- 

Malpas,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire.  It  is 
seated  on  a  high  eminence,  near  the  river  Dee,  15 
ms.  SE.  of  Chester,  and  166  NW.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  45  W.,  Iat.  53  2  N. 

Malplaquet,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 
in  Hainault,  7  ms.  from  Mons. 

Malta,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  between 
Africa  and  Sicily,  20  ms.  long,  and  12  broad.  It 
was  formerly  reckoned  a  part  of  Africa,  but  now 
belongs  to  Europe.  It  was  anciently  little  else 
than  a  barren  rock;  but  such  quantities  of  soil 
have  been  brought  from  Africa,  that  it  is  now  be- 
come a  fertile  island.  They  sow,  however,  but 
little  corn,  because  they  can  purchase  it  cheap  in 
Sicily  ;  but  they  cultivate  large  quantities  of  lemon, 
cotton  trees,  and  vines,  which  produce  excellent 
wine.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  said  to  be 
about  90,000,  who  speak  Arabic  and  Italian.  After 
the  taking-  of  Rhodes,  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
gave  this  island  to  the  grand  master  of  the  order  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  By  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in 
1814,  this  island  has  been  guarantied  to  Great 
Britain.  Valette  is  the  capital.  It  is  about  60 
ms.  S.  (of  Sicily,  and  200  E.  ®l  Tunis,  in  Africa. 
 Tp.,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  8  ms.  E.  from  Au- 
gusta.   Pop.  in  1820,  1,054.  Tp.,  Saratoga 

co.,  N.  Y.  ;  the  principal  village  7  ms.  W.  from 
Saratoga,  and  5  ms.  SE.  from  Ballston  Spa.  Pop. 
in  1820,  1,518. 

Malton,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  the  N.  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  the  Derwent,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  and  is  composed  of  two  towns,  the  New 
and  the  Old,  containing  three  churches.  It  is  a 
populous  place,  20  ms.  NE.  of  York,  and  216  N. 
by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  40'  W.,  Iat.  54  9  N. 

Malvasia,  small  island  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  the  Morea,  remarkable  for  its  ex- 
cellent wines  that  are  called  malmsey,  being 
brought  hence.    The  capital  is  Napoli-di-Malvasia. 

Malvern,  Great,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Worcester- 
shire, 8  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Worcester.  It  had  once 
an  abbey,  and  here  are  two  noted  chalybeate 
springs  recommended  as  excellent  in  scrofulous 
complaints. 

Malvern,  Little,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Worcester- 
shire,  seated  in  a  cavity  of  Malvern  Hills,  3  ms. 
from  Great  Malvern. 

Malvern  Chase,  an  extensive  chase  of  Eng.,  in 
Worcestershire,  containing  7,356  acres  in  that  co., 
619  in  Hertfordshire,  and  103  in  Gloucestershire. 

Malvern  Hills,  in  the  SW.  of  Worcestershire, 
Eng.,  dividing  this  part  of  the  co.  from  Hereford- 
shire. They  rise  one  above  another  for  about  7 
ms.,  and  run  from  N.  to  S.  ;  the  highest  point  is 
1,313  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Severn,  and 
they  appear  to  be  of  limestone  and  quartz. 

Mailing,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Dalecarlia.    Lon.  15  20  E.,  Iat.  60  30  N. 

Malwa,  province  of  Hindoostan  proper,  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Guzerat,  on  the  N.  by  Agimere,  on 
the  E.  by  Allahabad  and  Orissa,  and  on  the  S.  by 

521 


MAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAN 


Candeish.  It  is  one  of  the  most  extensive,  eleva- 
ted, and  highly  diversified  tracts  in  Hindoostan, 
and  is  divided  among  the  chiefs  of  the  Poonah 
Mahrattas.  Ougein  and  Indore  are  the  principal 
towns. 

Mamars,  an  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Sarte,  and  late  province  of  Maine,  seated  on  the 
Dive. 

Mamokating,  town,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  con- 
taining the  village  of  Blocminghurg,  23  ms.  W. 
from  Newburg.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,702. 

Mamaroneck,  town,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  Long  Island  sound,  23  ms.  NE.  from  N.  Y. 

Mameluc,  Arabic  from  Al-mamluch,  possessed 
by  another ,  ox  paid  slave,  and  applied  to  a  military 
order  originally  slaves  from  Circassia  and  other 
countries  around  the  Black  sea,  formed  into  a  body 
by  the  Sultans  of  Egypt,  over  which  in  process  of 
ti  ne  they  became  sovereigns.  Early  in  the  16th 
century,  they  with  Egypt  fell  under  the  power 
of  Turkey.  They  were  finally  suppressed  by  Me- 
hemet  Ali  Pacha  of  Egypt. 

Man,  island  in  the  Irish  sea,  30  ms.  long  and 
12  broad.  It  contains  17  parishes;  and  the  chief 
towns  are  Castletown,  Douglas,  Peel,  and  Ramsay. 
The  air  is  healthy,  and  the  soil  produces  more  corn 
than  is  safficient  to  maintain  the  inhabitants,  who 
are  a  mixture  of  English,  Scots,  and  Irish.  They 
have  a  bishop,  called  the  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man  ; 
bat  he  has  no  seat  in  the  British  Parliament.  The 
commodities  of  this  island  are  wool,  hides,  butter, 
tallow,  black  marble,  slate,  limestone,  lead,  and 
iron.  Some  manufactures  of  coarse  hats,  cotton 
good-,  and  linen  cloth,  are  carried  on  in  different 
parts ;  but  its  principal  trade  arises  from  the  her- 
ring fishery.  It  is  12  ms.  S.  of  Scot.,  30  N.  of 
Anglesey,  in  Wales,  35  W.  of  Cumberland,  and 
40  E.  of  Ireland. 

Manachia,  town  of  Natolia  proper,  anciently 
called  Magnesia.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  is  sealed  in  a  ferlile 
country,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  river 
Sarabat,  22  ms.  N.  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  27  25  E., 
lat.  38  45  N. 

Manahawkin,  village  in  the  southern  angle  of 
Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  about  55  ms.  SE.  by  E. 
from  Philadelphia. 

Manallan,  tp.,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  between  the  tps. 
of  Redstone  and  Union,  and  between  Redstone  and 
Dunlap's  creeks.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,376. 

Manaar,  small  island  on  the  NW.  side  of  the 
island  of  Ceylon,  and  forming  a  part  of  that  chain 
of  islands  and  shoals  which  is  sometimes  called 
Adam's  Bridge,  extending  from  Ceylon  to  the  Car- 
natic  coast,  and  separating  the  Gulf  of  Manaar  from 
Palk  strait. 

Manaar,  Gulf  of,  is  bounded  W.  by  the  Car- 
natic  coast,  N.  by  Adam's  Bridge,  E.  by  Ceylon, 
and  on  the  S.  opens  into  the  Indian  ocean.  If  we 
limit  the  Manaar  Gulf  to  the  latitude  of  Cape  Co- 
morin,  it  would  be  about  150  ms.  wide  between 
that  cape  and  the  coast  of  Ceylon,  with  a  nearly 
equal  depth  towards  Adam's  Bridge,  though  nar- 
rowing in  that  direction  ;  area  of  the  whole  sheet 
of  water  about  12,000  sq.  ms.  Only  vessels  of 
very  shallow  draught  can  pass  Adam's  Bridge. 

Manor,  island  of  theN.  W.  Indies,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Ceylon.    The  English  took  it  from 
the  Dutch  in  1795.    Lon.  80  45  E.,  lat.  9°  N. 
522 


Manasquam,  village,  Monmouth  co.,  N. 
on  a  small  river  of  the  same  name,  about  50  | 
NE.  by  E.  from  Philadelphia, .  and  10  ms.  I 
from  Monmouth  or  Freehold. 
Manassy-gap,  Loudon  co.,  Va. 
Manaiou,  or  Manatoulin  Islands,  are  a  nui  r 
of  islands  toward  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  . 
ron,  stretching  from  the  vicinity  of  Cabot's  H 
northwesterly  across  the  lake  to  Lake  George  . 
low  the  falls  of  St.  Mary. 

Manbed,  small  town  of  Persia,  160  ma.  ; 
Ispahan. 

j  Manbone,  city  of  Africa,  and  capital  of 
kingdom  of  Siam,  seated  at  the  mouth  ol 
channel  of  Mosambique.  Lon.  32  l9E.,.la! 
55  N. 

Mancester,  village  of  Eng.,  .  in  Warwicks 
near  Atherstone  and  the  river  Anker. 

Mancha,  territory  of  Spain,  in  New  Caj 
between  the  river  Guadiana  and  Andalusia, 
a  mountainous  country,  and  it  was  here  that  k 
vanles  made  Don  Quixote  perform  his  chief 
ploits. 

Manchac. — See  Iberville. 
Manche,  or  Channel,  dep.  of  Fr.,  inclu 
part  of  the  great  province  of  Normandy, 
mostly  surrounded  by  the  English  channel,  i 
Coutances  is  the  capital. 

Manchester,  large  and  populous  town  of  E 
Lancashire,  between  the  rivers  Irk  and  Ir< 
and  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity.    It  has 
long  noted  for  various  branches  of  the  linen, 
and  cotton  manufactures;  and  is  now  princi; 
conspicuous  as  the  centre  of  the  cotton  ti 
which  has  been  much  improved  by  the  in 
tion  of  dyeing  and  printing.   The  labors  of  a 
populous  neighborhood  are  collected  at  Mane 
ter,  whence  they  are  sent  to  London,  Liven 
Hull,  &c.    These  consist  of  a  great  variet  i 
cotton  and  mixed  goods,  of  which  they  e; ' 
vast  quantities,  particularly  to  the  West  li  s 
and  the  coast  of  Guinea.    The  manufacture  if 
tapes  and  other  small  wares,  of  siik  good;,  at  if 
hats,  are  also  carried  on  at  Manchester,  from  »  h 
various  sources  of  wealth  it  has  obtained  gr  sr 
opulence  than  almost  any  of  the  trading  towi  n 
Eng.    Its  chief  ornaments  are  the  college,  tin  I 
change,  the  collegiate  church,  another  large  chi  i, 
and  a  spacious  market  place.    By  the  Jrwell,  T 
which  is  an  ancient  and  lofty  stone  bri  t 
a  communication  with  the  Mersey,  and  all  the  .e 
various  extensions  of  inland  navigation,  -[.ai  fj 
larly  the  duke  of  Bridgewater's  canal,  which  7 
ms.  from  it.    It  is  67  ms.  WSW.  of  York,  d 
182  NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  80  W.,  la!  3 

30  N.  Tp.,  Nova  Scotia,  30  ms.  NW.  n 

Cape  Canso.  Town  Bennington  co.,  Vt  2 

ms.  N.  of  Bennington,  and  44  NE.  of  Tro  n 

N.  York.  Town,  E^sex  co  ,  Mass.,  a  few  i. 

NE.  of  Beverly.—  Town,  Niagara  cc  ,  N.  ■ 

at  the  cataract  of  Niagara.  A  bridge  now  g 

nects   this  place  with  Goat  island.  Vil  p» 

Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  S W.  by  W.  from  Ui 

 Town,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  N.  11 

Canandaigua,  on  the  road  to  the  Sulphur  Spris, 

and  on  Canandaigua  outlet.  "V  illage,  IM 

more  co.,  Md.,  on  the  road  from  Baltirjorl 
Carlisle,  33  ms.  from  the  former  and  42  from! 
latter.  Town,  Chesterfield  co.,  Vo.,  on  tl  >• 


ft 

MAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MAN 


si  of  James  river,  opposite  Richmond,  and  33 

n  NW.  of  Williamsburg.  Village,  Sumter 

met,  S.  C,  on  Wateree  river,  about  5  ms. 

a  e  the  mouth  of  Congaree.  Village  and 

e  of  justice,  Clay  co.,  Ky.,  about  120  m?.  SE. 
n  Frankfort.  Lat.,  37  13  N.,  Ion.  6  34  W. 
-•Village,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  bank  of 
h  )hio,  in  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  about  25  houses, 
Oms.  S.  by  W.  from  Columbus,  and  73  in  the 
a  i  direction  from  Chilicothe.  Tp.,  Morgan 

0  Ohio.  -Village,  Dearborn  co.,  Inda.,  94 

■SE.  from  Indianapolis.  Village,  St.  Louis 

,  o  Mo.,  17  ms,  from  St.  Louis. 

mchester,  East,  tp.,  York  co.,  Pa.,  between 
Jones  and  Conewago  creeks  and  Susquehan- 

1  "iver. 

mchester,  West,  tp.,  Yorkco.,  Pa  ,  between 
<  ,rus  and  Conewago  creeks,  and  immediately 
W'rom  the  borough  of  York. 

mchester  Village,  village  on  the  Oriskany 
•  ,  where  crossed  by  the  great  western  road, 
,  Ja  co.,  N.  Y.,  9  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from 

inciet,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Gers, 
i<  ate  province  of  Gascony,  Lon.  5'  W.,  lat. 
i  \  N. 

.indal,  seaport  town  of  Christiansand,  in  Nor- 
va    Lon.  7  42  E.,  lat.  58  2  N. 

Undaw,  nation  of  Indians  residing  on  both 
uliof  Missouri  river,  at  N.  lat.  47°,  and  lon. 
tfp.  22  30  W.  These  geographical  elements 
man  intermediate  distance  of  1,284  statute  ms., 
qhlirection  inflecting  63°  from  the  meridian. 

I xdarijt,  generally  supposed  a  Chinese,  but 
ea*  a  Portuguese  term,  from  mandare,  to  com- 
W.  The  Chinese  title  answering  to  mandarin 
•  luox,  public  man,  pronounced  quan. 

I  nderscheit,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
>f  wer  Rhine,  and  eleci orate  of  Treves,  capital 

jo.  of  the  same  name.  It  is  24  ms.  N.  of 
rK;s.    Lon.  6  50  E.,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Mding,  kingdom  of  Africa,  situated  N.  from 
hfiiong  mountains,  and  occupying  the  table 
an^from  which  flow  to  the  SW.  the  Sene- 
taLand  to  the  NE.  the  Niger.  It  is  from  | 
hi^untry  that  a  numerous  nation  of  Africans 
>w'  received  their  appellation  of  Mandingos. 
i  C  entre  of  Manding  is  about  N.  lat.  12°,  W. 
"0  30,  and  500  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Sierra 
The  Mandingos  are  found  scattered  along 

8  ast  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  particularly  be- 
m  the  Senegal  and  Gambia  rivers. 

■indria,  small  desert  island,  in  the  Archipel- 
;o  'etween  Samos  and  Langos.  It  gives  name 
I  sea  near  it. 

Andshuria.—See  Mantshuria. 

Ziebach,  small  village  of  Suabia,  pleasantly 
^at  near  the  lake  of  Constance. 

Jknfredonia,  town  df  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 

'lli  castle,  a  good  harbor,  and  an  archbishop's 
e^llt  was  burnt  by  the  Turks  in  1620  ;  and  is 
on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  50  ms.  N.  of 

'Nja,  and  100  NE.  of  Naples.'  Lon.  16  12 
Uk.  41  35  N. 

Angalore,  seaport  of  Canara,  on  the  coast  of 
'•alar,  with  an  excellent  road  for  ships  to  anchor 
1  v  le  the  rainy  season  lasts.  It  is  inhabited  by 
T^os  and  Mahometans.  It  is  the  most  trading 
'  IC  n  the  kingdom,  and  the  Portuguese  have  a 


factory  here  for  rice,  and  a  large  church,  frequented 
by  black  converts.  The  adjoining  fields  bear  two 
crops  of  corn  in  a  year,  and  the  higher  grounds 
produce  pepper,  betel  nuts,  sandal  wood,  iron,  and 
steel.  It  is  seated  on  a  rising  ground,  100  ms.  N. 
by  W.  of  of  Tellicherry.  Lon.  75  24  E.,  lat. 
13  8  N. 

Mangea,  island  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  about 
5  leagues  in  circumference.  Lon.  158  16  W., 
lat.  28  27  S. 

Mangushlak,  town  of  Turcomania,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  the  Caspian  sea.  Its  commerce  is  con- 
siderable, the  neighboring  Tartars  bringing  hither 
the  productions  of  their  own  country,  and  even  of 
Bokharia ;  such  as  cotton,  yarn,  stuffs,  furs,  skins, 
and  rhubarb.  It  is  37  ms.  SW.  of  Astracan. 
Lon.  48  29  E.,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Manhartzberg,  the  northern  part  of  Lower  Aus- 
tria, separated  from  the  southern  by  the  river 
Danube,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Upper  Aus- 
tra,  on  the  N.  by  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  and  on 
the  E.  by  Hungary. 

Manheim,  strong  and  beautiful  city  of  Germa- 
ny, in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden.  It  is  a  very 
regularly  built  handsome  city,  containing  about 
22,000  inhabitants,  the  streets  being  all  straight, 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  for- 
tifications are  good,  and  the  town  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  Neckar  and  the  Rhine.  It  is  166 
ms.  below  Spire,  and  10  W.  of  Heidleberg.  Lon. 
8  31  E.,  lat.  49  26  N. — See  art.  Baden,  p.  120. 

 Town,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  E.  side 

of  Mohawk  river,  above  the  mouth  of  East  Can- 
ada creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,777.  Tp.,  York 

co.,  Pa.  It  is  situated  in  the  SW.  corner  of  the 
co.,  adjoining  Md.    The  chief  town  is  Hanover. 

 Town,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  W.  side  of 

Conestoga  creek,  between  Moravia  and  Little  Con- 
estoga  creeks,  immediately  N.  from  the  city  of 

Lancaster.  Tp.,  Schuylkill   co.,  Pa.,  along 

both  sides  of  the  SW.  branch  of  Schuylkill,  im- 
mediately S.  from  Onwicksburg. 

Manica,  inland  kingdom  of  Africa.  It  h'as  on 
the  N.  Monomatapa,  on  the  E.  Sofola,  and  on  the 
S.  and  W.  unknown  regions.  This  country  is 
little  known  to  Europeans,  but  it  is  said  to  abound 
with  mines  of  gold,  and  to  have  a  great  number  of 
elephants. 

Manichean,  or  Manichee,  from  the  name 
Manes,  its  founder,  a  sect  which  rose  in  Persia, 
and  which,  however  named,  maintained  the 
the  doctrine  of  a  good  and  evil  principle,  many 
ages  more  ancient  than  the  period  of  the  life  of 
Manes.  The  good  and  evil  of  the  Manitheans 
were  no  more  than  the  Ahriman  and  Oromazes  of 
Zoroaster.  The  Priscillianists,  so  called  from  Pris- 
cillian,  bishop  of  Avila,  in  Spain,  it  is  supposed 
adopted  the  doctrines  of  the  Manichees. 

Manickdurg,  small  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Berar  of  the  Deccan. 

Manickpour,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  68 
ms.  distant  from  Lucknow.  Lon.  81  45  E.,  lat, 
37  26  N. 

Manicougan,  river  of  L.  C,  rises  in  the  recesses 
of  Labrador,  flows  into,  and  again  out  of,  Mani- 
cougan lake,  and  assuming  a  course  of  SSW.,  en- 
ters St.  Lawrence  river  nearly  opposite  the  papa  of 
Matane,  200  ms.  below  Quebec,  Its  entire  com- 
parative course  exceeds  300  ms, 

523 


MAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAN 


Maniel,  mountain  of  St.  Domingo,  20  ms.  in 
circumference,  and  so  high  and  ciaggy  that  it  is 
almost  inaccessible. 

Manilla. — See  Lucaniu. 

Manilla,  large  and  populous  city,  capital  of 
Luconia  and  the  other  Phillippine  islands.  Most 
of  the  public  structures  are  built  of  wood,  on  ac- 
count of  the  frequent  earthquakes,  by  one  of  which, 
in  1617,  a  mountain  was  levelled.  In  1625,  a 
third  part  of  the  city  was  overthrown  by  another, 
when  3,000  persons  perished  in  the  ruins;  and 
the  next  year  there  was  another  less  violent.  This 
city  is  6eated  on  the  SE.  side  of  the  island,  where 
a  large  river  falls  into  the  sea  and  forms  a  noble 
bay  30  leagues  in  compass,  to  which  the  Spaniards 
have  given  the  name  of  Bahi,  because  the  river 
runs  out  of  the  great  Lake  Bahi,  which  lies  at 
the  distance  of  six  leagues  behind  it.  On  the  S. 
it  is  washed  by  the  sea,  and  on  the  N.  and  E.  by 
the  river  ;  being  also  strongly  fonified  with  walls, 
bastions,  forts,  and  batteries.  Manilla  contains 
about  30,000  souls,  who  are  a  very  motley  race. 
Lon.  120  53  E.,  lat.  14  36  N. 

Manlius,  town,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  be- 
tween the  Salt  lake  and  Lake  Oneida,  42  ms.  W. 
of  Whitestown,  on  Mohawk  river. 

Manlius  Centre,  or  Manlius  Square,  a  very 
prosperous  village,  on  the  great  western  road,  in 
Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  34  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from 
Auburn.  Manlius'  Centre,  though  in  the  same 
tp.,  is  a  separate  post  office  from  that  of  Manlius 
village. 

Mannahawkin,  town,  Stafford  tp.,  Monmouth 
co.,  N.  J.,  upon  the  Atlantic  coast,  containing 
about  30  dwelling-houses  and  a  Baptist  and  Meth- 
odist meeting-house.  It  lies  8  ms.  from  Tucker- 
ton.  This  is  the  same  place  already  noticed  un- 
der the  name  of  Manahawkin. 

Manningtrce,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on  the 
river  Stour,  which  is  here  called  Manning  tree 
water.  It  is  11  ms.  W.  of  Harwich,  and  60 
ENE.  of  London.    Lon.  1  12  E.,  lat.  52°  N. 

Mannsville,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  148 
ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Manor,  tp.,  Lancaster  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  NE. 
side  of  Susquehannah  river,  about  10  ms.  from 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  and  occupies  the  penin- 
sula between  the  Susquehannah  river  and  Cones- 
togo  creek,  above  the  latter. 

Manosque,  populous  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  the  Lower  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Provence, 
with  a  castle.  It  had  lately  a  commandery  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  and  is  seated  on  the  Durance,  10 
ms.  S.  of  Foroalquier,  and  350  S.  by  E.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  5  55  E.,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Manresa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Cardonera  and  Lobbregat, 
15  ms.  SE.  of  Cardona,  and  20  NW.  of  Barce- 
lona.   Lon.  1  56  E.,  lat.  41  36  N. 

Mans,  town  of  Ft.,  capital  of  the  dep.  of 
Maine.  It  is  seated  on  a  high  hill,  on  the  Sarte, 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Huisne,  20  ms.  S.  of 
Alencon,  and  75  W.  by  N.  of  Orleans.  Lon. 
0  14  E.,  lat.  41  58  N. 

Mansaroar,  lake  of  Thibet,  from  which  (ac- 
cording to  Major  Rennel)  issues  the  southernmost 
head  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  115  ms.  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  lies  in  about  79°  E.  Ion.,  and  34°  N.  lat. 

Mansfield,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
524 


Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  me 
name,  35  ms.  SW.  of  Magdeburg.    Lon.  5 

E.,  lat.  51  41  N.  Town  of  Eng.,  in  N<  1?. 

hamshire.  It  has  a  great  trade,  aud  is  fame  fot 
corn  and  malt,  and  participates  in  the  st(  n» 
manufacture.  It  is  a  pretty  large  place,  j, 
seated  on  the  edge  of  the  forest  of  Sherwo.  ij 
ms.  N.  of  Nottingham,  and  140  N.  by  \[| 

London.    Lon.  1  9  W.,  lat.  53  10  N.  r  If 

Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  30  ms.  SSW.  from  B  (|, 

 Town,  Windham,  co.,  Conn.,  betweei  jj. 

lamantic  and  Mount  Hope  rivers,  about  18  r  £, 
of  the  city  of  HartforJ.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,5  i 

1820,  2,993.  Village,  Tioga  co.,  N.  YM 

Tp.,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.    It  is  8  ms.  lm 

Burlington.  Town,  Warren  co.,  N,  ,m 

the  Musconecunk  river,  10  ms,  SE.  from  C  id, 

 Town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Richmor  a, 

O.,  containing  about  30  houses  and  300  i  bi- 
tants.    It  stands  73  ms.  NE.  from  Cok  m, 

N.  lat.  40  47  W.,  Ion.  5  33  N.  Village,  i  & 

co.,  Va.,  20  ms.  by  land  above  Petersburg.  ^ 

Mansfield  Centre,  village,  Windham  co.,m, 
35  ms.  NE.  from  Hartford. 

Mansilla,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  15  ms 
of  the  city  of  Leon.    Lon.  4  55  W.,  )iH 
30  N. 

Mansker's  Creek,  and  post  office,  Davidsi  «., 
Tennessee. 

Mantaca. — See  Mataca. 

Mantshuria,  vast  region  in  Asia,  having  ina 
proper  S.,  Mongolia  W.,  the  Russian  Asia  ar- 
mories NW.  and  N.,  and  the  sea  of  Japa  tod 
the  channel  of  Tartary,  or  La  Perouse  stra  E. 
See  Mia,  p.  93,  &c. 

Mantes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seii  rod 
Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  Fr.  p| 
famous  for  its  wines,  and  is  seated  on  the  ne, 
and  over  it  is  a  bridge,  the  great  arch  of  whi  al- 
though elliptic,  is  120  feet  wide.  It  is:  A 
NW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  51  E.,  lat.  49  1  M 

Mantinaea. — See  Tripolizza. 

Mantua,  or  Mantuan,  duchy  of  Italy,  ing 
along  the  river  Po.,  which  divides  it  invito 
parts.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Vet «, 
on  the  S.  by  the  duchies  of  Reggio,  M  M, 
and  Mirandola,  on  the  E.  by  the  Ferrares  mc 
on  the  W.  by  the  Cremonese.  It  is  50  mi  )Dg 
and  27  broad,  and  fruitful  in  corn,  pastures  ai, 
fruits,  and  excellent  wine.  The  Mantuar  «■ 
prehends  the  duchies  of  Mantua  and  Sabi  'ta; 
the  principalities  of  Castiglione,  Solforins  rot 
Bosolo ;  likewise,  the  co.  of  Novellara.  Tbf 
principal  rivers  of  this  country  are  the  P  th( 
Oglio,  and  the  Minchio. 

Mantua,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  sanie 
in  Italy,  with  a  university,  seated  on  an  isilu 
the  middle  of  a  lake.  It  has  above  16,000  i  abi 
tants.  It  was  greatly  noted  for  its  silk  and  silk  nu 
factures,  which  are  now  much  decayed.  T  >' 
in  the  summer  is  very  unwholesome ;  and  tl  ak 
is  formed  by  the  inundations  of  the  Mincio.  rf 
was  born  at  a  village  near  this  city.  It *s  :  ™| 
NE.  of  Parma,  22  SW.  of  Verona,  and  2  R 
by  W.  of  Rome.    Lon.  10  50  E.,  lat.  45  N 

Mantua,  village  on  the  Schuylkill,  oppos  th 
Philadelphia  upper  bridge,  and  in  Block!  tf 
It  is  strictly  a  suburb  of  Philadelphia;  its  sittw 
is  peculiarly  eligible  for  a  summer  residence  « 


MAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAR 


■ 

vl  ds 


vvttby  inhabitants  of  the  city.    The  site  swells 
vriually  from  the  Schuylkill,  and  gives  a  rich 
a  ty  to  the  various  buildings  and  gardens  by 
vl  h  it  is  decorated. 

mtua,  flourishing  town,  situated  in  the  north- 
er sorders  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  and  through 
loutheastern  quarter  of  which  runs  the  Cuya- 
river.      Besides  several  common  schools, 
,   is  a  tolerably  respectable  grammar  school, 
it  ntains  about  93  families  and  541  inhabitants. 

inungen,  town  of  Franconia,   capital  of  a 
|  I  district  belonging  to  the  House  of  Saxe-Go 
(ttt  It  is  8  ms.  N.   of  Henneburg.  Lon 
A.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

inzanillo,  cape,  is  the 
p  isula,  between  the  bays 
■{dingo,  in  the  province 
Miblic  of  Colombia.  Lat. 
at  20  W. 

apU?s  Store,  and  post  office,  Bibb  co.,  Ala. 
aracaibo,  considerable  town  of  S.  America, 
.*  al  of  the  province  of  Maracaibo,  in  Colombia, 
it  rries  on  a  brisk  trade  in  skins  and  chocolate, 
? I  h  is  the  best  in  America ;  and  it  has  very  fine 
i1  'co.  It  is  seated  W.  of  the  lake  of  the  same 
,se.    Lon.  W.  C.  5  40  E.,  lat.  10°  N. 

aracaibo,  province  of  S.  America,  in  Colom- 
bia it  lies  around  the  Gulf  of  Maracaibo,  and 
?oains  48,700  inhabitants,  sends  two  representa- 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Coro,  Truscilla,  and 
w  elects  4  Senators  to  the  Colombian  Leg- 
<l  ire. 

aracaibo,  inland  sea  of  Colombia,  opens  from 
Apanbbean  sea,  between  Sword  point  and  Cape 
it  an,  and,  extending  S.  about  100  ms.  in  the 
;  of  an  ellipse,  narrows  to  a  strait  opposite  to 
thtcity  of  Maracaibo,  and  again  widens  to  an 
axnsive  sheet  of  water  of  100  ms.  long,  and  70 
•r  3  wide.    The  gulf  reaches  from  lat.  8  30  to 
mki  and  is  the  most  extensive  indenting  of  the 
act  of  South  America,  except  the  rivers. 
aragal,  town  of  Persia,  42  ms.  from  Tauris. 
.47  52  E.,  lat.  37  36  N.—Marach,  See 
At,  p.  83. 

kranda,  fief  of  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  the 
1 1  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  20  ms.  above  Quebec, 
ai  opposite  Pointe  aux  Trembles. 

raranham,  captain  generalship  of  Brazil, 
jnded  NE.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  E.  and  SE. 
a;>eera,  or  the  river  Parnaiba,  SW.  by  Goias, 
ii  W.  by  Para.  It  lies  between  lat.  1°  and  9° 
I  and  is  watered  by  the  various  branches  of  the  j 
P  laiba,  Pinare,  and  other  streams.  Cotton, 

I  and  sugar,  are  its  primary  staples.  A  fine 

I  fertile  island,  from  the  name  of  which  that  of 

captain  generalship  is  derived,  lies  at  the  mouth 
olhe  Pinare,  and  is  of  an  oval  form,  30  ms.  in 

te  th.  Town  of  Maranham,  on  the  island  of 

tit"  same  name,  with  a  good  harbor.  Lon.  W.  C. 
3  )6  E. 

larano,  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  in  a  marsh 
wch  renders  it  difficult  of  access,  and  at  the  bot- 
of  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  27  ms.  S.  by  E.  of 
Lon.  13  5  E.,  lat.  42  52  N. 
farans,  rich  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
C: rente,  and  late  province  of  Angoumois,  seated 
»»'ng  salt  marshes,  near  the  river  Sevre.  It  car- 
ri  on  a  great  trade  in  corn,  and  is  12  ms.  NE. 
o'lochelle.    Lon.  0  55  W.,  lat.  46  20  N. 


Marasch,  populous  town  of  Natolia,  encompass- 
ed by  the  mountains  of  Taurus  and  Antitaurus 
and  the  river  Euphrates.  Lon.  38  25  E  ,  lat.  38 
15  N. 

Marathon,  village  of  Greece,  in  Attica,  and  by 
the  road  20  ms.  NE.  from  Athens,  remarkable 
for  a  battle  fought  between  the  Athenians  and  Pla- 
tseans  and  the  Persians,  on  the  17th  of  August  494 
years  ante  Christ,  in  which  the  Persians  were  ut- 
terly defeated.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  for 

Lawrence  co.,  Ala.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Tennessee 
1  river,  35  m?.  W.  from  Huntsville.  Lat.  34  45  N., 
10  |  lon.  W.  C.  10  23  W. 

Marawina,  river  of  Guiana,  which  separates 
salient  point  of  the  Surinam  from  the  French  colony  of  Cayenne.  A 
of  Porto  Bello  and  curious  pebble,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Mara- 
of  Panama,  of  t.hej  wina  diamond,  is  found  here,  which,  when  polish- 
9  13  N.,  lon.  W.  j  ed,  is  often  set  in  rings,  &c.  It  runs  into  the  At- 
lantic in  lon.  53  48  W.,  lat.  5  58  N. 

Marbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Sua- 
bia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg,  seated  on  the 
Neckar.  It  was  burnt  by  the  French  in  1693.  It 
is  12  ms.  S.  of  Hailborn,  and  13  N.  of  Stutgard, 
Lon.  9  25  E.,  lat.  48  59  N. 

Marbella,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Verde,  24  ms.  SW.  of 
Malaga.    Lon.  5  55  W.,  lat.  36  29  N. 

Marblehead,  considerable  seaport  and  town  of 
Essex  co.,  Mass.,  4  ms.  SE.  of  Salem,  and  19 
NE.  of  Boston,  in  the  lat.  of  42  35  N.,  and  lon. 
69  50  E.  The  town  contained  5,900  inhabitants 
in  1810  ;  in  1820,  5,630;  and  in  1840,  5,575. 

Marbletown,  town  in  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y,  It  is 
situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Esopus  creek,  about  70 
ms.  SSW.  of  Albany. 

Marburyville,  village  in  Feliciana,  La.,  8  ms. 
E.  from  St.  Francisville,  and  83  NW.  from  New 
Orleans. 

Marca,  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  5 
ms.  from  Ragusa,  on  which  it  depends.  It  had 
formerly  a  bishop's  see  ;  but  the  town  is  now  in 
ruins. 

Marcellin,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Isere, 
and  late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It  is  5  ms.  from 
St.  Antoine,  and  253  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5 
32  E.,  lat.  45  14  N. 

Marcellino,  small  river  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val- 
di-Noto,  which  falls  into  the  sea  2  miles  from  Au- 
gusta. 

Marcello,  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  the 
province  of  Bari. 

Marcellus,  town  in  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  4  ms. 
NE.  from  Skeneatelas  lake. 

Marche,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on  theN. 
by  Berry,  E.  by  Auvergne,  W.  by  Angoumois, 
and  S.  by  Limosin.  It  is  55  ms.  in  length  and  25 
in  breadth,  and  is  pretty  fertile  in  corn  and  wine. 

It  now  forms  the  dep.  of  Creuse.  Town  of  Fr., 

in  the  dep.  of  Vosges,  situate  near  the  source  of 
the  Mouzon,  20  ms.  S.  of  Neufchateau,  and  40  S. 
by  W.  of  Toul. 

Marcheck,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  March,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  23  miles  E.  by  N,  of 
Vienna. 

Marchiennes,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, in  the  territory  of  Liege,  seated  on  the 

Sambre,  4  ms.  W.  of  Charleroy.  Town  of  Fr., 

in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  seated  in  a  morass,  on  the 
river  Scarpe,  7  ms.  ENE.  of  Douay. 

525 


MAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAE 


Marciannisi,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  La- 
vora,  13  ras.  NNE.  of  Naples. 

Marcigny,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Saone 
and  Loire,  near  the  river  Loire,  32  ms.  W.  of  Ma- 
con, and  43  S.  by  W.  of  Autun. 

Marckolsheini,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Low- 
er Rhine,  25  ms.  S.  of  Strasburg. 

Marco,  St.,  seaport  of  E.  Florida,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  at  its  entrance  into  Apalache  bay, 
180  ms.  WNW.  of  St.  Augustine.  Lon.  84  38  W., 

lat.  30  18  N.  Town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ci- 

teriore,  seated  on  the  Senito,  22  miles  N.  of  Co- 
senza. 

Marcou,  St.,  two  small  islands  in  the  English 
channel,  near  the  coast  of  France,  7  ms.  SE.  of 
Cape  la  Hogue. 

Marcus  Hook,  village  in  Delaware  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  NW.  side  of  the  river  Dela- 
ware, below  Chester,  and  20  ms.  below  Philadel- 
phia. 

Mardike,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord, 
seated  on  a  canal,  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  4  ms. 
W.  by  S.  of  Dunkirk. 

Mardisville,  county  town  of  Talladega  co., 
Ala.,  and  seat  of  a  United  States  land  office,  situ- 
ated in  the  western  part  of  the  county.  N.  lat.  33 
25,  lon.  9  22  W.  of  W.  C. 

Mareb,  town  of  Arabia,  capital  of  a  district,  in 
the  province  of  Yemen.  It  is  100  ms.  SE.  of  Sa- 
naa.   Lon.  47  30  E.,  lat.  15  44  N. 

Marechal,  Marshal,  from  the  Ger.,  mar, 
horse  and,  schalk,  servant — minister,  prefect,  com- 
mander of  horse,  &c.  ;  hence  the  various  applica- 
tions of  the  term  marshal,  from  one  of  the  highest 
military  dignities  in  European  armies  to  U.  Slates 
marshals. 

Maree,  Loch,  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Ross-shire, 
18  ms.  long,  and,  in  some  parts,  4  broad.  It  con- 
tains many  small  islands,  and  abounds  with  sal- 
mon, char,  and  trout. 

Mahemma,  ancient  Pontine  marshes  ;  literally, 
"sea  coast,"  from  mar,  the  sea,  and  from  the 
same  root  as  marshes.  The  term  is  applied  in 
modern  Italy  to  the  seacoast,  and  is  not  exclu- 
sively applied  to  marshes,  though  the  idea  of  sur- 
face overflown  by  the  sea  is  usually  connected  with 
it.  Very  great  attention  has  been  given  by  the 
Tuscan  Government,  and  with  much  success,  to 
drain  and  render  habitable  and  healthy  the  former 
deadly  maremmes  on  the  coast  of  that  government. 
— See  Pontine  Marshes. 

Marengo,  village  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  3  ms. 

SE.  of  Alexandria.  Village  in  Seneca  co.,  N. 

Y.  —Co.  of  Ala.,  bounded  W.  by  Tombigbee 

and  Black  Warrior  rivers,  N.  by  Tuscaloosa  co., 
E.  and  SE.  by  Dallas,  and  S.  by  Clarke.  Length 
60  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area  1,200  sq.  ms. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil,  except  near  the  streams,  bar- 
ren, and  covered  generally  with  pine  timber.  Sta- 
ple, cotton.  Chief  town,  Eagleville.  Pop.  in 
1820,3,933;  in  1840,  17,264.  Central  lat.  32 
16  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  38  W. 

Marennes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Charente,  remarkable  for  the  green-finned  oysters 
found  near  the  coast,  and  the  salt  it  sends  to  other 
places.  It  is  32  ms.  NW.  of  Saintes,  and  270 
SW.  of  Paris. 

Maretimo,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
W,  coast  of  Sicily,  12  ms,  in  circumference.  It 
526 


has  a  castle,  with  a  few  farm-houses,  and  pi  lce, 
much  honey.    Lon.  12  35  E.,  lat.  38  5  N. 

!  Margaretta,  township  of  Huron  county,  j0 
Margaret's  Islands,  in  the  North  Pacific  aD( 
were  discoverad  by  Captain  James  Magee,  t|jt 
ship  Margaret,  of  Boston,  in  his  voyage  from  ] 
chatka,  in  1780.  Lon.  141  12  E.,  lat.  24  I 
Margaretsville,  or  Boonsborough,  villi  jn 
Washington  co.,  Md.,  11  ms.  SE.  from  ¥.  m 
town. — See  Boonsborough. 

i  Margarita,  island  near  the  coast  of  Col  ^ 
40  ms.  long  and  15  broad,  discovered  by  ( jZ 
bus  in  1498.  The  continual  verdure  rem  m 
pleasant,  but  it  has  no  fresh  water.  It  was  I 
in  1626  by  the  Dutch,  who  demolished  the  >fl 

j  since  which  time,  it  has  been  in  a  manner  «. 

!  doned  by  the  Spaniards.    Lon.  64  10  W.,  ]■ 

!  10  N. 

Margate,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  in  the  ■ 
I  Thanet.  It  stands  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  hast  I 
pier,  and  is  a  member  of  the  port  of  Dover,  m 
a  great  resort  of  company  for  sea  bathing,  ai  ■ 
buildings  for  their  accommodation  are  nun  iu 
and  handsome.  Great  quantities  of  corn  a  i- 
ported  hence,  and  there  are  regular  passage  its 
to  and  from  London.  It  is  17  ms.  ENE.  ol  n- 
terbury,  and  71  E.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon,  11 
E.,  lat  51  24  N. 

Margozza,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese  * 
a  small  Jake  of  its  name,  40  ms.  NW.  of  Mi 

Margrave,  from  the  German,  march,  ail 
ry  frontier  or  border,  and  graaf,  judge,  or  ■ 
literally,  a  military  governor  of  a  frontier  m 
ince.  From  the  same  root  there  is  little  ■ 
comes  marquis.  The  Marcomanni,  so  freqi  \j 
mentioned  in  Roman  history,  were  so  calle  as 
men  of  the  border. — See  Landgrave. 

Maria,  St.,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  neiw 
E.  side  of  Madagascar.  It  is  45  ms.  long  a  7 
broad,  well  watered,  and  surrounded  by  rocks  It 
produces  rice,  sugar  cane,  legumes,  pine  a]<s> 
tobacco,  &c,  and  on  the  coasts  are  found  i  te 
coral  and  ambergris.    The  inhabitants  call  it  i- 

him.    Lon.  50  20  E.,  lat.  17  0  S.  The  st 

southern  island  of  the  Azores,  which  produces  i- 
ty  of  wheat,  and  has  about  5,000  inhabitants  tl 
has  a  town  of  the  same  name.    Lon.  25  9  ., 

lat.  36  57  N.  Considerable  town  of  Spai  n 

Andalusia,  on  the  Guadaleta,  at  the  mout  )f 
which  is  a  tower  and  a  battery,  18  ms.  N.  of  I 

diz.    Lon.  6  6  W.,  lat.  36  39  N.  To*  I 

Terra  Firma  proper.  It  is  seated  at  the  botto  >f 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Michael,  at  the  mouth  of  a  na  I 
ble  river  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  78  12  W.,t> 
7  43  N. 

Mariagalante,  one  of  the  Leeward  Caribbe  <- 
lands,  in  the  West  Indies,  subject  to  the  Fre  i, 
extending  16  ms.*  from  N.  to  S.,  and  4  from  I  o 
W.  It  is  full  of  hills,  and  along  the  E.  shore  e 
lofty  parpendicular  rocks,  that  shelter  vast  n  - 
bers  of  tropical  birds.  It  has  several  large  cave 
with  many  little  streams  and  ponds  of  fresh  w;  '• 
It  is  covered  with  trees,  and  particularly  aboi  s 
with  tobacco  and  the  wild  cinnamon  tree.  It  i  0 
ms.  N.  of  Dominica,  and  40  E.  of  Guadalo 
Lon.  61  11  W.,  lat.  15  52  N. 

Maria's  River,  branch  of  Missouri,  which  >fl 
in  the  Rocky  mountains  at  lon.  W.  C.  35°  > 
and  near  lat.  50°  N.    Its  general  course  is  > 


MAR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAR 


ltoie  Missouri,  which  it  joins  about  50  miles 
I.  the  Great  falls. 

iriaville,  tp .,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  40  ms.  NE. 
nJastine.    Pop.  in  1820,  uncertain, 
i  -ie  aux-Mines,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
ia  >sges,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  divided 
U>  vo  by  the  river  Leber.    It  is  famous  for  its 
ivwmines,  and  is  25  ms.  NW.  of  New  Brisach. 
I  24  E.,  lat.  48  16  N. 

A.-ie,  Cape  Dame,  W.  point  of  St.  Domingo. 

itienburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Sax- 
ijp  Misnia,  remarkable  for  its  rich  silver  mines, 
i&ated  among  the  mountains,  on  the  confines 
jBemia,  28  ms  SSW.  of  Dresden.    Lon.  13  I 

itl  lat.  50  49  N.  Town  of  Poland,  in  west-  j 

t^jrussia,  capital  of  a  palatinate  of  the  same  j 
i«l   It  is  seated  on  the  Noget,  a  branch  of  the  \ 

sti,  30  miles  SW.  of  Elbing,  and  30  SE.  of 
m\c    Lon.  19  15  E.,  lat.  54  9  N.  Town 

ft,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Northland  late  French 
aiiilt,  10  miles  SW.  of  Charlemont.  Lon.  4 
ifi.  lat.  50  2  N. 

I  ienstadt,  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland,  j 

I  on  the  Lake  Wenner,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Carl-  i 

d  and  162  SW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  14  25  ! 
ttL  68  28  N. 

wienwerder,  town  of  western  Prussia,  in  Po- 
>ria,  on  the  Vistula,  20  ms.  SSW.  of  Marien- 
i«  Lon.  19  5  E.,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Hietta,  village,  Onondaga  county,  N.  Y.  

ittgh  and  village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
?t4jnk  of  the  Susquehannah  river,  above  the  > 
najof  Little  Chiques  creek,  13  miles  W.  from  1 
i«4y  of  Lancaster.    Pop.  in  1820,  1.545  ;  and  | 

iMO,  1,428  in  the  borough.  Village  and  i 

at  justice,  Washington  county,  Ohio,  occupy - 
<& ts  peninsula  between  and  above  the  Ohio  and 
us'igum  rivers,  at  their  junction.  The  site  of 
knia,  Ohio,  is  peculiarly  fine ;  the  junction  of 
mfO  rivers,  the  extensive  bottoms,  winding 
vki  and  swelling  hills  in  every  direction, 
■the  two  villages,  Marietta  itself,  and  Har-  < 
mm  the  centre,  all  afford  a  picture  seldom 
"-Mi surpassed  in  beauty.  The  extensive  remains 
i  *i:ient  works  here  ad'd  greatly  to  the  attrnc- 
o«*fthe  place.  It  is  distant  315  miles  NW.  by 
H  pni  Washington,  and  109  SE.  from  Colum- 
Uf.|Lon.  W.  C.  4  23  W.,  lat.  39  25  N.  Pop. 
WO,  1,814. 

il -ignano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan, 
ated  on  the  Lanibro,  10  miles  S.  of  Milan.  j 
,  St.,  strong  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  i 
•  republic,  surrounded  by  the  duchy  of  Urbi- 
^Ylderthe  protection  of  the  Pope,  with  three 
It  chooses  its  own  magistrates  and  officers, 
•Lseated  on  a  mountain,  10  miles  SW.  of  Ri- 
'»*jmd  14  NW.  of  Urbino.    Lon.  12  33  E., 

Pit  54  N.  Town  of  Italy,  in  Campngna  di 

1M  with  a  castle,  10  ms.  E.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  | 
m  lat.  51  34  N. 

Jlton,  district  of  South  Carolina,  bounded  NE.  1 
f  rth  Carolina,  E.  by  Little  Peedee  or  Horry  , 
,  SW.  by  Great  r  edee  and  Lynch's  creek,  ! 
»o|W.  by  Darlington  and  Marlborough  ;  length 
\  t*an  width  28  ms.,  aiea  1,120  sq.  ms.    Sur-  1 
neither  level  than  hilly.    Soil  sandy,  though  in 
!«*|>laces  highly  productive.  Chief  town,Spring- 
ilePop.  in  1820,  10,201  ;  and  in  1840,  13,932.  ; 
en  1  lat.  34  10  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  28  W. 


Marion,  town,  Twiggs  co.,  Ga.,  35  miles  SW. 

from  Milledgeville.  > Village,  Marion  co.,  Ohio, 

on  the  road  from  Columbus  to  Perryville,  48  miles 

NW.  from  Columbus.  Village,  Cole  co.,  Mo., 

144  ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis.  C.  H.  and  post 

office,  Marion  district,  S.  C,  124  ms.  a  little  N.  of 
E.  from  Columbia. 

Marion,  co.,  Alabama,  bounded  W  by  Monroe 
co.,  in  Mississippi,  and  the  Chickasaw  lands,  N. 
by  Franklin  co.,  in  Alabama,  NE.  by  Lawrence, 
and  E.  by  Blount  and  Jefferson  ;  length  50,  mean 
width  30  ms.,  area  1,500  sq.  ms.  It  is  chiefly  drained 
by  the  Buttahatchee,  branch  of  Tombigbee.  Sim- 
ilar to  most  sections  of  the  United  States  south  of 
Tennessee  and  east  from  the  Mississippi,  the  pro- 
ductive soil  of  this  county  is  confined  to  the  banks 
of  streams.  Lat.  34°  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  1 1°  W. 
intersect  in  this  county.    Pop.  in  1840,  5,847. 

Marion,  county,  Mississippi,  bounded  by  Han- 
cock co.,  in  Mississippi,  SE  ,  Washington  parish,  in 
Louisiana,  S.,  Pike  W.,  Lawrence  N.,  and  Perry 
E.  ;  length  36,  mean  width  24  miles,  area  864  sq. 
ms.  Surface  moderately  hilly.  Soil  barren,  ex- 
cept near  the  streams  ;  the  prevailing  timber,  pine, 
Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  New  Columbia.  Pop. 
in  1820,  3,116;  and  in  1840,  3,830.  Central  lat, 
31  12,  Ion.  W.  C.  12  35  W. 

Marion,  co.,  Tennessee,  bounded  S.  by  Alaba- 
ma and  Georgia,  W.  and  NW.  by  Franklin,  N. 
by  Bledsoe,  and  E.  by  Hamilton  and  the  Cherokee 
lands  ;  length  32,  mean  width  18  miles,  area  756 
sq.  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous. 
This  county  is  drained  by  Sequatchie  river,  and 
occupies  the  valley  between  two  ridges  of  the 
Cumberland  mountains.  Tennessee  river  traverses 
its  SE.  angle.  Chief  town,  Jasper.  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,888;  and  in  1840,  6,070.  Central  lat.  35  13 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  34  W. 

Marion,  county,  Ohio,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Crawford,  E.  by  Richland,  S.  by  Delaware  and 
Union  counties,  and  on  the  WT.  by  Hardin  county. 
It  is  33  miles  long  from  E.  to  W.,  and  18  broad 
from  N.  to  S.,  containing  about  530  square  miles. 
This  county  comprises  the  height  of  land  between 
the  Sandusky  and  Scioto  rivers.  Much  of  it  is 
open  plain,  or  table  land,  composing  the  southern- 
most of  what  are  called  the  Sandusky  plains.  Much 
of  it  is,  however,  heavily  limbered,  and  of  a  very 
rich  and  fertile  quality  of  soil.  It  is  well  watered 
by  the  Scioto,  Little  Scioto,  and  Whetstone  rivers, 
besides  numerous  smaller  streams.  Marion  county 
was  constituted  in  January,  1820.  In  the  census 
of  1820,  this  county  was  included  in  Delaware. 
Pop.  in  1840,  14,765. 

Marion,  co.  of  Ky.,  having  Green  co.  S.  and 
Washington  N.  Lat.  37  35  N.,  and  lon.  8  0  W. 
of  Washington  City  intersect  in  this  county. 
Seat  of  justice,  Lebanon.  Population  in  1840, 
11,032. 

Mark,  St.,  seaport  in  the  W.  side  of  St.  Do- 
mingo, 45  ms.  NNW.  of  Port-au-Prince.  Lon. 
72  40  W.,  lat.  19  20  N. 

Aiarhham,  tp.  in  the  East  Riding  of  the  county 
of  York,  Upper  Canada,  fronts  Youngstreet,  and 
lies  to  the  northward  of  York  and  Scarborough. 
Here  are  good  mills,  ind  a  thriving  settlement  of 
Germans. 

Markle's  Mills,  post  office,  Vigo  co.,  Indiana, 
by  post  road  87  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

527 


MAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAR 


Marksborough,  village,  Sussex,  co.,  N.  J.,  70 
ins.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Marksville,  village,  Avoyelles  parish,  Louisiana, 
by  post  road  340  miles  from  New  Orleans,  though 
in  a  direct  line  not  quite  140,  and  can  be  actually 
passed  in  less  than  160. 

Marlborough,  Fort,  English  factory  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  3  miles  E.  of  Ben- 
cooler],  and  300  N  W.  of  Batavia.  Lon.  102  9  E., 
lat.  3  49  N. 

Marlborough,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wilts,  on  a 
chalky  soil,  on  the  Kennet,  43  miles  E.  of  Bristol, 
and  74  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  26  W.,  lat.  51  2S 

N.  Tp.  in  the  co.  of  Greenville,  TJ.  C,  lies  to 

the  northward  of  Oxford,  and  is  watered  by  the 

Rideau.  Tp.,  Middlesex  co  ,  U.  C.  Town, 

Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  11  ms.  E.  from  Connecticut 
river,  and  36  E.  from  Bennington,  in  Vermont. 

 Town,  Windham  co.,  Vt.,  9  ms.  SW.  from 

Brattleborough.  Tp.,   Middlesex  co.,  Mass., 

28  miles  W.  of  Boston.  Town,  Ulster  co.,  N. 

Y.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  river,  90  ms.  S.  of 
Albany. 

Marlborough,  town  and  SE.  tp.  of  Hartford 
CO.,  Ct.,  17  ms.  SE.  from  Hartford.    Pop.  1820, 

839.  Tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW. 

limit  of  Bucks,  and  in  the  forks  of  the  Perkiomen, 
between  Upper  Salford  and  Hanover,  35  ms  NW. 

from  Philadelphia.  Village  at  the  NW7.  angle 

of  Calvert  co.,  Md.,  on  the  Paluxent,  45  ms.  S. 

from  Baltimore,  District,  S.  C,  bounded  N. 

and  NE.  by  N.  C,  SE.  by  Marion  district,  and 
SW.  by  the  Great  Pedee,  or  Darlington  and 
Chesterfield  districts.  Length  30,  mean  width  15 
ms.  ;  area  450  sq.  ms.  It  is  washed  along  its  en- 
tire SW.  border  by  the  Great  Pedee,  and  drained 
by  the  various  confluents  of  that  river.  Staples, 
cotton  and  tobacco.  The  soil  sandy,  but  in  many 
piaces  very  productive.  Chief  town,  Bennetsville. 
Pop.  1820,  6,425;  and  in  1840,  8,408.  Cent. 

lat.  34  35,  lon.  W.  C.  2  41  W.  Tp.  in  the 

northern  borders  of  Delaware  co.,  0.,  which  is 

situated  in  the  village  of  Norton.  Court-house 

and  village,  Marlborough  district,  S  C,  94  ms. 
NE.  from  Columbia. 

Marlborough,  East,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on 
the  head  of  Red  Clay  creek,  and  enclosed  by  the 
tps.  of  Newlin,  Pennsbury,  Newgarden,  30  ms. 
SW.  by  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  8  SSW.  from 
Downingstown. 

Marlborough,  West,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa  ,  W. 
from  East  Marlborough,  and  10  ms.  SW.  from 
Downingstown. 

Marlborough,  Upper,  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
Prince.  George's  co.,  Md.,  on  the  western  branch 
of  Patuxent,  12  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Washington, 
and  15  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Lower  Marl- 
borough. 

Marlow,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a  bridge  into  Berk- 
shire It  has  a  manufacture  of  bonelace,  and  is 
17  ms.  S.  of  Ailesbury,  and  31  W.  of  London. 

Lon.  45'  W7.,  lat.  51  35  N.  Village  on  Ash- 

melot  river,  near  the  centre  of  Cheshire  co.,  N. 
Hampshire,  46  miles  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Con- 
cord. 

Murli,  village  of  Fr.,  between  Versailles  and 
St.  Germain.    Here  was  a  royal  palace,  noted  for 
its  fine  gardens  and  water  works,  there  being  a 
528 


curious  machine  on  the  Seine  which  not  onl;  p. 
plied  them  with  water,  but  also  those  of  Vers  ^ 
It  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  Paris. 

Marmande,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  L<  A 
Garonne,  and  late  province  of  Guienne.    I  „. 
ries  on  a  great  trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  bi  ^ 
and  is  seated  on  the  Garonne,  40  ms.  SE.  o 
deaux,  and  320  S.  by  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1 
lat.  44  20  N. 

Marmora,  sea  between  Europe  and  Asia,  fa 
communicates  with  the  Archipelago  by  the  m 
of  Gallipoli  on  the  SW.,  and  with  the  Blac  j, 
by  the  strait  of  Constantinople,  on  the  NI  Jj 
has  two  castles — one  on  the  Asian  and  one  i  n 
European  side.    It  is  120  ms.  in  length  aiA 
in  breadth,  and  was  anciently  called  the  Prop  jj 
As  the  ancient  name  of  the  strait  betweeft 
Archipelago  and  the  Marmora  sea  is  more  u  in 
common  conversation  in  the  United  States  m 
either  Dardanelles  or  Gallipoli,  the  modern  ni 
I  have  thought  it  necessary  to  be  more  pari  J 
with  this  article.    There  is  some  difficulty  i  H 
ing  the  limits  which  the  ancients  gave  to  the  jit 
lespont,  from  the  usual  vaguejiess  attending  « 
descriptive  writing.   Tt  is  probable,  in  reality  at 
neither  towards  the  Archipelago  nor  Mamoi  id 
ancient  authors  consider  any  particular  po  as 
where  the  strait  and  sea  united.    If  we  tur  jr 
eye  to  a  map  of  that  part  of  Asia  and  Ei  «, 
however,  it  is  easy  to  fix  the  general  bounda  of 
j  the  strait  in  question.    A  line  drawn  from  pi 
Janissary,  the  side  of  Asia,  to  the  nearest  pc  of 
the  Chersonesus  of  Thrace,  seems  the  natural  n- 
i  dary  towards  the  JEgean,  and  where  the  tri  al 
I  surface  of  the  Marmora  is  changed  to  a  ctX 
must  decide  the  commencement  of  the  Hellei  it, 
on  the  side  of  Gallipoli.    Strabo  seems  tcM 
i  viewed  the  Hellespont  as  a  sea,  and  not  as  a  it. 
With  the  limits  I  have  stated,  the  Helle^  is 
from  Cape  Janissary  to  the  opening  of  the  w- 
mora,  above  Gallipoli,  36  ms.    The  current  m 
equal,  but,  as  might  be  supposed,  most  viol  at 
the  most  contracted  points.    The  mean  »  Jv 
perhaps,  falls  short  of  two  ms.,  and  at  the  I  la- 
nelles  and  Gallipoli  less  than  one.     At  » 
narrows  the  current  is  rapid,  particularly  i  he 
spring  season,  when  the  large  confluents  *  he 
Black  sea  are  overflowed.     The  winds,  acc<  ng 
to  Hobhou^e,  blow  great  part  of  the  yeardov  f» 
strait.    This  author,  like  many  others,  est*  ih« 
ed,  I  cannot  but  think,  a  general  theory  o  he 
phenomena  which  occurred  during  his  own  ill 
The  Salset  frigate,  in  which  Mr.  Hobhouse  j  sed 
the  Hellespont,  was  wind-bound  at  Capa  JaM* 
ry  from  the  14ih  to  the  30th  of  April.  The* 
mometer  stood,  according  to  his  own  accour  * 
tween  60  and  70°  during  the  stay  of  the  frig  in 
the  mouth  of  the  Hellespont.     With  this  he  in- 
creased, as  it  is  in  summer,  to  between  8  * 
100°,  the  land  must  become  more  heated  thilhj 
water,  and  of  course  an  aerial  current  superin  *d 
from  the  Mediterranean,   towards  the  pla,  °> 
Russia.    If  I  was  to  form  an  opinion  fronts 
graphical  position,  I  should  say  that  during  1 
and  spring  the  wind  must  be  down,  but,  ctl» 
contrary,  during  summer  and  autumn,  up  th<  ^ 
lespont ;  and  that  the  prevalent  current  mi  « 
down,  though  in  not  so  great  a  proportion  e  *c 
to  one.    The  depth  of  the  water  betwec  tw 


MAR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAR 


an  and  Marmora  admits  the  passage  of  the 
st  ships  of  the  line. 

ie  scenery  of  its  shores,  from  the  description 
by  Hobhouse,  must  bear  a  considerable  re- 
ance  to  many  places  on  St.  Lawrence.  Gen- 
rising  by  acclivities  more  or  less  abrupt,  the 
cts  are  variegated  find  fine.    From  some 
on  the  European  side,  and  in  clear  weather, 
immits  of  Ida  ard  visible  ;  but  the  climate  of 
ountry,  from  the  prevalence  of  NE.  winds, 
remarkable  for  serenity. 
mora,  four  islands  in  the  Marmora  sea,  the 
pal  of  which  was  the  ancient  Proconnesus; 
ards  the  outlet  of  Marmora  into  the  Helles- 
and  to  the  NW.,  off  the  ancient  Cyzicus, 

Artaki.  Celebrated  cascade  of  Italy,  in 

chy  of  Spoletto,  3  ms.  from  Terni. 
me,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Cor- 
Dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  the  lste 
ice  of  Champagne.  It  takes  its  name  from 
r  which  rises  near  Langres,  and,  flowing 
joins  the  Seine  a  little  above  Paris.  Rheims 
archiepiscopal  see,  but  Chalons  is  the  cap- 

me,  Upper,  dep.  of^r.,  including  part  of 
te  province  of  Champagne.  Chaumont  is 
pital. 

"nhull,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  on 
our.  The  church  is  an  ancient  lofty  build- 
le  tower  of  which  fell  down  in  171\0,  in  the 
f  divine  service,  but  was  handsomely  rebuilt. 
'0,  town  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of  Genoa,  in 
y  of  the  same  name,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Oneig- 
d  48  WSW.  of  Genoa.  Lon.  7  41  E., 
:  55  N. 

'Ogna,  town  of  Romania,  near  the  Mediter- 
i,  1Q0  ms.  SW.  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 
E.,  lat.  40  59  N. 

iotfiTJEs. — See  Asia,  p.  81,  2d  col. 
•otier,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 

and  late  province  of  Alsace,   with  a  late 
ictine  abbey,  18  ms.  NW.  of  Strasburg. 
7  33  E.,  lat.  48  38  N. 
pies,  tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Pa.,  between  Dar- 

Crum  creeks,  14  ms.  W.  from  Philadel- 

Pop.  1820,  700. 

purg,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
i  of  Hesse  Cassel,  with  a  university,  a  pal- 
handsome  square,  and  a  magnificent  town 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Lahn,  15  ms.  S. 
ddeck,  and  47  SW.  of  Cassel.  Lon.  9° 
.  50  35  N. 

quesas,  group  of  islands  in  the  S.  Pacific 
of  which  the  most  considerable  are  St. 
ana  and  St.  Pedro.  Captain  Cook,  in  his 
voyage,  lay  some  time  at  the  first  of  these, 
is  situated  in  lon.  139  9  W.,  and  lat.  9  55 
r.  Foster  says  he  never  saw  a  single  de- 
ot  even  ill-proportioned  man  among  the 
;  all  were  strong,  tall,  well-limbed,  and  ac- 
the  highest  degree.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
3sas,  Society,  and  Friendly  islands,  Easter 
•  and  New  Zealand,  seem  to  have  all  the 
•rigin — their  language,  manners,  customs, 
[tearing  a  great  affinity  in  many  respects. 
;roup  is  the  northeasternmost  of  the  numer- 
ier  groups  of  islands  spreading  on  both  sides 
;  equator  from  southeastern  Asia,  through 
f  lon.  Nukahiva,  the  main  island  of  the 
'  67* 


Marquesas,  lies  nearly  W.  from  Truxillo,  in  S. 
America;  distance  about  60°  of  lon.  The  French 
Government  has  recently  sent  a  colony,  which  has 
taken  formal  possession  of  the  Marquesas  in  the 
name  of  the  French   nation. — See  Nukahiva. 

Marr's  Bluff,  post  office,  Marion  district,  S. 
C,  118  ms.  NE.  from  Columbia. 

Marsal,  town  of  Fr.,  in  Meurthe,  17  ms.  NE- 
from  Nancy. 

Marsala,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val  di  Mazzara, 
at  the  W.  part  of  the  island,  on  the  promontory 
of  Lilybaeum,  45  ms.  SW.  from  Palermo. 
Mar sch. — See  Moraw. 

Marsden,  village  of  Eng.,  in  West  Yorkshire, 
near  the  source  of  the  Colne,  7  ms.  S  W.  of  Hud- 
dersfield.  Here  are  some  extensive  cotton  mills, 
and  the  Huddersfield  canal  passes  this  place. 

Marseilles,  flourishing  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone.  The  in- 
habitants are  computed  at  90,000.  It  was  so  cel- 
ebrated in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  that  Cicero 
styled  it  the  Athens  of  the  Gauls,  and  Pliny  called 
it  the  Mistress  of  Education.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  at  the  upper  end  of  a  gulf  in  which 
are  many  small  island?,  and  is  partly  on  the  decliv- 
ity of  a  hill,  and  partly  in  a  plain.  It  is  divided 
into  the  old  town  and  the  new.  The  first  appears 
like  an  amphitheatre  to  the  vessels  which  enter  the 
port ;  but  the  houses  are  mean,  and  the  streets 
dirty,  narrow,  and  steep.  In  this  part  is  the  prin- 
cipal church,  built  by  the  Goths  on  the  ruins  of 
the  temple  of  Diana.  The  new  town  is,  in  every 
re-pect,  a  perfect  contrast  to  the  city,  with  which 
it  has  a  communication  by  one  of  the  finest  streets 
imaginable.  The  other  streets  and  squares,  as 
well  as  the  public  buildings  in  general,  are  very 
elegant.  With  respect  to  commerce,  Marseilles 
has  been  eminent  since  the  days  of  antiquity,  and 
is  now  sometimes  called  Europe  in  miniature,  on 
account  of  the  variety  of  dresses  and  languages. 
The  port  is  a  basin  of  an  oval  form,  3,480  feet 
long,  960  broad  at  its  widest  part,  with  18  or  20 
feet  depth  of  water.  In  the  environs  of  Marseilles 
are  near  5,000  little  country  boxes  of  the  citizens, 
called  Bastides.  In  1640  the  plague  raged  with 
great  violence  in  Marseilles,  and  with  still  greater 
in  1720,  when  it  carried  off  50,000  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. The  late  Lord  Gadenstone  mentions  that 
Marseilles  was  a  little  republic  within  itself,  that 
the  citizens  elected  their  own  magistrates,  and  that 
the  expense  of  a  law  suit  never  exceeded  two  pence 
half  penny,  which  sum  was  lodged  by  each  party 
with  the  clerks  of  the  court,  at  the  commencement 
of  every  process,  after  which  no  further  expense 
was  incurred.  Marseilles  is  15  ms.  S.  of  Aix,  13 
N  W.  of  Toulon,  and  362  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
5  27  E.,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Marseilles,  village,  Halifax  co.,  Va.,  151  ms. 
SW.  from  Richmond. 

Marshall's  Mills,  Huntingdon  co  ,  Pa. 
Marshallsvillc,  village,  Mecklenburg  co.,  Va., 

65  ms.  SW.  of  Petersburg.  Village,  eastern 

part  Baughman  tp.,  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  14  ms. 
NE.  from  Wooster,  and  J 9  ms.  SSW.  from 
Akron. 

Marshalton,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  about  30 
ms.  SW.  by  WT.  from  Philadelphia. 

Marshfield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
on  Coteswold  hills,  11  ms.  E.  of  Bristol,  and  103 

529 


MAR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MAR 


W.  of  London.  Town,  Washington  co.,  Vt., 

12  ma.  E.  from  Montpelier.  Town,  Plymouth 

co.,  Mass.,  near  Marshfield  Point,  36  ms.  SE.  of 
Boston. 

Marsh  pee,  tp.,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  on  the 
seacoast,  17  ms.  SW.  from  Barnstable. 

Marscio  Nuovo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citeriore,  21  ms.  NNE.  of  Policastro. 

Marscio  Vecchio,  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
near  the  river  Acre,  23  ms.  NE.  of  Policastro. 

Mar  silly,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Marne,  10  ms.  S.  of  Suzanne. 

Marstrand,  rocky  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Cat- 
tegat,  lying  NW.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Gotha.  It 
is  2  ms.  in  circumference,  and,  on  account  of  its 
strength,  is  called  the  Gibraltar  of  Sweden.  The 
town  stands  on  the  E.  side,  and  the  harbor  is  se- 
cure and  commodious,  but  of  difficult  entrance. 
The  inhabitants  subsist  chiefly  by  the  herring  fish- 
cry,  by  the  number  of  ships  which  in  bad  weather 
take  refuge  in  the  harbor,  and  by  a  contraband 
trade.  It  is  23  ms.  NW.  of  Gotheborg.  Lon.  11 
30  E.,  lat.  57  59  N. 

Maria,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  where 
it  issues  from  the  Lake  Bolfena,  10  ms.  E.  of 
Castro. 

Martaban,  city  of  Pegu,  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  fertile  in  rice,  fruits,  and  wines  of 
all  kinds.  It  was  a  rich  trading  place  before  the 
King  of  Birmah  conquered  the  country,  who  caus- 
ed a  number  of  vessels  to  be  sunk  at  the  mouth  of 
the  harbor,  so  that  it  is  now  only  to  be  entered  by 
small  vessels.  The  chief  trade  is  in  earthen  ware 
and  fish.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Thaluan,  120  ms.  SE.  of  Pegu. 
Lon.  97  56  E.,  lat.  16  30  N. 

Martago,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  10  ms.  SSE. 
of  Ciudad  Rodrigo. 

Martapura. — See  Metapura. 

Martel,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lot,  seated  near  the  Dordogne,  18  ms.  E.  of 
Sarlat. 

Marthalen,  considerable  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
that  part  of  the  co.  of  Kyburg  subject  to  Zurich. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Rhine,  6  ms.  S.  of  Shaff- 
hausen. 

Martha,  St.,  for  names  thus  written. — See  St. 
Martha. 

Marthasville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Mo.,  66 
ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

Martic,  tp.,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  NE. 
side  of  Susquehannah,  and  the  SE.  side  of  Piqua 
creek. 

Marticville,  village  in  the  tp.  of  Martic,  Lancas- 
ter co.,  Pa. 

Martigues,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of 
Provence,  near  a  lake,  12  ms.  long,  and  5  broad, 
which  is  navigable  throughout,  and  whence  they 
get  very  fine  fish  and  excellent  salt.  Martigues  is 
20  ms.  NW.  of  Marseilles.  Lon.  5  2  E.,  lat.  43 
19  N. 

Martin,  Cape,  promontory  of  Valencia,  in 
Spain,  which  separates  the  Gulf  of  Valencia  from 
that  of  Alicant.    Lon.  0  36  E.,  lat.  38  54  N. 

Martin,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Beaufort  SE., 
Pitt  SW.,  Edgecombe  W.,  Halifax  NW.,  Roan- 
oke  river,  oi  Bertie,  N.,  and  Washington  E. 
430 


Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  about  14,  are;  )o 
sq.  ms.  Surface  level,  and  soil  either  mare  or 
sandy.  Its  chief  town,  Williamston,  is  o  a 
Roanoke,  25  ms.  N.  from  Washington.  8  3 
cotton.  Pop.  1820,  6,320;  and  in  1840,  7  f 
Central  lat.  35  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  15'  W. 

Martin,  co.,  Ia.,  bounded  by  Owen  and  I  K 
S.,  Sullivan  and  Vigo  W.,  Wabash  and  Del  re 
NW.,  and  Monroe  and  Lawrence  E.  Leng  ft 
ms.,  width  24,  area  920  sq.  ms.  The  mail  I 
branch  of  White  river  traverses  thisco.  from  1, 
to  SE,  entering  at  the  NE.,  and  leaving  it  ]t 
SW.  angle.  The  39th  degree  of  N.  lat]  I 
through  the  southern  extremity.  The  sort  I 
hilly,  contiguous  to  the  streams,  but  level  j  I 
interior.  Much  good  soil.  Pop.  1820,  I  jr 
and  in  1840,  3,875.  Central  lat.  38  38  N.  I 
W.  C.  9  40  W. 

Martinico,  one  of  the  windward  Carihb  » 
lands,  in  the  W.  Indies,  40  ms.  in  length  id 
100  in  circumference.  There  are  many  ;h 
mountains,  covered  with  trees,  as  well  at  »M 
rivers  and  fertile  valleys,  but  they  will  not  bt  <i. 
ther  wheat  or  vines;  however,  the  former  at 
much  wanted,  for  the  natives  prefer  cassa  to 
wheat  bread.  It  produces  sugar,  cotton,  g  I 
indigo,  chocolate,  aloe?,  pimento,  plantaim  id 
other  tropical  fruits,  and  is  extremely  popi  g; 
some  of  the  ancien  t  inhabitants  still  remaii  It 
has  several  safe  and  commodious  harbors,  we  * 
tified.  Fort  St.  Pierre,  the  principal  place,  in 
Ion.  61  20  W.,  lat.  14  14  N. 

Murtinsborough,  now  Jonesville,  village,  ry 
co.,  N.  C,  on  the  right  bank  of  Tar  river,  2  | 
above  Washington — See  Jonesville. 

Martinsburg,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  ■  * 
co.,  N.  Y.,  near  the  W.  side  of  Black  rivi  30 
ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Utica.  Lat.  4&4fl 

lon.  W.  C.  1  33  E  Village,  in  the  noi  ra 

part  of  Bedford  co.,  Pa.,  27  ms.  NNE.  from  d- 

ford.  Town  and  seat  of  justice  in  Berkle 

Va.,  19  ms.  SW.  from  Hagerstown,  Md.  od 
about  18  NW.  of  Harper's  Ferrv,  on  the  » 
mac.  Lat.  39  27  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1°  W  - 
Village,  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road  54  ms.  f- 
from  Columbus,  and  about  15  SE.  of  Mourn  *• 
non,  the  county  seat.  In  this  village  there  J 
high  schools,  one  for  males  and  the  other  f  * 

males.  Morgan  county,  Ia. — See  Martin  k 

Morgan  co.,  Ia.  Village,  Hopkins  co.,  K 

Martin's  Creek,  village,  Northampton  co.,  *j 
10  ms.  N.  from  Easton. 

Martin's  Mills,  and  post  office,  Greene), 
eastern  part  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  13  ms.  S  ty 
E.  of  Mansfield. 

Martinsville,  town,  Henry  co.,  Va.,  on  ne 
river,  65  ms.  S.  from  Fincastle,  and  about  15  1 

SW.  by  W.  from  Petersburg.  Village  an  »» 

of  justice,  Guilford  co.,  N.  C,  on  Buffalo « J 
branch  of  Haw  river.  It  stands  45  ms. 
from  Raleigh.  Lat.  36  1  N.,  lon.  2  50  W  - 
Village,  southern  part  of  Clinton  co.,  H 
8£  ins.  southward  of  Wilmington,  the  count)  I* 
and  13  ms.  NW.  of  Hillsborough,  in  Hig  du 

co.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Morgai  &> 

Ia.,  on  the  right  bank  of  White  river,  32  ms.  l»- 
from  Indianapolis.  Lat.  39  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  - » 
21  W. 

Martinsville.— See  St.  Martinsville,  La. 


MAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAR 


irlorano,  town  in  Naples,  in  Calabria,  Cite- 
no  8  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  15  S.  of  Cosenza. 
Lo  16  20  E.,  lat.  39  6  N. 

iriorel,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seated 
%i  u  confluence  of  the  Noya  and  Lobragal,  18 
n»NW.  of  Barcelona,  i/on.  1  56  E.,  lat.  41 
311. 

.urtos,  town  of  Spain,  in  Audalusia,  with  a 
fi>r»ss  seated  on  a  rock,  8  ms.  S.  of  Anduxar. 

\irvejols,  commercial  town  of  France,  in  the 
(Mtttment  of  Lozere,  and  late  provivce  of  Gevau- 
ipgeated  in  a  valley  on  the  river  Colange,  10 
nJwW.  of  Mende,  and  300  S.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
ME.,  lat.  44  36  N. 

•  tjjirville,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
He,  and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  seated  on  the  Os- 
mL  3  ms.  N.  of  Jametz. 

jiryanna  Forge,  Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  at  the 
tajion  of  the  Quenemahoning  and  Shade  creeks, 
His.  NNE.  from  the  borough  of  Somerset. 

jiryborough,  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
i^n'sco.,  17  ms.  S.  of  Philipstown.  Lon.  7° 
Ifjlat.  53  2  N. 

iryland,  village,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post 
i«67  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

dryland,  one  of  the  States  of  the  U.  S  ,  having 
iifitlantic  ocean,  Chesapeake  bay,  and  part  of 
/aSE.,  other  parts  of  Va.  S.,  SW.,  and  W., 
AiN\,  and  Del.  E. 

Miles. 

frfcHand  has  an  exterior  ocean  limit  from 
jj  SE.  angle  of  Del.  to  the  SE.  angle 
'Maryland  -  -  - 

flqsouthern  limit  of  the  Eastern  Shore, 

tween  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  Chesa- 

ake  or  Pokomoke  bay 
Mig  Pokomoke  bay  from  Redcliff's  point 

Watkin's  point 
4hss  Chesapeake  bay  from  Watkin's 
-  Wint  to  Cape  Lookout,  the  N.  side  of 

&  entrance  of  Potomac  river  - 
iJ^otomac  river  to  Washington  City 
ij):he  residue  of  the  Potomac  river  to  its 

treme  source  -  -  - 

Rice  due  N.  to  the  southern  boundary 

Pa.  - 


35 


15 


20 


20 
120 


200 


Chce  E.  along  the  southern  boundary  of 

ice  nearly  S.  along  the  western  limit 
Del.  - 
T  nee  E-  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  place 
beginning  -  -  - 


36 


200 


ss 


36 


Having  an  entire  outline  of  -  -  770 

rea,  exclusive  of  water,  about  11,000  sq.  ms., 
',0,000  acres;  mean  length  150,  and  mean 
*$ih  about  75  ms.  Between  lat.  38°  and  30  43 
N'lh. 

aryland  is  the  most  irregular  in  its  form  of  any 
4*3  of  the  U.  S.,  and  contains  the  least  surface 
*  n  compared  with  its  outline.  It  is,  also,  in 
f^t  of  surface,  soil,  and  climate,  very  much  di- 
'eified.  All  those  parts  of  Maryland  lying  E. 
Jroi  Chesapeake  bay,  and  W.  of  that  stream,  to 
mfiead  of  tide  water,  may  be  considered  as  allu- 
*ijin  their  formation,  and  comparatively  level  and 
wly.  Above  tide  water  the  surface  rises,  though 
Q'very  rapidly,  into  hills,  which  reach  the  foot 
die  mountains.    The  soil  of  this  middle  zone  is 


the  best  in  the  State.  The  mountainous  region 
includes  the  residue,  and  presents  the  common 
features  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

Maryland  is  the  first  State  of  the  U.  S.  SW. 
of  the  Delaware  river  which  embraces  the  three 
great  zones  of  soil :  that  of  alluvion,  hilly,  and 
mountainous.  In  the  annexed  table  the  cos. 
are  distinguished  which  occupy  each  zone,  respect- 
ively. 

The  alluvial  soil  is  generally  level  and  sandy, 
but,  where  due  attention  has  been  paid  to  agricul- 
ture, produces  good  crops  of  grain,  tobacco,  and 
even  cotton  towards  the  S.  The  middle  or  hilly 
section,  and  some  of  the  mountain  valleys,  are 
amongst  the  best  parts  of  the  U.  S.  for  the  produc- 
tion of  grain,  grass,  and  orchard  fruit,  tobacco, 
flax,  and  hemp.  The  flour  and  tobacco  of  some 
places  on  the  higher  waters  of  the  Potomac  are 
justly  estimated  for  their  excellence. 

Commercially,  Maryland  is  naturally  connected 
with  some  of  the  best  cultivated,  most  populous, 
and  wealthy  cos.  of  Pa.  ;  good  roads  extend  from 
Baltimore  to  W.  C,  Fredericktown,  and  Hagers- 
town.  That  to  the  latter  extends  up  the  Potomac 
to  Cumberland,  and  from  thence  to  Brownsville, 
Pa.  Part  of  this  road  has  been  constructed  by  the 
U.  S.,  and  is  toll  free.  The  distance  from  Balti- 
more to  Brownsville,  by  Frederick,  Hagerstown, 
Hancock,  and  Cumberland,  is  212  ms  ,  being  the 
shortest  line  of  connexion  between  the  Atlantic 
ports  and  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Ohio. 

Other  roads  intersect  the  State  of  Maryland,  and 
connect  it  with  the  neighboring  States,  particular- 
ly Pennsylvania,  and  facilitate  intercommunication 
with  Baltimore.  The  trade  of  the  Susquehannah 
is,  however,  that  which  enters  most  at  Baltimore, 
and  has  contributed  greatly  to  the  rapid  increase  of 
that  city. — See  Baltimore.  The  Legislature  and 
people  of  Maryland  seem  recently  to  have  awaken- 
ed to  a  full  sense  of  the  immense  advantages  natu- 
rally flowing  down  with  the  stream  of  the  Susque- 
hannah, and  also  to  those  to  be  derived  from  open- 
ing a  water  communication  between  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  bays.  It  has  been  supposed  that 
the  produce  already  (October,  1822)  brought  down 
in  the  current  year  from  the  Susquehannah  exceeds 
in  value  $1,000,000,  and  must  annually  increase. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  examine  the  position  of  Bal- 
timore, on  a  general  map  of  the  United  States, 
lo  perceive  its  admirable  situation  as  a  commercial 
mart. 

Maryland  produces  in  itself  iron  ore  and  mineral 
coal,  with  inexhaustible  masses  of  limestone  and 
other  building  stone.  Furnaces  and  forges  have 
been  long  established  in  this  State.  Flour  and  to- 
bacco are  its  most  abundant  and  valuable  staples. 
Its  manufactures  are  numerous  and  increasing.  In 
the  value  of  its  shipping,  it  ranks  as  the  third  State 
of  the  U.  States.  In  1815  the  tonnage  exceeded 
156,000.  For  the  interests  of  education  in  Md=, 
see  Baltimore. 

In  respect  to  pursuit  or  employment,  the  pop. 
of  Maryland  in  1820  were  thus  classed  : 
Engaged  in  agriculture  -  -  79,135 

Engaged  in  manufactures        -  -  18,640 

Engaged  in  commerce  -  4,771 

There  were  in  the  State  3,776  unnaturalized 
foreigners. 

Pop.  to  the  sq.  co.,  37. 

531 


MAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAR 


Politically,  Maryland  is  thus  subdivided 


Counties. 

Soil. 

Pop.  1820. 

Pop.  1840. 

Alleghany 

Anne  Arundel 

Baltimore  ciiy  . 

Baliimore  co.  . 

Calvert 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Cecil 

Charles 

Dorchester 

Frederick 

Harford 

Kent 

Montgomery  - 
Prince  George's 
Queen  Anne  • 
St  Masy's 

Somerset 
Tnlbot 

"Washington  - 
Worcester 

Mountainous 
Hills  &  alluvion  - 

Do. 

Do. 
Alluvion 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Hilly  &m'tai  nous 
Hills  &  alluvion  - 
Alluvion 

Hills  &  alluvion  - 
Alluvion 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Mountainous 
Alluvion 

8,654 
27,165 
62,738 ") 
33,463  5 

8,073 
10,041 

16.048 
16,503 
17.755 
40,459 
15,924 
11,453 
16,400 
2u,216 
14,952 
12,974 
19,579 
14,389 
23,075 
17,421 

15,690 
29,532 

134,379 
9,229 
7,806 
17,241 
17,232 
16,023 
18,843 
36,405 
17,120 
10,842 
14,669 
19,539 
12,633 
13.224 
19,508 
12,090 
28,850 
18,377 

407,350 

470  019 

Population  of  Maryland  in  1840. 

Whites. — Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

26,921 
20,573 
181354 
16,218 
30.023 
20.732 
12,626 
7,253 
3,899 
1,533 
417 
64 
16 

25 

19.978 
1^560 
18,349 
31,021 
19,343 
12,477 
7,859 
4  376 
1,801 
534 

8 

15^,636 
159*081 

Total 

317,717 

Free  colored.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

9,460 
7,727 
4,772 
4,670 
2,494 
50 

9,134 
8,626 
6,686 
5,423 
2,902 
76 

29,173 
32,847 

32,847 

Total 

Slaves,  male 
Slaves,  female  • 

62,020 
45,959 
43,536 

151,515 

Slaves,— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtolO 
in  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

14,996 
15,440 
7,725 
5,218 
2,522 
58 

14,551 
14.383 

7,537 
4,732 
2,297 
36 

45,959 

43,536 
45,959 

89,495 

Aggregate 

Whites,  deaf  and  dumb 

"Whites,  blind  - 

Whiles,  idiots  and  insane  • 

532 

469,239 
178 
165 

367 

White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are  deaf  and  dumb, 

under  11  years  of  age           -  -  .3 

Do.  14  to  25            -              -  -              .  g 

Do.  above  25          -              -  -              .  |j 

Tota4  do.  deaf  and  dumb        -  -              .  -j 

Do.  blind                -               -  -               .  M 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge      -  .  » 

Do.  at  privat  e  charge  •             .  g 

Do.  total  -  -  -  -  -  n 
Colored  persons  deaf  and  dumb 

Do.  blind  .  ■ 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  .  ■ 

Total  number  of  persons  employed  in  mining  .  ■ 

Agriculture  •  I 

Commerce  -  -  -  -I 
Manufactures  and  trades 

Navigation  on  the  ocean         -  -              .  I 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  - 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services      r  I 

Universities  or  colleges 

Do  students  in  vfll| 

Academies  and  grammar  schools  -              .  7 

Do.  students  in  -  -  -  -  f 
Primary  and  common  schools  - 

Do.  scholars  in       -              -  -              -  8 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -  -  .  fl 
Total  number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  1 

who  cannot  read  and  write  -  -  •]■ 


Population  of  Maryland,  by  counties,  fron  t 
census  of  1840. 


Counties. 


Alleghany 

Washington  • 

Frederick 

Carroll 

Baltimore 

Harford 

Montgomery  - 

Prince  George  - 

St.  Mary's 

Calvert 

Charles 

Anne  Arundel  - 

Cecil 

Kent 

Caroline 

Talbot 

Queen  Anne  - 
Somerset 
Dorchester 
Worcester 

Total  Maryland 


Whites. 


8127 
12668 
14415 

7533 
50306 
6154 
4397 
3860 
3043 
1866 
2968 
7297 
6844 
2880 
2694 
3095 
31  ~5 
5654 
5355 
5871 


158804 


6536 
1205b 
14560 
7688 
54423 
5^87 
4369 
3963 
3027 
1719 
3054 
733-3 
6485 
2736 
2640 
2968 
2957 
5831 
5274 
5S94 


159400  M--; 


Free  col. 


11 

772 
1443 
450 
8963 
1257 
646 
585 
699 
722 
401 
2513 
1318 
1275 

m 

1170 
1308 
1240 
1925 
1526 


Slaves. 


S 

fa 

102 
SOS 
1542 
448, 
12490! 
1179 
667| 
4951 
694 
752 
418 
25701 
1233j 
1216! 
859 
11 70! 
1233 
14061 
2062 
1547 


374 
1288 
2361 

59b 
3473 
1354 
2798 
5414 
29^6 
2104 
4615 
5179 

708 
1517 

397 
1907 
2088 
2863 
221b 
1889 


32891  46068  136694  • 


125$ 
20841 

4123 
1289 

2578| 
5-22 

2056' 
45671 
4640 

644 
1213 

355 
17.-0 
1-72 
2514 

011 


Population  in  1820:  whites,  260,222; 
blacks,  39,730;  slaves,  107,398. 

Mary  port,  town  in  Cumberland,  with  a  1 
harbor.  In  1750  it  was  only  a  poor  fishing  to 
but  it  has  now  upwards  of  3,000  inhabitants, 
employ  many  vessels,  from  50  to  250  tons  hur< 
in  the  coal  or  coasting  trade.  Here  are  two 
yards  and  a  cotton  manufactory,  and  close  r 
the  Roman  station,  Virosidum,  where  several 
tars  and  statues  have  been  dug  up.  Marypoi 
situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ellen,  in  the  Irish 
27  ms.  SW.  of  Carlisle,  and  297  NNW,  of  I 
don.    Lon.  3  22  W.,  lat.  54  35  N. 

Marysburg  Tovmship,  in  the  co.  of  Prince 
ward,  U.  C,  is  situated  at  the  eastern  end  of 
peninsula  which  forms  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  and 
open  to  Lake  Ontario  on  the  S. 

Maryville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Char! 


MAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAS 


,.  fa.,  on  Ward's  fork  of  Little  Roanoke,  35 
ngSE.  rfrom  Lynchburg,  and  60  SSW.  from 
?icrjond.    Lat.  36  57  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  42  W. 
rysville,  village,  Campbell  eo.,  Va.,  by  post 

oa«l60  ms.  SSW.  from  Richmond.  Small 

ow  and  seat  of  justice  for  Union  co.,  Ohio,  on 
,1  il  reek,  15  ms.  SW.  from  Delaware,  and  27 
fijfrom  Columbus.    Lat.  40  13  N.,  Ion.  W. 

L  j  26  W.  Village,  Harrison  co.,  Ky.,  on 

he  ain  NE.  fork  of  Licking  river,  about  45  ms. 
)T  jiJ  above  Newport,  opposite  Cincinnati,  and 
aNE.  from  Lexington.    Lat.  38  33  N.,  Ion. 

W!.  6  58  W.  Village  and  seat  of  justice, 

Wit  co.,  E.  Tenn.,  12  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S. 
,ouKnoxville.    Lat.  35  46  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  4 

mrza  Siroco,  gulf  on  the  SE.  side  of  the  isle 
ffllta.  The  Turks  landed  here  in  1565,  when 
•invent  to  besiege  Valetta.  It  is  now  defended 
i«Mee  forts,  two  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf,  and 
the  point  of  land  that  advances  into  the 
«#  of  it. 

Arzilla,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Na- 
arr  near  the  river  Arragon,  30  ms.  S.  of  Pam- 

Jlscarenhas  Isla?ids. — See  Africa,  p.  30,  col- 
i  >d 

i?  cTAngeywis,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
artmt  of  Lot  and  Garonne,  on  the  river  Ga- 
in 24  ms.  N  W.  of  Agen,  and  50  SE.  of  Bour- 

■  ef  Asil,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
i-iege,  on  the  rivulet  Rise,  8  ms.  SVV.  of 

kqafuero,  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  80  ms. 
Wf  Juan  Fernandez.  It  is  high  and  moun- 
liws,  but  lowest  to  the  N.,  and  at  a  distance 
opts  like  one  hill  or  rock.  It  is  of  a  triangular 
Mkliout  25  ms.  in  circumference,  and  uninhab- 
:J,xcept  by  numerous  seals  and  goats.  There 
Ml  plenty  of  wood,  but  difficult  lo  l>e  got  off,  as 
i^pavy  surf  allows  of  no  good  landing  place. 

■  1  40  W.,  lat.  33  40  S. 

mtbaie,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  almost 

■  tl  centre  of  them.  It  is  80  ms.  in  circumfer- 
■bnd  the  natives  are  tributary  to  the  Spaniards. 
11122  25  E.,  lat.  11  36  N. 

^jbrough,  village  of  Eng.,  in  W.  Yorkshire, 
u  t  river  Don,  adjoining  the  bridge  of  Rother- 
u  Here  are  considerable  iron  works,  where  all 
i*f  hammered  and  cast  iron  goods  are  made, 
tie  most  trifling  article  to  a  large  cannon,  of 
hk  great  quantities  are  exported. 
S&cara,  the  western  province  of  the  kingdom 
!  A  ers,  370  ins.  long  and  I'.iO  broad.  It  is  dry, 
H  and  mountainous,  except  on  the  N.  side, 
ueuhere  are  plains  abounding  in  corn,  fruit,  and 
Mt^s.  The  S.  parts  are  inhabited  by  indepen- 
E'rt  andering  tribes,  particularly  the  Angad  tribe. 
—  apital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  in 
Mgdom  of  Algiers,  with  a  strong  castle,  in 
hktthe  bey  resides.  In  1732  it  was  an  incon- 
<i*ile  place;  but  is  now  the  only  one  in  the 
■fp,  which,  under  the  domination  of  the 
urh  perceptibly  increases  in  prosperity  and  ex- 
nt.jlt  is  not  so  large  as  Tremesan,  but  surpasses 
in,;duty,  having  a  great  number  of  good  houses 
id  awly  erected  mosques.  It  stands  in  the 
Mrpf  a  fertile  and  populous  district,  45  ms- 


ESE.  of  Oran,  and  190  SW.  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
40'  E.,  lat.  35  54  N. 

Muscat,  seaport  of  Arabia  Felix,  and  the  chief 
town  in  the  province  of  Omaun,  and  capital  of  the 
dominions  of  a  Mahometan  sovereign,  to  whom  it 
gives  the  title  of  "Imaum  of  Mascat,  or  Muscat," 
with  a  good  harbor.  It  has  a  castle  on  a  rock,  and 
is  very  strong  both  by  nature  and  art,  though  the 
buildings  are  mean.  It  was  taken,  in  1508,  by  the 
Portuguese,  who  retained  it  for  a  century  and  a 
half.  The  cathedral,  built  by  the  Portuguese,  is 
now  the  king's  palace.  There  is  no  vegetation  to 
be  seen  on  the  sea  coast  near  it,  an  I  only  a  few  date 
trees  in  a  valley  at  the  back  of  the  town,  though 
the  inhabitants  have  all  things  in  plenty.  The 
bazars  or  market  places  are  covered  with  the  leaves 
of  date  trees,  laid  on  beams  which  reach  from  the 
house  tops  on  one  side  to  those  on  the  other.  The 
products  of  the  country  are  horses,  dates,  fine  brim- 
stone, coffee,  and  ruinoss,  a  root  that  dies  red. 
This  city  stands  on  the  Gulf  of  Omaun,  about  150 
ms.  NW.  from  Cape  Rasalgad,  and  250  SSE. 
from  the  straits  of  Musseldom.  Lat.  23  40,  lon. 
58  25  E. — See  articles  Africa,  p.  28,  and  Muscat, 
under  its  own  head. 

Mascoomy,  river  of  N.  H.,  which  rises  between 
Dorchester  and  Lyme,  flows  into  and  carries  the 
water  of  Mascoomy  Pond  into  Connecticut  river, 
5  ms.  below  Hanover. 

Mask  IT  Asil,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ar- 
riege,  and  late  co.  of  Foix,  with  a  late  rich  Bene- 
dictine abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  rivulet  Rise,  8 
ms.  SW.  of  Pamiers. 

Mask,  lake  of  Ireland,  partly  in  Galway  and 
partly  in  Mayo,  about  12  ms.  in  length  and  from 
1  to  4  wide,  and  having  no  visible  outlet.  It  lies 
N.  from  Lake  Corril. 

3Iaskelyne,s  Isles,  group  of  small  but  beautiful 
islands,  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  lying  off  the  SE. 
point  of  Malicollo,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides. 

Maskinonge,  river  of  L.  C,  flows  from  a  pond 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  line  between  Warwick 
and  St.  Mauiice  cos.,  L.  C,  flows  SE.,  and  falls 
into  the  head  of  Lake  St.  Peter's.  SW.  seign- 
iory of  St.  Maurice  county,  Lower  Canada,  on 
Lake  St.  Peter's,  on  both  sides  of  Maskinonge 
river. 

Mason,  tp.,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  36  ms.  S. 

from  Concord.  Co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Ohio 

river  W.  and  NW.,  by  Wood  NE.,  Kenawha  SE. 
and  Cabell  SW.  ;  length  40,  mean  width  20  ms.  ; 
area  800  sq.  ms.  This  co.  is  washed  in  its  entire 
length  by  Ohio,  and  traversed  by  Great  Kenawha 
river.  Surface  very  broken  and  hilly,  though 
much  of  the  soil  near  the  streams  is  excellent. 
Considerable  quantities  of  salt  are  made  on  Kena- 
wha river,  from  salt  water  procured  by  deep  digging. 
Staples  of  this  co.,  grain  and  flour.  Chief  town, 
Mount  Pleasant.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,868;  and  in 
1840,  66,777.    Lat.  39°  N.  and  lon.  W.  C.  5° 

W.  intersect  in  this  co.  Co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by 

the  Ohio  river  NE.,  Lewis  E.,  and  Fleming  SE. 
and  S.,  Nicholas  SW.,  and  Bracken  W.  ;  length 
18,  mean  width  14  ms.  ;  area  250  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face hilly,  though  very  considerable  tracts  of  ex- 
cellent soil  skirt  the  streams,  particularly  the  Ohio* 
Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  &c.  Chief  towns, 
Washington,  and  the  seat  of  justice,  Marysville, 
Pop.  in  1820,  13,588;  and  in  1840,  15,719; 

533 


MAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL'  DICTIONARY.  MAS 


Central  lat.  38  40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  36  W.  

Village,  Pike  co.,  Mo. 

Mason,  or  Magon,  river  of  Louisiana,  issues 
from  Grand  Lake,  immediately  N.  of  the  N.  boun- 
dary of  Louisiana,  and,  flowing  a  little  S.  of  W. 
through  the  annually  overflown  alluvion  of  the 
Mississippi,  in  a  direct  line  80  ms  ,  but  by  the 
windings  of  the  stream  more  than  150  ms.,  joins 
the  Tensaw  about  30  ms.  above  the  junction  of  the 
latter  with  Ouachita. 

Mason  Hall,  village,  Orange  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 
road  52  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Masonville,  town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  adja- 
cent to  the  SE.  angle  of  Chenango  co.,  26  ms.  W. 
from  Delhi.    Pop.  in  1820,  719. 

Massa,  populous  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
capital  of  a  small  territory  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  a  plain,  3  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  55  W. 

by  N.  of  Florence.  Lon.  10°  E.,  lat.  44/  N.  

Town  of  Naples,  in  Terra-di-Lavora,  with  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  near  the  sea,  20  ms.  S.  of 

Naples.    Lon.  14  18  E.,  lat.  40  31  N.  Town 

of  Italy,  in  the  Siennese,  on  a  mountain  near  the 
sea,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Sienna.  Lon.  10  48  E.,  lat. 
42  40  N. 

Massa,  or  Mazzi,  town  of  the  Veronese,  in 
Italy,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Po,  40  ms.  E. 
of  Mantua.    Lon.  11  50  E.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Massachusetts,  State  of  the  United  States,  having 
the  Atlantic  ocean  E.  and  SE.,  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut  S.,  New  York  W.,  and  Vermont  and 
Hew  Hampshire  N. 

Miles. 

Massachusetts  has  an  exterior  boundary  on 

the  Atlantic  ocean  of    -  -  -  200 

Along  Rhode  Island         -  -  70 

Along  Connecticut  -  -  85 

Along  New  York  -  -  -50 

Along  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire       -  135 

540 

Area,  7,250  square  miles,  or  4,640,000  acres. 
Length  190,  breadth  94  ms.  Lying  between  lat. 
41  31  and  42  52  N. 

Massachusetts,  in  point  of  soil,  is  divisible  into 
three  distinct  zones ;  mountainous  in  the  west,  hilly 
in  the  central,  and  low  and  sandy  in  the  eastern, 
or  rather  southeastern  sections.  The  State  is  trav- 
ersed by  three  ranges  of  mountains;  one  along  its 
western  border,  separating  the  basins  of  the  Housa- 
tonick  from  the  creeks  flowing  into  the  Hudson  ; 
a  second  separating  the  basins  of  the  Housatonick 
and  Connecticut ;  and  a  third  between  the  Con- 
necticut basin  and  the  streams  discharging  E.  and 
SE.  into  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  last  range  is 
not,  it  is  true,  a  compact  ridge,  but  is  nevertheless 
entitled  to  the  distinction  of  a  mountain,  and  pro- 
duces, on  the  geographical  features  of  the  State,  all 
the  effect  arising  from  mountain  scenery. 

East  and  SE.  of  this  latter  ridge,  the  soil  of 
Massachusetts  is  comparatively  of  an  inferior  qual- 
ity, and,  receding  from  the  mountains  towards  the 
sea,  imperceptibly  sinks  from  hills  to  plains,  flat, 
sandy,  and  sterile.  This  level  and  sandy  character 
is,  however,  in  a  great  degree  confined  to  the  SE. 
cos.  In  Norfolk,  Middlesex,  and  Essex  cos.,  the 
hills  approach  the  ocean,  and  the  tide,  from  the 
rapid  acclivity  of  the  country,  ascends  but  a  very 
short  distance  inland.  Beyond  the  eastern  range 
534 


of  mountains,  the  valleys  of  Massachutetts  po  a 
a  fine,  deep,  strong,  and,  in  many  places,  an  {. 
berantly  fertile  soil.  The  cos.  of  Berkshire,  Fr  ;. 
lin,  Hampden,  and  Hampshire,  are  amongst  e 
most  diversified  and  best  cultivated  tracts  in  th  f. 
S.,  producing  grain,  pasturage,  and  orchard  f  S) 
in  abundance. 

Of  mineral  productions,  iron  and  marble  ar<  e 
only  substances  of  great  value  found  plentiful  n 
this  State.  Iron  is  found  in  Plymouth,  an  u 
several  other  parts  of  the  State;  marble  is  qua  d 
and  wrought  to  considerable  extent  near  S 
bridge.  The  fine  granite  of  Chelmsford  d 
Teignmouth  is  brought  to  Boston  by  the  Midd  x 
canal. 

In  a  commercial  point  of  view,  Massachuse  is 
well  situated.  Its  coast  is  indented  by  a  nu  >r 
of  fine  bays,  of  which  the  harbors  of  Boston  | 
lem,  and  Plymouth,  are  the  principal.  Conr  i. 
cut  river  traverses  the  State,  and  Merrimac  e  « 
the  ocean  in  its  NE.  angle.  From  the  ll 
stream  to  Boston  harbor,  a  fine  navigable  i  j| 
conveys  the  lumber,  stone,  and  other  produc  )f 
its  shores,  to  a  profitable  market.  The  obstruc  \t 
in  Connecticut  river  have  been  so  far  remove  k 
remedied  by  short  canals,  as  to  open  that  strea  » 
boat  navigation  above  the  northern  limit  of  j- 
sachusetts. 

From  the  epoch  of  the  first  settlement  o  w 
colonies  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  Bay,  a 
which  was  formed  the  present  Massachusett  U 
inhabitants  have  been  distinguished  for  their  si  ty 
attention  to  the  interests  of  education.  Ha 'd 
University,  at  Cambridge  holds  the  first  rank  i  m 
literary  institutions  of  the  U.  S.  The  theolc  al 
seminary  in  Andover,  Williams  College  m  I 
liamstown,  and  Phillips  Academy  in  Andovei  re 
all  highly  respectable  institutions.  Academies  ?e 
been  established  throughout  the  State,  in  al  « 
principal  towns,  and  common  schools  are  ur  r- 
sal.  According  to  Mr.  Morse,  there  were,  in  17, 
401  religious  congregations;  of  these,  366  re 
Congregationalists,  91  were  Baptists,  32  re 
Friends,  14  were  Episcopalians,  and  8  Pres  e- 
rians. 

The  manufactures  of  Massachusetts  are  e  a- 
sive  and  valuable.  As  early  as  1810,  their  it 
amounted  to  near  $22,000,000.  With  the  pi- 
cal  changes  since  that  epoch,  the  manufactur  of 
Massachusetts,  like  those  of  other  States  of  1 1  J- 
S.,  have  fluctuated,  but  still  remain  flourishini  id 
respectable.  Boston,  in  respect  to  tonnage,  i » 
first  port  and  Massachusetts  the  first  State  iiM 
Confederacy.  With  Maine,  in  1815,  the  joinm* 
nage  amounted  to  upwards  of  452,000  tons,  'w 
citizens  in  the  seaport  towns  of  this  State  are  rjf 
generally  engaged  in  the  fisheries. 

The  staple  exports  are  lumber,  whale  oil,  »• 
ous  manufactures,  salted  provisions,  md  a  nt 
spirits.    In  1820,  the  domestic  produce  exped 
amounted  to  $3,861,435. 
Total  population  in  1820 

Of  this  mass  were — 
Foreigners  not  naturalized  - 
Persons  engaged  in  agriculture  -  -  6JW 

Persons  engaged  in  manufactures  -  3<<« 

Persons  engaged  in  commerce  - 

The  amount  in  the  year  1820  was  subdiM 
into— 


MAS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  i  MAS 


Free  whites. 


mjfT  10  years  old 
10  d  under  16 
Beeen  16  and  IS 
1 8  d  under  26 
d  uDder45 
15  d  upwards 

'otal 

otal  of  blacks 


Males. 


70,993 
36,573 
10,922 
49,506 
54,414 
38,668 


252,154 
3,303 


Females. 


69,260 
38,303 

52,805 
57,721 
46,171 


264,265 
3,560 


lation  of  Massachusetts,  by  counties,  from 
the  census  of  1840. 


.Counties. 


Free  white 
persons. 


4,362 

1,925 
15,915 
2S.696 
23,1=2 
25,991 
20,464 

14,2031 14,521 


£ 
<» 
fa 

4,071 
2,013 
16,206 
30,036 

23,8:3 
26,989 
20,0-S 


15,326 
46,699 
50,121 
46,217 

18,343  18,706 
49,033  44.297 


15,370 
48,041 
55,997 
43,263 


360679  368351  4654  4015 


Free  col, 
persons. 


423 
13 
218 
626 
161 
63 
6.34 
52 
106 
261 
285 
233 
152 
140 


Slaves. 


156 
7 
219 
604 
192 
97 
624 
36 
95 
312 
208 
274 
160 
1031 


Total. 


9,012 
3,958 
32,548 
60,164 
47.373 
53,140 
41,745 
28.812 
30,897 
95,313 
106611 
94,987 
37,366 
95,773 


737699 


isive  population  of  Massachusetts,  by  coun- 
ties, exclusive  of  Maine.  


Counties. 


ester 
'otal 


Pop.  1820.  Pop.  1830.  Pop.  1840 


24.029 
35,727 
39,998 

3,295 
74,580 
29,289 
28,073 
26,487 
61,677 

7,286 
35,462 
38,112 
43,925 
73,605 


522,545 


2>.5l4 

37;835 
49,592 

3,517 
82,859 
29,501 
31,639 
30.254 
77,961 

7,202 
41,972 
43i044 
62,163 
84,365 


32,548 
41,745 
60,164 

3,958 
94,987 
28,812 
37,366 
30,897 
106,611 

9,012 
53,140 
47,373 
95,773 
95,313 


610,403 


737,699 


P  ulation  of  Massachusetts,  by  the  census  of 
1840. 


Free  colored.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

0  to  10 
10  to  24 

24  to  36  -N 

36  to  55 

55  to  100 

100  and  upwards 

908 
1,119 
1,444 
871 
306 
6 

899 
1,057 
868 
771 
417 
2 

4,654 

4,014 
4,654 

Total 
Slave 

8,668 
1 

Aggregate 

737,599 

SUMMARy. 

Whites 

Free  colored  - 
Slave 

-  729,030 
8,668 

Total 

-  737,699 

White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age       -           -  56 
Do.  from  14  to  25          -           -            -           -  63 
Do.  above  25  154 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb            -           -           -  273 

Do.  blind                   -           -           -  308 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge              -           -           -  471 

Private  charge             -           -                       -  600 

Do.  total  insane,  &c.      ....  1,071 

Colored  persons  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb            -           -           -           -  17 
Do.  blind                    ....  22 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Private  charge             -           -           •  27 

Do.  public  charge         ....  173 
All  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are  employed  in- 
Mining                      -           -           -  -499 

Agriculture                 ....  67,837 

Commerce                  ....  8,053 

Manufactures  and  trades           -           -           -  85,176 

Navigation  on  the  ocean           -           -           -  27,153 

Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers       -           -           -  372 

Learned  professions      ....  3,804 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services     -  2,462 

Universities  or  colleges  4 

Do.  students  in  769 

Academies  and  grammar  schools  •           •  251 

Do.  stuiients  in             ....  16,746 

Primary  and  common  schools     -           -           -  3,362 

Do.  scholars  in             ....  160.257 

Number  of  scholars  at  public  charge  •  -  158,351 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 

cannot  read  and  write            -           -           -  4.448 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

1  100  - 

47,313 
40,296 
37,971 
37,069 
76,285 
52,283 
30,161 
19,270 
11,432 
6,473 
1,914 
195 

45,313 
40,115 

36,832 
40,360 
74,250 
49,324 
33,109 
22,684 
14,645 
8,387 
2,955 
375 

•kid  upwards 

17 

360,679 

368,351 
360,679 

;  Total  whites  - 

729,030 

In  summary,  the  population  of  Massachusetts  was; 

-  378,787 

-  422,845 

-  472,040 

-  522,545 
t  610,408 

-  737,699 


In  1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 

Ratio  of  increase  in  50  years,  from  1790  to  1840, 
inclusive,  1.947,  within  a  small  fraction;  or,  for 
every  thousand  at  the  beginning  of  the  period  of  50 
years,  the  State  contained  1,947  at  its  termination. 

Massachusetts  Bay  is  that  part  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean  east  from  Mass.,  between  Cape  Cod,  Cape 
Ann,  and  the  coast. 

Massacre  Isle,  island  of  Alabama,  to  the  W. 
from  Dauphin  island. 

Masserne  Mountains,  from  Mount  Cerne.  This 
chain  has  but  recently  been  introduced  to  public 
notice,  though  a  very  distinct  system,  and,  though 
unequal  in  mass  or  elevation  to  the  Alleghanies  or 

535 


MAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAT 


Appalachian,  is  very  little,  if  any,  less  extensive 
as  to  range.  The  Masserne  rises  first  into  regular 
mountain  ridges  in  Missouri,  about  70  miles  SW. 
from  St.  Loui?,  and,  preserving  a  SW.  direction 
through  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Texas,  is  lost  to- 
wards the  Rio  Grand  del  Norte.  It  is  pierced  by 
the  Arkansas,  Red,  Brassos  a  Dios,  and  Colorado 
rivers.  Its  geological  structure  has  never  been  sci- 
entifically examined,  and  the  result  published. 
There  is  a  very  remarkable  parallelism  between  the 
Appalachian  and  Masserne  systems,  and  the  very 
singular  curvature  produced  on  its  rivers  by  the 
former  is  also  produced  by  the  latter.  The  Mas- 
semes  are  called  the  Ozark  mountains  by  Hall,  as 
it  probably  was  not  known  to  this  author  that 
Ozark  is  the  vulgarism  for  Arkansas,  used  by  hunt- 
ers, trappers,  &c. 

Massafra,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  16  ms.NW. 
of  Tarento.    Lon.  17  20  E.,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Massena,  village  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  the  river  St.  Lawrence.    Pop.  in  1820,  944. 

Masserano,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  capital 
of  a  small  principality  of  the  same  name,  held  by  its 
prince  as  a  fief  of  the  church.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  40  ras.  NE.  of  Turin.  Lon.  8  14  E., 
lat.  45  38  N. 

Mastico,  or  Cape  Masiico,  a  cape  on  the  S.  side 
of  Scio,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago. 

Masuah,  town  of  Abyssinia,  on  an  island  on  the 
coast  of  the  Red  sea.  The  houses  in  general  are 
built  of  poles  and  bent  grass,  as  in  the  towns  of 
Arabia ;  and  a  few  are  of  stone,  some  of  them  two 
stories  high.    Lon.  39  36  E.,  lat.  15  35  N. 

Masulipatam,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Kirtna,  on  the  coast  of  Co- 
romandel.  It  is  200  ms.  N.  of  Madras.  Lon.  81 
12  E.,  lat.  16  8  N. 

Mataca,  Mantaca,  commodious  bay  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  35  ms.  E.  of  Ha- 
vana.   Lon.  89  16  W.,  lat.  23  12  N. 

Matagorda,  fortress  of  Spain,  seated  near  the 
entrance  of  the  harbor  of  Cadiz. 

Matalona,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  and  in 
Terra  di  Lavori,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Capua,  and  19  VV. 
by  S.  of  Benevento.  Lon.  14  14  E.,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Malaman,  country  of  Africa,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Benguela,  on  the  E.  by  parts  unknown,  on  j 
the  iS-  by  the  country  of  the  Hottentots,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  There  is  no  town 
in  it,  and  the  inhabitants  live  in  miserable  huts, 
it  being  a  desert  country,  little  visited  by  the  Eu- 
ropeans, 

Matamushett,  village,  Hyde  co.,  N.  C. 

Matau,  or  Mactan,  one  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  where  Magellan  was  killed  in  1521. 

Mataouaschie  River,  U.  0.,  runs  into  the  Ot- 
towa  river  above  the  river  du  Rideau. 

Matapan  Cape,  the  most  southern  promontory 
of  the  Morea,  ancient  Tenaerium,  between  the 
gulf  of  Coron  and  that  of  Colokythia.  Eon.  22 
40  E.,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Mataaioo  Harbor. — See  art.  Navigator 's  Islands. 

Matarm,  large  town  of  Asia,  formerly  the  cap- 
ital of  an  empire  of  that  name,  in  the  island  of 
Java.  It  is  strong  by  situation,  and  seated  in  a 
fertile  and  populous  country,  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains. Lon.  Ill  55  E.,  lat.  7  15  S. 
536 


Mataro,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  rerm  .. 
ble  for  its  glass  works,  seated  on  the  Medit  3 
nean,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Barcelona.    Lon.  2  23 
lat.  41  36  N. 

Matchedash,  bay  in  the  eastern  part  of  ]  e 
Huron,  into  which  the  river  Severn  empties  d 
forms  a  communication  with  Lake  Simcoe,  U 

Matcowitz,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hungar  n 
the  co.  of  Scepus,  seated  on  a  mountain,  185  I 
NE.  of  Aresburg. 

Matelica,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisat  if 
Ancona,  15  ms.  S.  of  Jesi. 

Mateowan,  the  Indian  name  of  Fishkill  ci  I 
in  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  an  excellent  fl- 
stream,  and  near  its  mouth  the  Messrs.  Sche  g 
have  erected,  and  for  many  years  have  kept  n  . 
eration,  a  fine  cotton  factory,  to  which  they  !| 
given  the  name  of  Mateowan. 

Matera,  considerable  town  of  Italy,  in  Na 
and  in  the  Terra  d'Otranto,  on  the  Canapro.Sl 
ms.  NW.  of  Tarento.    Lon.  16  54  E.,  lat! ) 
59  N. 

Mathematics,  from  the  Gr.,  Mathema,  scie  „ 
derivative  of  mathamo,  to  learn  ;  science  par  I 
cellence,  science  of  extension. 

Matilda  Township,  in  the  co.  of  Dundas, . 
C,  is  the  sixth  tp.  in  ascending  the  river  St.  I  4 
rence.  It  is  opposite  the  Gallop  islands,  betvn 
Ogdeusburg  and  Hamilton. 

Matildaville,  village,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  at  e 
mouth  of  Difficult  creek,  17  ms.  above  W.  C, 

Matlock,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  si  • 
ted  on  the  Derwent,  4  ms.  N.  of  Wirksworth 

Matmia. — See  Jeso. 

Matogrosso. — See  Motto  Grosso. 

Mattapony,  river  of  Va.,  rises  in  Spottsylvs , 
crosses  Caroline,  thence  separates  King  Wilfl: 
from  King  and  Queen,  and  joins  the  Pamunkit 
Delaware  and  forms  York  river. 

Matheo,  St.,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  10 
from  the  Mediterranean  and  55  N.  of  VateiB 
Lon.  36  W.,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Matthew,  St.,  inland  of  Africa,  420  ms.  S  y 
W.  of  Cape  Palraas,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  t 
was  planted  by  the  Portuguese,  but  is  now  « 

serted.    Lon.  6  10  W.,  lat.   1  24  S.  S  il 

island  in  the  Indian  ocean.  Lon.  123  51  E,,  . 
5  23  S. 

Matthews,  co.,  Va.,  commencing  8  ms.  S.  Itfi 
the  mouth  of  the  Potomac.  It  occupies  an  t  • 
tical  peninsula,  between  Piankatank  and  JVd 
rivers,  having  Gloucester  co.  to  the  W.  ;  area  a  I 
80  sq.  ms.  There  is  a  post  office  at  the  ci  I 
house.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,920;  and  in  184u,  7, !. 

Ctl.  lat.  37  37  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  45'  E  C 

and  post  office,  Matthews  co.,  Va.,  by  post  d 
108  ms.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Motto  Grosso,  captain  generalship  of  Br  I, 
bounded  by  the  territories  of  the  United  Provi'S 
of  La  Plata  S.  and  SW.,  Peru  W.,  Amazon  » 
Para  N  ,  the  river  Araguay  or  province  of  G  is 
E.,  and  the  river  Parana  or  province  of  St  ¥■  3 
SE.  It  is  an  immense  central  province,  occi'- 
ing  the  country  drained  by  the  sources  of  Par '» 
Paraguay,  Madeira,  Xingua,  and  Araguay, 
tending  from  lat.  8  30  to  24°  S.  or  upward  1 
1,100  ms.,  and  E.  and  W.  from  the  Aragua  O 
Madeira  river,  nearly  1,000  ms. 

Mattapoisetts,  village,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass.;0 


MAU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MAX 


s  ,$W.  from  Plymouth,  and  66  a  little  E.  of 
- .  >m  Boston. 

iftison's  post  office,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  74 
.i8.j  W.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

tftituck,  post  office,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
).  lie  bay,  8  ms.  SW.  from  Southold,  and  85 
l>m  New  York. 

mttox  Bridge,  post  office  in  the  upper  part  of 
.moreland  co.,  Va.,  60  ms.  by  post  road  S. 
fWW.  C. 

■tumay,  seaport  in  the  island  of  Jeso,  capital 
rovince  of  the  same  nam?,  tributary  to  Japan. 
F,©;  138  55  E.,  lat.  42°  N. 

•turn,  seaport  of  Ceylon,  with  a  small  fort. 
h;ountry  round  is  exceeding  wild,  and  abounds 
1 1  phants,  which  are  here  principally  caught  for 
I  tation.    It  is  situate  on  a  river,  nearly  at  the 
mernmost  point  of  the  island,  25  ms.  ESE.  of 

(£.    Lon.  80  28  E.,  lat  5  53  N.  Town  of 

.  HKtan,  in  the  province  of  Agra,  22  ms. 
■of  Agra,  and  70  SSE  of  Delhi. 

nubal,  town  and  country  of  Gandahar,  70 
miifNE.  ot  Candahar. 
r.ubeuge,  fortified  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  depart- 
e  of  the  Nord.  In  1793  the  Austrians  formed 
>e  ockade  of  this  place,  but  were  soon  driven 
I  their  position.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sambre, 
||L  S.  of  Mons,  and  22  ESE.  of  Valenci- 

V.uchchunk,  village,  Northampton  co.,  Pa., 
,  3  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh,  30  ms.  by  land 
I  Bethlehem.    It  is  the  landing  for  the  coal 
red  on  a  mountain  of  the  same  name.  The 
io  tain  extends  from  the  village  SW.,  and  rises 
1,000  feet  above  the  Lehigh.    See  North- 
iMpn  county,  Pennsylvania.    Population  in 
■  2,193. 

Augerville,  town  of  New  Brunswick,  in  Sun- 
>8tco.,  on  St.  John's  river. 

.mldah,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  situ- 
»fen  a  river  that  communicates  with  the  Ganges. 
:ise  out  of  the  ruins  of  Goui-,  which  are  in  its 
I  borhood,  and  is  a  place  of  trade,  particularly 
id*,  170  ms.  N.  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88  16  E.", 
Lit.  5  3  N. 

Auleon,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 

Urr  Pyrenees,  20  ms.  WNW.  of  Pau.  

'oi  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 

Ibees,  28  ms.  SE.   of  Tarbes.  Town  of 

:e,  iu  the  department  of  Vendee,  with  an  an- 
p  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
I   52  ms.  NE.  of  Rochelle,  and  52  NW.  of 

0  ixs. 

iwnce,  river,  rises  in  Indiana,  flows  NE.  into 
W.  angle  of  Ohio,  through  which  it  contin- 

1  <E.,  and  falls  into  the  extreme  SW.  exten- 

0  >f  Lake  Erie.  About  18  ms.  above  its  mouth 

1  mpeded  by  shoals,  occasioned  by  a  series  of 
tad  s  of  rock,  which  cross  the  river  for  a  distance 
off  ms.    It  is  a  fine  navigable  stream  above  and 

ol '  these  shoals.    Its  principal  branches,  which 

'I  lite  above  the  shoals,  are  St.  Mary's,  St.  Jo- 

*eps  and  Great  and  Little  Auglaize.  Village 

»&«! eat  of  justice  for  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 

I  ank  of  Maumee  river,  above  its  lower  falls, 
IJyearry  opposite  Fort  Meigs.  Lat.  41  33  N., 
l*kW.  C.  6  44  W. 

:umee  bay  is  an  oval  sheet  of  wafer,  5  ms. 

I  and  about  2  wide,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the 
6S* 


Maumee  river.  It  is  united  to  Lake  Erie  by  two 
channels,  formed  by  a  small  island  in  the  form  of 
a  crescent.  The  western  channel  has  a  depth  of 
about  seven  feet. 

Maura,  St.,  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
about  50  ms.  in  circuit,  which  forms  part  of  the 
republic  of  Seven  Islands.  It  lies  near  the  coast 
of  Albania,  15  ms.  N.  of  the  island  of  Cephalo- 
nia.    Lon.  20  46  E.,  lat  38  40  N. 

Maurepas,  lake  of  La.  It  is  formed  by  a  dila- 
tation of  the  Amite  river,  and  communicates  with 
Lake  Pontchartrain  by  a  strait  7  ms.  in  length, 
called  the  pass  of  Manchac*.  It  is  of  an  oval  fig- 
ure, 12  ms.  by  7.  It  receives  from  the  S.  the 
Acadian  creek,  from  the  W.  New  river  and  Amite 
river,  and  from  the  N.  the  Tickoshah.  Its  depth 
about  12  feet,  but  the  pass  of  Manchac  admits  of 
vessels  of  six  feet  draught  only. 

Mauriac,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cantal,  famous  for  excellent  horses,  seated  near 
the  Dordogne,  29  ms.  E.  of  Tulle,  and  38 
WNW.  of  St.  Flour. 

Maurice,  St.,  river,  L.  C,  which  enters  the  St. 
Lawrence  from  the  N.,  at  the  town  of  Three 

Rivers.  Town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Valais. 

It  guards  the  entrance  into  the  Lower  Valais  from 
Bern,  and  is  situate  on  the  Rhone,  between  two 

high  mountains,  16  ms.  NW.  of  Martignv.  

Co  ,  L.  C,  on  both  sides  of  St.  Maurice  river, 
and  extends  along  the  NE.  shore  of  St.  Lawrence 
river  from  3  ms.  above  St.  Anne  river  to  6  ms. 
above  the  Majkinonge,  or  about  58  ms.  Its  cap- 
ital is  the  town  of  Three  Rivers,  the  third  in  size 
in  Canada. 

Maurice,  river,  N.  J.,  rising  in  Gloucester  and 
Salem,  and  falling  into  Delaware  bay  in  Cumber- 
land co.    It  is  navigable  18  or  20  ms.  for  vessels 

of  100  tons.  Village,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J., 

on  Maurice  river,  about  12  ms.  SE.  from  Bridge- 
town, and  3  NW.  from  Port  Elizabeth.  Tp., 

Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.,  on  Maurice  river. 

Mauritius. — See  France,  Isle  of. 

Mauma,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  in  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  14  ms.  W.  of  Bolabola.  Lon.  152 
2  W.,  lat.  16  25  S. 

Mautern,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
Danube,  opposite  Stein,  with  which  it  is  connect- 
ed bv  a  long  wooden  bridge.  It  is  11  ms,  N.  by 
W.  of  St.  Polten. 

Maury,  co.  of  W.  Ten  ,  bounded  by  Giles  S., 
Hickman  W.,  Duck  river,  or  Williamson  N., 
Bedford  E.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  20;  area 
700  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly ;  soil  excellent.  Sta- 
ple, cotton.  Chief  town,  Columbia,  40  ms.  SS  W. 
from  Nashville.  Pop.  in  1820,  22,141;  and  in 
1840,  28,186.  Central  lat.  35  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
10  0  W. 

Mavra-Matex,  near  Mount  Volcano,  small  town 
of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  standing  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Messene. 

Maxfitld,  village  in  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  HI 
ms.  NE.  from  Portland. 

Maxwells  Store,  post  office  in  Mecklenburg  co., 
N.  C,  by  post  road  178  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Mawes,  St.,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Falmouth  haven,  12  ms.  SSW.  of 
Grampound,  and  262  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Maxatauny,  tp.  in  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  bor- 
der of  Lehigh  co.,  and  on  the  Sacony,  branch  of 

537 


MAY 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ME  A 


Maiden  creek,  20  ms.  NNE.  from  Reading.  Pop 
in  1820,  1,847. 

May,  Cape. — See  Cape  May. 

Maxen,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia 
ms.  S.  of  Dresden. 

Maxiniin,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
inent  of  Var,  seated  on  the  Argens,  21  ms.  N 
Toulon. 


10 


speak  the  Portuguese  language,  and  many  of  B 
go  naked.    Lon.  23  0  W.,  hit.  15  ION. 

Maya,  village  in  Rockingham  co,,  N.  C  $ 
ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

May's  Landing,  village  in  Gloucester  col 
J.,  on  theS.  side  of  Great  Egg  Harbor  river,  4i  8i 
ofjSE.  from  Philadelphia. 

Mayslick,  village  in  Mason  co.,  Ky.,  on  a  bi  :h 


May,  small  island  of  Scotland,  at  the  mouth  of|of  the  N.  fork  of  Licking  river,  9  ms.  S 


Washington. 

Maysville,  formerly  called  Limestone,  v  re 
and  seat  of  justice  for  Mason  co.,  Ky.,  63  B8 
NE.  from  Lexington,  and  74  S YV.  from  Chi  2 
the.  It  contains  the  ordinary  county  buildinj  I 
printing  office,  glass  factory,  and  several  me  I 


the  Frith  of  Forth,  with  a  light-house,  6  ms.  SE 
of  Anstruther,  which  is  the  nearest  part  of  the 
coast. 

May,  Cape,  cape  of  the  U.  S.,  in  N.  J.,  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Delaware.  Lon.  75  4 
W.,  lat.  39  0  N. 

Mayamba,  or  Majamba,  town  of  the  kingdom  j  tile  stores.    Lat.  38  44  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  35/, 
of  Loango,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  in  1840,  2,741. 
The  chief  trade  is  in  logwood.    It  stands  at  the  |    Maytown,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa. 
mouth  of  the  Banna,  110  ms.  NW.  of  Loango.  J     Mayville,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  C  j. 
Lon.  9  50  E.,  lat,  3  20  S.  Itauque  co  ,  N.  Y.,  at  the  head  of  Chautauque  ft 

Maybole,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  with  |8  miles  from  Portland,  on  Lake  Erie,  and  60  l 
a  manufacture  of  blankets,  seated  on  an  eminence,  I  from  Buffalo.  Lat.  42  16  N.,  lon.  W.  | 
surrounded  by  hills,  8  ms.  S.  of  Ayr.  '25  W. 

Mayrn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory  of  i  Mazagan,  strong  town  of  Africa,  in  the  5. 
Treves,  with  a  castle  and  a  collegiate  church  ;  seat-  |dom  of  Morocco,  seated  near  the  Atlantic,  8  s. 
ed  on  the  Nettle,  20  ms.  W.  of  Coblentz. 

Mayence. — See  Mentz. 

Mayenne,  dep.  ofFr.,  including  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Maine.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river, 
which  flows  S.,  by  the  cities  of  Mayenne  and  La- 
val, to  that  of  Angers,  where  it  receives  the  Sarte, 

and  soon  after  joins  the  Loire.    Laval  is  the  capi- 1  of  about  60  ms.  mean  width,  and  250  in  le  b, 

tal.  City  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  same  name,  from  the  Ozen  river  to  the  bay  of  Asterabad.  x- 

with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  j  posed  to  the  prevailing  NW.  wind  from  the  > 
Mayenne,  44  ms.  WNW.  of  Mans.  Lon.  0  43  \  pian,  Mazanderan  is  generally  an  unhealthy  <  n- 
W.,  lat.  48  18  N.  I  try  ;  but  lying  low,  and  tempered  by  sea  air  is 

Mayenne  and  Loire,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  includes  on  its  latitude  a  remarkably  warm  region,  a  it- 
the  late  province  of  Anjou.    It  has  its  name  from  [  ting  the  successful  cultivation  of  sugar  cane, 
two  rivers.    Angers  is  the  capital.  |  central  lat.  about  36  10  N.    Chief  towns,  A;  iff 

Mayjield,  town  in  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  and  Balfroosh.    It  is  the  country  of  the  ar  nt 

ms.  NE.  from  Johnstown.  Eastern  tp.,  Cuya- !  Taburi,  and  on  coins  the  modern  Persians  stil  ve 

hoga  co.,  Ohio.  Village  in  Hickman  co.,  Ky.,  it  the  name  of  Taburistan. — Burnes. 

275  ms.  SW.  by  W,  from  Hartford.  |     Mazara,  town  of  Sicily,  capital  of  a  fertilul- 

Maykiang  river. — See  Mecon.  j  ley  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good  harbor,  21  is. 

May  hew,  new  village,  or  missionary  station  inSW.  of  Trapani.  Lon.  12  30  E.,  lat.  37  Gil 
the  Choctaw  country,  Ala.,  on  a  western  branch  Meaco,  city  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  inJ;n, 
of  Tombigbee,  about  60  ms.  SSW.  from  Cotton- 1  of  which  it  was  formerly  the  capital.  It  !■ 
ginport.  [great  magazine  of  all  the  manufactures  in  J; 

Maynesborough,  tp.  in  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  16  ms.  and  the  principal  place  of  trade.  The  inlit- 
E.  from  Lancaster.  lants  are  said  to  be  600,000.    Lon.  134  ij 

Maynooth,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Kil-j  lat.  35  30  N. 


W.  of  Azamor,  and  120  N.  of  Morocco.  L  8 
15  W.,  lat.  33  12  N. 

Mazanderan,  province  of  Persia,  on  the  Ca  in 
sea,  bounded  by  Ghilan  NW.,  Irac  Adjenr .., 
and  Khorasan  SE.  and  E.  It  is  a  narrow  bi  -r, 
between  the  Caspian  sea  and  Elbouz  mourn  s, 


dare.  Here  is  a  royal  college  for  students  intend 
ed  for  the  Romish  church,  and  a  college  for  lay 
students  of  the  same  persuasion.  It  is  12  ms.  W. 
of  Dublin, 

Mayo,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Con- 
naught,  62  ms.  long  and  52  broad,  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Roscommon,  on  the  S.  by  Galway,  on  the 
W.  and  N.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  NE.  by 
Sligo.  It  is  a  fertile  country,  and  abounds  in  cat- 
tle, deer,  hawks,  and  honey.  It  contains  75  par- 
ishes, and  sends  4  members  to  Parliament.  The 
principal  town,  of  the  same  name,  is  much  decay- 
ed.   Lon.  9  39  W.,  lat.  53  40  N. 

Mayo,  or  the  Isle  of  May,  one  of  the  Cape  de 
Verd  Islands,  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  300  ms,  from 
Cape  de  Verd,  in  Africa,  about  17  ms.  in  circum- 
ference. The  soil  in  general  is  very  barren,  and 
water  scarce.  The  inhabitants  are  negroes,  who 
538 


Media,  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  bannat  0  e- 
meswar,  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Danub>  15 
ms.  E.  of  Belgrade.  It  was  dismantled  b  lie 
Turks  in  1738.    Lon.  12  0  E.,  lat.  45  0  N 

Mead,  tp.  in  Crawford  co.,  Pa.,  contiguoJf 
Meadville     Pop,  in  1820,  1,311.  Tp.  in  ' 


1 


.  of  Ky. 

Creek,  post  office  in  Steuben  co.,  IM 


mont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  river.  Pop.  in  1 0, 
1,072. 

Meade, 
Mead's 

Meadow  Dale,  post  office  in  Greenbrier  co. 
257  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Richmond. 

Meadsville,  village,  borough,  and  seat  of  j: 
for  Crawford  co.,  Pa.,  situated  on  the  E.  si 
French  creek,  25  ms.  NW.  from  Franklir  H 
contains,   beside  county   buildings,  an  ar>al, 
printing  office,  a  college,  and  about  150  dwe  ig- 
houses.    Alleghany  college,  in  this  town,  is  a  !r,v 


MEC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEC 


p-;perous  institution,  and,  under  the  active  agen- 
r.  jf  the  Rev.  Timothy  Alden,  its  president,  has 

0  of  the  best  libraries  of  any  literary  institution 
ir  he  interior  of  the  U.  S.  By  grants  from  the 
S*e  of  Pennsylvania,  and  other  sources,  the  col- 

1  funds  are  ample.  Pop.  in  1820,  649  ;  and  in 
1  0,  1,319. 

<feadville,  village  in  Halifax  co.,  Va.,  153  ms. 

from  Richmond.  Village  in  Franklin  co., 

SW.  from  Jackson,  and  30  SSE. 

village  in  Bradford  co. 


Pa.— See 


• 

Ms.,  70  ms. 
frli  Natchez. 

ieansville, 
Tmnda. 

leao,  small  island,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  in  the 
It  an  ocean,  with  a  good  harbor.  Lon.  127  5  E., 
hi  12  N. 
[earns.  — See  Kincardineshire, 
feasontuwn,  (query,  ought  not  this  to  be  Bea- 
ulown?)  village  in  Fayette  co  ,  Pa. 

leaih,  or  East  Meath,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the 
prince  of  Leinsfer,  36  ms.  long  and  35  broad, 
b<  ided  on  the  N.  by  Cavan  and  Louth,  on  the 
Ey  the  Irish  sea  and  Dublin,  on  the  S.  by  that 
oc'ity  and  Kildare,  and  on  the  W.  by  West  Meath. 
itmtains  139  parishes,  and  sends  14  members  to 
Piament.  Trim  is  the  capital. 
Teat/i,  West,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 


on  the  southern  or  lower  road  from  Carlisle  to  Har- 
risburg,  8  ms.  from  the  latter.  Village,  Cham- 
paign county,  Ohio,  in  Goshen  tp.,  head  of  Little 
Darby.  Distance,  11  ms.  E.  from  Urban na,  and 
32  NW.  from  Columbus.  It  is  a  valuable  situa- 
tion for  water  works.  Village,  Liberty  tp.,  on 

the  SE.  quarter  of  Butler  county,  Ohio,  and  on  the 
road  from  Hamilton  to  Cincinnati. 

Mechanicstown,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  15 
ms.  N.  from  Fredericktown. 

Mechanics  Hill,  village,  Moore  co.,  N.  C,  69 
ms  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Mechanicsville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Md., 
on  the  road  from  Washington  city  to  Unity,  20 
miles  N.  from  Washington  city,  30  NNW.  from 
Baltimore,  25  SW.  from  Fredericktown,  and  8 
NE.  from  Rockville.  The  situation  of  this  village 
is  high  and  healthy.  The  site  elevated  about  500 
feet  above  the  level  of  tide  water  in  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  Lat.  39  ION.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  1  W. 
Mechanicsville,  village,  Darlington  district,  S. 

Carolina.  Name  of  the  post  office  at  Adams- 

ville,  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.  Village,  Saratoga 

co.,  New  York. 

Meched. — See  Meshid. 

Mechoacan,  ancient  province,  now  a  State,  of 
the  Republic  of  Mexico.  Whilst  the  Spanish  pow- 
Lister,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Cavan,  on  the '  er  existed  in  Mexico,  Mechoacan  was  known  as  the 
N.  and  E.  by  Meath,  on  the  S.  by  King's  co.,  intendancy  of  Valladolid.  It  is  situated  on  the  west- 
orhe  W.  by  Roscommon,  from  which  it  is  sepa- J  ern  declivity  of  Aoahuac,  intersected  with  hills 
1  by  the  Shannon,  and  on  the  N  W.  by  Long-  j  and  charming  valleys,  which  exhibit  to  the  eye  of 


m    It  is  one  of  the  most  populous  and  fertile 
I  ities  in  Ireland,  contains  62  parishes,  and  sends 
Members  to  Parliament.  Mullenger  is  the  coun- 
y  »wn. 

kaux,  ancient  and  lately  an  episcopal  town  of 
Fj  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and  Marne,  and  late  prov- 
n  of  the  Isle  of  France,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seat- 
*ln  the  Marne,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts. 
I  10  ms.  NW.  of  Colomiers,  and  25  NE.  of 
Lon  2  58  E.,  lat.  48  58  N. 

lncan,  large  river  of  Thibet.    It  rises  in  that 

itry,  and,  flowing  SE.  through  Laos  and  Oam- 
*V>,  falls  by  two  mouths  into  the  Eastern  ocean, 
u  forms  an  inland  below  the  city  of  Cambodia, 
•[•h  here  gives  name  to  the  eastern  branch. — 
s«  Cambodia,  Mecon,  and  May  Kiang. 

rMca,  ancient  and  very  famous  town  of  Asia, 
n Arabia  the  Happy,  seated  on  a  barren  spot, 
"  valley,  surrounded  with  little  hills,  about  a  day's 
"  ley  from  the  Red  sea.  It  is  commonly,  though 
*neously,  supposed  that  Mecca  became  an  ob- 
t*  of  religious  veneration  to  the  Arabians,  from 
Hg  the  birthplace  and  seat  of  Mahomet's  mis- 
H  It  was  considered  a  holy  city  by  that  peo- 
j1  nany  ages  before  the  birth  of  Mahomet.  Two 
01  s  from  the  town  is  the  hill  where  they  say 
A  lham  went  to  offer  up  his  son  Isaac.  Mecca 
8  -verned  by  a  sheref,  who  is  a  temporal  prince, 
,r  his  revenue  is  increased  by  the  donations  of 
M  ometan  sovereigns.    It  is  34  ms,  ElNE.  of 

I  a,  the  seaport  of  Mecca,  and  220  S.  by  E.  of 
^  '"a.  Its  present  population  about  18,000  or 
2(  00.    Lon.  40  55  E.,  lat.  21  40  N. 

rechnnic,  village,   Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  15^ 

II  s  NE.  by  E.  from  Poughkeepsie.  In  this  vil- 
*H  is  a  Friends  boarding-school  capable  of  ac- 
comodating 100  students, 

'echanicsburg,  village,  Cumberland  co  ,  Pa., 


the  traveller,  a  very  uncommon  appearance  under 
the  torrid  zone — extensive  and  well-watered  mead- 
ows. Valladolid  enjoys  generally  a  mild  and  tem- 
perate climate,  exceedingly  conducive  to  the  health 
of  the  inhabitants.  It  is  only  when  we  descend 
the  table  land  of  Aric,  and  approach  the  coast,  that 
we  find  a  climate  in  which  the  new  colonists,  and 
frequently  even  the  old  inhabitants,  are  subject  to 
the  scourge  of  intermittent  and  putrid  fevers.  The 
general  level,  independent  of  particular  mountain 
summits,  differs  in  relative  elevation  from  the  low 
shores  of  the  Pacific  to  the  fine  plain  between  the 
hills  of  Aguasarco,  and  the  villages  of  Teipa  and 
Petatlan,  6,31)6  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ocean. 

In  this  fine  country  the  fruits  and  grain  of  the 
temperate  is  followed  and  frequently  intermixed 
with  the  plants  of  the  torrid  zone.  Cotton  and  in- 
digo are  its  most  valuaMe  vegetable  staples. 

Valladolid  contains  two  cities  of  considerable 
magnitude — Valladolid,  the  capital,  and  Pascuaro. 
Tzintzontzan  bears  the  name  of  a  city,  but  is  in 
reality  a  poor  Indian  village.  It  contains  a  part  of 
the  volcanic  regions  of  Mexico. — See  Iuorilo. 
Within  its  limits  are  the  mines  of  Zitiquaro,  An- 
gangueo,  Tlapuxahua,  the  Real  del  Oro,  and  In- 
guaron. 

Mechoacan  is  from  NE.  to  SW.  about  250  ms., 
with  a  mean  width  of  100,  area  25,000  sq.  miles. 
It  lies  between  lat.  18°  and  20  40  N.,  and  is  in  a 
peculiar  manner  devoid  of  rivers  or  harbors.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  Pacific  ocean  W.,  Jalisco,  or  Gua- 
dalaxara  NW.,  Gu.maxuato  N.,  Queretaro  and 
Mexico  E.,  and  Mexico      and  SW. 

Mechoacan,  capital  of  the  State  of  the  same 
name,  is  elevated  6,396  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean,  at  lat.  19  42  N.  Snow  has  been  known  to 
fall  in  its  streets.  The  aqueduct  which  supplies 
this  city  with  potable   water  cost  upwards  of 

539 


MEC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MED 


900,000  dollars. — See  Mechoacan  and  Valladolid 
de  Mechoacan, 

McConnellsville,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Morgan  co.,  Ohio. — See  MacConnellsville. 

Mechlin,  called  by  the  French  Malines,  town  of 
the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  on  the  Dyle.  It 
is  a  place  of  very  extensive  manufactures,  pro- 
ducing fine  lace,  linen,  silk,  and  woolen  stuffs ; 
also,  leather  and  hats ;  13  ms.  S.  by  E.  from  Ant- 
werp, and  13  NE.  from  Brussels. 

Meckenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory 
of  Cologne,  situate  on  the  Erfft,  8  miles  SW.  of 
Bone. 

Mecklenburg,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Baltic,  E.  by  Pomerania,  S.  by  Brandenburg,  and 
W.  by  Holstein  and  Lunenburg.  It  extends  135 
ms.  in  length,  and  90  where  broadest,  and  abounds 
in  corn,  pastures,  and  game.  The  country  was 
for  many  centuries  under  the  government  of  one 
prince,  but  on  the  death  of  the  sovereign,  in  1592, 
it  was  divided  between  his  two  sons ;  the  eldest  re- 
taining the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  which 
is  considerably  the  largest  share;  and  the  young- 
er obtained  the  duchy  of  Meeklenburg-Strelitz. 
Scnwerin  is  the  capital  of  the  former,  and  New 
Strelitz  of  the  latter. 

Grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  com- 
prises an  area  of  4,720  sq.  English  miles,  with  an 
aggregate  population  of  431,000,  and  contains  the 
towns  of — 

Population. 

Schwerin  -  -  -  -  12,000 

Parchim  -  -  -  -  4,000 

Ludwigslust  -  4,000 
Butzow  -----  3,000 
Gustrow  -  8,000 

Boizenbourg  -  3,000 
Wismar-  -  9,000 

Rostock  -  -  -  -  -  17,000 

Grand  duchy  of  Meeklenburg-Strelitz  comprises 
an  area  of  760  sq.  English  ms.,  with  an  aggregate 
population  of  77,000,  and  contains  the  towns  of — 

Population. 


New  Strelitz  -  5,000 

NewBranburg  -  5,000 

Friedland  -----  4,000 

Stargard  -           -           -           -  8,000 


Mecklenburg,  county,  Virginia,  bounded  by  N. 
Carolina  S.,  by  Halifax  W.,  Charlotte  N W.,  Lu- 
nenburg NE.,  and  Brunswick  E.  ;  length  33  ms., 
mean  width  20,  area  about  600  sq.  miles.  This 
county  is  traversed  from  NW.  to  SE.  by  the  Ro- 
anoke. The  surface  is  undulating,  rather  than 
hilly.  The  soil  productive.  Staples — cotton  and 
tobacco.  The  chief  town,  Boydtown,  is  about  60 
ms.  SW.  from  Petersburg.  Pop.  in  1820,  19,786; 
and  in  1840,  20,724.  Central  lat.  36  40  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  1  10  W. 

Mecklenburg,  county,  North  Carolina,  bounded 
by  South  Carolina  S.  and  SW.,  by  Catawba  river 
or  Lincoln  co.,  N.  C,  NW.,  Iredell  N.,  Cabar- 
ras  NE.,  and  Anson  S-E.  ;  length  45  ms.,  mean 
width  18,  area  about  800  sq.  ms.  Surface  rather 
rolling  than  hilly.  Soil  near  the  streams  excel- 
lent, but  in  the  intervals  sterile  It  is  drained  by 
innumerable  creeks,  flowing  SW.  into  Catawba 
river.  Staples — grain,  cotton,  and  tobacco.  Chief 
540 


town,  Charlotte,  130  miles  SW.  by  W.  from  ,. 
leigh.  Population  in  1820,  16,895;  and  in  1  ) 
18,273.  Central  lat.  35  15  N.,  Ion.  W  I  9 
42  W. 

Meckley. — See  C assay. 

Mecon,  river,  which  rises  in  the  NE.  part  of  j. 
bet,  and  flows  SSE.  through  the  province  of  I 
nan,  in  China,  and  the  kingdoms  of  Laos  and  (  I 
bodia,  into  the  China  sea.  At  the  city  of  Caml  a 
it  divides  into  two  branches,  which  run  ih  v 
parallel  to  each  other  for  above  200  miles,  to  I 
sea,  the  eastern  of  which  is  called  Cambodia,  d 
the  western  Oubequeme.  This  is  the  same  st  n 
known  as  Maykiang.  On  the  map  of  Birma  n 
Black's  Atlas,  this  river  is  marked  as  risir  I 
eastern  Thibet,  N.  lat  34°,  with  sources  i  ■. 
locking  with  those  of  the  Blue  river,  and  n  ;- 
sented  as  flowing  thence  by  a  general  course  r:  >r 
W.  of  SSE  2,000  miles,  to  N.  lat.  10°.  NeS 
source  it  is  named  Lat-hou,  or  Tchatchou,  a  it 
N.  lat.  20°  the  Hew-Lung-Kiang,  and  at  the  m  b 
of  May-Kiang,  or  river  of  Cambodia. 

Macran,  Mekran,  or  Beloochistan ,  bounde  n 
the  N.  by  Segestan  and  Candahar,  E.  by  i- 
doostan,  S.  by  the  Indian  ocean,  and  W.  by  r- 
man. — See  Asia,  p.  84,  and  article  Beluochii  I 

Mecrinus,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tralos  Mo  s, 
15  miles  NNE.  of  Torre  de  Moncove,  and  24  !. 
of  Mirandela. 

Medal,  metallum,  metal,  any  piece  of  gold  I 
ver,  or  brass,  with  two  faces,  struck  to  preservi  e 
memory  of  a  person  or  event.    Any  piece  of  > 
ney  is  really  a  medal,  though  not  so  usuall 
garded. 

Medea,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of  i- 
tri,  seated  in  a  country  abounding  in  corr,  1 1, 
and  sheep,  35  ms.  SW.  of  Algiers. 

Medea,  or  Mahdia,  town  of  Tunis,  forme  a 
place  of  importance,  seated  on  a  peninsula  one 
gulf  of  Cabea,  100  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Tunis. 

Medebach,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Westphal  9 
ms.  W.  ot'Corbach. 

Medelin,  small  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramau, 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  river  Guad:  >, 
22  ms.  E.  of  Merida.  Lon.  5  38  W.,  lat.  34  41. 

Medelpadia,  maritime  province  of  Swedei  a 
Norland,  and  on  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  is  m  I 
tainous  and  woody,  with  fruitful  valleys  and  ie 
pastures.     Sundswall  is  the  capital. 

Media,  now  the  province  of  Ghilan,  in  Pe», 
once  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire. 

Medemblick,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Vm 
erlands,  in  Holland,  seated  on  the  Zuyder 
with  a  good  harbor.    It  is  9  miles  N.  of  Hci, 
and  22  NE.  of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  3°  E.,  la  2 
47  N. 

Medfield,  village,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  13  us 
SW.  from  Boston. 

Medfurd,  village,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  orie 

Mystic  river,  5  miles  N  W.  of  Boston.  Vil  e, 

Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  by  post  road  46  miles  2. 
from  Trenton. 

Medina,  town  of  Arabia  Deserta,  celebrated 
being  the  burial  place  of  Mahomet.  It  is  a  si  I, 
poor  place,  but  walled  round,  and  hat.  a  ;e 
mosque,  but  nothing  like  the  temple  at  Mecca  n 
one  corner  is  a  place  14  paces  square,  with  ^ at 
windows  and  brass  gates,  and  in  the  middle  ie 
tomb  of  Mahomet.  It  is  seated  on  a  plain,  abo  J- 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MED 


MED 


i^n  palm  trees,  200  miles  NW.  from  Mecca, 
o  39  33  E,,  lat.  24  20  N. 

tdina,  county,  Ohio,  lying  in  the  northern 
anf  the  State,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Cuyaho- 
a,i.  by  Portage,  S.  by  Wayne,  and  W.  by  Hu- 
Eounties.  It  is  38  miles  long  from  E.  to  W., 
y  )  broad  from  N.  to  S.,  containing  760  sq.  ms. 
uity  seat,  Medina.  The  headwaters  of  Black 
n(vocky  rivers  are  the  principal  streams.  Pop. 
,  20,  3,082;  and  in  1840,  18,352.    Lat.  41 

0  .  and  Ion.  W.  C.  5°  W.  intersect  in  this  co. 
.(Una,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Medina  co.,  Ohio, 

S< niles  NNE.  from  Columbus.  Town  and 

,;s »f  justice  for  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  sources 
oeky  river,  26  miles  SW.  from  Cleveland. 
|*[41  9  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  6  W. 

•dina- Cell,  ancient  Arcobriga,  town  of  Spain, 
.1  id  Castile,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name, 
?al  near  the  Xalong,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Siguenza, 
iS'5  SW.  of  Saragossa.    Lon.  2  24  W.,  lat.  41 

.'.dinade  las  Torres,  ancient  but  small  town 
Wain,  in  Estramadura,  with  an  old  castle,  seat- 
ad  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  Badajoz. 

.  dina  del  Compo,  ancient  Methymna  Cum 
re  is,  rich  and  commercial  town  of  Spain,  in  the 
inlom  of  Leon.    It  has  great  privileges,  and  is 

ai  in  a  country  abounding  with  corn  and  wine, 

1  s.  SE.  from  Zamora,  and  75  NW.  of  Mad- 
rid Lon.  4  24  W.,  lat.  41  20  N.. 

.  dina  del  Rio  Secco,  ancient  town  of  Spain, 
in  );  kingdom  of  Leon,  seated  on  a  fertile  plain, 
I  s.  NW.  of  Valladolid,  and  50  SE.  of  Leon. 
■  4  32  E.,  lat.  42  6  N. 

.  dina  Sidonia,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
mj\a,  with  a  castle,  36  ms.  NNW.  of  Gibral- 
tar; nd  20  NE.  of  Cadiz.    Lon.  5  36  E.,  lat.  36 

.diterranean,  sea  between  Asia,  Africa,  and 
Jape,  extending  from  the  straits  of  Gibraltar  to 
lasts  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  above  2,400  ms  , 
jQlf  unequal  breadth.    It  communicates  with  the 
A|*(.tic  ocean  by  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  with 
uielarmora  by  the  strait  of  Gallipolt.    There  is 
no  leinthis  sea,  and  a  constant  current  sets  in 
1  ro; the  Atlantic  through  the  straits  of  Gibraltar, 
icditains  many  islands,  several  of  them  large,  as 
rca,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Candia,  and 
■las.    The  eastern  part  of  it,  bordering  upon 
8  is  sometimes  called  the  Levant  sea.  Lon. 
7.  to  37°  E.,  lat.  31°  to  44°  N. 
'  e  Mediterranean  is  the  lower  valley  of  that 
"D: use  basin  which  penetrates  the  eastern  conti- 
•eiirom  W.  to  E.  Under  the  articles  Black  Sea, 
iMt.be,  Dnieper,  &c,  I  have  already  discussed 
i  parts  of  this  region  which  are  connected  with 
lack  sea.    If  taken  in  its  utmost  extent,  the 
terranean  basin  extends  from  the  sources  of 
lie,  about  N.  lat.  8°,  to  those  of  the  Dnieper, 
5Ut.  55°,  or  through  43°  of  lat.,  equal  to  2,988 
^Hsh  ms.    Lat.  38°  N.  is  about  the  mean  par- 
•  'b  jf  the  Mediterranean  sea  itself,  though  its  ex- 
li»#s  reach  from  lat.  31°  to  46°  N.    This  great 
•"1 1  sea  is  not  alone  a  separating  water  between 
'Upe  and  Africa,  but  also  between  two  strongly 
cotjasted  land  tracts,  as  respects  their  fitness  lor 
hiUn  residence.    The  European  side  is  as  re- 
usable for  the  number  of  rivers,  deep  gulfs,  and 
1  ty  of  soil,  as  is  the  coast  of  Africa  for  its  dull 


uniformity  of  outline,  general  want  of  rivers,  and 
aridity  of  soil.  The  Nile  pours  its  far-drawn  vol- 
ume into  the  SE.  angle,  and  a  narrow  strip  of  ara- 
ble surface  stretches  along  the  African  coast,  oppo- 
site the  western  extremity  of  the  Mediterranean  ; 
but  except  the  delta  of  the  Nile  and  the  confined 
tract  of  Barbary,  the  far  greater  part  of  northern 
Africa  is  desert  sands  and  rocks.  The  African, 
or,  more  correcily,  the  Arabian  desert,  is  again 
protruded  northwards  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  Euphrates.  Thus  from  Tripoli  to  Cilicia, 
with  very  partial  exceptions,  the  Mediterranean  is 
skirted  with  a  wide  waste  of  sand  and  rocks,  ex- 
tending 1,400  ms.  With  Asia  Minor,  these  harsh 
features  disappear;  and  from  Cilicia  to  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  expand  around  the  Euxine,  Marmora, 
JEgenn,  Adriatic,  and  the  western  Mediterranean, 
one  of  the  finest  regions  of  the  earth. 

The  Mediterranean  is  naturally  divided  into  two 
unequal  sections  by  the  projecting  coasts  of  Africa 
and  Italy  and  the  intervening  island  of  Sicily. 
The  western  gulf  lies  in  form  of  a  triangle  ;  base 
1,200  ms.  from  the  straits  of  Gibraltar  to  Calabria, 
and  altitude  500  from  the  African  to  the  French 
coast,  with  an  area  of  300,000  sq.  ms.  The  east- 
ern Mediterranean  extends  from  the  coast  of  Tunis 
and  Tripoli  to  that  of  Syria  1,500  ms.,  and  includ- 
ing the  Archipelago  and  Gulf  of  Venice  will  av- 
erage 500  in  width,  and  comprise  an  area  of  750,- 
000  sq.  ms.  The  whole  surface  of  this  sea  will 
therefore  exceed  a  million  of  sq.  ms.  The  effect 
of  the  Mediterranean  on  the  climate  of  Europe  I 
have  slightly  noticed  in  the  art.  Earth. 

The  straits  of  Gibraltar  have  a  constant  current 
setting  eastward  into  the  Mediterranean.  Evapo- 
ration on  the  recipient  and  the  greatly  superior 
area  of  the  Atlantic  satisfactorily  accounts  for  this 
current.  Though  there  is,  it  is  probable,  a  small 
tide  of  attraction  in  the  Mediterranean,  it  is  ren- 
dered imperceptible  by  the  constant  fluctuating  and 
unequal  wind  tides.  In  saltness  there  is  not  much 
difference  between  the  water  in  the  Atlantic  ocean 
and  Mediterranean.  The  surface  of  the  latter  has 
either  lowered  in  the  last  2,500  years,  or  the  an- 
cient harbors  and  coasts  have  been  raised  by  allu- 
vion. The  admission  of  one  of  these  revolutions 
is  necessary  to  reconcile  to  truth  the  general  facts 
of  history. 

Medniki,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  province  of 
Samogitia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  War- 
witz,  40  ms.  E.  of  Memel.  Lon.  22  49  E.,  lat. 
55  42  N. 

Medua,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  seated 
in  a  country  abounding  in  corn,  fruits,  and  flocks 
of  sheep.  It  is  175  ms.  SW.  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
13'  E.,  lat.  34  45  N. 

Medway,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  Ash- 
down  Forest,  in  Sussex  ;  entering  Kent,  it  passes 
by  Tunbridge  and  Maidstone.  It  is  navigable  to 
Rochester,  below  which  it  divides  itself  into  two 
branches  :  the  western  one  enters  the  Thames  be- 
tween the  isles  of  Grain  and  Shepey,  and  is  de- 
fended by  the  fort  at  Sheerness ;  in  this  branch  at 
Chatham  is  a  station  for  the  royal  navy.  The 
eastern  branch,  called  the  E.  Swale,  runs  to  Mil- 
ton and  Feversham,  below  which  it  falls  into  the 
German  ocean. 

Medway,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.  about  25 
ms.  SW.  of  Boston,  and  about  the  same  distance 

541 


MEH 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEI 


NE.  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island  Population  in 
1820,  1,523. 

Medwi,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  E. 
Gothland,  called  the  Swedish  Spa,  on  account  of 
its  waters,  which  are  vitriolic  and  sulphureous. 
The  lodging  houses  for-m  one  street  of  uniform  wood- 
en buildings,  painted  red.  The  walks  and  rides  are 
delightful,  paiticularly  on  the  banks  of  the- Wet- 
ter.   It  is  3  ms.  from  Wadstena. 

Medziboz,  town  of  Poland  in  the  palatinate  of 
Volhinia,  seated  on  the  river  Bog,  20  ms.  S.  of 
Constantinow. 

Mcgalapolis — See  Sinano,  village  of  Greece,  in 
the  Morea. 

Megara,  ancient  town  of  Greece,  formerly  very  i 
large,  but  now  inconsiderable.    Here  are  some  fine] 
remains  of  antiquity,  20  ms.  W.  of  Athens  Lon. 
23  30  E.,  lat.  38  6  N.    Megara  yet  contains  a 
thousand  houses,  though  nearly  half  are  deserted 
and  in  ruins.    It  is  situated  on  two  narrow  ridges, 
of  a  low  eminence.    The  surrounding  plain  is  per- 
haps 20  ms.  in  circumference,  being  limited  on 
the  S.  by  the  line  of  coast  extending  W.  from  the 
ancient  port  of  Megara,  Nisea,  now  Dodeca  [Ec- 
clesias,  to  the  N.  by  a  long  chain  of  circling  moun- 
tains,  now   the   Long   mountains,  Macriplayi, 
branching  off  northwe.-tward  from  the  hills  of  Ke-J 
seta,  towards  the  western  extremity  of  Cithasronj 
and  the  bay  of  Livadostro,  and  on  the  SW.  by  a 
very  high  range  of  hills,  resting  on  the  extremities] 
of  the  Northern  mountains,  formerly  the  Gerania,  j 
and  now  Dervini  Vouni,  or  the  Mountain  of  the: 
Guard. 

Mtgaris,  province  of  ancient  Greece,  bounded; 
by  Bceotia  N.,  Attica  E.,  the  Saronic  gulfS.,  and! 
Corinthia  W.  The  much  celebrated  Geranian  | 
mountains,  separating  the  Megaris  from  Carinthia,! 
are  the  true  line  of  separation  between  the  Morea] 
and  continental  Greece.  This  district,  and  in- 1 
deed  all  Megaris,  is  now  generally  called  Dervini1 
Choria,  of  which  Megaris  and  Koundouri  are  the 
principal  places.  The  Derviniotes,  though  gener- ! 
ally  Albanians,  speak  the  Romaic  or  modern  j 
Greek  language,  and  amount  to  perhaps  50,000. 

Megen,  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  seated  on  the 
Maese,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Nimeguen.  Lon..  5  26 
E.,  lat.  51  49  N. 

Megentheim,  town  of  Wirlemburg,  in  Franco- j 
uia,  19  ms.  S.  by  W.  from  Wurtzburg.  It  ap- 
pertains to,  and  is  the  residence  of,  the  grand  mas- 
ter of  the  Teutonic  knights. 

Megesvar,  town  of  Transylvania,  capital  of  a 
co.  of  the  same  name,  remarkable  for  its  good 
wines.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Kotel.  Lon.  25 
20  E.,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Megiere,  town  of  Transylvania,  subject  to  Aus- 
tria, 28  ms.  IN.  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  24  41  E., 
lat.  46  53  N. 

Meheren,  river,  Va.,  ri-es  in  Lunenburg  and 
Mecklenburg  cos.,  and,  flowing  SE.  through 
Brunswick  and  Greensville,  enters  Hertford  co., 
N.  C,  and  7  ms.  below  the  line  contributes  to 
form  the  Chowan  by  its  junction  with  Nottaway. 

Mehran,  principal  of  the  channels  into  which 
the  river  Indus  divides  itself,  near  Tatta,  in  Hin 
doo^tan  proper. 

Mehun  Sur  Ytvre,  ancient  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Cher  and  late  province  of  Berry. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Yevre, 
542 


10  ms.  NW.  of  Bourges,  and  105  S.  of  ] 
Lon.  2  17  E.,  lat.  47  19  N. 

Mehun  Sur  I,oire,  town  of  France,  in  t] 
partment  of  Loiret,  and  late  province  of  Orleai 
seated  on  the  Loire,  10  ms.  8W.  of  Or 
Lon.  1  48  E.,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Meigs,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  E.  and  SE.  by 
river,  S.  by  Gallia  and  Athens,  and  N.  by  At 
Length  30  ms.,  breadth  very  unequal,  from 
22,  area  400  sq.  ms.  Surface  broken,  tl 
some  of  the  soil,  particularly  near  the  streai 
excellent  Pop.  1820,  4,480;  and  in  1840 
452.    Central  lat.  39  1 1  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

 SE.   tp.,  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio  

Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

Meigsville,  town,  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  7( 

SE.  by  E.  from  Columbus.  Village,  Ran 

co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  317  ms.  NW.  from 

mond.  Village,  Jackson  co.,  Tenn  ,  bi 

road  84  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Nashville. 

Meilhrie,  village  of  the  duchy  of  Cha 
It  is  seated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Ge 
in  the  recess  of  a  small  bay,  at  the  foot  of  im 
ing  mountains  of  Savoy.  This  place  is  i 
teresting  scene  in  the  Eloisa  of  Rosseau. 

Meinam,  "the  Mother  of  Waters,"  great 
of  Asia,  in  Siam.  This  stream  which  is  disch 
by  numerous  mouths  into  the  head  of  the  G 
Siam,  has  a  rather  extensive  delta,  similar 
Ganges,  Nile,  and  Mississippi,  with  regular  a 
inundations,  beginning  in  Sept.,  which  aba 
December,  and  early  the  ensuing  year  the 
has  retired  to  its  lowest  level.  These  pheno 
prove  a  remote  and  mountainous  origin,  bu 
real  source  of  the  Meinam  is  yet  undeten 
with  accuracy.  "  When  we  advert  to  the  rc 
inundations,  similar  to  those  of  the  Nile 
Ganges,  which  are  rivers  of  long  course,  and 
circumstances,  we  may  infer  that  the  Meinam 
more  distant  and  higher  origin,  than  the  mour 
of  Yunan,  in  the  W.  of  China;  and  that  the  1 
tian  Alps  furnish  its  source,  in  that  of  Nou 
of  the  Lamas  Keampper  says  that  the  inhab 
on  its  banks  suppose  it  to  rise  in  the  same  n 
tains  with  the  Ganges,  and  that  it  branches  th: 
Cambodia  and  Pegu — an  account  somewhat 
firmed  by  the  discovery  of  the  river  of  ^ 
which  connects  the  Meinam,  with  the  rive 
Cambodia." — Rees1  Cylelopcedia,  art.  Mei 

Melnau,  island  in  the  bay  of  the  Bndme 
or  middle  Lake  of  Constance,  one  mile  in  cir 
ference.  It  belongs  to  the  Kights  of  the  Tet 
order,  and  produces  excellent  wine,  which 
the  chief  revenue  of  the  commander.  It  is  I 
N.  of  Constance. 

Meinder,  ancient  Meander,  liver  of  Asia  M 
having  its  sources  in  the  Phrygian  moun 
Its  numerous  branches  unite  near  Law 
and  form  a  stream  of  considerable  tnagni 
which,  after  a  comparative  western  course  ol 
ms.,  falls  into  the  Archipelago,  20  ms.  SE. 
the  island  of  Samos.  The  Meinder  is  the  If 
river  in  the  Western  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

Meinder,  Little,  or  Kui chuck  Meinder,  i 
ancient  Caister,  ::nd  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  1 
Nova  between  Samos  and  the  peninsula  of 
mi,  near  the  ruins  of  Ephesus.  Historic  Ten 
cence  gives  lustre  to  this  little  stream,  of  not 
than  50  ms.  comparative  course. 


MEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEM 


eissen,  or  Misnia,  margravate  of  Germany,  \ 
i  axony,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  duchy  ofj 
any,  on  the  E.  by  Lusatia,  on  the  S.  by  Bo  j 

,e  a,  and  on  the  W.  by  Thuringia.  It  is  100 
-  u  length,  and  80  in  breadth  ;  and  is  a  very 
n  :ountry,  producing  corn,   wine,  metals,  and 

ill  ings  that  contribute  to  the  pleasure  of  life. 

i'hcapital  of  Dresden. 
eissen,  considerable  town  in  the  electorate  of 

utiny  proper,  and  in  the  margravate  of  Meis- 
jr.vith  a  castle,  and  a  famous  manufacture  of 
oi  lain.     It  is  seated  on  the   Elbe,    10  ras. 

^V.  of  Dresden,  and  37  ESE.  of  Leipsick. 

W  13  33  E.,  lat.  01  15  N. 
.jerda,  ancient  Bagrada,  river  of  northern 

Ufca,  in  the  province  ot  Tunis.   It  is  the  ancient 

jfiada,  and  derived  by  Hodgson  Bugurda,  a 

|fie,  Mouse  river. 
.'laena,  now  Kara  Bnuroun,  cape  of  Asiatic 
ev,  in  Anatolia.    The  whole  of  that  project- 
■art  of  the  continent  of  Asia  which  has  been 
is  guished  by  the  name  of  the  peninsula  of 

tif  Mae  is  composed  of  two  ranges  of  gigantic 
il  the  first  of  which,  running  NW.  to  the  pro- 

;ooory  of  Melaena,  is  the  mountain  ancienily 

Mitis;  and  the  second,  stretching  westward  from 

incontinent,  that  formerly  called  Corycus.  The 

mii  of  the  mountainous  tract  is  interspersed 
it  thick  forests,  abounding  with  every  descrip- 

Uftof  game,  and  also  with  wild  boars.  The 

latfus  between  the  two  ancient  towns  of  Ceos 

aut  and  Clazomen  within  the  gulf  of  Smyrna, 

a  rnparatively  low,  fertile,  and  well  cultivated. 

i'iiis  the  same  peninsula  now  called  Chisme. 

ntjhisme  and  Mycunresus. 
mIclzzo,  ancient  town  of  Natolia,  on  a  bay  of 

me  Archipelago,  60  ms.  S.  of  Smyrna.  Lon. 

l|3  E.,  lat.  37  28  N. 
ilbourne,  tp.,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  be- 
.m  Brora; 'ton  and  Durham,  50  ms.  SE.  from 

He  Rivers. 

Mick,  small  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
cm  of  Lower  Austria.  Here  is  a  celebrated 
Bprlictine  abbey,  seated  on  a  hill,  47  ms.  VV.  of 
■La.  Lon.  15  20  E  j  lat.  48  11  N. 
.  Ulcrnnb  Regis,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire, 
mil  to  Weymouth  as  a  port,  as  a  corporation, 
mLs  a  market  town,  but  is  a  distinct  borough. 
.  /seated  on  the  N.  fide  of  an  arm  of  the  sea, 
i  *  oined  to  Weymouth  by  a  timber  bridge, 
■pi  has  a  drawbridge  in  the  middle,  to  admit 

massage  of  ships  into  the  western  put  of  the 
Mr.    Melcomb  has  good  streets  and  yards  for 

MMandise,  and  is  127  ms.  WSW.  of  London. 
mfVeymouih. 

.Idela,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  8  ms.  SW. 
•4  ivenna. 

*ldert,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, 
l*k  SE.  of  Lorraine. 

Mdorf,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Holstein, 
WW  near  the  mouth  of  the  Myla,  22  ms.  NN  W. 
uckstadt. 

ildrujn,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire, 

NNW.  of  Aberdeen. 
Mfi)  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  with  a 

on  a  rock,  20  ms.  NNW.  of  Acerenza. 
*  Igaza,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre  Douero  e 
M»'!>,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  the  Minho, 
'«  I.  N.  by  E.  of  Braga. 


Melida,  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,  and  in  the  republic  of  Ragusa.  It  is  30 
ms.  in  length,  and  abounds  in  oranges,  citrons, 
wine,  and  fish.  It  has  a  Benedictine  abbey,  six 
villages,  and  several  harbors. 

Melil/a,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  was  taken  in 
1496  by  the  Spaniards,  who  built  a  citadel;  but 
it  was  restored  to  the  Moors.  It  is  115  ms.  NE. 
of  Fez.    Lon.  2  57  W.,  lat.  34  58  N. 

Melinda,  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of 
Zanguebar.  It  produces  gold,  slaves,  elephants' 
tenh,  ostriches'  feathers,  wax,  aloes,  senna,  and 
other  drugs;  also  plenty  of  rice,  sugar,  cocoa 
nuts,  and  other  tropical  fruits. 

Melinda,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name  on  the  E.  of  Zanguebar,  and  on  the  estuarv 
of  the  Quilimancy  river.  It  has  a  good  harbor 
defended  by  a  fort ;  but  the  entrance  is  dangerous, 
on  account  of  the  great  number  of  shoals  and 
rocks  under  water.  The  inhabitants  are  Chris- 
tians and  Negroes,  which  last  have  their  own 
king  and  religion,  and  the  number  of  both  is  said 
to  amount  to  above  200,000.  It  is  470  ms.  SW. 
of  Magadoxa.  Longitude  41  48  E  ,  latitude  2  15 
South 

Melipilla,  town  of  Chili,  in  a  jurisdiction  of 
the  same  name,  200  ms.  N.  of  Conception.  Lon. 
71  39  W.,  lat.  33  28  S. 

Melita. — See  Malta. 

Melitello,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto,  8  ms. 
W.  of  Leoniti. 

Melitopol,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  province  of 
Tauris,  situate  on  a  lake,  12  ms.  from  the  sea  of 
Asoph,  and  108  S.  of  Catherineslaf.  Lon.  83 
10  E.,  lat.  46  22  N. 

Melksham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire,  with  a 
manufacture  of  broadcloths,  11  ms.  E.  of  Bath, 
and  96  VV.  of  London. 

Melk,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  principality 
of  Osnaburg,  15  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Osnaburg. 

Metier. — See  Macler. 

Mellingen,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  bailiwick 
of  Baden,  which,  before  their  late  subjugation 
depended  on  the  cantons  of  Zuric,  and  Bern.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  river  Reuss,  5 
ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Baden. 

Mellville,  tp ,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.  Pup. 
1820,  1,010. 

Melton  Mowbray,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Leicester- 
shire, 18  ms.  NE.  from  Leicester,  and  on  the 
small  river  Wreak,  a  branch  of  the  Trent,  and 
at  the  western  termination  of  the  Oakham  canal. 

Meltunsville,  village,  Anson  co.,  N.  C,  132 
ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Memel,  strong  town  of  Eastern  Prussia,  with 
a  castle.  It  has  the  finest  harbor  in  the  Baltic, 
and  an  extensive  commerce.  It  is  seated  on  the 
N.  extremity  of  the  Curische  Haf,  an  inlet  of  the 
Baltic,  70  ms.  in  length,  which  is  here  joined  to 
the  sea  by  a  narrow  strait.  On  the  NE.  side  of 
the  entrance  into  the  harbor  is  a  li^ht-house, 
erected  in  1796.  It  is  76  ms.  NNE.  of  Konings- 
berg,  and  140  NE.  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  21  40  F. 
lat.,  55  46  N. 

Memmingen,  strong  town  of  Suabia,  near 
which  the  emigrants  under  the  Prince  of  Conde 
were  in  August,  1795,  defeated  by  the  French 
republicans.    It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  24  ms. 

513 


MEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MEN 


SE.  of  Ulm,  and  35  SW.  of  Augsburg.  Lon. 
10  16  E.,  lat.  48  3  N. 

Memphremagog,  lake  of  N.  America,  situated 
partly  in  the  State  of  Vermont  and  partly  in 
Canada.  It  communicates  with  the  river  St. 
Lawrence  by  the  river  St.  Francis. 

Memphis,  village,  Shelby  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the 
Mississippi  river.  It  is  situated  on  the  site  of  Old 
Fort  Pickering,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Loosahatchie 
river. 

Mena,  a  mine  or  fountain  of  pessaphalte,  or 
mineral  pitch,  lying  to  the  NE.  of  the  Lake  of 
Maracaibo. — Brewster  s  Encyclopaedia,  art.  Ca- 
raccas,  p.  231. 

Menan,  large  river  in  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 


quantity  of  trona,  a  species  of  fossil  alkali  thatf  , 
on  the  surface  or  settles  on  the  banks  of  its  nu;  . 
ous  smoking  lakes,  has  given  it  a  higher  imj  . 
ance  than  that  of  the  most  fertile  districts. 

Menehould,  St.,  ancient  and  considerable  t  i 
of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Marne,  and  late  prov  8 
of  Champagne.    St.   Menehould  is  20  ms. 
of  Chalons,  and  110  E.  of  Paris.    Lon.  4  59 
Lat.  2  0  N. 

Menia. — See  Mania. 

Menin,  strongly  fortified  town  of  the  kingdo  f 
the  Netherlands,  in  Flanders,  seated  on  the  iki 
It  is  8  ms.  SE.  of  Ypres,  and  10  N.  of  Lisle. 
3  9  E.,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Menomonie,  river  of  Michigan,  entering  G  i 
which  runs  through  it  from  N.  to  S.,  passes  by  bay  50  ms.  J\NE.  from  Fort  Brown.     It  is  i  . 
the  city  of  Siam,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Siam  j  gable  for  schooners  to  a  considerable  distance.  » 
below  Bancock.    There  are  several  singular  fishes  j  entire  comparative  course,  about  120  ms. 
in  it,  besides  crocodiles,  which  are  common  in      Mentor,  town  in  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  on  le 


these  parts. 

Menancabo,  town  in  the  island  of  Sumatra.  It 
is  the  capital  of  a  small  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
and  seated  on  the  S.  coast,  opposite  the  isle  of 
Nassau,  250  ms;  from  the  strait  of  Sunda. 

Menat,  town  of  Fr.,  in 
late  diocess  of  Clermont. 


|  Erie,  W.  from  Grand  river,  and  opposite  Pains- 

Mentz,  late  archbishopric  and  electorate  ot 
many,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  boundei 
the  N.  by  Hesse  and  Wetteravia,  E.  by  Franci 
S.  by  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  W.  b)l 
\uvergnc,  and  in  the  j  electorate  of  Treves.    It  produces  much  corn, 
I  garden  fruits,  and  abundance  of  excellent  wi 


In  1798,  this  archbishopric  and  electorate,  ther  e 
first  State  of  the  empire,  was  moved  to  Rati*  I 
and  all  other  bishoprics  were  secularized. 

Mentz,  or  Mayence,  city  of  Germany,  torn  jr 
capital  of  the  late  electorate  of  Mentz,  but  now  e 
of  the  four  fortified  cities  of  the  German  Confei  i- 
lion.  It  is  commonly  considered,  though  err  v 
ouslv,  a  town  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  because  en  >• 


Mende,  town  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the  dep  of 
Lezere,  and  late  province  of  Gervasidan.  It  is 
very  populous  ;  has  manufactures  of  serges  and 
other  woolen  stuffs ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Lot, 
35  ms.  SW  of  Puy,  and  210  S.  by  E.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  35  E.,  lat.  44  31  N. 

Mendere,  small  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Anatolia,  supposed  to  be  the  Scamander  of  Ho- 
mer. It  rises  about  25  ms.  S.  by  E.  from  the  I  ed  on  the  land  side  by  that  duchy.  It  is  well 
mouth  of  the  Hellespont,  and  flows  from  the  J  tified,  and  deemed  lobe  a  barrier  fortress,  e 
highest  peaks  of  Ida.  From  the  geography  of  J  palace  called  Martinsburg,  is  a  considerable  b  I- 
the  Iliad,  the  eastern  branch  of  this  stream  ought  ling,  partly  ancient  and  panly  modern;  and  c  »* 
to  be  the  least,  but  is  found  far  the  most  considera-  j  site  the  mouth  of  the  Maine  is  a  castle  called  i- 
bfe.  They  unite,  however,  and  are  lost  in  the 
marshes  of  the  Hellespont,  near  Koum  Kale. 

Mendham,  town,  Morris  co.,  jN.  J.,  7  ms.  W. 
from  Morristown.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,326. 

Mendip  Hills,  mountainous  tract  of  Eng.,  in 
the  NE.  of  Somersetshire,  famous  for  its  coal, 


calamine,  and  lead ;  the  latter  said  to  be  of  a 
harder  quality  than  that  of  other  counties.  Cop- 
per, manganese,  bole,  and  red  ochre,  are  also 
found  in  these  hills.  On  their  summits  are  large 
swampy  flats,  dangerous  to  cross. 

Mendlesham,  small  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Suffolk, 
18  ms.  E.  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  82  NE.  of 
London.    Lon.  I  12  E-,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Mendocino  Cape,  cape  of  N.  America,  on  the 
Pacific  coast.     Lon.  W.  C.  48°  W.,  lat.  40  N. 

Mendon,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  37  ms, 
S.  W.  of  Boston,  and  12  N.  of  Providence,  R.  I. 

Pop.  in  1810,  1,819;  in   1820,  2,254.  Tp., 

Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  S.  from  Rochester. 
Pop.  in  1820,  2,012. 

Mendoza,  city  of  Cordova,  in  the  United  Prov- 
inces of  La  Plata,  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  on  one 
of  the  sources  of  the  Colorado,  about  120  ms.  SSE. 
from  Santiago  in  Chili.  Lon.  W.  C.  9  0  E  ,  lat. 
33  50  S. 

Mendrah,  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan, 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  60  ms.  S.  of  Mour- 
zook.   Although  much  of  the  land  in  this  province 
is  a  continue  I  level  of  hard  and  barren  soil,  the 
514 


vorita,  with  its  fine  gardens  and  water  works, 
university,  founded  in  1477,  has  lately  re< 
considerable  improvements.  Of  the  hospital* 
of  St.  Roch  is  worthy  of  notice  for  its  printin 
fice  and  manufactures  of  stuffs  and  stockings, 
city  is  built  in  an  irregular  manner,  and  plenti 


provided  with  churches.  In  the  cathedral,  v.  b. 
is  a  gloomy  fabric,  is  what  they  call  a  trea- 
containing  a  number  of  clumsy  jewels,  some  nl 
and  a  rich  wardrobe  of  ;-acerdoral  vestments.  JV  tz 
is  one  of  the  towns  which  claim  the  inventi<  I 
printing.  The  city  of  Mentz  is  now  a  foiss 
belonging  to  the  Germanic  confederation,  w 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  just  below  the  influx  o  ie 
Maine,  and  on  the  opposite  side  is  the  tow  of 
Cassel,  connected  with  it  by  a  bridge  of  boats  It 
is  22  ms.  WSW.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  id 
70  E.  by  N.  of  Treves.  Lon.  8  10  E  ,  lat  9 
58  N. 

Mentz,  tp.  in  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  at 
western  canal.  The  village  in  Mentz  is  cm 
Montezuma,  12  ms.  NW.  from  Auburn. 

Menuf,  town  of  Egypt,  situated  in  a  well-fi 
vated  country,  near  that  branch  of  the  Nile  v\:h 
flows  to  Rosetta,  40  ms.  NNVV.  of  Cairo. 

Menzala,  town  of  Egypt,  situate  near  a  la  of 
the  same  name,  60  ms.  long,  separated  fronhe 
Mediterranean  by  a  narrow  slip  of  land,  ft  20 
ms.  SSE.  of  Uamietta,  and  73  NNE.  of  L  0 
Lon.  32  2  E.,  lat.  31  3  N. 


MER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MER 


requinenza,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  at  the 
l  0  ux  of  the  Segra  with  the  Ehro,  58  ms.  ESE. 

iragossa,  and  180  ENE.  of  Madrid. 

equinez,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  and  a 
a  al  of  the  empire  of  Morocco.  It  is  seated  in  a 
e  htful  plain,  having  a  serene  and  clear  air,  for 
|  h  reason  the  emperor  resides  in  this  place  in 
nrence  to  Fez.  Mequinez  is  58  ms.  W.  of  Fez. 

5  46  W  ,  lat.  33  40  N. 

?r,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loire  and  Cher, 
1  s.  NNW.  of  Blois. 

'.ran,  handsome  trading  town  of  Germany,  in 
\t Tyrol,  capital  of  Erschland,  seated  on  the 
K,  12  ms.  W.  of  Salisbury,  and  100  W.  by 
fcf  Longon.    Lon.  2  25  W.,  lat.  51  6  N. 

rcer,  village  in  Somerset  co.,  Me,,  by  post 
jtU  ms.  NNE.  from  Portland. 

'rcer,  co.  of  N.  J.,  bounded  N  W  by  Hunter- 
ji.nd  Somerset,  N.  by  Middlesex,  SE.  by  Mon- 
toh,  S.  by  Burlington,  and  SW.  I^y  Delaware 
ti  separating  it  from  Bucks  co.,  Pa.  Length 
(  a.,  general  breadth  12,  and  area  about  200, 
j.  ns.  Chief  towns,  Trenton  and  Princeton., 
e  al  lat.  40  18  N.,  lon.  2  10  E.  of  W.  C,  Pop.  | 
i  10,  21,502. 

'  is  new  county  contains  the  towns  or  town- 

|i  Of— 

^ngham     -  -          -                5,109 1 

I  Windsor  -  -          -          -  1,536 

i*WinJsor  -  1,989 

Hrton        -  .          =          -  3,055 

.rtence      .  -  -          -          -  1,556 

iivwell  -  3,205 
wg            ....  1,017 

won          -  4,035 


Total 


21,502 


Ircer,  co.  of  Pa  ,  bounded  by  Trumbull  co., 
W.,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.,  N.,  Venango  E., 
u  r  SE.,  and  Beaver  S.    Length  32  miles, 
■th  26 ;  area  830  sq.  ms.    This  county  is 
ra  id  by  the  Shenango  and  Neshanoc,  branches 
ir,  Beaver.    Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil 
f>  ctive  in  grain,  meadow  grass,  and  orchard 
ui    Staples,  grain,  flour,  whiskey,  &c.  Chief 
«  Mercer,  57  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Pitts- 
ir  Pop.  in  1820,  11,681  ;  and  in  1840,  32,873. 
etal  lat.  41  15  JN.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  15  W. 
rcer,  village,  borough,  and  seat  of  justice  for 
»  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Neshanoc 
|  57  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N,  from  Pittsburg. 
I  in  1820,  506.    Lat.  41  13  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

ipjwv 

ircer,  NW.  tp.  of  Butler  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
Wf3  of  Slippery  Rock  creek.  Pop.  in  1820,  641. 
rcer,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Lincoln  SE., 
1    S.,   Washington  W.,  Franklin  N.,  Ken- 
river,  or  Woodford  and  Jessamine,  NE.,  and 
1  rd,  or  Dick's  river,  E.  Length  26  ms.,  mean 
14;  area  350  sq.  ms.    Chief  town,  Har- 
^  Jrg.    Pop.  in  1820,   15,587  ;'  and  in  1840, 
1 0.    Central  lat.  37  47  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7 

fcer,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  W  by  la.,  N.  by 
I  ert,  E.  by  Allen  and  Shelby,  and  S.  by 
*  '  Length  25  ms.,  breadth  24  ;  area  560  sq. 
m  The  surface  of  this  county  is  generally  level, 
nd)  part  marshy.  An  extensive  inundated  tract  I 
69* 


j  in  its  centre  gives  source  to  the  Wabash  and  Mi" 
ami  rivers.  The  soil,  where  sufficiently  dry  for 
agricultural  purposes,  is  excellent.  Pop.  in  1840» 
8,277.    Central  lat.  40  34  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  32 

!  West. 

j     Mercersburg,  village  in  Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  on 
[the  W.  branch  of  Conococheague,  16  ms.  SW. 
from  Chambersburg. 

Merdin,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Diarbeck.  The 
country  al>out  it  produces  cotton.    It  is  45  ms. 
!  SE.  from  Diarbekar.  Lon.  39  59  E.,  lat.  36  50  N, 
Merecz,  town  of  Poland,  in  Lithuania,  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Berezino  and  Merecz,  30 
ms.  N.  of  Grodno.    Lon.  24  10  E.,  lat.  50  0  N.- 
Meredith, tp.  in  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.  It  is  about 
72  m<.  NW.  of  Portsmouth.  Pop.  in  1820.  2,416, 

 Village  in  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  N. 

from  Delhi.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,375. 

Meredith  Village,  village  in  Strafford  co.,  N.  H., 

35  ms.  N.  from  Concord. 

Mergui,  seaport  town  of  the  Birman  empire,  on 
Tannaserim  river,  6  ms.  above  its  mouth.  Lon. 
98  23  E.,  lat.  12  12  N. 

Mergui  Islands,  a  group  lying  off  the  western 
coast  of  Malacca  ;  they  extend  from  N  to  S.  about 
140  ms.  along  the  Malay  coast,  with  a  strait  in- 
tervening of  from  12  to  20  ms.  wide. 

Merida,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  said  to 
have  been  built  by  the  Romans  before  the  birth  of 
Christ.  Here  are  fine  remains  of  antiquity,  par- 
ticularly a  triumphal  arch.  It  is  seated  in  an  ex- 
tensive  and  fertile  plain,  45  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Al- 
cantara.   Lon.  6  4  W.,  lat.  38  42  N. 

Merida,  formerly  an  intendency  of  Mexico,  em- 
bracing the  peninsula  of  Yucatan.  By  the  recent 
political  arrangemants,  the  original  name  is  restor- 
ed, and  Yucatan  is  now  one  of  the  States  of  the 

Mexican    republic. — See    Yucatan.  City  of 

Mexico,  in  Yucatan,  of  which  State  it  is  the  capi- 
tal, about  70  ms.  NE.  from  Campeachy.  Pop, 
10,000.    Lat.  20  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  11  15  W. 

Meriden,  village  in  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  45  ms 

from  Concord.  Village  in  New  Haven  co.,  Ct., 

17  ms.  N.  from  New  Haven. 

Meridian,  from  Latin,  meridies,  for  medi  dies, 
medius  dies,  middle  of  the  day.  Great  circle  of  the 
sphere  supposed  to  pass  through  the  zenith  and 
nadir,  and,  extending  to  the  heavens,  forms  a  cir- 
cle having  the  centre  of  earth  for  its  centre,  and 
radii  infinitely  extended,  and,  of  course,  dividing 
the  earth  into  two  hemispheres.— -See  Longitude. 

Meridiansville,  village  in  Madison  co.,  Ala.,  8 
ms.  N.  from  Huntsville,  and  75  a  little  W.  of  S. 
from  Murfreesborough,  Ten. 

Meridien,  village  in  Madison  co.,  Mo. 

Merion,  Lower,  tp.  in  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  the 
lowest  of  the  two  tps.  of  that  county,  SW.  from 
the  Schuylkill,  Its  E.  angle  is  5  ms.  above  Phi- 
ladelphia, 

Merion,  Upper,  tp.  in  Montgomery  co.,  Pa., 
above  the  preceding. 

Merionethshire,  co.  of  N.  Wales,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Caernarvonshire  and  Denbighshire,  on  the 
E.  by  the  co.  of  Montgomery,  on  the  S.  by  Car- 
diganshire, and  on  the  W.  by  the  Irish  sea.    It  is 

36  ms.  long  and  34  broad.  The  principal  riv- 
ers are  the  Dee  and  Dovy,  and  it  has  a  great  moun- 
tain, the  Cader  Idris,  one  of  the  highest  in  Wales. 
The  air  is  sharp,  but  the  country  feeds  great  herds 

545 


MER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MER 


of  cattle.  Merionethshire  contains  6  hundreds,  4 
market  towns,  37  parishes,  and  sends  1  member  to 
Parliament.  Harlech  is  the  capital.  Pop.  in  1&01, 
29,506;  in  1811,30,924;  and  in  1821,33,911. 

Meritz,  Meritch,  or  Merrich,  an  important  for- 
tress and  city  of  the  deccan  of  Hindoostan,  situat- 
ed near  the  N.  bank,  of  the  river  Kistna,  70  ms. 
SW.  of  Visiapour. 

Meriwether,  co.  of  Ga. 

Merk,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which,  running 
N.  by  Breda,  afterwards  turns  W.,  and  falls  into 
the  Maese  opposite  the  island  of  Overflackee,  in 
Holland. 

Mermentau  river,  rises  in  the  prairies  of  Ope- 
lousas,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of  the  Calca- 
sieu and  Teche.  The  Mermentau  is  formed  by  the 
Nezpique,  Cane,  Plaquemine  Brule,  and  Queue 
Tortue.  This  stream  may  indeed  be  strictly  called 
the  river  of  Opelousas,  as  it  drains  the  central 
partsof  that  district ;  and  all  the  intermediate  ground 
between  the  watercourses,  except  a  very  narrow 
strip  of  wood  on  their  immediate  banks,  is  prairie. 
The  whole  country  watered  by  this  river  is  flat, 
and  totally  without  stone;  not  even  a  pebble  is  to 
be  seen.  The  timber  in  the  woods  is  oak,  hicko- 
ry, ash,  sweet  gum  ;  in  the  swamps,  cypress,  and 
many  other  kinds  of  trees  ;  pine  is  also  found  in 
more  or  less  quantity  on  all  the  confluents  of  Mer- 
mentau, but  towards  the  NW.  sources  of  the  Nez- 
pique this  tree  is  found  in  great  abundance  ;  oak 
is,  however,  the  principal  timber.  Below  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Plaquemine  Brule,  Cane,  and  Nez- 
pique, live  oak  begins  to  appear,  and  towards  the 
seacoast  is  found  in  considerable  quantity,  growing 
upon  low  ridges,  which  run  parallel  to,  and  appear  to 
have  been,  at  some  past  time,  isles  in  the  gulf. 
The  tide  rises  in  the  Mermentau  above  the  junc- 
tion of  Nezpique,  Cane,  and  Plaquemine  Brule  ; 
however,  when  the  waters  of  the  Sabine,  Calcasieu, 
and  Mermentau,  are  swelled  by  rain,  and  the  N  W., 
N.,  or  NE.  winds  prevail,  no  tide  passes  their  re- 
spective outlets.  The  soil  on  Mermentau  is  gene- 
rally sterile,  though  superior  in  fertlity  to  that  on 
the  Calcasieu  and  Sabine. 

Mermentau  lake  is  in  every  respect  similar  to 
those  of  the  Sabine  and  Calcasieu,  except  in  point 
of  extent,  being  considerably  le6s  extensive  than 
either  of  the  two  latter.  Mermentau  lake  is  less 
destitute  of  timber  along  its  border  than  the  other 
lakes  westward,  though  the  greatest  part,  of  the 
extent  in  its  vicinity  is  a  grassy  morass.  The 
outlet  from  the  lake  to  the  sea  is  about  one- fourth 
of  a  mile  wide,  very  winding,  and  in  many  parts 
dilated  into  small  lakes.  A  bar  at  the  mouth  pre- 
vents the  entrance  of  vessels  drawing  more  than 
four  feet  water. 

Merom,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Sullivan  co., 
Ia. — See  Miriam. 

Mero,  strong  town  of  Asia,  in  the  peninsula  be- 
yond the  Ganges,  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Pegu, 
140  ms.  SW.  of  the  town  of  Pegu.  Lon.  98  36 
E.,  lat.  16°  N. 

Merou,  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan,  seated  in 

fertile  country,  which  produces  salt,  112  ms. 
SW.  of  Bockhara.   Lon.  64  25  E.,  lat.  37  40  N. 

Merrimack,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  which  rises  in 
Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  and,  after  running  in  a  SE. 
direction  through  the  State,  enters  Mass.,  near 
Dunstable.  It  then  makes  a  sudden  turn  to  the 
546 


NE.,  and  empties  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  P 
bury  port.  Its  course  is  very  crooked,  and  e 
navigation  interrupted  by  frequent  falls  and  {. 
racts.  The  Merrimack  basin  is  about  130  m  n 
length,  with  a  mean  width  of  36,  and  embraci  n 
area  of  4,350  sq.  ms.  The  navigation  of  this  st  n 
has  been  more  improved  by  art  than  any  i  >r 
stream  of  the  U.  S.  Newburyport  stands  oi  ie 
S.  side  of  the  bay,  at  its  mouth  ;  vessels  of  0 
tons  ascend  to  Haverhill,  12  ms.  to  the  he  jf 
tide  water.  From  Haverhill  to  Concord  the  ,. 
igation  of  the  Merrimack  is  artificially  impr<  |, 
The  Middlesex  canal  was  cut  from  Boston  I.  | 
to  the  banks  of  the  Merrimack,  at  the  falls  tm 
Chelmsford.  The  great  feeder  of  this  can$ 
Concord  river,  flowing  N.  out  of  Mass.,  ant  e- 
cipiiated  from  the  table  land  of  Middlesex  int  te 
valley  of  the  MerriraacU,  below  Chelmsford.  Je 
canal  commences  above  Patucket  falls.  It  i:  r. 
ried  over  and  on  the  level  of  Concord  river  11  i() 
and  thence  down  the  sloping  intervening  gr  id 
to  Boston  harbor.  The  whole  length  of  this  ie 
canal  is  29|  ms.,  an  entire  fall  of  1,007  fet  »y 
13  locks.  The  canal  is  24  feet  wide,  with  a  i  th 
of  four  feet.  The  locks  are  90  feet  by  12  feet  id 
of  excellent  masonry.  Another  fall  ha3bee/£ 
around  Patucket  falls,  in  order  to  connect  the  ». 
igable  water  above,  and  the  Middlesex  canal  th 
the  tide  water  below.  The  Patucket  canal  es 
not  reach  tide  water,  but  below  the  falls  the  sti  n; 
though  rapid,  is  navigable,  and  in  45  ms.  fall 
feet,  and  reaches  the  tide  at  Haverhill.  Abo^hi 
outlet  of  the  Middlesex  canal  are  three  other  >rt 
cuts,  at  several  places.  The  Bow  canal  o  rs 
first  below  Concoid  ;  is  followed  6  ms.  still  er 
down  by  Hookset  canal ;  Amoskeag  canal  as 
made  8  ms.  below  Hookset;  and  in  9  ms.  iH 
the  latter  six  short  cuts  have  been  made  rou  as 
many  rapids  or  falls.  Cromwell's  falls  havt  so 
been  passed  by  a  canal  14  ms.  below  Amos!*; 
and  15  ms.  still  lower  is  rhe  Wicase  can  a  he 
last  above  that  of  Middlesex. — See  Mas-sack. '.tt 
and  New  Hampshire. 

Meirimack,  co.  of  N.  H.,  formed  recently  >m 
the  tps.  adjacent  to  and  including  the  State  i- 
tal,  Concord.    For  central  lat.,  see  Concord- 

Tp.  of  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.  River  of)., 

rises  in  Franklin  co.,  flows  NE.  through  F  k- 
lin,  and,  separating  Jefferson  from  St.  Louis  III 
into  the  Mississippi,  5  ms.  below  the  t<>wn  <  >t. 
Louis.  River  ol  Mo. — See  Maramtc. 

Merritstown,  village,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  en  M 
lap's  creek,  5  ms.  S.  from  Brownsville. 

Merriitsville,  village,  Greenville  district,  Si 
120  ms.  NW.  from  Columbus. 

Merryhill,  post  olf  ce,  Bertie  co.,  N.  C,  u' 
120  ms.  NNE.  from  Raleigh. 

Merrymeeting  Bay,  junction  of  the  Ken  «ec 
and  Androscoggin  rivers,  in  Maine. 

Mersburg,  town  of  the  circle  of  Saxon  in 
Misnia.  It  has  a  Lutheran  bishopric,  and  ispf 
ed  on  the  Sala,  10  ms.  S.  of  Halle,  and  56  ^ 
of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  6  E.,  lat.  51  28  W  I' 
now  gives  name  to  a  government  of  Prussia. 

Mersea,  town  of  Essex  co.,  U.  C,  on  k{ 
Erie. 

Mersey,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the  th 
extremity  of  the  peak  in  Derbyshire,  passe  l,y 
Warrington,  and  receives  the  Weaver  at  F-l*- 


4. 


MET  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MEW 


ia,  where  it  forms  a  broad  estuary  below  Liver- 
,r,  and  enters  the  Irish  sea.  This  river  not  only 
t  <ls  salmon,  but  is  visited  by  annual  shoals  of 

Is,  here  called  sparlings,  of  a  remarkable  size 
i) flavor.  It  is  connected  by  the  Staffordshire 
4 1  with  the  Trent,  and  in  course  with  the  Irish 
eand  the  German  ocean. 

'ersey  Island,  island  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  be 
.vn  the  mouth  of  the  Coin  and  the  entrance  of 
Jlkwater  bay.    It  has  two  parishes  called  East 
,to  West  Mersey. 

erspurg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 

ia,  and  bishopric  of  Constance,  seated  on  the 
f.tde  of  the  lake  of  Constance.  It  is  the  bish- 
>p  usual  place  of  residence,  and  is  11  rns.  from 

,wn  of  that  name.  Lon.  9  26  E.,  lat.  47  45  N. 

-rtola,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo, 
Hd  near  the  Gaudiana,  60  ms.  S.  of  Evora, 
.nlOO  SE.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  7  40  W 


end  by  the  most  suitable  route.  Though  a  com- 
mon word,  it  is  also  a  most  comprehensive  scien- 
tific term,  and  used  to  distinguish  the  two  great 
processes  of  reason — analysis,  advancing  from 
simple  elements  to  reach  unknown  truth,  and  syn- 
thesis, demonstrating  a  known  truth.  In  the  va- 
rious sciences,  method  expresses  the  different  clas- 
sifications  adopted  by  the  higher  classes  of  authors. 

Metre,  French  measure  of  length,  founded  on 
measurements  made  of  the  meridian,  and  from  sup- 
posing this  new  standard  to  be  the  one  ten-millionth 
of  the  distance  from  the  equator  to  the  poles  of 
the  earth.  The  metre  being  3.2809167  English 
feet,  if  multiplied  by  10,000,000,  gives  the  quad- 
rant of  the  earth  along  its  meridians  32,809, 167 
English  feet,  equal  to  6213.8  ms. — See  the  article 
Earth. 

Metropolis,  from  Greek,  meter,  mother,  and 
lat.  37 \polis,  a  city — mother  city.  Originally,  this  term 
meant  a  city  from  which  colonies  issued.  It  was 
afterwards  adopted  by  the  Romans  for  the  princi- 
pal city  of  a  province.  When  the  Christian  Re- 
ligion became  dominant,  and  the  ecclesiastical  gov- 
ernment was  regulated  by  the  civil,  the  higher 
episcopal  seats,  being  fixed  in  the  metropolitan 
cities,  took  title  accordingly,  and  were  henceforth 
called  metropolitan  churches. 

Meuse,  or  Maese,  river  of  Europe,  having  its 
remote  sources  in  the  Vosges  mountains,  and  in 
the  Fr.  deps.  of  Upper  Marne  and  Vosges,  inter- 
locking with  those  of  the  rivers  Marne  and  Moselle, 
and,  flowing  thence  a  little  W.  of  N.  150  ms., 
over  the  Fr.  deps.  of  Upper  Marne,  Meuse,  and 
Ardennes,  enters  Belgium  at  or  near  Charlemont, 
in  the  district  of  Namur,  and  continuing  its  north- 
ern course  to  the  town  of  Namur,  where  it  receives 
the  Sambre  from  the  west.  In  this  upper  course 
of  about  200  ms.,  the  Meuse  passes  Commercy, 
Verdun,  anlMeziers,  in  France.  Below  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Sambre,  the  Meuse  turns  to  NE.  30 
ms.,  passes  Liege,  and  thence  inclining  to  NNE. 
passes  Maestricht,  Stephenswerd,  and  Venlo,  to 
Lottum,  in  the  province  of  Limbourg,  and  reaches 
to  within  20  ms.  of  the  Rhine.  Below  Lottom, 
the  two  rivers  preserve  a  mean  distance  from  each 
other  of  about  15  ms.,  and  gradually  curve  to  the 
unite  with  the  Jihon.    By  a  mistake  of  thej  NNW.,  and  finally  W.,  in  a  distance  of  60  ms., 


erton,  village  of  Eng.,  near  Oxford,  situated 
:  two  military  ways.  There  were  entrench- 
es in  the  neighboring  woods,  supposed  to  have 
« thrown  up  by  King  Ethelred,  or  the  Danes, 

ia  he  defeated  in  871.  Village  of  Eng.,  in 

|r,  seated  on  the  Wandel,  7  ms.  S  VV.  of  Lon- 
ij  Nothing  remains  of  its  once  famous  abbey 
i  he  east  window  of  a  chapel ;  and  the  walls 
surrounded  the  premises,  which  are  built  of 
rtare  nearly  entire,  and  include  about  60  acres. 
I  the  site  of  this  abbey  are  two  calico  manu- 
res and  a  copper  mill;  and  about  1,000  per- 
rare  now  employed  on  a  spot  once  the  abode 
'onastic  indolence.  Merton  is  7  ms.  SW.  of 
Ion.  j 
:rve,  the  N.  branch  of  the  river  Maese,  on] 
n  the  city  of  Rotterdam,  in  Holland,  is  seated.! 
'.rville,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North,  \ 
ate  province  of  French  Flanders,  seated  on 
Lis,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Cassel.  Lon.  2  43  E., 
0  57  N. 

irvee,  or  Moorghab,  river  rising  in  the  Hindoo 
h  mountains,  between  Balkh  and  Caubool, 
flowing  thence  northwardly  by  comparative 
es  about  three  hundred  ms.,  is  lost  in  a  lake, 
does  not,  as  appears  represented  on  some 


e  kind,  it  is  made  on  some  other  maps  the 
w  with  Tedjen,  and  carried  into  the  Caspian. 

redjend,  according  to  Mr.  Burnps,  is  a  mere 
>nt,  and  is  lost  in  the  sands.  "  This  is  not." 
"•J that  author,  "  the  Herat  river,  nor  is  it  the 
s,  for  no  such  great  river  as  appears  in  our 
r.s  has  existence" — in  this  region,  he  ought  to 
a  added. — See  Meru. 

shed  Mi,  one  of  the  sacred  places  of  the  Mo- 
a nedan  sect  of  Ali,  situated  on  the  borders  of 
heat  Desert,  about  100  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S. 
t  .gdad,  and  40  a  little  E.  of  S.  of  Mesed  Ho- 
«i  Here  Ali,  the  son-in-law  of  Mohammed, 
v*a<iain  in  battle. 

3shiti,  a  prefix  to  many  names  of  places  in 
V  em  Asia,  and  means  literally  "  The  rJomb." 

:teor,  from  metedros,  Greek,  high,  elevated, 
r>  terally,  a  body  which  seems  to  raise  itself  in- 
}  :  air,  from  which  come  meteorology  and  its 
o'latives. 

•:thotj,  from  Greek,  meta,  by,  and  hodos, 
'oor  road,  and  means  the  manner  to  arrive  at  an 


to  Hensden,  on  the  Meuse  and  Vic,  by  Daerstede, 
on  the  Rhine.  Below  the  latter,  the  name  of  the 
Rhine  is  lost  in  that  of  Leek,  which  inclining  to- 
wards the  Maese,  both  streams  are  lost  in  a  maze  of 
channels ;  but  one,  entering  the  German  ocean 
between  Briel  and  Rotterdam,  is  regarded  their 
common  mouth,  under  the  name  of  Meuse.  The 
entire  length  of  this  river  is  about  400  English 
ms.  It  is  navigable  before  leaving  France,  and 
affords  commercial  facilities  to  a  very  dense  popu- 
lation. The  Meuse  basin  lies  between  N.  lat.  48 
and  52°. 

Meuse,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  late  duchy  of 
Bar.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  river  Meuse,  or 
Maese,  which,  in  a  NXW.  course,  traverses  the 
dep.  in  its  greatest  length.  Bar-le-Duc  is  the 
capital. 

Mewari,  considerable  town  of  Japan,  in  the 
island  of  Niph#i,  with  a  royal  palace,  where  the 
king  sometimes  resides.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  at 
the  foot  of  which  are  vast  fields  of  wheat  and  rice, 
with  fine  orchards,  full  of  excellent  plums. 

547 


MEX  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MEX 


Mewat,  hilly  and  woody  tract  of  Hindoostan 
proper,  lying  on  the  SW.  of  Delhi,  and  on  the 
W.  of  Agra,  confining  the  low  country,  along  the 
west  bank  of  the  Jumna,  to  a  comparatively 
narrow  slip,  and  extending  westward  about  130 
miles  in  length.  From  north  to  south  it  is 
90  miles. 

Mexico,  republic  of,  an  immense  region  of  N. 
America. 

The  country  out  of  which  this  republic  has  been 
formed  is  peculiar  as  respects  the  features  of  its 
geography.  It  extends  from  lat.  15  50  to  42°  N., 
the  intermediate  space  embracing  every  var  ety  of 
soil,  from  the  most  recent  alluvion  to  mountain 
valleys,  or  rather  plains,  of  near  8,000  feet  above 
the  contiguous  oceans.  These  elevated  plains  are 
again  broken  and  decorated  by  colossal  summits, 
rising  from  12,000  to  upwards  of  17,000  feet. 

In  one  of  those  aerial  valleys  stands  the  city  of 
Mexico,  7,400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Fmm  this  difference  of  elevation,  and 
from  embracing  such  an  extensive  range  within 
and  without  the  tropics,  Mexico  may  be  considered 
as  possessing  every  climate  of  the  earth,  and  ca- 
pable of  producing  every  vegetable  necessary  to  the 
wants  or  the  luxuries  of  human  life.  Its  metallic 
wealth  is  no  less  abundant  than  its  vegetables. 
From  its  bowels  are  extracted  many  of  the  most 
useful  and  all  the  precious  metals. 

Mexico  is  perhaps  better  calculated  than  any 
other  part  of  the  earth  to  form  a  political  commu 
nity  capable  of  producing  within  its  own  limits  all 
that  the  necessities,  the  arts,  or  elegancies  of  soci- 
ety, can  demand. 

As  a  viceroyalty  of  Spain,  Mexico  was  subdi- 
vided into  the  following  intendancies: 

TABLE  No.  1. 


cede  that  their  respective  rates  of  increase  ci  )l 
be  very  widely  different.  In  the  middle  of  1  j 
the  population  of  the  U.  S.  did  not  mate  I 
differ  from  6,000,000  ;  now,  August,  182  ,t 
amounts,  it  is  probable,  to  very  nearly  11,000,  | 
but  With  a  small  excess  above  that  number.  T  >. 
fore,  if  we  compare  the  two  masses  together,  „ 
simple  statement  of  the  rules  of  proportion,  M  & 
ought  now  to  possess  upwards  of  10,700,001  \. 
habitants;  and,  making  every  allowance  foi  e 
ravages  of  war,  it  is  evident  that,  if  the  basis  c  e 
calculation  given  by  Humboldt  is  admitted,  M  o 
must  now  contain  at  least  eight  and  a  half  mil  ( 
of  inhabitants. 

TABLE  No.  2. 


Spanish  provincial 
subdivisions. 


Mexico 
Puebla 


Guanaxuato 

Valladolid 

Guadalaxara 

Zacatecas 

Oaxaca 

Yucatan 

Tabasco 

Chiapa 

Vera  Cruz 

San  Louis  Potosi  - 

Interior  of  the  E.^ 


Recent  divisions 
into  States  and 
territories. 


Interior  of  the 


4 


j  Interior  of  ths  YV 
:  Old  California 


Intendancies. 

Sq.  ms. 

Pop. 

TO! 

q.  m. 

Merida  or  Yucatan 

46.000 

466,000 

10 

Vera  Cruz 

32,000 

156,000 

5 

Oaxaca 

34,000 

535,000 

13 

34 

Puebla 

21,0  0 

813,000 

38 

3-4 

Mexico 

45,400 

1,512,000 

33 

1-3 

Valladolid 

26,400 

376,ii00 

14 

Guadalaxara 

74,000 

630,000 

8 

1  2 

Guanaxuato 

6,900 

•  517,000 

74 

Zacatecas 

18,000 

153.000 

8 

1-2 

San  Louis  Potosi 

263,000 

335,000 

1 

1-3 

Durango 

130,000 

16(1,000 

1 

2  10 

Sonora 

147,000 

122,000 

8-10 

New  Mexico 

44,000 

40,0,10 

9-10 

Old  California  - 

56,000 

10,000 

17-100 

New  California  - 

16,000 

16,000 

1 

Total  amount  - 

960,000 

5,S4 1,000 

6 

New  California 


Total  amount 


Mexico 
Queretaro 
Puebla  de  los  An- 
geles. 

Guanaxuato 

Mechoacan 

Jalisco 

Zacatecas 

Oaxaca 

Yucatan 

Tnbasco 

Chiapa 

Vera  Cruz 

San  L  >uis  Potosi 

Coahuila  y  Texas 

Taumalipas 

New  Leon 

Durango 

Chihuahua 

New  Mexico  ter. 

Sonora  y  Cinaloa 

California,  Lower 

territory. 
California,  Upper 

territory. 


Area  in  j  Po 
sq.  ms.  ]  If 


30,432 
13,482 
18,441 

6,25" 
24,166 
72,389 
17,580 
32,697 
79,534 
14,676 
18,750 
27.660 
19,017 

348,559 


•  269,077 

254,705 
57,021 

376,344 


1,2  95 


19 


1,670,8:35  8^1 


The  above  table  was  constructed  from  the  data 
afforded  by  Humboldt,  in  his  Political  Essay  on 
New  Spain,  Black's  Translation,  vol.  ii,  rejecting 
fractions.  There  is  some  confusion  and  contradic- 
tion in  the  statements  of  this  author,  which  di- 
mini-h  their  authority  ;  but  we  may  suppose  that, 
in  the  aggregate,  he  was  nearly  correct.  Hum- 
boldt's estimate  is  for  1803,  or  23  years  past.  If 
the  ratio  of  increase  given  by  this  author  is  adopted, 
Mexico  must  now  contain  8,431,000  inhabitants. 
If  we  compare  the  two  countries  d§  the  U.  S.  and 
Mexico,  and  allow  for  the  former  the  advantage  of 
better  political  institutions,  and  to  the  latter  supe- 
rior mildness  of  climate,  we  may  reasonably  con- 
548 


It  may  be  observed,  that  in  this  table  (X 
are  included  the  three  small  territories  of  Co 
in  Jalisco  ;  Tlascala,  in  Puebla  ;  and  New  Mf 
;or  rather  Santa  Fe,  of  New  Mexico.  Table  I 
expresses  the  area  actually  peopled,  but  No.  5 
braces  the  entire  superficies  of  the  Mexican  ri 
lie.  No.  2  is  taken  in  great  part  from  Tan 
map,  and  exhibits,  if  correct,  how  nearly  acc 
I  were  the  estimates  appended  to  No.  I,  a3  res 
.  the  progressive  population  of  this  country. 

The  following  document  is  inserted,  as  we 
j  regard  it  as  the  most  recent  and  authentic  ii 
|spect  to  what  the  Government  of  Mexico  re, 
as  the  provincial  divisions  of  that  country. 

The  Diario  del  Gobierno  of  the  10th  conts 
manifesto  of  the  provisional  Supreme  Exec 
(Santa  Anna)  to  the  nation,  accompanied 
|  decree  for  the  election  of  delegates  to  the 
i  Congress  which  is  to  convene  in  the  city  of  M 
ion  the  1st  of  June  next.  The  ratio  ot  repres 
jtion  is  one  delegate  for  every  70,000  souls,  a 
|  ably  to  the  census  prepared  by  the  National  1 
:  tute  of  Geography  and  Statistics,  as  follows : 
Departments.  Popuia 
Mexico        -  1,388 


Jalisco 
Puebla 


679 

11 


MEX  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEX 


Oarlments. 
/■■itan 
imaxuato 
);ca 

l.ioacan  - 
I  Louis  Potosi 


etaro 
;o  Leon 
aulipas  - 
uila 

iscaliente 

/o  Mexico 
jrnias  - 


Population. 
580,948 
513,606 
500,278 
4y7,906 
321,840 
273,575 
254,380 
162,618 
147,600 
147,000 
141,206 
124,000 
120,560 
101,108 
100,068 
75,340 
69,693 
63,580 
57,026 
33,439 
27,800 


7,044, 140 

>out  one-half  the  extent  and  population  of 
4f  co  is  within  the  great  river  system  of  the  Gulf 
I  ;xico.  It  is  in  vain  to  attempt  any  specifica- 
3  )f  the  Mexican  population,  as  our  data  is  too 
■p  to  admit  decisive  estimates.  One  circum- 
me  is  too  striking,  however,  to  be  omitted, 
leco  has  no  slaves  worth  notice  in  a  general  sta- 
lk! survey ;  that  class  of  its  population  not 
ai  nting*  at  the  utmost,  to  more  than  10,000; 
i»l  to  584  of  the  entire  body  of  the  people, 
fcpivilized  Indians  form  more  than  two-fifths  of 
irohole,  and  are  the  laboring,  productive,  and 
i  nt,  though  not  the  ruling  people, 
rfw  civilized  regions  of  the  earth  are  less  known 
ni  Mexico.  The  following  account  of  the  man- 
ares  of  Mexico  is  an  extract  from  an  English 

and  deserves  very  serious  attention. 
r.e  two  first  of  the  Mexican  manufactures  are 
M  of  cotton  and  wool,  which  are  established 
■la  very  large  scale  in  the  cities  o(  Queretaro, 
l».o,  and  St.  Michael,  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
)rod  of  Mexico.    The  country  itself  furnishes 
utitton  and  wool  in  great  abundance,  it  being  a 
ptee  of  English  writers  that  no  part  of  America 
i  ford  the  ordinary  and  staple  wool  of  manufac- 

I  This  wool  is  as  easily  raised  in  Mexico  as 
i  ncashire  or  Lanarkshire.  We  are  now  trans- 
<ti  from  a  French  author  who  visited  Queretaro, 
|*  anchester  of  Mexico,  sixteen  years  ago.  "I 
«1  Queretaro,"  he  adds,  "  with  the  greatest  in- 

that  I  might  inform  myself  of  the  extent  of 
ool  anil  cotton  manufactures,  and  I  am  there- 
ftnabled  to  say  that,  except  the  principal  towns 
'I  unce  and  England,  Queretaro  is  a  manufac- 
uri  town  of  the  first  rate  and  magnitude.  The 
~*  shtnents  at  this  period  (1803)  were  divided 
"itiictories  and  workshops,  in  the  latter  of  which 
M  orkmen  worked  at  home  at  the  cost  of  their 
Bifcs.    There  were  cotton  factories  as  large  as 
l|»y)tton  factories  in  France,  and  more  than  300 
or  hops.    They  had  worked  up  that  year  about 
'*onillions  worth  (in  dollars)  of  woolen  cloths, 
!iiy  ruggets,  serges,  and  cotton  stuffs." 

next  fabric  is  that  of  leather,  chiefly  in  tan- 

II  which  is  carried  to  great  perfection.    It  is 


unnecessary  to  add  that  the  vast  plains  afford  hides 
in  abundance,  and  that  the  bark  is  equally  plenti- 
ful. The  Mexicans  thus  produce  all  the  leather 
for  their  own  consumption,  and  under  general  com- 
Imerce  might  export  much. 

The  linen  and  silk  factories  have  not  as  yet  at- 
tained to  any  extent,  but  from  no  other  reason  than 
j because  Spain,  whilst  they  were  dependent  upon 
I  her,  discouraged  all  linen  fabrics,  and  clandestinely 
1  destroyed  a  most  flourishing  silk  growth.  Will  it 
;be  credited  by  the  people  in  England,  that  about 
I  forty  years  ago  silk  was  nearly  as  plentiful  in 
!  Mexico  as  in  Asia  and  Italy  ;  but  that  the  Mexi- 
cans, on  rising  one  morning,  found  all  the  mulberry 
j  trees  in  the  empire  cut  down,  and  of  course  the 
I  silk  universally  destroyed  1  It  seems  that  the  Cadiz 
merchants,  finding  their  commerce  affected,  had 
procured  this  secret  order  of  the  viceroy,  who  had 
contrived  to  execute  it  with  the  same  secrecy.  The 
history  of  the  world  does  not  furnish  a  more  atro- 
cious example  of  the  true  spirit  of  monopoly, 

The  manufactory  next  in  order  is  that  of  tobacco, 
which  is  made  into  cigars,  and  in  part  supplies  all 
Europe.  This  produce  is  very  great,  amounting 
to  nearly  $10,000,000  annually.  An  article  of  the 
first  importance,  when  we  consider  the  quantity 
J  consumed  in  England,  and  for  the  supply  of  which 
I  we  now  depend  upon  the  Americans. 

The  next  manufacture  is  that  of  gunpowder, 
j  which  is  equally  as  considerable  as  that  of  tobacco, 
,  and  which,  by  the  way,  proves  the  nugatory  na- 
ture of  the  recent  proclamations  in  Europe  against 
[supplying  the  Independents  with  stcres  of  war, 
Gunpowder  is  as  plentiful  in  Mexico  as  in  England  ; 
and  all  America  may  hereafter  be  supplied  from 
that  quarter. 

Soap  and  soda  are  the  manufactures  next  in  or- 
der, both  as  to  quantity  and  value;  soda  being  par- 
ticularly abundant,  and  so  cheaply  raised  and 
worked  as  to  become  an  article  of  vast  future  ex- 
port. This  soda  very  far  exceeds  in  quality  any 
that  can  be  procured  from  any  other  quarter,  and 
the  French  chemists  and  dyers  most  sanguinely  an- 
licipate  that  Europe  may  hereafter  draw  nearly  the 
whole  of  her  soda  from  S.  America,  as  she  imports 
her  potash  from  the  U.  S.  Oil,  tallow,  spermaceti, 
honey,  and  wax,  abound  likewise  in  every  interim 
dancy,  and  must  greatly  add  to  the  future  value  of 
this  immense  empire  to  the  general  commerce  of 
Europe.  "In  no  part  of  the  world,"  says  the 
[French  author  from  whom  we  are  translating,  "is 
[there  such  a  variety  and  abundance  of  every  thing 
[necessary  to  every  want  of  man  as  in  this  kingdom 
I  of  Mexico;  in  no  country  is  every  thing  raised  so 
j  cheaply." 

Besides  the  manufactures  above  enumerated, 
every  town  almost  through  this  vast  empire  has  its 
own  manufacture,  and  particularly  the  large  towns 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  capital.  We  have 
before  had  occasion  to  say  that  the  country  is  in 
shape  like  a  hat — the  high  main  and  table  land  of 
Mexico  being  the  crown,  and  the  narrow  line  of 
the  coast  being  the  rim.  In  the  middle  of  this 
crown,  or  table  land,  is  the  city  of  Mexico,  half 
way,  or  300  ms.  from  Vera  Cruz,  the  Atlantic  port, 
and  the  same  distance  from  Acapulco,  the  chief 
port  of  the  Mexican  empire  on  the  Pacific  ocean. 

The  country,  as  we  have  before  said,  is  divided 
into  fifteen  intendancies,  each  of  which  has  a  sub- 

549 


MEX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEX 


ordinate  governor  and  a  bishop's  see  and  cathedral 
of  its  own.  In  all  these  great  cities  are  seated  some 
manufacture  peculiar  to  the  places  ;  some  of  them 
are  celebrated  for  their  pottery,  some  for  their  hats, 
some  for  their  works  in  jewelry.  Indeed,  in  this 
latter  work  the  Mexicans  so  particularly  excel  as 
to  rival  any  manufactory  in  Europe,  not  even  ex- 
cepting the  establishments  in  Switzerland  and  the 
workmen  of  the  Palais  Royale. 

In  these  interesting  particulars  the  reader,  we 
doubt  not,  will  be  strongly  imprsssed  with  the  same 
conclusion  with  ourselves  ;  namely,  how  infinitely 
various  and  important  is  the  produce,  and  must  be 
the  future  exports,  of  Spanish  America,  in  com- 
parison with  those  of  the  U.  States ;  and  thence, 
by  a  necessary  consequence,  what  a  formidable  ri- 
val the  former  will  be  to  the  latter.  And  let  it  not 
escape  our  attention,  that  in  the  rivalry  Great  Bri- 
tain must  be  the  gainer,  as  her  magazine  and  mar- 
ket are  proportionally  extended. 

See  the  different  States,  under  their  respective 
heads. 

From  its  position,  Mexico  has  a  natural  connex- 
ion with  Asia,  Europe,  and  with  every  part  of 
North  and  South  America.  It  is  rather  deficient 
in  both  oceans  in  good  harbors,  and,  from  the  ele- 
vation of  the  interior  country,  it  can  never  derive 
much  benefit  from  the  few  rivers  which  flow  from 
its  mountain  valleys.  The  interior  and  transport 
commerce  is  carried  on  with  mules  of  burden. 
Goods  to  the  value  of  upwards  of  $18,000,000  are 
thus  annually  transported  from  the  Atlantic  coast 
over  the  interior  table  land,  whilst  the  flour,  hides, 
and  metals,  descend  from  the  central  table  land  to 
Vera  Cruz. 

Humboldt  has  shown,  that  through  the  city  of 
Mexico,  if  a  canal  was  otherwise  practicable,  it  j  Vera  Cruz  intervenes,  but  that  entrepot  of  M 
would  demand  from  330  to  340  locks  to  unite  the  commerce  and  rendezvous  of  the  Spanish  na  it 
two  oceans,  and  concludes  rationally  that  land  built  upon  a  low  sandy  beach,  without  eill 
carriage  is  alone  practicable,  for  useful  commercial 
purposes,  between  that  great  city  and  the  opposite 
oceans.     The  following  condensed  view  of  the 
rivers  of  the  Mexican  empire  flowing  into  the 
Mexican  gulf  will  close  this  article. 

The  following  are  the  principal  rivers  of  Mexico, 
which  are  discharged  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  No 
stream  of  any  consequence  exists  on  the  western 
coast  of  Yucatan;  and  it  is  only  when  reaching  the 

influence  of  the  mountains  of  Guatemala  and  Mexico  I  which  the  city  of  Mexico  is  situated.  The  Ti 
that  rivers  of  much  magnitude  are  found  flowing  J  it  is  called  in  the  higher  part  of  its  course  o  be 
from  the  interior  country.  I  Moctezuema,  is  in  many  respects  one  of  the  >st 

The  Sumasinta  is  discharged  into  the  bay  or  gulf  remarkable  streams  of  the  earth.    The  va 
Terminos,  which  is,  indeed,  rather  an  estuary  of  a !  Tenochtitlan,  from  which  it  flows,  cannot  be  I 
number  of  rivers,  than  a  mere  bay.  (represented  than  by  a  saucer  turned  bettonip" 

The  St.  Pedro  falls  into  the  bay  of  Campeachy  wards;  the  rim  representing  the  spines  o  he 
to  the  W.  of  the  Sumasinta.  Both  of  these  streams 
rie  in  the  mountainous  table  land  of  Guatimala, 
and  are  of  considerable  magnitude ;  but  the  interior 
country, or  even  the  coast,  is  very  imperfectly  known. 

The  Guassacualco  is  a  short  but  very  important 
stream,  falling  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico  at  its  ex- 
treme southern  extension.    This  stream  rises  in 
Oaxaca,  interlocking  with  the  source  of  the  Chirn- 
alapa,  within  50  direct  miles  from  its  mouth.  This 
is  one  of  the  channels  of  communication  mention- 
ed by  Humboldt  as  suitable  to  unite  the  waters  of ;  chimilco,  and  Tezcuco.    They  do  not  lie 
the  two  American  oceans.  The  entire  distance  from  j  level  ;  Zumpango  is  nearly  30  English  feet 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  by  the  val-j  that  of  Tezcuco,  and  Xochimilco  forms  a  mea 
leys  of  the  two  rivers  Chimalapa  and  Guassacualco,  I  tween  the  two  former. 
550 


does  not  exceed  120  miles  ;  but  the  nature  o  ie 
intermediate  country  is  too  little  known  to 
the  formation  of  any  rational  conclusion  upoi  le 
practicability  of  an  artificial  connexion  of  the  r- 
ces  of  these  rivers. 

The  Alvarado  follows  the  Guassacualco,  ] 
like  the  Sumasinta,  is  poured  into  a  spacious  I 
the  recipient  of  many  streams  precipitated  fro:  ie 
high  table  land  of  Oaxaca.  The  Alvarado  i  r- 
locks  with  the  sources  of  the  Chicometepec  id 
both  roll  down  steeps  forming  an  entire  desc(  of 
upwards  of  7,000  feet.  We  are  now  arrived  )n 
the  extensive  mountain  plains  of  Anahuae,B 
though  within  the  tropics,  in  a  very  tempera) ■ 
mate.  The  elevations  are,  however,  such  ■ 
preclude  not  only  much  natural,  but  extensivB 
provements  of  the  artificial  navigation  by  ■ 
into  the  interior.  In  summer  the  rivers  are  r  |y 
exhausted  by  evaporation,  and  in  winter  svjf 
to  torrents.  The  main  spine  of  the  chain  of  i» 
huac,  also  approaching  so  much  nearer  to  theji§ 
of  Mexico  than  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  rendeiB 
rivers  in  this  region  much  more  abridged  in  «r 
length,  which  enter  the  former,  than  those  f;  ij 
into  the  latter  recipient. 

The  Rio  Blanco,  the  northwestern  branch  i  ie 
Alvarado,  rises  at  the  base  of  the  enormous  i 
canic  summit  of  Orizaba,  the  Citlaltepetl  ctfr 
Aztecas.  It  is,  I  believe,  from  the  Rio  Bit 
that  the  immense  quantities  of  pumice  stone,  I 
tered  along  the  shores  of  the  Mexican  gulf,  »e 
floated.  I  have  seen  this  substance  in  great :  ft- 
dance  upon  the  coasts  of  Louisiana  and  Texaiif 
From  the  Alvarado  to  the  bay  of  Tampico,  ft 
distance  of  300  miles,  not  one  deep  indenti  of 
the  coast,  except  Tamiagua,  exists.    The  cfl 


harbor  or  fresh  water.  The  coast,  indeed,  en^ 
round  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  with  very  partis  ■ 
ceptions,  is  low,  sandy,  or  marshy,  and  in  ^wt 
places  very  unhealthy  in  summer  and  aulumr 
The  mouth  of  the  Tampico  bay  is  at  N.  i 
20  W.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2115.  The  Tampico  re.jj 
the  united  waters  of  the  Rio  Altamira  from  ti  n- 
tendancy  of  San  Louis  Potosi  and  the  Tu  flT 
Moctezuema,  from  the  valley  of  Tenochtitl;  in 


mountains,  out  of  the  intervening  valley  of  wl:*» 
flows.  Tins  valley,  known  by  its  Aztec  nard 
Tenochtitlan,  comprises  about  1,700  square  es, 
of  which  one-tenth  part  is  covered  by  lakes  In 
its  natural  state,  only  one  narrow  brook,  bei1** 
very  high  and  precipitous  banks,  issued  fron  h's 
extraordinary  valley,  and  carried  its  waters  in  be 
Tula. 

There  are,  beside  some  smaller,  five  prii  w 
lakes — Zumpango,  San  Christobal,  Chalco,^- 


V 


MEX  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEX 


'  e  higher  lakes  are  composed  of  fresh  water, 
k  he  lowest,  that  of  Tezcuco,  is  salt.  Their 
i  utions  and  extent,  as  given  hy  Humboldt,  by 
u  they  were  surveyed,  are  Xochimilco  and 
i]  -o,  50  sq.  ms.,  the  lake  of  Tezcuco  80  sq. 
s  San  Christobal  28,  and  Zumpango  10  sq.  ms. 
r.iese  lakes  are  supplied  by  a  few  small  rivers 

luumerable  torrents  poured  down  from  the 
i  5nl  mountain  slopes.    The  Tezcuco  receives 

ivera  of  Papolotla,  Tezcuco,  Teotihuacan, 
n 'epeyacac,  (Guadaloupe ;)  and  the  Zumpan- 
ro  supplied  by  the  streams  of  the  Pachuca  and 
iditlan  ;  the  latter  is  the  largest  river  of  the  Mex- 
ir, 'alley. 

Inay  be  noted  as  a  curious  fact  that  the  two 
•itii  of  the  great  river  system  of  the  Atlantic,  in 
Vo(i  America,  which  occupy  the  extremes  of  eleva- 
ip-New  Orleans  and  Mexico — are  both  sub- 

;i>  partial  inundation,  and  both  stand  indebted 
i)  aficial  defence  for  preservation  against  the  en- 

onments  of  water.  Mexico  stands  7,468  feet 
i.io1  New  Orleans,  and  is,  nevertheless,  of  the 
gpities,  most  liable  to  submersion. 

I  ordinary  seasons  the  quantity  of  rain  which 

II  t  Mexico,  according  to  Humboldt,  is  nearly 
U  in  perpendicular  depth.    This  enormous 

aiof  fluid  falls  also  in  a  short  period  of  time, 
Mefore  any  other  outlet  existed,  except  the  in- 
itiate channel  of  the  brook  (aroyo)  Tequis- 
the  lower  part  of  this  elevated  basin  was 
mhto  complete  submersion. 

flje  Aztec  annals  have  noticed  many  instances 
•  ose  destructive  inundations,  and  some  remains 
olkre  shown  of  very  extensive  works  erected 
ur.j  the  existence  of  the  Aztec  monarchy,  to 
»Hr|e  their  effects.  One  of  the  Aztec  kings, 
Ihjzotl,  lost  his  life  in  attempting  to  escape 
ion  flood  of  water  he  had  himself  contributed 
a  igment  by  some  injudicious  embankments 
ihftjn  up  to  prevent  such  a  catastrophe. 

1  side  many  of  lesser  magnitude,  the  Spanish 
■  'Blians  mention  5  ruinous  floods,  which  inter- 
mv  in  a  little  more  than  a  century  after  the  con- 
jue,of  Mexico  by  Cortes.  The  first  in  1583, 
Jfit  the  viceroyalty  of  Don  Louis  de  Velasco  the 
Mi  the  second  in  1580,  during  the  viceroyalty 
iFi  f»n  Martin  Enrequez  de  Alamanza;  the  third 
*pp04,  under  the  viceroy  Montesclaros ;  the 
in  1607,  under  the  viceroy  Don  Louis  Ve- 

■  the  second;  and,  fifthly,  in  1629,  whilst  the 

mis  de  Ceralvo  was  viceroy. 

'•e  peculiar  structure  of  the  valley,  and  such 
titling  accidents  aroused  the  attention  of  the 
Ipards,  and,  as  early  as  1580,  galleries  or  canals 
nfwcuation  were  suggested,  in  order  to  carry  the 
►nr  is  floods  through  the  gorges  of  the  moun- 
ts near  Nochistongo  into  the  Tula;  but  no  ac- 
tunjperation  <>f  that  kind  was  effected  until  1607, 
<-'b«  the  viceroy,  the  Marquis  Salinas,  employed 
je  engineer,  Enrico  Martinez,  supposed  to  be 

tchman,  to  make,  in  conjunction  with  some 

1  mathematicians,  an  exact  survey  of  the  val- 
1  y-  This  survey  led  to  the  commencement  of 
totuly  stupendous  hydraulic  work,  the  Desugae 
i)  of  Huehuetoca. 

lje  all  great  national  undertakings,  the  ad- 
v*i  of  t  ie  Desague  was  slow  and  interrupted. 
«  is  commenced  on  the  28th  of  November, 
1<K  by  the  hand  of  the  viceroy,  in  the  presence 


of  the  Audiencia.  It  was  in  the  first  instance  only 
a  deep  gallery,  upwards  of  4  ms.  in  length,  nearly 
14  feet  in  depth,  and  ll£  feet  wide.  The  water 
first  entered  it  on  ihe  l?th  of  September,  1608,  in 
less  than  10  months  from  the  original  undertaking. 
Could  we  abstract  our  minds  from  the  melancholy 
fact  that  this  stupendous  execution  was  effected 
by  the  forced  labor  of  the  Indians,  we  must  ad- 
mire a  work  which,  even  now  in  the  most  popu- 
lous nations,  could  not  be  considered  other  than 
extraordinary.  Our  admiration  is  enhanced  also 
by  the  additional  labor  performed  in  the  same  time 
to  carry  the  waters  from  the  northern  opening  of 
the  Desague  to  the  Rio  Tula.  A  dike,  upwards 
of  5  ms.  in  length,  was  cut  to  effect  the  latter  ob- 
ject, and  led  the  superabundant  waters  of  the  val- 
ley of  Tenochtitlan  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

A  regular  and  detailed  history  of  this  singular 
work  is  given  by  Humboldt,  in  his  description  of 
the  Intendancy  of  Mexico,  and  forms  one  of  the 
most  instructive  parts  of  his  Political  Essay  on 
New  Spain.  From  this  account  we  find  that  the 
Desague,  though  still  unfinished,  has  eventuated 
in  an  enormous  open  cut  (tajo  abierto)  through  the 
mountains.  4 4  The  Desague,"  says  Humboldt,  44  in 
its  actual  state,  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most 
gigantic  hydraulic  operations  ever  executed  by 
man  (from  262  to  328  feet  wide,  and  from  161  to 
196  feet  deep.)  We  look  upon  it  with  a  species  of 
admiration,  particularly  when  we  consider  the  na- 
ture of  the  ground,  and  the  enormous  length, 
breadth,  and  depth  of  the  aperture.  If  this  cut 
was  filled  water  10  metres,  (32.8  English  feet,) 
the  largest  vessels  of  war  could  pass  through  the 
range  of  mountains  which  bound  the  plain  of 
Mexico  to  the  NE." 

From  its  commencement  within  the  valley  to  its 
discharge,  (salto,)  the  Desague  is  67,535  feet 
(12,8  ms.)  in  length,  and  in  one  point  196 
feet  deep,  with  a  mean  width  at  the  top  of  about 
320  feet.  The  head  of  the  Desague,  in  the  chan- 
nel of  the  Rio  Guatitlan,  is  lOf  varas,  or  29^  feet 
above,  and  below  the  Salto  del  Rio,  or  discharge, 
it  is  107^  varas,  or  295  feet  below  the  level  of  the 
|  lake  of  Tezcuco,  having  an  entire  fall  of  324  \ 
j  feet.  The  expense,  at  various  periods,  nearly 
$6,000,000.  Those  who  wish  information  more 
in  detail  than  is  in  my  power  to  give  in  this  place 
upon  the  topography  of  this  remarkable  region, 
will  do  well  to  read  the  third  book  of  the  Political 
Essay.  The  reading  of  this  valuable  document 
will  explain  the  cause  of  the  unnavigable  nature 
of  the  Mexican  rivers. 

The  Altamira,  or  northern  branch  of  the  river 
of  Tampico,  rises  on  the  arid  elevated  plains  of 
Zacatecas  and  of  San  Louis  Potosi  more  than  2° 
oflat.  N.  of  the  valley  of  Tenochtitlan.  Near  the 
sources  of  the  latter  river  commences  the  N.  Ameri- 
can desert. — See  Coahuila  y  Texas  Xacatecas. 

At  the  bar  of  Tamigua,  50  or  60  ms.  SE.  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Tampico  river,  commences  a 
range  of  long  sandy  islands,  which  extend  parallel 
to  the  continent  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Trini- 
ty. The  general  range  of  the  coast  from  the 
Guasacuidco  to  the  Tampico,  distant  from  each 
other  upwards  of  400  ms.,  is  from  SE.  to  NW.  ; 
but  at  the  latter  place  turns  to  nearly  N.,  and 
maintained  that  direction  through  nearly  7°  of 
lat.,  or  between  400  and  500  ms. 

551 


M  EX  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MEX 


Having  the  parched  surface  of  Zacatecas  in  the 
rear,  the  space  of  250  ms.  from  the  Tampico  to 
Rio  Grande,   affords  no  rivers  of  any  panicular 


consequence. 


St.  Ander  and  San  Fernando  are 


two  mountain  streams,  which  rise  in  Zacatecas  and 
New  Biscay,  and  flowing  eastward  carry  compara- 
tively little  water  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
different  structure  of  the  two  countries  may  be  con- 
ceived from  the  fact  that  those  two  rivers  have 
as  ereat  a  length  of  course  as  have  most  of  those 
of  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  U.  S.,  and  yet  the 
former  hardly  can  be  said  to  have  mouths. 

At  N.  lat.  25  55,  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  20  30,  the 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
This  is  the  first  great  river  flowing  from  the  Mex- 
ican interior  provinces  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  Rio  Grande,  according  to  most  of  our  maps 
of  that  part  of  America,  rises  at  N.  lat.  41  30, 
Ion.  34°  W.  from  W.  C. ;  its  mouth,  as  deter- 
mined by  Humboldt,  is  at  N.  lat  25  55,  W.  Ion. 
of  Paris  99  51  ;  it  flows  through  more  than  15°  of 
lat.  and  13  30  of  Ion.,  having  a  comparative  course 
of  upwanls  of  1,400  ms.,  with  a  general  course 
of  nearly  SE. 

The  extent  of  surface  drained  by  this  river, 
or  the  quantity  of  water  it  yields  at  its  mouth, 
bears  very  inadequate  proportion  to  its  great  length, 
which,  on  a  comparative  scale,  would  be  only  ex- 
ceeded in  N.  America  by  the  Missouri  and  Lower 
Mississippi,  united  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  Siskas 
hawin,  and  Unjiga ;  it  exceeds  the  length  of  both 
the  Colorado  and  C  lumbia,  though  it  is  probable 
that  either  of  the  two  latter  streams  carries  to  its 
respective  recipient  more  than  ten  times  the  mass 
of  water  discharged  by  tne  Rio  Grande.  From  its 
source,  N.  lat.  41  30,  to  the  mouth  of  its  first 
con>iderable  branch,  the  Rio  Conchos,  from  New 
Biscay,  N.  lat.  30  20,  orabove  10°  of  lat.,  it  flows 
in  a  very  narrow  valley,  not  averaging  100  ms. 
w  de.  Below  the  mouth  of  the  Conchos  the  river 
gradually  turns  to  theE.  and  NE.  ;  here  the  basin 
is  the  widest,  being  from  NE.  to  S W.  above  400 
ms.  Within  this  sweep  the  largest  tributary  of 
the  Rio  Grande,  the  Rio  Puerco,  eniers  from  the 
N.,  and  some  distance  below  its  junction,  the  main 
stream  again  resumes  its  SE.  cour>e,  which  it  pur- 
sues to  its  final  discharge  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  Uio  Grande  drains  an  area  of  about  150,000 
sq  ms. 

As  we  are  now  approaching  the  U  S.,  and  as 
the  phenomena  of  the  climate  of  the  regions  wa- 
tered by  the  Rio  Grande,  are  necessary  elements  to  j 
determine  many  problems,  in  the  meteorological  j 
analysis  of  the  seasons  of  the  former,  I  here  beg 
leave  to  quote  the  observations  of  Humboldt  upon 
this  river  and  the  country  it  drains. 

"  It  is  sufficiently  remarkable,"  says  that  author, 
"to  see  that,  after  the  lapse  of  two  centuries  of 
colonization,  the  province  of  N.  Mexico  does  not 
yet  join  the  intendancy  of  New  Biscay.  The  two 
provinces  are  separated  by  a  desert.  This  desert 
extends  from  the  Passo  del  Norte  towards  the  town 
of  Alnuquetque,  N.  lat.  35  40.  Before  1680,  in 
which  year  there  was  a  general  revolt  among  the 
Indians  of  New  Mexico,  this  extent  of  uncultiva- 
ted and  uninhabited  country  was  much  less  con- 
siderable than  it  is  now.  There  were  then  three 
villages,  San  Pascual,  Semillette,  and  Socorro, 
which  were  situated  between  the  marsh  of  Mu- 
552 


erto  and  the  town  of  Santa  Fe.  Bishop  Tan  n 
perceived  their  ruins  in  1760,  and  he  found  j. 
cots  growing  wild  in  the  fields — an  indication!  le 
former  cultivation  of  the  country. 

"The  desert  of  the  Muerto  is  a  plain  30  le;  !8 
(near  90  ms.)  in  length,  destitute  of  water.  ie 
whole  of  this  country  is,  in  general,  of  an  alar  ,g 
degree  of  aridity,  for  the  mountains  de  los  Ma  I 
situated  to  the  E.  of  the  road  from  Durango  to !  t» 
Fe,  do  not  give  rise  to  a  single  brook.  Not  I 
standing  the  mildness  of  the  climate  and  the  ). 
gress  of  industry,  a  great  part  of  this  counti  u 
well  as  Old  California,  and  several  districts  of  w 
Biscay,  and  of  the  intendancy  of  Guadala  i, 
will  never  admit  of  any  considerable  populatic 

"New  Mexico,  though  under  the  same  lat  it 
with  Syria  and  Central  Persia,  has  a  remari  j 
cold  climate.  It  freezes  therein  the  midd'eof  I 
Near  Santa  Fe,  and  a  little  further  N.,  uncle  ,e 
parallel  <  f  the  Morea,  the  Rio  del  Norte  is  g  * 
times  covered,  for  a  succession  of  several  j  j, 
with  ice  thick  enough  to  admit  the  passR 
horses  and  carriages.  We  are  ignorant  ot  i h<  »- 
vation  of  the  soil  of  the  province  of  New  Me:  • 
but  I  do  not  believe  that,  under  the  37°  of  ■ 
the  bed  of  the  river  is  more  than  700  or  SOC  )• 
tres  (2,296  or  2,624  feet)  of  elevation  abovue 
elevation  of  the  ocean.  The  mountains  «  fe 
bound  the  valley  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  and  even  ft 
at  the  foot  of  which  the  village  of  Taos  is  situ  1, 
lose  their  snow  towards  ihe  beginning  of  Juji  f 

"  The  great  river  of  the  North  rises  in  ih  ii 
erra  Verd,  which  is  the  point  of  separatio  * 
tween  the  streams  which  flow  into  the  Gi  jf 
Mexico  and  those  which  flow  into  the  South  i 
It  has  its  peiiodical  rises  like  the  Orinoco,  l  ie  j- 
sissippi,  and  a  great  number  of  rivers  of  both  I* 
tinents.  The  waters  of  the  Rio  del  Norte  beg  :o 
sweil  in  the  month  of  April;  they  are  at  ir 
height  in  the  beginning  of  May,  and  they  fa)* 
wards  the  end  of  June.  The  inhabitants  can  ly 
ford  the  river  on  horses  of  an  extra  rdmary  » 
during  the  drought  of  summer,  when  the  sir*  h 
of  the  current  is  greatly  diminished. 

"The  water  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  like  tfc4< 
the  Orinoco  and  all  the  great  rivers  of  South  A  r- 
ica,  is  extremely  muddy.  In  New  Biscay  I 
consider  a  small  river  called  Rio  Puerco,  the  rr  h 
of  which  lies  S.  from  the  town  of  Albuque  t, 
near  Valentia,  as  the  cause  of  this  phenumt  i; 
but  M.  Tamaron  observed  that  its  waters  re 
muddy  far  above  Santa  Fe  and  the  town  of  r.  s- 
The  inhabitants  of  the  Passo  del  Norte  have  e- 
served  the  recollection  of  a  very  extraord  7 
event  which  took  place  in  1752.  The  whol'jd 
of  the  river  became  dry  all  of  a  sudden  for  w 
than  30  leagues  above  and  20  below  the  P  >; 
and  the  water  of  the  river  precipitated  itself  i  * 
newly  formed  chasm,  and  only  made  it*  reap  n 
ance  near  the  Presidio  de  San  Eleazario.  Thi  s* 
of  the  Rio  del  Norte  remained  for  a  considerable  i«. 
The  fine  plains  which  surround  the  Passo,  id 
which  are  intersected  with  small  canals  of  irrigf  n, 
remained  without  water,  and  the  inhabitants  J? 
wells  in  the  sand,  with  which  the  bed  ot  the  er 
wa- filled.  At  length,  after  the  lapse  of  se  al 
weeks,  the  water  resumed  its  ancient  course  to 
doubt  because  the  chasm  and  subterraneous  n- 
ductors  were  filled  up. 


MEX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEX 


ie  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  is  the  true  American 
\  ,  and,  except  flowing  in  an  opposite  direc- 
h  the  two  rivers  have  very  strong  traits  of  re- 
el ilance. 

the  angle  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  Red 
nv,  rises  a  series  of  streams  flowing  into  the 

,i  of  Mexico.  The  first  of  these,  from  the  Rio 
(Mde,  is  the  Rio  Neuces  or  Walnut  river,  rising 

I  e  plains  of  Texas  at  N.  lat.  31°,  W.  Ion.  W. 

:.  3  30,  flowing  parallel  to  the  Rio  Grande  250 
Jit  falls  into  the  Laguna  Madre  N.  lat.  27  20 
«  Ion.'  W.  C.  21,°  draining  about  15,000 

lie  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  NE.  from 
thjlio  Grande,  is  as  remarkable  for  the  abun- 
Mfe  as  is   that  S.  from  that  stream  for  the  ! 
actity  of  its  rivers.    The  Neuces  is  followed  by  | 
[United  streams  of  the  St.  Marco  and  Guadaloupe. 

r.  probable  from  the  phenomena  of  the  rivers  i 
ill  ese  regions  that  the  substrata  are  calcareous,  j 

,  in  umstance,  quoted  from  Humboldt,  of  the  ; 
Httng  of  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande,  almost  j 

j|  induces  the  supposition  of  a  calcareous  base,  j 
JjijSt.  Marks  (San  Marco)  rises  in  the  mountains 

I  .  Saba,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  j 

c  sively  large  fountains — another  almost  uner- 
ii0.mark  of  a  calcareous  formation.  It  may  seem 
inedible,  but  it  is  nevertheless  true,  that  few 
pa  of  this  continent  are  more  imperfectly  known 
.aathe  angle  between  Rio  Grande  and  Red  river, 
Wind  NW.  from  the  Sabine.  The  names  of 
tjMvcrs,  as  they  follow  in  succession,  were  com- 
■jcated  to  me  by  a  number  of  persons  who  had 
grilled  the  country,  and  particularly  by  Mr.  Da- 
Htyrt,  who  resided  many  years  at  Nacogdoches, 
i|Jiy  a  French  gentleman  of  the  name  of  La- 
in, who  also  resided  a  considerable  time  in 
Iks.  Neither  the  shores  nor  interior  have  ever 
•et  surveyed,  or  even  visited,  by  any  scientific 
L»ller.  The  sources  and  courses  of  the  river 
Htsry  imperfectly  known  ;  their  mere  relative 
ms  were  all  I  could  procure  beyond  the  extent 
>f  |y  own  sphere  of  observation,  which  was  lim- 
u«i>y  the  waters  of  the  Sabine,  which  I  inter- 
w  at  N.  lat.  32°,  and  surveyed  from  thence  to 
tsouth. — See  art.  Texas. 

•is  well  known,  however,  that  the  rivers  from 
'tit  io  Grande  to  Missouri,  inclusive,  have  gained, 
the  configuration  of  the  intermediate  country, 

\v  singular  corresponding  curve.  These  curves 
siuo  a  map  of  the  rivers  of  Texas,  Arkansas, 

n  Missouri,  a  regularity  which  appears  artificial. 

I  rom  such  a  structure  that  the  Colorado  of  the 
Ggj  of  Mexico  presents  so  singular  an  aspect. 
wV  a  comparative  length  of  700  ms.,  the  basin 
if  at  river  does  not  exceed  60  ms.  in  mean  with. 

t  basins  of  most  rivers  make  more  or  less  ap- 

I  h  to  the  form  of  an  ellipse,  and  the  difference 

e'3en  the  greatest  breadth  seldom  amounts  to  so 
I  a  disproportion  as  three  to  one  ;  in  the  case 
>«  e  Colorado,  the  difference  is  double  the  ordi- 
**jt  scale  of  comparison. 

iat  river  rises  at  N.  lat.  34°  W.,  Ion.  W.  C. 

8  and,  flowing  southeast  by  east  500  ms., 
150  to  the  southeast,  and  about  a  similar 
iishce  to  the  S.,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 

t  .  lat.  29°,  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  19  40.  This 
•fryn  has  its  regular  spring  and  summer  inunda- 
'o  similar  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  about  the 
70* 


same  period.  The  parched  and  open  nature  of 
the  country  from  which  they  both  flow  causes  an 
excessive  depression  in  the  latter  end  of  summer 
and  in  autumn.  Indeed,  the  overwhelming  rains 
that  sometimes  deluge,  and  the  long  droughts 
which  occasionally  parch  the  interior  of  Texas,  and 
which  extend  their  effects  into  La.,  Ark.,  and  Mo., 
are  amongst  the  most  singular  phenomena  of 
physical  geography.  Whilst  I  was  in  La.,  there 
intervened  near  3  years,  I  believe,  1800,  1801, 
and  1802,  without  rain  at  St.  Antonio  de  Behar, 
and  over  an  immense  extent  of  the  interior  regions. 
During  the  2  first  years  of  that  series,  the  Mis- 
sisippi  did  not  overflow  its  banks. 

The  basin  of  the  Brassos  a  Dios  follows  that 
of  the  Colorado,  and  partakes  of  a  similar  struc- 
ture. The  sources  of  the  latter  are,  however,  in 
the  mountains  of  San  Saba,  upwards  of  300  ms. 
E.  of  those  of  the  former.  The  Brassos  rises  at 
N.  lat.  33°  W.,  Ion.  W.  C.  23°,  and,  flowing 
nearly  parallel  to  the  Colorado,  falls  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  after  a  comparative  course  of  400  ms., 
with  also  a  very  narrow  basin  of  less  than  50  ms. 
mean  width. 

The  Trinity  is  the  last  river  of  Texas  beyond 
the  Sabine.  These  two  streams  rise  in  the  same 
plain  S.  of  Red  river,  at  about  N.  lat.  32  30,  and 
both  flow  nearly  parallel  to  each  other,  with  a 
general  course  to  the  S.,  curving  to  the  eastward 
by  a  semi-elliptical  sweep ;  each  having  a  com- 
parative course  of  about  300  ms. 

We  may  turn  and  cast  a  cursory  retrospective 
glance  upon  the  rivers  of  Texas.  I  may  observe 
that  by  the  name  of  Texas  is  designated  all  the 
country  between  Louisiana  and  New  Mexico,  and 
between  the  boundary  of  the  U.  S.  and  the  Rio 
Grande  and  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Though  the  coast  of  Texas  is  amply  indented 
with  bays,  many  of  which  are  of  extent  and 
depth  to  admit  vessels  of  any  draught,  the  rivers 
are  extremely  shallow,  and,  except  during  floods, 
unnavigable.  No  large  falls,  or  even  cataracts, 
are  known  to  exist.  The  very  slight  tides  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  give  little  aid  to  the  commercial 
facilities  in  the  confluent  rivers. 

Similar  to  the  Atlantic  coast  SW.  from  New 
York,  that  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  every  where 
low,  and  either  sandy  or  marshy v  This  gives  a 
peculiar  character  to  the  rivers  of  both,  which 
distinguish  them  from  such  as  flow  from  a  rocky 
or  bold  shore.  Bars  of  sand  or  mud  interrupt  the 
navigation,  more  or  less,  of  all  the  rivers  of  the 
world,  but  in  a  high  degree  those  whose  egress  to 
their  recipients  is  made  through  shores  having 
but  little  declination  above  the  water  level. 

Mexico,  State  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico, 
bounded  by  the  Pacific  ocean  SW.,  by  Mechoa- 
can  NW.  and  W.,  by  Queretaro  N.,  and  by 
Puebla  de  los  Angelos  E.  ;  length  220  ms.,  mean 
width  130,  and  area  about  30,480  sq.  ms.  It  ex- 
tends from  lat.  16  34  to  20  15  N.  The  state  of 
Queretaro  has  been  recently  formed  out  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  late  intendancy  of  Mexico. — ■ 
See  Queretaro. 

More  than  two-thirds  of  the  former  intendancy 
of  Mexico  are  mountainous,  in  which  there  are 
immense  plains  elevated  from  6,560  to  7,550 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  From  Chalco, 
Queretaro,  are  almost  uninterrupted  plains  of  150 

553 


MEX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MEX 


ms.  in  length,  and  from  25  to  30  wide  ;  on  the  low 
Pacific  border  the  elimate  is  sultry  and  unhealthy. 
Near  the  gigantic  summits  of  Popocatapetl,  and  Iz- 
taccihuatl,  the  highest  peak  of  the  State  ot  Mexico, 
the  Nevado  de  Toluca  is  15,156  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  ocean.  The  particular  valley  of 
Mexico  or  Tenochtitlan,  surrounded  by  the  moun- 
tains of  Anahuac,  is  one  of  the  most  singular 
features  of  our  globe.  Its  form  is  oval ;  length 
about  55  ms„  and  breadth  38  ;  area  about  1,700 
sq.  ms  ,  of  which  one  tenth  is  covered  by  water. 
Its  circumference,  200  ms.  The  surrounding 
Cordillera,  or  porphy  ritical  rirn  has  a  mean  height 
of  9,840  feet.  In  this  extraordinary  vale  or  basin 
are  5  lakes,  near  one  of  which  the  city  of  Mexico 
is  situated.  See  articles  Mexico^  Republic  of  Que- 
refaro,  and  city  of  Mexico. 

From  the  outside  of  the  basin  the  water  flows 
in  every  direction  towards  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific oceans,  but  from  the  basin  itself,  only  one 
outlet  exists,  carrying  the  water  into  the  Tula  or 
Moctezuema  river.  And,  what  is  peculiarly  re- 
markable, this  outlet  is  in  a  great  degree  artificial. 
For  the  rivers  of  this  State,  and  for  those  of 
the  Mexican  empire  in  general,  which  enter  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  see  Mexico.  The  sources  of 
the  Rio  Grande  de  Santiago  rise  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  mountains  of  Anahuac,  and  cannot 
be  considered  a  stream  of  Mexico.  The  river  of 
Xacalulla  rises  near  Cuernavaca,  and  drains  the 
southwest  part  of  the  State.  It  is  a  region  which, 
though  exposed  to  excessive  annual  rains,  the 
rivers  are  few  in  number  and  comparatively 
small. 

In  a  region  of  such  difference  of  level  and  such 
excessive  difference  of  moisture,  the  seasons  must 
also  offer  almost  every  change  of  temperature. 
The  high  plains  of  Anahuac  are  as  remarkable 
for  the  purity  of  the  air  as  are  those  of  the  Pacific 
coast  for  their  insalubrity.  The  two  climates  are 
clearly  distinguished  by  the  inhabitants.  The 
cities  of  the  elevated  table  land  are  called  ciudades 
de  tierra  fria,  or  cities  of  the  cold  region,  whilst 
those  near  the  coast  are  designated  ciudades  de 
tierra  caliente,  or  cities  of  the  hot  region.  Its 
most  important  mines  are,  La  Veta  Biscaino  de 
Real  del  Monte,  Zimopan,  and  Tehulilotepec. 

The  cities  o(  the  State  of  Mexico  are  Mexico, 
Tezcuoo,  Cuyosecan,  Tacubaya,  Tucuba,  Cuer- 
navaca, Chilpanzinco,  Tasco,  Acapulco,  Zacatula, 
Lerma,  Toluca,  Pachuca,  &c. 

Mexico,  city  of,  capital  of  the  intendancy  of  the 
same  name,  and  of  the  whole  republic,  is  situated 
atlat.  19  26  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  22  5  W.,  on  or 
near  the  W.  shore  of  the  Lake  Tezcuco,  and 
in  the  central  part  of  the  valley  of  Tenochtitlan, 
and  also  nearly  mid-distance  between  Vera  Cruz 
and  Acapulco.  The  site  of  Mexico  is  elevated 
7,470  feet  above  the  ocean  level.  The  name  of 
this  city,  and  of  the  country,  is  a  subject  of  some 
doubtful  speculation.  There  is  good  reason  to  be- 
lieve the  name,  however,  to  be  derived  from  Mezi- 
tli,  or  Huitzilopochtli,  the  Mexican  god  of  war. 
The  valley  was  called  Tenochtitlan,  from  Te- 
nochques,  a  national  appellative  of  the  Aztecs. 
It  was  founded,  according  to  the  Aztec  histo- 
rians, in  1321,  precisely  two  centuries  before 
the  Spanish  conquest.  The  ancient  city  was 
divided  into  four  quarters,  Teopan  or  Xochimilco, 
554 


Atzacualco,  Moyotla,  and  Creepopan  ;  and  tl 
limits  are  preserved  in  St.  Paul,  St.  Seba  n 
St.  John,  and  St.  Mary.  The  present  p  [jj 
have  for  the  most  part  the  same  direction  wiiB 
old  ones,  running  from  N.  to  S.  and  from  t0 
W.  But  what  gives  the  new  city  a  peculiar 
distinctive  character  is,  that  it  is  situated  er  lly 
on  the  continent,  between  the  extremities  (|p 
two  Lakes  of  Tezcuco  and  Xochimilco,  au< |g 
it  only  receives  by  navigable  canals  the  fresh  M> 
of  the  Xochimilco.  The  ancient  city  was  {|S 
on  an  alluvial  plain,  or  rather  morass,"  whic  B 
been  by  the  mere  operations  of  nature  in  fiv<  U 
turies  raised  to  a  considerable  eh  vation,  ar  I 
shores  of  the  lakes  restricted.  The  surface  of  ■> 
Tezcuco  is  7,468  feet  above  the  level  of  theo» 
and  its  waters  are  salt.  Lake  Xorhimii  is 
higher,  and  composed  of  fresh  water.  Befoi  nd 
for  more  than  a  century  after  the  SpantsIiB 
quest,  no  city  of  the  world  was  so  subject,  um 
tractive  inundations  as  Mexico<  This  cam 
has  been  diminished  in  its  effects  and  occui  ce 
by  evaporation,  arising  from  the  destruction  W 
adjacent  forests,  and  more  efficaciously  by  the  'at 
drain  Desague.  See  Republic  of  Mexico.  Mm 
is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  finest  cities  ever  bu  ibt 
Europeans  in  either  hemisphere,"  says  Plum  It, 
with  the  exception  of  Petersburg,  Berlin,  ]fl 
delphia,  and  some  quarters  of  Westmi  H 
There  does  nor  exist  a  city  of  the  same  extent  \  ch 
can  be  compared  to  the  capital  of  New  Spa  or 
the  uniform  level  of  the  ground  on  which  it  sim 
for  the  regularity  and  breadth  of  the  streets  H 
the  extent  of  the  public  places.  The  architiH 
is  generally  of  a  very  pure  style,  and  there  an  en 
edifices  of  very  beautiful  structure.  TheesW 
of  the  houses  is  not  loaded  with  ornaments.  M 
sorts  of  hewn  stone,  (the  porous  amygdoloid,  '  W 
ed  tetzoutli,  and  especially  a  porphyry  of  vti'jfl 
feldspar,  without  quartz,  give  to  the  Me  an 
buildings  an  air  of  solidity,  and  sometimes  en 
magnificence.  There  are  none  of  those  w<m 
balconies  and  galleries  to  be  seen,  which  so  ch 
disfigure  all  other  cities  built  by  Europeans  ir  ift 
Indies.  The  balustrades  and  gates  are  all  of  «• 
cay  iron,  ornamented  with  bronze,  and  the  h,  es, 
instead  of  roofs,  have  terraces,  like  those  in  w 
and  other  southern  countries." 

The  edifice  destined  to  the  school  of  mine  for 
which  the  richest  individuals  of  the  countr  y 
nished  a  sum  of  more  than  3,000,000  of  fi'W 
($554,112,)  would  adorn  the  principal  plactf 
Paris  or  London.  Two  great  palaces  or  » 
have  been  constructed  by  Mexican  artists,  pu|  of 
the  academy  of  fine  arts  of  the  capital,  tm 
these  palaces  in  the  Quarter  della  Traspana  ( ib> 
its  in  the  interior  of  the  court  a  very  beautifu  val 
peristyle  of  coupled  columns.  The  traveller  tly 
admires  a  vast  circumference  paved  with  por  rf 
flags,  and  enclosed  with  an  iron  railing  rich  of* 
namented  with  bronze,  containing  an  equeian 
statue  of  King  Charles  IV,  placed  on  a  pede:  ol 
Mexican  marble,  in  the  midst  of  theplazoi/oi 
of  Mexico,  opposite  the  cathedral  and  the  ce- 
roy's  palace.  It  is  much  less,  however,  froitlw 
grandeur  and  beauty  of  the  monuments  thanom 
the  breadth  and  straightness  of  the  streets  nd 
much  less  from  its  edifices  than  from  its  un  rm 
regularity,  and  from  its  extent  and  position,  thW 


MEX 


(i EOuUA IMIICAL  DICTlONAIiV, 


MEX 


[of  Mexico  attracts  the  admiration  of  Europe- |  What  is  very  remarkable,  the  ancient  city  was 
,  "  From  a  singular  coincidence  of  circum-  i  supplied  in  the  same  manner,  and  by  aqueducts 
!;es,"says  Humboldt,  "I  have  seen  succes-  not  less  massive  or  lengthy  than  those  erected  by 
iy,  within  a  very  short  space  of  time,  Lima,  ■  the  Spaniards. 

<ico,  Philadelphia,  Washington,  Paris,  Rome,  j  In  its  actual  state,  Mexico  is  no  doubt  consider- 
les,  and  the  largest  cities  of  Germany.  By  j  ably  the  most  extensive  and  best  populated  city  of 
baring  together  impressions  which  follow  in  either  America.  Its  existing  population  is,  how- 
l  succession,  we  are  enabled  to  rectify  any  j  ever,  difficult  to  fix  with  any  precision,  but  must, 
I  on  which  we  may  have  too  easily  adopted,  (from  all  concurrent  testimony,  exceed  180,000. 
Withstanding  such  unavoidable  comparisons,  of  i  Mezico,  Gulf  of  inland  sea  of  N.  America, 
•h  several,  one  would  think,  must  have  proved  |  having  the  Mexican  provinces  SE.,  SW.,  and 
jlvantageous  for  the  capital  of  Mexico,  it  has  j  NW.,  the  U.  S.  N.  and  NE.,  and  Cuba  E.  It 
>i  me  a  recollection  of  grandeur  which  I  prin-  |  extends  from  lat.  18°  to  31  20  N.,  and  from  Ion. 
||y  attribute  to  the  majestic  character  of  its  sit-  W.  C  4°  to  21°  W.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Al- 
|n  and  to  the  surrounding  scenery.  varado  to  that  of  the  Appalachicola,  in  a  NE.  and 

Jn  fact,  nothing  can  present  a  more  rich  and  SW.  direction  upwards  of  1,000  ras.,  its  mean 
U  appearance  than  the  valley,  when,  in  a  fine  j  width  from  SE.  to  NW.  about  600  ms.,  superfi- 
her  morning,  the  sky  without  a  cloud,  and  of  j  cial  area  exceeding  600,000  sq.  ms.  The  Gulf  of 
lleep  azure  which  is  peculiar  to  the  dry  and  rae-  Mexico  is  connected  with  the  Caribbean  sea  by  the 
lilr  of  high  mountains,  we  transport  ourselves  to  |  channel  of  Cuba,  and  with  the  Atlantic  ocean  by 
|>p  of  one  of  the  towers  of  the  cathedral  of  Mex-  ;  the  Florida  stream.    The  current  generated  by  the 

trade  winds,  and  by  the  rotation  of  the  earth  on  its 
axis,  is  carried  into  the  Mexican  gulf  by  the  Cuba 
channel,  and  discharged  by  the  Florida  stream,  the 
gulf  being  an  immense  reservoir. 

Mexico,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me  Town,  Os- 
wego co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Mexico  bay  of  Lake  Ontario, 

15  ms.  E.  from  Oswego.  Town,  Mifflin  co., 

Pa  ;  on  the  left  side  of  the  W.  branch  of  Susque- 
hannah,  12  ms.  above  Millerstown,  and  15  below 
Lewistown. 


>r  ascend  the  hill  of  Chapoltepec.     A  beautiful 
alion  surrounds  this  hill.     Old  cypress  trunks 
lore  than  from  49  to  52  feet  in  circumference  | 
their  naked  heads  above  those  of  the  schinus,  j 
h  resemble  in  their  appearance  the  weeping  | 
ws  of  the  E.    From  the  centre  of  this  soli-  J 
the  summit  of  the  porphyritical  rock  of  Cha-  I 
pec,  the  eye  sweeps  over  a  vast  plain  of  care- 
cultivated  fields,  which  extend  to  the  very  I 
)f  the  colossal  mountains  covered  with  eternal  j 
.    The  city  appears  as  if  washed  ty  the  wa- 
if the  Lake  Tezcuco,  whose  basin,  surround  j 
ith  villages  and  hamlets,  brings  to  mind  the 
beautiful  lakes  of  the  mountains  of  Switzer- 

Large  avenues  of  elms  and  poplars  lead  in  | 
direction  to  the  capital;  and  two  aqueducts,  [ 
tucted  over  arches  of  very  great  elevation,  j 
the  plain,  and  exhibit  an  appearance  equally  : 
able  and  interesting.  The  magnificent  con- 1 
of  Nuestra  Signora  de  Gaudaloupe  appears  ' 
i  to  the  mountains  of  Tepeyacac,  among  ra-  j 
which  shelter  a  few  dates  and  young  Yucca  J 

Towards  the  S.  the  whole  tract  between  ! 


Meyenburg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 


marche  of  Pregnitz,  60  ms.  NNW.  of  Berlin. 

Meyenfeldt,  town  in  the  country  of  the  Grisous, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  in  a  plosant  country,  fertile 
in  excellent  wine,  15  ms.  NE,  of  Coire.  Lon.  0 
36  E.,  lat.  47  2  N. 

Mezieres,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  with 
a  citadel,  seated  on  the  Meuse,  12  ms.  NW.  of 
Sedan,  and  127  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  48  E., 
lat.  49  46  N. 

Mezen,  river  of  European  Russia,  rising  be- 
tween the  Vyezegda  and  the  Petchora,  and  flow- 
el,  Tacabaya,  and  San  Augustine  de  las  j  ing  parallel  to  the  Dwina  into  the  White  sea. 
appears  an  immense  garden  of  orange,  j  Mezin,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
apple,  cherry,  and  other  European  fruit  J  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late  province  of  Guienne, 
Fhis  beautiful  vegetation  forms  a  singular  |  seated  in  a  country  that  abounds  in  wheat,  with 
with  the  wild  appearance  of  the  naked  !  vines,  from  which  they  principally  make  brandy, 
ns  which  enclose  the  valley,  among  which  and  with  the  cork  tree,  which  they  sell  both  in  its 
us  volcanoes  of  La  Puebla,  Popocatepetl,   natural  state  and  in  corks.    It  is  9  ins.  NW.  of 

Condom. 

Mezurado-  — See  Montaerradv- 
Mezzovo- — See  Pindus. 

Mia,  or  Mijah,  large  town  of  Japan,  seated  on 
the  S.  coast  of  the  isle  of  Niphon,  with  a  fortified 
palace.    Lon.  135  40  E  ,  lat.  35  50  N. 

Miami,  river  of  Ohio,  rising  in  Hardin  co.,  in- 
terlocking with  the  head  waters  of  the  Scioto,  ft 
parates  the  valley  of  Tenochtitlan  from  j  runs  in  a  SW.  direction  above  100  ms.,  across  the 
erma  and  Toluca.    To  convey  this  wa-  j  western  borders  of  Logan,  and  through  Shelby, 
reat  aqueducts  have  been  constructed.   Miami,  Montgomery,  Butler,  and  Hamilton  cos., 
er  of  Chepoltepec  enters  the  city  at  the  into  the  Ohio  river,  exactly  in  the  SW.  corner  of 
I  Agua  by  an  aqueduct  of  10,826  feet,  and  the  State,  by  a  mouth  200  yards  wide.  Bordering 

upon  this  river  are  some  of  the  finest  arable  lands 
in  the  State ;  but  its  navigation  is  not  easy,  on 
account  of  the  rapidity  of  the  current;  it  is,  how- 
ever, navigated  to  a  limited  extent,  75  ms.,  and 

555 


accihuatl,  are  the  most  distinguished.  The  j 
these  forms  an  enormous  cone,  of  which  the 
;ontinually  inflamed  and  throwing  up  smoke 
les,  opens  in  the  midst  of  eternal  snow, 
police  of  Mexico  is  good,  the  streets  are 
lean,  and  well  lighted.  The  city  is  sup- 
ith  fresh  water  from  two  sources :  one  on 
tepee  hill,  and  the  other  near  the  mountain 


Santa  Fe  is  brought  along  Alameda,  and 
lates  near  La  Traspana,  at  the  bridge  de  la 
cala,  by  an  aqueduct  of  33,464  feet,  or  up- 
of  6i  ms.    The  latter  stream  is  most  pure. 


MIC  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


MIC 


some  of  its  waters  approach  so  near  those  of  the 
Auglaize,  a  southern  branch  of  the  Maumee,  that 
a  communication  is  effected  between  them  by  a 
portage  of  5  ms.  Its  mouth  is  in  N.  lat.  39  4, 
and  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  70  50. 

Miami  of  the  lake. — See  Maumee. 

Miami,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Shel- 
by, E.  by  the  cos.  of  Champaign  and  Clark,  S.  by 
Montgomery,  and  W.  by  Dark  co.  It  is  21  ms. 
in  extent  from  N.  to  S.,  by  20  from  E.  to  W.,  and 
contains  about  410  sq.  ms.  Troy,  the  county  seat, 
and  Piqua,  are  the  principal  towns.  The  principal 
waters  are  the  Miami  river,  which  runs  across  it 
from  N.  to  S.,  the  Southwest  branch,  and  Spring, 
Honey,  and  Lost  creeks.  Soil  fertile.  Staples, 
grain  and  flour.  Pop.  1840,  19,688.  Central  lat. 
40  5  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  10  W. 

Miami,  tp.,  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.  Village, 

Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  15  ms.  above  the  mouth  of 
Great  Miami  river,  and  16  W.  from  Cincinnati. 

 Tp.,  Champaign  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Green 

co.,  O.  NW.tp.,  Clermont  co.,  O.  West- 
ern tp.,  Logan  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Cooper  co., 

Missouri. 

Miamisberg,  village,  Montgomery  co  ,  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Miami  river,  about  8 
ms.  below  and  SSW.  of  Dayton.  In  1840  Miami 
tp.  contained  a  pop.  of  3,259. 

Miami  University,  Oxford  tp.,  Butler  county. 
Ohio. 

Michaels,  town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Madison 
co.,  Mo.,  on  Little  Black  river,  80  ms.  S  W.  from 
Cape  Girardeau. 

Michaels,  St.  For  words  under  this  head,  see 
St.  Michaels. 

Michael  de  Ibarra,  St.,  town  of  Peru,  in  the 
province  of  Quito,  60  ms.  NE.  of  Quito. 

Michael,  Gulf  of  St.,  that  part  of  the  Pacific 
ocean  which  lies  to  the  E.  of  Panama.  It  was  first 
discovered  by  the  Spaniards,  after  their  march 
across  the  isthmus  of  Darien. 

Michaelsville,  village  in  Hartford  co.,  Md. 

Michelonia,  country  of  Prussia,  which  is  part  of 
the  circle  of  Culm,  and  separated  from  the  other 
part  by  the  river  Dribents.  It  takes  its  name  from 
the  castle  of  Michelow. 

Michigan,  large  lake  of  North  America,  whose 
NE.  extremity  communicates  with  the  NW.  end 
of  Lake  Huron  by  the  strait  of  Michilimackinac. 
It  is  situated  wholly  within  the  limits  of  the  U.  S. 
It  is  about  340  ms.  in  length,  including  the  straits 
of  Michilimackinac.  Its  width  varies  from  20  to 
70  ms.  The  area  covered  by  this  lake  amounts  to 
about  15,000  sq.  ms.  Green  bay  is  connected 
with  it  to  the  NW.,  and  Lake  Huron  NE.  It 
is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  12  feet  water 
through  the  straits  of  Michilimackinac,  and  with- 
in the  body  of  the  lake  for  those  of  the  largest 
class. 

Michigan  State.  This  expanse  is  composed  of 
two  parts,  naturally  divided  or  separated.  The 
first  is  formed  by  the  peninsula  between  the  Lakes 
Erie,  Huron,  and  Michigan  ;  the  second,  from  the 
immense  former  N  W.  Territory,  between  the  river 
Mississippi,  N.  lat.  49°,  the  river  Rain,  the  Lakes 
Superior,  Huron,  Michigan,  and  the  northern  lim- 
its of  the  State  of  Illinois,  on  N.  lat.  42  30. 

The  second  part  is  merely  annexed  to  the  first 
for  temporary  purposes  of  civil  government. 
556 


The  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  bounded  on 

Lake  Michigan 
On  Lake  Huron  - 

River  St.  Clair,  Lake  St.  Clair,  Detroit 
river,  and  Lake  Erie,  to  the  N.  bounda- 
ry of  Ohio       -  -  -  - 

Along  the  N.  boundary  of  the  Ohio  to  the 
E.  boundary  of  Indiana 

Thence  due  N.  along  E.  boundary  of  In- 
diana to  the  NE.  angle  of  that  State  - 

Thence  due  W.  along  the  N.  boundary  of 
Indiana  to  Lake  Michigan 

Having  an  outline  of  I 


Area  34,000  sq.  ms.  =  21,760,000  acres. 

Extreme  south,  N.  lat.  41  35. 

Extreme  north,  N.  lat.  45  20. 

Its  greatest  length  is  from  N.  to  S.,  2f| 
its  mean  breadth  130  ms. 

That  part  of  the  State  of  Michigan  north 
ward  of  the  lake  of  the  same  name  is  boil 
NE.  by  Grand  bay,  Lake  Michigan,  and  thesS 
of  Michilimackinac,  S.  by  Menomonie  river,  ■ 
and  W.  by  Montreal  river,  N.  by  Lake  SupiK 
and  NE.  by  the  straits  of  St.  Mary.  Gr<l 
length  in  an  E.  and  W.  direction  330  ms.,  I 
the  straits  of  St.  Mary  to  the  Montreal  river  m 
mean  width  80  ms.,  and  area  26,400  sq.  ms. 


Peninsular  Michigan 
NW.  Michigan 


34,000  sq  g. 
26,400  1 


Total 


60,400  sq. 


Population  of  Michigan,  by  ages,  1 84( 


Whites.— Ages. 


Male 


0to5  - 

5  ui  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  • 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 

100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Free  colored  pere  >ns.— Ag 


OtolO  • 
10  to  24  - 
24  to  36  - 
36  to  55  • 
55  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  free  colored 


113,395 


Males,  i  FenlB 


 1 

93  | 
103  I 
119  I 
62  | 
16  | 


393 


MIC 


SUMMARY. 


■ky-hitea  -  -  -  211,560 

Ho  free  colored     ....  707 

Total  -  -  212,267 


\  h  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are— 

log  id  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age      -  -  7 

k>*  m  14  to  25  -  -  9 

lo»  pve  25    -  -  -  -  -  15 

;il  deaf  and  dumb  -  31 

kj»  nd  -25 


>lored  persons  in  the  foregoing  who  are— 
iid  dumb 


-in!  insane  at — 

Bi  charge            -           -           -  -  21 

■  charge  .....  5 
I  (.sons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in— 

m  -  40 

jjhure                ...  56,521 

Hrce  728 

Spctures  and  trades                      -  -  6.890 

Kjtion  on  the  ocean           -           -  '  24 

i,  lals,  lakes,  and  rivers      -           -  -  166 

id  professions      -.           •            -  -  904 

■hers  for  revolutionary  or  military  services    -  90 

JRsities  or  colleges            -           -  -  5 

rfidents  in            -           -           -  -  158 

laoaies  and  grammar  schools            -  •  12 

«  (dents  in           •           -           •  -  485 

my  and  common  schools                 -  -  975 

»  jiolars  in                      -           .  -  29,701 

ms  at  public  charge  -  -  -  <J98 
in  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 

Hrrite    ....  2,173 


Hon  of  Michigan,  by  comities,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Free  white  per- 
sons. 

Free  col. 
persons. 

Slaves. 

plies, 

Females. 

02 

Females. 

Females. 

Total. 

963 
601 
2,679 
3,0.2 
5,595 
3,040 
357 
855 
1,273 
2,296 
3,876 
1,362 
1,07a 
7,032 
3,972 
1,383 
2,249 
9,532 
3,991 

819 
477 
2,293 
2,688 
4,981 
2,662 
172 
753 
l,lu6 
1,963 
3,348 
1,135 
843 
6.072 
3,394 
1,202 
2,000 
8,324 
3,435 

1 

23 
5 

14 
4 
3 

4 
11 
1 
1 

16 

8 

8 
24 

16 

9 
1 

5 
5 

10 

6 

8 
9 

1,783 
1,078 
5,011 
5,715 

10,599 
5,710 
534 
1,614 
2  379 
4^68 
7,240 
2,498 
1,923 

13,130 
7,380 
2,587 
4,265 

17,839 
7,430 

561 
5,191 
5,188 
12,467 
162 
318 
494 
1,141 
2,560 
3,804 
1,033 
12,420 
12,^94 

361 
4,502 
4,679 
11,123 
46 
176 
393 
961 
2,030 
3,260 
871 
11,081 
11,004 

1 
10 

28 
32 

1 

1 

5 
3 
I 

41 

143 

13 
24 
1 

11 
1 

29 
132 

923 
9,716 
9,922 
23,646 
208 
496 
832 
2,103 
4,6U6 
7,058 
1,91G 
23.571 
24,173 

113,335 

98,165 

393 

314 

212,267 

1 1  State  of  Michigan  extends  from  the  southern 
the  peninsular  part,  N.  lat.  41  35,  to  Kewee- 
i  fint,  N.  lat.  47  35,  or  through  6°  of  lat.  In- 
I  g  the  breadth  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  length 


of  this  State  is  about  500  ms.,  from  the  city  of  De- 
troit to  the  mouth  of  Montreal  river. 

Of  this  immense  region  much  remains  unknown, 
and  of  those  parts  which  have  been  explored  our 
information  is  generally  imperfect.  The  peninsu- 
lar section,  though  much  more  correctly  delineat- 
ed on  our  maps  than  ihe  more  remote  and  more  in- 
accessible parts  of  the  NW.,  remains  still  extremely 
defective  in  its  representation.  It  may  seem 
strange,  but  it  is  nevertheless  a  fact,  that  I  was 
myself  the  first  to  publish  the  names  and  positions 
of  several  of  the  most  important  rivers  in  the  very 
environs  of  the  city  of  Detroit. 

In  general  description,  little  will  suffice  on  the 
whole  of  this  region.  It  is  less  variegated  than 
any  section  of  the  United  States  of  equal  extent 
The  surface  is  in  a  great  measure  Hat,  or  gently 
rolling  or  waving.  The  peninsula  contains  some 
prairie,  but  is  in  much  the  greater  part  covered 
with  a  dense  forest.  On  the  trans-peninsular  di- 
vision the  prairies  are  more  expansive,  and  the  for- 
ests, where  they  do  occur,  composed  of  more  hum- 
ble and  less  numerous  specific  material.  The  soil 
of  the  central  and  southern  part  of  the  peninsula 
is,  perhaps,  in  proportion  to  extent,  equal,  if  not 
superior,  to  any  equal  continuous  area  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  the  Stale  of  Illinois  excepted 

In  point  of  climate,  it  must  be  obvious  that  very 
sensible  extremes  must  be  felt  in  a  country  stretch- 
ing over  6^°  of  lat.  ;  but  these  extremes  are  very 
little  affected  in  Michigan  by  inequality  of  surface. 
On  some  maps,  mountains  are  drawn  near  the 
sources  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers,  where 
no  such  elevations  exist.  The  country  is  there 
hilly,  but  by  no  means  mountainous,  and  towards 
either  the  lakes  or  Mississippi  river  becomes  com- 
paratively level.  It  is  needless,  however,  to  am- 
plify on  objects  of  remote  importance,  and  concern- 
ing which  our  information  is  at  once  vague  and 
of  doubtful  authority;  we  will,  therefore,  confine 
our  observations  respecting  Michigan  more  partic- 
ularly to  the  part  contained  in  the  peninsula. 

I  may  merely  observe,  that  this  poiut  of  land 
generally  level  in  its  interior,  with  a  sloping  border 
towards  the  circumscribing  lakes  and  river.  Its 
superstructure  is  in  every  respect  analogous  to  the 
northern  parts  of  Ohio  and  Indiana.  A  prolonga- 
tion of  the  table  land  mentioned  in  my  general 
view  of  those  States  passes  through  Michigan,  and 
reaches  to  the  straits  of  Michilirnackinac.  This 
plain  vis  no  doubt  underlaid  with  the  same  sec- 
ondary base,  reaching  from  Ohio  river;  and  a  sim- 
ilar superstratum  is  found  in  Michigan,  which 
spreads  over  the  schist  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illi- 
nois. 

Almost  all  the  rivers  of  Michigan  are  piecipitated 
over  ledges  of  either  limestone  or  sandstone  rock,  a 
few  miles  before  joining  their  respective  recipients. 
Above  these  falls,  the  country  gradually  becomes 
flat  and  marshy  ;  below  it  is  dry,  sloping,  and  very 
productive.  In  one  respect,  the  features  of  Michi- 
igan  very  essentially  differ  from  those  of  Ohio  and 
Indiana.  In  the  two  latter  sections,  the  mouths  of 
the  confluents  of  Ohio  river,  surrounded  by  hills, 
whose  true  character  I  have  drawn  ;  whilst  in  the 
former  the  approach  to  the  discharge  of  its  streams 
is  made  down  a  very  gradual  and  but  lktle  broken 
plain.  In  one  instance,  the  original  inclined  plain 
was  gradually  cut  into  ravines  by  the  Ohio  and 

557 


MIC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


other  streams.  In  the  second  instance,  the  origi- 
nal plain  was  simply  refracted  by  the  formation  of 
a  sloping  border,  whose  inclination  was  greater 
than  the  interior  and  remaining  fragment  of  the 
primitive  level. 

It  has  been  seen  that  Lake  Michigan  was  only 
elevated  above  the  Atlantic  tides  about  600  feet. 
From  any  data  yet  procured,  no  part  of  the  penin- 
sula can  be  elevated  above  that  lake  200  feet,  or 
800  feet  above  the  ocean. 

The  straits  of  St.  Mary,  uniting  Lake  Huron 
with  Lake  Superior,  has  but  little  current,  except 
at  the  rapid  of  St.  Mary,  a  distance  of  two  or  three 
miles.  Fifty  feet  is  as  much  as  can  be  allowed  for 
all  the  depression  from  Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Hu- 
ron;  giving  to  the  former  an  elevation  above  the 
Atlantic  tides  of  650  feet. 

It  will  at  once  be  seen,  from  the  elements  given, 
that  a  Canadian  sea  is  a  species  of  valley,  reaching 
far  into  the  interior  of  the  continent,  with  an  ele- 
vation, at  its  utmost  extremity,  not  so  great  by  150 
feet  as  the  ground  on  which  stands  the  city  of 
Pittsburg. 

I  mention  these  facts  in  this  place,  as  they  pre- 
sent in  a  striking  manner  the  peculiar  structure  of 
the  widely-extended  connexion  between  the  two 
great  basins  of  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence,  and 
in  order  to  introduce  some  brief  observations  on  a 
phenomenon  which  has  excited  considerable  sur- 
prise and  observation.     It  has  been  found,  that  in 
receding  from  the  central  parts  of  New  York,  and 
even  Pennsylvania,  that  though  advancing  into  a 
higher  latitude,  when  proceeding  to  the  margins  of 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  that  the  seasons  became 
more  mild.    The  quantum  of  the  change,  as  in  all 
similar  cases,  has  been,  no  doubt,  very  much  ex- 
aggerated ;  but  that  such  an  effect  is  actually  percept- 
ible admits  of  no  serious  doubt.   The  cause  remains 
to  be  explained.     We  have  already  repeatedly  ad- 
verted to  the  elevated  region  which  protrudes  from 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania  into  Ohio,  and  which 
gradually  depresses,  advancing  SW.,  until  it  final-  j 
ly  subsides  into  a  level  table  land,  in  the  N  W.  part  j 
of  Ohio  and  NE.  part  of  Indiana.    In  the  region  j 
skirting  the  southeastern  side  of  Lake  Erie,  we 
have  found  the  summit  level  of  the  ridge  in  ques  | 
lion  about  1,200  feet  in  height,  whilst  that  of  Lake  ; 
Erie  was  not  half  so  much. 

Pittsburg  is  upwards  of  200  feet  above  Detroit,  j 
and  about  on  a  level  with  the  table  land  of  Michi-  ! 
gan.  It  ought  not,  therefore,  to  excite  surprise,  i 
that  places  elevated  from  500  to  800  feet  above  ' 
others  should  be  more  exposed  to  the  action  of  I 
frost. 

The  peach  tree  flourishes  on  the  S.  shore  of  On-  j 
tario,  whilst  it  languishes  a  degree  of  latitude  more 
southwardly,  for  the  very  reasons  1  have  assigned. 

In  1818  (in  September)  I  travelled  from  Buffalo 
to  Albany,  and  found  indications  of  approaching 
winter,  in  proportion  to  my  recession  from  the 
level  shores  of  Erie,  and  entrance  on  the  hilly  and 
broken  tracts  contained  in  Seneca,  Cayuga,  Onon- 
daga, Cortland,  Madison,  Chenango,  Otsego, 
Schoharie,  and  Green  couniies.  In  my  previous 
route  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit,  the  contrary  aspect 
was  very  visible,  though  at  a  less  advanced  season. 
The  time  of  harvest  is  more  than  a  week  earlier  at 
Detroit  than  at  Buffalo,  though  the  difference  of 
latitude  is  only  about  30'.  In  the  central  and  ele- 
558 


|  vated  parts  of  New  York,  due  E.  from  D:  j( 
the  seasons  differ  in  length  near  a  month-  ^ 
[  as  has  been  supposed,  from  relative.  E.  an  f 
!  position,  but  from  relative  height  and  proxin,  to 
water. 

It  may  not  be  irrelevant  to  observe  that  c  m 
j  remote  and  doubtful  ought  never  to  .be  resort  0 
i  when  those  near  and  obvious  will  satisfactori  m 
count  for  the  phenomena  under  examination  I 
effects  of  the  trade  wiuds  have  been,  byVl 
!  and  some  others,  stated  to  exist  far  I'eyond  » 
|  possible  actual  sphere  of  influence.    It  den  I 
[  but  a  very  limited  knowledge  of  the  physics  8 
chemical  properties  of  air,  to  enable  the  roil 
|  conceive  that,  every  thing  else  equal,  the  Id 
j  mass  of  atmospheric  air  in  the  higher  parts  1 1 
Mississippi  basin  was  more  liable,  from  its  at)  I 
weight,  to  extend  its  effects  towards  the  lowcijjj 
of  the  basin,  than  for  the  heated  and  buoyant ■ 
at  that  lower  pari  to  not  only  resist,  but  ac  I 
force  a  heavier  body  to  recede  to  the  Light  I 
superior  section. 

The  progressive  population  of  this  fine  an<fl 
urally  favored  country  has  been,  from  vtfl 
causes,  extremely  slow,  but  is  now,  sincfl 
completion  of  the  N.  Y.  canal,  rapidly  increifl 
It  is  within  the  range  of  reasonable  anticip  n, 
that  the  completion  of  the  N.  Y.  western  m 
will  produce  a  flood  of  emigration  to  Michigan 
to  the  N  W.  part  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  It  is  1 1 
within  the  powers  of  imagination  to  conofl 
place  better  adapted  for  inland  commerce  flfl 
the  city  of  Detroit,  nor  a  finer  counrry  for  nl 
purposes  of  agriculture  suitable  to  its  climakfl 
iG  the  peninsula  of  Michigan.  This  para  ■ 
was  written,  in  1818,  and  retained  in  order  to  I 
pare  the  anticipation  with  the  results  since jB 
duced. 

Progressive  population  of  Michigan. 


186 


31  4 


1810 

-  4,702 

1820 

8,896 

1830 

-  28,004 

1834 

-  87,273 

1837 

-  175,000 

1840 

-  212,267 

11  1  1)0 


-  H 


From  these  data 


find 


that,  in  30  yeai 
every  100  at  the  beginning  of  the  period, 
were  4,457  at  its  termination. 

Detroit  stands  at  hit.  42  25  N.,  and  Ion 
C.  5  50  W.    The  site  is  a  gently  sloping 
rising  30  or  40  feet  into  the  centre  of  the 
and  thence  spreading  into  an  extensive  plain 
rear.    The  town  is  yet  small,  but  has  an 
and  prosperous  aspect.    It  contained  in 
1,422  inhabitants;  and  in  1840,  9,102. 

Michi  lintuckinac,  straits  and  island  of,  bet 
Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron.  The  straits  e 
about  40  ms.  in  length,  but  with  verj  un 
breadth.  A  gentle  current  sets  through  it 
Michigan  into  Huron,  which,  at  the  narrow? 
the  island,  where  the  strait  is  restricted  to 
4  ms.  width,  is  most  sensibly  felt.    The  iali 


MID 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MID 


»o»7  ms.  in  circumference. — See  Michilimacki- 

iihilimackiiwc,  co.,  State  of  Michigan,  em- 

■  g  the  foregoing  island  and  adjacent  shores, 
lltiirincipal  settlement  is  on  the  island,  which 
«ins  a  court-house,  jail,  anil  ahout  100  houses, 
fisland  rises  to  some  considerable  height  in 
jrjplaces,  one  of  which  hills  is  elevated  300 
Jnove  the  level  of  the  lake  The  name  of  this 
■lis  said  to  he  derived  from  Michi  Mackinaw, 
•Rat  Turtle,  from  its  form.  The  town  is,  du- 
r^ummer,  a  place  of  very  considerable  resort, 
fa  complete  thoroughfare  between  the  lower 
id  igher  parts  of  the  Canadian  sen.    It  has  a 

r  custom  house,  and  is  a  port  of  entry. 
fiili/nackinac,    village  and  seat  of  justice, 
imackinac  co.,  Mich.,  is  situated  on  Mich- 
inac  island. 

hipicoten,  river  of  U.  C,  falls  into  a  bay  of 
mme  name,  in  the  NE.  part  of  Lake  Supe- 
A  From  the  head  of  this  river  short  portages 
«i)  the  navigable  waters  of  Severn  and  Moose 
of  James  bay 

dleborougli,  lp.,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass.,  sit 
I  nat  the  head  of  Buzzard's  bay,  in  the  lat.  of 
IK  and  Ion.  of  70  40  W.,  at  the  distance  of  16 

|E.  of  New  Bedford,  and  40  S.  of  Boston. 

quantities  of  nails  ate  made  here.  Smith 

tade  from  ore  found  in  the  tp.     Pop.  1820,  i 

^dleborougli  Four  Corners,  post  office,  Ply- 
co.,  Mags.,  45  ms.  SSE.  from  Boston. 
tfdlebrook,  village,  Augusta  co.,  Va.,  10  ms. 

roni  Staunton.  Post  office,  Montgomery 

■Id.,  on  Seneca  creek,  35  ms.  NW.  from 
I 

\ldleburg,  strong  city  of  Holland,  capital  of 
:d  and  of  Walcheren  and  of  all  Zealand.  The 
«s,  streets,  and  public  buildings,  are  magnifi- 
;nt particularly  the  town  house,  (formerly  a  cel- 
mU  abbey,)  which  is  decorated  with  the  stat- 
<.'t  the  ancient  counts  and  countesses  of  Hoi 
uMi  The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  30,000. 
'harbor  is  commodious,  and  has  a  communi- 
ng with  Flushing  by  a  canal  which  will  bear 
Ingest  vessels.  It  is  30  ms.  NNW.  of  Ghent, 
mh  SW.  of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  3  37  E.,  lat. 

4SB  N.  Town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Neth- 

tkjs,  in  Flanders,  5  ms.  SE.  of  Sluys.  

"ft,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,   10  ms.  S.  from 

•fearie.  Post  office,  Union  co.,  Pa.,  61  ms. 

Hr.  from  Harrisburg.  Village,  Frederick 

•fejld.,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Frederick.  Tp., 

■  toga  co.,  O.  Village,  Loudon  co.,  Va., 

«V  ose  creek,  12  ms.  SSW.  from  Leesburg,  and 
i*  W.  by  W.  from  Alexandria.  Village, 

■  n  co.,  Ky.  Town,  New  Haven  co  ,  Ct., 

•a^ranch  of  Naugatuck  river,  22  ms.  NW. 
'  tt^ew  Haven. 

ildleburu,  town  and   seat  of  justice,  Ad- 

■  co.,  Vt.,  33  ms.  NNW.  from  Rutland, 
•d  ')  SSE.  from  Burlington.  It  stands  on  the 
:,rhbank  of  Otter  creek,  near  the  falls,  13  ms. 

i***  Vergennes.  It  is  a  very  manufacturing 
>W  the  operations  of  which  are  facilitated  by  the 
*atopower  afforded  by  the  falls  of  Otter.  There 
we  'o  cotton  factories,  one  for  nails,  a  number 
»f  !nt  and  saw  mills,  and  a  machine  for  sawing 
°»),  a  fine  quarry  of  which  exists  in  the  village. 


It  is  cut  extensively  into  the  various  objects  to 
which  that  fine  stone  is  commonly  applied.  Be- 
side the  common  county  buildings,  this  town  con- 
tains an  academy,  two  printing  offices,  and  a 
number  of  places  of  public  worship.  This  account 
of  Middlebury  was  written  for  a  former  edition  of 
this  treatise,  and  no  doubt  falls  short  of  the  actual 
advance  of  the  place.  Middlebury  college  has 
been  incorporated  since  1800,  and,  though  en- 
tirely supported  by  private  bounty,  has  extensive 
and  elegant  buildings.  It  has  a  president,  5  pro- 
fessors, 2  tutors,  a  respectable  library  of  1,200  vol- 
umes, and  a  philosophical  apparatus.  Students 
about  100.    Pop.  of  the  village  in  1800,  2,138; 

in  1820,  about  2,500;  and  in  1840,  3,182.  

Middleburg,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J. — See  Mill- 
stone. 

Middlebury,  town,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  be- 
tween Allen's  and  Tonewanto  creeks,  12  ms.  S. 

from  Batavia.  Village,  Portage  co.,  O.,  187 

ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Middlebury  Village,  village  on  the  eastern 
boundary  of  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  and  on  Allen's 
creek,  15  ms.  SSE.  from  Batavia.  This  post  of- 
fice is  different  from  that  of  Middlebury,  in  the 
same  tp. 

Middle  field,  town,  Hampshire,  co..  Mass.,  25 
ms.   W.  from  Northampton.     Pop.  1820,  755. 

 Town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  between  Cherry 

Valley  and  Otsego  Lake.    Pop.  1820,  2,579.  

Village,  in  Batavia  tp.,  SE.  part  of  Geauga  co., 
O.,  about  15  ms.  SE.  of  Chardon,  the  co.  seat, 
and  30  ms.  NE.  of  Ravenna. 

Middle  Granville,  town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass., 
120  ms.  W.  from  Boston. 

Middle  Haddam,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Ct.,  on 
the  left  side  of  Connecticut  river.  10  ms.  SE.  from 
Middletown. 

Middleham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  N.  Yorkshire,  on 
the  Eure,  1 1  ms.  S,  by  W.  of  Richmond,  and 
255  NNW.  of  London. 

Middle  Island,  village,  Suffolk  co.,  Long  In- 
land, N.  Y.,  about  60  ms.  E.  from  the  city  of 
New  York. 

Middleport,  village,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y. 

Middlesex,  co.  of  Eng.,  22  ms.  long  and  17 
broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Hertfordshire,  E.  by 
Essex,  S.  by  Surry  and  Kent,  and  W.  by  Buck- 
inghamshire. It  contains  179,200  acres;  is  di- 
vided into  6  hundreds  and  98  parishes,  beside  those 
in  London  and  Westminster;  and  has  those  two 
cities  and  six  market  towns.  Besides  the  Thames, 
Lea,  and  Coin,  which  are  its  boundaries  to  the 
SE.  and  W.,  Middlesex  is  watered  by  several 
small  streams,  one  of  which,  called  the  New  river, 
is  artificially  brought  from  near  Hertford,  for  the 
purpose  of  supplying  London  with  water.  Pop. 
1801,  818,129  ;  in  1811,  953,276;  and  in  1821, 
1,144,531. 

Middlesex,  town,  Washington  co.,  Vt.,  6  ms. 
N.  from  Montpelier. 

Middlesex,  co.,  Mass.,  bounded  N.  by  Hillsbo- 
rough co.,  in  N.  H.,  NE.  by  Essex  co.,  in  Mass., 
SE.  by  Suffolk,  Norfolk,  and  Boston  harbor,  and 
SW.  and  W.  by  Worcester;  length  40,  mean 
width  20  ms.,  area  800  sq.  ms.  Surface  delight- 
fully variegated.  Soil,  though  varied  and  rather 
sterile  generally,  yields,  nevertheless,  grain,  pas- 
turage, and  orchard  fruits,  in  considerable  abun- 

559 


MID  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MID 


dance.  The  body  of  the  county  is  drained  by 
Concord  river ;  the  Nashua  passes  over  its  NW. 
and  Charles  river  over  its  SE.  angle.  Chief 
towns,  Cambridge  and  Charlestown.  Pop.  1820, 
61,476;  and  in  1840,  106,611.  Central  lat,  42 
28  N.,  Ion.  VV.  C.  5  45  W. 

Middlesex  canal. — See  Merrimack  river. 

Middlesex,  co.,  Ct.,  bounded  by  Long  Island 
sound  SE.,  by  New  Haven  SW.,  Hartford  NW. 
and  N-,  and  New  London  E.  ;  length  28  ms., 
mean  width  12,  area  336  sq.  ms.  Surface  gener- 
ally hilly  ;  soil,  like  the  surface,  varied,  hut  gener- 
ally productive  in  grain,  pasturage,  and  orchard 
fruit.  Connecticut  river  intersects  it,  and  sepa- 
rates it  into  two  unequal  sections,  leaving  about 
two-thirds  SW.  from  Connecticut  river.  Chief 
town,  Middletown.  Pop.  1820,  22,408;  and  in 
1840,  24,879.  Central  lat.  41  28  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  4  20  E. 

Middlesex,  town,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Canaudaigua  lake,  and  W.  from  Flint 
creek,  17  ms.  SW.  from  Geneva.  Pop.  1820, 
2,718. 

Middlesex,  co.,  N.  J.,  bounded  E.  by  Staten 
Island  kills  and  Raritan  bay,  SE.  by  Monmouth, 
co.,  SW.  by  Huntingdon  and  Burlington,  W.  by 
Somerset,  and  N.  by  Essex  ;  length  32  ms.,  mean 
width  11,  area  322  sq.  ms.  The  southwestern 
part  of  this  co.,  near  Delaware  river,  is  drained  by 
Assampink  creek,  all  the  residue  is  watered  by  the 
Raritan  and  its  confluents.  Surface  is  generally 
uneven  rather  than  hilly.  Soil  varied,  but  gen- 
erally productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pasturage. 
Chief  town,  New  Brunswick.  Pop.  in  1820, 
21,470,  and  in  1840,  21,893.  The  apparent  dim- 
inution of  pop.  of  Middlesex  was  produced  by 
the  formation  of  Mercer  co.,  into  which  latter  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  former  was  incorporated. 
Central  lat.  40  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  34  E. 

Middlesex,  co.,  Va.,  hounded  SE.  by  Chesa- 
peake bay,  SW.  by  Piankatank  river,  or  Glouces- 
ter and  King  and  Queen  cos  ,  NW.  by  Essex,  and 
NE.  by  Rappahannock  river;  length  35  ms., 
mean  width  C,  area  210  sq.  ms.  Soil  sandy  andj 
barren.  Chief  town,  Urbana.  Pop.  in  1820,  | 
4,057,  and  in  1840,  4,392.  Central  lat.  37  35 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  30'  E. 

Middle  Lister,  small  island  in  Lake  Erie,  lying  j 
NW.  from  the  Bass'  islands.     It  is  one  of  the 
three  called  the  Middle,  East,  and  West  Lister, 
though  bearing  from  each  other  NE.  and  SW. 

Middleton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire;  it  has 
the  cotton  trade  in  all  its  branches,  a  large  twist  man- 
ufacture, and  considerable  bleaching  works.  It 
stands  on  the  Rochdale  canal,  6  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Man- 
chester, and  139  NNW.  of  London.  Town, 

Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  28  ms.  NE.  from  Concord. 

 Town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  36  ms.  W.  from 

Windsor.  Tp.,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  9  ms.  NW, 

from  Salem.  Town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

Popachton,  branch  of  Delaware  river.  Pop.  1820, 
1,949.  Tp.,  Columbia  co.,  O. 

Middleton,  North,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa.,  in- 
cluding one-half  of  the  borough  of  Carlisle,  and 
extending  on  both  sides  of  Connedogwinet  frGm 
Carlisle  to  the  Blue  mountain. 

Middleton,  South,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa., 
including  one-half  of  the  borough  of  Carlisle,  and 
extending  to  the  South  mountain. 
560 


Middletown,  tp.,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  on  P0 
ney  river,  52  ms.  N.  from  Bennington,  and 

ms.  SW.  from  Rutland.  1  p.,  R.  [t>  betw 

j  Newport  and  Portsmouth.  City,  port  of  en 

and  seat  of  justice,  Middlesex  co.,  Ct.,on  . 
right  bank  of  Ct.  river,  31  ms.  by  water  abov<  , 
mouth,  15  by  land  below  Hartford,  and  25  1. 
from  New  Haven.  Beside  the  ordinary  co.  bi  . 
ings  and  places  of  public  worship,  it  contains  i 
almshouse,  2  printing  offices,  and  2  insure  i 
companies.  Some  very  important  and  flourisl  i 
manufactories  exist  in  this  city  and  vicinity.  }\ 
1810,  including  the  tp.,  5,382;  in  1820,  ex  . 
sive  of  the  tp.,  2,618  ;  the  tp.,  3,861  ;  and  tog  . 

er,  6,6S1  ;  and  in  1840,  3,511.  Village"  . 

ange  co.,  N,  Y.  Village,  Saratoga  co.,  N. 

3  ms.  NW.  from  Waterford,  and  14  N.  from  '. 

bany.  Town,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  o  4 

small  creek  near  Raritan  bay,  20  ms.  SE.  bj . 
from  New  Brunswick.  The  tp.  contains  an  a  - 
emy,  and  includes  Sandy  Hook,  Middletown  p(  , 
and  the  Neversink  hills.    Pop.  1820,  4,369  ;  i 

in  1840,  6,083.  Tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Pa.,  . 

tween  Ridley  and  Chester  creeks,  15  ms.  SW  / 

W.  from  Philadelphia.  Pop.  1820,  994.  1 

Bucks  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820,  1,891.  Vill  , 

Dauphin  co  ,  Pa.,  on  the  point  above  thejunc  i 
of  Swatara  creek  with  the  Susqmhannah  rive  9 
ms.  below  Harrisburg,  and  27  NW.  from  Lan  - 
ter.  It  is  an  ancient  village,  chiefly  inhabited  y 
Germans.     Pop.  1820,  567;  and  in  1840,  '1 

 Village,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  10  ms.  E.  In 

Brownsville,  and  6  N.  from  Uniontown.  

lage,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  on  a  branch  of  C  s 
creek,  12  ms.,  NW.  from  Washington.  '  s 
beautiful  little  borough  is  situated  on  tb«  II 
ridge  between  the  valleys  of  Cross  and  Bu  o 

creeks.  Village,  Newcastle  county,  Del.,  u 

Apoquinimink  creek,  21  ms.  SSW.  from  V 

mington.  Town,  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  9  | 

NW.  by  W.  from  Frederick.  Village, 

Chester  co.,  Md  ,  between  Blackwater  andFo- 
quaking  creeks,  9  ms.  SW.  from  Cambridgrv 
Village,  Frederick  co.,  Va.,  on  Cedar  creek  4 

ms.    SW.    from    Winchester.  Sullivan 

Tenn.  Village,  Jefferson  co.,  Ky.,  lima 

little  N.  of  E.  from  Louisville  Tp.  of  com 

erable  importance,  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  ikej 
side  of  the  Miami  river,  6  ms.  below  Franklin,  il 
K  above  Hamilton. 

Middlitown,  town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.-'e 
Middleton. 

Middletown  Point,  village,  Monmouth  co. 
J.,  14  ms.  NW.  from  Shrewsbury. 

Middletown  Upper  Houses,  post  office,  Mi(  ■■ 
sex  county,   Connecticut,  immediately  adjoi 
Middletown. 

Middleville,  village,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  V  f 
post  road  90  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Middleway,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  Vo.,  by  =t 
road  85  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C. 

Middlewich,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire,  or  le 
Croke,  and  noted  for  its  salt  pits  and  making  >e 
salt.  It  is  24  ms.  E.  of  Chester,  and  167  IV 
of  London.    Lon.  2  30  W.,  lat.  53  13  N. 

Midhurst,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  on  a  sJl 
river  which  almost  surrounds  it,  1 1  ms.  N.  b  '- 
of  Chichester,  and  50  W.  by  S.  of  London-  ^- 
45'  W.,  lat.  51°  N. 


MIL 


MIL 


Midway,  Liberty  co.,  Ga.,  a  settlement  formed 
Immigrants  from  Dorchester,  Mass. 

Miechau,  or  Miezava,  handsome  town  of  Po- 
liJ,  in  Cujavia,  seated  on  the  Vistula  river,  10 

1  S.  by  E.  of  Thorn.    Lon.  18  46  E.,  lat.  52 
*N. 

WJJlin,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  S.  and  SE.  by  Ju- 
n  a' co.,  Huntingdon  W.  and  SW.,  Centre  N., 
a  Union  E.  Length  from  SW,  to  NE.  40  ms  , 
n  n  breadth  10,  and  area  400  s"  ms.  N.  lat.  40 

2  o  40  52,  W.  lon.  22'  to  55'  W.  C.  This  co.  oc- 
ciies  a  part  of  Juniata  valley,  and  on  the  W.  and 
8".  is  bounded  by  that  river,  and  is  in  the  western 
8i ion  traversed  by  the  Pa.  canal.  The  surface 
i.«  luch  broken  by  mountain  chains,  but  contains 
M  soil  in  the  valleys  Chief  town,  Lewistown. 
me  the  census  of  1830  was  taken,  Juniata  co. 
w  formed  from  the  southern  part  of  Mifflin, 
.l.tpop.  21,960;  pop.  Mifflin  1840,  13,092. 

Ufflin,  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  W.  from 
Miongahela  river,  and  E.  of  the  tp.  of  St.  Clair, 

7  is.  SE.  from  Pittsburg.  Tp.,  Cumberland 

■jc  Pa.,  between  the  Conedogwinet  and  Blue 

ntains,  14  ms.  W.  from  Carlisle.  Tp., 

Loming  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  W.  j  pire  of  Austria;  which  see. 


hyacinths,  and  other  gems.  It  has  been  many 
times  taken  in  the  wars  that  have  desolated  Italy. 
It  is  now  the  seat  of  an  Austrian  Viceroy,  and  cap- 
ital of  the  Lombardo- Venetian  kingdom  or  Aus- 
trian Italy.  It  is  165  ms.  NW.  of  Florence.  Lon. 

9  12  E.,  lat.  45  28  N.  Village  in  the  NE. 

part  of  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.  Village,  Huron 

co.,  Ohio,  123  ms.  N.  from  Columbus, 

Milan,  or  the  Milanese,  late  duchy  and  consid- 
erable country  of  Italy,  included  in  the  late  Italian 
republic.  It  was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Switzer- 
land and  the  country  of  the  Orisons,  on  the  E. 
by  the  republic  of  Venice  and  the  duchies  of  Parma 
and  Mantua,  on  the  S.  by  the  duchy  of  Parma 
and  the  territory  of  Genoa,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Piedmont  and  Montferrat,  being  150  ms.  in  length 
and  78  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  every  where  fertile 
in  corn,  wine,  fruits,  rice,  and  olives;  and  there  are 
also  plenty  of  cattle.  The  rivers  are  the  Secchia, 
Tesin,  Adda,  and  Oglio.  There  are  likewise  sev- 
eral lakes,  the  three  principal  of  which  are  Mag- 
giore,  Corno,  and  Lugano.  It  is  a  peculiarly  fer- 
tile and  productive  region,  and  cultivated  with  the 
utmost  skill  and  care.    It  is  now  a  part  of  the  em- 


brch  of  Susquehannah,  below  the  mouth  of  Pine 
;rj,  and  14  ms.  above  Williamsport.  Tp., 

0  phin  co.,  Pa.,  on  Wiconisco  creek,  25  ms. 

V  roin  Harri-burg.  Tp.,  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

—'•Tp  ,  Franklin  co.,  Pa.  The  westernmost 

ipf  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 

ijftinburg,  town,  Union  co.,  Pa.,  5  ms.  NW. 

1  New  Berlin.  Village  in  the  eastern  part 

<>f  olumbia  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Susque- 
'iaiah  river,  17  ms.  above  Danville  and  34  below 
Wcesbarre. 

ifflintown,  village,  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
leliank  of  the  Juniata  river,  44  ms.  above  Har- 
ts rg. 

ilan,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  the 
w  name,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  It  was 
■nctent  capital  of  Lombardy,  and  also  of  the 
alungdom  of  Italy,  Napoleon  Bonaparte  being 
liejcrowned  king  of  Italy  on  May  26,  1805. 
I  city  is  10  ms.  in  circumference  ;  but  the  gar- 
te  jrourids  are  so  extensive  that  it  does  not  con- 
Htbove  140,000  inhabitants.  It  stands  in  a 
I  html  plain,  between  the  rivers  Adda  and  Tesin, 


Milazzo,  or  Melazzo,  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  Val 
di  Demona.  It  is  divided  into  the  upper  and 
lower  town.  The  upper  is  very  strong,  and  the 
lower  has  a  fine  square,  with  a  superb  fountain. 
It  stands  on  a  rock  on  the  W.  side  of  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  13  ms.  W.  of  Messina.  Lon.  15  34 
E.,  lat.  38  12  N. 

Milborn-port,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Somerset- 
shire. It  has  manufactures  of  woolen  cloth,  linen, 
and  hosiery  ;  and  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Par- 
ret,  2  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Sherborn,  and  114  W.  by 
S.  of  London. 

Milburn,  village,  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  92  ms. 
NNE.  from  Portland. 

Mildenhall,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  12  ms. 
NW.  of  Bury,  and  70  NNE.  of  London. 

Milesburg,  or  Milesborough,  village,  Centre  co., 
Pa.,  on  Bald  Eagle  creek,  2  ms.  N.  from  Belle- 
font,  through  the  mountain  gap. 

Mileto,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteriore, 
5  ms.  from  Nicotera. 

Milford,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  27  ms. 
S.  from  Concord.  Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass., 


?lh  communicate  with  the  city  by  means  of  two  |  18  ms.   SE.  from  Worcester.  Village,  New 


s.    The  citadel,  called  Castello  di  Porta  Zo- 
1  l  a  place  of  great  strength.    Here  are  22 
WL  a  university,  several  colleges,   many  fine 
I  es,  230  churches,  of  which  96  are  parochial, 
■0  invents,  100  religious  fraternities,  and  a"  great 
u  'er  of  hospitals.    The  cathedral  is  in  the  cen- 
'    the  city,  and,  next  to  St.  Peter's,  at  Rome, 
A  !  most  considerable  in  Italy.    This  vast  fabric 
s '  It  of  white  marble,  supported  by  50  columns, 
*  domed  within  and  without  by  a  prodigious 
I  ic-r  of  marble  statues.    The  college  of  St. 
*ose  has  a  library  which,  beside  a  prodigious 
ier  of  manuscripts,  contains  60,000  printed 
and  its  superb  gallery  is  adorned  with  rich 
mgs.    Milan  has  considerable  commerce  in 
>  especially  rice,  with  cattle  and  cheese  ;  and 
Manufactures  of  silk  and  velvet  stuffs,  stock- 
bandkerchiefs,  ribbons,  gold  and  silver  lace, 
mbroideries,  woolen  and  linen  cloths,  glass, 
lain,  and  curious  works  in  steel,  crvstal,'  agate, 

i  71* 


Haven  co.,  Ct.,  on  Long  Inland  sound,  9  ms. 
SW.  from  New  Haven.  The  village  stands  on  an 
excellent  harbor  for  vessels  of  200  tons,  and  the 
amount  of  shipping  owned  there  amounts  to  about 
1,500  tons,  chiefly  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade. 
A  fine  quarry  of  marble  exists  witbin  this  tp. 

Pop.  in  1820,  2,785;  and  in  1840,  2,455.  

Town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Otsego  creek,  10 

ms.  below  or  S.  from  Cooperstown.  Town, 

Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  34  ms.  NW.  from  Trenton. 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice  in  Upper  Smith  - 

field  tp.,  Pike  co,,  Pa.,  on  the  Delaware,  55  ms. 
above  Easton.     Lat.  41  18  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  12 

E.  NW.  tp.  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn.  Tp., 

Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Juniata,  opposite  Mifflin- 

lown,  and  on  Tuscarora  and  Licking  creeks.  ' 

Tp  ,  Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  on  Castleman's  river  and 

Laurel  Hill  creek,  5  ms  SW.  from  Somerset.  

Town,  Kent  co.,  Delaware,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Mispillion  creek,  19  ms.  S.  by  E.  from  Dover. 

561 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


 Village,  Greenville  district,  S.   C,  95  ms. 

NNW.  from  Columbus  Tp.,  Ashtabula  co., 

Ohio,  adjoining  the  tp.  of  Jefferson  on  the  SE. 

 Small  village  near  the  southwestern  corner  o4 

Union  co.,  in  Union  tp.,  Ohio,  on  the  western 

bank  of  Darby  creek.  Tp.,  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

 Village,  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.  Village,  Mi 

ami  tp.,  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  E.  bank  of 
Little  Miami  river,  12  ms.  from  its  mouth,  and  15 
northwesterly  from  Williamsburg. 

Mi/ford,  Upper,  SE.  tp.  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pa. 

Mi/ford  Haven,  deep  inlet  ot  the  Irish  sea,  on 
the  coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  generally  allowed  to 
to  be  the  safest  and  most  capacious  harbor  in 
Great  Britain.  It  branches  off  into  1G  deep  and 
safe  creeks,  5  bays,  and  1  3  roads,  in  which  it  is 
said  1,000  ships  may  ride  in  perfect  security,  and 
at  a  sufficient  distance  from  one  another.  At  the 
entrance  on  the  W.  point,  called  St.  Ann's,  is  an 
old  light  house  and  a  block-house.  Here  the  earl 
of  Richmond,  afterward  Henry  VII,  landed  on  his 
enterprise  against  Richard  III.  A  packet  boat 
sails  from  hence  every  day,  except  Tuesday,  for 
Waterford  in  Ireland. 

Milford  Centre,  village,  Worcester  co.,  Mass., 
24  ms.  SW.  from  Boston. 

Milfordville,  town  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  40  ms 
W.  from  Albany. 

Millhaud,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aveiron,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  50  ms.  IN  W.  of 
Montpelier  and  142  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  11  E., 
lat.  44  3  N. 

Millboro\  village,  Washington  co.,  Pa. 

Millborough,  village,  Bath  co.,  Va  ,  172  ms. 

NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond.  Village,  Sussex 

co.,  Va.,  about  30  ms.  SE.  from  Petersburg. 

Millburg,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  6  ms. 
S.  from  Worcester,  on  Blackstone  river.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  eligible  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  the  co.,  and  manufactories  have  been  es- 
tablished lor  -paper,  nails,  black  lead,  woolen  cloth, 
leather,  fire  arms,  mill  saws,  scythes,  &c 

Mill  Creek,  hundred,  New  Castle,  co.,  Del. 

Mill  Creek,  village,  Berkley  co.,  Va.,  93  ms. 

NW.  from  W.  C.  Large  and  valuable  mill 

stream  rising  in  the  northern  part  of  Logan  co., 
Ohio,  and  running  from  thence  in  an  E.  by  S.  di- 
rection into  the  W.  side  of  Scioto  river,  6  ms.  be- 
low Fulton's  creek,  Delaware  co.  Large  mill 

stream,  Butler  and  Hamilton  cos.,  Ohio,  running 
S.  by  W.  into  the  Ohio  river,  immediately  below 
Cincinnati.  Tp.,  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  imme- 
diately N.  from  Cincinnati.  Tp.,on  a  creek  of 

the  same  name,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Union  co., 
Ohio.     Much  of  the  soil  is  rich  and  fertile. 

Milledgeville,  town,  Baldwin  co.,  Georgia.  It 
is  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co.  and  capital  of  the 
State,  on  the  right  bank  of  Oconee  river,  about 
300  ms.  above  Darien,  and  312  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Alatamaha,  and  on  very  uneven  broken 
ground.  Lon.  W.  C.  6  12  W.,  lat,  33  5  N.  It 
contains  the  co.  and  State  buildings,  a  State  peni- 
tentiary, 2  or  3  printing  offices,  2  or  3  places  of 


Miller,  co.,  Arkansas.  Situation  and  extent 
certain. — See  Addenda,  art.  Jirkansaw. 

Millersburg,  village,  Holmes  co.,  Ohio, 

ms.  from  Columbus.  Village,  Ripley  co  , 

72  ms.  SE.  from  Indianapolis.  Village,  Bi  . 

bon  co.,  Ky.,  on  Hinkston's  river,  10  ms.  P 
from  Paris  and  56  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Millers  Creek,  post  office,  Estil  county,  K 
tucky,  75  ms.  SE.  from  Frankfort  and  10  E.  f  : 
Irvine.  * 

Miller's  Inn,  post  office,  Nelson  co.,  Ky.,  1 
ms.  SW.  from  Frankfort. 

Miller's  Place,  post  office,  Suffolk  county, 
Y-,  on  Long  Island,  70  miles  E.  from  the  cii  f 
New  York. 

Miller's  Tavern,  post  office,  Prince  Edward  , 
Va.,  46  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Miller's  River,  branch  of  Connecticut  river, , ; 
in  Worcester  co.,  flows  W.,  and  enters  Conw  • 
cut  in  Franklin  co.,  Mass. 

Millerstown,  village,  Lebanon  co.,  Pa.,  5  n  ; 

W.  from  Lebanon.  Village,  Perry  co.,  |i| 

on  the  left  bank  of  the  Juniata  river,  29  ms.  al  3 
Harrisburg. 

Millersville,  village,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa. 

Millesimo,  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  30  . 
W.  from  Genoa. 

Mille  Vaches,  seigniory,  Northumberland  , 
L.  C,  130  ms.  below  Quebec. 

Millfarm,  post  office,  Caroline  co  ,  Va.,  30  . 
N.  from  Richmond. 

Mill  Grove,  post  office,  Mecklenburg  co.,  1 , 
by  post  road  134  miles  SW.  from  Richmond.-- 
Post  office,  Sumter  district,  S.  C,  51  miles  la 
Columbia. 

Mill  Hall,  post  office,  Centre,  co.,  Pa.,  by  t 
road  132  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Millheim,  post  office,  Centre  co.,  Pa.,  13  n  I 
E.  from  Bellefonte. 

MilUngton,  village,  Morris  co.,  N.  J,,  53  n| 
NNE.  from*  Trenton. 

Millport,  post  office,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.  >t 

office,  Perry  co.,  Ia.,  by  post  road  160  ms.  88  . 
from  Indianapolis. 

Millsay,  village,  Bullock  co.,  Ga.,  70  ms. 
from  Milledgeville. 

Millsborough,  village,  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  on  - 
dian  river,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Georgetown. 

Millsjield,  tp.,  Coos  co.,  New  Hampshire, a  it 
midway  between  Connecticut  river  and  Umbig 
lake,  120  miles  N.  from  Concord. 

Millstone,  river,  N.  J.,  SE.  branch  of  the  1 1 
tan,  rises  in  Monmouth,  flows  NW.  across  • 
dlesex,  and  enters  Raritan  river  in  Somerset 
This  stream  is  peculiarly  remarkable,  as  being  « 
only  one  in  the  United  States  which  rise?  Ml  e 
sea  sand  alluvial  formation  and  flows  from  it  ( 
the  primitive,  in  an  inverted  order. 

Millstone,  or  Middleburg,  village,  Somerset 
New  Jersey,  on  Millstone  river,  14  miles  IN"  '■ 
from  Princeton,  and  10  W.  from  New  Bruns\'<- 
Milthorp,  town  of  England,  in  Westmorol  1. 
on  the  Betha,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ken.    A  '6 


public  worship.     Boats  of  25  or  30  tons  are  navi-  navigation  of  the  Ken  is  obstructed  by  -\  mm 


gated  from  this  town  to  Darien.  Pop.  in  1840, 
3,000. 

Mille  Isles,  seigniory,  York  arid  Effingham  cos., 
L.  C,  on  the  N.  of  St.  John's  channel,  20  ms. 
N  W.  from  Montreal. 
562 


near  its  mouth,  Milthorp  is  the  only  port  in  the  ; 
and  hence  the  fine  Westmoreland  slates  and  *Bf 
commodities  are  exported.  It  is  8  ms.  S.  aim 
dal,  and  255  NNW.  of  London. 

Millvillc,  village,  Cumberland  county,  N  i 


MIL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIL 


0  Maurice  river,  12  miles  E.  from  Brid.se town. 

--Village,  Genesee  county,  N.  If.  Village, 

fo:g  George's  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  90  miles  S. 

EL]  Washington  city.  Village,  Butler  county, 

Co,  25  ids.  NW.  from  Cincinnati,  and  7  a  little 

W.  from  Hamilton. 
Iillwood,  village  on  Shenandoah  river,  Frederick 
cinty,  Va.,  11  UiS.  SE.  from  Winchester,  and  61 
W.  by  W.  from  Washington  city. 
lib,  ancient  Mclos,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  j 
5  ns.  in  circumference,  with  one  of  the  best  andj 

1  est  harbors  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  produces  j 
e:?llent  fruits  and  delicate  wine,  abounds  in  very! 
a,  1  cattle,  especially  in  goats;  and  has  mines  of; 
ir  and  sulphur.  It  is  GO  miles  N.  of  Candia.  i 
L.  26  6  E.,  lat.  36  41  N. 

lib,  village,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  145  ms.  NE.  | 
fri  Portland. 

liltenberg,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  electorate] 
irtientz,  seated  on  the  Maine,  20  ms.  SE.  of  As  } 
ctfenburg.    Lon.  9  19  E.,lat.  49  46  N. 

'ilton  Abbey,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  14 
as  NE.  of  Dorchester,  and  112  W.  by  S.  of 
.  Jon.  Lon.  2  32  W.,  lak  50  50  N. 
'ilton,  town  of  England,  in  Kent,  on  the  E. 
irch  of  the  Medway,  and  noted  for  excellent 
nsrs.    It  is  14  miles  NE.  of  Maidstone,  and  42 

G  f  London.    Lon.  52'  E.,  lat.  51  22  N.  

I  n  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  incorporated  with  Graves 

a  from  which  it  is  one  mile  distant.  Townj 

if  ichelieu  county,  L.  C,  in  the  great  bend  of  the! 

nue  a  la  Tortue,  35  ms.  E.  from  Montreal.  j 

l\n,  Sirafford  county,  N.  H.,  on  the  Piscataqua;  I 

'.lis.  above  Portsmouth.  Town,  Chittenden' 

;» ty,  Vt.,  on  Lake  Champlain,  at  the  mouth  of 

/oille  river,  12  miles  N.  from  Burlington.  

Tin,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  opposite  Dorchester, 
r  eponset  river,  7  miles  S.  from  Boston.  Ves- 
*bf  150  tons  ascend  thus  far.    It  contains  sev- 

t; manufactories  and  an  academy.  Large  vil- 

Litchfield  co.,  Conn.,  5  miles  W.  of  Litch- 
In  this  village  there  is  an  elegant  Gothic 
ii  :h,  belonging  to  the  Episcopalians,  built  after 

I  raught  of  Trinity  church,  in  New  York.  

B\  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  containing  the  village 

■Springs  of  Ballston  Spa.  Village  on  Hud- 

iver,  in  the  SE.  part  of  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  11 

•oi;  above  Newburg.  Village,  Morris  co.,  N. 

.8  miles  N.  from  Trenton.  Town,  North 

n'rland  county,  Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  W. 
h  of  the  Susquehannah  river,  12  miles  above 

^•fiurnberland.  Village,  Albemarle  co.,  Va., 

n.e  Rivanna  river,  5  ms.  below  Charlottesville 

-Village,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  C.  Village, 

'-•ens  district,  S.  C,  65  miles  NW.  from  Co- 

•wia.  Village,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  by  post 

192  ms.-NE.  from  Columbus.  Township, 

I  ne  county,  Ohio,  12  ms.  NE.  from  Wooster. 
-  Tp.,  Richland  county,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820, 

■A  Town,  Miami  county,  Ohio,  8  ms.  SW. 

to  Troy,  and  by  post  road  106  NW.  by  W. 

ro  Columbus.  Tp.,  Jackson  co  ,  Ohio.  

ge,  Wayne  co.,  Ia.  Village,  Gallatin  co., 

I  52  miles  northwardly  of  Frankfort.  Vil- 

»i  Rutherford  co.,  Tenn.,  10  miles  from  Mur- 

're>orough.  Village,  Lincoln  co.,  Tenn.,  56 

■'isS.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Iton,  or  King's  Ferry,  over  Cayuga  lake, 
'  ga  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  miles  NNW.  from  Ithaca. 


Milton,  or  Broadhill,  village,  Sussex  co.,  Dela- 
ware, on  Broadkill  creek,  15  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from 
Mi  I  ford. 

Milton's  Bluff. — See  Marathon,  Alabama. 

Mina,  village,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post' 
road  374  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Minas  Bey  is  a  small  gulf  extending  from  the 
head  of  the  bay  of  Fundy  eastward  into  the  penin- 
sula of  Nova  Scotia. 

Minas  Geraes,  captain  generalship  of  Brazil, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  E.,  Rio  Janeiro 
SE.,  St.  Paul's  SW.,  Goias  W.,  and  Bahia,  or 
St.  Salvador,  N.  ;  length  600,  breadth  300  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Parana,  St.  Francisco,  and 
Doce  rivers,  and  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  a  chain 
of  mountains.  It  produces  gold,  diamonds,  and 
other  minerals,  with  an  immense  variety  of  the 
most  precious  vegetables.  Between  lat.  14  30  and 
22  30  S.  ■   Pop.  360,000. 

Minasville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y., 
35  ms,  NW.  from  Albany. 

Minch,  great  sound,  or  channel,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  is- 
lands of  Lewis  and  Harris,  N.  and  S.  by  Uist,  and 
Bara  on  the  W.,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Isle  of 
Skye. 

Mincio,  river  of  Italy,  flowing  from  the  lake  of 
Garda,  by  Mantua,  into  the  Po,  8  miles  below  that 
fortress. 

Mindanao,  the  largest  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
next  to  Luconia.  It  is  180  miles  long  and  120 
broad,  and  is  governed  by  a  sultan,  who  is  abso- 
lute. It  is  a  mountainous  country,  lull  of  hills  and. 
valleys  ;  and  the  mould  is  generally  deep,  black, 
and  fruitful.  The  principal  town,  of  the  same 
name,  is  pretty  large,  and  is  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast. 

Mindelheim,  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle  on  a 
mountain.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  lordship  between 
tlie  rivers  Iller  and  Lech,  and  is  23  miles  SW.  of 
Vugsburg. 

Minden,  fortified  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name.  Its  con- 
venient situation  for  trade  and  navigation,  its  brew- 
eries, sugar-houses,  and  wax  manufacture,  are  great 
advantages  to  the  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Weser,  43  miles  E.  of  Osnaburg.  Lon.  8  56  E., 
lat.  52  19  N. 

Minden,  western  tp.  and  village,  Montgomery 
county,  N.  Y.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mohawk. 

— Tp.,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  the  NE.  part  of 
the  county. — See  Mtndow. 

Mindoro  Sea,  a  sheet  of  water,  having  the  is- 
land of  Borneo  SW.,  Magindanao  E.,  Palawan 
W.,  and  the  Philippines  NE.  and  N, ;  in  extent, 
about  400  ms.  from  NE.  to  SW.,  with  a  breadth 
between  Magindanao  and  Palawan  of  about  350 
ms.  Lat.  from  5°  to  12°  N.,  lon.  117°  to  123°  E. 
London. 

Mindoro,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  50  ms. 
in  circumference,  separated  from  Luconia  by  a 
narrow  channel.  It  is  full  of  mountains,  which 
abound  in  palm  trees  and  all  sorts  of  fruits.  The 
inhabitants  are  Pagans,  and  pay  tribute  to  the 
Spaniards. 

Minehead,  borough  and  seaport  of  England,  in 
Somersetshire.  It  is  a  good  harbor  on  the  Bristol 
channel  for  ships  of  large  burden,  and  carries  on  a 
trade  in  wool,  coal,  and  herrings.    It  is  31  miles 

563 


MIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIR 


N.  of  Exeter,  and  163  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon. 
3  34  W.,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Minerva,  tp.,  Es-ex  co.,  N.  Y.,  near  the  centre 

of  the  county.  Village,  Mason  county,  Ky.,  77 

ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Mine  Shibboleth,  village  and  lead  mine,  Wash- 
ington co.,  Mo.,  about  55  ms.  SSW.  from  St. 
Louis.  Mine  Shibboleth,  according  to  School- 
craft, is  one  of  the  most  productive  lead  mines  of 
Mo.  The  ore  of  this  mine  averages  62£  lb*,  of 
metal. 

Mingnn,  group  of  islands  along  the  northern 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Mingre.Ua,  province  of  Asia,  which  makes  part 
ofGa.  ;  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Black  sea,  E. 
by  Imeritia,  S.  by  a  part  of  Ga.,  and  N.  by  Cir- 
cassia.  It  is  governed  by  a  prince,  who  was  trib- 
utary to  the  sovereign  of  Imeritia,  but  in  1783  he 
put  himself  under  the  protection  of  Russia.  The 
iace  of  this  country,  its  products,  and  the  customs 
and  manners  of  the  inhabitants,  are  similar  to  those 
of  Ga. 

Minho,  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its  source  in 
Galicia,  near  Castro  del  Key,  and,  passing  by  Lu- 
go, Ortense,  and  Tey,  it  then  divides  Galicia  from 
Portugal,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  Ca- 
minha.  < 

Miniato,  St.,  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany,  seated 
on  the  Arno,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Florence.  Lon.  10 
45  E.,  lat.  43  40  N. 

Minisink,  town,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  NE.  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  and 
joining  to  N.  J.  Pop.  in  1810,  4,005;  in  1820, 
5,053. 

Minerbino,  small  town  of  Naples,  in  Italy,  in 
Terra  di  Bari,  26  ms.  N.  of  Cirenza.  Lon.  16 
19  E.,  lat.  41  8  N. 

Minxesaengers,  the  most  ancient  school  of 
German  poets ;  name  from  an  old  German  word, 
minne,  (love.)  The  verses  of  these  poets  are  in 
the  old  Swabian  dialect  of  the  high  German, 
which,  under  the  line  of  Hohenstaufen,  of  Swa- 
bia,  from  A.  D.  1 127  to  1266,  was  the  court  lan- 
guage. The  most  ancient  now  known  (Minnesa- 
enger)  was  Henry,  of  Valdeck,  about  1170.  The 
fine  old  German  epic  poem  Niebelungen  Lied 
comes  from  this  school. 

Minorca,  one  of  the  Balearic  group,  an  island 
of  the  Mediterranean,  lying  50  ms.  to  the  NE.  of 
Majorca.  It  is  30  ms.  in  length  and  12  in  bVeadth, 
and  is  a  mountainous  country,  with  some  fruitful 
valleys,  where  there  are  excellent  mules.  Citta- 
della  is  the  capital;  but  greater  consequence  is  at- 
tached to  the  town  of  Mahon  on  account  of  its  ex- 
cellent harbor,  which  is  defended  by  Fort  St. 
Philip,  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Europe, 
and  on  the  fate  of  which  the  whole  island  de- 
pends,   Lon.  3  48  E.,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Minori,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno,  between  the  town  of  that 
name  and  Amalsi. 

Minot,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  35  ms. 
from  Portland.    Pop.  1824,  2,524. 

Minsingen,  town  of  Swabia,  in  the  duchy  of 
VVurtemburg,  with  a  handsome  castle.  Lon.  9 
35  E.,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Minski,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of  a  palatinate 
of  the  same  name,  with  two  citadels,  one  of  which 
is  seated  in  a  morass.    The  country  is  pretty  fer-  I 
564 


tile,  and  has  forests  containing  vast  numbers 
bees,  whose  honey  makes  part  of  its  riches.  M 
ski  is  65  ms.  N.  of  Sluczk,  and  100  SE.  of  Wil 
Lon.  26  48  E.,  lat.  54  11  N. 

Minsk,  government  of  European  Russia, 
tween  the  Dwina  and  Volhynia.    Area  37,( 
sq.  ms.,  with  a  pop.  of  957,000 

Miolans,  fortress  of  France,  in  the  departm 
of  the  Lower  Alps  and  late  province  of  Proven 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  in  the  valley  of  Barct 
nctta.    Lon.  6  20  E.,  lat.  45  35  N." 

Mioss,  lake  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of  H 
emarke,  80  ms.  in  circumference.  It  is  dM> 
by  a  large  peninsula,  and  is  from  12  to  18  i 
broad.  It  contains  one  island,  about  10  ms. 
circumference,  fertile  in  corn,  pastures,  and  wo 
and  sprinkled  with  several  farm  houses. 

Miquelon,  small  desert  island,  SW.  of  C» 
May,  in  Newfoundland,  ceded  to  the  French 
the  peace  of  1763,  for  drying  and  curing  their  fi 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1793.  Lon. 
C.  20  50  E.,  lat.  46  42  N. 

Miramichi,  bay  and  river  of  the  E.  ootid 
New  Brunswick,  60  ms.  S.  from  Chaleur  b 
The  river  rises  about  120  ms.  inland,  interlock 
with  the  sources  of  the  Shicatahoch  branch  of 
John's  river. 

Miranda  de  Douero,  fortified  town  of  Portui 
capital  of  the  province  of  Tra  los  Montes,  wit 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  c- 
fluence  of  the  Douero  and  Fresna,  208  ms.  N. 
E.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  6°  W.,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Miranda  de  Ebro,  town  ot  Spain,  in  Old  ( 
tile,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  in  a  country  1 
produces  excellent  wine,  on  the  river  Ebro,  t 
which  is  is  a  handsome  bridge.  It  is  34  ms.  8  ' 
Bilboa,  and  160  N.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  13  \ 
lat.  42  49  N. 

Mirande,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
Gers,  and  late  province  of  Gascony,  seated  oi 
mountain  near  the  river  Baise,  Its  principals- 
cles  of  commerce  are  wool,  down,  and  geese  ;• 
thers.  It  is  15  ms.  SW.  of  Auch,  and  340  S. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  26'  E.,  lat.  43  30  N. 

Mirandola,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  duch;  f 
the  same  name.    It  is  a  well  fortified  place,  ti 
ject  to  the  house  of  Austria,  and  20  ms.  NE. 
Modena.    Lon.  11  19  E.,  lat.  44  52  N. 

Mirebeau,  town  of  France,  in  the  departmer  f 
Vienne.  Its  asses  have  long  been  famous  for  tl  j 
beauty  and  strength.  It  is  16  ms.  N.  of  Poiti . 
and  175  SW.  of  Paris. 

Mirecouri,  town  of  France,  in  the  departrrt 
of  Vosges,  famous  for  its  violins  and  fine  la>- 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Modon,  27  ms.  S.  of  N- 
ci,  and  30  SE.  of  Toul.  Lon.  6  4  E.,  lat  48  > 
North. 

Miremont,  town  of  France,  in  the  departmer  f 
Dordogne.  Near  it  is  a  remarkable  cavern,  cal 
Cluseau.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Vizere,  > 
ms  E.  of  Bergerac. 

Mirepoix,  town  of  France,  in  the  departmen  f 
the  Upper  Pyrennees.  It  was  lately  an  episcd 
town,  and  is  seated  on  the  Cers,  15  ms.  Nf 
Foix. 

Mikza,  Arabic,  a  chief  or  very  prominent  |l 
son.  In  the  early  Mahomedan  history,  theK- 
lifs  took  the  title  of  Emir  al  Mumenin,  or  Cn 
of  Chiefs.    Emir,  or  Mirza,  mean  essentially  * 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


sa;  thing — a  prince  or  distinguished  person  in 
c-nand.  Webster  derives  emir  from  the  Ara- 
Mbat  its  root  spreads  far  beyond  the  Arabic; 
n  is  as  often  a  prefix  as  a  suffix,  and  particular- 
I  the  Sclavonic  dialects ;  hence  Vladimir  and 
I  ar  names.  From  the  same  original  root  evi- 
lely  comes  miracle,  mirror,  mirth,  the  original 

1  )  being  some  thing  or  person  standing  forth 
■Linen t,  or  some  event  out  of  the  ordinary 
o5C — a  bursting  forth,  &c. — See  Hadge,  or 

iseno,  cape  of  Italy,  in  the  Terre  di  Ltvori, 
*  een  Puzzoli  and  Curna.  On  it  are  the  ruins 
if  le  ancient  Misenum. 

iserden,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  6 
r/NW.  of  Cirencester,  famous  for  a  park,  in  a 
ay  of  which  is  a  mount  of  a  circular  form,  now 
iv;rown  with  trees.  This  was  the  site  of  an 
mnt  castle,  built  in  the  reign  of  King  John  ; 
in  Dart  of  the  moat  which  encompassed  the  build- 
B|3  still  to  be  seen. 

Isitra,  town  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea.  It  is 
■"A  on  the  Vasilipotamo,  ancient  Eurotas,  2  ms. 
nr  the  ruins  of  Sparta,  2S  ms.  SE.  from  Tripol 

2  100  ms.  SW.  of  Athens,  and  99  N.  by  E.  of 
I  nto.    Lon.  22  30  E.,  lal.  37  6  N. 

issassaga,  river  of  U.  C,  runs  into  Lake 
lun  between  Le  Serpent  and  Thessalon  rivers, 
«D  ie  N.  shore. 

issassaga  Point,  11.  C,  in  the  tp.  of  New- 
rl  lies  on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  of  the  river 
iiara,  and  opposite  the  fortress  of  Niagara. 

Issassaga  Island,  11.  C,  lies  opposite  the 
mch  of  the  Trent,  and  about  the  same  distance 
ro  the  portage  at  the  head  of  the  bay  of  Quinte. 
ssassaguigon.  — See  Rum  River, 
ssiscoui,  or  Mississki,  river  rising  in  Canada, 
ns  Vermont  in  Franklin  co.,  whence  it  flows 
1  y  in  a  western  course  to  Michiscou  or  Missis- 
-Oi  bay,  a  branch  of  Lake  Champlain. 

ssissippi  River.  From  the  magnitude  and 
(ii  rtance  of  this  great  stream,  the  following  com- 
pulsive view  is  taken,  not  alone  of  its  conflu- 
n  properly  so  called,  but  also  those  in  the  vicin- 
«y '  its  delta  which  enter  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in 

E,J.  S. 

'ie  most  southwestern  stream  of  the  U.  S.  is 
i:  )f  the  Sabine.    This  river  has  its  source  in 
province  of  Texas,  N.  lat.  32  30.    It  flows  in 
era]  course  nearly  S.,but  curves  to  the  east- 
"8  about  mid-distance  between  its  source  and 
ich.    At  N.  lat.  30°  it  expands  into  a  large 
uof  30  ms.  in  length,  and  from  5  to  8  wide, 
i,  at  its  lower  extremity,  again  contracts  into 
r:r,  and  discharges  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  at 
■t.  29  28,  W.  lon  from  W.  C.  15  45. 

ie  Sabine  affords  no  navigation  of  conse- 
Ifce,  having  only  3  feet  water  on  the  bar  at  its 
»oa;  the  Sabine  lake  is  also  shallow,  not  hav- 
,;if  lore  than  4  or  5. 

e  Calcasieu  is  the  next  stream  E.  of  the  Sa- 
in  The  former  rises  in  the  angle  between  the 
111  and  Red  river,  flows  nearly  S.  about  120  ms., 
'"lulls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  30  ms.  E.  of  the 
^oh  of  the  Sabine.  The  Calcasieu,  similar  to 
"Sabine,  expands  into  a  lake,  and  again  con- 
ti»(  into  a  river  channel  before  its  final  discharge. 
'  h former  is  also  similar  to  the  latter  in  its  navi- 
being  impeded  by  a  bar  and  by  the  shal- 


lowness of  its  large  lake.  The  mouth  of  the  Cal- 
casieu river  is  at  N.  lat.  29  20. 

Following  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  12 
ms.  E.  from  the  discharge  of  the  Calcasieu,  is  found 
the  entrance  of  the  Mermentau.  This  latter  stream 
is  formed  by  a  number  of  branches,  having  their 
sources  in  the  prairies  of  Opelousas.  The  general 
course  of  the  Mermentau  is  from  NE.  to  SW., 
about  100  ms.  It  is  remarkable  as  possessing  sim- 
ilar features  to  the  Calcasieu  and  Sabine  rivers,  and 
similar  also  in  a  defective  navigation,  arising  from 
a  bar  at  the  entrance,  and  by  the  shallowness  of  its 
large  lake,  neither  affording  more  than  3  or  4  feet 
water. 

An  interval  of  near  60  ms.  stretches  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Mermentau  to  that  of  the  Vermilion, 
a  fine  but  small  stream,  rising  in  Opelousas,  but 
flowing  through  Attacapas  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
after  an  entire  course  of  about  80  ms.  The  lands 
along  the  Vermilion  river  are  of  the  first  quality, 
producing  cotton,  and  towards  the  mouth  some 
plantations  of  sugar  cane  have  been  successfully  at- 
tempted ;  but  vessels  drawing  more  than  5  feet  water 
cannot  enter.  The  Vermilion  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  at  N.  lat.  29  45. 

The  united  streams  of  Atchafalaya,  Teche,  and 
Courtableau,  form  a  river  of  much  greater  import- 
ance and  magnitude  than  any  other  in  the  U.  S. 
W.  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  Atchafalaya  is  the  upper  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  leaves  the  latter  at  N.  lat.  31°.  and 
W.  lon.  from  W.  C.  14  47,  by  a  stream  110  yards 
wide;  its  course  is  a  little  E.  of  S.,  and  by  its 
windings  48  ms.,  where  it  receives  the  Courtableau 
from  the  NW.  Below  the  Courtableau  the  Atcha- 
falaya flows  80  ms.,  and  is  agaip  augmented  by 
the  Teche,  also  from  the  NW.  After  receiving 
the  Teche,  the  Atchafalaya  flows  20  ms.,  where  it 
U  lost  in  a  large  bay,  known  by  the  same  name. 
The  Atchafalaya  bay  is  about  23  ms.  long  and  13 
wide.  It  is  enclosed  on  the  SW.  by  two  long 
narrow  points  of  land,  Point  Chevreuil  and  Point 
au  Fer.  Between  those  two  points  extends  a  bar, 
over  which  there  is  9  feet  water,  and  within  the 
bay  and  river  sufficient  depth  to  permit  the  passage 
of  any  vessel  to  the  mouth  of  the  Teche  which  can 
pass  the  bar.  The  mouth  of  Atchafalaya  is  at  N. 
lat.  29  21,  W.  lon.  from  W.  C.  14  22. 

The  Teche  rises  in  Opelousas,  and,  flowing  30 
ms.,  enters  Attacapas,  where  it  receives  a  creek 
from  the  W.,  and  assumes  the  form  of  a  river. 
After  entering  Attacapas,  the  Teche  continues, 
by  a  very  winding  course  of  80  ms.,  a  little  E.  of 
Sv,  to  New  Iberia,  N.  lat.  30  2.  The  town  of 
New  Iberia  stands  upon  the  right  bank  of  the  Te- 
che, at  the  head  of  schooner  or  sloop  navigation. 
Vessels,  however,  drawing  5  feet  water,  can  as- 
cend to  this  place  at  all  seasons.  The^ Teche,  be- 
low New  Iberia,  gradually  widens  from  about  30 
to  100  yards,  and  deepens  from  5  to  30  or  40  feet. 
Its  stream  now  turns  ESE.,  and  continues  90  ms.. 
where  it  mingles  its  waters  with  the  Atchafalaya. 

The  Teche  is  a  small  but  very  singular  and  im- 
portant stream.  In  all  its  length,  of  about  130 
ms.,  it  drains  one  of  the  most  fertile  tracts  in  the 
U.  S.  On  its  upper  waters  cotton,  and  towards 
its  mouth  sugar  and  molasses,  are  the  staples  pro- 
duced for  market. 

New  Iberia  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  vessels  are 

565 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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frequently  cleared  out  from  that  place,  but  the 
general  commercial  communication  is  with  the  city 
of  New  Orleans,  through  the  Atchafalaya,  Pla- 
quemine,  and  Mississippi,  or  by  the  Lakes  Palour- 
de  and  Veret,  and  the  Lafourche  and  Mississippi 
rivers. 

The  Plaquemine  is  an  outlet  of  the  Mississippi, 
117  ms.  above  New  Orleans.    It  is  only  during 


the  Plaquemine,  which,  after  u  very  circuitous 
course  of  15  ms  , joins  the  Atchafalaya.  Through 
the  Plaquemine  is,  however,  transported  most  of 
the  merchandise  for  the  supply  of  the  very  flour- 
ishing settlements  of  Attacapas  and  Opelousas, 
and  by  this  route  is  also  sent  to  market  the  valua- 
ble staples  of  those  places. 

Boats  from  15  or  20  to  50  or  60  tons  ascend 
from  New  Orleans,  and,  entering  the  Plaquemine, 
pass  into  the  Atchafalaya.  Those  destined  to  the 
lower  parts  of  Attacapas  descend  the  latter  river, 
and  enter  by  the  mouth  of  Teche.  Those  bound 
to  the  central  part  of  Attacapas  ascend  the  Atcha- 
falaya about  20  ms.,  and  thence,  by  an  outlet  and 
Lake  Chetimaches,  proceed  to  the  Fause  Point 
landing.  Here  is  a  portage  of  10  or  12  ms.,  to 
St.  Martinsville,  the  chief  town  of  Attacapas. 
Another  outlet  and  a  chain  of  small  lakes  and  bay- 
ous (creeks)  enable  vessels  to  be  conveyed  to  the 
upper  part  of  Attacapas  and  the  lower  part  of  Op- 
elousas. Vessels  destined  for  the  higher  and  cen- 
tral parts  of  Opelousas  ascend  the  Atchafalaya  to 
the  mouth  of  Courtableau,  and  thence  up  the  lat- 
ter river  to  Lemell's  landing,  6  ms.,  or  into  bayou 
Carron,  within  4  ms.  from  St.  Landry,  seat  of! 
justice  and  chief  town  of  Opelousas. 

The  Courtableau  is  a  fine  little  river,  formed 
by  the  united  streams  of  Crocodile  and  Bceuf. 
The  two  latter  creeks  unite  at  N.  lat.  30  34.  The 
general  course  of  the  Courtableau  is  SE.,  about 
30  ms.  in  length.  It  affords,  during  high  water, 
part  of  a  very  eligible  channel  of  communication 
between  the  settlements  of  Opelousas  and  the 
lower  part  of  Kapides  with  the  banks  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

The  navigation  of  the  Atchafalaya  is  entirely 
obstructed  by  rafts  of  timber,  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Courtableau.  These  extraordinary  masses  of 
trees  commence  26  ms.  below  the  efflux  of  the 
Atchafalaya  from  the  Mississippi,  and  extend  by 
intervals  to  within  5  ms.  of  its  junction  with  the 
Courtableau, 

Advancing  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  eastward 
from  the  mouth  of  Atchafalaya,  the  Lafourche  is 
the  first  inlet  of  consequence,  in  a  commercial 
point  of  view.  In  the  intermediate  distance  of  60 
ms.,  several  small  creeks  enter  the  gulf,  but,  from 
their  very  abridged  length,  of  course,  are  unim- 
portant. 

The  Lafourche  (the  Fork,  as  its  name  imports) 
is  an  outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  second  from 
the  right  in  descending  from  the  Atchafalaya,  the 
Plaquemine  being  the  first.  The  outlet  of  the 
Lafourche  is  at  N.  lat.  30  6,  W.  Ion.  from  W. 
C.  14  1.  After  leaving  the  Mississippi,  the  gen- 
eral course  of  the  Lafourche  is  SE.  by  S.  90  ms. 
It  enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  N.  lat.  28  57,  W. 
Ion.  from  W.  C.  13  30. 

The  Lafourche  is  one  of  the  most  important  in- 
lets of  Louisiana,  having  9  feet  water  on  its  bar, 
5G6 


and  admitting  vessels  drawing  4  or  5  feet  to  «  . 
in  30  ms.  of  its  efflux.  An  arable  border  of  . 
tremely  productive  soil  skirts  both  banks  of  . 
Lafourche  for  60  or  70  ms.  from  the  Mississi  . 
Cotton  and  sugar  are  the  principal  staples.  I  j 
of  the  produce  and  merchandise  of  the  settlem  j 
along  its  banks  are  transported  by  the  Missis*  \ 
to  and  from  New  Orleans. 

Between  the  mouth  of  the  Lafourche  and  t 
of  the  Mississippi,  several  inlets  admit  a  boat  i . 
igatiori  to  New  Orleans.  The  principal  of  t  3 
bays  is  that  of  Barataria,  by  which,  and  a  nun  r 
of  lakes  and  interlocking  streams,  a  direct  com  j 
nication  exists  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  I 
Mississippi  at  New  Orleans. 

The  Mississippi  itself  has  three  main  ami  ,  I 
lesser  passes  or  outlets,  the  most  frequentei  f 
which  is  that  of  the  SE.,  upon  the  bar  of  w!  \ 
there  are  12  feet  water  at  low  tides.  Next  to  t 
of  the  SE.,  that  of  the  SW.  is  the  best  entra  . 
The  latter  has  indeed  as  great  a  depth  of  watr  g 
the  former.  Upon  the  south  pass  there  are  8  t 
water.  These  three  are  the  chief  outlets  of  » 
great  stream.  The  West,  North,  and  Pass  ;  i 
Loutre,  have  from  5  to  8  feet  water  on  their  - 
spective  bars. 

Between  New  Orleans  and  Mobile  bay  a  •  \ 
interesting  inland  navigation  exists,  through  I  e 
Pontchartrain,  the  Kigolets,  Lake  Borgne,  Pas  i 
Christian,  and  Pass  au  Heron,  This  charm  i 
formed  by  a  chain  of  islands,  the  low  marshy  - 
panse  NE.  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  the  ni 
shore  of  La.  and  Miss.  Vessels  above  live  t 
draught  cannot  make  this  passage,  as,  over  ei  r 
the  shoals  of  the  Pass  au  Christian  or  Heron,  it 
is  the  ordinary  depth. 

The  interior  channel  is  continued  to  the  IV . 
of  New  Orleans,  by  Lake  Pontchartrain,  Pas  it 
Manchac,  Lake  Maurepas,  A  mite  river,  arid  Br  u 
Iberville,  to  the  Mississippi  river,  125  ms.  by  - 
ter  above  that  city.  •  Schooners  drawing  5  t 
water  go  up  as  far  as  Galvezton,  at  the  com- 
ence  of  Bayou  Iberville  and  Amite  river.  Fa 
the  efflux  of  the  Iberville  to  the  Pass  of  Here  s 
about  200  ms.,  80  of  which  are  to  the  NW.,  i 
120  to  the  NE.  by  E.  of  New  Orleans.  Into  s 
extensive  channel  are  discharged,  exclusive  of  e 
Amite  and  Mobile  rivers,  the  Tickfoha,  into  I  e 
Maurepas;  the  Tangipao  and  Chifuncte,  o 
Lake  Pontchartrain;  Pearl  river,  into  iheE" 
lets;  and  the  Pascagoula,  opposite  Horn  fell 
Each  of  these  minor  streams  afford  less  ormor  i- 
cilities  to  navigation,  but  do  not  admit  vesse  if 
more  than  5  feet  draught  but  a  very  short  distil 
from  the  sea.  Schooners  are  most  commonly  I 
in  the  commerce  of  these  inlets  and  shallow  riv  • 
A  steamboat  plies,  however,  between  New  I 
leans  and  Mobile  and  Blakely. 

Mobile  bay  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water,  of  30 
in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  11  ms.  Dau|n 
island  and  Mobile  point  land-lock  Mobile  '• 
The  main  entrance,  with  18  feet  of  water,  lie>5- 
tween  the  island  and  point.  Pass  au  He', 
with  5  feet,  lies  between  Dauphin  island  and >e 
main  shore  of  Alabama.  A  bar,  with  only  10  3t 
of  water,  crosses  Mobile  bay,  about  5  ms.  bi* 
the  town  of  Mobile. 

Above  Mobile  town,  the  bay  gradually  Mil 
and  is  succeeded  by  a  low  sunken  tract  of  30 


MIS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  M 1 3 


tuMigth,  and  from  3  to  5  ms.  wide,  Through 
th  occasionally  inundated  tract,  beside  many  mi- 
ni streams,  meander  the  Mobile  and  Tensau  riv- 
3r -the  former  being  the  continuation  of  the  Tom- 
l>i  ee,  and  the  latter  of  the  Alabama  river.  Ves- 
;e  drawing  5  feet  water  are  taken  as  high  in  the 
V  ibigbee  as  Fort  St.  Stephens,  and  in  the  Ala- 
u  ato  Fort  Claiborne.  At  each  of  those  two 
a  r  places  shoals  impede  the  further  navigation 
.t he  rivers,  respectively,  with  vessels  propelled 
I  iil>,  though  boats  ascend  and  descend,  in  the 
T  ibigbee,  to  Cotton  Gin  port,  and  in  the  Ala- 
i  to  its  head,  at  the  junction  of  Coosa  and 
f.apoosa. 

ast  of  Mobile,  Pensacola  is  the  first  harbor  of 
ir.  consequence.  The  Ferdido  intervenes,  but, 
i1  tig  but  little  water,  and  terminating  in  a  bar- 
t;  jninteresting  country,  merits  no  particular  no- 
tu  Pensacola,  to  its  depth  of  water,  is  one  of 
h finest  havens  of  the  world.  Its  entrance  is  at 
N  at.  30  23,  W.  Ion.  from  W.  C  10  20.  The 
onince  between  Rose  island  and  Carancas  point 

ver  a  bar  having  22  feet  water,  upon  a  fine 
h«  y  bottom.    The  bay  is  about  20  ms.  in  length, 

I  a  mean  width  of  about  3  ms.  The  anchor- 
igsin  every  part  a  soft  mud  or  sand.  No  rocky 
is  :s  or  dangerous  shoals  environ  this  noble  sheet 
if  iter.  The  bay,  above  the  town  of  Pensacola, 
s  tided  into  two  arms :  one,  stretching  N.,  re- 
1s  the  Escambia,  and  the  other,  to  the  NE., 
;h/ellow  Water  river. 

i  he  basin  of  the  Appalachicola  is  remarkable  as 
luring  the  connecting  link  between  the  waters 
'.vlh  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  those 
*ih  enter  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  Appalachico- 

II  formed  by  two  streams,  the  Chatahooche  and 
ittf  rivers.  The  former  rises  in  the  Appalachian 
:j<  itains,  at  N.  lat.  35°,  interlocking  with  the 
s»i:es of  Tennessee,  Oakmulgee,  Oconee,  and  Sa- 

a  ah  rivers,  and,  flowing  SW.  by  S.,  through 

2|j"lat.,  turns  thence  nearly  due  S.  to  N.  lat.  30 
where  it  receives  the  Flint,  The  latter,  an 
•it  or  stream  to  the  former,  has  its  sources  in  the 

tm  between  the  Oakmulgee  and  Chatahooche 

)fk  at  N.  lat.  33  40,  and,  flowing  SW.  by  S. 

<$\r\s.,  unites  with  the  Chatahooche,  and  forms 

Appalachicola. 

lis  latter  line  river  flows  a  little  W.  of  S.  to  N. 
i'  9  50,  having  an  entire  course  of  about  70  ms. ; 

■tK  outh  is  into  St.  George's  sound. 

ie  basin  of  the  Appalachicola  affords  an  inland 
■table  expanse  of  400  ms.  in  length,  with  a 
I  width  of  150,  and  having  an  area  of  about 
('  10  sq.  ms.  Though  interrupted  by  some  falls 
!  nanv  shoals,  the  rivers  of  Chatahooche  and 
I  are  navigable  almost  to  their  sources,  and 
■I  mers  of  considerable  size  ascend  the  Appala- 

'•■••Ia  to  its  head. 

tton,  tobacco,  grain,  tar,  and  lumber,  are  the 
oiuon  staples  of  this  basin. 

ait  the  immense  distance  from  Pensacola  to 
u  ay  of  Espiritu  Santo,  except  the  mouth  of  the 
H  lachicola,  there  is  no  inlet  of  any  commercial 

o<  quence  in  a  general  view. 

e  fine  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo  is  situated  upon 
coast  of  the  peninsula  of  East  Florida,  at 
I  t.  27  40,  W.  Ion.  from  W.  C.  6  20.  There 

"M>ut  2  feet  more  water  on  the  bar  of  Espiritu 

'^ji  than  upon  that  of  Pensacola,  but  the  coun- 


try round  the  latter  remains  so  imperfectly  known 
that  its  commercial  value  cannot  be  estimated  with 
any  certainty  at  present. 

Having  followed  in  regular  order  the  minor 
streams  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  we  now 
turn  to  a  review  of  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi. 

This  great  stream,  forming  a  river  of  the  first 
order,  deserves  particular  notice  in  an  elementary 
work.  Under  the  general  term  Mississippi,  we 
include  not  only  that  river  properly  so  called,  but 
every  secondary  or  confluent  body  of  water  which 
enters  into  or  contributes  to  augment  the  mass  of 
the  main  recipient. 

Following  this  plan,  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi 
may  be  naturally  divided  into  four  grand  sections  : 
first,  advancing  from  E.  to  W.,  the  valley  of  Ohio 
and  its  tributary  waters;  that  of  Mississippi  and 
its  branches;  that  of  Missouri  and  its  branches;  and 
that  of  the  lower  Mississippi,  below  the  mouth  of 
Missouri.    Of  these  sections  in  order. 

Ohio  valley — This  very  important  region  em- 
braces about  200,000  sq.  ms.  of  area,  equal  to 
128,000,000  of  U.  S.  acres.  Its  greatest  length 
is  from  the  NE.  sources  of  the  Alleghany  river  to 
the  head  of  Bear  creek,  a  branch  of  Tennessee 
river,  750  ms.  Its  greatest  breadth,  from  the  sour- 
ces of  the  French  Broad  to  those  of  the  Wabash 
river,  500  ms.  In  point  of  climate,  it  extends  from 
N.  lat.  34  0  to  42  30,  or  through  7£°  of  lat.  af- 
fording a  very  considerable  difference  of  seasons  and 
temperature. 

It  has  been  long  the  opinion  of  the  author  of  this 
article,  an  opinion  formed  from  the  fruits  of  many 
years'  observation,  that  the  Ohio  basin  once  form- 
ed an  immense  inclined  plane,  and  that  the  beds 
of  all  the  rivers  have  been  formed  by  abrasion  of 
water.  This  theory  is  supported  by  Mr.  A.  Bourne, 
author  of  a  large  and  valuable  map  of  the  State  of 
Ohio.  The  following  is  a  quotation  from  a  manu- 
script letter  from  that  gentleman  on  the  subject : 
"The  hills  are  generally  found  near  the  rivers  or 
large  creeks,  and  parallel  to  them  on  each  side, 
having  between  them  the  alluvial  valley,  through 
which  the  stream  meanders,  usually  near  the  mid- 
dle, but  sometimes  washes  the  foot  of  either  hill 
alternately.  Perhaps  the  best  idea  of  the  topogra- 
phy of  this  State  may  be  obtained  by  conceiving 
the  State  to  be  one  vast  elevated  plain,  near  the. 
centre  of  which  the  streams  rise,  and  in  their  course 
wearing  down  a  bed  or  valley,  whose  depth  is  in 
proportion  to  their  size,  or  the  density  of  the  earth 
over  which  they  flow.  So  that  our  hills,  with  some 
few  exceptions,  are  nothing  more  or  less  than 
cliffs  or  banks,  made  by  the  action  of  the  streams  ; 
and  although  these  cliffs  or  banks,  on  the  rivers  and 
larger  creeks  approach  the  size  of  mountains,  yet 
their  tops  are  generally  level,  being  the  remains  of 
the  ancient  plain.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  State 
some  few  hills  are  found,  in  sharp  ridges,  similar  to 
those  in  the  Eastern  States.  The  base  of  the  hills 
is  generally  composed  of  limestone,  freestone,  or 
sandstone,  slate,  and  gravel,  admixed  mineral  coal, 
ochre,  &c" — Bourne.* 

The  author  of  this  article  surveyed,  in  1815, 
Pittsburg  and  its  environs,  and  found  the  rocks 
there,  as  in  every  other  part  of  the  Ohio  valley, 
perfectly  parallel  to  the  horizon — of  course,  speak- 
ing technically,  floetz  formation.  The  circum- 
stance most  conclusive  of  the  fact  that  the  hills 

567 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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Gulf  stream  flows  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  tow  5 
that  part  of  the  Atlantic  ocean  adjacent  to  the  C  . 
apeake  bay,  demonstrating  that  a  difference  of  |  | 
must  exist  between  the  extremes,  sufficiently  g  t 
to  admit  a  current  of  considerable  velocity.  T't 
velocity  has  never  been  very  accurately  deteri  . 
ed  ;  but,  if  we  allow  only  lh  inch  per  m  le,  w  1 
yield  in  900  ms.  114  feet/  That  the  actual  | 
from  Florida  channel  to  the  mouth  of  Chesapi  - 
bay  considerably  exceeds  100  feet,  there  can  b  > 
rational  doubt,  when  the  necessary  geograpl  | 
phenomena  are  duly  examined. 

W e  may,  from  the  data  given,  consider  the  . 
ley  of  the  Ohio  composed  of  an  inclined  pi  f 
chequered  by  the  deep  channels  of  the  rh 


and  valleys  of  this  region  were  formed  by  abrasion, 
is  the  uniformity  of  elevation  and  similar  material 
of  corresponding  strata  on  the  opposing  banks  of 
the  streams — phenomena  every  where  visible,  where 
the  nature  of  the  country  will  admit  accurate  ob- 
servation. The  coal  strata  near  Pittsburg  are  in 
every  place  found  about  340  feet  above  low-water 
level  in  the  rivers  of  that  vicinity. 

Embracing  the  whole  Ohio  valley  in  one  per- 
spective, it  is  found  divided  into  two  very  unequal 
portions  by  that  river;  leaving  120,000  sq.  ms. 
to  the  SE.,  and  80,000  on  the  NW.  The  Ohio, 
forming  a  common  recipient  fir  the  water  of  the 
minor  streams  of  boih  slopes,  flows  in  a  very  deep 
ravine,  S.  64°  W.,  478  geographical,  or  548  ms., 

in  a  direct  line  from  Pittsburg-  to  the  junction  of  I  hill.-,  and  extensive  flats,  the  whole  resting  up  a 
this  river  with  the  Mississippi.  The  entire  length  |  base  of  secondary  formation.  In  many  part  f 
of  the  Ohio,  by  its  meanders,  is,  by  actual  admeas- 1  this  interesting  region,  as  in  the  State  of  Ker  . 
urement,  948  ms.  j  ky,  the  beds  of  the  rivers  are  vast  chasms,  rt  r 

The  peculiar  features  of  this  river,  and  its  im- i  than  valleys,  in  the  true  acceptation  of  the  i  r 
mediate  banks,  have  led  to  most  of  the  gross  mis-  (term.  The  two  opposing  slopes  exhibit,  some  i 
representations  respecting  the  valley  in  general,  j  curious  contrasts.  Though  considerably  most  - 
The  low-water  surface  of  the  Monongahela,  at  J  tensive,  the  southeastern  slope  has  few  extei  e 
Brownsville,  has  been  found  to  amount  to  850  feet  |  remains  of  the  ancient  plain;  the  northwes  j 
above  high  tide  in  the  Chesapeake  bay.  Estimat- ;  slope,  on  the  contrary,  contains  immense  rem  s 
ing  the  fall  in  the  Monongahela  to  be  20  feet  from  ;  of  the  former  plain.  The  livers  which  enter  e 
the  borough  of  Brownsville  to  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  j  main  recipient  from  the  former,  rising  in  or  I 
would  produce  830  feet  as  the  elevation  of  the  lat-  ;  the  northwestern  ridge  of  the  Appalachian  mi . 
ter  place  above  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  apex  of  tains,  are  precipitous  from  their  sources,  flow  , 
the  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg  are  within  a  as  already  observed,  in  very  deep  channels,  w# 
small  fraction  of  460  feet  above  the  low-water  level ,  those  streams  which  enter  from  the  northwen 
of  the  Monongahela,  Alleghany,  and  Ohio  rivers,  slope  rise  out  of  a  level,  continuous  plain,  in  n  y 
By  these  elements  we  have  460  added  to  830,  or  places  morass,  as  in  part  of  the  States  of  Ohio  d 
1,290  feet  as  the  extreme  elevation  of  the  hills  near  ;  Indiana.  The  latter  rivers,  are  sluggish  tow  s 
Pittsburg  above  the  Atlantic  tides.  We  may  their  sources,  gaining  velocity  in  their  advaucn- 
therefore,  if  the  correctness  of  our  previous  theory  j  wards  the  Ohio  river. 

is  admitted,  suppose  that  the  latter  elevation  was!     The  secondary  rivers  of  the  southeastern  re 
that  of  this  part  of  the  original  plain  from  which  are  the  Monongahela,  Little  Kenawha,  Great  1h 
the  valley  has  been  formed.    This  elevation  evi-  awha,  Sandy,  Licking 
dently  declined  towards  the  now  mouth  of  the  Ohio, 
leaving  a  descent  for  the  waters. 

The  actual  elevation  of  the  present  surface  of  Muskingum,  Hockhncking,  Scioto,  Miami,  d 
the  country  adjacent  to  the  great  central  junction  !  Wabash.  Of  these  streams,  the  Alleghany  -s 
of  the  Mississippi  with  its  confluents  is  not  deter- 
mined with  the  same  precision  with  that  of  Pitts- 
burg; but,  from  the  length  of  the  Mississippi  be-  vania,  forming  the  northwestern,  or  rather  nort  n 
low  the  mouth  of  Ohio,  a  near  approximation  may  \  constituent  of  the  Ohio.  No  branch  of  the 
he  obtained.  From  the  mouth  of  Ohio  to  that  of  ghany  flows  from  the  high  table  land  ;  the  re  n 
the  Mississippi,  the  distance  is  within  a  small  frac- i  it  waters  is  in  some  parts  mountainous,  r.nd  ey 
lion  of  11,000  ms.,  which,  at.  3|  in  hes  to  the  I  where  hilly;  the  sources  of  the  Alleghany 
mile,  yields  3,850  inches,  320.8  feet,  as  the  entire  i  however,  from  the  highest  point  of  the  vallnf 
depression  of  the  Mississippi  river  from  the  mouth  j  Ohio.  Ad 
of  the  Ohio  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  j  tered  by  the 

The  fall  in  the  Ohio  river  exceeds  that  of  the  exhibit  the  commencement  of  the  great  central  |  n 
Mississippi,  and  has  been  estimated  at  about  five  ;  which  separates  the  two  great  basins  of  the 
inches  to  the  mile;  consequently,  if  we  multiply  948  I  sissippi  and  St.  Lawrence.  This  plain  stre 
ms.,  the  entire  length  of  Ohio,  by  5,  we  have  J  westward,  and,  widening  in  extent  through 
4,740  inches,  or  395  feet,  as  the  amount  of  descent  i  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  ieuche.-ie 
in  that  stream  ;  and,  adding  395  to  320.8  feet,  we  Mississippi  river.  In  its  natural  state,  ihe  v  y 
find  715.8  feet  as  the  declivity  of  the  waters  from  j  of  Ohio  was,  in  the  greatest  part  of  its  ex  t, 
the  confluence  of  the  Monongahela  and  Allegha- j  covered  by  a  dense  forest,  but  the  central 
ny  rivers,  at  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  to  the  Gulf  of 'presented  a  very  remarkable  exception. 
Mexico. 

A  very  remarkable  difference  is  perceptible  be- 
tween the  different  elevations  of  Pittsburg  above 


Kentucky,  Green,  C  i 
berland,  and  Tennessee.  Those  flowing  fron  e 
northwestern  slopes  are  the  Alleghany,  Be< 


in  Pennsylvania,  flows  into  N.York,  and,  win  g 
from  NW.  to  W.  and  S  W.,  again  enters  Pew  I 


Advancing  westward  from  the  region  »• 
ie  Alleghany,  the  sources  of  the  B(?r 


As 

as  the  sources  of  the  Muskingum,  commence*]  " 
savannahs,  covered  with  grass,  and  devoid  of  I 
ber.    Similar  to  the  plain  itself,  those  savati  w 


the  Chesapeake  bay  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  [expanded  to  the  westward,  and  on  the  water<rf 
excess  of  elevation  in  favor  of  the  latter  sheet  Illinois  river  opened  into  immense  natural  nfl 
of  water.     This  apparent  phenomenon  is  ex  pit- lows,  generally  known  under  the  denominaticof 
cable  on  the  simplest  laws  of  hydrostatics.    The  ,  prairies. 
568  * 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MIS 


MIS 


7e  have  dwelt  with  more  minuteness  on  this 
cf  ral  plain  than  we  would  otherwise  have  done, 
in  a  conviction  that  it  affords  phenomena  highly 
iltrative  of  the  peculiar  structure  of  that  part  of 
N  th  America.  It  has  been  shown  in  this  article 
tb  the  surface  of  Ohio,  at  the  city  of  Pittsburg, 
v  830  feet  above  the  nearest  tide  water  of  the 
I  ntic  ocean,  and  715.8  feet  above  the  surface  of 
iijulf  of  Mexico.  Lake  Erie  has  been  found  by 
x  d  admeasurement  565  feet  above  the  tide  wa- 
se.jf  the  Hudson  at  Albany;  consequently,  the 
0 )  at  Pittsburg  is  265  feet  above  the  surface  of 
L.3  Erie  ;  the  intermediate  distance,  in  a  direct 
ji  105  ms.  Therefore,  if  a  channel  was  opened 
I  the  Ohio  river  at  Pittsburg  to  Lake  Erie,  as 
<le  as  the  bottom  of  the  river,  and  sloping  to- 
Ba  the  lake  by  gradual  descent  to  its  surface, 
b  vaters  of  Alleghany  and  Monongahela  would, 
io  lace  of  flowing  down  Ohio,  rush  into  Lake 
3  with  the  enormous  velocity  arising  from  a  fail 
af>5  feet  in  105  miles;  or  upwards  of  2^  feet 
*nile.  When  these  mathematically  established 
iti  are  contrasted  with  the  circumstance,  that  the 
-*'me  northwestern  waters  of  Alleghany,  those 
if  ake  Chautauque,  rise  within  three  miles  of 
H  Erie,  the  singular  but  real  construction  of  the 

0  try  becomes  apparent.  Nothing  but  actual 
•««;urement  could  render  credible  that  Pittsburg, 
•it  ted  at  the  confluence  of  two  streams,  each  of 
#ih,  following  their  meanders,  have  flown  above 
JD.miles,  and  one  of  which,  (Alleghany,)  having 
Mi  of  its  sources  so  near  the  very  margin  of  Lake 
Ji,  and  yet,  that  the  city  of  Pittsburg  should  be 
uluted  two  hundred  and  sixty-five  feet  above  the 
(■Ice  of  the  lake. 

at  by  far  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  the 
W[  valley  is,  that  its  real  slope  does  not  corres- 
»o  to  the  courses  of  its  rivers.  It  is  a  fact  not 
w  known,  that  loaded  boats  at  high  water  can 
P*  from  Lake  Michigan  into  Illinois  river,  and 
kversa.  We  have  seen  that  Lake  Erie  was  565 
*ibove  the  level  of  the  Atlantic  tides.    The  el- 

1  on  of  Lake  Michigan  above  Lake  Erie  can- 
ne, from  the  shortness  and  gentle  currents  of  De- 
lA;  river,  St  Clair  river,  and  straits  of  Michili- 
u  anac,  exceed  35  feet.  We  may  therefore 
i*ue  600  feet  as  the  level  of  Lake  Michigan. 
X)  would  correspond  very  nearly  with  that  of 
h  )hio  river,  between  the  mouths  of  Miami  and 
I  ucky  rivers.  Illinois  river,  we  will  see,  pre- 
•(•  much  more  the  aspect  of  a  canal  than  that 
<f  river,  whilst  the  central  table  land  we  have  re- 
^ed  is  so  elevated  as  to  produce  watercourses 
**ie  descent  is  rapid,  and  those  flowing  into 
J- I  Erie  are  all  precipitated  over  falls  before  reach- 
•o.Lheir  recipient.  During  the  continuance  of 
*9  g  flood,  loaded  boats  of  large  tonnage  may  be 
u»?ated  from  the  rapids  of  Ohio  by  that  river,  the 
'«  issippi  and  Illinois  rivers,  and  through  the 
^udian  sea,  to  the  cataract  of  Niagara,  without 
lftMng  a  single  rapid,  whilst  the  direct  line  be- 
l*n  the  extremes  of  this  navigation  would  pass 
MPl  an  elevated  ridge.  When  due  attention  is 
'Into  the  real  phenomena  of  the  connected  basins 
•Pjississippi  and  St.  Lawrence,  the  true  causes  of 
■  pparent  anomalies  we  have  noticed  are  devel- 
JP-  It  is  at  once  rendered  apparent,  that  the 
Aslope  of  the  Ohio  valley  is  nearly  at  right  an- 
rJlUothe  range  of  the  Appalachian  mountains, 

72* 


and  that  its  lowest  line  of  depression  is  the  chan- 
nels of  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers. 

Soil,  climate,  and  productions. — The  soil  of  this 
interesting  section  of  the  earth  is  by  no  means  so 
uniform  as  is  generally  supposed,  though,  taken  as 
a  whole,  it  may  be  considered  fertile.  The  allu- 
vial bottoms  of  the  streams,  great  and  small,  are 
generally  a  deep  loam,  exuberantly  productive. 
This  rich  vegetable  earth  in  many  places  reaches 
the  apex  of  the  highest  hills.  Those  hills  present, 
however,  great  variety  of  soil;  always  clothed  with 
timber,  though  often  precipitous,  rocky,  and  sterile. 
The  extreme  southeastern  part,  from  the  sources  of 
Alleghany  to  the  most  southern  part  of  the  valley 
in  the  State  of  Alabama,  presents  a  mountainous, 
or  very  broken,  hilly,  tract  of  country,  upwards  of 
700  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  about 
100.  The  soil  is  on  this  region  extremely  varied  ; 
and  as  it  contains  at  its  extremities  nearly  the 
greatest  contrast  of  latitude  of  the  valley  of  which 
it  forms  a  part,  the  vegetable  productions,  natural 
and  artificial,  are  here  also  most  varied.  There 
are  few  timber  trees  known  on  this  continent  be- 
tween N.  latitude  34°  and  42°,  but  which  are  here 
found.  The  most  prominent  and  valuable  of  which 
are  ten  or  twelve  species  of  oak,  hemlock,  pine,  the 
liriodendron  tulipifera;  five  or  six  species  of  hick- 
ory and  walnut,  three  species  of  maple,  one  of 
which  (the  accer  saccharinum)  is  amongst  the 
most  singular  and  valuable  trees  known  on  this 
globe  ;  three  or  four  species  of  ash,  with  an  im- 
mense variety  of  useful  trees  and  shrubs  not  enu- 
merated. The  flora  is  also  highly  varied  and  ele- 
gant. Medical  plants  abound.  Spring  water  is 
abundant  and  excellent. 

Of  naturalized  plants,  trees,  and  shrubs,  the 
number  and  variety  preclude  a  complete  specifica- 
tion. Extending  through  eight  degrees  of  latitude, 
and  presenting  a  considerable  difference  of  level, 
the  climates  admit  the  cultivation  of  plants  whose 
powers  of  resisting  the  inclemencies,  or  of  profiting 
by  the  changes  of  seasons,  are  very  different.  The 
cereal  gramina — wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  and  In- 
dian corn,  or  maize — are  every  where  cultivated. 
Meadow  grasses  flourish  best  in  an  advance  to  the 
north.  In  the  southern  part,  even  where  exten- 
sive settlements  have  been  made,  meadows  are  rare, 
but  towards  the  northward  form  a  large  part  of 
rural  economy.  This  observation,  though  in  a 
more  limited  extent,  may  be  applied  to  orchards, 
and  even  gardens.  Where  the  crops  become  very 
valuable,  horticulture  is  every  where  neglected,  as 
are  orchards,  except  in  the  vicinity  of  cities  or  large 
towns.  In  the  region  before  us,  below  N.  lat.  36 
30,  cotton  commences  to  be  cultivated  as  a  valua- 
ble crop.  Some  culture  of  this  vegetable  extends 
N.  of  the  assumed  limit,  but  rather  for  domestic 
use  than  as  an  article  of  commerce.  The  quan- 
tity and  quality  of  this  vegetable  is  enhanced,  soil 
and  exposure  being  equal  in  a  very  near  ratio  with 
advance  to  the  south.  As  we  will  have  more  oc- 
casion to  dilate  on  this  vegetable  in  the  sequel  of 
this  article,  it  would  be  irrelevant  to  touch  further 
on  the  subject  in  this  place. 

The  orchard  trees  generally  cultivated  in  the  re- 
gion before  us  are  the  apple,  pear,  peach,  plum, 
nectarine,  &c. 

The  mineral  treasures  of  this  region  compose  a 
large  share  of  its  most  valuable  productions.  Iron, 

569 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


salt,  and  mineral  coal,  are  the  most  valuable  an  J 
abundant.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  almost  every  sec- 
tion of  this  extensive  line.  The  immense  masses 
of  mineral  coal  are  very  extensive ;  those  near 
Pittsburg  are  only  the  most  abundant  and  best 
known.  It  is  amongst  the  most  remarkable  fea- 
tures in  the  natural  history  of  the  United  States, 
that,  from  Onondaga,  in  the  State  of  New  York, 
to  the  S  W.  angle  of  Virginia,  the  earth  appears  in 
every  place,  at  a  certain  depth,  to  afford  water  sat- 
urated with  muriate  of  soda,  (common  salt.)  This 
indispensable  mineral  is  found  where,  if  wanting, 
it  could  not  be  obtained  wittmut  very  great  ex- 
pense. Salt  is  now  made  at  Onondaga,  in  New 
York;  Conemaugh,  in  Pennsylvania;  and  on  the 
Kenawha  and  other  places  in  Virginia — all  in  the 
same  range. 

The  Ohio  river  bounds  the  tract  we  have  review- 
ed as  far  southward  as  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Sandy.  Here  the  former  turns  almost  at  right  an- 
gles, and,  pursuing  a  course  something  N.  of  W. 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami,  again  inflects 
about  SW.  by  W.  to  its  junction  with  the  Missis- 
sippi. This  wide  curve,  in  conjunction  with  a 
part  of  the  Mississippi,  bounds  the  geat  limestone 
expanse  of  Kentucky  and  W.  Tennessee.  This 
latter  region,  though  adjoining  the  former,  pre- 
sents features  essentially  different.  The  base  of 
the  Kentucky  section  appears  to  be  in  great  part 
flcetz,  or  secondary  limestone;  the  face  of  the  earth 
becomes  more  monotonous;  the  rivers  flow  in 
many  places  in  chasms,  walled  on  both  banks  by, 
precipices  of  limestone.  Fresh  water,  in  many 
places,  scarce.  Minerals  rare,  if  limestone  is  ex- 
cepted. In  point  of  climate  and  vegetable  produc- 
tion, no  very  material  difference  appears  between 
the  contiguous  parts  of  the  two  sections  under  re- 
view, except  that  which  arises  from  soil.  In  re- 
spect to  extent  and  fertility,  the  soil  of  Kentucky 
and  W,  Tennessee  is  generally  productive,  and  in 
a  variety  of  places  highly  fertile.  Vegetables,  either 
indigenous  or  exotic,  are  very  nearly  similar  on 
both  sections  on  the  same  line  of  latiude,  and  of 
equal  exposure  and  elevation.  From  a  lower  sur- 
face, cotton  and  other  tender  vegetables  are  culti- 
vated further  north,  near  the  Ohio,  than  towards 
the  northwestern  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  moun- 
tains. The  climate  of  both  will  be  more  amply 
noticed  in  the  sequel  of  this  article. 

Respecting  the  northwestern  section  of  the  Ohio 
valley,  a  few  observations  will  suffice,  after  what 
has  preceded  respecting  that  of  the  SE.,  and  on 
the  review  of  the  whole  valley  in  general.  Simi- 
lar latitudes  present  in  great  part  similar  climate, 
phenomena,  and  vegetable  products.     From  the  I 
peculiar  structure  of  the  northwestern  section  al- 
ready delineated,  it  must  be  evident  that  mineral  j 
products  are  rare;  and  such  is  the  fact.    Iron  ore 
is  found,  though  not  abundantly,  in  the  NVV.j 
part  of  Pennsylvania  and  NE.  part  of  Ohio.  Min- 
eral coal  abounds  along  the  Ohio,  and  on  some  I 
other  streams,  as  far  down  the  valley  as  Cincin-j 
nati,  and  might,  it  is  probable,  be  obtained  in  other 
places,  if  the  earth  were  perforated  to  sufficient 
depth.    Indications  of  muriate  of  soda,  and  some 
trifling  fragments  of  sulphate  of  lime  (gypsum) 
have  been  discovered,  but  neither  to  any  consider- 
able extent.    In  the  far  greater  part,  however,  of 
this  section  of  the  Ohio  valley,  few  or  no  indica- 
570 


tions  of  minerals  appear.    The  flatness  and  pe 
liar  structure  of  two-thirds  of  the  States  of  01 
Indiana,  and  Illinois,   preclude  the  exposure 
mineral  bodies,  if  such  existed.    It  has  been 
the  action  of  water  in  wearing  deep  channels 
the  earth's  surface,  that  mineral  bodies  have 
most  cases,  been  exposed  to  human  view  and  rj 
In  point  of  soil,  climate,  and  vegetable  prod 
tion,  the  southwestern  section  of  the  Ohio  vai 
has  been  too  highly  colored,  though  favorable 
many  respects  to  human  residence.    The  rang* 
country  within  100  ms.  of  the  Ohio  river  be 
broken  into  hill  and  dale,  good  wholesome  w; 
is  abundant,  but  receding  to  the  central  Uble  la 
is  in  many  places  wanting.    In  most  essential 
cumstances,  as  respects  natural  phenomena 
human  economy,  strong  analogies  exist  between 
contiguous  parts  of  the  two  great  sections  of  0j 
valley,  whilst  their  extremes  present  a  total  contr 
It  would  be  mere  repetition  to  dilate  further,  a  '• 
what  has  been  given  on  this  subject;  the  foregc  • 
observation  was  made  in  order  to  draw  the  read 
attention  to  features  so  strongly  traced  and  il 
trative  of  the  subject  on  which  we  are  treati 
It  has  been  too  generally  prevalent,,  with  autl  i 
as  well  as  travellers,  to  represent  the  Ohio  va 
as  a  monotonous  surface,  uniform  in  aspect, 
mate,  and  fertility  ;  whilst,  in  all  these  respe , 
perhaps  no  equal  region  of  the  earth  presents,  If  j 
these  points,  more  marked  or  more  abrupt  ( • 
trasts,  if  some  very  mountainous  tracts  are  • 
cepted. 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi  Proper. — Before  • 
tering  upon  the  physical  survey  of  the  panic  r 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  above  its  junction  m 
Missouri,  it  is  necessary  to  take  a  view  of  the  - 
tire  stream  which  now  designates  the  whole  ba , 

In  our  defective  state  of  information,  it  is 
practicable  to  determine  which  is  the  most  rei  8 
branch  of  the  Mississippi,  nor  is  it,  perhaps,  i 
object  of  much  consequence.  The  latitude  i 
longitude  of  its  source  are  also  undefined, 
thorities  on  that  subject  differ  so  much  that  o 
great  confidence  is  due  to  any.  It  is  probable  t , 
like  other  rivers,  no  real  certainty  of  the  i  i 
source  or  latitude  is  attainable  without  extrai 
nary  pains  and  skill.  We  may,  however,  ass  e 
N.  lat.  48°,  and  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  18c,  ate 
source  of  that  great  river.  Its  general  coun  i 
about  SW.  300  ms.  to  the  mouth  of  the  Corb  , 
which  comes  in  from  the  right.  Below  the  l| 
beau  the  Mississippi  assumes  a  southeastern  co  e 
of  200  ms.  to  St.  Anthony's  falls,  at  the  fo  >f 
which  it  receives  the  St.  Peter's,  a  large  tribuy 
stream  from  the  NW.  Below  the  mouth  oft 
Peter's,  the  Mississippi  continues  SE.  80  ms.,  d 
in  that  distance  receives  from  the  left  the  St.  Cijl 
Chippeway,  and  Black  rivers.  Between  the  o 
former  occurs  Lake  Pepin,  a  mere  dilatation  o!  e 
river.  After  receiving  Black  river,  the  Missis  I 
curves  more  to  the  S.,  and  80  ms.  below  the  I 
mer  receives  from  the  left  a  large  branch  of'e 
Wisconsin,  thence  again  turning  to  SE.  100m:W 
joined  by  Rock  river,  a  stream  of  considers 
size,  flowing  from  NE.  to  SW. ,  and  rising  *r 
Lake  Michigan.  Below  Rock  river  the  Missis* 
turns  to  a  little  W.  of  S.  100  ms.  to  its  juni'i 
with  the  Lemoine  river,  a  very  considerable  1 1 
tary  stream  from  the  NW.    One  hundred  >d 


MIS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MIS 


i .w  ty  miles  in  a  southeastern  course,  below  the 
jjertine,  the  Illinois  unites  with  the  Mississippi, 
:in  15  ms.  lower  the  latter  and  Missouri  form 
,  i<  junction,  the  entire  length  of  the  Missis- 
ip,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  is,  by  com- 

I  ive  estimate,  995  ms.  The  country  drained  by 
ii  iver  is  generally  rather  level  than  hilly  -  much 

ofd  surface  prairie.  Except  towards  its  source, 
!  o  kes  of  any  considerable  consequence  are  found 
n  iv  of  its  confluents.  Its  waters  are  tolerably  lim- 
it rid  its  current  gentle.  Though  from  from  acci- 
enl  circumstances  the  Mississippi  has  gained  the 
inminence  in  giving  name  to  the  general  recip- 
3i  it  is,  nevertheless,  a  mere  branch,  and  by  no 
i  g  the  principal  one  of  Missouri.  Below  their 
iiifion  the  united  stream  flows  198  ms  SE., 
i  s  it  receives  an  immense  accession  of  water 
aigh  the  channel  of  Ohio,  below  which  the 
or  egaled  mass  turns  a  little  W.  of  S.,  and  flows 
■  l  at  direction  316  ms.,  receives  the  White 
;r  and  14  ms.  lower  the  Arkansas,  both  from 
leght.  The  Vazoo  enters  from  the  left,  187 
isselow  the  mouth  of  Arkansas,  and  211  ms. 
Oli'  the  mouth  of  Yazoo  the  Mississippi  re- 
m  j  its  last  tributary  stream  of  consequence,  the 
'ie  iver,  from  the  right.  Two  ms.  below  Red 
r,n the  Atchafalaya  flows  out  to  the  S.  From 
leiouth  of  Arkansas  to  the  efflux  of  Atchafalaya 
uieeneral  course  of  the  Mississippi  is  nearly  from 
Ni.;tS.  Below  the  former  the  latter  assumes  a 
Mjceast  course,  which  it  pursues  347  ms.  to  its 
cm  exit  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  entire 
HKi  of  the  Mississippi,  below  the  mouth  of 
MUmri,  is  1,273  miles  by  the  windings  of  the 
Mn.  If  one-third  is  added  to  its  comparative 
!«<i  above  Missouri,  for  its  particular  meanders, 
Jesuit  will  give  1,327  ms.,  which,  added  to 
iifi!,  yields  2,600  ms.  as  the  entire  length  of  the 
Uissippi,  following  the  bends. 
Ice  all  rivers  of  great  length,  the  Mississippi 
i  €:mpt  from  sudden  overflowings,  but  subject  to 
aa  nual  rise  and  fall.  The  periods  of  these 
fl*i>  are  tolerably  regular,  but  the  quantity  and 
elr  .ion  of  the  water  differ  continually,  and  often  to 
ra  feet  in  two  succeeding  seasons.  The  river 
omences  its  swell  generally  in  March  or  the  be- 
iiOiigof  April.  The  increase  of  water,  at  first 
tm.  gradually  becomes  more  slow,  until  the  sup- 
l  iy  ?ginning  to  exhaust,  the  volume  commences 
m\\  or  decrease,  which,  at  Natchez,  is  in  a  long 
•I  of  years,  from  the  15th  to  the  20th  of  June, 
J«Kt  New  Orleans  in  the  first  week  in  July. 

»  is,  however,  in  most  years,  a  lesser  and  ear- 
•nod,  which  varies  in  time  much  more  than 
u«  f  the  spring  and  summer.  In  October,  No- 
'ao.jr,  or  December,  this  le-ser  flood  intervenes; 
'r  ally  in  the  last  days  of  December  and  first  of 
ir  ry.  This  lesser  flood  seldom  rises  so  high  as 
'<  rflow  the  banks;  ar,d  it  has  been  observed 
navhen  the  earlier  flood  is  more  than  commonly 
;|g  the  later  flood  is  in  proportion  lower  than 

II  on.  The  efflux  of  Plaquemine  is  the  com- 
uoi  cale  in  the  delta  of  the  excess  and  period  of 
jC>t.,/lood6. 

•|e  velocity  of  the  current  of  the  Mississippi 
as^en  greatly  mistaken.    Taking  the  motion  of 
18  eils,  the  only  safe  criterion,  it  is  found  that, 
Ohio,  the  entire  mass  does  not  move  as 
noi  as  one  mile  per  hour.    The  line  of  upper 


current  moves  more  rapidly  than  the  mass,  but 
even  the  former  does  not  move  by  any  means  with 
the  rapidity  usually  supposed. 

The  depth  of  water  in  the  Mississippi  varies  of 
course  with  the  increase  and  decrease  of  its  floods  ; 
but  this  difference  of  elevation  is  more  perceptible 
above  than  in  the  delta.  At  Natchez  it  is  from  30 
to  40  feet,  at  Lafourche  about  23  feet,  and  at  New 
Orleans  about  9  feet.  There  is  usually  about  12 
feet  water  on  the  bars  of  the  Northeast  and  South- 
west  Passes,  in  the  South  and  West  Passes  9 
feet,  and  in  those  of  the  North  and  Pass  a.  la 
Loutre  8  feet.  Above  the  Passes  the  river  deepens 
to  upwards  of  100  feet.  At  New  Orleans  it  is  up- 
wards of  120;  and  at  the  Lafourche  153  feet  at 
high  water.  There  is  no  place  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio  where  the  channel  is  ever  less  than  12 
feet  in  depth. 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi  Proper  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri. — In  point  of  area  the  val- 
ley of  the  Mississippi  Proper  is  not  so  extensive 
as  that  of  Ohio,  the  former  only  extending  over  a 
surface  of  180,000  sq.  ms.  Its  greatest  length  is 
from  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  river  to  the 
junction  of  that  stream  with  the  Missouri,  650 
ms. ;  and  its  greatest  breadth,  from  the  sources  of 
the  Wisconsin  to  those  of  Lemoine  river,  350  ma. 

Before  proceeding  further,  however,  with  the 
descriptive  geographical  detail,  it  may  not  be  con- 
sidered irrelevant  to  review  one  of  those  great  nat- 
ural features  of  North  America,  without  attention  to 
which,  no  correct  conception  of  its  peculiar  topo- 
graphy can  be  obtained.  This  feature  is  the  great 
natural  meadows  known  by  the  name  of  prairie. 
In  a  state  of  nature,  with  but  very  partial  excep- 
tions, a  dense  forest  covered  all  those  parts  of  the 
continent  of  North  America  contained  in  the  At- 
lantic slope;  the  lower  part  of  the  basin  of  St. 
Lawrence,  below  the  head  of  Lake  Erie,  and  two- 
thirds  of  that  basin  to  its  extreme  northwestern 
point ;  N.  of  the  St.  Lawrence  basin  to  the  55th 
degree  of  N.  lat.  ;  four-fifths  of  the  valley  of  Ohio ; 
the  residue  of  the  continent  E.  of  the  Mississippi 
river  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  and  W.  of  that 
stream  from  50  to  100  ms.  This  enormous  forest, 
one  of  the  largest  on  the  globe,  remains  yet  19 
parts  in  20,  the  efforts  of  man  having  made  but 
partial  inroads  on  either  its  mass  or  extent.  This 
great  forest  is  bounded  on  its  western  limit  by 
another  region  of  much  greater  area,  but  with  a 
very  different  character.  The  second  may  be  strict- 
ly  called  the  grassy  section  of  the  continent  of  N. 
America,  which,  from  all  that  is  correctly  known, 
stretc  hes  from  the  forest  region  indefinitely  west- 
ward, and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  furthest 
Arctic  limits  of  the  continent.  The  two  regions 
are  not  divided  by  a  determinate  limit.  In  passing 
from  one  to  the  other,  the  features  respectively  are 
so  blended  that  the  change  is  in  most  places  imper- 
ceptible, though  in  some  instances  extremely  ab- 
rupt. 

In  general  the  prairie  region  is  less  hilly,  moun- 
tainous, or  rocky,  than  that  of  the  forest,  but  ex- 
ceptions in  both  cases  are  frequent.  Plains  of 
great  extent  exist  in  the  latter,  and  mountains  of 
no  trifling  elevation  and  mass  chequer  the  former 
section.  We  are  now  to  approach  the  sur  vey  of 
regions  in  which  prairie  forms  no  small  part  of  the 
entire  surface,  and  will,  in  the  sequel,  reach  oth- 

571 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MIS 


ers,  where  those  seas  of  grass  extend  over  almost 
the  whole  superfices. 

The  extreme  northern  source  of  the  Mississippi, 
strange  as  it  may  appear,  continues  unknown. 
The  nature  of  the  country,  indeed,  renders  preci- 
sion on  this  point  difficult,  without  extreme  expense 
of  labor  and  time.  We  have  assumed  N.  lat.  48°  as 
the  source  of  this  great  river;  its  junction  with 
Missouri  being  at  N.  lat.  38  50,  it  flows  conse- 
quently through  9°  of  lat,  within  a  trifling  faction. 
The  length  of  the  Mississippi  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri  is  still  less  accurately  known  than  the 
position  of  its  source,  every  authority  differing 
from  each  other  on  the  former  subject.  'J  hat 
nearly  all  estimates  of  its  length  are  overrated, 
there  are  many  weighty  reasons  to  believe.  Com- 


remaining  in  its  primitive  state,  and  fully  corn  . 
rates  the  correctness  of  the  theory  assumed  resp  j 
ing  the  valley  of  Ohio. 

One  of  the  first  observations  which  strikes 
mind,  on  a  survey  of  this  extensive  tract,  u  $ 
general  monotony.  No  chains  of  mountain!  f 
note,  or  even  lofty  hills,  rise  to  vary  the  pers  . 
live.  Some  elevations  there  are  towards  ) 
sources  of  the  largest  confluents,  and  a  few  so  i 
ry  hills,  dignified,  for  want  ot  contrast,  by  the  | 
of  mountains.  The  Mississippi  is  traversed  j 
several  falls,  such  as  those  of  Pecagama,  a  t 
midway  between  Sandy  and  YVinnipec  lakes  \ 
N.  lat.  47  30,  the  Little  falls,  at  N.  lat.  45°, 
Big  falls,  below  the  mouth  of  the  Sac  river  i 
those  of  St.  Anthony,  at  N.  lat.  44°,  immedis  y 
pared  with  the  Ohio,  on  most  maps,  no  essential  above  the  mouth  of  St.  Peter's  river.    The '1 


difference  appears  when  the  Alleghany  is  added  to 
the  latter.  The  actual  length  of  the  Ohio,  by  its 
meanders,  we  have  shown  to  be  948  ms.,  that  of 
the  Alleghany  is  about  250;  the  two  distances 
united  amount  to  1,198,  say  1,200  ms.  For  a 
long  period  the  Ohio  itself  was  estimated  at  1,188  ; 
more  correct  information  corrected  the  error.  On 
all  maps,  and  from  every  information  we  have 
seen,  the  sinuosities  of  the  Ohio  are  at  least  as 
great  as  those  of  the  Mississippi  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri ;  we  may  therefore,  without  much 
risk  of  material  error,  give  1,327  ms.  as  the  maxi- 
mum length  of  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

The  confluent  rivers  of  the  Mississippi,  advanc- 
ing from  its  source  along  its  right  bank,  are  Leech 
Lake  river,  ^Vermilion,  Pine  river,  Kivierede  Cor- 
beau,  Elk,  Sac,  and  Crow  rivers;  these  enter 
above  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony  ;  below  that  point 
are  St.  Peter's,  Upper  Iowa,  Turkey,  Little  Ma- 
quauquetois,  Galena,  Great  Maquauquetois,  Low- 
er Iowa,  Lemoine,  and  a  few  other  streams  of  lit- 
tle note  between  the  mouth  of  Lemoine  and  that 
of  Missouri.  From  the  left  the  Mississippi  re- 
ceives, advancing  from  its  source,  Thornbury  riv- 
er,!Round  Lake  river,  Turtle,  Portage  river,  Chev- 
reuil,  Prairie,  Trout,  Sandy  Lake  river,  St.  Fran- 
cis, and  Rum  rivers.  These  streams  enter  above 
the  falls  of  St.  Anthony.  Below  that  point  are 
St.  Croix,  Chippewa,  Black,  Prairie,  Le  Crosse, 
Wisconsin,  Sissinawa,  Riviere  au  Fevre,  Rock, 
Henderson's,  and  the  Illinois.  These  streams  are 
given,  in  most  pait,  from  the  authority  of  Mr. 
Schoolcraft,  and  are  also  more  minutely  detailed, 
from  the  circumstances  that  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi proper  is  yet  imperfectly  known,  of  great 
importance  in  the  geography  of  the  U.  8.,  and  that 
the  source  of  intelligence  is  recent  and  respectable. 

Mr.  Schoolcraft  estimates  the  elevation  of  the 
sources  of  the  Mississippi  at  1,330  feet  above  the 
Atlantic.  From  comparison  with  our  calculations 
respecting  the  descent  of  the  Ohio,  a  very  remark- 
able coincidence  appears,  though  founded  upon  to- 
tally independent  data. 

The  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  though  contiguous 
to  that  of  Ohio,  exhibits  an  aspect  essentially  dif- 
ferent. The  sources  of  the  latter  we  have  found 
issuing  from  an  elevated,  mountainous,  hilly,  and 
broken  country  ;  those  of  the  former,  on  the  con- 
trary, flow  from  an  immense  marshy  plain,  in  great 
part  devoid  of  timber.  The  humble  elevation  of 
the  region  from  which  the  sources  of  the  Missis 
sippi  are  drawn  accounts  for  the  adjacent  country 
572 


of  extensive  prairies,  when  first  seen,  has  an  a  1 
and  imposing  effect  upon  the  mind  ;  but  that  - 
pression  is  soon  lost,  and  a  dreary  void  obtrud  a 
its  place.  Many  parts  of  the  Mississippi  b  s 
are  high,  broken,  and  precipitous  ;  hut,  taken  a 
whole,  this  great  valley  presents  few  objects:  i  n 
which  those  can  dwell  with  interest  who  pass  o 
the  rich,  ever-varying  scenery  of  Ohio,  panic 
ly  that  of  its  banks  and  southeastern  slope. 

Had  the  head  waters  of  the  Mississippi  desc  I 
ed  from  a  mountainous,  or  even  a  very  high  e 
land,  similar  to  that  from  which  flows  the  C  t, 
with  a  slope  of  sufficient  inclination,  the  gei  ll 
face  of  the  country  drained  by  the  former  ;r 
would  have  now  assumed  an  aspect  similar  to  it 
from  which  flow  the  head  waters  of  the  III 
But  in  reality,  though  on  a  much  larger  scale  le 
Mississippi  resembles  those  of  the  NW.  slop  of 
the  Ohio  valley,  in  the  circumstance  of  tio  ig 
from  a  flat  table  land,  and  in  gaining  ascen  id 
depth  of  channel  in  their  progress  towards  the  e- 
spective  recipients.  It  is  a  feature  peculiar,  r- 
haps,  to  the  Mississippi,  that  the  country  ailj; 
to  its  source,  and  that  near  its  final  discharge  re 
in  so  great  a  degree  similar  in  their  general  p  «• 
ognomy.  A  difference  of  lat.  of  19°  prec  e» 
much  resemblance  in  vegetable  or  stationary  ii- 
mal  production.  But  according  to  Mr.  Sell 
craft,  who  visited  its  sources  in  the  month  of  J, 
the  migratory  water  fowl  found  there  at  that  w 
of  the  year  are  very  nearly  specifically  the  ie 
found  at  its  mouth  in  the  months  of  Pecet  r, 
January,  February,  and  March.  "It  .s 
serving  of  remark,"  says  that  writer,  "tMj 
sources  lie  in  a  region  of  almost  continual  w A 
while  it  enters  the  ocean  under  the  lat.  of  perr  >al 
verdure." 

Climate,  soil,  and  production. — Exteiog 
through  9°  of  lat.,  the  change  of  climate  i  h« 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  proper  is  greater  an 
found  in  any  other  valley  in  the  basin  of  whi  * 
forms  a  part,  except  the  more  northern  pa  ot 
that  of  Missouri.  So  defective  is  our  inform* 
respecting  the  larger  tributaries  which  ente  W 
Mississippi  above  Missouri,  that  little  more  ed 
be  added  respecting  the  Mississippi  valley  in  ge  a'' 
Suffice  to  say,  that  in  point  of  soil,  veget»bl  nd 
mineral  productions,  lead  excepted,  this  valley  m 
every  respect  inferior  to  that  of  Ohio.  The  ord  >[)' 
timber  in  similar  latitudes  is  nearly  the  sa  m 
both  valleys,  but  towards  the  sources  of  the  MN* 
sippi,  pine,  spruce,  cedar,  maple,  and  white  l-'h, 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


m  he  prevalent  timber  trees.  In  fact,  the  far 
I  er  part  of  the  upper,  and  much  of  the  lower 

pa  of  the  valley,  is  composed  of  prairie,  low 

iwip,  or  lakes.  Much  good  alluvial  land,  par- 
c  trly  on  the  Illinois,  borders  the  streams,  but  in 

;,o  oderate  proportion  to  what  is  found  in  the  val- 

lejfOhio. 

the  lower  part  of  the  Mississippi  valley  the 
i  c  vegetables  cultivated  are,  in  most  part,  the 
I  found  in  our  middle  States  generally.  The 
h  ite  deing  rather  more  severe  in  a  given  latitude 
ia  e  Mississippi  basin  than  on  the  SE.  side  of 
hi^ppalachian  mountains,  some  small  difference 
I  getable  location  may  exist,  but  not  to  any  very 
rtr  amount. 

wards  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
ijlirice  (zizania  aquatica)  abounds  in  the  swamp 
I  dong  the  low  margins  of  the  rivers  and  lakes, 
,n  institutes  no  small  part  of  the  food  of  the  na- 
iv.  Perhaps,  in  an  advanced  state  of  society, 
n ;pecies  of  cerealia,  which  can  be  cultivated  in 
If  s  unsuitable  to  any  other  vegetable,  may  be- 
c#.  the  resource  of  civilized  man,  and,  under 
A  \i\  culture,  attain  a  development  similar  to 
has  taken  place  with  other  grains,  such  as 
trht,  rye,  oats,  barley,  and  maize.  In  fine,  in 
h» 'alley  of  the  Mississippi  we  find  every  object 
:e  ting  our  approach  to  the  wide-spreading  waste 
on  hich  we  are  now  to  enter. 

illey  of  Missouri,  above  its  junction  with  the 
Mdssippi. — The  Mississippi,  having  been  first 
•Jvered,  has  by  prescription  given  name  to  the 
He  basin  ;  but  the  Missouri,  above  their  junc- 
tion is  a  stream  which  has  drained  a  country  of 
.Hi:  than  2|  times  the  extent  of  the  valley  of  the 
Ifcler.  The  error  is  now  without  remedy  :  there- 
J<M)  though  of  so  much  greater  magnitude,  it 
in  a  geographical  point  of  view,  be  consid- 
tias  a  tributary  stream  to  the  Mississippi. 

issouri  river  rises  in  the  Chippewan,  or,  as 
tb«  are  absurdly  called,  Rocky  mountains.  What 
;f  pre-eminence  called  Missouri  is  not  the  main 
■frm,  if  our  maps  are  even  tolerably  correct.  The 
Tow  Stone  river  is  longer  than  its  rival  above 
ih>  junction,  and  receives  larger  and  longer  trib 
Mr  streams.    Assuming,  however,  Jefferson's 
ipf  as  the  extreme  source  of  Missouri,  the  latter 
vi rise  at  N.  lat.  44  20  W.,  Ion.  from  W.  C. 
I  The  general  course  for  about  120  ms.  is  NE., 
■  ting  in  that  distance  several  tributary  streams. 
I  ence  turns  N.  120  ms.,  and  about  N.  lat.  46 
^s  augmented  by  Dearborne's  river  from  the 
I  .  It  thence  curves  to  the  NE.  80  ins.,  to  the 
n  nee  of  Maria's  river  from  the  N  VV.  Below  its 

0  jon  with  the  Maria's  river,  the  Missouri  pur- 
A  an  eastern  course  150  ms.,  and  thence  a 

leastern  course  of  150  ms.,  to  the  mouth  of 

1  )w  Stone  river.  Estimating  the  distance  from 
I  mrce  by  either  branch  along  the  streams,  the 
*1  ouri  has  flowed,  at  its  junction  with  the  Yel- 
O" Stone  river,  more  than  1,000  ms.,  and  has 
ir  ied  above  150,000  sq.  ms.  of  surface,  mostly 
I  ie.    Its  volume  is  here,  perhaps,  as  wide  and 

as  at  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi.  After 
•J|  ving  the  Yellow  Stone,  the  Missouri  curves 
flrtNE.,  and  thence  SE.  200  ms.,  to  the  Man-| 
■'a  villages,  at  N.  lat.  47  25.  Between  the 
iMh  of  Yellow  Stone  river  and  the  Mandan  vil- 
I  ,  the  volume  of  Missouri  has  gained  its  ex- 


treme N.  bend  at  N.  lat.  48  20,  and  has,  besides 
many  lesser  tributaries,  received  the  Little  Missouri 
from  the  right,  flowing  from  SW.  to  NE.  Nearly 
opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  the  Moose  riv- 
er, branch  of  Assiniboin,  rises  within  less  than  one 
mile  from  the  bank  of  the  Missouri.  At  the  Man- 
dan  villages,  the  Missouri  turns  directly  S.,  and 
flows  in  that  course  through  4  20  of  lat.,  or  near 
300  ms.  In  this  distance  it  has  received  a  few  un- 
important tributaries  from  the  left,  and  from  the 
right  the  large  streams  of  Cannon  Ball,  Wetarhoo, 
Sawarcarna,  Chayenne,  Teton,  and  White  rivers. 
Below  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  the  Missouri  turns 
to  the  SE.,  E,,  and  S.,  300  ms.,  to  its  junction 
with  the  La  Platte,  an  immense  body  of  water 
flowing  from  the  W.,  and  heading  with  the  Ark- 
ansas, Lewis's,  and  Yellow  Stone  livers.  In  the 
latter  course,  the  Missouri  has  also  received  from 
the  left  the  Jacques  and  Great  and  Little  Sioux 
rivers.  Below  its  junction  with  the  Platte,  the 
Missouri  flows  200  ms.  SE.,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Kansas  river,  a  large  tributary  flowing  from  the 
W.,  and  heading  between  the  Arkansas  and  Platte 
rivers.  The  Missouri  has  now  gained  nearly  the 
39°  of  N.  lat.,  and,  turning  to  a  little  S.  of  E., 
250  ms.,  joins  its  vast  volume  to  that  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, after  an  entire  comparative  course  of 
about  1,870  miles,  and  particular  course  of 
3,000  ms.  Between  the  mouths  of  the  Kansas 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  the  Osage,  a  large  branch, 
enters  Missouri  from  the  SW.  The  Osage  is  a 
considerable  stream,  rising  in  the  angle  between 
the  Kansas,  White,  and  Arkansas  rivers. 

Our  geographical  knowledge  of  the  various 
branches  of  Missouri  is  still  more  limited  than  that 
respecting  the  Mississippi.  Of  the  main  stream, 
as  high  as  the  Mandan  villages,  our  notices  are 
tolerably  ample.  Lewis  and  Clarke,  Stoddard, 
Brackenridge,  Bradbury,  and  others,  have  en- 
larged the  public  stock  of  information  on  this  inter- 
esting topic  ;  but,  with  all  that  has  yet  been  pub- 
lished, a  feeble  light  has  been  thrown  upon  those 
immense  regions. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  basin  of  Missouri  is. 
from  the  mouth  of  that  stream  to  the  head  of  Ma- 
ria's river,  1,200  ms.  ;  its  greatest  breadth  from  the 
sources  of  the  Platte  to  a  few  ms.  SE.  of  the  Man- 
dan villages,  700  ms.  The  outline  is  too  vaguely 
known  to  admit  precision  as  to  the  area  of  this  vast 
extent;  it  must,  however,  equal,  if  not  exceed, 
500,000  sq.  ms.,  equal  to  320,000,000  U.  States 
acres. 

General  features. — Engrasping  the  whole  val- 
ley of  Missouri  in  one  view,  two  remarkable  fea- 
tures must  command  pre-eminence — the  turbid 
muddy  appearance  of  the  water,  and  the  very  great 
difference  in  length  and  volume  of  the  confluent 
streams  from  the  right  bank,  when  compared  with 
those  from  the  left  bank  of  the  main  recipient. 
Whilst  from  the  right  the  Missouri  receives  such 
vast  branches  as  the  Yellow  Stone,  Chayenne, 
Quicouree,  Platte,  Kansas,  and  Osage,  from  the 
left  all  the  branches  are  of  minor  importance.  This 
characteristic  continues  to  distinguish  the  valley 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio, 
where,  to  the  great  volumes  of  the  White,  Arkan- 
sas, and  Red  rivers,  are  opposed  the  very  inferior 
streams  of  the  Yazoo,  Big  Black,  and  Homochitto. 

It  would  appear  that  the  Mississippi  basin  is  di- 

573 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MIS 


vided  into  two  immense  inclined  planes,  falling 
from  the  two  opposing  chains  of  mountains,  that 
of  the  Chippewan  and  the  Appalachian,  and  that 
the  two  planes  are  in  a  very  near  ratio  to  the  re- 
spective magnitude  and  elevation  of  the  chains 
from  which  they  decline.  The  line  of  contact  be- 
tween those  planes  is  formed  by  the  Illinois,  and 
thence  by  the  Mississippi,  below  the  mouth  of  the 
former;  and  if  we  extend  our  views  beyond  the 
Mississippi  basin,  Lake  Michigan  is  evidently  the 
continuation  of  this  line  of  depression  to  the  N., 
whilst  to  the  SE.  the  rivers  entering  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  as  far  as  the  Appalachicola,  inclusive,  be- 
long to  the  Appalachian  plane;  and  to  the  SW., 
all  streams  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  far 
as  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  or  even  to  the  Sun- 
asinta,  appertain  to  the  plane  of  Chippewan. 

But  to  return  to  our  particular  subject — that  of 
the  Missouri  valley.  It  would  be  useless  to  give  a 
list  of  the  smaller  rivers  of  this  tract,  the  names  of 
which  are  hardly  known.  A  general  outline  is  all 
that  ought  to  be  attempted.  The  Missouri  valley 
is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  enormous  chain  of 
the  Chippewan  or  Rosky  mountains,  from  which 
flow  the  sources  of  the  Missouri  and  most  of  its 
largest  branches.  The  exact  elevation  of  the  Chip- 
pewan, or  indeed  any  of  its  peaks  within  the  do- 
main of  the  U.  S.,  have  never  been  determined, 
and  the  result  made  public.  The  general  table  land 
upon  which  those  ridges  rest  must,  from  the  great 
length  of  the  Missouri,  exceed  3,000  feet.  Per- 
haps about,  5,000  feet  would  be  a  safe  estimate  for 
the  general  elevation  of  the  whole  chain,  particular 
peaks  excepted. 

The  Chippewan  partakes,  with  the  adjacent 
country,  the  character  of  nakedness,  timber  being 
rare  and  of  stunted  growth.  Like  the  Appalachian 
and  most  other  American  mountains,  the  Chippe- 
wan is  formed  in  collateral  ridges,  with  deep  in- 
tervening valleys.  The  rivers  rise  in  these  val- 
leys, and  pierce  the  ridges  in  their  course.  The 
sources  of  Missouri  extend  along  the  chain  through 
near  8°  of  lat.,  or  upwards  of  500  ms.  In  this  re- 
gion the  main  stream  and  most  of  its  tributaries 
flow  to  NE.  The  sources  of  Big  Horn,  a  branch 
of  the  Yellow  Stone  river,  rise  at  N.  lat.  41  30, 
whilst  Maria's  river  has  its  most  northern  source 
above  N.  lat.  48  30.  Some  of  the  northern  con- 
fluents of  Missouri  probably  lie  as  far  as  N.  lat.  50°. 

Missouri  leaves  the  Chippewan  by  falling  over 
continued  ledges  of  rocks,  in  a  distance  of  18  ms., 
after  which  this  overwhelming  mass  of  water  is 
augmented  every  few  ms.  by  large  tributary  wa- 
ters, without  falls  or  even  shoals  to  its  mouth. 
The  channel  is  deep,  and  bounded  by  enormous 
precipices  of  rock.  The  immediate  margin  of  the 
streams  only  excepted,  this  almost  interminable 
expanse  is  prairie,  devoid  of  timber,  and,  except 
the  deserts  of  Arabia,  no  part  of  the  earth  presents 
an  equal  surface  less  inviting  to  civilized  man  than 
the  far  greater  part  of  the  valley  of  Missouri.  Its 
asperities  heeome  more  apparent  as  information  re- 
specting its  real  features  expands.  The  general 
character  of  this  extensive  valley  may  be  comple- 
ted in  few  words  :  that,  with  some  very  partial  ex- 
ceptions, it  is  a  wide  and  arid  waste  in  summer, 
and  over  which,  in  winter,  the  piercing  winds  of 
the  N.  sweep  without  impediment,  and  on  which 
a  dense  civilized  population  can  never  exist. 
574 


Climate,  soil,  and  productions. — In  sowidt 
extent  a  very  great  diversity  of  climate  must 
cessarily  exist.  From  the  considerable  eleva 
of  some  parts,  northern  position  of  others,  and 
open  exposure  of  nearly  the  whole  extent,  i 
winters  are  extremely  severe.  The  whole  of 
valley,  a  small  part  of  the  southeastern  extren 
excepted,  has  an  aspect  and  climate  with  astrili 
resemblance  to  the  steppes  of  central  Asia,  a 
like  those  steppes,  must  forever  be  thinly  peop 

With  the  exception  of  the  alluvial  banks  of  . 
streams,  the  soil  is,  as  far  as  correct  informa 
has  been  obtained,  dry  and  sterile,  which,  adde  i 
the  want  of  timber,  and  in  many  places  of  g 
extent  water,  settlement  of  an  agricultural  pe<  i 
is  rendered  not  only  difficult  but  impossible. 

The  State  of  Missouri,  embracing  about  63,  i 
sq.  ms.,  it  is  probable,  if  the  advantages  of  clir ) 
are  superadded  to  soil,  possesses  one-fourth  pa:  f 
the  productive  surface  of  this  entire  valley. 

Of  the  indigenous  vegetables  of  the  Missouri  . 
ley  little  can  be  said.  Mr.  Bradbury  was  the  iJ 
naturalist  of  sufficient  skill  to  investigate  the  ■  • 
ject  of  its  botony  who  ever  reached  the  interio  f 
J  the  valley  as  far  as  the  Mandan  villages,  and  i 
J  opportunities  of  observation  were  so  limited  a  > 
|  preclude  extensive  research. 

It  is  probable  that  the  mineral  treasures  of  i 
I  extensive  valley  may,  in  some  measure,  compen  j 
:  for  its  many  other  disadvantages.  Of  the  quai  ( 
j  of  iron  ore  and  mineral  coal  laid  open  to  the  j 
I  along  the  banks  of  Missouri,  Mr.  Bradbury- 
presses  himself  in  raptures.  So  small  a  part  « 
jbeen  examined,  and  that  so  hastily,  even  by  I 
Bradbury  himself,  that  no  conclusive  ^deduct  i 
1  can  be  made  on  any  branch  of  the  natural  his  j 
of  the  valley  of  Missouri  at  present. 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi  beluw  the  mout  f 
]  the  Missouri. — We  now  approach  what  ma  e 
j  strictly  designated  as  the  tropical  region  of  th« 
S.,  though  the  entire  surface  of  the  section  u  r 
!  review  is  not  included  under  that  Govermc 
The  common  recipient,  the  Mississippi,  has  || 
noticed  under  the  head  of  that  river  in  general  o 
may  therefore  observe,  that  the  section  undei  I 
view  extends  in  its  greatest  lengih  from  the  m  It 
of  the  Mississippi  to  the  sources  of  the  Arlur  <, 
1,400  ms.  ;  the  greatest  width  of  the  valley  is 1 Q 
the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  tc  e 
mouih  of  the  Atchafalaya,  600  ms.    The  an>f 
no  section  of  the  Mississippi  basin  can  be  d '• 
mined  with  more  difficulty  than  that  under  rev 
The  sources  and  length  of  the  two  most  consul* 
ble  confluents  remain  uncertain  to  a  very  sen* 
extent.    In  this  article  we  have  assumed  330.0 
sq.  ms.,  equal  to  211,200,000  acres. 

In  respect  to  climate,  the  lower  valley  of* 
Mississippi  extends  from  N.  lat.  29°,  that  of* 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  to  N.  lat.  42°,  the  sot  * 
of  the  Arkansas  river,  or  through  13°  of  lat.,  h 
a  difference  of  elevation  from  the  level  of  the  If 
of  Mexico,  to  at  least  5,000  feet.  These  extre  «, 
when  due  allowance  is  made  for  the  difference 
elevation,  amount  to  28°  of  lat. 

The  principal  confluents  of  this  valley,  W  h 
enter  the  main  recipient  from  the  right,  are,  <3* 
mencing  below  the  mouth  of  Missouri — Merrimi. 
St.  Francis,  White,  Arkansas,  and  Red  rr*; 
those  from  the  left  are,  commencing  below  ie 


MIS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MIS 


0  h  of  Ohio—  Kaskampa,  Redfoot,  Obian.  Chick- 
,8  Forked  Deer,  Yazoo,  Big  Black,  Homochit- 

1  ,d  Buffalo  rivers. 
aturcs. — The  lower  valley  of  the  Mississippi 

:  most  diversified  eeclion  of  the  U.  S.  Every 
ir  y  of  landscape,  every  trait  of  natural  physiog- 
n,  and  an  exhaustless  source  of  metallic  and 
:cible  production,  is  here  found.  This  expanse 
i  ited  on  the  E.  by  a  dense  forest,  and  on  the 
v  the  lofty  but  naked  spines  of  the  Chippe- 
tinoun  tains. 

jer  receding  about  100  ms.  from  the  banks  of 
M  ississippi  to  the  W.,  and  in  many  places  a 
distance,  prairies  commence,  which,  gradually 
neaching  on  the  forests,  finally  spread  one  wide 
m  of  grass,  as  on  the  higher  branches  of  the 
i  il  basin.    The  open  plains  of  Arkansas  and 
igcivers  are  merely  a  continuation  of  those  of 
letllev  of  Missouri,  and  with  similar  features, 
n  ;  immeasurable  plains  of  grass  seem  destined 
\  in  all  future,  as  they  have  been  in  all  former 
e  the  empire  of  ruminant  animals,  such  as  the 
ufb,  deer,  wild  goat,  or  antelope,  and  wild 
t     Following  this  apparent  law  of  nature,  if 

0  prairies  should  ever  become  the  residence  of 
tfied  inhabitants,  those  inhabitants  must  be  j 
ermen,  and  not  cultivators  of  the  earth.    As  far 

1  .tlements  have  been  made  on  one  side  of, 
grassy  desert  by  the  Spanish  Americans,  and  j 
mm  other  by  the  people  of  the  U.  S.,  in  west- 
n  ouisiana  and  elsewhere,  effects  have  followed  1 
iftqil  causes,  and  the  traveller  finds  a  rude  hab- 
•Mk  on  the  banks  of  a  brook  or  river,  with  a  ; 
awfield  or  two,  in  which  a  little  maize  and  sweet ; 
ataes  are  cultivated  ;  and  from  thence  the  eye 
Mb  over  a  shoreless  sea  of  grass,  on  which  cat-  < 
»«<J  horses  are  seen  grazing  in  all  directions,  j 
t  his  not  the  fiction  of  a  sportive  imagination — it ' 
i  a  ality  which  the  eye  that  directs  the  pen  that ' 
*ms  the  fact  hath  seen  innumerable  limes.  And  ! 
Here  noted  as  illustrative  of  how  much  man  is  j 
Speed  in  his  modes  of  existence,  his  manners,  | 
Holitical  condition,  by  the  soil,  climate,  and 
(natural  phenomena  around  him ;  and  to  the 
>\*  ions  of  which,  as  he  cannot  control,  he  must 
wfcp.  And  such  is  the  flexibility  of  human  na- 
«|B.hat  what  was  necessity  becomes,  by  habit, 
j'«re,  and  the  mounted  herdsmen  of  New  Mex- 

exas,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas,  would  not 
recondition  with  any  other  people  on  earth. 
^•Its  the  plains  on  which  they  rove  are  wide, 
■'•f  aorsemen  know  no  luxury  beyond  their  herds, 
4gkor  no  distinction  but  that  of  managing  their 
4m  with  most  adroitness. 

k  h  is  the  germ  of  a  people  which,  in  the  short 
"•#*f>f  two  centuries,  will  inhabit  a  surface  more 
»i  qual  to  two-thirds  of  all  Europe.    The  mind 
an. I  detach  itself  from  this  truly  interesting  sub- 
*3tithout  reflecting,  that  to  the  physical  simili 
iwetween  the  deserts  of  Arabia  and  the  steppes 
1  c  iral  Asia,  with  the  interminable  plains  of  in- 
***^North  America,  a  strong  moral  resemblance 
<"Nand  ever  must  continue  to  exist  between  the 
'^•Rtive  inhabitants  of  those  distant  regions. 
•*|the  many  other  features  in  common  between 
*  airies  of  Red  and  Arkansas  rivers  and  the 
*W  of  central  Asia,  is  the  prevalence  of  mu- 
r|altf  soda,  (common  salt,)  which,  as  has  been 
0u*<ed,  renders  the  water  of  those  rivers  brackish. 


When  we  turn  our  eye  to  the  entire  surface  of 
the  valley  under  review,  we  find  it  divided  into  two 
very  unequal  portions.  The  grand  recipient,  the 
Mississippi,  is  seen  rolling  almost  at  one  extremi- 
ty ;  a  narrow  strip  of  land,  with  rivers  of  very  small 
comparative  magnitude,  skirt  its  left  bank.  This 
confined  border,  of  about  500  ms.  in  length,  by  a 
mean  width  of  50  ms.,  amounting  to  25,000  sq. 
ms.,  is  opposed  by  an  extent  of  305,000  sq.  ms., 
watered  by  the  great  volumes  of  White,  Arkansas, 
and  Red  rivers.  Consequently,  the  valley  is  di- 
vided into  two  sections,  the  proportions  of  which 
exceed  16  to  1. 

Next  to  the  Mississippi  itself,  the  Arkansas  river 
would  appear  the  most  prominent  object  on  this  al- 
most interminable  landscape.  When  the  Missouri 
is  assumed  as  the  principal  stream,  the  Arkansas, 
in  point  of  length,  ranks  as  its  second  confluent, 
being  longer  than  either  the  Platte,  Mississippi 
proper,  or  Ohio,  which  follow  in  order.  The  sour- 
ces of  the  Arkansas  remain  unknown,  to  any  pre- 
cision, but  are  generally  supposed  to  extend  to  N. 
lat.  42°,  and  W.  Ion.  from  W.  C.  34°  ;  the  posi- 
tion of  its  mouth  has  long  been  sufficiently  well 
known  ;  it  enters  the  Missouri  at  N.  lat.  33  56, 
and  W.  Ion.  from  W.  C.  14  10.  This  stream, 
therefore,  winds  through  upwards  of  8°  of  lat.  and 
20°  of  Ion.  Its  length,  by  comparative  course,  is 
about  1,400  ms.  ;  but,  by  its  meanders,  must  ex- 
ceed 2,000  ms. 

The  geography  of  the  Arkansas  has  now  become 
an  object  of  the  first  importance,  as  its  channel 
forms,  from  the  100th  degree  of  Ion.  W.  of  Lon- 
;don,  to  its  source,  if  those  sources  are  S.  of  N.  lit. 
42°,  part  of  the  limit  between  the  TJ.  S.  and  the 
;  Spanish  dominions  in  America. 

From  the  discoveries  recently  made  by  Captain 
'  Long,  the  magnitude  of  the  Arkansas  has  been 
j  hitherto  underrated.    A  large  body  of  water,  for- 
!  merly  made  to  enter  Red  river,  is  now  found  to 
flow  into  the  Arkansas  by  the  Canadian  fork.  The 
(Arkansas  is  more  impeded  by  falls  and  cataracts 
i  than  any  river  of  the  great  inclined  plane  we  have 
|  noticed.    Issuing  from  an  elevated  and  mountain- 
|  ous  region,  the  bed  of  this  stream  is  unnavigable 
with  large  boats,  except  about  600  ms.  above  its 
mouth.     From  thence  it  flows  in  a  deep  and 
rapid  channel,  of  about  600  yards  wide,  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Mississippi.    The  particular  tributa- 
ry streams  of  the  Arkansas  remain,  in  great  part, 
imperfectly  known,    This  river  now  gives  name  to 
a  State  of  the  U.  S. 

Next  in  magnitude  of  volume  and  length  of 


course  to  Arkansas,  is  Rei 


Like  its  lival, 


Red  river  flows  from  that  spine  of  mountains  which, 
ranging  from  Mexico  northward,  assumes  local  ap- 
pellations in  different  places  :  in  Mexico  this  chain 
retains  the  native  Aztec  name  of  Anahuac;  near 
the  sources  of  Red  and  Arkansas  rivers  it  is  known 
i  as  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  ;  and  further  N. 
as  the  Rocky  mountains,  or  the  Chippewan. 

Red  river  enters  the  Mississippi  at  N.  lat.  31  1, 
and  W.  Ion.  from  W.  C.  14  40. 

Great  uncertainty  reigns  over  the  sources  of  Red 
river;  but  if  the  information  given  by  Captain 
Long  be  correct,  and  it  is  entitled  to  great  credit, 
those  waters  which  originate  from  N.  lat.  32°  to 
35°,  and  W.  Ion.  from  W.  C.  from  25°  to  28°, 
which  in  all  our  maps  are  represented  as  flowing 

575 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Colorado  and  other 
streams,  on  the  contrary,  are  the  sources  of  Red 
river.  By  comparative  courses,  this  stream  is 
about  1,000  ms.  in  length;  but,  following  it  by  its 
meanders,  is  probably  1,500  ms. 

Both  the  Arkansas  and  Red'.rivers  have  their  reg- 
ular periodical  inundations,  similar  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  enter  their  recipient  at  the  season  of 
flood,  respectively,  with  an  immense  body  of  water, 
which  in  no  small  degree  contributes  to  supply 
that  enormous  mass  of  fluid  which  annually  rolls 
over  Louisiana  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  Arising 
from  the  saline  and  ochreous  earths  through  which 
they  flow,  the  waters  of  these  two  great  rivers  are 
in  a  considerable  degree  brackish;  that  of  Red 
river  so  much  so,  that  at  Natchitoches,  and  from 
thence  to  its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi,  it  can- 
not be  used  either  for  drinking  or  for  culinary  pur- 
poses. 

The  next  confluent  of  the  Mississippi  in  point  of 
magnitude,  which  enters  the  from  right  bank  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  is  White  river.  This  lat 
ter  river,  though  of  greatly  inferior  length  or  vol- 
ume to  the  two  former,  is  of  great  importance,  from 
the  extent  of  excellent  land  it  drains.  White  river 
rises  in  the  angle  between  Arkansas  and  Osage 
rivers,  and  has  its  source  mingled  with  those  of 
both;  the  latter,  also,  with  those  of  the  Merrimack 
and  St.  Francis.  White  river,  after  a  compara-j 
tive  course  of  about  400  miles,  falls  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi a  few  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ar- 
kansas. 

St.  Francis  and  Merrimack  would  neither  de- 
serve particular  notice  amid  the  description  of  riv- 
ers such  as  we  have  been  surveying,  except  as  flow- 
ing from  one  of  the  most  interesting  metallic  re- 
gions of  this  globe. 

St.  Francis  rises  in  the  counties  of  Washington 
and  St.  Genevieve,  in  the  State  of  Missouri,  and, 
flowing  S.  by  comparative  course  250  miles,  enters 
the  M^sissippi  about  100  miles  by  water  above  the 
White  river. 

The  Merrimack  rises  in  the  highlands  between 
the  sources  of  the  St.  Francis  and  those  of  the 
Gasconade,  a  branch  of  Missouri,  flows  E.  by  com- 
parative course  100  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi  18 
miles  below  St.  Louis. 

It  is  unnecessary  here  to  notice  the  soil,  climate, 
or  productions  of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley,  as 
these  subjects  will  come  more  appropriately  under 
the  respective  heads  of  the  States  of  Mississippi  and 
Missouri.  A  reference  is  also  made  to  the  article 
of  Mississippi  State,  as  respects  the  confluents  of 
the  Mississippi  river  from  its  left  bank  below  the 
mouth  of  Ohio. 

yt'.lt.MART. 


Valley  of  the  Ohio 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi  proper 
Valley  of  the  Missouri  - 
Valley  of  the  lower  Mississippi 


Sq.  miles. 
200,000 
180,000 
500,000 
330,000 


Total  area  of  the  Mississippi  basin  1,310,000 


We  may  here  remark,  that,  including  the  bas 
of  Columbia,  the  trans-Mississippian  territory  of 
the  United  States  amounts  to  1,144,843  sq.  ms. 
equal  to  732,699,520  United  States  acres. 

To  close  the  survey  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  it 
576 


only  remains  to  examine  the  general  laws  by  w  t 
the  annual  floods  of  the  Mississippi  are  regul  | 
and  determined.  In  order  to  elucidate  this  sub 
it  is  necessary  to  combine  under  one  view  the  . 
tire  surface  of  the  basin.  This  investigation  . 
braces  one  of  the  most  important  questions  in  p 
ical  geography  ;  it  is  to  examine  one  of  the  1 1 
stupendous  operations  of  nature,  performed  <  j 
scale  commensurate  with  the  magnitude  of  theef  . 

In  our  review  of  the  valley  of  the  Ohie,  3  | 
feet  was  given  as  the  elevation  of  the  waters  at  3 
junction  of  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers.  From  1  t 
of  correct  data  as  to  the  real  length  or  general  | 
of  its  waters,  no  satisfactory  calculation  cai  e 
made  as  to  the  absolute  elevation  of  the  sourc  f 
Missouri.  We  have  assumed  in  this  article  j 
feet  as  the  probable  height  above  the  respe  e 
oceans  of  the  sources  of  that  stream.  In  an  ana  3 
similar  to  that  on  which  we  are  engaged,  rel  e 
elevation  is  one  of  the  elements  most  necessa  0 
a  correct  result.  We  may  remark  in  th  3  p  I 
with  sincere  regret,  that  during  all  the  tim  n 
which  our  citizens  have  visited  the  source  rf 
Missouri,  the  elevation  of  not  one  peak  or  a 
has  been  determined  and  published.  We  1  >, 
however,  some  facts  which  enable  us,  by  aua  •, 
to  approach  an  accurate  estimate  of  the  heigl  >f 
the  sources  of  the  Missouri.  From  the  ext « 
cold,  and  from  the  late  continuance  of  snow  1  . 
lat.  45  or  46°,  we  cannot  suppose  the  base  0  ,e 
Chippewan  mountains  to  be  in  that  region  is 
than  2,800  or  .3,000  feet.  At  the  first  gl,  >, 
when  is  known  the  great  length  of  tbe  sir  i, 
from  its  discharge  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico  to  i  2- 
motest  sources,  so  moderate  an  elevation  of  th  t- 
ter  may  appear  too  limited  ;  but  3,000  feet  v  Id 
demand  very  nearly  a  foot  per  mile — an  enor  is 
descent,  much  more  than  double  that  ordii  Ij 
found  in  rivers.  In  the  foregoing  estimate,  th  b- 
solute  height  of  peaks,  or  even  ridges,  is  not  I 
into  account. 

It  has  often  excited  astonishment  in  those  £ 
knew  the  extent,  without  duly  attending  tij|j 
structure  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  that  the 
delta  is  not  annually  submerged. 

We  now  proceed  to  investigate  the  causes 
long  continuance,  and,  in  common  years,  the  <!• 
erate  elevation  of  the  Mississippi  floods, 
rence  to  a  good  map  will  render  intelligible  tat 
is  to  follow,  and  obvious  that  the  peculiar 
ture  and  relative  position  of  the  respective  1 
which  compose  this  great  basin  are  the  true 
which  prolong  the  duration  and  mitigate  the 
of  the  annual  inundation. 

In  conducting  this  review,  we  may  conftidH 
basin  subdivided  into  the  four  valleys  alreadjfl 
ticed — that  of  Ohio,  Mississippi  proper,  MiM 
and  lower  Mississippi.  The  relative  extent  0  W 
has  been  determined,  and  the  principal  sireaiiJO 
ticed.  If  we  were  to  turn  an  attentive  ey 
map  of  those  four  sections,  and,  unaided  by 
gle  fact  drawn  from  actual  observation,  it 
follow  from  theory,  from  its  more  southern  >«; 
tion,  and  from  its  length  extending  E.  M 
that  the  valley  of  the  lower  Mississippi  mud 
discharge  its  waters,  the  Ohio  valley  would  f )ff 
upper  Mississippi  would  succeed  to  Ohio,  an^sl 
ly,  would  issue  the  discharge  of  Missouri,  or  ]$* 
subdivision  of  the  basin ;  such  are,  indeed,  thi  cte 


MIS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MIS 


would  also  be  evident,  from  inspection,  that  of 
,  vc  valley  taken  separately,  nature  opposes  in- 
suiountable  obstacles  to  a  simultaneous  discharge. 
lie  and  Arkansas  rivers  flow  nearly  parallel 
i  u  gh  14  degrees  of  longitude,  and  yet,  in  every 
v#»  the  discharge  ofthe  former  precedes  that  of 
i  Hitter  nearly  a  mouth.  Red  river  is  the  true 
(4p  American  Nile,  though  on  a  smaller  scale. 
1%  title  has  been  bestowed  on  the  Mississippi 
/i  unparalleled  absurdity,  except  in  the  single 
(  nstance  of  each  protruding  a  delta  at  their  re- 
I  ive  mouths,  no  two  rivers  could  possibly  pre- 
i«more  contrasted  features  than  does  the  Mis- 
I  pi  and  Nile.  In  fact,  except  in  one  circum- 
,t»e,  very  little  resemblance  exists  even  between 
i|*Vile  and  Red  river ;  the  Nile,  in  common 
rMt,  has  only  one  flood,  Red  river  has  often  two; 
™  floods  of  the  Nile  are  discharged  by  regu-j 


the  former  river.  The  causes  which  produce  this 
apparent  anomaly  are  obvious.  The  waters  of  the 
Mississippi  flowing  from  high  latitude  are  cooled 
almost  to  the  point  of  congelation  when  they  ar- 
rive at  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Mis- 
souri, whilst  those  of  Ohio,  in  the  latitude  of  St. 
Louis,  flowing  nearly  from  E.  to  W.,  demand  a 
longer  exposure  to  frost  to  become  frozen.  The 
gradual  melting  of  the  ice  and  snow  above  the  lati- 
tude assumed,  (that  of  37°,)  is  another  very  con- 
trolling cause  of  ihe  slow  emission  of  the  general 
flood. 

The  Ohio  valley,  from  its  compact  form,  greater 
comparative  descent,  and  from  the  medium  climate 
in  which  it  is  situated,  emits  its  waters  with  more 
irregularity  than  any  stream  in  the  Mississippi 
basin.  The  Ohio  tide  of  flood  occurs  from  No- 
vember until  March,  inclusive,  though  perhaps, 


nd  as  regular  depression,  which  is  emi- '  four  years  in  five,  this  river  yields  the  principal  dis- 


W  the  case  with  Red  river — a  circumstance 
l  in  a  very  striking  manner  distinguishes  both 
ithe  Mississippi  river,  which  rises  and  falls  by 
Lion,  if  such  a  term  is  admissible, 
ar  the  NW.  angle  of  Louisiana,  a  chain  of 
commences  on  both  shores  of  Red  river, 
i  continue  to  skirt  that  stream  upwards  of  100 
The  writer  of  this  article  examined  these 
and  found  them  to  be  evidently  formed  in  the 


charge  in  the  latter  month.  The  floods  of  this 
valley  are  more  sudden  in  their  rise,  and  impetuous 
in  their  discharge,  than  that  of  any  other  section 
of  the  Mississippi  basin.  The  main  tide  of  Ohio 
reaches  the  delta  in  May.  The  various  streams 
are,  however,  so  relatively  placed,  as  to  render  a 
simultaneous  discharge  impossible.  The  effect, 
therefore,  of  this  river,  in  producing  an  augmen- 
tation of  the  floods  which  inundate  the  delta,  is 


le  watercourses,  the  discharge  of  which  into 
er  has  been  gradually  impeded  by  natural 
:raent,  formed  by  the  sediment  brought  down 
river.  These  lakes,  as  they  now  exist,  are 
Jiir  or  five  to  thirty  miles  in  length,  and 


hannels  and  adjacent  low  grounds  of  con-!  much  lessened  in  its  operation. 

The  Mississippi  proper  is  still  more  disadvanta- 
geous^ situated  to  admit  a  rapid  emission  of  its 
waters  than  the  Ohio.  Flowing  nearly  in  a  N.  and 
S.  direction,  and  through  so  great  a  range  as  9°  of 
latitude,  the  more  southern  confluents  must  be  very 
quarter  to  three  miles  wide,  and  are  filled  j  much  exhausted  before  those  towards  the  source 
tied  alternately,  as  the  floods  of  Red  river  j  are  relieved  from  fetters  of  ice.    The  great  body  of 

the  Mississippi  tide  is,  however,  coeval  with  that 
of  Ohio. 

'  It  is  the  accumulation  of  the  waters  of  the  three 
valleys  we  have  surveyed,  and  those  of  the  Kansas 
and  Osage  branches  of  the  Missouri,  which  produce 
what  is  known  as  the  annual  Mississippi  inunda- 


scind  fall ;  they  are,  in  fact,  real  reservoirs, 
hi  in  the  rise  of  Red  river  receive  great  part  of 
'  rplus  water,  and  as  the  river  depresses,  dis- 
lae  that  surplus  slowly,  tending  very  greatly  to 
itite  the  rapid  emission  of  the  Red  river  flood 
i  e  delta.    As  far  as  the  writer  is  informed,  this 


peculiar  to  Red  river,  and  distinguishes  tion.    This  flood,  nine  years  in  ten,  reaches  the 


ia  tream  from  every  other 
H  river,  like  the  Mississippi,  has  a  flood  in 
inn;  but  what  maybe  denominated  the  an- 
■ii  inundation  of  that  river  reaches  the  delta  in 
t1  lary,  and  continues  through  March  and  April, 
^'e  efflux  of  Arkansas  uniformly  succeeds  that 
Ud  river,  but,  from  its  greater  length  of  course, 
'It  it  drains,  and  also  from  the  more  northerly 
i<  nouniainous  country  from  which  its  remote 
tJJs  are  drawn,  the  volume  of  the  former  very 
■ey  exceeds  that  of  the  latter  j  though,  from 
0Jnt  causes,  both  rivers  are  alike  in  yield- 
Bjaeir  waters  by  slow  and  regular  discharge, 
hpreat  mass  of  the  flood  of  Arkansas  reaches 
e  -lta  in  March  and  April,  and  is  therefore  si- 
u  neous  with  the  latter  part  of  that  of  Red  river. 


e  nver,  in  strictness,  forms  part  of  the  Ark- 


W  title,  and  flows  out  with  the  first  flux  of  the 
stream. 

2  may  here  observe,  that  all  the  rivers  of  the 
isosippi  basin  above  N.  lat.  37°  are  liable  to  be 
n»lly  frozen.  The  Mississippi,  at  St.  Louis,  is 
rtyears  in  five  passable  on  the  ice  with  loaded 
'  ges  by  the  first  week  in  January.   The  Ohio, 


highest  point  of  its  elevation  at  Natchez,  between 
the  10th  and  20th  of  June.  Few  instances  occur, 
in  a  long  succession  of  years,  in  which  the  waters 
at  that  city  have  not  commenced  their  depression 
by  the  first  week  of  July.  And  yet  the  heaviest 
mass  afforded  by  the  largest  natural  section  has  not 
yet  reached  the  delta. 

Powerful  as  are  the  causes  which  combine  to 
prolong  the  discharge  of  the  enormous  body  of 
waters  contained  in  the  three  sections  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi basin  we  have  examined,  none  contain 
such  controlling  impediments  to  an  aggregated  and 
sudden  emission  as  does  the  Missouri  valley  above 
the  Platte  inclusive.  *, 

The  Yellow  Stone  and  Missouri  spread  their 
sources  through  7°  of  latitude,  and,  assuming  a 
general  course  of  NE.,  unite  their  waters  above  N. 
lat.  48°,  turn  to  the  E.  and  SE.,  and  finally  as- 
sume, at  the  Mandan  villages,  a  southern  course, 
after  having  flown  through  1 1°  of  Ion.  The  Platte 
pursues  a  general  course  from  W,  to  E.  above  N. 
lat.  40°,  and  flows  through  14°  of  Ion.  It  must  be 
obvious,  from  what  has  been  shown  in  this  article, 


or  by  inspection  of  a  good  map,  that  the  higher 
equal  latitude,  is  not  so  soon  frozen,  though  i  branches  of  Missouri  must  remain  frozen  long  after 
eold  is  equally  intense  on  the  latter,  as  on  |  those  more  southward  have  commenced  their  rise, 

73*  577 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


and  nearly  as  late  as  the  period  of  high  tide  on  the 
delta.  The  mean  motion  of  the  entire  mass  of 
water,  in  any  of  the  confluents  of  the  Mississippi, 
does  not  much,  if  any,  exceed  one  mile  per  hour; 
therefore,  between  three  and  four  months  are  ne- 
cessary for  the  passage  of  water  from  the  extreme 
sources  of  the  Missouri  to  the  delta  of  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  consequently,  though  those'  waters  com- 
mence their  ri~e  in  May,  they  do  not  frequently 
reach  the  delta  until  late  in  July,  or  early  in  Au 
gust ;  of  course,  at  a  period  when  the  main  spring 
and  summer  inundation  is  very  greatly  abated,  and 
the  water  retired  within  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river. 

Though  the  period  of  flood  is  well  known  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  delta,  and  in  common  years  can 
be  calculated  within  a  few  days,  such  is  the  ine- 
quality of  the  seasons  over  the  whole  basin,  that  no 
length  of  experience  gives  the  probable  elevation  or 
quantity.  In  1800,  and  in  1801,  the  waters  of 
the  Mississippi,  at  Natchez,  did  not  attain  the 
height  of  the  banks. 

The  delta  commences  at  the  mouth  of  Red  river, 
or  more  correctly  at  the  efflux  of  the  Atchafalaya. 
At  this  place  is  a  gorge,  through  which  the  over- 
whelming mass  of  surplus  water  is  confined  to 
within  3  ms.  ;  but,  by  the  channel  of  the  Atcha- 
falaya, a  very  large  quantity  flows  out  to  the  right 
from  the  main  stream,  never  again  to  return.  One 
hundred  and  twenty  miles  lower  flows  from  the 
left  the  Manchac  or  Iberville.  Those  two  streams, 
the  Atchafalaya  and  Iberville,  bound  the  delta,  and 
below  their  efflux,  respectively,  no  water  which 
flows  from  the  Mississippi  ever  returns;  nor  are 
there  any  bodies  of  arable  land,  except  upon  the 
immediate  banks  of  the  water  courses ;  all  beyond 
is  either  liable  to  annual  overflow  or  morass. 

We  have  now  included  as  much  of  general  ob- 
servation upon  the  Mississippi  basin  as  is  compati- 
ble with  the  necessary  brevity  of  this  treatise,  and 
will  therefore  conclude  our  review  of  that  subject 
with  a  few  reflections  upon  the  delta. 

It  is  evident,  from  either  actual  view  or  inspec- 
tion on  a  map,  that  all  the  space  I  have  designated 
as  within  the  delta,  must  have  been  formed  by  allu- 
vial deposite ;  but  from  that  physical  fact  many 
conclusions  have  been  drawn,  unsupported  by  the 
laws  of  nature,  or  by  the  geographical  physiognomy 
of  the  country. 

It  is  a  common  belief  that  the  Mississippi  fre- 
quently changes  its  bed,  and  that  it  flows  upon  a 
comparative  ridge.  Neither  of  those  opinions  are 
correct;  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi,  like  that  of  all 
rivers,  is  the  deepest  valley  of  the  country  through 
which  it  flows.  As  high  up  as  the  efflux  of  La 
Fourche,  it  is  130  feet  deep  at  low  water,  and  75 
or  80  at  Natchez.  At  New  Orleans,  the  depth 
exceeds  100  feet.  The  deepest  lakes,  in  the  whole 
adjacent  country,  do  not  exceed  18  or  20  feet,  and 
the  very  small  depression  of  their  surface  below 
that  of  the  Mississippi,  shown  by  the  tides,  will 
leave  the  bottom  of  the  river  upwards  of  100  feet 
below  that  of  any  other  watercourse  or  lake  in  the 
delta.  When  the  Mississippi  is  reduced  to  its 
lowest  point  of  depression,  water  ceases  to  flow 
into  the  Atchafalaya,  Iberville,  and  Plaquemine ; 
and  instances  have  occurred  when  the  same  circum- 
stances took  place  with  the  Fourche ;  and  yet,  as 
I  before  remarked,  at  the  very  lowest  point  of  its 
578 


depression  the  Mississippi  water,  even  as  higi  3 
La  Fourche,  is  120  feet  deep  ;  therefore,  to  d<  t 
its  channel,  that  great  river  must  quit  a  bed  of  . 
wards  of  2,600  feet  wide,  and  120  feet  in  d  , 
below  the  lowest  of  its  outlets,  and  about  140  t 
below  the  general  level  of  the  delta. 

It  remains  for  me  to  show  the  causes  of  the  . 
dinary  misconception  that  the  Mississippi  does  . 
sert  its  channel.  A  glance  of  the  eye,  upon  a  il 
map,  will  exhibit  the  sweeping  bends  of  that  §  t 
river.  In  an  alluvial  soil  the  current,  whe:  t 
strikes  against  one  side  of  the  river,  wears  aw  g 
portion  of  the  bank,  and  deposites  it  upon  the . 
posite  shore.  This  enlarged  section  shows  the . 
ture  of  those  currents,  which  are  thrown  by  e 
points  into  the  bends,  or  more  correctly  frorx  g 
convex  to  the  concave  side  of  the  stream,  e 
consequence  is,  that  the  decrement  of  the  bani  s 
from  the  bends,  and  the  increment  to'  the  point  r 
rather  a  little  below.  If  by  a  large  curve  of  e 
river  two  bends  approach  each  other,  the  intf  - 
ning  isthmus  or  neck  may  be  worn  through  by  g 
current,  and  the  river  thrown  into  the  new  char  . 
This  was  the  case  in  three  places,  since  Louis  i 
was  settled  by  the  French ;  at  the  mouth  of  e 
Yazoo,  at  that  of  the  Homochitto,  and  at  P  t 
Coupee.  The  latter  name  is  derived  from  the  - 
cumstance.  The  former  bed  of  the  river,  7 
lakes,  has  in  every  other  respect,  except  currer  1 
perfect  resemblance  to  the  curves  of  the  Mississ  . 
Besides  those  lakes,  thus  formed  within  the  n  1 
of  history,  several  others  exist  near  the  Missis?  <i 
to  attest  the  still  more  ancient  revolutions  of  t 
stream.  Such  are  Lake,  Concordia,  opposite  ]  - 
chez,  Lake  St.  John,  a  few  ms.  above ;  Lake  . 
Joseph,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Big  Black  ri  ; 
Lake  Providence,  opposite  Stack  Island  ;  and  G  J 
Lake  immediately  above  the  N.  line  of  Louisi; , 
upon  N.  lat.  33°.— See  Red  River. 

Of  these  eight  lakes,  all  are  on  the  right  i 
except  one  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo,  and  on.t 
that  of  the  Homochitto,  and  all  have,  as  I  bee 
observed,  the  most  exact  resemblance  tosectionf 
the  Mississippi. 

Receding  from  that  stream  beyond  the  limit  if 
these,  the  other  lakes,  within  or  above  the  &  , 
assume  a  totally  different  appearance,  and  havee 
irregular  form  of  similar  bodies  of  water  in  o  r 
places.  Those  .near  the  present  bed  of  th«  M  - 
sippi  are  monuments  attesting  the  antiquity  of  t 
bed.  Combining,  therefore,  the  depth  of  the  Ell 
river  with  the  general  features  of  the  delta,  i 
other  alluvial  tracts  above,  the  conclusion  is  in  - 
table  that  this  great  river  flows  in  a  channel,  In 
which,  with  the  exceptions  stated,  its  waters  1  - 
not  find  another  outlet  to  their  general  recipi » 
more  easily  than  any  other  given  river,  the  ¥m 
son,  Delaware,  or  Susquehannah,  for  instance. 

We  must  close  these  already  lengthened  ol  '- 
vations  on  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi,  by  a  * 
general  remarks  upon  that  stream. 

I  have  already  expressed  my  opinion,  that  e 
velocity  of  the  water  of  that  river  and  of  its  m 
fluents  are  overrated.  I  have  formed  that  colli- 
sion from  actual  observation,  but  it  may  be  S 
ported  by  collateral  facts.  If  any  vessel  is  pun 
motion,  say  a  steamboat,  in  stagnant  water,  amis 
rate  of  going  ascertained,  that  rate  must,  as  a  IR 
ter  of  course,  exactly  counterbalance  a  curreitf 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


e  al  rapidity.  Therefore,  if  a  steamboat  could  j  further  notice  respecting  it  is  necessary  in  this 
rjve  6  ms.  per  hour  in  still  water,  it  would  move  j  place. 

Next  in  magnitude  and  importance  amongst  the 


Iiile  per  hour  in  a  current  having  a  velocity  of  5 
n  per  hour.  It  is  very  commonly  and  very  con- 
fi  ntly  asserted,  that  the  Mississippi  moves  4  or  5 
d  per  hour  during  the  time  of  high  water,  and 
y,  steamboats  are  known  to  be  propelled  against 
il current  3  or  4  ms.  per  hour.  If  these  two  mo- 
t  is  are  added  together,  we  have  9,  10,  or  12  ms. 
p  hour  in  still  water  for  these  vessels.  I  have 
bn  much  in  steamboats  in  the  most  favorable  sit- 
u  ons,  and  when  aided  by  wind,  tide,  and  steam, 
l!ms.  was  the  greatest  distance  I  ever  knew  per- 
fuied  in  one  hour  by  any  of  these  vessels.'  Six 
tt  believe,  in  calm  weather,  and  stagnant  water, 
I  i  nearly  their  mean  rate  of  motion, 
f  this  latter  supposition  is  correct,  and  steam- 
b.ts  are  propelled  up  the  Mississippi  at  the  rate 
ms.  per  hour,  it  will  leave  2  ms.  per  hour  lor 
tl  mean  motion  of  the  upper  current  or  surface 
oihe  Mississippi  river,  coinciding  very  nearly 
Hp  what  I  have  before  stated.  These  2  ms.  per 
far  must,  however,  be  considered  as  the  velocity 

0  he  upper  part  of  the  volume  of  water,  and  is, 

1  ive  no  doubt,  more  than  double  that  of  the  en- 
Li  mass. 

fississippi,  State  of  the  U.  S.,  having  the 
JVsissippi  and  Peatl  rivers  on  the  W.,  the  35th 
d.'ee  of  N.  lat.  or  the  State  of  Tenn.  N.,  the 
Sie  of  Ala.  on  the  E.,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
«iN.  lat.  31°,  or  La.,  on  the  S.  The  outlines 
oiiiis  State  are  : 


Fm  the  mouth  of  Pearl  river,  along  the 
uif  of  Mexico,  to  the  SW.  angle  of 
lift,    -  - 

A  ig  the  western  boundary  of  Ala.,  to  the 
W.  angle  of  that  State,  on  the  south- 
n  boundary  of  Tenn. 

Tnce  W.,  along  the  southern  boundary 
?  Tenn.,  to  the  SW.  angle  of  that 
tate,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
:ver  ----- 

T  nce  down  that  stream  to  N.  lat  31°  - 

Tnce  due  E.,  along  N.  lat.  31°  and  the 
iate  of  La.,  to  the  right  bank  of  Pearl 

.|\er  - 

I'  nee  down  Pearl  river  to  the  place  of  be- 
nning  - 


Miles. 


80 


320 


90 
530 


105 


60 


H  ing  an  entire  outline  of        -  -  1,185 

rea  45,760  sq.  ms.,  equal  to  29,286,400 
<«5.  Extreme  S.,  N.  lat.  30  8;  extreme  N., 
N'lat.  35°.  Length  from  S.  to  N.  338  ms.  ; 
m  width  about  135  ms. 

he  remarkable  resemblance  in  form  and  geo- 
4r  bical  position  between  the  States  of  Ala.  and 
♦1  .  is  obvious  on  a  first  glance  of  their  connect- 
^liaps.  In  addition  to  every  other  point  of  si- 
n  ude,  both  have  a  prolongation  towards  the 
1  of  Mexico,  below  N.  lat.  31°,  of  nearly  equal 
*r<  and  extent  on  that  gulf. 

f  the  rivers  of  the  State  of  Miss.,  that  stream 
rc'  which  the  name  of  the  State  is  derived  claims 
Jl'iirst  rank. 

ie  Mississippi  washes  the  State  from  N.  lat. 
»!,)  35°,  a  distance,  following  the  stream,  of  530 
The  features  of  the  Mississippi  have  been  so 
|  y  noticed  under  the  preceding  head,  that  no 


rivers  of  this  State  is  the  Pearl.  This  stream  ri- 
ses in  the  State,  about  N.  lat.  33°,  and,  flowing 
in  a  general  course  nearly  S.,  flows  into  the  Rigo- 
lets  between  Lakes  Borgne  and  Pontchartrain,  at 
N.  lat.  30  10,  after  an  entire  comparative  course 
of  about  200  ms.  From  N.  lat.  31°  to  its  mouth, 
the  Pearl  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
States  of  La.  and  Miss. 

The  Pascagoula  rises  in  the  State  of  Miss., 
about  N.  lat.  32  40,  flows  in  a  southern  course  to 
N.  lat.  30  20,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
after  a  comparative  course  of  about  150  ms.  The 
main  branch  of  Pascagoula  is  known  by  the  name 
of  Chickasawhay,  as  far  down  as  5  ms.  S.  of  N. 
lat.  31°,  where  it  forms  a  junction  with  the  NW. 
branch,  the  Leaf  river,  and  from  thence  to  the 
final  discharge  takes  the  name  of  Pascagoula. 

Some  streams,  but  of  small  note,  enter  the  bay 
of  St.  Louis,  between  the  Pearl  and  Pascagoula 
rivers. 

The  sources  of  the  Amite,  Tickfoha,  Tangipao, 
and  Bogue  Chito  rivers,  are  in  the  State  of  Miss. 

Flowing  into  the  Mississippi  are  the  Buffalo, 
Homochitto,  Big  Black,  and  Yazoo  rivers.  Of 
these  latter  streams,  in  point  of  magnitude,  the 
first  rank  is  due  to  the  latter.  This  river  has  its 
source  near  the  southern  boundary  of  Tenn.,  in- 
terlocking with  the  head  waters  of  Tombigbee. 
!  The  Yazoo  enters#he  Mississippi  at  N.  lat.  32  30, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  about  200  ms. 

Big  Black  liver  rises  about  N.  lat.  33°,  between 
the  sources  of  the  Pearl  and  the  Yazoo,  flows 
SW.  150  ms.,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  at  the 
Grand  Gulf,  N.  lat.  32  5. 

Between  the  Big  Black  and  Homochitto,  the 
Mississippi  river  receives  the  water  of  Bayou 
Pierre,  Cole's  creek,  and  St.  Catherine  creek. 
These  creeks  are  comparatively  small,  but  import- 
ant from  their  position  and  the  excellence  of  the 
land  they  drain.  The  city  of  Natchez,  though  so 
near  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  is  situated  on  a 
branch  of  St.  Catherine  creek,  which  has  its  dis- 
charge 15  ms.  below.  ■ 

The  Homochitto  river  rises  about  50  ms.  NE. 
from  Natchez,  flows  SW.  about  100  ms.,  and  en- 
ters the  Mississippi  at  N.  lat.  31  12. 

The  Buffalo  is  rather  a  creek  than  a  river,  not 
having  a  course  of  more  than  25  or  30  ms.  This 
stream  rises  in  Amite, ,  and  flows  W.  through 
Wilkinson  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  two 
ms.  above  Loftus  Heights. 

The  Tennessee  river  forms  a  part  of  the  bound- 
ary of  the  State  of  Miss.,  from  the  mouth  of  Bear 
creek  to  the  Tenn.  line,  at  N.  lat.  35°,  about  20 
ms..  and  ought  consequently  to  be  classed  as  one 
of  the  rivers  of  the  State. 

We  have  already  observed  that  the  sources  of 
the  T.ombigbee  were  in  the  State  of  Mississippi. 
The  sources  of  Tombigbee  rise  near  the  Tennessee 
line,  flow  to  the  SE.,  and  enter  the  State  of  Ala. 
at  about  N.  lat.  33  30. 

The  State  of  Miss,  has  a  very  confined  and  in- 
commodious seacoast,  of  80  ms.  in  extent.  In  this 
distance  the  Pascagoula  is  the  only  inlet  by  which 
vessels  of  the  smallest  size  can  enter,  and  in  that 
only  schooners  of  small  draught,  at  high  water, 

579 


MIS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.     /  MIS 


can  reach  the  junction  of  Chickisawhay  and  Leaf 
rivers.  The  Pearl  admits  no  navigation  worth 
mention  ;  and  the  bay  of  St.  Louis  is  a  mere  in- 
dentation of  the  coast,  of  no  practical  use  in  a  com- 
mercial point  of  view. 

The  Mississippi  river  is  the  great  harbor  and 
outlet  of  the  State. 

The  State  of  Mississippi  is  naturally  divided  in- 
to four  grand  divisions  of  soil — the  islands  in  Lake 
Borgne  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Pine  Forest,  Mis- 
sissippi and  other  river  alluvion,  and  the  Missis- 
sippi bluffs. 

Advancing  from  S.  to  N.,  first  occurs  a  chain 
of  low  sandy  islands,  lying  about  6  or  7  ms.  from 
the  main  shore.  Their  names  are,  ranging  from 
W.  to  E  ,  the  group  of  the  Malheureux  (unfortu- 
nate) islands,  Mary  Anne,  Cat,  Ship,  Dog,  Horn, 
and  Petite  Bois  islands. 

The  opposing  shore,  once  a  part  of  W,  Flori- 
da, is  a  level  pine  forest  to  the  water  edge,  consti- 
tuting the  second  and  by  far  the  most  extensive 
superficies  of  soil  in  the  State.  Receding  from  the 
shores  of  the  gulf  inland,  the  face  of  the  country 
imperceptibly  swells  into  hills ;  and  though  no 
part  of  the  State  rises  into  elevations  that  can  be 
designated  mountains,  much  of  its  surface  is  ex- 
tremely broken. 

Next  in  extent  to  the  pine  forest  land  is  the 
range  called  the  Mississippi  bluffs,  and,  lastly,  the 
more  confined  but  greatly  most  valuable  land — 
where  found  above  annual  overflow,  river  allu- 
vion. Of  these  three  latter  envisions  ef  soil  in 
order. 

As  we  have  already  observed,  the  pine  forests 
reach  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and,  we 
may  add,  extend,  in  the  intervals  between  the 
streams,  to  the  northern  extremity  of  the  State. 
This  species  of  soil,  deriving  its  title  from  the 
principal  timber  it  produces,  in  most  places  gradu- 
ally mingles  with  the  river  alluvion  or  Mississippi 
bluffs,  and  produces  an  intermediate  soil  partaking 
of  the  qualities  of  both,  and  on  which  oak,  ash, 
hickory,  dogwood,  sweet  gum,  and  other  trees, 
intermingle  with  the  pine.  This  mixed  soil  and 
timber  is  known  in  the  country  by  the  name  of 
interval  land,  and  is  often  found  very  productive. 
The  pine  lands  have  hitherto  been  considered  ex- 
tremely sterile.  How  far  future  modes  of  culture 
or  artificial  means  may  tend  to  meliorate  this  spe- 
cies of  soil  remains  an  undecided  problem. 

In  the  northern  parts  of  the  State  of  Miss.,  to- 
wards Tenn.,  the  pine  woods  are  frequently  inter- 
rupted by  a  species  of  prairie,  or  rather  barrens, 
on  which  grow  shrub  oak  and  other  dwarf  bushes, 
but  the  soil  continues  to  exhibit  the  unproductive 
character  of  that  of  the  pine  woods. 

It  would  not  be  hazarding  much  to  estimate  the 
extent  of  these  barren  tracts  at  two  thirds  of  the 
entire  area  of  the  State. 

In  all  the  length  of  the  State  of  Miss.,  from  N. 
lat.  31  to  35°,  a  range  of  bluffs  extends.  These 
bluffs  reach  and  are  washed  by  the  Mississippi  in 
a  few  places  only.  Immediately  above  N.  lat. 
31°  rises  the  highest  of  these  bluffs,  known  by 
the  name  of  Loftus  heights,  which  skirt  the  river 
4  or  5  ms.  A  very  large  curve  ol  the  Mississippi 
to  the  W.  leaves  an  extensive  overflown  tract 
along  the  right  bank  as  high  as  Ellis's  cliffs,  where, 
by  an  eastern  curve  of  the  river,  the  bluffs  are 
580 


again  washed  by  the  stream,  which  is  also  the  c 
at  the  city  of  Natchez.  Above  the  latter  pla 
the  bluffs  and  river  do  not  again  come  in  conts 
below  the  Grand  Gulf  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Black  river.  The  bluffs  again  reach  the  strean 
Walnut  Hills,  below  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo,  | 
at  the  Chickasaw  bluffs,  immediately  at  the  N  , 
angle  of  the  State. 

The^e  bluffs  are  the  mere  extension  of  the  c. 
paratively  elevated  surface  of  the  State  of  Mis 
sippi  over  the  low  grounds  of  the  river  of  the  s< 
name. 

When  the  waters  are  low,  it  is  found  that 
bluffs  are  underlaid  by  a  crude  concrete  of  sand 
pebbles,  held  in  mass  by  an  oxide  of  iron, 
whole,  no  doubt,  resting  on  a  secondary  base. 

The  elevation  of  the  bluffs  vary,  but  about 
feet  mean  height  would  not  be  a  serious  depart 
from  fact.  They  are  cut  into  hills  by  the  abrai 
of  water  of  the  numerous  streams  which  flow  f 
the  pine  woods  in  the  interior. 

What  renders  these  bluffs  and  hills  object,' 
peculiar  interest  is  the  quality  of  the  soil,  which 
in  almost  all  places,  good,  and  in  many  exuber 
ly  fertile.  Receding  from  the  bluffs,  the  pine  • 
ests  imperceptibly  encroach,  and  in  some  place:  I 
a  more  or  less  distance  from  the  river,  say  in  a  • 
rect  line  from  15  to  20  ms.,  closes  the  produc 
border. 

The  foregoing  limit  is  taken  in  general ;  id 
of  the  water  courses  have  fertile  tracts  on  t  r 
banks,  further  into  the 'interior  of  the  State,  t 
the  latter  description  of  land  belongs  more  part  - 
larly  to  river  alluvion  than  to  the  soil  of  the  b  * 
or  hills. 

The  soil  of  the  bluffs  and  hills  is  a  rich  lc , 
resting  on  clay;  and  digging  wells  has  discld 
the  fact  that  the  general  substratum  to  the  ck  s 
loose  sand. 

The  whole  of  this  fine  border  of  soil,  in  a  i  e 
of  nature,  is  covered  with  a  dense  forest,  witl  3 
underwood  of  reed  cane,  the  arundo  gigaii, 
many  species  of  vitis,  smilax,  and  other  climl  I 
and  an  infinite  variety  of  more  humble  vef  I 
bles. 

A  mere  list  of  the  most  prevalent  timber  1 
will  serve  to  demonstrate  the  fertility  of  this  ti  ; 
these  are  black  oak,  white  oak,  Spanish  oak,  I  k 
jack  oak,  willow  oak,  wild  cherry,  sweet  gum,  I 
lar,  large  laurel,  beech,  fagus  pumila,  (here  a  e 
often  40  feet  in  height,  and  8  or  ten  inches  iii* 
ameter,)  black  locust,  mulberry,  persimon,  h<  y 
locust,  black  gum,  cotton  wood,  linden,  mucii- 
nous  elm,  sassafras,  sycamore,  ash,  black  wa  t, 
bitternut  hickory,  nutmeg  hickory,  and  red  hir- 
ing maple. 

Of  the  more  humble  trees  and  shrubs,  and  « 
vegetables,  the  following  are  most  indicative  o:  I 
tility  of  soil :  papaw,  dogwood,  spicewood,  S  I 
ish  mulberry,  buckeye,  poke,  blackberry,  ima' 
dine,  and  reed  cane. 

It  would  swell  this  article  to  too  great  a  le  th 
to  give  a  mere  list  of  the  most  interesting  vegejj 
productions  of  the  fine  tract  under  review  ie 
foregoing  are  inserted  as  illustrative  of  its  na  al 
fertility. 

When  compared  with  the  entire  area  o:he 
Slate,  the  productive  tract  before  us  is  confint  in 
extent ;  but  when  we  turn  our  attention  to  th  " 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


tiregetables  which  are  or  can  be  produced  with- 
s  limits,  the  intrinsic  value  of  the  land  is  ren- 
ei  apparent. 

ligo,  tobacco,  and  cotton,  have  in  turn  been 
ul'ated  as  staples,  and  produced  in  great  abun- 
u :;  the  latter  has  for  more  than  25  years 
is  superseded  the  two  former,  and  will,  in  all 
i  n  probability,  continue  the  great  staple  of  this 
,ai)ftheU.  S. 

left  speculation  has  been  made  upon  the  quan- 
tjf  cotton  which  is  or  can  be  produced  per  acre 
p(  the  bluff  lands.  The  writer  of  this  article, 
•o  some  personal  experience,  will  undertake  to 
*  le  250  pounds  of  clean  cotton  as  about  an  av- 
ra  crop. 

'i  cotton,"  indigo,  and  tobacco,  may  be  added, 
i  3  exotic  plants  cultivated  in  the  State  of  Mis- 
st pi,  Indian  corn,  (zea  maize,)  oats,  and, 
h?  the  inhabitants  choose,  wheat  may  be  pro- 
but  the  culture  of  that  grain  is  seldom 
Upted.  Most  garden  plants  grow  luxuriantly, 
io  h  good  gardens  are  rare.  That  species  of  po- 
tt the  tuberous  rooted  solanum,  commonly  call- 
i  sh  potato,  is  cultivated,  but  does  not  succeed 
)  ■  11,  either  as  to  quantity  or  quality,  as  the  same 
ag able  does  further  northward.  The  sweet  po- 
ikconvolvus  batatas  of  Muhlenberg)  is  produced 
i  V:  utmost  abundance. 

(  cultivated  fruits,  the  principal  are  the  apple, 
«,  and  fig;  the  latter,  below  N.  lat.  32°, 
981;  to  flourish  as  if  natural  to  the  climate.  The 
in),  nectarine,  apricot,  &c,  are  cultivated,  but 
otttensively. 

fie  all  the  Southern  States  of  the  II.  S.,  mea- 
>v  cannot  be  correctly  said  to  exist  in  the  State 
f  jssissippi. 

rough  the  winters  are  in  general  mild,  the  sea- 
mare  extremely  Variable.  Frequently  frosts 
a  of  sufficient  severity  to  destroy  cotton,  indi- 
o,  ibacco,  and  other  tender  plants,  as  early  as  the 
fcveek  of  October,  whilst  perhaps  in  the  next 
oai  the  flowers  of  the  same  vegetables  will  be 
au  blooming  in  December,  and  even  in  Janua- 
v, is  was  the  case  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred 

k  ve. 

j'<  winter,  however,  passes  without  frost,  and 
!r;ew  without  snow,  at  Natchez.  In  Decem- 
800,  the  thermometer  of  Fahrenheit  fell  to 
i  ras.  S.  of  Natchez,  and  often,  since  that  pe- 
I  the  cold  has  been  nearly,  if  not  altogether,  as 
I  >e.  This  casual  severity  prevents,  to  the  ut- 
w southern  extremity  of  the  State,  the  cultiva- 
•0i >f  either  sugar  cane  or  the  orange  tree,  vege- 
flk  which  are,  in  fact,  confined  in  the  delta  of 
ie  (ississippi  to  a  latitude  S.  of  most  parts  of  the 
>ta  of  Mississippi. 
'  e  bluff  lands  are  followed  by  the  river  alluvi- 
vhich,  though  less  in  quantity,  is  still  more 
ro  ctive,  where  above  annual  or  casual  overflow. 
r<  the  bluffs  confining,  and  of  consequence 
mgthe  accumulation  of  the  surplus  water  of 
ip lississippi  in  the  spring  and  summer,  there 
lij;  less  arable  soil  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mis- 
i*jpi  river,  in  the  State  of  that  name,  than  on 
teght  bank  in  Arkansas  Territory  and  in  Lou- 
I  ••  Some  very  wealthy  settlements  on  the  left 
'W'do,  however,  exist,  with  a  soil  possessing  the 
to]  fertility  of  the  Mississippi  banks.  The 
tr*!'  border  varies  from  half  a  mile  to  200  yards, 


and  is  every  where  terminated  in  the  rear  by  over- 
flown  grounds,  submerged  annually  from  I  to  10 
or  12  feet. 

The  natural  growth  of  the  river  arable  border  is, 
in  general,  sweet  gum,  different  species  of  oak, 
ash,  and  hickory,  hackberry,  sycamore,  &c,  with 
an  undergrowth  of  reed  cane,  and  below  N.  lat. 
31  30,  the  palmetto.  In  the  overflown  swamps, 
the  principal  timber  is  cypress,  tupelo,  different 
species  of  oak  and  hickory,  maple  sweet  gum,  and 
ash.  On  all  other  water  courses  in  the  State, 
more  or  less  alluvion  occurs;  but  in  all  places  is 
confined  in  extent,  and  on  the  streams  in  the  inte- 
rior, often  merges  into  the  interval  land  or  pine 
forests. 

Taken  together,  the  bluff  lands  and  river  allu- 
vion amount  to  about  5,560  sq.  ms.,  equal  to 
3,558,400  acres.  The  bluff  lands  extend  from  N. 
lat.  31°  to  35°,  with  more  or  less  width,  as  the  riv- 
ers intervene. 

Confined  as  the  two  foregoing  tracts  of  land  are, 
when  compared  to  the  area  of  the  State,  of  which 
they  form  a  part,  they  nevertheless  form,  in  the  ag- 
gregate, the  most  extensive  continuous  tract  of 
productive  soil  in  the  United  States  S.  of  N.  lat. 
35,  and  when  its  fertility  and  local  advantages  are 
taken  into  view,  it  is  hazarding  no  violence  to  truth 
to  estimate  this  region  as  one  of  the  most  valuable, 
in  the  U.  S. 

The  country  near  Natchez  was  settled  by  the 
French  in  1718,  and  Fort  Rosalie  built  on  the 
bluff,  within  the  now  incorporated  limits  of  that 
city.  The  first  French  colony  was  massacred  by 
the  savages,  in  1729,  and  the  country  remained 
uninhabited  by  the  whites  many  years  afterwards. 

In  1763,  Natchez,  then  considered  a  part  of 
West  Florida,  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  Great  Brit- 
ain, who  retained  possession  until  1781,  when  that 
place  and  all  W est  Florida  was  conquered  by  the 
Spaniards  under  Governor  Bernardo  Galvez,  and, 
by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  West  Florida  was  confirm- 
ed to  Spain.  As  the  limits  of  the  British  and 
French  colonies,  and  afterward  those  between  the 
British  and  Spanish  colonies,  had  never  been  fix- 
ed, the  Spanish  authorities  held  Natchez  and  the 
adjacent  county  as  an  appendage  of  Florida  until 
1798,  when  the  city  and  country  were  evacuated 
by  the  officers  and  troops  of  Spain,  and  the  U.  S. 
commissioners  tookfull  possession.  In  1799  the  line 
of  demarcation  was  completed,  and  the  boundary 
fixed,  which  now  separates  the  States  of  Louisiana 
and  Mississippi  between  the  Mississippi  and  Pearl 
rivers. 

April  7th,  1798,  an  act  of  Congress  was  passed 
authorizing  the  President  of  the  U.  S.  to  appoint 
commissioners  to  adjust  the  limits  of  the  territory 
W.  of  the  Chattahoochee  river. 

May  10th,  an  act  was  passed  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  government,  and  the  territory  named 
"the  Mississippi  Territory." 

June  9th,  1808,  an  act  passed  admitting  a  dele- 
gate from  the  Mississippi  Territory  in  Congress. 

June  17th,  the  assent  of  Georgia  demanded,  for 
the  formation  of  two  States  out  of  the  Mississippi 
Territory.  This  demand  was  subsequently  acce- 
ded to  by  Georgia. 

January  21st,  1815,  a  petition  from  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  Mississippi  Territory  laid  before  Con- 
gress, praying  admission  into  the  Union  on  the 

5S1 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


same  footing  with  the  original  States.  A  commit- 
tee of  Congress  reported  on  this  petition  favorably, 
December,  18 16. 

A  law  was  passed  in  consequence,  March  1st, 
1817,  authorizing  the  call  of  a  convention,  which 
was  called,  and  met  July,  1817,  accepted  the  terms 
proposed  by  Congress,  framed  a  constitution,  Au- 
gust 15th,  which  was  accepted  by  Congress  in  De- 
cember following;  and  the  State  of  Mississippi  as- 
sumed her  station  as  a  member  of  the  United 
States.  Since  the  period  oi  admission,  no  event 
of  consequence,  in  a  general  view,  has  taken  place 
in  this  State. 

The  appropriated  and  inhabited  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, at  the  epoch  of  taking  the  census  of  1820, 
was  subdivided  into  the  following  counties ;  and 
which,  as  they  may  serve  to  show  progressive  ad- 
vance, we  insert  the  data  : 


Counties. 

Inhabitants. 

Sq.  ins. 

To  sq.  m. 

Adams 

12,073 

480 

26 

Amile 

.  6,853 

960 

Claiborne 

5,903 

380 

12 

Copiah 
Covington 

2,230 

750 

3 

Franklin 

3,821 

720 

5 

Greene 

1,445 

1,080 

U 

Hancock 

1,594 

900 

ii 

Hinds 

1,682 

1,250 

Jackson 

i 

Jefferson 

6,822 

560 

12 

Lawrence 

4,916 

600 

8 
31 

Marion 

3,116 

830 

Monroe 

2,721 

600 

44 

Perry 

2,037 

900 

2 

Pike 

4,438 

800 

51 

Simpson 
Warren 

2,693 

360 

8  nearly. 

Wilkinson 

9,718 

609 

10 

Wayne 

3,323 

950 

31 

Yazoo 

Total 

75,448 

12,720 

5 

By  the  census  of  1820,  the  population  of  Missis- 
sippi was  found  composed  of  42,176  whites,  32,814 
slaves,  and  458  colored  persons,  and  classed  thus  : 
Engaged  in  agriculture  -  -  22,033 

Engaged  in  manufactures         -  -  650 

Engaged  in  commerce  .-  -  294 

Mississippi  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a 
State,  December,  1817. 

Population  of  Mississippi  by  the  census  of  1840. 


SOUTHKHN  DISTRICT. 


Whites. 


f  I  to  5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  • 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 

90  to  1U0  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males. 


9,970 
7,155 
6,058 
4,641 
11,376 
6,672 
3,332 
1,832 
843 
250 
76 


,162 


Females. 


9,097 
6,790 
5,715 
4,606 
7,701 
4,135 
2,377 
1 ,270 
610 
217 
43 
15 
4 


Ages. 


0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total 


Free  colored. 


Males. 


158 

lib 

84 
85 
63 
4 


512 


Fpm's. 


5!  2 


90-2 


Slaves. 


Males. 


20,357 
20,539 
15,909 
7,372 
1,819 
27 


,523 


8 
1  ? 


SUMMARY. 


94,(I72 


Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge 

Total  whites  insane,  &c. 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  '  - 

Private  charge 

Total  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining 

Agriculture     •  -  • 

Commerce  ... 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  reivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  and  military 
Universities  or  Colleges 
Students  in  do 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Students  in  do. 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Scholars  in  do. 
Scholars  at  public  charge 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  wli 
cannot  read  or  write  - 


SOUTHERN  DISTRICT. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0  to  5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
f;0  to  90 
90  lo  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total 


Males. 


9,672 
7,009 
5,417 
1,021 
8,703 
5,323 
2,669 
1,407 
587 
216 
51 


45,091 


Fen  s. 


582 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fem's. 

Males. 

Males. 

IS*-  * 

Hh  '  c  * 
upwards 

70 
50 
41 
29 
13 
0 

54 
47 
33 
25 
12 
0 

10,879 
11,025 
6,099 
2,748 
718 
11 

10,875 
10,767 
6,029 
2,571 
620 
11 

0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

228 
168 
125 
114 
76 
4 

181 
151 
133 
122 

59 
5 

31,736 
31,564 
22,008 
10,120 

2,537 
38 

31 ,972 
32,358 
21,670 
9,019 
2,162 
27 

203 

171 

203 

31,480 

30.864 
31,480 

715 

651 
715 

98,003 

97,208 
98,003 

ii  • 

374 

62,344 

Total 

1,366 

195,211 

colored  - 


ita) 


84,102 
374 
62,344 


-  146,1 


persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are — 

id  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age       -           -  11 

11 14  to  25          ....  6 

|)ve  25  12 

ll  deaf  and  dumb  -  .29 

ad                   ....  16 

ane  and  idiots  at— 

4  charge             ....  5 

*  charge             -  41 

|il  insane,  &c.      -           -          -           -  46 

;l  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are— 

lid  dumb           ....  9 

lid  ....  19 
•ane  and  idiots  at— 

l  charge            -           -          -       •    -  20 

life  charge  ....  5 
l  sons  of  the  foregoing  who  are  employed  in— 

....  4 

Uure                ....  51,756 

tace                 -           -           -           -  330 

r  ictures  and  trades           -           -           -  1,454 

'ition  on  the  ocean       .     -           -           -  0 

t  als,  lakes,  and  rivers       -           -  33 

!  d  professions      -           -           -           -  609 

;  lers  far  revolutionary  or  military  services     -  36 

'  ?ities  or  colleges  3 

Elentsin            -           -           -           -  147 

t; lies  and  grammar  schools  .           -           -  31 

fientsin            ....  1,032 

W  and  common  schools     -           -  '186 

tolarsin            ....  4,109 

1  r  of  scholars  at  public  charge  •  •  0 
i  r  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 

at  read  or  write  -                      -           -  2,926 


WHOLE  STATE. 

Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

upwards 

19,542 
14,164 
11,475 
8,662 
20,084 
11,995 
6,n01 
3,289 
1,430 
466 
130 
14 
4 

18,235 
13,328 
10,919 
8,911 
14,464 
7,847 
4,284 
2,250 
1,075 
381 
96 
22 
6 

97,256 

81,818 
97,256 

'otal  whites  - 

179,074 

• 

Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total  ■ 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age       -  25 
Do.  14  to  25                  -            -            -           -  16 
Do.  above  25    -           •           -           •  23 

Total  do.  deaf  and  dumb           -           -           -  64 

Do.  blind        -           -           -           -  1        -  43 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  -           -           ...  14 

Do.  private  charge        ....  102 

Do.  total         -           -           -           -  116 
Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb  28 
Do.  blind        -           -            -  69 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  -  -  -  16 
Private  charge  -  -  66 
Total  number  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining  .....  14 
Agriculture  -  ....  139,7^4 
Commerce  .....  1,303 
Manufactures  and  trades  ...  4151 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  -  -  -  32 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  ...  100 
Learned  professions  ....  1,506 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  -  63 
Universities  or  colleges  7 
Do.  students  in  -  -  -  -  454 
Academies  and  grammar  schools  -  -  71 
Do.  students  in  ....  2,553 
Primary  and  common  schools  -  -  -  382 
Do.  scholars  in  ....  8,236 
Scholars  at  public  charge  -  -  -  107' 
Total  number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age, 
who  cannot  read  and  write      -           -           -  8,360 

Population  of  Mississippi,  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Counties. 


N.  MISSISSIPPI 

Attala 

Bolivar 

Carroll 

Chickasaw 

Choctaw 

Coahoma 

De  Soto 

Itawamba 

Lafayette 

Lowndes 

Marshall 

Monroe 

Noxubee 

Oktibbeha 

Panola 


Free  white 
persons. 


1,583 
227 
2,813 
1.159 
2,347 
476 
2,161 
2,407 
2,018 
3,134 
4,937 
2,673 
2,043 
1,126 
1,246 


1,372 
157 
2,323 
989 
2,096 
290 
1  814 
2,245 
1,658 
2,596 
4,321 
2,473 
1,774 
938 
991 


Free  col. 
persons. 


136 


130 


Slaves. 


538 
521 
2,689 
403 
766 
273 
1,503 
342 
1,412 
4,381 
4,164 
2,073 
3,170 
1,(166 
1,311 


544 
450 
2,655 
403 
798 
251 
1,518 
378 
1,430 
4,387 
4,096 
2,010 
2,987 
1,129 
1,104 

5S3 


Total. 


4,303 
1,356 
10,481 

2,955 
6.010 
1,290 
7,002 
5,375 
6,531 
14,513 
17,52G 
9,250 
9,975 
4,276 
4,657 


MIS      I         GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MIS 


Table — Continued. 


Free 

white 

Free 

col. 

Slaves. 

persons. 

persons 

Counties. 

n 

$ 

- 

3 

Total. 

tn 

CD 

*d 
S 

to 

CD 

"c3 

s 

13 
S 

1 

CD 
fa 

CD 
fa 

CD 
fa 

N.  MUSI-SIPPI. 

Pontotoc 

1,528 

1,367 

2 

I 

787 

806 

4,491 

Tallahatchie  - 

772 

620 

2 

842 

749 

2,985 

Tippah 

3,770 

3,539 

1,043 

1,091 

9,414 

Tishamingo 

3,079 

2,773 

I 

389 

439 

6,681 

Tunica 

331 

235 

2 

2 

128 

123 

821 

Winston 

1,598 

1 ,463 

811 

778 

4,650 

Yalobusha 

3,666 

2^974 

4 

3 

2,853 

2,738 

12,248 

Total 

45,094 

39,003 

203 

171 

31,480 

30,864 

146820 

S.  MISSISSIPPI. 

Adams 

2,909 

2,001 

141 

142 

7,131 

7,110 

19,434 

Amite 

2,000 

1,741 

20 

9 

2,927 

2,814 

9,511 

Claiborne 

1,839 

1,393 

56 

37 

4,938 

4,815 

13,078 

Copiah 

2,698 

2  463 

6 

1,844 

1,942 

8,954 

Clarke 

1  109 

'967 

448 

461 

2,986 

Covington 

'981 

880 

408 

447 

2,717 

Frank  iin 

1,137 

926 

g 

7 

1,319 

1,380 

4,775 

Greene 

653 

554 

195 

234 

1 ,636 

Hinds 

3,892 

2  886 

24 

21 

6,317 

5,958 

19,098 

Hancock 

1,248 

'989 

41 

33 

556 

500 

3.367 

Holmes 

2.'l70 

1  682 

18 

16 

2,839 

2,727 

9,452 

Jasper 

1,483 

l'218 

2 

631 

624 

3,958 

Jackson 

809 

'650 

38 

44 

214 

210 

1,965 

Jefferson 

1  326 

1  063 

38 

47 

4,606 

4.570 

11,650 

Jones 

o73 

521 

~, 

85 

'  79 

1,253 

Kemper 

2  500 

2,112 

1,532 

1,508 

7,663 

Leake 

'863 

Vol 

6 

254 

28S 

2,162 

Lauderdale 

2  136 

1,856 

9 

4 

609 

744 

5,358 

Lawrence 

l'916 

1.732 

1,159 

1,113 

5,920 

Madison 

2.269 

1,717 

6 

5,801 

5,732 

15,530 

Marion 

ljl38 

983 

- 

862 

847 

3,830 

Neshoba 

895 

798 

350 

394 

2,437 

Newiton 

1,016 

964 

1 

263 

283 

2,527 

Pike 

1,964 

1,792 

9 

12 

1,160 

1,214 

6,151 

Perry 

742 

683 

3 

218 

236 

1,889 

Rankin 

1,509 

1,268 

3 

899 

952 

4.631 

Scott 

632 

557 

2 

225 

237 

1,653 

Simpson 

1,304 

1,169 

433 

474 

3,380 

Smith 

802 

740 

202 

217 

1,961 

Wayne 

588 

553 

508 

471 

2,120 

Washington  - 

421 

233 

1 

5 

3,466 

3,161 

7,287 

Warren 

3,(163 

2,160 

50 

54 

5,170 

5,323 

15,820 

Wilkinson 

1,743 

1,525 

12 

18 

5,341 

5,553 

14,193 

Yazoo 

1,834 

1,283 

15 

10 

3,613 

3,726 

10,430 

Total 

52,162 

42,810 

512 

480 

66,523 

66,314 

228331 

Missolonghi,  or  more  correctly  Mezzalonga,  is 
or  was  a  town  of  Greece,  in  the  Turkish  province 
of  Xeromenes,  ancient  ^Etolia.  This  city,  not 
unaptly  called  the  Venice  of  Greece,  is  situated  on 
the  SE.  side  of  the  salt  marsh  or  shallow  which 
extends  hetween  2  and  3  ms.  into  the  land  below 
Natolico,  and  still  6  ms.  beyond  Missolonghi,  into 
the  Gulf  of  Lepanto.  Missolonghi  is  distant  about 
20  ms.  from  and  nearly  opposite  Patras  in  the 
Morea,  and  about  an  equal  distance  NE.  from  the 
islands  of  Carzolari.  Lat.  38  36  N.,  Ion.  21  34  E. 
Though  a  port  of  much  consequence,  the  bay  or 
shallow  harbor  of  Missolonghi  admits  vessels  of 
only  3  feet  draught.  The  entrance  is  defended,  or 
rather  obstructed,  by  a  small  fort  called  Bosillida,  5 
ms.  distant  from  the  town.  The  rows  of  stakes, 
placed  by  the  fishermen  along  the  outer*  line  of  the 
shallows,  towards  deep  water,  give  the  appearance 
of  a  double  coast  to  Missolonghi  and  its  environs, 
when  seen  from  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto.  After  a 
siege  of  4  months,  this  devoted  place  was  blown  up 
by  its  desperate  inhabitants  on  the  23d  of  April, 
1826.  The  inhabitants  preferred  death  to  Turkish 
mercy.  The  Turks  offered  terms,  which  the  in- 
5S4 


habitants  refused,  and  mixed  their  blood  and  bt 
with  the  ruins  of  their  native  city. 

Missolonghi,  or  Mezalonghi,  a  town  of  Gre 
in  the  Morea,  about  l£  leagues  from  the  Gul 
Chiarenza,  ancient  Cyllene,  12  ms.  SE.  frorn(  . 
touni,  ancient  Elis,  and  40  ms.  nearly  SSE.  f| 
Missolonghi,  in  Roumelia ;  lat.  38  2  J\\,  Ion 
50  E.    Missolonghi  of  the  Morea  contains  al  t 
200  houses,  scattered  along  the  slope  of  a  mi . 
tain,  with  a  well  cultivated  vicinity.    The  na  i 
of  these  towns  are  taken  from  the  Italian,  andoi  \ 
to  be  written  Mezzolonghi,  and  pronounced  Mel . 
longee  ;  the  g  hard. 

Missouri  River. — See  article  Mississippi  Ri . 
section,  valley  of  Missouri,  above  its  junction  \  \ 
the  Mississippi. 

Missouri,  State,  one  of  the  U.  S  ,  bonndei 
by  the  State  of  Arkansas,  SE.  by  Mississippi  ri  b 
separating  it  from  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, , 
and  NE.  by  the  Mississippi  river,  separatist 
from  Illinois,  N.  by  Iowa,  and  W.  by  the  m . 
propriated  territory  of  the  U.  S. 

M , 

Beginning  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  at  the  mouth  of  Lemoine  river, 
thence  down  the  former  stream  to  N.  ■ 
lat.  36°  J 

Due  W.,  on  N.  lat.  36°,  to  St.  Francis 
river    -  -  ■ 

Up  St.  Francis  river  to  N.  lat.  36  30       -  'I 

Due  W.,  in  common  with  the  State  of  Ar- 
kansas, to  a  point  where  a  meridian  line 
from  the  junction  of  Missouri  and  Kan- 
sas rivers  will  intersect  at  N.  lat.  36  30  ■ 

Due  N.  along  said  meridian  to  the  mouth 
of  Kansas  river  -  •         -  0 

Thence  up  Missouri  river  to  a  point  where 
that  stream  is  intersected  by  a  line  drawn 
due  W.  from  the  Old  Sac  Village  on  Le-  W 
moine  river      -  -  -  *  ifl 

Thence  due  E.  to  the  Sac  Village  on  Le-  W 
moine  river.     -  -  -  5 

Thence  down  Lemoyie  river  to  point  of 
beginning       -  -  -  "I 

Aggregate  outline  -  iH 
Area  within  an  inconsiderable  fraction  of  4 
000  sq.  ms.— 41,600,000  statute  acres.  IM 
in  lat.  between  36°  and  40  33,  and  Ion.  12  I A 
18  30  W.  from  W.  C.  Length  from  S.  t»W 
very  near  300  ms.,  and  mean  breadth  220  mf 

Missouri  in  point  of  extent  is  the  third  St!  of 
the  United  States,  and  only  falls  below  Virginia! 
Georgia. 

Though  part  of  this  State  is  hilly,  and  soi  of 
the  hills  approach  in  elevation  the  dignity  of  o  n» 
tains,  yet,  strictly  speaking,  no  mountains,  <i« 
in  detached  grounds  or  chains,  exist  wilhii  h* 
Jimits  of  the  State. 

For  every  object  of  human  affairs,  rivers  at  to 
most  important  features  of  an  inland  cou  jfc 
and  few  regions  of  the  earth  of  equal  exter  an 
compare  with  Missouri  in  the  magnitude,  nu  M, 
and  navigable  facilities  of  its  rivers. 

Of  these,  the  first  in  order  is  the  Mississippi" 
Missouri,  both  of  which  have  been  so  ampho- 
ticed  in  our  description  of  the  Mississippi  i  ®> 
that  no  further  account  of  them  is  necessa  <n 
this  place. 


IMS 


G EOG R A P H IC A L  DICTI 0 N A  R V, 


MIS 


ie  Lemoine  river,  though  for  a  few  miles 
>ring  part  of  the  boundary,  can  scarcely  be 
a  J  a  river  of  Missouri.  The  Osage,  rising  in 
hiTerritory  of  Arkansas,  and  flowing  NE.  into 
hi  Missouri,  is  the  most  important  confluent  of 
qi  river  in  the  State  of  Missouri.  The  Osage 
,a  is  mouth  near  the  centre  of  the  State,  where 
.nuture  seat  of  government  is  intended  to  be 
kd.  The  Osage  is  a  large  navigable  stream  in 
lis  length  in  the  State,  and  waters  some  excel- 
leiand  much  good  land. 

:sides  the  foregoing  large  streams,  the  Mis- 
01  receives  from  the  right,  below  the  mouth  of 
Kansas,  Blue  Water,  Gasconade,  and  some 
m  er  streams ;  and  from  the  left,  Grande,  Char- 
it,  Good-Woman's,  Great  Manitou,  Otter,  and 
^tette  rivers.  The  Merrimack  enters  the  Mis- 
is  pi  18  ms.  below  St.  Louis,  but  has  been  no- 
I  as  have  been  White  and  St.  Francis  rivers, 
Mi  closes  the  list  of  the  streams  of  the  State  of 
Iburi. 

ie  position  of  Missouri  is  in  a  high  degree  fa- 
il Ie  to  commerce,  population,  and  wealth,  fix- 
er ng  4£°  of  lat.,  its  temperature  must  vary 
)i  derably  if  uninfluenced  by  any  other  cause  than 
ic  geographic  extent.  This  is  not,  however, 
■ase,  as  will  soon  appear. 

conducting  this  general  survey,  I  have  en- 
e;>red,  in  a  particular  manner,  to  delineate  those 
■res  which  influence  the  meteorological  phe- 
I  na  and  the  temperature  of  the  seasons,  and  also 
4ynt  out  the  great  outlines  of  soil.  In  respect  to 
wmri,  it  will  be  necessary  to  deviate  from  the 
I  observance  of  the  plan  pursued  in  describing 
Blate  of  Mississippi.  Instead,  therefore,  of 
I  ng  the  former  State  into  its  natural  sections, 
i  adon  to  soil,  we  will  take  each  of  its  river 
•ictspy  itself. 

e  have  seen  that  the  river  Mississippi  washes  j 
b.uri  on  its  NE.  and  SE.  frontier,  550  ms.  j 
Bring  the  meanders,  though,  by  comparative! 
ne,  the  distance  along  the  Mississippi  would! 
■xceed  350  ms.  Though  the  mere  banks  of 
iitlississippi  preserve  a  nearly  uniform  character  j 
i  their  extent  along  the  front  of  Missouri,  yet, 
I  irl'erence  ofjclimate,  the  vegetable  productions  j 
re?ry  different  at  the  two  extremes.  So  much  j 
I  Iready  been  said  on  the  features  and  quality  ! 
•  3  alluvial  margins  of  the  Mississippi,  that  it  j 
s  J:dless  to  amplify  on  the  subject. 

tending  the  Mississippi  from  its  mouth,  no' 
aimce  is  to  be  found  on  its  western  bank  in  a  j 
sice  of  upwards  of  1,000  ms.  Twenty-eight; 
I  bove  the  junction  of  Mississippi  and  Ohio,  oc-  j 
I  he  first  rocky  bluff  on  the  right  bank.    It  is 
•Wosed  of  an  enormous  projecting  precipice  of 
mtone,  whose  real  height  above  the  water  has] 
I  been  very  satisfactorily  determined.    This  j 
d  U,  no  doubt,  a  continuation  of  the  great 
n  one  formation  of  the  Ohio  valley.    In  Mis- 
Wit  is  a  part  of  the  ridge  of  hills  which  contin- 
I  oin  this  point  westward,  through  the  State, 
•ii  ranges   between  the   waters    of  Arkansas 
Btiiose  of  Osage  and  Kansas  rivers;  perhaps  to 
■* 'hippewan  mountains.    This  ridge  divides 
wuri  into  two  very  distinct  climates.    In  the 
Eastern  part  of  the  State,  along  the  Missis- 
[Pl  river,  the  cotton  plant  is  cultivated,  though 
'»  or  family  use  ;  as  an  object  of  commerce  it 
74* 


offers  no  great  advantage;  but  above  the  ridge  in 
question  that  plant  ceases,  and  a  region  commences 
favorable  to  the  production  of  the  cereal  gramina. 

Near  the  Mississippi,  below  the  limestone  ridge, 
the  banks  are  in  every  respect  similar  to  what  they 
have  been  described  in  Louisiana.  The  rear  landt, 
j  as  far  as  the  St.  FraHcis,  are  analogous  to  grounds 
[similarly  placed  in  all  the  distance  from  the  lime- 
!  stone  range  to  the  sea  marsh. 
I  The  St.  Francis  rises  partly  in  the  hills  of  the 
i  limestone  ridge,  and  in  part  from  the  drain  of  the 
i  Mississippi.  The  northeastern  branch  of  that 
I  stream  appears  to  have  been  formed  from  an  an- 
j  cient  outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  and  to  have  con- 
j  tained  a  volume  of  water  much  larger  than  passe* 
j  by  its  channel  at  present.  The  ordinary  distance 
i between  the  two  rivers  is  about  50  ms.,  flowing 
nearly  parallel  from  N.  lat.  37°  to  N.  lat.  43  30, 
where  the  St.  Francis,  by  a  gradual  curve  towards 
j  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  joins'  the  Mississippi. 
!  The  northwestern  branch  rises  near  N.  lat.  38°, 
I  in  a  very  hilly,  broken,  rocky,  and  barren  tract  of 
|  country.  There  are  some  good  lands,  but  in  no 
quantity  commensurate  with  the  extent  drained  by 
this  river,  whose  whole  length,  by  comparative 
course,  is  250  ms.,  one-half  in  Missouri  and  the 
other  in  Arkansas.  Extensive  settlements  have 
been  made  on  the  sources  of  the  St.  Francis  and  its 
tributaries. 

Black  river,  the  N.  fork  of  White  liver,  rises  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  Missouri  by  a  num- 
ber of  branches,  of  which  Strawberry  river,  Spring 
river,  and  Current's  river,  are  the  principal.  The 
sources  of  Black  river  are  in  the  ridge  of  hills,  or 
rather  mountains,  which  have  been  already  •no- 
ticed. The  base  of  country  drained  by  Black  river 
is  calcareous,  consequently  the  soil  is  very  pro- 
ductive. The  climate,  as  to  temperature,  is  in  no 
respect  essentially  different  from  that  of  St.  Fiancis. 
The  former,  from  superior  elevation  and  more  ex- 
emption from  stagnant  water,is  no  doubt  much  more 
salubrious  than  the  latter.  Like  all  calcareous  re  - 
gions, that  of  Black  river  affords  some  very  large 
fountains  of  water,  from  one  of  which  Spring  river 
takes  its  name.  The  surface  watered  by  Black 
river  is  about  8,000  sq.  ms. 

The  Merrimack  rises  near  the  centre  of  the  State  ; 
has  its  source  in  the  dividing  ridge,  though  its 
course  is  nearly  E.  along  its  northern  slope.  The 
length  of  the  Merrimack  is  not  above  120  ms., 
comparative  course.  Its  sources  are  in  a  sterile 
pine  forest,  and  most  of  its  banks  partake  the  char- 
acter of  the  soil  from  which  it  flows.  It  is  an  un- 
important stream,  in  either  a  geographical  or  agri- 
cultural point  of  view,  though  in  respect  to  mine- 
ral wealth,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  Unit- 
ed States. 

The  mine  tract,  according  to  Mr.  Schoolcraft, 
(the  best  authority  on  the  subject,)  extends  hi 
length  from  the  head  waters  of  the  St.  Francis,  in 
a  NW.  direction,  to  the  Merrimack,  a  distance  of 
70  ms.,  and  from  the  Mississippi,  in  a  SW.  direc- 
tion, to  the  Fourchea  Courtois,  a  distance  of  about 
45  ms.,  and  covering  an  area  of  3, 150  sq.  ms.  The 
same  author  remarks,  that  it  is  noc  in  every  sec- 
tion of  it  that  lead  is  to  be  traced,  and  he  de- 
scribes the  mineral  character  of  the  soil,  rocks,  and 
other  fossil  bodies  of  this  tract,  as  subject  to  so 
much  variety  as  to  render  indications  of  ore  diffi- 

535 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


cult  to  reduce  to  any  safe  result.  The  aspect  of' 
the  country  is  sterile,  hilly,  and,  in  many  places,  i 
precipitous.  Many  highland  barrens,  level  but  ste- 
riJe,  chequer  the  main  district.  The  soil,  in  gen- 
eral, is  a  reddish  colored,  hard,  stiff  clay,  admixed  ' 
with  much  siliceous  gravel.  Nodules  of  iron  ore  j 
and  pyrites  are  frequent.  The  mineral  hills  are  ! 
covered  in  most  places  by  a  stunted  growth  of  I 
oaks,  principally  the  post  oak,  the  quercus  obtusi-  j 
loba  of  Michaux.  A  line  of  pine  separates  the  | 
sources  of  St.  Francis  from  those  of  Merrimack, 
and  passes  through  the  mine  tract  in  a  direction 
from  NW.  to  SE.  Though  in  general  the  soil 
of  this  tract  is  productive,  the  banks  of  some  of  its 
streams  are  very  favorable  exceptions.  This  fact  is 
elucidated  by  the  forest  trees  found  on  this  alluvial 
soil ;  which  are — sycamore,  elm,  cotton  wood,  wal- 
nut, maple,  buckeye,  hackberry,  ash,  papaw,  spice 
wood,  and  other  trees  and  shrubbery,  indicative  of 
fertile  land.  Mr.  Schoolcraft  mentions  the  fact,  of 
which,  from  the  accompanying  remarks,  he  seems 
not  to  have  understood  the  cause.  He  observes, 
that,  around  many  of  the  mines,  the  earth  thrown 
out  and  raised  from  great  depth,  produce  trees  and 
shrubs  which  are  not  peculiar  to  the  surface,  and 
instances  the  cotton  wood,  or  poplar,  and  beech 
grapes,  the  vitis  riparia,  I  presume.  He  states  that 
he  frequently  saw  those  vegetables  growing  near 
old  diggings,  where  the  earth  had  been  raised  30  or 
40  feet,  and  where,  previous  to  those  diggings,  no 
such  trees  or  vines  existed.  It  is  well  known  to 
botanists  that  the  seeds  of  many,  perhaps  most 
plants,  if  buried  at  great  depths  in  the  earth,  will 
retain  their  vegetable  organization  for  countless 
ages.  The  indestructibility  of  the  seeds  of  plants 
is,  indeed,  one  of  the  most  curious  subjects  of  phi- 
losophical reflection  and  research.  Mr.  School- 
craft ascribes  the  cause  of  the  phenomenon  to  that 
opprobrium  of  science,  equivocal  generation — a 
supposition  at  variance  with  all  the  laws  of  analo- 
gy, as  applied  to  organized  beings.  The  fact 
proves,  unequivocally,  that  the  country  has  under- 
went great  changes  in  its  external  crust,  since  the 
vegetables  cited  deposited  ^eir  seeds  in  the  soil, 
now  covered  by  extraneous  and  very  different 
bodies 

Here,  as  in  every  other  place,  where  silica  forms 
a  large  part  of  the  soil,  the  spring  water  is  clear, 
cool,  and,  of  course,  wholesome;  and  being  ex- 
empt from  the  causes  that  prcduce  disease — stag- 
nant water  and  decaying  vegetables — the  mine  coun- 
try is  possessed  of  an  atmosphere  of  the  utmost  sa- 
lubrity, 

The  Osage  rises  about  N.  lat.  37°,  W.  Ion. 
from  W.  C.  21°,  and  flows  E.  a  little  N.,  having 
a  comparative  course  of  400  ms.,  one-third  of  which 
is  in  Missouri.  This  river  rises  in  the  grent  west- 
ern prairies,  and,  like  every  stream  of  that  region, 
exhibits  some  very  productive  and  a  large  proportion 
of  sterile  land.  Its  meanders  are  in  the  lower  part 
of  its  course  very  winding,  consequently  it  contains 
much  alluvial  soil  in  proportion  to  its  length,  esti- 
mated comparatively. 

The  banks  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  are 
uniformly  in  a  high  degree  productive,  and  con- 
tain, perhaps,  one-third  of  all  the  valuable  arable 
land  of  the  State.  The  right  shore  of  the  Missis- 
sippi is,  from  Tewapaty  bottom  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri,  in  most  places,  an  enormous  lime- 
586 


stone  wall.  This  distance  is  about  179  ms.  J 
limestone  is  merely  the  buttress  of  the  underla 
strata  of  the  interior  country.  The  Missis  \ 
flows  in  a  deep  channel,  whose  sides  are  eta  d 
near  200  feet  above  its  highest  surface.  Tl 
precipitous  banks  are  continued  in  the  Miss  i. 
The  rich  alluvial  bottoms  are  at  the  base  -of  ■ 
limestone  precipice,  and  no  doubt  derive  mur 
their  fertility  from  the  calcareous  cfe&m  thv  fl 
abrasion  of  the  waters,  in  past  ages,  has  worm  I 
and  deposited  below. 

About  one-third  part  of  Missouri  lies  N.  of  I 
souririvor  and  W.  of  Mississippi  river.  Thia 
I  point  of  soil,  is  much  the  best  part  of  the  Sui  % 
;  is  more  uniformly  fertile,  though  less  diversif  * 
j  surface,  than  the  section  S.  of  Missouri  and  I 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  northern  secti  S 
also  much  chequered  by  small  rivers,  which  I 
erally  flow  S.  into  Missouri,  and,  though  nfl 
forest  land,  some  extensive  and  very  prodiB 
prairies  occur.  South  of  Missouri,  there  exit  I 
medium  between  the  best  and  worst  lands,  I 
similar  to  all  those  parts  of  the  United  States  I  ■ 
the  Missouri  and  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  the  I 
soil  extends  in  lines  mostly  upon  the  alluvial  1 1 
of  rivers,  or  along  the  margin  of  prairie*,  I 
consequently,  can  never  admit  a  dense  and  eel 
ed  population.  This  is  not  so  muc  h  the  case  I 
the  northern  section  ;  the  farms  will  assume  ill 
quarter  something  of  the  promiscuous  extol 
over  the  face  of  the  country  which  is  char  I 
istic  of  settlements  in  the  Northern  and  Eil 
States. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  Missouri,  like  mostnew  u- 
tries  in  the  United  States,  has  been,  as  a  bo  I 
arable  land,  greatly  overrated.  As  a  coram  I 
position,  if  due  allowance  is  made  for  its  in  | 
situation,  the  value  of  this  section  of  our  1 
has  never  yet  been  duly  appreciated.  Tl 
astonishing  assemblage  of  rivers,  which  1 
have  sought  a  common  centre  of  union,  w< 
dicate  St.  Louis,  or  some  other  place  in  iu 
\y,  as  the  future  entrepot  between  the  wid 
tended  and  far  distant  portions  of  our  emp: 
the  pursuits  of  mankind,  and  their  individua 
of  subsistence,  w  ere  exc  lusively  agriculturt 
souri  could  never,  in  proportion  to  territoi 
tent,  possess  a  population  equally  dense  wil 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  or  I 
but  in  the  complex  admixture  of  employ oi* 
the  illimitable  transmission  of  the  products 
man  labor,  arising  from  the  improvement  of 
ern  mariners  and  arts,  population  does  not 
for  its  entire  subsistence  upon  the  quality 
soil  inhabited  by  any  portion  of  mankind, 
merce  and  the  plastic  arts  demand,  perha 
many  hands  as  agriculture.  There  is,  indet 
employment  of  human  labor  where  so  great 
plus  is  produced  as  that  of  agriculture;  an< 
in  which  the  industry  of  a  few  will  so  eff< 
supply  the  wants  of  many.  It  is  for  this 
that  the  density  of  population  must,  particuli 
such  places  as  Missouri,  depend  as  much, 
more,  upon  commercial,  mining,  and  manu 
ing  pursuits,  as  upon  the  operations  or  re« 
of  agriculture.  In"  addition  to  the  apparen 
exhaustible  stores  of  lead  ore,  some  of  th( 
abundant  iron  mines  in  the  world  exist  on  th 
souri  river,  and  in  the  interior  of  the  Stat 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


a  ington  county,  Belvue  settlement,  in  addition 
t  lead,  says  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  "in  the  richness 
t  ore  and  extent  of  the  beds  or  mines,  is  no 
lit  paralleled.  The  most  noted  plane  is  the 
iDiountain,  where  the  ore  is  piled  in  such  enor- 
91  masses  as  to  constitute  the  entire  southern 
pjiity  of  a  lofty  ridge,  which  is  elevated  500  or 
iQ'et  above  the  plain."  Water-power  to  work 
i  ass  abounds  in  all  directions.  It  is,  how- 
ennly  one  of  a  number  of  mines  of  this  really 
i»>recious  of  all  metallic  bodies,  which  lie  scat- 
■hver  the  sources  of  St.  Francis  and  Merri- 
«rivers. 

Ii  he  same  vicinity,  and  in  fact  over  the  entire 
«)  act,  ores  of  zinc  abound  ;  a  very  interesting 
i  the  mineralogy  of  Missouri.  Zinc  is,  when 
Abe  cheaply  procured,  one  of  the  most  useful 
■I,  answering  nearly  all  the  purposes,  without 
t  structive  qualities  of  copper.  Zinc  has  been 
W.o  considered  a  scarce  ore,  and,  should  it  be  | 
■in  large  bodies  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  will 
I  very  important  article  to  the  resources  of  that 
if  gion. 

f !  most  singular  circumstance  in  the  miner- 
i  il  history  of  the  interior  of  N.  America  is  the 
■ance  and  extent  of  the  stores  of  muriate  of 
■■common  salt.  Amongst  the  revolutions  ef- 1 
IB  in  the  last  forty  years  on  the  condition  of 
m,  there  is  none  more  salutary  to  private  con- 
Hce  than  the  change  in  the  price  of  salt  in 
■terior  ot  this  continent.  I  remember  when 
•jpply  for  W.  Pennsylvania  and  W.  Virginia 
•  ocured  by  transportation  from  thj  Atlantic 
m  At  a  period  when  money  was  at  least  100 
mat.  above  its  present  value,  salt  cost  in  those 
■  five  dollars  per  bushel,  at  ^.minimum  price, 
■tow  manufactured  in  a  great  variety  of  pla- 
J,  here  the  face  of  the  earth  gave  few  indica- 
mf  its  existence. 

Tisre  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  at  certain 
MM  the  whole  basin  of  the  Mississippi  is  satu- 
■with  salt  water — a  fact  which,  combined 
iphe  abundant  existence  of  limpid  fresh  water 

tl  surface,  is  highly  consolatory. 

Ijere  muriate  of  sodi  prevails  to  such  excess, 

li  ome  parts  of  the  Spanish  internal  provinces, 
■jrth  becomes  uninhabitable,  cold,  and  sterile. 
Wh  also  the  case  with  part  of  central  Asia.  In 
■k,  salt  is  procured  generally  from  the  sea,  or 
"frlin  substance  in  mines,  as  at  Gaudaloupe,  in 
W  and,  more  particularly,  Wielitzka,  near 
m*,  in  Austrian  Poland.  In  North  America, 
ineral  has  not  been  found  in  solid  imbedded 
W,  though  no  reasonable  doubt  can  be  enter- 
al but  that  the  bowels  of  the  earth  must  con- 
<n  odigious  bodies  of  that  fossil  in  its  crystalized 
^in  places  where  it  is  so  very  extensively  held 

S-ition  by  water.  It  may  be  safely  expected 
some  future  day  muriate  of  soda  will  be 
'■'m!  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  as  in  Spain  and 

Ml  has  been  mentioned  amongst  the  mineral 
r0c,  ts  of  Missouri,  but  I  am  unacquainted  with 
|T.  tensive  body  of  that  fossil  yet  brought  into 
■•]  that  State.  Mr.  Bradbury  speaks  with  en- 
"isjm  of  the  enormous  strata  of  both  coals  and 
"D  hich  lines  many  parts  of  the  banks  of  Mis- 
'ur  but  the  coal  spoken  of  by  this  author  is 
•M-lly  above  the  limits  of  Missouri. 


Many  other  mineral  substances,  of  less  value, 
have  been  discovered  in  Missouri ;  but  so  much  of 
the  area  of  the  State  remains  unsettled,  that  its 
mineral  and  vegetable  wealth  have  only  commenced 
their  development.  From  what  is  known,  much 
may  be  expected.  Few  sections  of  the  earth,  of 
equal  superficies  and  of  so  recent  civilized  coloni- 
zation, have  exhibited  so  rich  a  variety  of  mineral 
resources  as  southern  Missouri. 

This  State  is  in  a  peculiar  degree  remarkable, 
as  forming  the  connecting  link  between  the  forest 
and  meadow  or  prairie  sections  of  North  America. 
That  enormous  forest,  which  may  be  remarked  as 
covering  the  entire  Atlantic  slope,  nine-tenths  of 
St.  Lawrence  basin,  all  the  basins  of  Appalachicola 
and  Mobile,  and  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
most  parts  of  the  left  side  of  its  basin,  reaches  into 
Missouri,  and  covers  nearly  all  its  southern  and 
south'  astern  sections  This  great  body  of  woods 
is  indented  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  by  a 
protrusion  of  the  prairies,  which  expand,  advan- 
cing SW.,  and  range  through  Missouri,  S.  of 
Missouri  river.  On  the  west  border  of  that  State, 
on  the  Osage,  and  near  the  junction  of  the  Mis- 
souri and  Kansas  rivers,  the  prairies  usurp  much 
the  greater  share  of  the  surface  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. Lines  of  woodland  follow  the  streams,  leav- 
ing the  intermediate  spaces  open  plains.  Those 
lines  of  timbered  ground  gradually  become  more 
attenuated  westward,  until  nearly  one  unbroken 
waste  spreads  over  hundred  of  miles.  The  peninsula 
between  Missouri  and  Mississippi  rivers  is  not  so 
naked  of  timber  as  are  the  sources  of  the  Arkan- 
sas, Kansas,  and  Platte  rivers  ;  yet  immense  prai- 
ries occur  in  the  former  region  also.  Over  an  ex- 
tent much  more  than  equal  to  the  inhabited  parts 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  the  winds  of  the 
N.,  W.,  and  SW.,  breathe  over  Missouri,  with- 
out much  impediment  from  mountains,  hills,  or 
forest.  It  will  be  seen  in  the  sequel  that  from  this 
exposure  arises  the  peculiarly  variable  and  cold  cli- 
mate which  prevails  near  the  junction  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Ohio  rivers.  If  due  attention  is  paid 
to  the  physiognomy  of  the  adjacent  regions,  it  will 
at  once  be  seen  that  the  surface  of  Missouri  is  in  a 
peculiar  manner  liable  to  extraneous  influence.  To 
the  SW.,  for  upwards  of  1,200  ms.,  expands  an 
open  desert.  To  the  W.,  as  known,  the  exten- 
sion of  the  same  desert  leaves  the  earth  a  void. 
To  the  NW.,  a  two-fold  cause  superinduces  a  flux 
of  cold  air  over  Missouri — the  openness  of  the 
immense  region  in^that  direction,  and  the  constant 
volumes  of  cold,  and  often  frozen  water,  brought 
down  by  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers.  It 
is  from  these  combined  causes  that  such  excessive 
changes  are  felt,  and  inequalities  of  seasons  ex- 
perienced, to  extremes  scarcely  known  in  any  other 
spot  on  this  planet.  It  is  from  this  complicated 
climate  that  in  N.  lat.  38  30  the  rivers  are  frozen 
four  years  in  five  before  the  end  of  December. 
Another  phenomenon  has  been  observed  in  Mis- 
souri, which  in  a  striking  manner  distinguishes  its 
seasons  from  those  of  Louisiana  or  the  Atlantic 
slope  ;  that  is,  the  much  less  moisture  in  the  at- 
mosphere of  the  former.  Though  frosts  are  so 
rigorous  at  St.  Louis  as  to  render  the  Mississippi 
passable  on  the  ice  before  the  beginning  of  Janua- 
ry, in  ordinary  seasons,  yet  deep  snow  or  drench- 
ing rains  are  uncommon.    The  air  is  commonly 

587 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


dry,  cold,  and  elastic.  In  reality,  the  position  of 
Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana,  are  singularly 
worthy  of  philosophic  attention.  A  dense  forest 
covers  all  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  those  of  its  confluents.  On  the  east  side  of 
that  v  ist  recipient,  we  have  seen  this  forest  only 
terminated  by  the  Atlantic  ocean.  On  the  W., 
it  is  followed  by  the  prairies  or  desert  we  have  no- 
ticed. ,  Moisture  is  as  remarkably  abundant  in  the 
forest  tracts  as  it  is  wanting  in  the  prairies.  The 
natural  consequence  of  the  position  of  places,  on 
the  confluence  of  two  regions  whose  meteorological 
constitutions  are  so  essentially  different,  is  an  ex- 
posure to  the  extremes  of  both,  following  the  cur- 
rent of  air.  This  is,  in  an  extraordinary  degree, 
the  case  with  Louisiana,  where  two  successive 
seasons  may  differ  so  much,  as  one  to  present  an 
almost  constant  deluge  of  rain,  and  the  other 
,  scarcely  affording  a  single  shower.  Ascending  the 
Mississippi,  the  quantity  of  rain  becomes  less  in  a 
given  time,  at  least  as  far  N.  as  42°. 

A  remark  may  be  made  in  this  place,  that  what 
may  be  designated  the  rainy  and  dry  seasons  are 
not  confined  to  the  tropics.  Rain  and  snow  are 
mere  relative  terms :  therefore,  in  the  U.  S.  the 
rainy  and  dry  seasons  are  nearly  as  regular  in  their 
succession  and  periods  as  similar  seasons  are  with- 
in the  tropics.  The  difference  is  rather  in  the 
quantity  than  in  the  times  of  rain  and  fair  weather. 
To  this  theory  Louisiana  is  the  most  remarkable 
exception  ;  and,  when  viewed  in  connexion  with 
the  adjacent  and  distant  regions,  the  causes  of  the 
aberrations  of  the  seasons  of  that  State  are  at  once 
to  be  conceived  and  clearly  understood.  It  ought, 
however,  to  be  recollected  that  we  are  now  ma- 
king a  natural  and  not  a  political  survey :  there- 
fore, in  specifying  Louisiana,  the  delta  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  contiguous  places  are  meant.  It  is 
when  making  such  expansive  surveys,  and  eluci- 
dating the  phenomena  of  nature  on  so  large  a 
scale,  that  the  full  value  of  maps  can  be  fully 
appreciated.  Without  maps,  no  enlarged  views 
of  the  laws  of  meteorology  could  ever  be  formed  by 
any  exertion  of  the  human  intellects;  and  it  is 
from  neglect  of  such  comprehensive  combinations, 
that  s.)  many  crude  notions  on  particular  climates 
pass  current. 

The  climate  of  Missouri  is  consequently  liable  to 
great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  The  winters  of 
St.  Louis  are  severe — the  Mississippi,  in  ordi- 
nary seasons,  being  frozen  before  the  end  of  De- 
cember. The  illimitable  plains  to  the  SW.  and 
W.  of  the  State  leave  an  upen  vent  to  the  winds, 
and  superinduce  a  much  greater  severity  of  cold 
in  a  given  lat.  than  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  seasons  of  Missouri  partake  of  the  unsteady 
character  of  the  climate  of  the  Mississippi  basin, 
and  indeed  of  the  continent  of  North  America  in 
general.  No  two  seasons  in  succession  have  much 
resemblance  to  each  other.  The  occurrence  of 
first  frost  in  autumn,  the  last  in  spring,  or  the 
quantity  and  times  of  rain  and  snow  in  winter,  are 
equally  uncertain. 

In  one  respect,  the  climate  of  Missouri  differs 
essentially  from  that  on  the  Atlantic  slope,  in  sim- 
dar  latitudes ;  as  we  before  observed,  less  moist- 
ure falls  on  the  former  than  on  the  latter,  either  as 
rain  or  snow.  This  circumstance  has  misled 
many  as  to  the  real  nature  of  the  climate  of  Mis- 
588 


souii,  and  has  given  to  it  a  character  of  mild  <, 
the  reverse  of  the  fact. 

The  productions  of  Missouri  have  been  not  | 
both  vegetable  and  metallic.  We  may  mereh  d 
that  the  vegetables  usually  cultivated  are  » 
found  in  the  middle  States  generally. 

In  metallic  and  other  fossil  substances,  Mi>  rj 
is  perhaps  the  richest  region  in  the  United  S  J 
The  following  catalogue,  given  by  Mr.  8c  M 
craft,  yields  a  result  which  strongly  illustratt  ,« 
mineral  wealth  of  that  State,  where  most  o  ■ 
substances  are  found  : 

Metallic  substances. — Native  iron,  red  oxm 
iron,  iron  sand,  native  magnet,  argillaceous  M 
of  iron,  micaceous  oxyd  of  iron,  iron  py  J 
brown  hematite,  sulphuret  of  zinc,  sulpha  of 
zinc,  sulphuret  of  lead,  granular  sulphuret  of  I 
earthy  oxyd  of  lead,  carbonate  of  lead,  sulp  « 
of  antimony,  black  oxyd  of  manganese,  i  1 
copper,  sulphate  of  copper. 

Saline  substances. — Nitrate  of  potash,  tntfl 
of  soda,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  native  alum. 

Inflammable  and  miscellaneous  substant  -* 
Sulphur,  stone  coal,  pumice,  madrepore,  m 
phite. 

,  Earthy  substances. — Chalk,  flint,  home  %  r, 
rock, "crystal,  novaculite,  common  quartz,  ci  ■ 
radiated  quartz,  red  ferruginous  quartz,  gra  ar 
quartz,  tabular  quartz,  hoary  quartz,  steatite,  a, 
I  chalcedony,  reddle,  yellow  earth,  opalized  v 
agaric  mineral,  plastic  w  hite  clay,  fuller's  ( b, 
stalactite,  stalagmite,  pudding  stone,  opal,  je  n$ 
agatized  wood,  cornelian,  sulphate  of  lime,  d- 
spar,  calcareous  spar,  bassanite,  buhrstone,  ri 
agate,  greenstone  porphyry,  schorl,  ochre,  sift 

To  the  above  may  be  added  carbonate  of  m 
in  form  of  limestone  and  marble. 

The  lead  mines  of  Missouri  are  principal  in 
the  co.  of  Washington,  but  there  are  also  dig  g» 
in  St.  Genevieve,  Madison,  and  Jefferson  coi 

The  ore  is  that  species  called  galena  by  nl 
alogists  ;  the  sulphuret  of  lead  in  chemistry,  i 
ore  yields  about  80  per  cent,  pure  lead.  The  i 
seems  inexhaustible,  but  very  irregularly  disjJ 
the   veins  having  no   stratification,  but  Iijfl 
through  the  other  substances  in  every  dire  >n, 
and  of  an  indefinite  thickness.    Taken  as  a  v  -le, 
the  lead  district  of  the  State  of  Missouri  ill 
richest  in  the  production  of  that  metal  of  anj»J 
discovered. 

The  lead  mines  of  the  State  of  Missou  1* 
serve  some  historical  notice,  from  their  imnrilj 
and  national  importance. 

The  West  Company  was  formed  by  letters i* 
under  the  regency  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  cjfl 
the  minority  of  the  king  of  France,  Louis  V» 
dated  the  23d  of  August,  1717,  and  enregi»d 
the  6th  of  September  following. 

Under  this  company  came  out  to  Louisia  » 
1719,  Philip  Francis  Renault,  son  of  Phili  » 
nault,  a  noted  iron  founder  at  Consobre,  w 
Maubeuge,  in  France. 

In  1720  Renault  and  one  of  his  assochy 
M.  Lamotte,  discovered  the  respective  mines  ■ 
bear  their  names. 

Renault  worked  the  mines  extensively,  bu« 
in  the  end  obliged  to  abandon  the  underling 
from  some  fiscal  arrangements  in  France,  ai  & 
turned  to  his  native  country  in  1742.    Froi  » 


MIS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


enl  until  1797,  or  during  the  long  period  of  55 
H,  no  attempts  of  any  consequence  were  made 
d  ielt  lead  in  these  neglected  mines. 

1797,  a  Moses  Austin,  Esq.,  from  Wythe 
».|Va.,  made  a  journey  to  the  lead  mines  in  Lou- 
4ta,  and  obtained  a  patent  from  the  Spanish 
usnities  for  one  league  square,  in  consideration 
ffectinga  reverberatory  furnace.  This  work 
ffl:ommenced  in  1798.  Mr.  Austin  sunk  the 
rrpgular  shaft  for  raising  the  ore. 
!  1799  this  gentleman  erected  a  shot  tower, 
n-nade  shot  of  approved  quality.  The  latter 
wj  was  erected  under  the  superintendance  of 
H  Bates.  Since  the  foregoing  period  the  lead 
la  have  continued  to  attract  public  attention, 
liiiave  been  extensively  worked.  When  Mr. 
ieblcraft  visited  this  tract  in  1818  he  enumer- 
ie45  diggings. 

'  I  hat  is  now  the  State  of  Missouri  formed  a 
mof  Louisiana,  and  has  underwent  the  political 
#vuiions  of  that  country,  and  was  amongst  the 
iff  jarts  that  the  French  discovered.  In  1674 
w> missionaries,  by  the  names  of  Jolliet  and 
dfouette,  entered  the  Mississippi  by  the  route  of 
N  :onsin,  descended  the  former  stream  to  the 
\rinsas,  and  returned  to  Canada  by  the  Illinois, 
itoicountry  was  visited  by  M.  de  la  Salle  in  1683. 

settlements  were  made  soon  after  in  the  re 
ftiive  regions  now  comprised  in  the  State  of  Illi- 
i#j(arid  Territory  of  Arkansas,  but  none  in  any 
mnow  within  the  State  of  Missouri. 

176  2,  all  Louisiana  was  ceded  by  France  to 
■ji,  and  possession  taken  in  1769. 

•per  Louisiana,  now  the  State  of  Missouri, 
Cfi  to  be  peopled  about  1760.  The  attempt  of 
*t  ment  at  the  mines  by  Renault,  and  its  failure 
wave  seen.  In  1762  the  present  town  of  St. 
Hp  was  commenced,  since  which  period  settle- 
rs have  gradually,  but  during  the  existence  of 
tupanish  Government  slowly  advanced.  In  1803 
li  ountry,  with  all  Louisiana,  was  ceded  to  the 
\hid  States;  and  early  in  1804  was  taken  pos- 
tmn  of  by  Major  Amos  Stoddard. 

misiana  was  divided  into  two  territories,  that 
>i  rleans  below  N.  lat.  31,  and  Louisiana  con- 
*i  ig  the  residue  of  that  country.  New  Orleans 
omued  the  capital  of  Orleans  and  St.  Louis  of 
"tsiana. 

I  1810  the  then  Territory  of  Louisiana  con- 
aid  20,485  inhabitants,  of  which  3,011  were 

Ifl'S.  ' 

1812,  when  the  Territory  of  Orleans  became 
at  State  of  Louisiana,  Louisiana  Territory  was 
hged  to  the  Territory  of  Missouri;  and  on  the 
t'l  January,  1813,  Mr.  Edward  Hemstead  took 
■•jeatin  Congress  as  delegate.  April  3d,  1818, 
I  )U1  for  the  admission  of  Missouri  into  the 
Urn,  as  a  State,  received  a  second  reading,  and 
^.committed. 

!i  the  bill  being  brought  up  for  a  third  reading, 
I  issage  was  opposed,  unless  under  condition  of 
,r' Siting  the  introduction  of  negro  slaves.  This 
JP»sition  defeated  the  bill  in  the  session  of 
A*h'19,  and  in  the  session  of  1819-20,  both  of 
with,  particularly  the  latter,  was  in  a  great  part 
^O'amed  in  debates  on  the  subject. 

the  former  session,  March  5th,  1820,  an  act 
^passed  permitting  the  people  of  Missouri  to 
wia  convention,  which  was  empowered  to  frame 


MIS 


a  constitution,  and  adopt  such  name  as  they  should 
choose;  and  under  such  constitution,  when  ap- 
proved by  Congress,  such  a  State  to  become  one  of 
the  United  States,  with  all  the  rights  and  immuni- 
ties appertaining  to  the  original  8tates. 

The  convention  of  Missouri  met  at  St.  Louis, 

:  ,  1820,  and  formed  a  constitution,  which 

was  presented  to  Congress  for  approval  at  the 
opening  of  the  session  of  l820'-21.  A  clause  in 
the  constitution,  excluding  from  the  State  free  ne- 
groes and  people  of  color,  gave  rise  to  a  long  and 
violent  debate  in  both  Houses,  which  eventuated 
in  a  resolution  of  Congress,  dated  March  3d,  1821, 
in  the  following  terms  : 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States  of  America  in 
Congress  assembled,  That  Missouri  shall  be  ad- 
mitted into  this  Union  ©n  an  equal  footing  with 
the  original  States,  in  all  respects  whatever,  upon 
the  fundamental  condition  that  the  fourth  clause  of 
the  twenty-six  section  of  the  third  article  of  the 
constitution  submitted  on  the  part  of  said  State  to 
Congress,  shall  never  be  construed  to  authorize  the 
passage  of  any  law,  and  that  no  law  shall  be  passed 
in  conformity  thereto,  by  which  any  citizen  of 
either  of  the  States  in  this  Union  shall  be  exclu- 
ded from  the  enjoyment  of  any  of  the  privileges 
and  immunities  to  which  such  citizen  is  entitled  un- 
der the  constitution  of  the  United  States :  Provi- 
ded, That  the  Legislature  of  the  said  State,  by  a 
solemn  public  act,  shall  declare  the  assent  of  the 
said  State  to  the  said  fundamental  condition,  and 
shall  transmit  to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
on  or  before  the  fourth  Monday  in  November  next, 
an  authentic  copy  of  the  said  act ;  upon  the  receipt 
whereof,  the  President,  by  proclamation,  shall  an- 
nounce the  fact ;  whereupon,  and  without  any 
further  proceeding  on  the  part  of  Congress,  the  ad- 
mission of  the  said  State  into  this  Union  shall  be 
considered  as  complete." 

The  Legislature  of  Missouri,  on  the  26th  of 
June,  1821,  passed  an  act  of  accession  to  the  con- 
ditions contained  in  the  foregoing  resolution  of 
Congress,  and  transmitted  the  act  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States,  who,  on  the  10th  day  of  Au- 
gust, 1821,  issued  his  proclamation  pursuant  to  the 
tenor  of  the  resolution  of  Congress  and  the  acces- 
sion of  the  Legislature  of  Missouri  to  its  provisions, 
and  Missouri  became  a  State  of  the  United  States. 

It  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  trace  the  line 
which,  by  the  act  of  admission  of  Missouri,  bounds 
the  slaveholding  from  the  non-slaveholding  States 
and  Territories  that  have  been,  or  may  be,  formed 
beyond  the  Mississippi.  Beginning  on  the  right 
bank  of  that  rtream,  at  the  mouth  of  Ohio,  and 
following  the  boundaries  of  the  State  of  Missouri, 
up  the  Mississippi  and  Lemoine  rivers,  and  thence 
to  the  SW.  angle  of  Missouri,  on  theN.  boundary 
of  the  Arkansas  Territory  at  N.  lat.  36  30,  and 
thence  due  W.  to  the  frontier  line  between  the 
United  States  and  Spain. 

The  extent  and  relative  population  of  Missouri 
can  be  only  vaguely  calculated,  as  the  outlines  and 
respective  area  of  the  cos.  remain  unascertained  to 
any  approach  to  accuracy.  The  following  table 
will  exhibit,  however,  the  general  extent,  it  is 
presumed,  sufficiently  correct  for  ordinary  purposes. 

Civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Missouri, 
with  the  result  of  the  census  of  1 820  annexed  ; 

589 


MIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MIS 


and  which,  as  has  been  done  in  most  of  the  other 
States,  we  retain  as  data  to  serve  in  the  history  of 
the  progressive  population  of  the  United  States. 


Counties 

Inhabitants. 

Sq.  ms. 

To 

sq.  m. 

Boon© 

Callaway 

'  5^63 

ponp  r-ri  r;i  ril 11 

1,200 

E 

i>  licLrit(?n 

Clay 

Cole 

6,959 

17  000 

13 

Franklin 

2,379 

^  L170 

2 

Jefferson 

1,835 

1 650 

3 

Gasconade  - 

.Howard 

13,426 

1 1 ,450 

1 

1-2 

Madison 

2,047 

4,940 

4-10 

Montgomery 
.New  Madrid 

4,075 

1,800 

1 

3-4 

2,296 

1,800 

1 

1-3 

Lillard 

Lincoln 

1,662 

2400 

3  4 

Perry 

Pike 

3,747 

5,000 

34  i 

Kalis 
Ray 

St.  Charles  - 

3,970 

400 

10 

nearly. 

St  Francis  - 

Saline 

Scott          -  . 

St.  Genevieve 

4,962 

1,050 

nearly. 

St.  Louis 

10,049 

600 

16 

34 

Washington 

2,769 

2.960 

1 

nearly. 

Wayne 

1,443 

10;750 

1-10 

Total  - 

66,586 

62,870 

1  12 

The  lines  of  settlement  in  Missouri  ran  chiefly 
along  or  near  the  water  courses,  and  if  the  one- 
tenth  part  of  the  entire  area  is  assumed  for  the  sur- 
face actually  under  culture,  I  am  led  to  believe  will 
be  an  ample  estimate.  This  would  yield  6,287, 
or,  in  round  numbers,  6,300  square  miles  and 
with  a  population  little  exceeding  10  to  the  square 
mile. 

By  the  census  of  1820,  the  people  of  Missouri 
were  found  to  be  composed  of  55,988  whites,  376 
free  colored  persons,  and  10,222  slaves,  and  class- 
ed thus: 

Foreigners  not  naturalized       -  -  496 

Engaged  in  aggriculture  -  -  13,559 

Engaged  in  manufactures         -  -  1,870 

Engaged  in  commerce  -  487 
In  the  number  employed  in  manufactures,  it  is 
probable  are  included  about  1,100  persons  employ- 
ed in  the  lead  mines. 

Population  of  Missouri  by  ages,  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20*i  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  • 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 

90  to  100  - 

1U0  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males.  Females. 


34,597 
26,054 
21,222 
16,784 
.33,772 
20,568 
11,384 
5,620 
2,439 
814 
183 


173,470 


Ages. 


OtolO  - 
10  to  24  - 
24te36  - 
36  to  55  • 
55  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Totals 
Aggregate 


Free  col.  persons. 


Males.  Fern's 


193 
195 
'266 
154 


152 
159 
152 
133 

sy 

6 


691 

6v; 


1,574 


Slaves. 


Males.  Fema 


10,873 
10,718 
4,269 
2,329 
536 
17 


28,742 


t  otal  whites 
Do.   free  colored 
Do.  slaves 


Total 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 

Do.  above  25    -  -  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  -  - 
Insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  -  *fl 
Private  charge 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  in  the  foregoing  who  a 

Deaf  and  dumb 
Blind 

Idiots  and  insane  at — 

Private  charge  -  -  -^B 

Public  charge  « 
All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in- 
Mining 

Agriculture     -  -  -  - 

Commerce  - 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Do.  students  in  - 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in 
Scholars  at  public  charge 

White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 
or  write       -  -  -  I 


32,600 
24,321 
19,679 
16,952 
26,330 
14,889 
8,580 
4,259 
2,019 
634 
131 
21 
3 


150,418 
173,470 


323,36 


Population  of  Missouri  by  counties,  from  th 
sus  of  1 840. 


Whites. 

Free  col. 

Slaves. 

Counties. 

00 

co 

9 

Males. 

Femal 

|  Males, 

Femal 

Males 

Femal 

Audrain 

919 

833 

2 

89 

106 

Barry 

2,424 

2,094 

5 

3 

126 

143 

Benton 

2,092 

1,852 

142 

119 

Boone 

5,504 

5,025 

14 

10 

1,506 

1,502 

Buchanan 

3,178 

2  826 

6 

112 

115 

Caldwell 

770 

627 

23 

38 

Callaway 

4,490 

4,111 

13 

9 

1,513 

1,629 

Cape  Girardeau 

4,125 

3,895 

11 

3 

664 

661 
(16 

Carroll 

1,154 

1,001 

152 

Chariton 

1,993 

1,716 

10 

10 

484 

533 

Clark 

1,305 

1,118 

2 

1 

213 

207 

Clay 

3,382 

2,991 

17 

17 

938 

937 

Clinton 

1,331 

1.199 

1 

2 

88 

103 

Cole 

4,311 

3,762 

28 

6 

590 

589 

Cooper 

4,431 

3,881 

8 

1,066 

1,091 

Crawford 

1,766 

1,611 

91 

Davies 

1,393 

1.207 

1 

1 

56 

590 


MIT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MOB 


tabu — Continued. 


Whites. 


ieve 


3,004 
2,321 
2,203 


Free  col 


3,443 
2,666 
2,490 
4.993 

3,3U7  2,93b 

2,078  1,882 

2,056  l,i 

2,586  2,213 

2,629  2,33? 

3,056  2.8171 

1,125  977 

2,160  1,9-22! 

3,075  2,733' 

1,462  1,300: 

3,907  3,332! 

1,135!  1,03-3! 

4,11b  3,6971 

2,055!  1,8361 

l,798j  1.7261 

2,011  1,737! 

2,017  1,599! 

2,658!  2,310' 

1,236!  1,141' 

4,245  3,804 

4,26^  3,859 

4,188  3,790 

3,37o  2,960 

2,336!  2,114 
3,04?i-  2,?02 

2,9961  2,71 

1  441  1,336 

2,176  1,910 

3,378!  2,908 

1,407|  1,287 

1,384'  1,179 

18,080|  12,425 

1,605 1  l,47o 
1,357| 
2.7551 
1 ,9-28i 
1,713 
2.3701 
1,876' 
3,314 
1J596 


1,-3 

2,273' 
1,707 1 

1,499 

2,078 
1,679, 
2,934 
1,473! 


1 

4 
6 
4 

8 

4 
2 
3 

11 
5 

in 

174 
1 

7 

8 
1 
G 
20 


Slaves. 


17347015041b!  883 


6  01 


528 
158 
330 

1,845 
686 
188 
249 
977 
504 
772 
81 
115 
113 
319 

1,114 
60 
794 
242 
416 
40b 
73 
375 
261 
405 

1,195 
203 

.  89 
612 
682 
426 
35 
321 
798 
27 
291 

2,29b 
37 
245 
449 


106 

342 
499 
146 


Total. 


28,742 


526 
184 
347 

1,838 
675 
136 
3(17 

1,013 
561 
800 
62 
126 
11 
292 

1,228 
51 
893 
270 
411 
396 
9b 
4o2 
288 
453 

1,277 
2.39 
101 
59? 
755 
41 
42 
315 
799 
•224 
257 

2,318 
34 
213 
479 
813 
18 
108 


7,515  I 
5,330 
5.372 
13,108 
7,612 
4,296 
4,471 
6,el5 
6,04(1 
7,449 
2,245 
4,325 
6,034 
3,395 
9,623 
2,282 
9,505 
4,407 
4,371 
4,554 
3,790 
5,760 
2.930 
8,913 
10,646 
8,449 
6,529 
5,670 
7,198 
6,553 
2,856 
4,726 
7,911 
3,211 
3.143 
35,979 
3,153 
3,056 
5,974 
5,255 
3,264 
4,693 


354  4,253 


121 
176 


29,196 


7.213 
3;4u3 


Mobile,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  in  the  State  of  Ala., 
is  formed  by  the  united  streams  of  Tombigbee  and 
Alabama  rivers.  The  extreme  NW.  sources  of 
Tombigbee  are  in  the  State  of  Miss.,  near  the  S. 
line  of  Tenn.,  from  whence  the  different  branches 
flow  SE.  into  Ala.,  where,  uniting,  they  form  the 
Tombigbee,  whicli  flows  nearly  due  S.  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Alabama,  at  N.  lat.  31  5.  The 
Tombigbee  receives,  besides  many  lesser  conflu- 
ents, the  Tuscaloosa,  or  Black  YV'arrior,  a  large 
stream  from  the  NE.  The  entire  length  of  the 
Tombigbee  is  about  300  ms.  by  comparative  course. 

The  Alabama  is  formed  by  the  united  streams  of 
the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  which  both  rise  in  Ga., 
and,  flowing  to  the  SW.,  unite  at  N.  lat.  32  23, 
and  from  thence  to  the  junction  with  Tombigbee 
assumes  the  name  of  Alabama.  The  entire  length 
of  the  Alabama,  from  the  sources  of  the  Coosa  to 
the  head  of  Mobile  river,  is,  by  comparative  course, 
about  400  ms.  A  considerable  branch  from  the 
N.,  called  the  Cahawba,  enters  the  Alabama  about 
100  ms.,  by  the  windings  of  the  stream,  below  the 
junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa.  Cahaba, 
the  seat  of  government  for  the  State  of  Ala.,  is  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  the  Cahawba  river. 

The  river  Mobile  is  about  40  ms.  in  length, 
from  the  head  of  Mobile  bay  to  the  junction  of 
Tombigbee  and  Alabama  rivers.  Within  a  very 
short  distance  of  its  head,  the  Mobile  divides  into 
two  branches  :  that  of  Mobile  proper  to  the  W., 
and  Tensaw  to  the  E.  These  never  again  unite, 
I  but  flow  separately  into  Mobile  bay,  with  several 
inlets  from  one  to  the  other.  The  islands  enclosed 
between  the  main  branches  and  the  inlets  are,  in 
general,  liable  to  inundation. 

The  Mobile  river  admits  vessels  of  1 2  feet  draught 
in  all  its  length  ;  the  Tombigbee,  those  of  5  feet  to 
Fort  Stoddart ;  and  Mobile,  those  of  about  6  feet 
to  Fort  Claiborne. 

Mobile  Bay  opens  below  the  mouth  of  the  Mo- 
bile and  Tensaw  rivers,  and  gradually  widens  from 
4  to  10  or  12  ms.,  and,  extending  30  ms.  nearly 
S.,  again  contracts  to  about  5  ms.,  having  Dauphin 
island  in  nearly  the  middle  of  its  entrance  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  main  channel,  between 
Dauphin  island  and  the  Point  of  Mobile,  has  a 
depth  of  18  feet.  The  channel  between  the  main 
shore  and  Dauphin  island,  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Pass  au  Heron,  hasonlv  6  feet.    A  bar  of  13 


I  a  volcanic  summit  or  peak  of  Peru,  in  the 
3  of  Arequipo.  In  1796,  according  to  Mr. 
s  narrative,  this  peak  was  ascended  to  its 
by  Thadeus  Haenck,  a  Bohemian  natural- 
0,  by  a  trigonometrical  operation  on  the 
jf  Arequipo,  determined  its  perpendicular  j  feet  water  crosses  Mobile  bay  3  ms.  below  the  town 


it  above  the  ocean  level  to  be  20,328  feet 
jjj  K.,  vol.  — ,  No.  44,  p.  2G6. 
istra,  or  Minitra,  village  of  Greece,  in  the 
;a,  supposed,  though  erroneously,  to  he  on  the 
jf  Sparta.  According  to  Chateaubriand  and 
teville,  Mistria  is  situated  1  5  ms.  from  the  ru- 
ff Sparta,  and  on  the  YV.  side  of  the  Eurotas, 
Vasilipotamos  river  or  brook.)  Mistra  con- 
I  a  pop.  of  15,000— one-third  Mahometans,  the 
ue  Greeks  and  Jews. 

\itcham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  sealed  on 
•A'andle,  on  whicli  are  some  snuff  mills  and  2 
0  printing  manufactories.  It  is  8  ms.  SW.  of 
I'Jon. 

\ittau,  strong  town  of  Poland,  the  capital  of 
•Hand,  remarkable  foriss  large  ducal  palace.  It 
ated  on  the  Bolderau,45  ms.  E.  of  Goldingen, 
l|270  jNNE.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  23  50  E.,  lat. 
W  N. 


of  that  name. 

Mobile  Point  is  a  long,  low,  sandy,  and  narrow 
peninsula,  which  bounds  Mobile  bay  on  the  S., 
extending  from  the  bay  of  Bon  Secours,  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  the  former,  towards  Dauphin 
island,  which  it  approaches  to  within  3  ms. 

Directions  for  coming  into  Mobile  bay,  Mobile, 
and  Blakeley. — In  running  in  for  the  land  or  the 
Bay  of  Mobile,"  should  you  make  it  to  the  west- 
ward of  the  bar,  the  land  will  appear  broken,  as  it 
consists  of  small  islands,  which  occasion  several 
small  openings ;  if  to  the  eastward,  the  land  is  uni- 
form as  far  as  Pensacola  E.,  and  covered  with  tim- 
ber, the  beach  generally  sandy,  and  quite  percepti- 
ble in  clear  weather  8  or  10  ms.  distant.  Dauphin 
island,  on  the  western  point  of  the  bay,  appears 
high  and  blulT;  Mobile  paint  low  and  sandy,  with 
a  single  tiee  on  the  extremity,  in  the  form  of  an 
umbrella,  and  thinly  wooded  for  5  ms.  from  the 

59i 


MOC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MOH 


point.  There  are  houses  on  the  point  and  Dau- 
phin island  ;  before  you  shoalen  into  7  fathoms 
water,  bring  Mobile  point  to  bear  N.  £  W.,  and 
the  E.  end  of  Dauphin  island  to  bear  NNW  \  W., 
and  steer  in  NNW-.  ;  this  course  will  run  you  over 
the  bar,  on  which  you  will  have  from  16  to  20 
feet  water  in  good  tides  ;  after  passing  a  small  sand 
i  -land  on  your  larboard,  you  are  over  the  bar,  and 
out  of  danger,  with  a  shoal  each  side  of  you,  then 
haul  up  for  the  point  of  Mobile,  giving  it  a  berth 
of  300  or  400  yards,  then  steer  up  the  bay  as 
tracked  on  the  chart.  It  is  necessary  to  calculate 
for  the  bay  currents,  as  when  the  tide  is  flowing 
you  will  drift  to  the  westward,  and  when  ebb  to  the 
eastward,  until  you  get  near  Dog  river  bar,  which 
extends  across  the  bay;  when  in  11  feet  water, 
and  2^  ms.  from  the  western  shore,  7  ms.  from 
Mobile,  and  15  from  Blakeley,  come  to  for  a  pi- 
lot. In  beating  across  the  bay,  you  can  stretch 
within  2|  ms.  of  the  shore  with  safety,  except  oppo- 
site Big  Point  Cleai  ;  and  in  Bonsecour's  bay,  keep 
Big  and  Little  Point  Clear  in  range,  one  N.  and 
the  other  S.  It  is  also  observed,  that  there  is  a 
middle  ground  shoal  of  10  feet  water  lying  to  the 
starboard  of  the  track  in  running  up  the  bay,  and 
opposite  Big  Point  Clear  and  Fowl  river,  which  is 
not  shown  on  the  chart. 

Mobile  Town  is  situated  on  the  W.  or  right 
shore  of  Mobile  bay,  near  the  mouth  of  Mobile  riv- 
er, upon  a  bank  elevated  18  or  20  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  water  in  the  bay.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerable  trade,  though  the  entrance  to 
the  harbor  is  inconvenient  for  vessels  drawing  more 
than  8  feet  water.  A  long,  narrow,  and  low  island, 
lies  before  the  town,  and  extends  about  5  ms. 
above,  round  which  large  vesssels  are  obliged  to 
pass,  in  order  to  reach  the  harbor,  in  which  any  ves- 
sel can  enter  in  safety  which  can  pass  the  bar,  3  ms. 
below  the  island.  Mobile  is  situated  at  N.  lat.  30 
44,  and  W.  Ion.  from  W.  O.  10  55,  and  from 
Greenwich  87  55.  Pop.,  as  stated  in  the  census 
tables  for  1840,  12,672. 

Mobile,  co.,  Ala.,  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico S.,  Mississippi  W.,  Baldwin  and  Monroe  cos., 
in  Ala.,  N.,  and  West  Florida  E.  Length  58 
ms.,  mean  width  45  ;  area  2,600  sq.  ms.  It  occu- 
pies that  part  of  Alabama  S.  from  the  31°  N.  lat., 
and  between  the  State  of  Mississippi  and  territory 
of  West  Florida.  Surface  generally  level,  or  mod- 
erately hilly.  Soil,  with  but  very  partial  excep- 
tions, barren,  and  covered  with  pine  timber.  Chief 
towns,  Mobile  and  Blakeley.  Pop.  1820,  2,672  ; 
and  in  1840,  18,741.  Central  lat.  30  42  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  11°  w. 

Mocaupour,  town  of  the  country  of  Napaul, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  situate 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Napaul,  48  ms.  SSE.  of  Cat- 
mandu,  and  130  N.  of  Patna.  Lon.  85  37  E., 
lat.  27  35  N. 

Mocha,  small  island  off  the  coast  of  Chili.  Lat. 
38  30  S.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  10  E. 

Mocha,  or  Moka,  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen, 
seated  on  a  small  bay  of  the  Red  Sea,  near  the 
strait  of  Babelmandeb  On  each  of  the  points  of 
land,  which  enclose  the  road,  is  a  fort;  but  they 
are  wretched  structures.  The  town  is  of  a  circular 
form,  surrounded  by  a  wall,  in  which  are  six  gates, 
{t  carries  on  a  great  trade,  especially  in  coffee;  and 
the  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  1 8,000,  without 
592 


including  the  Jews,  who  inhabit  the  suburbs.  ie 
English,  from  Hindoostan,  at  present  engros  |. 
most  exclusively  the  trade  of  this  place.  It  s  j, 
in  a  barren  plain,  140  ms.  SSW.  of  Sane,  am  o 
SSE.  of  Mecca.  Lon.  44  25  E.,  latitude  1  o 
North. 

Mocksville,  village,  Rowan  co.,  N.  C,  by]! 
road  190  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Modbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  w  ( 
manufacture  of  plush  ;  seated  between  two  hil  ;g 
ms.  SSW.  of  Exeter,  and  208  WSW.  of  Loi  I 

Modena,  or  Modcnenc,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  61 I 
long  and  35  broad,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Pjl 
N.  by  Mantua,  E.  by  the  Ferrarese,  Bulog  2 
and  Tuscany,  and  S.  by  the  republic  of  Luce  I 
includes  the  duchies  of  Mirandola  and  Reggio.  M 
soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits  of  difljl 
kinds.    It  also  feeds  a  great  number  of  cattle.  J 

Modena,  fortified  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  th<  I 
denese,  wilh  a  magnificent  college.  The  I 
palace  is  richly  furnished,  and  contains  fine  j  I 
ings.  .  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  30,00 1 
is  seated  between  the  rivers  Secchia  and  Pal 
34  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Mantua,  and  60  NN^l 
Florence.    Lon.  1 1  12  E.,  lat.  44  34  N. 

Modet,ltow7i,  village,  Accomack  co.,  Ve. 

Modica,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Nolo,  o| 
river  Accellaro,  10  ms.  W.  of  Noto. 

Modon,  strong  town  of  European  Turkey,  iM 
Morea,  with  a  safe  harbor.  It  is  seated  on  *W 
montory  projecting  into  the  sea  of  Sapienza,  1  is. 
W.  of  Coron.    Lon.  21  31  E.,  lat.  36  53  N I 

Moers. — See  Meurs. 

Moeskirch,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  priocijl 
of  Furstenburg,  18  ms.  N.  of  Constance.  -1 

Moffat,  town  of  Scot.,  in,  Dumfriesshire,,! 
the  river  Annan,  encompassed  on  all  sides,  e  | 
the  S.,  by  hills  of  different  heights.    Its  defy 
situation  and  its  mineral  springs  attract  much 
pany.    It  is  20  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Dumfries. 

Moffat  Hills,  the  highest  mountains  of  the 
Scot.,  on  the  N.  border  of  Dumfriesshire.  H; 
the  most  elevated,  is  2,300  feet  above  the  lev 
the  sea.  They  feed  numerous  flocks  of  sheec 
from  them  descend,  in  different  directions 
Tweed,  Clyde,  and  Annan,  whose  sources  ai 
little  distant  from  each  other. 

Moffilt's  Mill,  post  office,  Randolph  co.,P^ 

85  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh.  Post  office,  P< 

ton  district,  S.  C,  172  ms.  NW.  from  Colui 

Moffat's  Store,  post  office,  Columbia  co.,I 

Mogador,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  MoroccOiB 
a  harbor  for  vessels  of  a  middling  size.  It 
rounded  by  w.dls,  with  batteries,  and  at  high 
is  almost  encompassed  by  the  sea.   The  stree 
all  in  straight  lines,  and  contain  a  great  rium 
handsome  houses.    The  port  is  formed  by  a  | 
nel  between  the  mainland  and  an  island  ab< 
mile  in  length.    It  is  180  ms.  WNW.  of  Moifl 
Lon.  9  35  W.,  lat.  31  28  N 

Mohacs,  town  in  Lower  Hungary,  in  the  J 
Buraniwar,  at  the  conflux  of  the.  Corasse  wiUl 
Danube,  23  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Esseck. 

Mogrebbins,  or  Mogrebi,  "people  of  the  il> 
terms  by  which  the  Arabs  and  Moors  of  w«pl 
Africa  are  known  in  Mahometan  Asia. 

Mohammedanism,  so  termed  from  the  peiQ* 
name  of  its  founder. — See  article  Islamism  f« 
gika,  Moslem,  Mussulman,  Sec 


MOH 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MOL 


/hawk,  river  of  N.  Y.,  the  great  western 
ra  h  of  the  Hudson.  The  extreme  northwestern 
aae  of  the  Mohawk  is  in  Lewis  co.  It  thence 
it;  Oneida  co.,  flows  S.  20  ins.  to  Rome,  where 

ins  to  SE.  about  28  ms.  by  comparative 
»u?s,  to  its  first  northern  confluent,  West  Can- 
la  Here  it  assumes  nearly  an  eastern  course  of 
gj,  to  its  passage  through  the  Katsbergs,  at  the 
it  fulls.  It  is  precipitated  at  ihis  place  over  a 
Mi  of  rocks. — See  article  New  York,  section 
W\  Western  canal.  Below  the  Little  Falls,  the 
■wk  flows,  by  comparative  courses,  70  ms. 
«U  E.  to  its  junction  with  the  Hudson  at  Wa- 
ft. Two  ms.  above  Waterford  it  is  again 
-e«.itated  over  the  Cahocs  rocks  by  a  single  pitch 

■  feet.  The  Mohawk,  besides  West  Canada, 
■eees  from  the  N.  East  Canada,  Chucktananda, 
■prne  others  of  lesser  note ;  and  from  the  S. 
■uiy  creek,  and  Schoharie  river.  Its  entire 
■irative  course,  123  ms.    It  passes  the  villages 

t  -ns  of  Rome,  Utica,  Herkimer,  Little  Falls, 
fjiheim,  Palatine,  Canajoharie,  Caughnawago, 
m;rdam,  and  Schenectady.    Its  banks  gener- 
ilyse  by  an  acclivity  of  more  or  less  inclination, 
jt  some  places,  as  at  Schenectady,  Herkimer, 
ti  and  Rome,  meanders  through  extensive  al- 
,?i  flats.    The  soil  in  most  places,  particularly  J 
■If  the  flats,  highly  fertile  and  well  cultivated, 
ftreat  Western  canal  has  been  formed  along '. 
s  rht  shore  from  opposite  Waterford  to  Rome.! 
♦village  on  the  Grand  river,  or  Ouse,  U.  C, 
■principal  village  of  the  Six  Nations.    This  j 
m  residence  of  their  principal  chief,  Captain  ; 
■n  Brant.    The  village  is  beautifully  situated, ! 
wneat  church  with  a  steeple,  a  school  house,  j 

■  council  house;  and  rfot  far  Irom  it  is  a  grist 
ww  mill. 

miawk  Bay,  in  Fredericksburgh,  TJ.  C,  bay 
Btfinte,  lies  opposite  to  the  Mohawk  settlement, 
■lose  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  Appannee. 
lhawk  Settlement,  bay  of  Quinte,  U.  C,  is 
K.:' Richmond,  and  comprehended  l  etween  the* 
Shannon  and  Bowen's  creek. 
Whegan,  village  of  U.  C,  on  the  right  bank  of! 
!«<bames,  5  ms.  below  Norwich.    Here  reside! 
e  ranant  of  the  Mohegans. 
wPticcon,  large  creek  of  Ohio,  rUes  in  Wayne 
ridiichland  cos.,  flows  S.  about  50  ms.,  and  j 
ifeWhite  Woman's  river  in  Coshocton,  near  the  j 

•  rder  of  Knox  co.  Tp.,  Wayne  co.,  0. 

0|in  1S20,  632. 

\ i!a,  one  of  the  Comora  islands,  between  the 

•  d  of  Madagascar  and  the  continent  of  Africa. 
h  a  good  road  for  ships.    Lon.  43  50  E.,  lat. 

S. 

wiikf,  or  Mogilev,  government  of  the  Russian 
ftp,  comprising  a  part  of  Lithuania,  dismem- 

f  from  Poland  in  1772.  Town  of  Lithu- 

'i<  capital  of  a  Russian  government  of  the  same 
ir  It  has  a  considerable  trade,  and  is  situated 
n  }  Dnieper,  340  ms.  ENE.  of  Warsaw,  and 
•hs.  S.  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  30  14  E.,  lat. 
1  N. 

Jyirin,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New 
kj  18  ms.  NNW.  of  Custrin. 

Ihrungen,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
'bund,  situate  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 

1  almost  surrounds  it.    It  is  56  ms.  SSW.  of 
-°';sberg,  and  56  SE.  of  Dantzic. 
75^ 


Moilah,  town  and  fort  of  Arabia  Petrea,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Red  sea,  130  ms.  S.  of  Acaba,  and 
180  NW.  of  Medina.  Lon.  33  50  E.,  lat.  27  30 
North.  , 

Moine  river,  or  Lemoine. — See  boundaries  of 
the  State  of  Missouri. 

Moira  river,  runs  into  the  bay  of  Quinte,  U.  C, 
near  the  SW.  angle  of  the  tp.  of  Thurlow. 

Moira,  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  N.  Y. 

Mojaisk,  town  of  Russia,  63  miles  W.  from 
Moscow. 

Moiraris,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Isere,  on 
the  river  Isere,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Vienne. 

Moissac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot,  with  a 
trade  in  corn  and  flour,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  near 
its  conflux  with  the  Garonne,  13  ms.  N  W.  of 
Montauban. 

Mola  di  Bari,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Ban, 
seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  17  ms.  E.  of  Bari. 

Mola  di  Gaeta,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  La- 
vora,  seated  near  the  sea,  3  ms.  NE.  of  Gaeta. 

Mold,  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire.  The  as- 
sizes are  held  here.  It  is  5  ms.  S.  of  Flint,  and 
201  NW.  of  London. 

Moldau,  river  of  Europe,  in  Bohemia;  it  rises 
in  the  Winterberg  hills,  near  Ravensburg,  within 
less  than  20  ms.  from  the  Danube,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Inn,  flowing  nearly  N.  about  100  ms.,  it  unites 
with  the  Beraun  from  the  SW.  at  lat.  50°  N. 
About  5  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  the  Beraun  it 
passes  the  city  of  Prague,  and  joins  the  Elbe  above 
Melnick,  20  ms.  below  Prague.  The  Moldau 
drains  more  than  half  of  all  Bohemia. — See  Muldau. 

Moldau,  or  Sereth,  river,  rises  in  the  Carpathian 
mountains,  in  the  Austrian  province  ofBukowine, 
and  flowing  SE.  falls  into  the  Danube,  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Pruth.  The  Moldau  gives  name  to 
Moldavia. 

Moldavia,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  270 
ms.  long,  and  from  30  to  120  broad;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Poland,  from  which  it  is  also  divided  on 
the  NE.  by  the  Dniester,  E.  by  New  Russia  and 
Bessarabia,  SE.  by  Bulgaria,  from  which  last  it  is 
parted  by  the  Danube,  SW.  by  Wallachia,  and  W. 
by  Transylvania.  The  other  principal  rivers  are 
the  Pruth  and  Sereth.  The  W.  part  is  moun- 
tainous, and  there  are  some  uncultivated  deserts; 
but  it  abounds  in  good  pastures,  which  feed  a  great 
number  of  horses,  oxen,  and  sheep  ;  it  also  produces 
corn,  pulse,  honey,  wax,  fruits,  with  plenty  of 
game  and  fowls.  The  sovereign,  who  is  styled 
hospodar,  is  tributary  to  the  grand  seignior.  The 
inhabitants  are  Christians  of  the  Greek  church. 
Jassy  is  the  principal  town. 

Mole,  river  of  England,  in  Surry,  which  rises  on 
the  borders  of  Sussex,  flows  N.  to  Docking,  and, 
passing  beneath  Box  Hill,  is  said  to  disappear  in 
its  vicinity  and  to  rise  again  near  Leatherhead  ; 
hence  it  is  supposed  to  derive  its  name ;  but  the 
fact  is,  that  a  tract  of  soft  ground,  two  miles  ia 
length,  called  the  Swallows,  in  very  dry  seasons 
absorbs  the  waste  water  in  caverns  on  the  sides  of 
the  banks,  but  not  so  as  to  prevent  a  constant 
stream  from  flowing  in  an  open  channel  above 
ground.  The  Mole,  proceeding  from  Leatherhead 
to  Cobham,  enters  the  Thames  opposite  Hampton 
Court. 

Mole,  port  of  St.  Domingo. — See  Nicholas,  SL 
Molfetta,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,seat- 

593 


MON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  M 


ed  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  10  miles  W.  by  N.  from  on  the  SVV.  of  the  Isle  of  Zealand,  from  wh  it 
Bari.  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel.    Lon.  12  3 

Molieres,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of!  Iat.  55  20  N. 


Lot,  11  miles  N.  of  Monlauban,  and  16  S.  of  Ca_! 
hors. 

Molina,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
seated  on  the  river  Gallo,  in  a  territory  abounding  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  r  t, 
in  pastures,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Siguenza,  and88ENE.  with  a  castle,  a  citadel,  and  a  good  harbor.  js 
of  Madrid.    Longitude  1  53  W.,  latitude  40  50  naturally  very  strong,  being  seated  on  a  craggj  \ 
North. 

Molise,  territory  of  Naples,  lying  between  Terra-  \ 
di-Lavora,    Abruzzo  Citeriore,    Capitanata,  and 


Monacks,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Alabarr  15 
miles  by  post  road  E.  from  Cahaba. 

Monaco,  small  but  handsome  and  strong  n 


that  projects  into  the  sea. 

Monadnock,  lofty  peak  of  Coos  county,  N  £ 
rising  to  the  elevation  of  3,254  feet  above  the  4 


Principato  Ulteriore.    It  is  in  the  form  of  a  tri-  of  the  ocean. 


Monaghan,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
of  Ulster,  32  miles  in  length  and  22  in 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Tyrone,  on  the  E. 


angle,  whose  sides  are  49  miles  in  length,  and  is 
a  mountainous  country,  but  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
saffron,  and  silk. 

Molise,  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  a  territory  ofmagb,  on  the  SE.  by  Louth,  and  on  the  Y  jy 
the  same  name,  but  not  populous.  It  is  30  miles  Fermanagh.  It  is  full  of  woods  and  hogs,  :i 
N.  of  Naples.    Lon.  14  43  E.,  Iat.  41  36  N.       j  third  part  of  it  is  taken  up  by  Lough  Earni  It 

Mollah,  title  of  supreme  judges  in  the  Turkish  contains  24  parishes, 
empire.    Those  of  Mecca  and  Medina  have  the  I     Monaghan,  borough  in  Ireland,  and  capi  of 
highest  rank.    Like  all  other  Turkish  officers,  the  !  the  county  of  the  same  name,  40  ms.  SW.  0  4 

mollahs  are  removable  at  the  will  of  the  Sultan,  fast,  and  60  NNW.  of  Dublin.  Tp.,  Yor  A 

The  term  has,  no  doubt,  the  same  origin  with  the  Penn.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Yellow  Breeches  <■ 
Tartar  mullah;  which  see.  I  joining  Cumberland  co.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,15  * 

Mokheim,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  (  Mo^ahcii,  from  monos,  sole,  and  arcos,  ruler,  ik 
Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  generic  term,  in  strictness,  means  an  absolot  * 
Brusch.  It  is  10  ms.  W.  by  S.  ofStrasburg,  and  ereign,  but,  in  a  more  general  sense,  appl  to 
228  E.  of  Pans.  Longitude  7  25  E.,  latitude  any  ruler  who  is  alone  at  the  head  of  a  govern  if, 
48  32  N, 


however  restricted  may  be  his  prerogati 
Moluccas,  or  Spice  Island*,  cluster  of  islands  in  not,  as  is  usually  supposed,  applicable  to  a 


only  ;  the  intent  of  the  title  applies  to  the  1 
and  not  to  its  periodical  extent.    The  emper 


the  Indian  ocean,  lying  E.  of  Celebes.  The  prin- 
cipal are  Ternat,  Amboyna,  Tydore,  Machian, 

Motyr,  and  Bachian,  the  largest  of  which  is  hardly  Russia,  Austria,  and  China;  the  kings  of  M 
30  miles  in  circumference.  They  produce  neither  j  Britain,  France,  &c.  ;  the  popes  and  sov,  gn 
corn,  rice,  nor  cattle,  except  goats;  but  they  have  dukes  of  Italy  and  Germany,  and  President  <  il 
oranges,  lemons,  and  other  fruits,  and  are  most  re-  United  States  of  North  America,  &c,  are  al!  «■ 
markable  for  spices,  especially  cloves.  They  have  \  archs,  however  varied  and  different  may  be  efl 
large  snakes,  which  are  not  venomous,  and  very  |  prerogatives  or  manner  and  means  of  elevjfl 
dangerous  land  crocodiles.  The  natives  are  idol-  '  Webster,  in  the  first  sentence  of  his  dehnili  oi 
atrous,  but  there  are  many  Mahometans.  They 'monarchy,  observes  that  it  is  "  a  state  of  g<  •» 
were  discovered  in  1511  by  the  Portuguese,  who'ment  in  which  the  supreme  power  is  lodged  i  K 
formed  some  settlements,  but  the  Dutch  drove  them  hands  of  a  single  person 
away. — See  Banda. 

Molwitz,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  province  of  d 
Grotska,  remarkable  for  a  battle  which  the  Prus- 
sians gained  over  the  Austrians  in  1741.    It  is  1 


Monaster,  ancient  town  of  Africa,  in  the  ig* 
om  of  Tunis,  pleasantly  seated  near  the  «  5 


ms.  SE.  of  Tunis.    Lon.  11  6  E.,  Iat.  35 
Monastery,  house  dedicated  to  religious 


40  miles  S.  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  14  E.,  Iat.  50  merit,  and  in  which  unmarried  persons,  of 
23  N. 

Mombaza,  town  of  Africa,  with  a  citadel,  seat- 
ed in  an  island  of  the  same  name,  on  the  eastern 

coast  opposite  to  Zanguebar,  75  ms.  SSVV.  of  Me-  Montferrat,  seated  on  a  mountain,  12  m 


sex,  live  in  community,  and  includes  abby,  \t% 
nunnery,  convent,  &c. 

Moncalvo,  small  but  strong  town  of  Ita  in 


linda,  and  subject  to  Portugal 
44°  N. 

Mombaza,  country  of  Africa,  subject  to  the  Por 
tuguese ;  hence  they  export  slaves,  gold,  ivory 


Lon.  48°  E.,  Iat.  Casal.    Lon.  7  19  E.,  Iat.  45  10  N. 

Moncaon,  or  Monzony  very  strongly  fo 
townof  Portugal,  in  Entre-Douero-e-Minlio, 
SE.  of  Tuy,  and  26  N.  of  Braga.    Lon.  8  2 


rice,  flesh,  and  other  provisions,  with  which  they 'lat.  42  8  N. 
supply  the  settlements  in  Brazil.  The  king  of  Me-  Monchabou,  city  of  Asia,  in  the  kingdi  i 
linda,  being  a  Christian,  had  a  quarrel  with  the  Burman,  which,  in  1755,  was  the  residence  :h« 
Portuguese  governor,  took  the  castle  of  Mombazo  king  before  the  court  removed  to  Ava,  the  p 


by  assault,  turned  Mahometan,  and  murdered  all 
the  Christians,  in  1631 ;  but,  in  1729,  the  Portu- 
guese became  masters  of  this  territory  again. 

Mompox,  town  of  Colombia,  in  New  Granada, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Magdalena,  about  20  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Canca. 

Mona  and  Monet  a,  small  group  of  islands  be- 
tween Hispaniola  and  Porto  Rico. 

Mona,  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  Baltic,  seated 
594 


capital,  from  which  it  is  distant  39  ms.  Md* 
bou  was  the  birthplace  of  Alompra,  the  foiin  •  •! 
the  Burman  empire.  It  is  situated  at  lat.  2' 
and  lon.  96  56  E. 

Moncon,  or  Monzon,  strongly  fortified  to  • 
Spain,  in  Arragon,  seated  at  the  confluence  <  M 
Sofa  and  Cinca,  6  miles  S.  of  Balbastro,  ai  ™ 
NE.  of  Saragossa.    Lon.  28'  E.,  lat.  42  2 
Monconfour,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  <  ■* 


• 

MON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MON 


I  'ilaine,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  30  ms 
Vlof  Malo.    Lon.  2  36  E.,  lat.  48  15  N. 

I  ndon,  town,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  26  rns.  S.  by 
.   Burlington,  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  13  N. 

'rgennes,  with  1,500  inhabitants. 
ndcgo,  river  of  Portugal,  which  has  its  source 
jB.jruarda,  and,  crossing  the  province  of  Beira, 
■Js  by  Coimbra,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean 
iji  cape  of  the  same  name. 
mndidier,  small  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Mw,  arid  late  province  of  Picaniy,  where  there 
4brmerly  a  palace.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
{  s.  SE.  of  Amiens,  and  57  N.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
f,W.,  lat  49  39  I\r. 

undonnedo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  in  a  fer- 

i  untrv,  on  a  small  river,  60  ms.  NE.  of  Com- 
■a.   'Lon.  7  10  W.,  lat.  43  30  N. 
Madoubleau,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loire ' 
.d  her,  and  late  provinc  e  of  Blasois.    It  has  a| 
m  and  is  13  ms.  N.  of  Vendome. 

.ndovi,  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  citadel,  a 

ii  sity  and  a  bishop's  see.    It  was  taken  by  the 
Mi  in  April,  1766.    It  is  the  largest  and  most 
■bus  town  of  Piedmont,  and  is  seated  on  a  \ 
oi tain  near  the  river  Elero,  8  miles  NW.  of* 
M  and  35  SE.  of  Turin.    Lon.  8  6  E.,  lat.  44  I 

jL^rte,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of  J 
■  30  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Portalegra.    Lon.  7  21 

fiat.  39  32  N.  Town  of  Portugal,  in  the 

■ice  of  Alentejo,  20  miles  south  of  Portalegra. 
orj7  21  W.,  lat.  38  47  N. 
Jmgatz,  Mungatz,  Munkaish,  &c,  town  and 
tts  of  Upper  Hungary,  on  the  northern  sources 
(■Teiss,  and  opposite  the  higher  sources  of  the 
■pbout  100  English  ms.  SW.  from  Lernburg,  in 
Hd,  and  300  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Presburg. 
ft.  48  50,  lon.  23°  E.  of  London. 
mighir,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bahar,  with 
pi  seated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganges,  80 
il*E.  by  S.  of  Patna,  an.l  2:50  NNYV.  of  Cal- 
•i    Lon.  86  36  E.,  lat.  25  24  N. 
mngolia,  so  called  from  the  most  numerous 
mt  who  have  in  all  historical  ages  resided  on  it, ' 
*lie  names  of  .Moguls,  Monguls,  Mongols,  &c.  j 
■widest  extent  it  is,  though  not  very  definite  j 
■line,  commensurate  with  the  great  table  land  | 
tctral  Asia.    Greatest  length  from  the  sources; 
Indus  to  those  of  the  Amur  rather  above  j 
miles,  greatest  breadth  from  the  sources  of  j 
■julus  and  Brahmapootra,  nearly  at  right  an- 
•*>  the  greatest  length,  1, 100  ms.   The  breadth 
*s  advancing  to  the  NE.,  but  is  in  no  part 
ill  500  miles,  the  mean  breadth  800  miles,  and 
500,000  sq.  miles.    From  this  immense  ex- 
'■'aaving  N.  lat.  40°  nearly  centrical  and  equal- 
ise one-tifteenth  part  of  the  land  area  of  the 
*Jl no  water  flows.    Rivers  rise  aroun  I  its  vast 
■Ws,  carrying  their  volumes  in  different  direc- 
■n to  the  Northern  or  Frozen  ocean,  Pacific 
•didian  oceans  and  Aral  sea. — Sea  article  Asia, 
!»•  j'  and  88. 

Whguls,  Country  of  the,  or  Western  Chinese 
ttory,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Siberia,  E.  by 
*f^a  Tartary,  S.  by  the  great  wall  of  China  and 
"**>ng,  and  VV.  by  Independent  Tartary.  The 
'o»ul  Tartars  have  neither  towns,  vdlagcs,  nor 
uos;  they  wander  in  hordes,  and  live  under 
which  they  remove  from  one  place -to  an- 


other, according  as  the  temperature  of  the  different 
seasons,  or  the  wants  of  their  flocks  require  ;  they 
pass  the  summer  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  and  the 
winter  at  the  foot  of  some  mountain  or  hill  which 
shelters  them  from  the  piercing  north  wind.  The 
Monguls  are  nominally  .subject  to  China,  but,  in 
reality,  are  a  free  nomadic  race.  They  have  been 
very  improperly,  by  European  writers,  confounded 
with  the  IMandshurs  and  Tartars,  from  both  of 
whom  they  differ  essentially  in  language  and  man- 
ners.— See  Mandsliuria. 

Monheim,  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principality 
of  Neuburg  8  miles  N.  of  Donawert. 

Monikendam,  seaport  of  N,  Holland,  which  has 
manufactures  of  soap  and  silk.  It  is  seated  on  a 
gut  or  frith  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,  8  miles  N.  of  Am- 
sterdam.   Lon.  4  38  E.,  lat.  52  28  N. 

Monistrol,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Loire,  14  ms.  SW.  of  St.  Etienne. 

Monk,  from  Greek,  alone,  originally,  no  doubt, 
applied  to  persons  who  not  only  retired  from 
worldly  concerns,  but  also  from  all  social  converse 
with  others,  such  as  anchorets  or  hermits,  but 
gradually  applied  to  cenobites  or  monks,  who  live 
unmarried,  but  in  community. 

Monk's  Corner,  village  in  Charleston  district,  S. 
C,  on  Cooper's  river,  30  ms.  above  Charleston. 

Monkton,  tp.,  Annapolis  co.,  Nova  Scotia.  

Tp.,   Westmoreland  co.,  New  Brunswick.  

Village  and  tp.,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  23  ms.  S.  of 
Burlington.    Pop.  1,250. 

Monmouthshire,  co.  of  Eng  ,  24  ms.  long  and 
20  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Herefordshire,  E. 
by  Gloucestershire,  SE.  by  the  mouth  of  the  Sev- 
ern, and  W.  and  SW.  by  the  counties  of  Breck- 
nock and  Glamorgan.  It  contains  340,000  acres 
is  divided  into  6  hundreds  and  127  parishes;  has 
7  market  towns,  and  sends  3  members  to  Parlia- 
ment. Beside  the  Wye,  which  parts  it  from  Glou- 
cestershire, the  Minnow,  which  separates  it  from 
Herefordshire,  and  the  Khyney,  or  Rumney,  which 
divides  it  from  Glamorganshire,  this  county  has, 
almost  peculiar  to  itself,  the  river  Usk,  which  di- 
vides it  into  two  unequal  proportions.  Fop  in 
1801,  45,5S2;  in  1811,  62,137,  and  in  1821, 
71,835. 

Monmouth,  borough  of  Eng.,  capital  of  Mon- 
mouthshire, at  the  mouth  of  the  Minnow,  which 
here  joins  the  Wye.  Over  the  former  is  a  very 
aocient  bridge  and  gateway,  once  a  barrier  against 
the  Welsh.  It  is  18  ms  S.  of  Hereford,  and  120 
W.  by  N.  from  London.    Lon.  2  46  W.,  lat.  51 

49'  N.  Town  in  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  17  ms. 

W.  from  Augusta.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,590. 

Mmmouth,  co.  of  N.  J.,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  SW.  by  Burlington,  NW.  by 
Middlesex,  and  N.  by  Raritan  bay  ;  length  60  m3., 
mean  width  about  18,  and,  exclusive  of  water, 
about  1,000  sq.  ms.  in  surface.  Its  form  triangu- 
lar, and  in  one  part,  from  Wreck  Pond  to  Allen- 
town,  it  is  30  ms.  wide.  Surface  in  the  western 
and  northern  part  unduhting,  but  towards  the 
ocean  level.  Soil  of  middling  quality,  though  in 
places  extremely  productive.  A  very  lemarkable 
marl  zone  crosses  this  county  in  a  direction  from 
NNE.  toSSW.  Chief  town,  Freehold.  Pop.  in 
1820,  25,038;  and  in  1840,  32,909.  Central  lat. 
40  5  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  42  E. 
Monmouth. — See  Freehold. 

595 


MON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


M 


Monocacy,  small  but  fine  river  of  Pa.  and  Md* 
It  rises  in  Adams  co.  of  the  former  Stale,  and  en- 
ters the  Potomac  in  Frederick  co  ,  of  the  latter.  It 
drains  near  one- half  of  Adams,  and  almost  the  en- 
tire surface  of  Frederick  co.  ;  comparative  length 
about  50  ms. 

Monomotapa,  kingdom  of  the  E.  coast  of  Afri- 
ca, bounded  on  the  N.  by  Monomugi,  on  the  E. 
by  the  Mosambique,  on  the  S.  by  Sofala  and  Ma- 
nica,  and  on  the  W.  by  unknown  regions.  It  is 
watered  by  several  rivers,  of  which  Zambera  is  the 
chief.  It  lies  between  23°  and  33°  E.  Ion.,  and 
14°  and  19°  S.  lat. 

Monomugi,  kingdom  of  Africa,  lying  near  the 
equator,  between  Abyssinia  on  the  N.,  Zanguebar 
on  the  E.,  Monomotapa  on  the  S.,  and  Congo  on 
the  W.  This  country  is  very  little  known  to  the 
Europeans. 

Monongahela,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  rises  in  Ran- 
dolph co.,  Va.,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of 
the  Great  Kenawha,  at  N.  lat.  38  30.  Its  course 
is  nearly  S.  80  ms.,  to  where  it  receives  the  W. 
branch,  from  Lewis  and  Harrison  cos.  Below 
their  junction,  the  united  stream  flows  SE.  30  ms. 
to  the  S.  boundary  of  Pa.,  which  it  passes,  and  2 
ms.  lower,  receives  from  theSE.  Cheat  river,  little, 
if  any,  inferior  in  column  or  length  to  the  Monon- 
gahela  itself.  Cheat  river  rises  in  Randolph  co., 
and  flows  through  that  and  Monongahela  cos.,  en- 
ters Pa.,  and  unites  with  the  main  stream,  as  be- 
fore noticed.  The  sources  of  the  Monongahela  and 
Cheat  are  in  the  western  spurs  of  the  Appalachian 
mountains.  Below  the  mouth  of  Cheat,  the  Mo- 
nongahela flows  nearly  S.  50  ms.,  to  its  junction 
with  the  Youghiogheny.  The  latter  rises  in  the 
Appalachian  mountains,  in  Alleghany  co.,  Md., 
interlocking  with  the  sources  of  the  N.  branch  of 
the  Potomac,  flows  N.  into  Pa.,  passing  through 
Fayette,  Westmoreland,  and,  entering  Alleghany 
co.,  unites  with  the  Monongahela  at  McKeesport, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  about  100  ms.  ;  12 
ms.  below  its  junction  with  Youghiogheny,  the 
Monongahela  unites  with  the  Alleghany,  and  forms 
the  Ohio,  at  the  city  of  Pittsburg.  The  entire 
length  of  the  Monongahela  river,  by  comparative 
courses,  is  about  170  ms.,  but,,  following  the  me- 
anders of  the  streams,  either  along  the  man  or 
Cheat  branch,  the  length  exceeds  200  ms. 

The  country  drained  by  the  Monongahela  is  in 
some  parts  mountainous,  and  in  all  hilly. 

For  down  stream  navigation,  the  Monongahela, 
at  high  water,  is  passable  with  large  boats  as  high 
as  the  mouth  of  the  W.  branch,  and  by  lighter 
vessels  much  higher.  Cheat  river  is  navigable  into 
Randolph  co.,  about  50  ms.,  by  comparative  course, 
above  its  mouth,  and  the  Youghiogheny  to  the 
Ohiopyle  falls,  in  Fayette  co.,  60  ms.  above  its 
junction  with  the  Monongahela.  Extensive  im- 
provements have  been  made  on  the  navigable  fa- 
cilities of  the  Monongahela.  Light  steamboats  as- 
cend as  far  as  Brownsville. 

The  various  branches  of  the  Monongahela  which 
derive  their  sources  from  the  western  chains  of  the 
Appalachian  system,  similar  to  the  Potomac,  claim 
a  more  than  ordinary  share  of  attention,  as  pre- 
senting the  connecting  links  of  a  proposed  line  of 
canal  improvement.  Cheat  river  flows  from  the 
northwestern  slope  of  Alleghany  mountain,  and, 
draining  the  eastern  part  of  Randolph  co.,  passes 
596 


Chestnut  ridge,  enters  Preston  co.,  and,  thi  a 
navigable  stream,  continues  N.  to  within  f  Si 
from  the  S.  boundary  of  Pa.,  turning  to  the 
through  Laurel  hill,  and  thence  N  W.,  crosse  e 
S.  line  of  Pa.,  and  unites  with  Monongahela. 

Monongahela,  city,  borough  town  of  Wasl 
ton  co.,  Pa.,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  ^ 
nongahela  river,  below  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  im 
It  is  the  same  place  formerly  called  Parkison's  ] M 
18  ms.  very  nearly  due  E.  of  Washington  B 
county  seat,  and  very  nearly  a  like  distance  ail 
E.  of  S.  from  Pittsburg.    Pop.  800. 

Monongalia,  or  Monongahela,  county  of  I 
bounded  N.  by  Pa.,  E.  by  Preston  co.,  Va.,  1 1 
Sandy  creek,  or  Randolph  co.,  SW.  by  Morn  I 
hela  river,  or  Harrison,  and  W.  by  Tyler;  Um 
33  ms.,  mean  width  20;  area  660  sq.  ms.  I 
face  generally  extremely  hilly,  and  in  part  n  I 
tainous.  The  river  alluvion,  and  some  of  th  A 
of  the  hills  highly  fertile.  The  Monongaheli  I 
Cheat  unite  in  the  lower  part  of  the  county  I 
both  streams  traverse  it  obliquely.  Chief  1 1 
Morgantown.  Pop.  in  1820,  11,060;  and  in  I 
17,368.  Central  lat.  39  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  I 
0  West. 

Monono,  island. — See  art.  Navigator's  Ishm 
Monopoli,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bail 

the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  28  ms.  ESfl 

Bari. 

Monpazier,  a  town  of  Fr.,  in  tha  dep.  of  I 
dogne,  18  ms.  SVV.  of  Sarlat. 

Munquegna,  or  Monqueqaa,  town  of  Pet  in 
the  bishopric  of  Arequipa,  and  capital  of  a  te  » 
ry  of  its  name,  adorned  with  large  vineyards.  | 
whole  commerce  is  in  wine  and  brandy,  whu  jfl 
greatly  valued.  It  is  100  ms.  SE.  of  AreqB 
Lon.  71  40  E.,  lat.  17  34  S. 

Monroe,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Lake  <  ■ 
rio  N.,  Ontario  co.  E.,  Livingston  S.,  and  | 
esee  W.  Length  32  ms.,  mean  width  17 ;;■ 
540  sq.  ms.  Washed  by  Lake  Ontario  cm 
northern  side,  crossed  nearly  in  the  middle  by  d 
esee  river,  and  at  right  angles  to  that  stream  Ihl 
Grand  canal,  and  drained  by  a  number  of  ge 
creeks,  this  county  occupies  a  very  eligibie| 
tion.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly,  with  a  o| 
soil.  Some  alluvial  flats  extend  along  Laki  n> 
tario  and  Genesee  river.  It  was,  in  the  ceni* 
1820,  included  in  Genesee  and  Ontario  cos.  ■ 
town,  Rochester.    Pop.  in  1840,  64,902.  I 

Monroe,  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  Northar  on 
SE.,  S.,  and  SWT.,  by  Lehigh  river  separating i  m 
Luzerne  N.,  Wayne  co.  N.,  and  Pike  NIC  Ifl 
form  a  trapezium,  40  ms.  from  E.  to  W.  grm 
length,  area  being  576  sq.  ms.,  the  mean  bill 
would  be  about  14|  ms.  It  is  mountainous  rtt 
drained  by  the  higher  branches  of  the  LehiglN. 
lat.  41°,  and  lon.  l£°  E.  of  W.  C,  inters*  « 
this  county.  Chief  town,  Stroudsburg.  P<  P 
1840,  9,879. 

Monroe,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  SE.  by  Bot  urt 
and  Giles,  SW.  by  Kenawha  river,  or  Giles,  W. 
by  Greenbrier,  N.'by  Nicholas,  and  i\E.  by  llh 
and  Botetourt.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  widi  3 
area  about  450  sq.  ms.  Surface  mountains  01 
very  hilly.  The  body  of  the  county  lying  be  JM 
Greenbriar  and  Kenawha  river,  some  very  go  a' 
luvial  soil  skirts  the  streams,  though  gen'") 
rocky  and  sterile.   Chief  town,  Uniontovvn.  »P 


MON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  -  MON 


!  320,  6,620  ;  and  in  1840,  8,422.  Central 
it  17  32  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  25  W. 

mroe,  co.  of  Ga  ,  bounded  by  Pike  W.,  Butts 
i  ^ckmulgee  river  separating  it  from  Jasper  and 
ft  NE.,  Bibb  SE.,  and  Crawford  SW.;  length 
.  N.  20  ms.  ;  mean  width  15  ;  and  area  300 
As.  N.  lat.  33°,  and  long.  7°  W.  of  W.  C, 
it  sect  in  the  eastern  part  of  this  county.  Chief 
I ,  Forsyth,  which  is  situated  about  45  ms.  a 
IS.  of  W.  of  Milledgeviile.  Pop.  in  1840, 
675. 

.mroe,  southwestern  co.  of  Flo.,  extending 
H  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  the  Coloosahatchie 
I  to  Cape  Sable,  about  110  ms.    The  inland 
liaries  too  vague  to  admit  definite  description. 
Win  1840,  688. 
.woe,  co.  of  Ala.,  bounded  by  Clarke  W., 
Vox  N.,  Butler  NE.,  Connecuh  SE.,  and  S. 
I  tain.    Length  48  ms.,  mean  width  28  ;  area 
i)  sq.  ms.    Surface,  except  near  the  streams, 
e :  and  covered  generally  with  pine  timber. 
h  \labama,  however,  meandering  through  from 
ffl  to  SW.,  gives  a  considerable  superficies  of 
jr rich  alluvion.    Staple,  cotton.    Chief  town, 
Idrne.    Pop.  in  1820,  8,838;  and  in  1840, 
3,10.    Central  lat.  31  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10 

>!'• 

.mroe,  co.  of  Miss.,  bounded  E.  by  the  State 
■m.,  W.  by  Tombigbee  river,  and  NW.  by  the 
■prom  Natchez  to  Nashville.    Length  50  ms., 

■  with  8;  area  450  sq.  ms.  Staple,  cotton. 
M  town,  Cotton  Gin  Port.  Pop.  in  1820, 
M  ;  and  in  1840,  9,250.  Central  lat.  34  10 
t  on.  W.  C.  11  20  W. 

4fn/-oe,  co.  of  E.  Ten.,  bounded  by  N.  Car.  E., 
•e  herokee  lands  S.,  McMinn  W.,  and  Tennes- 
e  ver,  or  Blount  and  Sevier,  N.  Length  43  ms„ 
I  width  25;  area  1,050  sq.  ms.  Surface 
M,  hilly,  broken,  and  in  part  mountainous.  It 
>  fcinded  on  one  side  by  the  Tennessee,  and  drain- 
I]  the  Tellico  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,539; 
hi  1840,  12,056.  Central  lat.  35  32,  Ion.  W. 
■15  W. 

\nroe,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Ten.  S.,  Allen 
tfjCy.,  W.,  Barren  N.,  Adair  NE.,  and  Cum- 
-f  id  E.  It  occupies  the  dividing  ground  be- 
I  Cumberland  and  Big  Barren  rivers.  Length 
*  breadth  25;  area  700  sq.  ms.  Its  chief 
w  Tompkinsville,  is  120  ms.  S.  from  Louis- 

■  Pop.  in  1820,  4,956  ;  and  in  1840,  6,526. 
■at  lat.  36  46  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  22  W. 

•  nroe,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  E.  by  Ohio  river, 
Washington,  W.  by  Morgan,  NW.  by 

«  isey,  and  N.  by  Belmont.    Length  38  ms., 

e  h  18  ;  area  516  sq.  ms.  It  is  almost  entire- 
ly hilly  and  broken,  though  the  soil  is  gen- 

a  productive.   Chief  town,  Woodsfield.  Pop. 

20,4,641;  and  in  1840,  18,521.  Central 
*|9  48,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  5  W. 
%Mroe>  SE.  co.  of  Mich.,  bounded  by  Lake 
'Hp.,  Ohio  S.,the  unsettled  Indian  country  W., 

>c Wayne  co.  N.    Length,  breadih,  and  area, 

1(tain.  Surface  generally  level,  and  soil  pro- 
utfe.  It  is  traversed  from  the  NE.  to  SE.  by 
iJ*!vers  Raisin,  Huron  of  Erie,  and  some  lesser 
is.  Chief  town,  Monroe.  Pop.  in  1820, 
M  ;  and  in  1840,  9,922.  Central  lat.  42°  N., 
>nj,V.  C.  7°  W. 

lnroet  co.  of  la.,  bounded  by  Lawrence  S., 


Martin  W.,  Delaware  NE.,  and  Jackson  E. 
Length  24  ms.,  breadth  18,  and  area  324  sq.  ms. 
Chief  town,  Bloomington.  Pop.  in  1840,  10,143. 

Monroe,  co  of  Mo.,  bounded  by  Marion  NE., 
Ralls  E.,  Audrain  SE.,  Boone  SW.  and  Randolph 
W.  Length  from  N.  to  S.  30  ms.,  breadth  27, 
and  area  810  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  39  25,  Ion.  W.  C. 
15°  W.  intersect  near  its  centre.  It  is  entirely  com- 
prised in  the  valley  of  Salt  river,  and,  sloping  east- 
ward, is  drained  by  numerous  branches  of  that 
stream.  Paris,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated  on 
Crooked  river,  a  confluent  of  Salt  river,  120  ms. 
NW.  of  St.  Louis.    Pop.  in  1840,  9,505. 

Monroe,  co.  of  Ark.,  bounded  by  Philips  E., 
Arkansas  co.  S.,  Jefferson  W.,  Pulaski  NW.,  and 
St.  Francisco  N.  Lat.  34  0  to  34  45  N.  Central 
Ion.  W.  C.  14  25  W.  Though  the  adjacent  coun- 
ties, as  laid  down  by  Tanner,  are  here  given,  the 
outlines  of  this  county  are  too  vague  to  admit  an 
approximate  statement  of  the  area.  The  slope  is 
to  SSE.,  and  in  that  direction  traversed  by  the  main 
volume  of  White  river.  Much  of  the  surface  lia- 
able  to  annual  submersion.  The  central  part  is  in 
a  direct  line  about  50  ms.  NN  W.  from  the  mouth 
of  White  river.  Pop.  in  1830,  461;  and  in 
1840,  936. 

Monroe,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Me.    Pop.  in  1820, 

732.  Village,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  by  post  road 

54  ms.  SE.  from  Hartford   Village,  Monroe 

co.,  Mich.,  by  post  road  34  ms.  SW.  from  Detroit. 

 Village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  84  ms.  N.  from 

Trenton.  Village  in  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  by  post 

road  190  ms.  N.  from  Harrisburg.  Post  office, 

Bucks  co.,  Pa.  Village,  Warren  co.,  N.  C, 

70  ms.  SE.  from  Raleigh.  Village,  Walton  co., 

Ga.,  66  ms.  NNW.  from  Milledgeviile.    Lat.  33 

46  N..  Ion.  W.  C.  7  6  W.  Tp.  in  the  eastern 

borders  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.    It  is  7  ms.  long 

from  N.  to  S.  by  5  broad  from  E.  to  W.  The 

NE.  tp.  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  through  which 
passes  the  road  leading  from  Zanesville  to  Coshoc- 
ton. Tp.,  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  adjoining  the 

N.  line  of  the  county.  Tp.,  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

 Village,  Highland  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Lick- 
ing co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  591.  Town  in 

the  eastern  borders  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms. 

NE.  from  Hamilton,  Western  tp.  in  Pickaway 

co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  653.  Town  in  Clark 

co.,  Ohio,  about  10  ms.  N.  from  Fairfield,  in 

Green  co.  Tp.,  Preble   co-,  Ohio.  Tp., 

Miami  co.,  Ohio,  W.  of  the  river  Miami.  Pop.  in 

in  1820,  839.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  for 

Overton  co.,  Ten.,  on  a  small  branch  of  Obies 
river,  100  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Nashville.  Lat. 

36  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  11  W.  Vdlage  and 

seat  of  justice  for  Monroe  co.,  Mich.,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river  Raisin,  40  ms.  SW.  from  De- 
troit.   Lat.  42  2  N..  6  18  W.  Ion.  W.  C. 

Monroe,  or  Southjield,  village,  Orange  co.,  N. 
Y.,  19  ms.  S.  from  Newburg.  In  this  township 
are  some  very  extensive  iron  works.  Pop.  in 
1820,  2,969. 

Monroetown,  village,  Pittsylvania  co.,  Va.,  168 
ms.  SW\  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Monroeville,  village,  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  120  ms. 
N.  from  Columbus. 

Monroe  Works,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y. 

Mans,  ancient,  large,  and  strong  city  of  the  king 
dom  of  Belgium,  with  a  considerable  manufactur- 

597 


MON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MON 


of  woolen  stuffs,  and  a  good  trade.  It  stands  partly 
on  a  hill  and  partly  on  a  plain,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Haisne  and  Trouille,  by  which  the  country 
round  it  may  be  overflowed  at  pleasure.  It  is  17 
ms.  NE.  of  Tournay,  37  W.  of  Namur,  and  143 
N.  of  Paris.    Lon.  4  3  E.,  lat  50  27  N. 

Monsanto,  strongly  fortified  frontier  town  of 
Spain,  in  Estramadura.  Lon.  5  50  W.,  lat.  39 
40  N. 

Monsaraz,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  seat- 
ed on  the  Gaudiana,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Elvas.  Lon. 
7  32  W.,  lat.  38  26  N. 

Monson,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  150  ms. 

NE.  from  Portland.  Tp.,  Hamden  co.,  Mass. 

Pop.  in  1810,  1,674;  in  1820,  2,126. 

Monsterberg,  or  Munsterberg,  town  of  Germa- 
ny, in  Silesia,  in  a  province  of  the  same  name,  20 
ms.  NE.  of  Glatz,  and  27  S.  of  Breslaw.  Lon. 
17  16  E.,  lat.  50  37  N. 

Monstier. — See  Moutier. 

Montabour,  small  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in 
the  electorate  of  Treves,  between  Coblentz  and 
Limburg.    Lon.  7  50  E.,  lat.  50  30  N. 

Montacniac,  considerable  town  of  Natolia,  on 
the  sea  of  Marmora.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade, 
especially  in  fruits,  and  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  70  ms.  SSE.  of  Constantinople.  Lon. 

29  10  E.,  lat.  40  0  N. 

Montague  Islaud,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  near  Sandwich  island.  Lon. 
168  31  E.,  lat.  17  26  S. 

Montaigu,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Vendee, 
and  late  province  of  Poitou,  24  ms.  W.  of  Mau- 
leon.    Lon.  1  30  W.,  lat.  47  0  N. 

Montague  Township,  partly  in  theco.  of  Gren- 
ville  and  partly  in  Leeds,  U.  C.,  lies  to  the  north- 
ward of  Wolford,  and  is  washed  by  the  river  Ra- 
deau. 

Montague,  town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite  Greenfield. 
It  is  18  ms.  above  Northampton.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,074.  Village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  93  ms.  N. 

from  Trenton.  Village,  Essex  co.,  Va.  ;  by 

post  road  72  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond.  Island 

on  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  at  the  en- 
trance of  Prince  William's  sound.  Lon.  60°  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  77°  W. 

Montalban,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
with  a  citadel,  sealed  on  the  Rio  Martin,  44  ins. 
S.  of  Sarragossa,  and  82  N.  by  W.  of  Valencia. 
Lon.  30'  W.,  lat.  41  9  N. 

Montalcino,  small  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Si- 
ennese,  on  a  mountain,  17  ms.  SSE.  of  Sienna, 
and  45  SE.  of  Florence.  Lon.  11  30  E.,  lat.  43 
7  N. 

Mmtalto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  on  the  river  Monacio,  10  ms.  N.  of  As- 
coli,  and  45  S.  of  Ancona.  Lon.  13  30  E.,  lat. 
42  54  N. 

Montaijras,  frontier  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alen- 
tejo, about  31  ms.  distant  from  Lisbon.  Lon.  6 
24  W.,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Mont  a  Peine  fief,  Hertford,  co.  of  L.  C,  on 
St.  Lawrence,  8  ms.  below  Quebec. 

Montar^il,  small  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  prov 
ince  of  Estramadura.    Lon.  8  1L  W.,  lat.  39 

30  N. 

Montargis,  considerable  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
dep.  of  Loiret,  and  late  province  of  Orleannois, 
59S 


famous  for  its  excellent  mustard  and  cutlery,  j 
is  seated  on  the  river  Loire,  from  which  it  h  i 
navigable  canal  to  the  Seine,  near  a  fine  forest  \ 
ms.  S.  of  Nemours,  and  62  S.  by  E.  of  Paris 

Montarville,  seigniory,  Kent  co.,  L.  C,  . 
tween  Boucherville  and  Chambly,  12  ms.  E. ;  ^ 
Montreal. 

Montauban,  considerable  commercial  tow  f 
Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot,  lately  the  episcopal  s<  f 
the  province  of  Querci.  The  inhabitants  am  t 
to  20,000,  and  have  manufactures  of  silk  st  . 
ings  and  stuffs,  serges,  shalloons,  &c.  It  is  se  J 
on  an  eminence,  on  the  river  Tarn,  20  ms.  F  f 
Toulouse  and  30  S.  of  Cahora. 

Montauk  Point,  east  end  of  Long  island  \ 
Southampton.    The  light-house  is  at  lon.  V7 
5  6  E.,  lat.  41  4  N. 

Montabazon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  I  W 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine,  agr  . 
Idy  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  which  is  a;  . 
cient  castle,  135  ms.  SW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  I 
E.,  lat.  47  1  N. 

Montbelliard,  a  town  of  France,  forn  N 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  German  cmpi  I 
the  same  name,  between  the  dep.  of  the  D  s 
and  that  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  seated  or » 
foot  of  a  rock,  on  which  is  a  citadel.  It  was  I 
ken  in  1674  by  the  French,  who  demolished  » 
fortifications;  but  it  was  restored  to  the  princi  t 
is  seated  near  the  Alaine  and  Daubs,  33  ms,  . 
of  Basle,  and  45  NE.  of  Besancon.  Lan.  0 
E.,  lat.  47  31  N. 

Mont  Blanc,  the  highest  mountain  of  the  . 
in  Savoy,  being  15,662  feet  above  the  level  o:  » 
sea.   It  is  called  Mont  Blanc  from  itsuncomrr  y 
white  appearance.    The  summit  was  deemed 
cessible  till  1786,  when  Dr.  Paccard  ascended  I 

Montblanc,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catal 
ms.  N.  of  Tarragona.  Lon.  1  5  E.,  lat.  41  I  f. 

Montbrison,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Rjfl 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Forez,  seatei  a 
the  Velize,  40  ms.  W.  of  Vienne,  and  250  b<f. 
E.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  27  E.,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Montcallier,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  b. 
ject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and  seated  on  t!u  J, 
5  ms.  SE.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  48  E.,  lat.  45  I 

Montdauphin,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  depf 
Upper  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Dauphinv.  si  'A 
on  a  craggy  mountain,  almost  surrounded  b  ifl 
Durance,  8  ms.  NE.  ofEmbrun.  Lon.  6  4f ., 
lat.  44  40  N. 

Mont-de- Marson,  town  of  Fr.,  and  capit  of 
the  dep.  of  Landes,  and  late  province  of  6t«  >'• 
It  is  seated  on  the  Midouse,  30  ms.  NE.  of  I 
Lon.  30'  VV.,  lat.  43  55  N. 

Monte-  Cassino,  mountain  of  Naples,  on  th  >p 
of  which  is  a  celebrated  Benedictine  abbey,  n- 
13  44  E.,  lat.  41  39  N. 

Montecc/tio,  considerable  town  of  Italy,  in  i« 
duchy  of  Reggio,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Reggio.  n. 
15  54  E.,  lat,  42  8  N. 

Monte  Christo,  town,  My,  and  cape,  on  l!  ^ 
side  of  St.  Domingo.  TWcapc  is  a  high  hi  in 
the/form  of  a  tent,  called  hv  the  French  Caj  1» 
Grange.    Lon.  71  50  W.,  lat.  19  54  N. 

Monte  Falco,  town  of  Ttaly,  in  the  dur  of 
Spoletto,  near  the  river  Clitunno,  12  ms.  ^\  °' 
Spoletto. 

Monte  Falcone,  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  vu» 


MON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MON 


lb  near  the  river  Pouzano,  18  ms.  WNW.  of 
|* 

mte  Fiascone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony 
I  ..  Peter,  near  the  Lake  Bolsena,  12  miles 
f]V.  of  Viterbo. 

.mte  Fossoli,  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Pisa- 
B  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Leghorn. 

mtelimur,  town  of  Fr..  in  Drome,  at  the 
ir  ion  of  the  Jabron  and  Roubion,  on  the  E.  side 
L  Rhone,  100  ms.  S  from  Lyons. 
mte  Leone,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ul- 

r  e,  12  ms.  NNE.  of  Nicotera.  Town  of 

■8,  in  Principato  Ulteriore,  9  ms.  N.  of  Ben- 

<n/e  Morano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
■ore,  near  the  river  Calore,  18  ms.  S.  of  Ben- 

wtte-Mor-o-Velho,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Bei- 
,  ith  a  very  large  castle.  It  is  seated  in  a  very 
si  country,  and  is  83  ms.  N.  of  Lisbon.  Lon. 
K.,  lat.  40  5  N. 

uiifenegio,  mountainous  district  of  European 
'ley,  in  Albania. 

mterey. — See  St.  Carlos  de  Monterey. 
.  ate  Pelosa,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in 
I  cata,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
i  nto,  14  ms.  E,  of  Cirenza.    Lon.  16  18  E., 
it.  0  47  N. 

ute  Pulsiano,  episcopal  town  of  Tuscany, 
M  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Chiana,  in  a 
■ry  noted  for  excellent  wine,  50  ms.  S.  by  E. 
r'brence.  Lon.  11  49  E.,  lat.  43  10  N. 
.nlesa,  very  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
■t  is  the  seat  of  an  order  of  knighthood  of  the 
rtname,  and  5  ms.  NW.  of  Xativa.  Lon.  10' 
■at.  39'  N. 

wite  Sancto,  formerly  called  Mount  Athos,  a 
itatain  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  on  the  Gulf  of 
jtnssa.  It  is  called  Monte  Sancto,  or  the  Holy 
•o  t,  because  there  are  22  monasteries  thereon, 
iffcich  are  4,000  monks,  who  never  suffer  a 
mn  to  come  near  them.  It  is  17  ms.  S.  of 
■jichi.    Lon.  24  39  E.,  lat.  40  27  N. 

Wite  Velino,  mountain  of  Italy,  supposed  to 
most  lofty  part  of  the  Appennines,  and 
•♦(feet  above  the  level  of  the  Mediterranean. 
«6  ms.  NE.  of  Rome. 

mpte  Verde,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
iWjre,  10  ms  NE.  of  Conza. 

Witevideo,  town  of  South  America,  near  and 
U  the  mouth  of  Platte  river.  It  is  a  defective 
i*  seaport,  claimed  by  the  Portuguese  and  by 
^e.iited  Provinces  of  La  Plata.    The  former 

»»  »een  in  possession  since  1817.  Its  supposed 
4ition  20,000.    Lon.  W.  C.  20  45  E.,  lat. 

Q\itezuma,  town,  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.,  on 
'**  ie  canal,  12  miles  W.  from  Auburn.    It  is 

W  ishing  village. 

Ait- F  err  and. — See  Clermont. 

&itferrat,  duchy  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  E. 
V'l  Milanese  and  Genoa,  on  the  N.  and  W. 
1  .sdmont,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of 
1  »,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Appen- 

a<  It  contains  200  towns  and  castles,  is  very 
"riband  well  cultivated,  abounding  in  corn,  wine, 
!>>  d  silk,  and  subject  to  the  king  of  Sardinia. 

<*6  is  the  capital. 

bitfort,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and 


Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France,  16 
miles  W.  of  Versailles.    Lon.  2  50  E.,  lat.  48  45 

N.  Town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lie  and 

Vilane,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Men,  and  is  12  miles  W.  of  Renncs. 

Lon.  1  58  W.,  lat.  48  8  N.  Strong  town  of 

the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Utrecht,  with 
an  ancient  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yssel,  7  ms. 
S.  by  E.  of  Utrecht.    Lon.  5°  *E.,  latt.  52  4  N. 

 Town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Suabia, 

capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  subject  to 
the  house  of  Austria.  It  is  16  miles  S.  of  Lindau 
and  the  Lake  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  54  E.,  lat. 
47  22  N. 

Montgomery y  tp.,  Grange  co.,  N.  Y.  12  miles, 
W.  from  "Newberry.    At  the  village  there  is  an 

academy.  Pop.  in  1820,5,541.  Tp.,  Somerset 

co  ,  N.  J.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,405.  Tp.,  Frank- 
lin co.,  Pa.,  on  the  S.  boundary  of  the  county  be- 
tween Warren  and  Antrim.  Township,  near 

the  eastern  border  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in 

1820,  704.  CI.  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 

in  1820  1,631.  Village,  Franklin  co.,  Ohio, 

14  ms.  NE  from  Cincinnati.  Village  and«seat 

of  justice,  Montgomery  county,  Ala.,  on  Alabama 
river,  70  ms.  by  land  from  Cahaba.  Lat.  32  20  N. 
 Borough  of  Wales,  capital  of  Montgomery- 
shire. It  had  a  tower  and  a  castle,  which  were 
demolished  in  the  civil  wars.  It  stands  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  24  ms.  SW.  of  Shrewsbury,  and  168 
NW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  5  W.,  lat.  52  26  N. 

 Town  and  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.  40  ms.  NE. 

from  Burlington.  Tp.,  Hampden  co.,  Mass., 

12  ms.  NW.  from  Springfield.  Pop.  in  1820,  604. 

Montgomery,  county,  New  York,  bounded  by 
Schenectady  SE.,  Schoharie  S.,  Otsego  SW.', 
Herkimer  W.,  Hamilton  N.,  and  Saratoga  E.; 
length  and  breadth  would  average  about  30  miles 
each,  area  900  square  miles.  This  is  a  very  richly 
diversified  county.  The  Mohawk  meanders  through 
it,  dividing  it  into  two  unequal  sections,  leaving 
about  one-third  part  S.  from  the  liver.  East  Ca- 
nada creek  enters  the  Mohawk  from  the  N.,  and, 
for  a  distance  of  nearly  15  ms.,  forms  the  boundary 
between  Montgomery  and  Herkimer  counties.  The 
Schoharie  river  enters  at  the  SE.  angle,  and,  flow- 
ing nearly  N.,  falls  into  the  Mohawk,  opposite 
Tripes  Hill.  The  NE.  angle  of  this  county  is 
watered  by  the  Sacondago  branch  of  the  Hudson. 
Except  the  alluvial  plains  near  the  Mohawk,  this 
county  is  generally  hilly,  but  rising  in  most  in- 
stances, particularly  S.  from  the  Mohawk,  by  a  not 
very  abrupt  acclivity  ;  the  slopes  are  arable  to  the 
summits.  The  soil  partakes  of  the  variety  of  the 
surface,  presenting  every  transition  from  the  highly 
fertile  banks  of  the  Mohawk,  Schoharie,  and  other 
streams,  to  eminences  rocky,  and  of  course  sterile. 
Staples — grain,  flour,  live  stock,  &c.  Chief  town, 
Johnstown.  Pop.  1820,  37,569.  Since  1820,  the 
northern  part  of  this  county,  to  the  amount  of  750 
sq.  miles,  was  erected  into  the  county  of  Fulton. 
Their  respective  population  in  1840  stood  thus: 
Montgomery,  35,8 18  ;  Fulton,  18,049;  and,  joint- 
ly, 53,867.  Central  lat.  43°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  36  E. 

Montgomery,  county,  Pennsylvania,  bounded 
by  Philadelphia  and  Delaware  counties  SE.,  Ches- 
ter SW.,  Berks  NW.,  Lehigh  N.,  and  Bucks 
NE.  ;  length  30  miles,  with  15,  area  450  sq.  ms. 
The  surface  of  this  county  is  delightfully  variegated 

599 


MON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MON 


by  hill  and  dale.  It  is  washed  by  the  Schuylkill  | 
from  its  extreme  western  angle  to  the  boundary  of  j 
Upper  Merion  tp.,  and  is  drained  by  Perkiomen 
and  Wissahicon  creeks,  flowing  into  the  Schuylkill, ' 
and  by  the  Pennipack  and  Tocony  creeks  entering  j 
Delaware.  The  W.  and  Lexington  branches  of| 
the  Neshaminy  also  rise  in  Montgomery  and  Hat-| 
field  townships,  in  this  county.  The  soil  is  gen-j 
erally  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  meadow  j 
grasses,  and  also  in  garden  vegetables.  Staples — 
grain,  flour,  whiskey,  fruit,  garden  productions, 
beef,  pork,  mutton,  and  various  other  articles.  It 
is  peculiarly  remarkable  for  the  production  of  fine 
marble. — See  White  Marsh.  Chief  town,  Norris- 
town.  Population  in  1820,35,793;  and  in  1840, 
47,241.    Central  lat.  40  15,  Ion.  VV.  C.  1  40  E. 

Montgomery,  tp.  and  town  Montgomery  co.,Pa., 
on  the  N  E.  boundary,  of  the  co.  and  on  the  dividing 
ground  between  the  sources  of  the  Perkiomen, 
Wissahicon,  and  Neshaminy  creeks.  The  village 
(called  Montgomery  Square,  in  this  township)  is 
20  ms.  nearly  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

Montgomery,  county,  Maryland,  bounded  by 
Potomac  river,  or  by  Fairfax  and  London  counties, 
Va.,  SW.,  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  NW.,  Patuxent 
river,  or  Anne  Arundel  NE.,  and  Prince  George 
and  the  District  of  Columbia  SE.  ;  length  28  ms., 
mean  width  18,  area  500  sq.  miles.  Surface  hilly 
and  soil  various.  The  county  occupies  a  part  of 
the  valley  between  the  first  and  second  Appala- 
chian ridge,  and  contains  some  excellent  tracts  of 
land,  but  in  general  the  soil  of  this  county  is  thin, 
and  rather  sterile.  Staples — grain,  flour,  and  to- 
bacco. Chief  town,  Rockville.  Population  in  1820, 
16,400;  in  1830,  19,876,  but  in  1840,  15,446. 
Central  lat.  39  15  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  15'  W. 

Montgomery,  county,  Virginia,  bounded  by  the 
Blue  Kidae,  or  Franklin  and  Patrick  SE.,  Gray- 
son and  Wythe  SW.,  Walker's  mountain,  or  Giles 
co.  NW.,  and  Botetourt  NE.  ;  length  42  miles, 
mean  width  22 \,  area  950  sq.  ms.  It  is  traversed 
in  its  western  angle  by  the  Great  Kenawha,  and 
drained  about  two-thirds  by  that  stream  and  its 
confluents.  The  dividing  ridge  between  the  Ken- 
awha, James,  and  Roanoke  rivers,  traverses  this 
county,  Craig's  creek  and  Catawba  creek,  branches 
of  the  former,  and  Staunton  river,  a  branch  of  the 
latter,  rise  in  the  NE.  of  Montgomery.  The  sur- 
face is  in  part  mountainous,  and  every  where  hilly 
and  broken.  The  proportion  of  good  soil  but  small, 
when  compared  to  the  general  area.  Chief  town, 
Christiiinsburg.  Pop.  in  1820,  8,733.  Since  1820, 
the  southern  part  of  this  county,  between  the  Iron 
mountains  and  Blue  Ridge,  was  erected  into  a 
county  by  the  name  of  Floyd,  containing  420  sq. 
miles.  The  respective  population  of  the  two  coun- 
ties, by  the  census  of  1840,  stood  thus  :  Floyd, 
4,453,  and  Montgomery  7,405  ;  jointly,  1  1,858. 
Central  lat.  37°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  12  W. 

Montgomery,  county,  North  Carolina,  bounded 
by  Richmond  and  Anson  S.,  Cabarrass  W.,  Row- 
an and  Randolph  N.,  and  Moore  E.  ;  length  42 
miles,  mean  width  18,  area  756.  sq.  miles.  The 
Yadkin  winds  across  this  county  from  N.  to  S., 
which  is  drained  by  that  stream  and  its  confluents. 
Surface  rather  uneven  than  hilly.  Soil  near  the 
streams  fertile,  but  merging  into  pine  barrens,  in 
the  intervals.  Staples — cotton,  grain,  flour,  and 
tobacco.  Chief  town,  Tindalsville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
600 


8,693  ;  and  in  1840,  10,780.  Central  lat.  3'  > 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3°  W. 

Montgomery,  county,  Georgia,  bounded  by  (  . 
mulgee  river  S.,  by  Little  Oconee  river,  or  Tf  r 
co.,  SW.,  Laurens  W.  and  NW.,  and  Emar 
or  Great  Ohoope  river,  NE.;  length  40  ms.,  ri  j 
width  24,  area  960  sq.  miles.  The  Oconee  j 
Oakmulgee  form  the  Alatamaha  at  the  S.  . 
tremity  of  this  county.  Surface  generally  level  J 
soil  sterile.  Chief  town,  Vernon.  Pop.  ia  1 
1,869  ;  and  in  1840,  9,616.  Central  lat.  32  2C  ' 
Ion.  W.  C.  5  50  W. 

Montgomery,  co.,  Alabama,  bounded  by  g 
SE.,  Butler  S.,  Wilcox  and  Dallas  W.,  Alar  i 
river,  or  Autauga  N  W.  and  N.,  and  the  Muscc  ^ 
or  Creek  lands,  NE  ;  length  50  miles,  mean  v  i 
30,  area  1,500  sq.  miles.  Surface  generally  1  I 
and,  except  near  the  streams,  soil  sterile.  e 
junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  anc  >f 
course,  the  head  of  Alabama  river,  is  near  J 
northern  border  of  this  county,  which  leaves  e 
Coosa  at  Wetumpka  falls,  5  ms.  above  it;;  mc  . 
Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Montgomery, 
in  1820,  6,604.  Central  lat.  32  10  N.,  Ion,  I 
C.  9  10  W. 

Montgomery,  county,  Tennessee,  bounde  y 
Christian  and  Todd  counties,  in  Ky.,  N.,  by  t- 
ertson  co.,  in  Tenn.,  SE.,  Dickson  S.,  and  & 
art  SW.;  length  40  miles,  mean  width  174,  a 
700  sq.  m?.  Tennessee  river  traverses  the  s<  I 
ern  part  of  this  co.,  and  at  Clarksville  rec  % 
from  the  NE.  Red  river.  The  soil  is  not  g>  r- 
ally  very  productive,  though  in  part  higblj ). 
Surface  uneven  rather  than  hilly.  Staples-  I 
ton,  grain,  flour,  &c.  Chief  town,  Clarks  3. 
Population  in  1820,  12,219;  and  in  1840,  16,  J, 
Central  lat.  36  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  13  VV 

Montgomery,  county,  Kentucky,  bounded 
and  S.  by  Estil,  W.  by  Clark,  NW.  by  Boun, 
NE.  by  Bath,  and  E.  by  Pike;  length  38  n  8, 
mean  width  12,  area  420  sq.  miles.  It  is  dr:  'A 
by  the  sources  of  the  S.  fork  of  Licking,  those  r  ie 
Red  river  branch  of  Kentucky  river,  and  by  ie 
creeks  of  the  main  fork  of  Licking.  Surface  r  er 
uneven  than  hilly  ;  soil  productive.  Chief  t  n, 
Mount  Sterling.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,587;  an  ia 
1840,  9,332.  N.  lat.  38°,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  50 
W.  intersect  in  this  county. 

Montgomery,  county,  Ohio,  bounded  by  M 
ren  and^Butler  S.,  Preble  V/.,  Miami  IV.,  CM 
NE.,  and  Green  E.;  length  24  ms.,  widch  23  el 
480  sq.  miles.  Surface  waving,  generally,  I  M 
part  level.  Soil  very  productive.  The  mair 
W.  forks  of  Miami  river  and  Mad  river  all  un  iO 
this  county.  Below  their  junction  the  main  e  m 
turns  SS  W.,  and  enters  the  NE.  corner  of  I  * 
county  near  the  village  of  Franklin.  Chief  I  n, 
Dayton.  Pop.  in  1820,  15,999;  and  in  :  0, 
31,938.  Central  lat.  39  45  N.,  Ion.  W. 
18  W. 

Montgomery,  co.  of  Indiana,  bounded  by  it- 
nam  S.,  Parke  SW.,  Fountain  VV.,  Tipped 
N.,  Boone  E.,  and  Hendricks  SE.;  length  24 «s 
breadth  21  ms.,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Lat  0 
and  Ion.  W.  C.  9  50  intersect  in  this  county, 
drained  southwesterly  by  various  branches  ol! 
gar  creek.  Pop.  in  1840,  14,438.  The  chief  t% 
Crawfordsville,  is  situated  at  N.  lat.  40  3,  for" 
C.  9  40  W. 


MON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MON 


lontgomery,  county,  Illinois,  bounded  by  Bond 
it  Madison  S.,  Macaunin  W.,  Sangamon  N., 
ir  Shelby  and  Fayette  E.;  length  36,  and  breadth 
2'ns.,  area  864  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39  15  and  Ion.  12 
3(W.  of  W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co.  Chief  town, 
sborough.  Though  rather  level,  this  co.  is  a 
;  land,  from  which  flow  towards  the  S.  branches 


Aii),  and  late  province  of  Bresse,  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile country,  on  the  Seraine,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Ly- 
ons, and  205  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  8  E.,  lat.  45 
49  N. 

Montluzon,  or  Monilucon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
dep.  of  Allier,  and  late  province  of  Bourbon nois, 
seated  on  the  river  Cher.  150  ms.  S.  of  Paris. 


of  lie  Kaskaskias,  W.,  those  of  Macaupin,  and  N.,  Lon.  2  45  E.,  lat  46  22  N. 
Pop.  in  1840,  4,490. 


Montmedi,  small  but  strong  town  of  France,  ia 
Missouri,  bounded  by  Mis-  the  dep.  of  Meuse,  and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  seated 
on  the  river  Cher,  which  divides  it  into  the  upper 
and  lower  town.    It  is  170  ms.  NE.  of  Paris, 
Lon.  5  23  E.,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Montmelian,  formerly  strong  town  of  Savoy, 
but  the  French,  in  1705,  demolished  the  fortifica- 
tions. It  is  8  ms.  SE.  of  Chamberry,  and  27 
NE.  of  Grenoble.    Lon.  6  15  E.,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Montmorenci,  town  of  France,  remarkable  for 
the  tombs  of  the  ancient  dukes  of  Montmorenci. 
it  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near  a  large  valley,  famous 
for  its  cherries,  and  is  7  ms.  from  St.  Dennis,  and 
10  from  Paris. 

Montmorenci,  Falls  of.  This  fine  cataract  is 
in  a  small  river  of  the  same  name,  which  falls  into 
the  left  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  9  ms.  below  the 
city  of  Quebec.  The  perpendicular  pitch  is  246 
feet,  and  being  in  full  view  from  the  St.  Lawrence, 
3  in  many  parts,  it  has  a  greater  mixture  of  I  affords  one  of  the  most  magnificent  scenes  in  N. 
vale  and  plain  than  several  of  the  Welsh  ■  America. 

;s.  Its  riches  proceed  from  its  sheep  and  I  Montmorillin,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Vi- 
he  hilly  tracts  being  almost  entirely  sheep  |enne,  and  late  province  of  Poitou.  It  is  seated  on 
;  and  the  flocks,  like  those  of  Spain,  are  J  trie  river  Gartempe,  over  which  it  has  a  handsome 
from  distant  parts  to  feed  on  them  during '  bridge  24  ms.  SE.  of  Poitiers, 
immer.  This  county  also  affords  mineral  j  Montpelier,  city  of  the  department  of  Herault, 
es,  particularly  lead ;  and  it  abounds  in  slate  !  arid  late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  one  of  the 
:ie,  but  there  is  no  coal.  Its  principal  rivers 1  largest  and  most  beautiful  cities  in  France,  and  has 
J  Severn,  Vyrnew,  and  Tannat.  Pop.  in 'a  citadel,  a  bishop's  see,  a  university,  and  a  bo- 
47,978  ;  in  1811,  51,931;  and  in  1821, !  tanic  garden,  the  first  established  in  Europe.  The 


b[3  of  Sangamon. 

Tonfgomery,  co 
;oi  river  S.,  Howard  co.  W.,  Cuivofe  river,  or 
L^oln  N.,  and  St.  Charles  E.;  length  50  miles, 
m  width  35,  area  1,850  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly, 
D;eneral,  though  with  some  exceptions.  Soil 
ftdi  Pop.  in  1820,  3,074;  and  in  1840,  4,371. 
Ikral  lat.  38  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  13  55  W. 

•lontgomery1  s  Ferry,  post  office,  Cumberland 
jojity,  Penn. 

'onfgomeryshire,  county  of  Wales,  36  miles 
o  ,  and  34  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Merion- 
iMire  and  Denbighshire,  NE.  and  E.  by  Shrop- 
H,  S.  by  Radnorshire,  SW.  by  Cardiganshire, 
JW.  by  Merionethshire.  It  contains  500,000 
x is  divided  into  9  hundreds  and  47  parishes, 
inhas  5  market  towns.  The  number  of  inhab- 
its in  1811,  was  51,931,  and  it  sends  two  mem- 1 
ie  to  Parliament.    Though  barren  and  moun- 


rmfgomerysville,  village,  Gibson  co.,  Indiana. 
ipnticello,  town,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  4  miles 
W.Tom  Neversink  river,  and  about  40  a  little  N. 

flV.  from  Newburg.  Seat  of  the  venerable 

Hjnas  Jefferson,  Albemarle  county,  Va.,  2  miles 
I  om  Charlottesville.    Lon.  W.  C.  1  48  W., 

1*8  8  N.  Town,  Fairfield  district,  S.  C, 

'5 is.  N.  from  Columbia.  Village  and  seat  of 

ut:e,  Jasper  co.,  Ga.,  32  miles  IN  W.  from  Mil- 
Iville.  Lat.  33  19  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  54  W. 
-Village  and  scat  of  justice,  Lawrence  county, 
J.,  on  Pearl  river,  90  miles  E.  from  Natchez. 

|3t  32  N„  lon.  W.  C.  12  55  W.  Town 

Heat  of  justice,  Wayne  co.,  Ky.,  100  ms.  S. 
I  Frankfort,  and  about  4  ms.  SE.  from  Cum- 
Jjfod  river.    Lat.  36  50  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  40 

 Village,  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas. 

viticl,  formerly  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
i  ew  Castile,  18  ms.  from  Metarza. 

mtilla,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Cor- 
tol,  51  ms.  N.  of  Granada. 

mtivilliers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
W,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  95  miles 

of  Paris.    Lon.  20'  W.,  lat.  49  35  N. 
ibntlouis,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  East- 
'fofyrennees,  and  late  province  of  Rousillon, 
*ija  strong  citadel  at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  built  by 
Its  XIV.    It  is  430  ms.  S.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2 

,  lat  42  30  N. 

mtluet,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
!  76* 


number  of  inhabitants  is  computed  30,000 ;  is 
chiefly  famous  for  its  drugs  and  cordials,  perfumed 
waters,  hair  powder,  and  verdigris.  This  city  con- 
tains 200  apothecaries,  the  air  is  extremely  healthy, 
and  many  invalids  resort  hither  from  all  parts  to 
recover  their  health.  Montpelier  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  5  ms.  from  the  Mediterranean,  near  the  Lez, 
a  small  navigable  river,  and  on  the  rivulet  Merdan- 
son,  which  is  conveyed  into  different  parts  of  the 
city  by  subterraneous  canals.  It  is  27  ms.  SW. 
of  Nismes,  47  NE.  of  Narbonne,  and  380  S.  by 

W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  58  E.,  lat  43  37  N.  

Village  and  seat  of  government  for  the  State,  in 
Washington  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  NE.  side  of  Onion 
river,  34  ms  SE.  of  Burlington,  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain)  and  12  ms.  N.  of  Williamson,  in  Orange 
co.    Pop.  2,500.    Lat.  44  16,  lon.  W.  C.  4 

28  E.  Seat  of  the  Hon.  James  Madison,  late 

President  of  the  United  States,  in  Orange  co.,  Va., 
20  ms.  NE.  from  Monticello.  Village,  Hano- 
ver co.,  Va.,  24  ms.  from  Richmond.  Village, 

Richmond  co.,  N.  C,  105  ms.  SW.  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

Montpensier,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy  de  Dome,  and  late  province  of  Au- 
vergne,  seated  on  a  hill,  210  ms.  SE.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  14  E.,  lat.  46  4  N. 

Mont  Pulcia,7io. — See  Monte  Pulciano. 

Montreal,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara,  on 
a  rivulet,  5  ms.  W.  of  Palermo,  and  50  NE.  of 

Mazara.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory  of 

601 


MON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MON 


Treves,  seated  on  the  EIz,  20  m?,  W.  by  N.  o*      Montreuil  Bellay,  town  of  France,  in  the  d< 

Coblentz.  Town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  of  Mayenne  and  Loire,  seated  on  the  Touet 

Arragon,  on  the  Xiloca,  25  ms.  NNW.  of  Ter    ins.  SSW.  of  Saumur. 

ruel,  and  40  S.  by  E,  of  Calatajud.    Lon.   1  2      Monlrichard,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lo 

W.,  lat.  40  53  N.  Island  in  St.  Lawrence  and  Cher,  with  a  castle,  seated  near  the  Cher, 

river,  at  the  confluence  of  that  stream  and  the  Ot-  ms.  SE.  of  Amboise. 

towa.  It  forms  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  52  ms.  Montrose,  borough  and  seaport  of  Scotland, 
long,  but  very  irregular  in  width.  The  soil  is  very  Angusshire,  near  the  estuary  of  South  Esk.  7 
productive,  and  the  surface  pleasantly  disversified  buildings  are  neat ;  and  the  most  remarkable 

by  hill  and  dale.  City,  L.  C,  on  the  eastern  the  town-house,  the  church,  an  elegant  episco 

side  of  the  i-land  of  the  same  name.  Montreal  is  chapel,  an  .hospital  for  lunatics,  and  its  par 
a  place  of  considerable  extent  and  great  commer-  church  is  the  largest  in  Scotland,  except  the  par 
cial  importance.  The  houses  are  generally  built  church  of  Glasgow.  A  great  number  of  trad 
in  a  modern  style,  in  brick  or  stone,  roofed  with  vessels  belong  to  this  town,  and  a  considera 
sheet  tin,  iron,  or  copper,  and  many  finished  with  trade  is  carried  on  to  the  Baltic,  Hamburg,  Ri 
taste  and  elegance.  The  public  buildings  are  nu-  Archangel,  &c.  The  salmon  fisheries  on  the 
roerous.  The  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice  dates  its  and  S.  Esk,  form  a  valuable  branch  of  commer 
origin  to  the  era  of  the  French  government  over  The  inhabitants  of  Montrose  are  said  to  be  ab  I 
Canada,  and  is  a  flourishing  institution.     The  10,000,  and  it  is  48  ms.  NE.  of  Edinburgh.  L  : 

Hotel  Dieu,  a  charitable  institution,  founded  by  2  32  W.,  lat.  56  40  N.  Town  and  seat  of  j 

the  French  in  1644  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  tice,  Susquehanna  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  high  groi 
indigent  sick,  is  still  supported  and  conducted  by  a  from  which  flow  the  Wyallussing  and  Tunkh 
superior  and  36  nuns.  The  convent  of  Notre  noc  into  the  Susquehanna  SW.,  and  also  nurr 
Dame,  also  a  French  establishment,  conducted  by  ous  creeks  to  the  northward  into  the  same  stre 
a  superior  and  60  sisters,  for  the  instruction  of  fe-  near  the  S.  line  of  N.  Y.  This  is  neat  village, 
males  in  all  the  useful  and  ornamental  parts  of  an  elevated  site,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the 
their  education.    The  convent  of  the  Grey  Sisters  jacent  country.    Lat.  41  48  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  i 

is  a  general  hospital  for  the  reception  of  invalids  E.  Village,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  C. 

and  aged  poor.  1     Monfronis,  town  of  St.  Domingo,  at  the  h 

This  city  is  the  grand  depot  for  the  trade  of  Can-  of  the  Bight  of  Leogane,  5  leagues  E.  from 
ada,  and  receives  the  inland  freights  from  the  St.  Mark. 

Lawrence  and  Ottawa  rivers.  Its  harbor  is  safe,  Mon,  St.  Michael,  strong  town  of  France, 
with  from  18  to  26  feet  of  water.  The  rapid  of  the  dep.  of  the  Channel,  and  late  province' 
St.  Mary,  2  ms.  below,  is  a  very  serious  impedi-  Normandy,  built  on  a  rock  in  the  sea,  which  is 
ment  to  the  entrance  of  vessels,  demanding  a  strong  cended  at  low  water.  Jt  is  10  ms  SW.  of.' 
wind  to  stem  it.  Rapids  again  occur  about  4  ms.  ranches,  and  180  W.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  30  V 
above  the  harbor,  which  entirely  prevents  any  wa-  lat.  48  37  N. 

ter  communication  between  the  city  and  La  Chine.  Montsujeon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  departmen  ' 
See  La  Chine.  Uphcr  Marne,  and  late  province  of  Chumpaig 

Montreal  is  120  ms,  above  Quebec,  and  220  N.  145  ms.  t>E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  16  E.,  lat.  ' 
by  "W.  from  Boston.    Pop.  upwards  of  20,000.   36  N. 

Lon.  W.  C.  3  25  E.,  lat.  45  31  N.  River  of      Montserrudxr,  -^e  of  Africa,  on  the  Atia  V 

the  NW.  territory  of  the  U.  S.,  which  falls  into  Ocean,  and  on  the  Grain  coast,  N.  lat.  6  30, 
the  SW.  part  of  Lake  Superior,  and  about  60  ms.   lon.  from  London  10  20.     A  river  flowing,  all 
W\  from  the  Ontanagon.    It  interlocks  sources  supposed,  from  the  Kong  mountains,  enters  i 
with  the  Chippewa  and  Wisconsin.  Atlantic  ocean  immediately  N.  from  Montsern 

Montreal  River,  a  southern  confluent  of  Lake  This  river,  usually  written  Mesurado,  is  projei  I 
Superior,  rises  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  on  Arrow-smith's  map  of  Africa,  flowing  from  P . 
the  Menominees  and  Wolf  rivers,  branches  of  to  SW.  350  ms.  Another  small  stream,  aboui ' 
Fox  river  and  Green  bay,  and  with  those  of  Chip-  ms.  in  length,  the  St.  Paul's,  is  laid  down  on  : 
pewa  and  St.  Croix  branches  of  Mississippi  river,  same  map,  and  nearly  parallel  to  the  Mesuradct 
The  country  from  which  those  various  rivers  de-  about  5  ms.  distance.  The  St.  Paul's  enters  > 
rive  their  sources  is  flat,  and  chequered  with  lakes,  same  bay  to  the  N.  from  the  efflux  of  the  M  • 
Short  portages  intervene  between  the  navigable  rado. 

channels.-  The  general  course  of  Montreal  river  According  to  the  annual  rpport  of  the  Amer  l 
18  to  the  NW.  ;  comparative  length  about  100  ms  ;  Colonization  Society,  made  to  the  ann'Jil  wee  : 
mouth  into  Lake  Superior,  20  ms.  E.  of  Chegoi-  at  Washington,  Monday,  January  9th,  1826,  e 
raegonbay.  ;  tlip  of  ground  between  Me.surado  and  St.  Pts 

Montreal  hie,  in  the  E.  end  of  Lake  Superior,  rivers,  has  been  purchased  by  the  society,  1 
is  small,  and  situated  between  the  mouths  of  the  is  represented  by  the  society  to  be  elevated  20  t 
rivers  Montreal  and  Charron,  and  near  the  shore.     abuve  the  river.  [Which  river?  most  probably  !>i 

Montreal,  River  de,  U.  C,  empties  itself  into  were  meant.] 
E.  end  of  Lake  Superior,  a  little  to  the  north-      Moiisierrat,  mountain  of  Spain,  in  Cataio  , 
ward  of  the  copper  mines,  and  S.   of  the  river  on  which  is  a  famous  monastery  and  cbapei,  d  - 
Charron.  cated  to  the  Virgin,  resorted  to  by  number;  »f 

Montreuil,  strong:  town  of  France,  in  the  de-  pilgrims.  It  is  inhabited  by  monks  of  several  •- 
partment  of  Pas  de  Calais,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  j  tions,  who  entertain  all  that  come  out  of  devon 
the  mouth  of  the  Canche,  36  ms.  S.  of  Calais,  }  or  curiosity  for  3  days  gratis.  This  mountain 
and  42  WNW.  of  Arras.  I  said  to  be  10  ms.  in  circumference  and  5  hi  i 

602 


MOO  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MOQ 


ai  the  country  around  it  is  seen  150  ms.  It  is  25 
n  NW.  of  Barcelona. 

lonsterrat,  one  of  the  leeward  Caribbee  islands, 
irie  W.  Indies,  discovered  in  1493  by  Colum- 
bi  and  so  named  by  him  from  its  resemblance  to 
I  mountain  mentioned  in  the  preceding  article. 
Its  about  9  ms.  in  length  and  breadth,  and  sup- 
ped to  contain  50,000  acres,  and  the  hills  are 
:i  ;red  with  cedar  and  other  trees.  It  carries  on 
i  eat  trade  to  England  and  Ireland  in  rum,  &c. ; 
3cngs  to  the  English,  and  is  30  ms.  SW.  of  An- 
il: a.    Lon.  62  34  W.,  lat.  16  54  N. 

fontvilte,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  30  ms.  NE. 

fri  Wiscasset.  Town,  New  London  co.,  Ct. 

It  situated  about  9  ms.  NW.  of  New  London. 

ionza,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  seated 
oihe  Lambro,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  10 
El  lat.  45  33  N. 

hnze,  Cape,  N.  lat.  24  55,  E.  lat.  65  46,  is 
ac  idered  as  the  separating  point  between  Indos- 
taand  Makran.  From  Cape  Monze  to  the  Gulf 
oi/Utch  the  shores  of  the  Indian  ocean  are  called 
di  coast  of  Sinde,  and  W.  of  the  cape,  to  the 
aa  ntains  of  Kerman,  Makran.  The  bay  of  Cor- 
ace  lies  between  Cape  Monze  and  the  delta  of  the 
ills,  has  a  depth  sufficient  for  vessels  of  from 
3t  to  400  tons ;  the  tide  rises  12  feet. 

hnzigen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Uer  Rhine,  12  ms.  W.  of  Creautznach,  and  42 
E:  of  Treves.  Longitude  7  14  East,  latitude 
■0  N. 

looers,  town,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  1820, 
U. 

bokden. — See  Moukden. 

boltan,  city  of  Indostan,  now,  and  since  1818, 
-?uect  to  the  Seiks,  is  situated  on  the  eastern  or 
ie  side  of  the  Chenaub  river,  N.  lat.  30  15,  lon. 
■0  E.,  about  250  ms.  below  Lahore,  and  400 
by  W.  from  Delhi.  According  to  Burnes, 
Ji  city  is  upwards  of  three  ms.  in  circumference, 
m  surrounded  by  a  dilapidated  wall.  Pop.  about 
6(>00,  composed  of  one-third  Hindoos,  and  the 
re.lue  Mahometans.  The  Seiks  only  maintain  a 
!r  I  garrison  of  500  men.  The  inhabitants  are 
mtly  weavers  and  dyers  of  cloth.  The  silk  man- 
if lure  of  Mooltan  is  called  "  kais,"  and  may  be 
to  of  all  colors,  and  are  extensively  exported  to 
K  rasan  and  India. 

be  inundations  of  the  Chenaub  and  its  canals 
■i  rain  render  the  vicinity  of  Mooltan  a  marsh — 
th  swell  of  one  year  coming  down  before  that  of 
:tnrevious  season  having  dried  up.  Old  canals 
•Jit,  which,  if  repaired,  would  permit  a  direct 
ligation  of  about  80  ms.  into  the  Indus,  which, 
is  ir  as  concerns  the  commerce  with  countries  to 
tb  northwestward  of  Mooltan,  would  save  a  dis- 
toe  of  upwards  of  300  ms. 

he  climate  of  Mooltan  differs  from  that  of  the 
"citrics  lower  down  the  Indus;  showers  of  rain 
I  common  at  all  seasons,  but  from  the  loose  na- 
Ui  of  the  soil,  the  dust  is  intolerable.  The  date 
PJI  abounds  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  which  is 
ot  wise  highly  cultivated.  With  the  exception, 
n<  ever,  of  a  strip  of  about  two  ms.  wide  along 
^streams,  a  sterile  desert  of  sand  hills  extend 
**>een  the  Chenaub  and  Indus.  The  Persian 
*  el,  for  the  purposes  of  irrigation,  is  much  in 

and  near  the  Indus  wells  are  common,  but  on 
^Chenaub,  only  found  near  canals  which  branch 


from  it.— Burnes.  Lat  29  51  N.,  lon.  70  40  E. 
London. 

Moon,  Mountains  of  the,  mountains  of  Africa, 
extending  between  Abyssinia  and  Monomotapa. 
They  are  higher  than  those  of  Atlas. 

Moon,  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  county 
line,  and  left  bank  of  Ohio,  10  ms.  below  Pitts- 
burg. 

Moore,  tp.,  Northampton  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  head 
branches  of  Hockendogne  and  Monocacy  creeks, 
commencing  8  ms.  NW.  from  Easton,  and  2  ms. 

NW.  from  Nazareth.  Pop.  1820,  1,645.  Co., 

N.  C.  bounded  by  Cumberland  SE.,  Richmond 
SW.,  Montgomery  W.,  Randolph  NW.,  and 
Chatham  N.  Length  38  ms.,  width  28,  and  area 
about  530  sq.  ms.  Its  form  triangular,  extending 
from  the  Haw  river  about  half  way  to  the  Yadkin. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil  generally  thin  and  sierile, 
though  much  good  land  skirts  the  streams.  Sta- 
ples, cotton,  grain,  flour,  &c.  Chief  town,  AU 
fofdstown.  Pop.  1820,  7,128;  and  in  1840, 
7,988.  Central  lat.  36  20  N.,  lon  W,  C.  2  22 
West. 

Mooresborough,  village,  Rutherford  co.,  N.  C, 
by  post  road  226  ms.  Southwest  by  West,  from 
Raleigh. 

Mooresburg,  village,  Columbia  co.,  Pa. 
Moore's  Salt  Works,  post  office,  Jefferson  co., 
Ohio. 

Moorestown,  village,  Burlington  co.,  N.  Jersey, 
about  midway  between  Philadelphia  and  Mount 
Holly,  9  ms.  from  each. 

Mooresville,  village,  Limestone  co.,  Ala.,  about 
130  ms.  N.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

Moorsjield. — See  Moorsiown. 

Moorfietd,  village,  Nicholas  co.,  Ky.,  about  45 
ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Frankfort.  Town,  Harri- 
son co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  SW.  from  Cadiz.  Tp., 

Clark  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1820,  783. 

Moorfields,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Hardy  co., 
Va.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  S.  branch  of  Poto- 
mac, 53  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Winchester.  Lat. 
39°,  lon.  W.  C.  1  56  W. 

Moorings  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Pitt  co.,  N. 
C,  by  post  road  107  ms  SE.  by  E.  from  Raleigh, 

Moorstown. — See  Moorestown. 

Moorsbury,  village  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tenn.,  70 
ms.  NE.  from  Knoxville. 

Moorshedabad,  city  of  Hindoostan  proper,  the 
capital  of  Bengal  before  the  establishment  of  the 
English  power.  It  is  seated  on  the  western  arm 
of  the  Ganges,  120  ms.  N.  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  88 
28  E„  lat  24  15  N. 

Moor's  Prairie,  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  Ill,, 
southwards  from  Vandalia. 

Moorzook. — See  Murzook. 

Moosehead  Lake,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  the  main 
source  of  Kennebec  river,  25  ms.  long,  and  from  3 
to  15  wide. 

Moosehilloch  mountain,  Grafton  co.,  N.  Ha,  10 
ms.  E.  frow  Haverhill,  and  very  near  the  44th  of 
N.  lat.  By  admeasurement  made  by  Captain  Par- 
tridge it  is  4,636  feet  above  the  ocean  level. 

Mootapilley,  town  in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  the  Guntoor  Circar,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Gondegama.    Lon.  80  10  E.,  lat  15  45  N. 

Moquehua,  town  and  small  province  of  Peru,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Andes.  Lon.  W,  Ct  6°  E.,  lat, 
17  13  8, 

603 


MOR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MOR 


Mora,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  18  ms. 
SE.  of  Toledo.    Lon.  3  4  W.,  lat.  39  36  N. 

Movant,  Point,  the  most  easterly  promontory  of 
Jamaica.    Lon.  75  56  W.,  lat.  17  56  N. 

Morat,  commercial  town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same  name,  belonging  to  the 
cantons  of  Bern  and  Friburg,  10  ms.  W.  of  Bern, 
and  10  ms.  NE.  of  Friburg.    Lon.  6  53  E.,  lat. 

46  52  N.  Lake  of  Switzerland,  in  a  bailiwic 

of  the  same  name.  It  is  6  ms.  long  and  2  broad, 
lying  parallel  with  the  lake  of  Neufchatel,  into 
which  it  empties  itself  by  the  river  Broye. 

Morataletz,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  22 
ms.  E.  of  Ciudad  Real.  Lon.  3  4  W.,  lat.  40  32 
North. 

Moratalia,  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  31  ms. 
SSW.  of  Chinchilla.  Lon.  1  50  E.,  lat.  38  31 
North. 

Morava,  or  Moraw,  river  of  Germany,  which 
has  its  source  on  the  confines  of  Bohemia  and  Si- 
lesia. It  crosses  Moravia,  where  it  waters  Olmutz 
and  Hradisch,  and,  receiving  the  Teya  from  the 
confines  of  Lower  Hungary  and  Upper  Austria, 
separates  those  two  countries  as  far  as  the  Danube, 
into  which  it  falls. 

Morave,  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  which  rises 
in  Bulgaria,  and,  running  through  Servia,  by  Nis- 
sa,  falls  into  the  Danube  at  Semendriah. 

Moravia,  marquisate  annexed  to  Bohemia,  by 
which  it  is  bounded  on  the  Wi(  by  that  kingdom 
and  Silesia  on  the  N.,  by  Silesia  and  Hungary  on 
the  E.,  and  by  Austria  on  the  W.  It  takes  its 
name  from  the  river  Morava,  which  runs  through 
it;  and  hence  the  sect  of  Christians  called  Mora- 
vians take  their  name,  their  doctrines  having  been 
first  taught  here.  Olmutz  was  the  capital,  but  now 
Brinn  claims  that  honor. 

Moravia  is  a  province  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
including  Moravia  proper  and  Austrian  Silesia, 
which  has  been  annexed  to  it.  Moravia  proper 
contains  8,860  sq.  ms.,  and  1.334,000  inhabitants, 
and  Austrian  Silesia  1,840  sq.  ms.,  and  347,000 
inhabitants.  The  six  circles  of  Brun,  Olmutz, 
Hradisch,  Prerau,  Znaym,  and  Iglau,  form  Mora- 
via proper,  while  Austrian  Silesia  is  divided  into 
the  circles  of  Techen  and  Troppau.  The  follow- 
ing is  the  population  of  the  principal  towns: 
Brun  -----  26,000 
Olmutz  -  11,000 

Iglau  -----  11,000 
Troppau  -  -  -  -  10,000 

Sternberg      '  -  -  -  8,000 

Nicolsberg       -  -  -  -  7,600 

Techen  -  5,400 

Znaym  -  5,200 

Creinsier  -  3,200 
Fulntck  -  -  -  3,100 

Prerau  -  -  .  -  2,900 

Hradisch         -  1,700 

Moravia  is  intersected  by  several  ranges  of  moun 
tains,  between  which  are  many  fertile  valleys;  and 
in  the  N.  and  S.  there  are  well  cultivated  plains  of 
considerable  extent.  The  principal  river  is  the 
March,  or  Morava,  which  is  navigable,  and,  after 
receiving  the  Theya,  runs  S.,  and  falls  into  the 
Danube  above  Presburg.  This  province  is  not  re- 
markable for  its  vegetable  productions.  Corn  and 
flax  are  raised,  but  not  in  great  quantities.  Hogs 
and  geese  are  exported  in  great  numbers.  Gold 
604 


and  silver  mines  were  formerly  wrought  to  le 
considerable  extent,  but  at  present  the  mos  0. 
ductive  minerals  of  Moravia  are  those  of  iror  ^ 
lead.  Coal  exists  in  large  bodies,  but  has  not  u 
excavated  in  proportion. 

Moravia  presents  manufacturing  establishi  \$ 
on  an  extensive  scale ;  woolen,  cotton,  and  >n 
goods,  are  made  to  great  amount.  About  4(  N) 
pieces  of  woolen  goods  are  annually  produced:  ^ 
neighborhood  of  Iglau.  The  number  of  persr  ,a 
all  Moravia,  employed  in  the  woolen  manufar 
is  16,000  weavers  and  24,000  spinners.  T  )(J 
is  made  at  Rothwasser,  and  dying  is  extern  W 
carried  on  at  Brun.  The  cotton  work&  at  I 
witz  give  employment  to  1,000  individuals,  j. 
ther,  paper,  potash,  and  glass,  are  also  man  > 
tured  in  this  province.  Imports  are  wool,  {, 
flax,  cotton,  oil,  and  grain. 

Moravian  Village,  U.  C,  on  the  river  Th;  ?, 
is  in  the  4th  tp.  from  its  mouth  ;  it  is  a  re  u 
built  village,  of  one  street,  with  indifferent  wt  n 
huts,  and  a  small  chapel,  inhabited  by  In  is 
converted  to  the  Moravian  faith,  and  their  pa:  3. 
After  some  hesitation,  I  have  concluded  to  1  a 
the  following,  which  was  communicated  by  a  i- 
dicious  correspondent. 

"  I  crossed  the  Thames  at  the  Moravian  t  1, 
75  ms.  from  Detroit,  and  spent  the  night  e 
with  two  Moravian  missionaries  from  Bethl'  n 
and  Nazareth.  I  think  they  are  governei  y 
very  different  motives  from  those  which  infh  :e 
mercenary  preachers.  They  tell  me  they  'e 
more  hopes  of  christianizing  than  of  civiiizin  ie 
Indians.  One  of  these  men  teaches  the  males  e 
other  the  females.  There  are  about  160  >f  h 
sexes  and  all  ages  at  this  place.  They  ex  « 
no  desire  to  exchange  the  native  habits  of  sa\  '3 
for  those  of  civilized  life,  nor  do  they  inspire  a  \ 
i'n  any  place  where  I  travel,  that  the  labor  >r 
their  civilization  and  reformation  will  avail  y 
thing  but  to  accelerate  their  destruction."  Ai  st 
22,  1822. 

Morbach,  or  Murback,  town  of  France,  in  e 
department  of  Lower  Rhine,  42  ms.  SE.  of  8  >• 
burg.    Lon.  8  25  E.,  lat.  48°  N. 

Morbegno,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Gris 
in  the  Valteline,  where  the  governor  and  thi 
gency  reside.    It  is  the  handsomest  and  most  1  1- 
mercial  town  in  the  Valteline,  and  seate.!  01;  e 
Adda,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Chiavenna,  and  20  Nf  )f 
Lecco.    Lon.  9  31  E.,  lat.  46  10N. 

Morbihan,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  tht  e 
province  of  Bretagne.  Vannes  is  the  capil  il 
this  dep.,  which  takes  its  name  from  a  small  y 
between  that  town  and  the  island  of  Belieisle  i 
entrance  is  narrow,  but  it  expands  within,  and  B 
tains  about  30  little  islands. 

Morcone,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  1S» 
SSE.  of  Molise.    Lon.  14  54  E.,  lat.  41  24 

Morea,  ancient  Peloponnesus,  a  large  penir  a 
of  southern  Europe.  In  ancient  times  this  c  1* 
try  was  subdivided  into  Laconia  SE.,  Mess  a 
SW.,  Elis  W.,  Achaia  WW.,  Sicyorva  and 
rinthia  NE.,  Argolis  E.,  and  Arcadia  in  the  1- 
tre.  No  part  of  Europe  presents  a  more  ri  y 
variegated  aspect.  One  scene  of  river  or  mour  n 
grandeur  succeeds  another,  under  a  serene  ani> 
nignant  sky.  Though  mountainous,  its  va  s 
are  generally  composed  of  a  most  productive  I- 


MOR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MOR 


i  this  beautiful  country  has  been  for  a  long  period 
I  ed  by  the  despotism  of  the  Turkish  Govern- 
■t. 

eloponnesus,  or  Morea,  is,  from  the  Promonto- 
ry f  Malea,  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Laco- 

ii  to  Rhium,  in  the  NW.  part  of  Achaia,  about 
4  ms.  in  length.    Between  the  Chelonites  (now 

0i(3  Tornese)  and  Schyllaeum  (now  Skilleo)  the 
ir  1th  is  120  ms.  The  whole  peninsula  is  so  very 
n  h  indented  with  deep  bays  as  not  to  average,  it 
I  obahl*3,  above  a  mean  width  of  50  ms. ;  area 
ib  t  7,660  sq.  ms.,  including  the  small  surround- 
n  slands.  The  modern  population,  as  enume- 
a  I  by  Poqueville,  amounts  to  400,000  Greeks, 
ui20,000  Turks,  Jews,  and  Albanians.  Chief 
o  is,  Patras,  Corinth,  Napoli-di-Romania,  Co- 

0  and  Trippolizza.    The  Morea  lies  between  lat. 

1  2  and  38  18  N. 

tie  names  of  the  Morea  did  not,  as  is  generally 
»eved,  come  from  the  Italian  name  of  the  mul- 
I r  tree,  but  from  the  Sclavonic,  and  signifies  a 
o  try  near  or  bordered  by  the  sea. — Talmeyer. 

oreau,  town,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Hud- 

0  "iver,  in  the  great  bend  opposite  Glen's  falls, 
JCniles  NNE.  from  Ballston  Spa.  Pop.  in 
#,  1,549. 

orelund,  village,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post 

1  239  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany.  NE. 

if  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  between  Berks  co.  and 
Unpack  creek,  13  ms.  NNE.  from  Philadel- 

M    Pop.  in  1820,  1,890.  NE.  tp.,  Phila- 

■fuaco.,  Pa.,  13  ms.  NNE.  from  Philadelphia. 
-SE.  tp.,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.  Pop.  in  1820, 
■ft. 

orella,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  among 
ii(  mountains,  80  ms.  N.  of  Valencia. 

oresby,  harbor  of  Eng-,  a  little  N.  of  White- 
iAn,  in  Cumberland,  in  and  about  which  many 
'2i  ins  of  antiquity  have  been  dug  up,  such  as 
ilh  and  stones,  with  inscriptions  on  them,  and 
*wal  caverns  have  been  found,  called  Piet's 
[«s. 

oresville,  village,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  by 
•oroad  74  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

oret,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department 
>(  'iine  and  Marne,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Wt  35  ms.  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  52  E.,  lat. 
^5  N. 

rreton,  village,  Washington  county,  Vt.,  on 
Jtn  river,  7  ms.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

r;refta,  town  of  Piedmont,  situated  on  a  small 
v  which  runs  into  the  Po,  16  ms.  S.  of  Turin. 
I  7  44  E.,  lat.  44  48  N. 

organ,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Berkeley  SE., 
h  p.shire  SW.,  and  on  all  other  sides  by  the  Po- 
"c  river,  or  Md.  Length  30,  mean  width  15 
I  area  450  sq.  ms.  The  extent  of  this  county 
Ipy  mis'ake  included  in  Hampshire  co. — See 
upshire  co,,  Va.  Surface  very  broken,  part 
Xitainous,  and  all  hilly.  The  only  good  soil 
ni.e  streams.  Staples,  grain  and  flour.  Chief 
«i  Frankfort.    Pop.  in  1840,  4,253. 

yrgan,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Putnam  SE., 
'a-'fer  SW.,  Walton  NW.,  and  the  Oconee  river, 
I  iark  and  Greene,  NE.  Length  22,  mean 
"'i  20  ms*.  ;  area  440  sq.  ms.  Its  southern  limit 
n  conee  river  is  about  30  ms.  above  Milledge- 
•I  Chief  town,  Madison.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,520; 
r<  n  1840,  9,121. 


Morgan,  co.  of  Ten.,  bounded  NW.  by  Fen- 
dress,  Campbell  NE..  Anderson  E.,  Roane  SE., 
Bledsoe  S.,  and  White  W.  Length  45,  mean 
breadth  22  ms.,  and  area  990  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  35 
56  to  36  25,  lon.  W.  C.  7  14  to  8  0  W.  It  oc- 
cupies a  part  of  the  table  land  between  the  valleys 
of  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers.  The  north- 
ern section  slopes  to  the  northward,  and  in  that  di- 
rection discharges  the  higher  sources  of  the  South 
fork  of  Cumberland  river.  The  opposite  inclina- 
tion falls  to  the  SE.,  and  is  drained  by  the  various 
branches  of  Emery's  river,  a  tributary  of  Tennes- 
see river.  The  surface  of  Morgan  co.',  Ten.,  is 
elevated  and  broken.  Chief  town,  Montgomery. 
Pop.  in  1830,  2,582;  and  in  1840,  2,660. 

Morgan,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by  Muskin- 
gum and  Guernsey,  E.  by  Monroe,  and  S.  by 
Washington  and  Athens.  Length  32,  breadth  18 
ms. ;  area  500  sq.  ms.  Surface  very  broken  and 
hilly  in  general,  though  much  of  the  soil  excellent. 
Staples,  grain  and  flour.  Chief  town,  McConnels- 
ville.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,297:  and  in  1840,  20,852. 

Morgan,  co.  of  Alabama,  bounded  by  Marshal 
E.,  Blount  and  Walker  S.,  Lawrence  W.,  and 
Tennessee  river  N.  Length  32,  mean  breadth  26 
ms.,  and  area  832  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  34  26,  and  lon. 
10  0  W.  of  W.  C.  intersect  near  the  centre.  Chief 
town,  Somerville.    Pop.  in  1840,  9841. 

Morgan,  tp.,  Greene  co.,  Pa.,  between  the  main 
stream  of  Ten  Mile  creek,  Ruff's  creek,  and  the 
boundary  between  Greene  and  Washington  cos., 
8  ms.  NE.  from  Waynesborough.   Pop.  in  1820, 

1,622.  -Town,  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  including 

McConnelsville,  the  county  seat.  SW.  tp., 

Butler  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,546.  Tp., 

Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,087.  Tp., 

Gallia  co.,  Ohio.  Village,  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio., 

by  post  road  262  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Morganjield,  town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Union 
co.,  Ky.,  12  ms.  SE.  from  the  mouth  of  Wabash, 
and  15  SW.  from  Henderson,  on  Ohio.  Lat.  37 
41  N..  lon.  W.  C.  10  48  W. 

Morgan's  Settlement,  post  office,  Wayne  co., 
Ohio,  93  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Morgans  Store,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  C,  by 
post  road  113  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Morgansville,  village,  Nottaway  co.  Va.,  18  ms. 
SW.  by  W.  from  Petersburg. 

Morgantown,  village,  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  7  ms. 

from  Reading.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  for 

Monongalia  co.,  Va.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Monon- 
gahela  river,  20  ms.  SSW.  from  Uniontown,  and 
30  by  land  above  Brownsville,  Pa.  This  village 
is  seated  on  a  high  bottom  of  Monongahela  river, 
and  contains  about  100  dwelling-houses.    Lat.  39 

33  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  50  W.  Village  and  seat 

of  justice  for  Burke  co.,  N.  C  ,  on  the  right  bank 
of  Catawba  river,  30  ms.  NW.  from  Lincolnton, 

Lat.  35  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  42  W  Village, 

Blount  cr>.,  Tenn.,  on  Tennessee  river,  30  ms. 

SW.  from  Knoxville.  Village,  Butler  co.,  Ky., 

on  the  left  bank  of  Greene  river,  30  ms.  NNE. 
from  Russelville.  Village,  Clinton  co.,  Ohio. 

Morgarten,  mountain  of  Switzerland,  between 
the  cantons  of  Schweitz  and  Zucr. 

Marges,  commercial  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Vaud,  and  capital  of  a  bailiwick,  seated 
in  a  beautiful  bay  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  By  its 
canal,  merchandise  is  transported  from  Geneva  to 

605 


MOR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MOR 


other  parts.  This  canal,  by  the  channels  of  the 
Morges  and  Orbe  rivers,  unites  the  Lakes  of  Ge- 
neva and  Neuf-Chatel,  and  opens  a  commercial 
route  through  Switzerland  from  the  basin  of  the 
Rhone  to  that  of  the  Rhine.  It  is  5  ms.  WSW. 
of  Lausanne.    Lon.  6  42  E.,  lat.  46  27  N. 

Morhange,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle, 
and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  200  ms.  E.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  6  42  E.,  lat.  48  51  N. 

Moriah,  village,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  head 
of  Scroon  river,  60  ms.  SSW.  from  Plaltsburg, 
and  103  N.  from  Albany. 

Moriches,  village,  Brookhaven  tp.,  Suffolk  co., 
N.  Y.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Long  island,  10  ms.  W. 
from  West  Hampton,  and  72  E.  from  the  city  of 
New  York. 

Morrison's  Tan  Yard,  post  office,  Mecklen- 
burg co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  170  ms.  SW.  from 
Raleigh. 

Moriss's  Cove,  post  office,  Bedford  co  ,  N.  C. 

Morriss's  Store,  and  post  office,  Richmond  co., 
North  Carolina,  by  post  road  114  ms.  SW.  from 
Raleigh. 

Morlachia,  mountainous  country  in  Hungarian 
Dalmatia,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  called  Mor- 
lacks,  or  Morlacchi.  They  inhabit  the  pleasant 
valleys  of  Koter,  along  the  rivers  Kerha,  Cetina, 
Narenta,  and  among  the  inland  mountains  of  Dal- 
matia. They  are  said  by  some  to  be  of  Wallachian 
extraction,  but  others  think  their  origin  involved  in 
the  darkness  of  barbarous  ages.  The  Morlacchi 
are  so  different  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  sea 
coasts  in  dialect,  dress,  disposition,  and  customs, 
that  they  seem  clearly  to  be  of  a  different  original. 

Morlaix,  considerable  seaport  pf  Fr.,  in  thedep 
of  Finisterrc,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  with 
a  castle,  and  a  tide  harbor.  The  church  of  Notre- 
Dame  is  a  singular  structure,  and  the  hospital  very 
handsome.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  consider- 
able trade  in  linen,  hemp,  and  tobacco.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  30  ms.  NE.  of 
Brest.    Lon.  3  46  W.,  lat.  48  33  N. 

Morocco,  empire  of  Africa. — See  Africa,  pp.  17 
and  18. 

Morocco,  the  city  and  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Morocco,  seated  in  a  beautiful  valley,  or  rather 
plain  between  the  Atlas  mountains  and  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  distant  about  100  ms.  from  the  latter.  Mo- 
rocco is  90  ms.  E.  of  Mogador,  and  400  S.  of 
Gibraltar.    Lon.  6  45  W.,  lat  31  12  N. 

Moron,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated  in 
a  pleasant,  fertile  plain.  In  its  neighborhood  is  a 
mine  of  precious  stones.  It  is  30  ms.  SE.  of  Se- 
ville.   Lon.  5  10  W.,  lat.  37  10  N. 

Morotoi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  isles,  7  ms. 
WNVV.  of  Mowee.  Yams  are  its  principal  pro- 
duce, but  it  has  little  wood.  The  coast  on  the 
S.  and  W.  sides  forms  several  bays,  which  are 
tolerably  sheltered  from  the  trade  winds.  Lon. 
117  L4  W  ,  lat  21  10  N. 

Morpeth,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Northumberland. 
It  is  an  ill  built,  straggling  place,  seated  on  the  N> 
bank  of  the  Wentsbeck,  and  on  the  opposite  side 
is  the  church  and  a  castle  in  ruins.  It  sends  two 
members  to  Parliament,  has  a  free  school  founded 
by  Edward  VI,  and  is  15  ms.  N.  of  Newcastle, 
aiid  287  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  28  W., 
lat.  55  15  N. 

Morrichcs,  village,  Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co.,  N. 
606 


Y.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Long  Island,  72  ms.  E  3n 

N.  Y — See  Moriches. 

Morris,  co.,  N.  J.,  bounded  by  Essex  3, 
SomersetS.,  Hunterdon  SW.,  Sussex  and 
ren  NW.,  and  Passaic  N.  Length  26,  n 
width  19  ms.,  area  about  500  sq,  ms.  Th  jj, 
face  of  this  co.  is  very  pleasantly  variegetl 
hill  and  dale.  It  is  drained  by  Rockawa  n<j 
other  confluents  of  Passaic  river,  and  also  bj  9 
streams  flowing  S.  into  Raritan  river.  The  V, 
part  is  mountainous,  but  the  features  of  nattjl 
come  less  rugged  advancing  to  the  eastward.  % 
Pompton  and  Rockaway  rivers  unite  and  for  M 
Passaic,  on  the  eastern  border  of  this  co.,  J 
above  the  celebrated  falls  of  Passaic,  at  the  <  J 
of  Patterson.  Soil  productive  in  fruits,  graii  3 
pasturage.  Chief  town,  Morriftown.  Pop.  I 
21,368;  and  in  1840,  25,844.  Central  140 
53  N  ,  lon.  W.  C.  2  28  E. 

Morris,  tp.,  Huntingdon  co  ,  Pa.,  on  tt  aft 
side  of  Frankstown  branch,  12  ms.  W.  from  I 

ingdon.  Tp.,  Greene  co.,  Pa.,  on  Bate  nd 

Brown's  forks  of  Ten  Mile  creek,  between  I  8. 
boundary  of  Washington  co.  and  Morgai  nd 
Greene  tps.,  in  Wayne  co.,  6  ma.  NW.  m 

Waynesburg.  Tp.,  Washington  co.,  Pi] 

ing  N.  from  the  preceding.    Pop.  1820,  1,1  J 

Morris  Flats,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  be  en 
Madison  and  Cazenova. 

Morrison,  the  northwesternmost  tp.  of  Ja  ■ 
co.,  Ohio. 

Morrislown,  town,  Orleans  co.,  Vt ,  20  rr  N. 

from  Montpelier.  Town,  St.  Lawrence  B 

New  Yoork,  nearly  opposite  to  BrockvillH 

Upper  Canada.  Village  and  seat  of  ji  ^ 

Morris  county,  N.  J.,  19  ms.  NW.  from  w. 
ark.  Beside  the  common  co.  buildings,  it  ift 
tains  an  academy  and  two  churches.  Pop, 
3,524.  Lat.  40  47,  lon.  W.  C.  2  30  £  J 
Ploasant  village,  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
road  leading  from  Wheeling,  in  Va.,  to  Zane  le, 
10  ms.  W.  from  St.  Clairsville,  and  120eeJ 
from  Columbus. 

Morrisville,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  YJl 
tween  Madison  and  Cazenova.  Town,  1  \a 

mm 


IS 


co.,  Pa.,  opposite  Trenton.  Village,  ( 

co.,  Pa.  Village,  Fauquier  co.,  Va. 

Morsona,  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  1 
NE.  of  Molise. 

Mortagne,  town  of  France,  in  the  jepar  at 
of  Orne,  famous  for  its  serges  and  tann» 
It  is  19  ms.  ESE.  of  Seez,  and  70  WS 

Paris.  Town  of  France,  in  the  depa>-tm(  4 

Nord,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Scarp*  nd 

Scheldt,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Tournay.  Town  o]T 

in  the  department  of  Lower  Charente,  seat  oa 

the  Girornle,  24  ms.  SSW.  of  Saintes.  '*1 

of  France,  in  the  department  of  Vendee,  3m* 
N.  of  Fon:enay  le  Compte. 

Mortain,  town  of  France,  in  the  departrm  o' 
Manche,  on  the  rivulet  Lances,  almost  surro  m 
by  craggy  rocks,  20  ms.  E.  of  Avranches. 

Mortara,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  ■<  m 
the  district  of  Lumello,  22  ms.  SW.  of  Mila: 

Mortay,  island,  the  most  northern  of  the  IV  JC 
cas,  subject  to  the  Sultan  of  Ternate.  It  8£ 
ms.  in  circumference,  and  thinly  inhabited'^ 
full  of  sago  trees,  which  are  cut  by  the  peoi 
Gilolo.    Lon.  128°  E  ,  lat.  3°  N. 


o 


10S 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MOS 


circle  round  all  the  parts  already  described,  were 
invested  by  a  low  rampart  and  ditch.  These  sub- 
urbs contained,  besides  buildings  of  all  kinds,  or- 
chaw3s,  gardens,  cornfields,  much  open  pasture, 
and  some  small  lakes,  which  gave  rise  to  the  Neg- 
lina.  The  Moskwa,  from  which  the  city  takes  its 
name,  flows  through  it  in  a  winding  channel,  but, 
excepting  in  spring,  is  only  navigable  for  rafts.  It 
receives  the  Yausa  in  tbe  Semlainogorod  and  the 
Neglina,  in  the  western  extremity  of  the  Kremlin  ; 
the  beds  of  both  these  rivulets  are  nearly  dry  in 
summer.  Moscow  is  an  entrepot  of  the  inland 
commerce  of  Russia,  particularly  that  river  which 
communicates  with  the  Volga,  and  also  by  a  canal 
to  the  Don,  which  river  communicates  with  the 
sea  of  Asoph.  This  city  is  425  ms.  SE.  of  Pe- 
tersburg.   Lon.  37  33  E.,  lat.  55  46  N. 

Moscow,  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  28  ms.  N. 

from  Norridgewock.  Town,   Livingston  co., 

N.  Y.,  near  the  W.  side  of  Genessee  river,  30  ms. 

above  Rochester.  Small  village  containing  about 

100  inhabitants,  in  the  southern  limit  of  Clermont 
co.,  Ohio.    It  is  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the 


foiich,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Banffshire,  6 
SI',  of  Keith. 

fan,  village,  Anson  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 
■]l  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 
fo'edo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  on  the 
at  he  ancient  Saguntum,  with  the  ruins  of  a 
ib  amphitheatre,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  a  river 
!«.me  name,  15  ms.  N.  of  Valencia. 

town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  25  ms.  N.  by 
f  ocha. 

fambique,  strait  or  channel  of  the  Indian 
LOjietween  the  E.  coast  of  Africa  and  the  is- 
I  ^Madagascar.    It  is  narrowest  in  the  mid- 

lilsre  it  is  240  ms.  over.  City  of  Africa, 

^Mozambique  channel,  S.  lat.  15  10,  lon. 
fj  London.  Cape  St.  Andrew,  of  Mada- 
ii  s  a  little  S.  of  E.  350  miles  from  Mozam- 
iB-See  Africa,  p.  28. 

hkch,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of 
J;ie,  with  an  elegant  castle,  seated  on  the 
k£  25  ms.  ENE.  of  Heidleberg.  Lon.  9  21 
B  49  28  N. 

mirg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carinthia,  6  ms 

,\i  Clagenfurt.  Town  of  Bavaria,  seated  \  Ohio  river,  22  ms.  southerly  from  Williamsburg, 

emflux  of  the  Amber  with  the  Iser,  9  ms.  and  120  southwesterly  from  Columbus. 

0  inndshut.  I  Moselle,  department  of  France,  including  part, 
famy. — See  Russia.  |  of  the  late  province  of  Lorraine.  It  takes  its  name 
foiiy,  formerly  a  duchy,  but  now  a  govern-;  from  a  river  which  rises  in  the  Vosges,  waters  Epi- 
x  Russia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  govern-1  nal  and  Toul,  receives  the  Meurte  below  Nancy, 
m  Tver,  E.  by  that  of  Great  Volodimir,  S.  and,  passing  by  Metz,  Thionville,  and  Treves, 
Governments  of  Kalugo  and  Resan,  and  W. ,  enters  the  Rhine  at  Coblentz.  Metz  is  the  capital, 
hd:  of  Tver  and  Smolensko.  It  is  a  fruitful  |  Mosenia,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
rffll  and  produces  abundance  of  excellent  as- J  Chusistan,  22  ms.  SW.  of  Sustcr. 

MosJioe. — See  Maleslroom. 
Mw,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  govern-  ;  Mosq.ue,  from  the  Arab  medsched,  Turkish 
it  Moscow,  and  formerly  of  the  whole  em- :  meschit,  Italian  moscheta,  Spanish  mczquita, 
^Previous  to  the  entry  of  the  French,  it  was  [English  and  French  mosque,  and  means  a  temple 
i»f;st  city  in  Europe,  the  circumference  with-]  or  place  of  worship.  This  term  comes  evidently 
■Impart  that  enclosed  the  suburbs,  being  20  j  from  the  Arab  meschid,  a  grave,  and  which  we 
M  its  population  did  not  correspond  with  its!  may  find  in  many  Mahometan  proper  names,  as 
m  It  contained  within  the  ramparts  300,000  '  Meschid  Ali,  Meschid  Madre  Sulieman,  &c. 
1%  id  was  the  most  populous  city  in  the  em-  \  There  is  no  other  fact  in  history  more  remarkable 
i,  Itwithstanding  the  lesidence  of  the  court  J  than  the  fact  of  erecting  temples  on  burial  grounds, 
•  a  'etersburg.  !  every  where  and  at  all  times  prevalent. 

h  jeneral  divisions  of  Moscow  are  the  samej  Mosquito  Shore,  country  of  New  Spain,  on  the 
pfcjous  to  the  conflagration  in  1812.  They  ;  Atlantic  ocean,  containing  the  eastern  part  of  the 
tvl  The  Kremlin,  which  was  in  the  central  provinces  of  Honduras  and  Nicaragua.    In  magui- 

Ijiest  part  of  the  city,  surrounded  by  high|tude  it  exceeds  Portugal;  it  is  well  watered  by 
stone  and  brick,  2  ms.  in  circumference,  j  navigable  rivers  and  lakes,  abounds  in  fish,  game, 

it  ision  contained  the  ancient  palace  of  Czars,  j  and  provisions  of  all  sorts,  furnishes  every  necessa- 
(ftj'eter  the  Great  was  born,  also  the  cathe-jry  for  raising  cattle  and  slock,  and  clothed  with 

1  Mi  seven  towers,  besides  other  churches,  the  j  woods  producing  timber  for  every  purpose  at  land 
r«  )ial  palace,  and  the  arsenal.  2.  The  Khit-  or  sea.  The  soil  is  superior  to  that  of  the  West 
m  which  was  much  larger  than  the  Kremlin ;  j  India  islands,  tbe  climate  is  more  salubrious,  and 
m  ned  the  university,  the  printing  house,  and  |  the  destructive  ravages  of  hurricanes  and  earth- 
Bfjher  public  buildings,  wiih  all  the  trades- j  quakes  have  never  been  known  here.  The  Mos- 
Birfhops.  The  houses  were  mostly  stuccoed  i  quito  Indians  are  so  situate  between  morasses  and 
wo;  washed,  and  was  the  only  street  in  Mos-  inaccessible  mountains,  and  a  coast  full  of  rocks 
7  iwhich  the  houses  stood  close  to  each  other.  j  and  shoals,  that  no  attempts  against  them  by  the 
flj  Bielgorod,  or  White  Town,  which  rant  Spaniards,  whom  they  mortally  hate,  could  ever 
mile  two  preceding  divisions,  took  its  name  from  I  succeed. 

wall,  by  which  it  was  formerly  surround-      Moss,  seaport  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of 
1  Semlainogorod,  which  environed  all  the  Aggerhuys,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name, 
quarters,  and  was  so  denominated  from  j  on  the  E.  side  of  Christiana  bay.    Here  are  many 


•  rampart  of  earth  by  which  it  was  encom- 
The  last  two  divisions  exhibited  a  gio- 
oup  of  churches,  convents,  palaces,  brick 
den  houses,  and  mean  hovels.  5.  The 
or  suburbs,  which  formed  a  vast  exterior 


saw  mills  and  a  large  iron  foundry.  It  is  28  ms. 
S.  of  Christiana.    Lon.  10  48  E.,  lat.  58  38  N. 

Mosey  Creek,  post  oflice,  Jefferson  co.,  Tenn. 
by  post  road  190  ms.  E.  from  Murfreesborough. 
Mosoul — See  Mousol  and  Asia,  p.  84. 

607 


MOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Mostagan,  ancient  and  strong  town  of  the  king- 
dom of  Algiers,  with  a  castle  and  a  good  harbor, 
50  ras.  NE.  of  Oran.    Lon.  30'  E.,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Mostar,  considerable  town  of  Turkish  Dalmafria, 
with  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  belongs  to  the 
Turks  ;  20  ms.  NE.  of  Narenta.  Lon.  18  37  E., 
lat.  43  48  N. 

Mosul. — See  Mausul. 

Motala,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otranto, 
with  a  bishop's  see,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Taranto. 
Lon.  17  14  E.,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Motes,  Anglo-Saxon,  public  assemblies  for  le- 
gislative or  municipal  purposes,  as  Wittenagemote, 
Folkmote,  and  Burgemote. 

MotKerkill,  hundred,  Kent  co.,  Dela.  It  is 
watered  by  Motherkill  creek.  The  chief  town, 
Fredericka.    Pop.  1810,  7,415  ;  in  1820,  7,558. 

Mottle  Isle,  island  of  Vt.,  Grand  Isle  co.  It  is 
to  the  NW.  from  Grand  Isle,  and  is  8  ms.  long 
and  2  wide. 

Motyr,  island  of  Asia,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  of 
great  value  to  the  Dutch  on  account  of  its  ppices. 
Lon.  128  20  E.,  lat.  10'  S. 

Motril,  seaport  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with 
a  good  harbor,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  37 
ms.  SE.  of  Granada.    Lon.  3  38  W.,  lat.  36  j 
32  N. 

Mouab,  seaport  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  capital 
of  Yemen,  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  80  ms.  S. 
of  Sanaa.    Lon.  46  35  E.,  lat.  16  20  N. 

Moudon,  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of 
Switzerland,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  and  formerly  of  all 
that  part  of  the  country  which  belonged  to  the 
duke  of  Savoy.  It  was  formerly  called  Minodu- 
mum.  Tt  is  12  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Lausanne.  Lon. 
6  58  E.,  lat.  46  41  N. 

Mougden,  or  C Kenyan,  capital  of  the  country 
of  the  Mantchew.  It  is  built  on  an  eminence, 
and  walled  in  by  walls  3  leagues  in  circumference. 
It  is  440  ms.  NE.  of  Peking.  Lon.  122  45  E., 
lat.  41  55  N. 

Moulins,  episcopal  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Allier,  and  late  province  of  Bourbonnois.  It  has 
a  bridge  over  the  Allier,  on  which  it  is  seated,  and 
takes  its  name  from  the  great  number  of  mills 
(moulins)  that  were  formerly  in  its  neighborhood, 
and  contains  above  16,000  inhabitants.  Its  man- 
ufacture of  cutlery  is  in  great  esteem.  It  is  30 
ms.  S.  of  Nevers.    Lon.  3  25  E.,  lat.  46  34  N. 

Moulins-Eugilberl,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Nievre,  and  late  province  of  Nivernois.  It  is 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  the  mountains  of  Morvan, 
and  is  5  ms.  SW.  of  Chateau-Chinon. 

Moullan,  province  of  Hindoostan  proper, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lahore,  on  the  E.  by 
Delhi  and  Agimere,  on  the  S.  by  Guzerat,  and 
on  the  W.  by  Persia  and  Candahar.  Its  products 
are  cotton,  sugar,  opium,  galls,  brimstone,  &c. 
It  was  subject  to  the  seiks  ;  but  its  capital,  Moul- 
san,  has  been  garrisoned  by  the  king  of  Candahar, 

ever  since  1779.  One  of  the  most  ancient  cities 

of  Hindoostan  proper,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  of  small  extent  for  a  capital, 
but  strongly  fortified,  and  has  a  Hindoo  temple  of 
great  celebrity.  The  trade  of  Moultan  has  been 
greatly  lessened,  on  account  of  the  river  having 
been  choked  up.  Here  is  a  particular  sect  of 
Hindoos,  called  Catry — a  tribe  of  warriors  suppo- 
608 


sed  to  be  the  Catheri  or  Cathei,  with  whom 
ander  warred  on  the  banks  of  the  M  alii.  M 
is  seated  on  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Indu 
ms.  SW.  of  Lahore,  and  310  SE.  of  Car 
Lon.  70  40  E.,  lat.  29  51  N.— See  Moolta 

Moultan,  SoutK,  corporate  town  of  E 
Devonshire.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  L,  I 
S.  Moulton  had  the  privilege  of  sending  mi 
to  Parliament,  and  was  a  royal  demesne, 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  has  a  manufac 
serges,  shalloons,  and  felt.  It  is  seated 
Moul,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Barnstable,  and  177 
S.  of  London.    Lon.  3  55  W.,  lat.  51  5  I> 

Moulton,  village,  Lawrence  co.,  Ala. 

MoultonborougK,  town,  Stafford  co.,  > 
N.  from  Lake  Winnipissiogee.  Pop.  1820, 

Mountains. — The  following  presents  a  i 
view  of  the  height  of  the  most  remarkable  i 
ains  of  the  earth  : 


AMERICA. 


Nevada  de  Sorata 
Nevada  d'lllimani,  1st 

peak 
Do.  2.1  peak  - 
Chimborazo  - 
Antisana 
Cotopaxi 

Arequipa,  volcano 
Descabecada  - 
Popocateptl  - 
Iliniza 

Citlalpetl,  or  peak  of 

Orizaba 
Tunguragua  - 
Nevado  de  Merida  - 
Germ  de  Potosi 
Pichincha 

Nevado  de  Mexico  - 

Coffre  de  Perote 

Big  Horn,  or  Long's 

peak 
Mount  St.  Elias 
James's  Peak 
Sierra  de  Cobre 
Serrania  Grande 
Mount  Fairweather  - 
Duida,  volcano 
Blue  Mountains 
Mount  Washington  - 
Guadnrrama  - 
White  Mountains  •- 
Blaaserk 

VV erner  Mountains  - 
Morne  Garou  - 
Souffriere 
Moose  Hillock 
Jorullo,  volcano 
Pelee 

Camel's  Rump 
Saddle  Mountain 
Kaatskill 
Killington  peak 
Grand  Monadnock  - 
Appalachian  peak 
Cape  Horn 


Feet. 

25,250    Andes  Peru  4 1  it 


24,450 
24,-iOO 
21,440 
19,150 
18,890 
18,373 
18,000 
17,716 
17,376 


17,371 
16,579 
16,420 
16,000 
15,940 
15,700 
13,514 

13,430 
12,670 
11,500 
9,000 
9,000 
8,970 
8,467 
7,486 
6,650 
6,400 
6,234 
6,000 
6,000 
5,110 
5,041 
4,636 
4,267 
4,260 
4,1  S3 
4,000 
3,454 
3,450 
3,254 
2,700 
1,870 


Mexican  chain 
Andes,  Bolivia. 

Mexican  chain 
Andes,  Bolivia. 
Colombia. 
Andes,  Bolivia. 

Mexican  chain 


Rocky  Moi 


Cuba. 
Haiti. 

Colombia.  ) 
Jamaica. 
White  Mts.,  N. 
Colombia. 
New  Hainpshir 
East  Greenland 

St.  Vincent,  W 
Guadaloupe,  W 
New  Hampshin  .S 
Mexico. 
Martinique,  W. 
United  Stases. 

New  York. 
Vermont. 
New  Hainpshir' 
United  States. 
Tierra  del  Fueg 


ASIA  AND  OCEANIA. 


Dhawalagiri  - 

Jewahir 

Jamautri 

Dhaibun 

Hindoo  Kho  - 

Mowna  Kha  - 

Elburz 

Agridagh,  or  Ararat 
Klioutshevskoi,  vol. 
Mowna- Hoa  - 
Kazbec 
Demavend 
Ophir 

Arjish-dagh,  Arcaaus 
Gunong,  Dempu,  vol. 
Egmont 

Koriatskaia,  volcano 


26,862 
25,749 
25,500 
24,740 
20,800 
18,400 
17,796 
17,266 
16,512 
16,020 
15,3-15 
15,000 
13,842 
13,100 
12,465 
11,433 
11,215 


Himalaya. 


Afghanistan. 
Owhyhee.  or  Ha  i. 
Caucasus. 
Armenia 
Kamtscbatka. 
Owhyhee,  or  Ha  >. 
Caucasus. 
Elburz,  Persia. 
Sumatra. 
Asia  Minor. 
Sumatra. 
New  Zealand. 
Kamtschatka. 


MOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.. 


MOU 


ASIA  AND  OCEANIA-Continued. 


EUROPE-Continned. 


I8t3ielukha 

9  »eak 
^0  i  talitskoi 

l  Crlonotskaia,  volcano 
g  phivelutsh,  volcano 
>%  rarmesan 
j|  (..ebanon 
>j  kwatska,  volcano 
2j  bodabetta 

paneshken  Kamen 
jjkPedro-talla-galla 
>jVIelin 

jg  |{irrigal  Pola  - 
j  tottapella 

peak  of  Iesso  - 

Mini 

tjiVdam's  Peak  - 
$  plympus 
H  pettigo 
wfiea  view  Hill  - 
ijliuplpaprt 
jjfTubramani 
|  I'ebel  Akral,  or  Cassius 
j  |iboo 
■i  da 

jburean  Mountains 
\  Saskirian  Ourals 
|  3enlomond 
•  rlain  of  Ispahan 
jlVlount  Wellington 
o  ^orest  Hill 
$  Vlount  York  - 
q  Vlount  Kxmouth 
j  king's  Table-land 
2  sugar  Loaf 
a  Chaisgour 
jlVlount  St.  Paul's 
5  Carmel 
t  Tabor 


11,000 
10,895 
10,735 
10,G25 
10,591 
10,050 
9,520 
8,700 
8,760 
8,50: 1? 
8,260 
8,200 
7,81(1 
7,720 
7,6b0 
7,500 
7,420 
6,500 
6,500 
6,500 
6,400 
5.560 
5,318 
5,100 
4,960 
4,480 
4,400 
4,200 
4,140 
3,795 
3,776 
3,292 
3,000 
2,827 
2,527 
2,400 
2,400 
2,160 
1,950 


Altai,  Siberia. 

Otaheite. 

Altai. 

Kanitschatka. 

Banca. 
Syria. 

Kanitschatka. 
Neilgherries,  India. 
Ourals. 
Ceylon. 

Quantong,  China. 
Ceylon. 

Island  of  Iesso. 
Arabia  fetraea. 
Ceylon. 
Asia  Minor. 
Western  Ghauts. 
New  .^outh  Wales. 
Quelpaerl  island. 
Western  Ghauts,  India 
Syria. 

Aravulli,  India. 
Asia  Minor. 
Corea. 
Siberia. 

Van  Dieman's  Land. 
Irak,  Persia. 
Van  Dieman's  Land. 
New  South  Wales. 


Vindhya  Mts.,  India. 
Van  Dieman's  Land. 
Syria. 


AFRICA. 


'  dountains  of  Geesh 
|  Mountains  of  Amid 
I  'ameroons 
j  'eak 

J  .-amalmon 

6  'diltsin 

7  jJlarence  Peak 

3  tfieuveldt 

3  'ompassberg  - 

0  Volcano 

1  .Tarania 
i  'volcano 

3  Trigo 

4  >eak 
j  'eak 

6  Chamies 
luivu 

8  'vombenr 

'•»  Table  Mountain 

*  Jevils  Peak  - 

I  rreen  Mountain 

•  Diana's  Peak  - 

3  lion's  Hpad  I 

4  i Jape  of  Good  Hope 
I  'yramid  of  Cheops 


15.000 
13,000 
13,000 
12,236 
11,400 
11,200 
10,655 

10,000 
10,000 

7,88-1 
7,^00 
7.680 
7,400 
6,900 
6,400 
5,300 
5,162 

5,000 
3,582 
3,315 
2,868 
2,692 
2,166 
1,000 
720 


Gojam,  Abyssinia. 

Biafra. 
Teneriffe. 

Samen  Mts.,  Abyssinia- 
Morocco. 
Fernando  Po. 
Beaufort,  Cape  of  Good 

Hope. 
Gaffreynet,  do. 
Fogo,  C.  Verd  islands. 
Tigrk  Abyssinia. 
Isle  de  Bourbon. 
Canaries. 
Pico.  Azores. 
Tristan  d'Acunha. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Madeira. 

Beaufort,  Cape  of  Good 

Hope. 
Capo  of  Good  Hope. 

Ascension  island. 

St.  Helena. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Egypt. 


EUROPE. 


I  Wont  Blanc 
I  dont  Rosa 
i  )nler  Spitze 
1  j'Alle  Blanche 
»  -ouceira 
S  ,x)upi'on 
P  ''inster-aar  horn 
I  "area. 
J  Jlan 

)  ungfrauhorn 
1  lilockner 
I  l»chreck-horn 
3  prteles 
I  preit  horn 
» Wager- horn 
I  Linen  Wartshohe 
[  Wulahacen 
3  VIont  Cenis 
}  Pico  de  Veleta 

77* 


15,781 
15,585 
15,43  ) 
14,775 
14,451 
14,144 
14,116 
14,040 
13.83S 
13,72) 
13,713 
13,397 
12,859 
12.SII0 
12,217 
11,676 
11,673 
11,460 
11,398 


Alps. 


Sierra  Nevada,  Spain. 
Alps. 

Sierra  Nevada,  Spain. 


Mont  Perdu 
Maladetta 
Great  St.  Bernard 
Sirnplon 

Monte  Gibello,  (iEtna) 
Aiguille  Noire 
Pic  Blanc 
Buet 

Gross  KogI 
Little  St.  Bernard 
Canigou 
Lomnitz 
Orbelus 
Guadarrama 
Veil  no 

Pic  d'Arbizon 
Parnassus 
Paygetus 
Pindus 
Mont  d'Or 
Anion  Oros,  (Athos) 
Olympus 
Brenner 
Puy  de  Caulal 
Puy  de  Sansi 
Oraefa  Yokul 
Areskuten 
Rigi 
Malhao 
Sulitelma 
Dole 

St.  Angelo 
Rossberg 
Gross  Rader 
Scheekopf 
Dovrefeldt 
Puy  de  Dome 
Ochscnkop 
Vesuvio 
Erzgebirge 
Brocken 
Montserrat 
St.  Oreste 
Gibraltar 
Valdai  Hills 
Montmartre 


11,283 
11,057 
11,006 
11.000 

10,963 
10,505 
10,20.) 
10,112 

9,700 
9,594 
9,290 
8,540 
8,500 
8,500 
8,397 
8,344 
8,000 
7,200 
7,000 
6,707 
6,700 
6,500 
6,463 
6,355 
6,300 
6,240 
6,180 
6,050 
6,000 
5,910 
5,412 
5.260 
5,154 
4,972 
4,950 
4,875 
4,750 
3,980 
3,978 
3,781 
3,690 
3,300 
2,271 
1,439 
1,200 
400 


Pyrenees. 

Alps. 

Sicily. 
Alps. 
Pyrenees. 
Alps. 


Pyrenees. 

Carpathians. 

Gieece. 

Sierra  de  Guadarrama. 

Naples. 

Pyrenees. 

Greece. 

Morea. 

Albania. 

Puy  de  Dome. 

Greece. 

Tyrol ese  Alps. 
Auvergne,  France. 

Iceland. 

JempAland,  Sweden. 

Schweiz. 

Estramadura. 

Norway. 

Mont  Jura. 

Lipari  islands. 

Alps. 

Silesia. 

Riesengebirge,  Silesia. 
Dovrefeldt,  Norway. 
Puy  de  Dome,  France. 
Fichtelgebirge,  Bohe'a. 
Naples. 
Bohemia. 

Hartzwald,  Germany. 
Catalonia. 

States  of  the  Church,  It. 
Andalusia. 
Novgorod,  Russia. 
Dep.  of  La  Seine,  Fr. 


■BRITISH  ISLANDS. 


Greenwich  observat'y 

Holyhead 

Carraton 

Penmaen  Maur 

Axedge 

Pendfehill 

Brown  Clee 

Holmemoss 

Hi^h  Pike 

Camlell 

Whernside 

Hedgehope 

Ingleborough 

Plinlimmon  , 

Cradle  Mountain 

Coniston  Fell 

Caermarthen  Van 

Cheviot 

Grassmere  Fell 

Arrenig 

Crossfell 

Bowfell 

Cadir  Idris 

Arran  Fowddy 

Helvelyn 

Skiddaw 

Caraedd,  Dafydd 

Carnedd,  Llewellyn 

Saowdon 

Cairngorum 

Ben  Macdui 

Ben  Nevis 

Ben  Lawers 

B  in  More 

Ben  More 

Ben  Gloe 

Ben  Wyvis 

Ben  Ledi 

Schehallien 

Beiu  Deirg 

Ben  Ferkinich 

Mount  Battock 

Macgillicuddy's  Reeks 


214 

709 
1,208 
1,540 
1,751 
1,803 
1,805 
1,859 
2,101 
2,245 
2.334 
2;347 
2,361 
2,463 
2,545 
2,577 
2,596 
2,658 
2,755 
2,809 
2,901 
2,911 
2,914 
2,969 
3,055 
3,022 
3,427 
3.467 
3,571 
4.050 
4^18 
4,358 
3,941 
3,903 
3,818 
3,724 
3,720 
3,651 
3,613 
3,55H 
3,482 
3,450 
3,410 


Northumberland. 

Yorkshire. 

Cardiganshire. 

Brecknockshire. 

Westmoreland. 

Caermarthanshire. 

Northumberland. 

Cumberland. 

Merionethshire. 

Cumberland. 

Merionethshire. 

Cumberland. 

Caernarvon. 


Inverness  shire. 

Aberdeenshire. 

Inverness  shire. 

Perthshire. 

Sulherlandshire. 

Perthshire. 


Kincardineshire. 
Kerry,  Ireland- 

609 


MOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MO 


BRITISH  ISLANDS  -Continued. 


The  following  notices  of  some  colossal  isolated 
peaks  of  the  peninsula  of  Kamtschatka,  seen  from 
Avatscha  or  Awatsha  bay,  were  made  and  remit- 
ted to  Europe  by  the  officers  of  the  Siniavin,  a 
Russian  ship,  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  in  1828: 

Feet. 

Viluschinjkaja  -  6,342 
Karazkaja    '       -  -  -  -11,468 

Avatschankaja,  (the  burning,)  an  active 

volcano. 
Kaselskaja. 

Kluschesskaja,  or  Kamschatskaja  -  16,542 

The  latter  visible  at  the  great  distance  of  160  sea 
miles. 

Mountains.—* Those  great  ribs  of  the  earth  ad- 
mit, tbough  with  some  vagueness,  arrangement  in 
systems,  chains,  and  isolated  peaks — the  latter 
comparatively  rare,  and  in  some  cases,  where  ap- 
parently separate,  are  probably  only  so  about  the 
earth's  surface.  As  a  general  fact,  the  mountains 
of  America  range  with  deflection  from  the  merid- 
ians, whilst  those  of  the  opposing  continent  de- 
flect from  the  latitudes.  In  both  cases  there  are, 
however,  exceptions,  of  which  the  Ghauts  of  In- 
dia, and  Urals  separating  Europe  in  part  from 
Asia,  are  examples. 

The  Spanish  language  has,  as  regards  mount- 
ains, a  decided  advantage  over  any  of  the  other 
languages  of  Europe.  Sierra,  from  the  Spanish, 
for  a  saw,  is  applied  to  a  system  rising  in  pointed 
peaks.  Nevada,  Spanish,  signifies  a  mountain 
crowned  with  perpetual  snow  ;  Cordillera, 
stretched  as  rope.  In  each  case  the  names  are 
adjectives,  and  describe  as  well  as  designate  the 
particular  mountain  under  consideration.  The 
American  mountains  are  mostly  cordillera. 

To  give  an  example  of  the  difference  between  a 
system  and  chain  of  mountains,  we  may  bring 
forward  the  Appalachian,  of  the  U.  S.,  and  the 
Alps,  of  Europe.  The  Appalachian  comprise  the 
chains  of  Blue  Ridge,  Cumberland,  Alleghany, 
Chestnut,  Laurel,  Kittatinny,  &c.  The  Alps 
comprise,  with  others,  the  chains  of  Cottian,  be- 
tween Ttaly  and  France,  Pennine,  between  Italy 
610 


and  Switzerland,  Lepontine,  Brenner,  Julian  ,. 
mic,  &c.    Examples,  illustrative  of  the  sarin  5. 
tinctive  principles,  could  be  drawn,  and  wit] 
tures  on  a  very  much  more  enlarged  scale,  n 
the  mountains  of  South  America  and  Asia. 

An  interesting  problem  on  the  distance  v  h 
a  mountain  can  be  seen  on  the  surface  of  the  h 
will  be  found  stated  in  this  volume,  note  to  cc 
p.  115.  We  may  here  add,  that  when  the  ;. 
tance  is  known  and  not  the  height,  the  latte  n 
be  deduced  by  division — both  independent  oil 
fraction,  which  varies  to  a  great  extent  frorr  e 
changes  of  atmospheric  density. 

Mountain  Creek,  post  office,  Lincoln  co.  . 
C,  175  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Mountain  Island,  village,  Scott  co.,  Ky. 

Mountain  Shoals,  village,  Laurens  distrit  i. 
C,  80  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Mount  Mry,  village,  Surry  co.,  N.  C.  y 
postroad  172  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh.  - 
Village,  Bledsoe  co.,  Term.,  90  ms.  ea*  y 
from  Murfreesborough. 

Mount  Bethel,  village,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J 

Mount  Bethel,  Lower,  tp.,  Northampton  ., 
Pa.,  betweei  Delaware  river,  Plainfield  tp.  e 
Blue  mountain,  and  Upper  Mount  Bethel,  8  s. 
N.  from  Easton.    Pop.  1820,  2,442. 

Mount  Bethel,  Upper,  tp.,  Northampton  , 
Pa.,  above  the  preceding.    Pop.  1820,  2,18! 

Mount  Carmel,  town,  Edward's  co.,  Ill  d 
the  right  bank  of  the  Wabash,  opposite  the  no  h 
of  the  White  river. 

Mount  Clemens,  village  and  seat  of  ju; 
Macomb  co.  Mich.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Hur  rf 
Lake  St.  Clair,  4  ms.  above  its  mouth,  and  N  !. 
from  Detroit. 

Mount  Clio,  village,  Sumpter  district  S, ,, 
52  ms.  E.  from  Columbia. 

Mount  Desert,  island,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  in- 
stituting a  tp.  about  40  ms.  E.  from  Castine. 

Mount  Edgecumbe,  prodigious  peak,  or  ie 
W.  side  of  the  entrance  of  Cook's  strait,  in  I 
Zealand.  Its  height  is  supposed  to  be  very  le 
inferior  to  that  of  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe. 

Mount  Eton,  village,  Darlington  district  S  •, 
77  ms.  NE.  from  Columbia. 

Mount  JEtna  Furnace,  and  post  office,  B  ?r 
co.,  Penn. 

Mount  Gilead,  post  office,  Loudon  co.,  ., 
43  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C. 

Mount  Henry,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Tt 
67  ms.  NW.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Mount  Holly,  town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  20*. 

W.  from  Windsor.  Village,  capital  of  Bur  \- 

ton  co.,  N.  J.,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  A  >- 
cus  creek,  about  18  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  n 
Philadelphia. 

Mount  Hope,  village,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y  - 
Village,  Shenandoah  co.,  Va. 

Mount  Hope  Bay,  the  NE.  extension  of  * 
ragansett  bay.  It  communicates  with  the  E.  "1 
W.  channels  of  Rhode  Island  setting  up  from  « 
northern  extremity  of  the  island,  between  Bui 
and  Newport  counties  into  Bristol  co.,  Mass. 'fi 
the  borders  of  which  it  receives  Taunton  rivf 

Mount  Hope  Hill,  R.  I.,  W.  shore  of  M  rt 
Hope  bay,  on  the  point  SE.  from  the  villa|0f 
Bristol.  It  is  remarkable  as  being  the  resiJ  * 
of  the  celebrated  Indian  king  Philip. 


Scairsoch 
Ben  Cruachan 
Ben  Gurdy 
Ben  Aan 
Ben  Voirlich 
Ben  Lomond 
Sleibh  Dorin 
Ben  Venue 
Black  Larg 
The  Cobbler 
Dollarburn 
Broad  Law 
Croash  Patrick 
Harlfell 
Lowther  Hill 
IVIorne  Hills 
Paps  of  Jura 
Tintock 
Croaghan 
Pentland  Hills 
Campsie  Hills 
Eildon  Hills 
Arthur  Seat 
Salisbury  Craig 
Edinburgh  Ca3tle 
Goatfell 
Snaefell 
Dun  nose 
Ailsa  Craig 
Bass  Rock 


3,400 
3,890 
3,364 
3,301 
3,270 
3,191 
3,150 
3,000 
2,890 
2,S63 
2,840 
2,800 
2,GG6 
2,035 
2,522 
2.500 
2^70 
2,306 
1,850 
1,700 
1,500 
1,300 
822 
560 
434 
2,945 
2,004 
810 
1439 
400 


Aberdeenshire. 

Argyleshire. 

Perthshire. 


Stirlingshire. 

Derry. 

Perthshire. 

Ayrshire. 

Argyleshire. 

Peeblesshire. 

Mayo,  Ireland. 

Dumfriesshire. 

Lanarkshire. 

Downshire. 

Argyleshire. 

Lanarkshire. 

Kinshelly. 

Mid-Lothian. 

Stirlingshire. 

Roxburghshire. 

Mid-Lothian. 


MOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MOU 


unit  Horeb,  village,  Nelson  co.,  Va.,  about 
iOlns.  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

junt  Horeb,  village,  Jasper  co.,  Ga.,  24  ms. 
NX  from  Milleilgeville. 

Hint  Jackson,  village,  Beaver  co.,  Penn. 
Hint  Joy,    town,    Lancaster   co.,  Penn., 
bouded  by  Little  Chiques  creek  E.,  the  SE.  limit 
f  nuphin  co.,  or  Conewago  creek  NW.,  and 
j  i0i  gal  tp.  S. 

junt  Joy,  tp.  Adams  co.,  Penn.,  5  ms.  SE. 
!o>  Gettysburg,  on  the  N.  boundary  of  Md., 
agietween  Willalaways  and  Rock  creeks.  Pop. 
ui  |20,  935. 

.junt  Laurel,  village,  Halifax  co.,  Va.,  125 
is  5 W.  from  Richmond. 

J,>unt  Morris,  town,  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y., 
h«tpen  the  tp.  of  Sparta  and  Genessee  river, 
35  ms.  SW.  from  Canandaigua. 
Jiunt  Morris,  post  office,  Green  co.,  Penn. 
.>unt  Mourne,  Iredell  co.,  N.  C,  144  ms.  W. 

0  Raleigh. 

junt  Murray,  seigniory,  Northumberland  co., 
L.  L  on  the  left  side  of  St.  Lawrence,  75  ms. 
"«J '  Quebec. 

junt  Pilot,  Sumner  co.,  Tenn. 

junt  Pisgah,  post  office,  Iredell  co.,  N.  C, 

1 5(ns.  W.  from  Raleigh  Post  office,  Wilcox 

co.  Ma.,  43  ms.  from  Cahaba. 

mint  Pleasant,  town  and  tp.,  West  Chester 
>  V.  Y.,  on  Hudson  river,  33  ms.  above  the 
itj»f  N.  Y.    It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy,  and 

1  ins  the  village  of  Singsing.  Village,  Lan- 

'  Wrco.,  Penn.,  6  ms.  W.  from  Lancaster.  

oi,  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn.    The  village  is 

11  icob's  creek,  16  ms.  S.  from  Greensburg.  

1,  Wayne  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  headwaters  of 

-aawaxen  creek,  commencing  5  ms.  NW.  from 
Beany.    Pop.  in  1820,  874.  Village  Md., 

I  e  line  between  Queen  Ann  and  Caroline  cos., 

xvithin  1  mile  of  the  W.  boundary  of  Del., 

•to.-  12  ms.  W.  from  Dover.  Village,  Shen- 

ao«jah  co.  Va.  1 13  ms.  westerly  from  W.  C.  

ige,  Spottsylvania  co.,  Va.,  by  postroad  86  ms. 
N.'om  Richmond  Village,  Halifax  co.,  Va., 

y>stroad  167  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond.  

Vige,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  C,  by  postroad 

18'ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh.  -Village,  Fair- 

*lco.,S.  C,  44  ms.  N.  from  Columbia.  

1  ge,  Baldwin  co.,  Ga.,  10  ms.  from  Milledge- 

mnt  Pleasant,  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Jeffer- 
•»o.,  Ohio,  21  ms.  SW.  from  Steubenville. 
Gaining  120  dwelling  houses,  1,468  inhabi- 
'*B  a  printing  office,  a  bank,  several  stores,  a 
cnl  and  market  houses  of  brick,  and  a  brick 
King  house,  92  by  62  feet  area,  two  stories 
if  belonging  to  the  Friends,  beside  two  others, 
k'ise  of  brick,  for  Seceders  and  Methodists, 
n  vjthin  six  ms.  around  are  1 1  flouring  mills, 

2  iw  mills,  a  paper  mill  with  two  vats,  and  a 
'vtsn  cloth  factory,  beside  two  common  fulling 
'aif.  The  site  of  this  village  is  elevated  and 
pl«  ant,  with  a  well  cultivated  vicinity.    Pop.  in 

'8ji,  1,676  in  the  tp.  including  the  village.  

"^i'ge,  Martin  co.,  Ia. ,  by  post  road  144  ms.  SS  W. 

I  Indianapolis.  Village,  Maury  co.,  Tenn., 

50pis.  SW.    from   Murfreesborough.  Post 

°ff;j,  Wilkinson  co.,  Miss.,  123  ms.  SW.  from 
'a  son.  Post  office,  E.  Baton  Rouge  parish, 


La.,  106  ms.  NW.  from  New  Orleans.  Mills 

and  post  office,  Union  co.,  Penn.,  46  ms.  N.  from 
Harrisburg. 

Mount  Prospect,  village,  Edgecomb  co.,  N.  C, 
73  ms.  easterly  from  Raleigh. 

Mount  Republic,  post  office,  Wayne  co.,  Penn. 
Mountsbay,  bay  of  Eng.,  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Cornwall,  between  the  Lands  End,  and  the  Lizard 
Point.  It  is  so  named  from  the  lofty  mountains 
of  Mount  St.  Michael,  which  rise  within  it. 
Among  the  rocks,  on  this  part  of  »he  coast,  breeds 
the  Cornish  chough,  or  red  legged  crow,  noted  for 
stealing  and  carrying  away  whatever  it  finds.  In 
Mountsbay  is  a  considerable  pilchard  fishery. 

Mount  Solus,  post  office,  Hinds  co.,  Miss.,  70 
ms  southwardly  from  Jackson. 

Mountsorrel,  town  in  Eng.3  in  Leicestershire, 
so  named  from  a  high  mount  or  rock,  of  a  sorrel- 
coloured  stone,  extremely  hard.  Of  rough  stones, 
hewn  out  of  this  rock,  the  town  is  built.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Stour,  53  ms.  SSE.  of  Derby,  and 
105  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  9  W.  lat.  52 
45  N. 

Mount  Sterling,  village,  Switzerland  co.,  Ia., 

103    ms.    SE.   from   Indianapolis.  Village, 

Montgomery  co.,  Ky.,  35  ms.  E.  from  Lexington. 

Mount  Upton,  Village  on  Unadilla  river,  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  Butternut  creek,  Chenango 
co.,N.  Y.,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Norwich. 

Mount  Vernon,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  14 
ms.  N  W.  of  Augusta,  or  Kennebec  river.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,293.  Tp.,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H., 

92  ms.  S.  from  Concord.     Pop.  in  1820,  729, 

 Village,  Chester  co.,  Penn. 

Mount  Vernon,  seat  of  the  late  General  Wash- 
ington, and  his  favorite  retreat  from  the  fatigues  of 
public  employment;  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Potomac  river,  15  ms.  below 
the  city  of  Washington,  and  9  ms.,  below  Alex- 
andria. Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Mont- 
gomery co.,  Ga.,  N.  lat.  32  13,  lon.  W.  C.  5 
48  W. 

Mount  Vernon,  town  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Knox  co.,  O.,  on  the  N.  bank  of  Owl  creek,  20 
ms.,  from  its  mouth.  This  "town  contains  about 
80  dwelling  houses,  403  inhabitants,  a  printing 
office,  a  brick  court  house  and  jail,  eight  stores, 
a  merchant  mill,  and  a  saw  mill,  and  within  6  ms. 
there  are  9  grist  and  saw  mills,  3  carding  ma- 
chines, one  of  which  is  for  cotton."  Distance  40 
ms.  W.  from  Coshocton,  54  NW.  from  Zanes- 
ville,  and  44  NE.  from  Columbus.  N.  lat.  40 
24  VV.  Ion.  5  32.     Pop.  in  1840,  village  and  tp., 

2,362.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Rockcastle, 

co.,  Ky.,  75  ms.  SE.  from  Frankfort.    Lat.  37 

24  N.  lon.  W.  C.  7  10  W.  Village,  Bullit 

co.,  Ky.,  25  ms.  SSE.  from  Louisville.  Vil- 
lage on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  Posey 
co.,  Ia.,  5  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Wabash  river. 

 Village,  Jefferson  co.,  111.,  by  post  road  69 

ms.  S.  from  Vandalia. 

Mountville,  village,  Loudon  co.,  Va.,  40  ms. 
NW.from  W.  C. 

Mount  Washington,  the  highest  of  the  peaks 
of  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire.  Its 
elevation  above  the  ocean  6,634  feet,  as  ascertained 

by  Captain  Partridge.  Tp.,  Berkshire  co., 

Mass.,  25  ms.  SSE.  from  Lenox. 
Mount  Zion,  village,  Union  co.,  Kv.,  by  post 

611 


MOW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MUD 


road  236  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort.  

Village,  Hancock  co.,  Ga.,  26  ms.  NE.  from 

Milledgeville.  Village,  Monroe  co.,  Mo.,  176 

ms.  from  St.  Charles. 

Moura,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Ardita  and  Gaudiana,  87 
ms.  SE.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  5  59  W.  lat.  38°  N. 

Mourzook,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  in  Africa, 
situated  on  a  small  river,  and  supplied  with  waier 
from  a  multitude  of  springs  and  wells.  Being 
formerly  built  of  stone,  it  still  retains  the  appella- 
tion of  a  Christian  town  ;  and  the  medley  which 
it  presents  to  the  eye,  of  the  vast  ruins  of  ancient 
buildings,  and  the  humble  cottages  of  earth  and 
sand  that  form  the  dwellings  of  its  present  Arab 
inhabitants,  is  singularly  grotesque  and  strange. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  which  not  only 
affords  the  means  of  defence,  but  enables  the  Gov- 
ernment to  collect,  at  its  three  gates,  a  tax  on  all 
goods,  (provisions  excepted)  that  are  brought  for 
the  supply  of  its  people.  A  caravan  sets  out  an- 
nually from  Mesurata  to  this  place  ;  and  hence  the 
Fezzanners  themselves  despatch,  every  year,  a  cara- 
van to  Cashna  and  another  to  Bornou.  Mourzook  is 
262  ms.  S.  of  Mesurata,  650  NW.  of  Bornou,  and 
710  N.  by  E.  of  Cashna.  Lat.  27  20  N.,  lon. 
15  5  E. 

Mossy,  river  of  Hindoostan,  which,  crossing 
the  country  of  Golconda,  runs  into  the  Kistna  on 
the  confines  of  the  circar  of  Palnaud. 

Moustiers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Low- 
er Alps,  and  late  province  of  Provence.  It  is  noted 
for  a  manufacture  of  fine  porcelain,  and  for  a  once 
famous  pilgrimage,  called  Our  Lady  of  Beauvezer, 
seated  between  two  very  lofty  and  craggy  moun- 
tains. Moustiers  is  5  ms.  NE.  of  Kiez,  and  47 
WNW.  of  Nice. 

Mouth  of  Black  Rive?',  post  office,  Cuyahoga 
co.,  Ohio,  10  ms.  W.  from  Cleveland,  and  146 
me.  NNE.  from  Columbus. 

Mouth  of  Blain,  post  office,  Lawrence  co.,  Ky., 
177  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Mouth  of  Tellico,  post  office  on  Tennessee  riv- 
er, where  the  road  crosses  between  Athens  and 
Maryville,  30  ms.  SW.  from  Knoxville. 

Moutier,  or  Monstier,  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of 
Torentesia,  with  an  archiepiscopal  palace.  Ic  is 
seated  on  the  Isere,  62  ms.  NW.  of  Turin.  Lon. 
6  23  E.,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Mouson,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  Ardennes,  and  late  province  of  Champagne, 
with  a  late  rich  Benedictine  abbey.  If  is  seated 
on  the  Meuse,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Sedan,  and  110  NE. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  5  10  E.,  lat.  49  33  N. 

Mousul,  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  pachalic 
of  Bagdad,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tigris,  oppo- 
site the  village  of  Nunia,  supposed  to  be  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Ninevah.  Mousul  is  a  mart  of  ex- 
tensive trade,  inhabited  by  about  35,000  persons, 
composed  of  Turks,  Greeks,  Armenians,  Jews, 
Curds,  and  Arabs.    Lat.  36  21  N. 

Mowee,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  discovered 
by  Captain  Cook,  is  162  ms.  in  circumference.  A 
low  isthmus  divides  it  into  two  circular  peninsulas, 
of  which  the  eastern  is  double  the  size  of  the  wes- 
tern. The  mountains  in  both  rise  to  a  very  great 
height,  and  may  be  seen  at  more  than  the  distance 
of  30  leagues.  The  N.  shores  afford  no  sound- 
ings, but  the  country  presents  an  appearance  of 
612 


verdure  and  fertility.  Near  the  W.  point  (  ^ 
smaller  peninsula  is  a  spacious  bay,  with  a  i 
beach,  shaded  with  cocoa  nut  trees.  The  i  n. 
try  behind  has  a  most  romantic  appearance  ie 
hills  rising  in  a  great  variety  of  peaked  forms  1(j 
i heir  steep  sides,  and  the  deep  chasms  bet  !Q 
them,  are  covered  with  trees.  The  inhab  t8 
are  computed  at  65,000.  Lon.  175  56  W.  ,t. 
20  53  N. 

Moxahala,  or  Jonathan's  Creek,  rising  ii  )e 
northern  part  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio,  flows  E.  i  M 
Muskingum  co.,  into  Muskingum  river,  wh  m 
enters  3  ms.  below  Zanesville. 

Maxos,  the  northern  province  of  the  t  ><) 
Provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres,  bounded  by  the  r- 
tuguese  territories  NE.,  Peru  N.  and  NW  ,a 
Paz  W.,  Cochabamba  S.,  and  Chiquitos  SE  ?. 
ing  between  lat.  12°  and  18°  S.,  and  bet  n 
lon.  9°  and  16°  E.  from  W.  C.  It  is  draimfl 
the  Gaupare,  Branco,  Mamore,  and  other  sin  s, 
confluents  of  the  Madeira. 

Moyamensing,  tp.,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa  m 
the  Delaware,  between  Southwark  and  the  n  ,a 
of  the  Schuylkill,  having  Passyunk  W.  Po  n 
1810,  2,887;  in  1820,  3,963. 

Moyenvic,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart  it 
of  Meurlhe,  and  late  province  of  Lorrain,  ret  i- 
able  for  its  salt  pits.  It  is  3  ms.  from  Vic,  ai  0 
SSE.  of  Nancy. 

Mozaeies,  a  white  Mohammedan  peop  jf 
northern  Africa  of  whom  Hodgson  thus  spt  ir 
"The  Mozabites  are  a  remarkably  white  pe 
and  profess  the  Mohammedan  religion.  '  y 
inhabit  an  Oasis  or  Egzer  of  the  Sahara  about  0 
ms.  southward  of  Algiers."  Their  country  n 
the  southern  side  or  slope  of  the  Atlas  mount  s. 
N.  lat.  31°. 

Mozambique. — See  Africa,  p.  28.  _ 

Mozcislow,  strong  town  of  Lithuania,  capii  )f 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Sofz,  % 
ms.  S.  of  Smolensko.  Lon  32  32  E.,  bit  4 
28  N. 

Msta,  river  of  European  Russia,  rising  in  ie 
government  of  Tver,  and  flowing  NW.  into  e 
Umen,  nearly  opposite  Novogorod.  It  forms  a  rt 
of  the  great  inland  communication  between  e 
waters  of  the  Baltic  sea  and  those  of  the  V  a 
river.  It  is  united  to  the  Tver,  at  Nischnei  >• 
lokshok  hy  a  canal  which  has  been  formed  thn  h 
the  valleys  of  the  Valday  hills. 

Mucheln,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thu- 
gia,  6  ms.  N.  of  Freyburg,  and  8  SW.  of  hv 
burg.  This  town  was  burned  in  1621  by  thcr 
perialists,  under  the  command  of  Count  '1 1 
Lon.  II  39  E.,  lat.  51  15  N. 

Muchelney,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Somersets  I 
2  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Langport. 

Mucidan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Dordo  \ 
and  late  province  of  Perigerd,  seated  on  the  " 
Isle,  18  ms.  SW.  of  Periguex. 

Mud  Camp,  post  office,  Cumberland  co.,  II 
150  ms.  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Mud  Creek,  A  stream  of  Ontario  co.,  Pf.  » 
joining  the  outlet  of  Ontario  Lake,  near  Ly  »• 
The  Erie  canal  follows  the  valley  of  this  c  k 

about  16  ms.  Post  office,  Steuben  co.,  N.  > 

10  ms.  E.  from  Bath. 

Muddy  River,  stream  of  Illinois,  rising  in  I1- 
dolph,  Washington,  Jefferson,  and  Franklin  *. 


MUL      *      GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  MUL 


in  arious  branches  flow  SE.,  and,  uniting  in 
c  Hi,  enter  the  Mississippi  on  the  limit  be- 
|  the  latter  and  Union  co.    It  is  navigable  for 

a  30  or  40  ms.  Small  river  of  Ky.,  using 

Izan  and  Todd,  and,  flowing  N.  between 
ir  and  Muhlenburg  cos.,  falls  into  the  S.  side 
cen  river. 

feher,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 

;t  shopric  of  Saltzburg,  crosses  Styria,  passing 
/  ^Jenburgh,  Luben,  Muehr,  and  Gratz,  and 

Unto  the  Drave,  near  Kanisea,  in  Hungary. 

kehr,  or  Mueraw,  considerable  town  of  Ger- 
acj  in  the  duchy  of  Styria,  on  the  river  Muehr, 
i  i.  N  W.  of  Gratz,  and  40  SW.  of  Neustadt. 
^15  4  E.,  lat.  47  16  N. 

}?zzin. — See  Muzzin. 

J*»fti,  or  Moufti,  or  Mujfhti,  Arabic,  from 
to  instruct  in  the  truth  by  responses  and 
d^nts.    It  is  the  title  of  the  Mahometan  high 
e.amongst  the  Turks,  and  who  resides  in  Con- 
mople.    This  priest  is  the  sovereign  interpre- 
(the  Koran,  and  his  decisions  final  on  all  but 
jltan,  by  whom  they  are  generally,  though 
it  vays,  respected  and  obeyed. 

rgia,  or  Muglia,  town  of  Italy,  in  Vene- 
id  tria,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the 
;n  lame,  5  ms.  SE.  of  Trieste.  Lon.  14  2 
I  :.  45  52  N. 

tlhlburg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  mar- 
of  Miessen.  It  is  situated  on  the  Elbe, 
is  castle,  and  is  19  ms.  NW.  of  Meissen,  and 
t  ljV.  of  Dresden.  Lon  13  9  E.,  lat.  51  25  N. 
Mil-Rreis,  or  Yiertel,  Quarter  of  Muhl,  that 
m  Lower  Austria  between  the  Danube  and 

h  lia. 

mlenburg,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Muddy 
err  Butler  co.  SE.,  Todd  S.,  Christian  SW., 
nt  iver  or  Hopkins  W.,  Deer  creek,  or  Hen- 
rwf  NW.,  and  Green  river  or  Daviess  N. 
;nfi  40  ms.,  mean  width  17,  area  about  540 
.  ri.  Chief  town,  Greenville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
Ht\  and  in  1840,  6,964  Lat.  37  16  N.,  lon. 
W  10°  W. 

Hklrose,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  mid  • 
!  iirche  of  Brandenburg.  It  is  conveniently 
*B9  ms.  SW.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  on 
m\,  which  forms  navigable  communication 
n  arnburg  to  Breslaw. 

mrkirky  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayreshire, 
iteon  the  river  Ayr,  and  noted  for  a  consider- 
<e  (in  work. 

Wberry  Creek,  post  office,  Autauga  co.,  Ala., 
ni  E.  from  Cahaba.  v 
VLberry  Grove,  post  office,  Smith  co.,  Tenn., 
ir  NE.  from  Murfreesborough. 
W  berry  River. — See  Black  Warrior. 
Wiaw,  river  of  Bohemia,  which  rises  on  the 
ifijs  of  Moravia,  and  running  by  Budweisand 
*g,  falls  into  the  Elbe  at  Melnick.  Though 
'  lie  has  received  the  preference,  as  taking  the 
n<  t  the  general  stream,  Muldaw  is  considera- 
te principal  branch,  being  much  longer,  and 
«i"iig  more  and  larger  tributaries  than  does  the 
tepove  their  junction. 

MMorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  archbisho- 
Saltzburg,  and  40  ms.  E.  of  Munich. 
K  25  E.,  lat.  48  10  N. 
tier's  Hill,  post  office,  Greene  co.,  Ky.,  96 
W.  from  Frankfort. 


Mulhausen,  imperial  and  Hanseatic  town  of 
Germany,  in  Thuringia,  under  the  protection  of 
the  elector  of  Saxony.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
country,  on  the  Unstrutht,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Eise- 
nach, and  45  E.  by  S.  of  Cassel.  Lon.  10  49  E., 

lat.  51  13  N.  Considerable  town  of  France,  in 

Alsace,  formerly  the  capital  of  a  republic  in  alli- 
ance with  the  Swiss,  and  entitled  to  all  the  privi- 
leges of  the  Helvetic  confederacy.  The  walls  of 
the  town  enclose  a  circumference  of  not  more 
than  2  ms.,  and  its  whole  territory  is  confined 
within  a  precinct  of  8  ms.  The  town  contains 
6,000  inhabitants,  who  are  protestants;  and  there 
are  2,000  subjects  in  its  adjacent  villages.  It  owes 
its  present  flourishing  state  to  its  manufactures, 
which  are  chiefly  of  printed  linens  and  cottons. 
It  is  well  built,  adorned  with  handsome  structures, 
and  seated  in  a  pleasant  fertile  country,  on  an 
island  formed  by  the  river  111.  It  is  15  ms.  NW. 
of  Basle,  and  20  E.  of  Befort.  Lon.  7  24  E., 
lat.  47  48  N. 

Mulheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate 
of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  3  ms.  from  Co- 
logne.   Here  the  few  protestants  in  Cologne  are 
obliged  to  go  to  perform  divine  worship. 
Mullas,  or  Moxlahs,  Tartar  priests. 
Mall,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland,  an  island 
of  considerable  size,  being  25  ms.  in  length,  and 
n  some  places  of  equal  breadth.    There  are  many 
good  natural  harbors  ;  but  there  is  only  one  vil- 
lage, called  Tobermorey,  where  a  fishing  station 
has  been  lately  established  by  the  British  society. 
The  soil  is,  for  the  most  part,  rocky  and  barren  ; 
it  is  in  some  places,  however,  fertile  in  corn  and 
grass,  but  has  no  wood  ;  the  hills  abound  with 
springs,  and  are  covered  with  cattle  ;  these,  with 
the  fishery,  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  kelp, 
are  the  only  articles  of  commerce. 
Mull  of  Canty  re. — See  Cantyre. 
Mull  of  Galloway,  rocky  promontory,  the  most 
southerly  point  of  Scotland,    in  the  county  of 
Wigton. 

Mulleras,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  middle 
marche  of  Brandenburgh,  seated  on  a  canal  cut  be- 
tween the  Spree  and  Oder,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Berlin, 
Lon.  14  31  E.,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Mullicohill,  village,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  on 
Raccoon  creek,  17  ms.  SSW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Mullicuss,  or  Little  Egg  Harbor,  river  ofN.  J., 
rising  in  Burlington  and  Gloucester  cos.,  and 
flowing  SE.,  falls  into  Little  Egg  Harbor,  2  ms. 

from  Tuckerton.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops  of 
considerable  burthen  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  Wading 
river.  For  a  distance  of  20  ms  ,  in  a  direct  route, 
t  forms  the  line  between  Burlington  and  Glou- 
cester cos. 

Mullingar,  co.  town  of  West  Meath,  in  Ireland. 
It  holds  a  great  wool  mart,  is  a  place  of  good  trade, 
nd  formerly  sent  two  members  to  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment.   It  is  seated  on  the  Foyle,  38  ms.  W.  of 
Dublin.    Lon.  7  50  W.,  lat.  53  30  N. 

Mullrose,  canal  of,  in  German  Prussia.  It  con- 
nects the  Elbe  and  Oder,  and  extends  from  New- 
bruck,  on  the  Spree,  to  the  lake  or  reservoir  of 
Briesson,  near  the  Oder.  It  is  about  14  ms.  in 
length,  with  10  locks. 

Multnomah,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  in  the  basin  of 
Columbia;  of  which  latter  river  the  Multnomah  is 
the  great  SW.  branch.    It  joins  the  main  stream 

613 


MUN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MUR 


100  ms.  from  the  Pacific  ocean,  but  is  above  its 
mouth  too  little  known  to  admit  specific  description- 

Mulvia,  large  river  of  Africa,  which  has  its 
source  in  Mount  Atlas,  and  dividing  the  empire  of 
Morocco  from  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  falls  into 
the  Mediterranean  sea,  to  the  W.  of  Marsalquiver. 

Mummy. — Arab,  mumia,  from  mum,  wax. 
Term  meaning  dead  bodies  reduced  to  a  drv  state  in 
order  to  be  preserved  from  putrefaction.  This  art 
dates,  or  rather  cannot  be  dated,  as  it  was  practised 
before  the  earliest  records  were  formed. 

Muncy  creek,  stream  of  Pa.,  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  Lycoming  co.,  flows,  by  comparative 
courses,  25  ms.  SW.,  and  falls  into  the  W.  branch 
of  Susquehannah,   about  one  mile  NW.  from 

Pennsborough.  Town,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.,  on 

the  W.  branch  of  Susquehannah,  on  both  sides  of 
Muncy  creek,  including  Pennsborough.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,255. 

Munda,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  30 
ms.  WNW.  from  Malaga.  Here  the  sons  of 
Pompey  were  utterly  defeated  by  Julius  Caesar. 

Munden,  town  of  Hanover,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Tulda  and  Werra  rivers,  and  where  these 
streams  form  the  Weser.  It  is  situated  9  ms.  NE. 
from  Cassel,  and  15  WSW.  from  Gottingen. 

Munderkingen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Wir- 
temberg,  in  Suabia,  20  ms.  WSW.  from  Ulen. 

Mundu,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malwa,  of 
which  it  was  formerly  the  capital.  It  was  then  22 
ms.  in  circuit,  and  contained  many  monuments  of 
ancient  magnificence,  but  it  is  fallen  much  to  decay. 
It  occupies  the  top  of  a  large  and  lofty  mountain, 
46  ms.  S.  of  Ougein,  and  110  NNW.  of  Burhan- 
pour.    Lon.  75  47  E.,  lat.  22  50  N. 

Munfordvilky  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Hart 
co.,  Ky.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Greene  river,  oppo- 
site Woodsonville,  75  ms.  S.  from  Louisville. 
Lat.  37  19  N.,  8  44  W. 

Munglore,  town  of  Candahar,  in  the  co.  of 
Cabul,  125  ms.  W.  of  Cashmere,  and  135  E.  of 
Cabul.    Lon.  71  15  E.,  lat.  34  15  N. 

Mu7igulhaut,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
with  a  manufacture  of  coarse  cotton  cloths,  situate 
on  the  Durlah,  20  ms.  NNE.  of  Rungpour. 

Munich,  fortified  city,  capital  of  Bavaria,  and 
one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Germany,  It  contains 
near  60,000  inhabitants.  The  houses  are  high, 
and  the  streets  spacious,  with  canals  in  many  of 
them.  The  palace  of  the  king  is  a  stupendous 
structure,  magnificently  adorned.  The  cabinet  of 
curiosities,  the  museum,  the  library,  and  the  ar- 
senal, merit  attention.  The  cathedral  contains  the 
tomb  of  one  of  the  emperors,  in  black  marble, 
adorned  with  statues  of  bronze.  Among  the  nu- 
merous convents,  the  college  formerly  belonging  to 
the  Jesuits,  and  the  convent  of  the  Theatines,  are 
most  worthy  of  notice.  The  large  market  place, 
in  which  is  the  town  house,  is  very  beautiful.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  silk,  velvet,  woolen  cloth,  and 
tapestry.  Near  the  city  are  two  other  palaces, 
Nymphenburg  and  Schlesheim.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Iser,  33  ms.  ESE.  of  Augsburg,  and  62  S.  by 
W.  of  Ratisbon.    Lon.  1 1  30  E.,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Munkats. — See  Montgatz. 

Munnerstadt,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Wurtzburg,  situate  on  the  Lauer,  13  ms. 
N.  of  Schweinfurt. 

Munnypour,  capital  of  the  country  of  the  Cas- 
614 


say.    It  is  210  ms.  NNW.  of  Ummerapoon  „ 
410  E.  by  N.  of  Calcutta.    Lon.  94  40  I 
24  30  N. 

Munsingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingd  , 
Wirtemberg,  with  a  castle,  20  ms.  W.  of  U 

Munster,  province  of  Ireland,  135  ms.  Ion  n 
120  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Counaugi  £ 
by  Leinster,  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Atlanti  j 
contains  the  cos.  of  Clare,  Tipperary,  Wat<  K 
Cork,  Limerick,  and  Kerry.    The  principal  tc 

is  Cork.  Government  of  Prussia,  in  the  fj 

part  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Westphalia  ft 
chief  rivers  are  the  Ems,  Lippe,  Vecht,  anew 
kel.  The  country  is  level,  with  some  agr  N 
heights,  but  no  mountains ;  and  it  has  f  m 
plains,  fine  woods,  extensive  heights  tha  $ 
much  cattle,  and  good  quarries  of  stone,  jl 
merly,  and  yet,  with  some  changes,  is  subd  i© 
into  the  circles  of  Munster,  Tecklenburg,  W  I 
dorf,  Beckurn,  Ludinghausen,  Koesleldt,  Re<  \i 
hausen,  Borken,  Ahaus,  and  Steinfurt. — Sei  m 

lar  view  of  Prussia.  Considerable  city,  r tu 

of  the  government  of  the  same  name.  It  it  I 
roned  with  double  ditches  and  ramparts,  anM 
also  a  strong  citadel,  which  was  demolist  it 
1765,  and  replaced  by  a  magnificent  palace.  \ 
famous  treaty,  called  the  treaty  of  Westphali  »ai 
concluded  here  in  1648,  which  ended  the  re  m 
wars  of  30  years  continuance.  It  is  sealed  tiu 
Aa,  50  ms.  ENE.  of  Wesel,  and  52  WN| 
Paderborri.    Lon.  7  49  E  .,  lat.  51  55  N.  J 

18,000.  Town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  caijl 

Lucerne,  12  ms.  NNW.  of  Lucerne.  T  J 

Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  15  i  j 

of  Bornio.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  m 

Rhine,  9  ms.  WSW.  of  Colmar.  Village.  u» 

bria  co.,  Pa.,  5  ms.  E.  from  Ebensburgh.    ,  j 

Munster  Eyffel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  :hj 
of  Juliers,  16  ms.  SSW.  of  Cologne. 

Munster  Meinfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  t  lab 
electorate  of  Treves,  12  ms.  SW.  ofCoblenjjl 

Munsterberg,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  ri» 
cipality  of  the  same  name,  rich  in  gram,  flax,  rap 
and  hops.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ohlau,  13  ms  W 
of  Neisse.    Lon.  17  3  E.,  lat.  50  31  N.  J 

Munzenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wett  via 
with  an  ancient  castle,  8  ms.  S.  of  Giessen. 

Murano,  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  on  an  am 
near  Venice.  Here  the  famous  Venetian  rw 
are  made.    It  stands  3  ms.  N.  from  that  cit 

Murat,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  ox  Car  Qi 
the  Alaignon,  12  ms.  NW.  from  St.  Flour,  I 

Murcia,  province,  formerly  a  kingdom  of  aio 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  New  Castile,  on  the .  b; 
Valencia,  on  the  W.  by  Andalusia  and  Gi«l« 
and  on  the  S.  by  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  ^s 
long,  and  58  broad  ;  and  the  principal  river  & 
gura.  The  soil  is  dry,  and  it  produces  littw 
or  wine ;  but  there  are  plenty  of  oranges,  <  w 
lemons,  olives,  almonds,  mulberries,  rice,  il* 
and  sugar.  It  has  also  a  great  deal  of  silk  ^ 
air  of  this  province  is  very  healthful,  and  tb >nr 

cipal  town  is  of  the  same  name.  Populc  cil 

of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  rai 
with  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  superb  cathed 
stairs  of  whose  steeple  are  so  contrived,  that  n>a 
may  ride  up  to  the  top,  either  on  horseback  r ' 
a  coach.  There  are  fine  gardens  about  tb  cit, 
in  which  are  the  best  fruits  in  Spain.    It  is?"! 


MtfS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


MUS 


i  Segura,  27  ms.  N.  of  Carthagena,  and  212 
;.  f  Madrid.    Lon.  36'  W.,  lat.  38  2  N. 

|r  de  Burrez,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 

rem,  32  ms.  N.  by  E.  from  Rhodez. 

Href,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Ga- 

ii  and  late  province  of  Gascony,  seated  on  the 
r  ne,  10  ms.  S.  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  18  E., 
.  I  26  N. 

Mrfreesborough,  town,  Hertford  co.,  N.  C, 
t  right  bank  of  Mehenen  river,  about  75  ms. 
]Jom  Petersburg,  and  an  equal  distance  NW. 

n  N  orfolk,  in  Va.  Town  and  seat  of  justice 

>|therford  co.,  and  until  recently  seat  of  Gov- 
lt  of  Tennessee,  between  the  E.  and  W.  fork 
river,  32  ms.  SE.  from  Nashville.  Lat. 
M  N.  The  adjacent  country  is  fertile,  and 
Motive  in  grain,  cotton,  and  tobacco.  Pop. 
$i|l,000. 

&:'0,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  12  ms.  SE. 
liza.  Lon.  15  45  E.,  lat.  40  46  N. 
M^phrey's  Settlement,  post  office,  St.  Fran- 
i|>.,  Mo.,  70  ms.  S.  from  St.  Charles,  and  60 
JV  from  St.  Louis. 

brray,  NE.  tp.  and  village,  Genessee  co.,  N. 
1 1'  ms.  NE.  from  Batavia. 
Mrray  Frith,  considerable  inlet  of  the  sea,  on 
8J  coast  of  Scot.,  between  Tarbetness,  in  Ross- 
imn  the  N.,  and  Borough  Head,  in  Murray- 
ifton  the  S. 

hray  shire,  or  Elginshire,  Scotland,  is  sub- 
•fell  into  Murray  and  Strathspey,  and  is  bound- 
the  E.  and  8E.  by  the  river  Spey,  which 
riij.  it  from  Banffshire,  on  the  S.  by  Aberdeen- 
iwind  Inverness-shire,  on  the  W.  by  Inver- 
*|iire  and  Nairnshire,  and  on  the  N.  by 
;iir  hire  and  the  Frith  of  Murray,  being  30  ms. 
itojC.  to  W.,  and  nearly  the  same  from  N.  to 
is  air  is  salutary,  and  the  winters  milder  than 
if  iher  part  in  the  N.  of  the  kingdom.  The  S. 
Je  mountainous,  but  abounds  with  pasture,  as 
M7  country  does  with  corn.  Here  are  several 
oo4of  firs  and  oaks.  The  soil  is  generally  fruit- 
1,;J  produces  the  fruits  ripe  soon.  Its  principal 
venre  the  Spey,  the  Lossie,  Nairn,  and  Find- 
mill  of  which  produce  vast  quantities  of  sal- 
on The  chief  towns  are  Elgin  and  Forres. 
jp'/i  1801,  26,705;  in  1811,  28,108;  and  in 
I  31,162. 

Moray's  Mill,  post  office,  Dearborn  co.,  Ia., 
17 Is.  SE.  from  Indianapolis. 

h-raysville,  village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa, 
—  illage,  Buncombe  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road 
•  0  s.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

h-rhart,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of 
^irmhurg,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is 
^nti'on  the  river  Mur,  8  ms.  S.  of  Hallo.  Lon. 
»*L  lat.  49  14  N. 

Wma»  populous  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province 
'  ^rien.  It  is  fortified  and  surrounded  with 
MH"18  ms.  E.  of  Mocha. 

meat,  its  fleet  and  trade. — If  any  of  our  rea- 
ersjere  told  that  the  Sultan  of  Muscat  had  a 
*»3jbout  as  large  as  ours,  they  might  be  very  in- 
f^jjus  till  they  looked  at  facts.  But  neverthe- 
i6a,te  Sultan  has  a  powerful  navy.  We  gather 
r<>m ;  •«  Digest  of  existing  Commercial  Regula- 
iontlf  Foreign  Countries,  with  which  the  United 
'  have  intercourse,"  (a  most  valuable  work  by 


the  way,  printed  by  order  of  Congress,)  the  fol- 
lowing statement  of  the  naval  force  of  the  Suhan 
of  Muscat : 


iNames. 

Kaie3. 

W  here  built. 

otatjon. 

Liverpool 

74 

Bombay 

Zanzibar. 

Shah  Allum 

56 

Bombay 

Do 

Caroline 

40 

Rangoon 

Muscat. 

Prince  of  Wales  . 

36 

Demaun 

Do 

Henningshaw 

36 

Cochin 

Calcutta. 

Piedmontese, 

32 

Muscat 

Muscat. 

Mossapa 

24 

Cochin 

Do 

Rahmani 

22 

Bombay 

Do 

Falke 

18 

Demaun 

Bombay. 

Soli  man  Shah 

18 

Muscat 

Muscat. 

Curlew,  brig 

12 

Bombay 

Do  • 

Psyche,  brig 

12 

Cochin 

Do 

Sage,  yacht 

6 

Malabar 

Coast  Zanzibar. 

Vestal 

6 

Muscat 

Muscat. 

Elphinstone 

6 

Bombay 

Bombay. 

Also  50  baghelas,  carrying  from  8  to  18  guns; 
and  10  balits,  carrying  from  4  to  6  guns.  The 
baghela  is  a  one-masted  vessel  of  from  200  to  300 
tons.  The  balit  is  also  a  one-masted  vessel  of  100 
to  200  tons.  Part  of  these  vessels  are  used  to  con- 
voy vessels  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  some  are  in 
Africa,  &c. 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  Sultan  of  Muscat  is  a 
powerful  prince.  He  possesses  a  more  efficient 
naval  force  than  all  the  native  princes  combined, 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Japan.  His  pos- 
sessions in  Africa  stretch  from  Delagado  to  Cape 
Guardafui,  or  from  N.  lat.  12°  to  S.  lat.  10° ;  and 
from  Cape  Aden,  in  Arabia,  to  Ras  el  Haud  ;  and 
from  Ras  el  Haud  they  extend  along  the  northern 
coast  of  Arabia,  or  the  coast  of  Aman,  to  the  en- 
trance to  the  Persian  Gulf;  and  he  claims  also  the 
seacoast  and  islands  within  the  Persian  Gulf,  in- 
cluding the  Bahrein  islands  and  the  Pearl  fishery 
contiguous  to  them,  with  the  northern  coast  of  the 
gulf  as  low  down  as  Scindy. 

The  vessels  of  the  Sultan  trade  not  only  with 
his  own  ports  in  Africa,  and  the  valuable  islands  of 
Monpeca,  Zanzibar,  Pemba,  and  Socotra,  but  also 
to  Guzzerat,  Surat,  Demaun,  Bombay,  Bay  of 
Bengal,  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java,  the  Mauritius,  the 
Comoro  islands,  Madagascar,  and  the  Portuguese 
Possessions,  bringing  Indian,  African,  and  Euro- 
pean articles.  About  2,000  vessels  are  thus  en- 
gaged in  this  trade,  of  which  a  very  large  propor- 
tion are  small  craft  to  be  sure.  The  naval  force  of 
the  Sultan  gives  him  entire  control  over  all  the 
ports  of  East  Africa,  the  Red  Sea,  the  coast  of 
Abyssinia,  and  the  Persian  Gulf.  This  force  con- 
sists, it  seems,  of  between  70  and  80  sail  of  vessels, 
carrying  from  74  guns  to  4.  The  officers  of  this 
force  practice  lunar  observations,  and  have  excel- 
lent chronometers. 

Since  our  treaty  with  the  Sultan  in  1835,  our 
vessels  are  beginning  to  push  an  advantageous 
trade  there,  though  they  encounter  formidable  com- 
petitors in  the  British,  who  enjoy  great  advantages 
from  their  Indian  possessions.  The  exports  are 
gum  copal,  aloes,  gum  arabic,  ivory,  tortoise  shell, 
hides,  beeswax,  cocoa,  rice,  ghee,  dates,  raisins, 
and  a  great  variety  of  drugs. — N.  Y.  Express. 

From  the  defects  of  our  general  geographical 
works,  we  might  be  led  to  regard  the  commercial 
empire,  of  which  Muscat  or  Muskat  is  the  capital, 
as  a  recently  formed  State.    In  1508  this  city  was 

Q15 


MUS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  M 


taken  by  the  Portuguese,  who  found  it  then  an  an- J  Great  Beaver,  entering  Ohio,    The  Tuscai  „ 
cient  entrepot.  In  the  decline  of  Portuguese  power, !  river  is  90  ms.  in  length  from  the  town  of  Co 
it  fell  again  into  the  power  of  the  natives.    The  ton  to  its  extreme  source  in  Medina  county, 
city  is  almost  exactly  under  the  northern  tropic, 
about  100  ms.  N.  W.  from  Cape  Ras  el  Haud,  and 
200  SSE.  from  the  straits  of  Ormus.    Muscat  is 
an  admirable  commercial  position. 

The  importance  of  this  imperfectly  known, 
though  really  great  commercial  empire,  deserves 
some  more  of  detail  than  we  intended  when  we 
first  selected  the  above  extract. 

Cape  Ras  el  Haud,  or  more  correctly  Ras  al  Gat, 
as  the  word  Ras  signifies  a  cape,  is  the  extreme 
eastern  point  ol  Africa,  and  projects  towards,  and  j  its  efflux  into  Ohio,  the  Muskingum  river  jl 
lies  almost  directly  west  of  Guzzerat,  in  Indostan.  i  through  Muskingum,  Morgan,   and  Washi  ,r, 
The  city  of  Muscat  is  situated  inside  of  Ras  al  Gat, !  counties, 
towards  the  north  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 


Below  the  junction  of  Whitewoman's  and 
catawas  rivers,  the  united  waters  take  the  na  if 
Muskingum,  which  flow  S.  8  miles  through  > 
shocton,  receives  from  the  E.  Hill's  creek,  c  !e 
border  of  Muskingum  to.,  and,  continuing  | 
little  W.  23  miles  to  Zanesville,  receives  Li » 
creek  from  the  W.  After  being  precipitated  I 
a  fall  of  about  7  feet  at  Zanesville,  the  Muski  | 
turns  SE.  by  S.,  and,  flowing  60  ms.,  enter  K 
Ohio  river  at  Marietta.    Between  ZanesviUiE 


This  river  is  navigable  with 
teaux  to  the  falls  below  Zanesville,  for 


Bahrein  islands  is  a  group  near  the  southwestern  |  considerable  size  to  Coshocton,  and  for 


coast  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  N.  lat.  28°,  and  in 
which  has  been  for  many  ages  a  very  productive 
pearl  fishery. 

Aden  is  an  ancient  city  and  seaport  of  Arabia, 
on  its  extreme  southern  coast,  about  150  ms.  east- 
ward of  the  straits  of  Babelmandeb. 

Cape  Delgado,  (sharp  point)  a  promontory  of 
eastern  Africa,  S.  lat.  10°. 

Comorro,  or  Comoro  islands,  spread  across  the 
northern  opening  of  the  Mozambique  channel,  be- 
tween Cape  Delgado  and  the  great  island  Mada- 
gascar. 

Following  the  general  inflections  of  the  coasts  of 
Africa  and  Arabia,  from  the  Comoro  islands  and 
Cape  Delgado,  to  the  islands  of  Bahrein,  exceeds 
4,000  ms.  If  to  this  immense  line  we  add  600 
ms.  of  the  coast  of  Asia,  from  the  Gulf  of  Ormus 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Indus,  will  give  4,600  ms.  of 
seacjast  to  the  Sultan  of  Muscat. 


nearly  to  the  source  of  the  Tuscarawas. 

The  country  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  }  I 
ingum  is  generally  level,  but  becomes  more  b 
approaching  the  Ohio  river.  In  point  of  cii  I 
this  river  flows  from  N.  lat.  41  7  to  N.  lat.  3  S 
The  area  it  drains  nearly  circular,  about  7,8!  q, 
miles. 

The  Muskingum  channel  has  been  maden;  t 
ble  for  steamboats  from  its  mouth  to  Drea&B 
the  northern  part  of  Muskingum  co.,  near  '  A 
place  its  improvements  join  the  Great  Centn  i- 
nal  of  Ohio. 

Muskingum,  county,  Ohio,  bounded  ontlf. 
by  Coshocton,  E.  by  Guernsey,  S.  by  Mi  i 
and  W.  by  Perry  and  Licking  counties.  It  I 
by  27  miles  in  extent,  and  contains  about  6t  q, 
miles.  Its  principal  waters  are  the  Muski  ■ 
and  Licking  rivers,  Salt,  Jonathan's  or  Mox.ft 
and  Wakatomika  creeks.    In  numerous  plac  d- 


Let  it  not  be  misunderstood  that  these  coasts  arej  jacent  to  and  in  the  bed  and  valley  of  the  !  t- 
barren  deserts,  for  in  most  parts  the  reverse  is  the  |  ingum  river  are  extensive  and  almost  inexhai  it 
reality.  Arabia,  in  particular,  has  been  compared  beds  of  stone  coal,  which  the  people  in  the  vi  ly 
to  a  mantle  of  serge,  with  a  fringe  of  gold. 


A 

figure  applicable  to  great  part  of  the  coasts  of  Africa, 
and  also  of  that  part  of  southern  Asia  between  the 
Persian  Gulf  and  India.  This  latter  region,  is  in 
different  languages,  known  as  Mekran,  or  Beloo- 
chistan. 

Muscogee,  county,  Georgia. 

Mushad. — See  Meshed. 

Musidan,  town  of  France,  in  Upper  Perigord, 
which  sustained  a  famous  siege  in  1579.  Lon.  20' 
E.,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Muskingum,  river  of -the  United  States,  in  the 
State  of  Ohio.  This  stream  is  formed  by  two 
branches,  Whitewoman's  and  Tuscarawas  rivers. 
The  former  rises  by  a  number  of  sources  in  Rich- 
land, Knox,  and' Wayne  counties,  interlocking 
with  the  head  waters  of  Sciola  and  Sandusky,  en- 
ter ng  Ohio  and  Vermillion  and  Black  rivers,  flow- 
ing into  Lake  Erie,  passing  through  Coshocton 
co.,  join  the  Tuscarawas  river  at  the  town  of  Co- 
shocton. The  entire  comparative  length  of  White- 
woman's  river,  from  its  mouth  to  the  extreme 
source  of  Armstrong's  creek,  in  Richland  county, 
is  about  70  miles,  draining  one  of  the  most  fertile 
tracts  of  land  in  the  Unitrd  States. 

The  Tuscarawas  river  has  its  sources  in  Harri- 
son, Columbiana,  Stark,  Portage,  Medina,  and 
Wayne  counties,  interlocking  with  those  of  Rocky 
river  and  Cuyahoga,  flowing  into  Lake  Erie  and 
616 


of  Zanesville  use  as  fuel.  Surface  of  the  co.  ge  li- 
ly hilly  and  soil  sterile.  Pop.  in  1820,  17,824 1 
in  1840,  38,749.  Lat.  40°  N.  and  lon.  W.  5° 
W.  intersect  very  near  the  centre  of  this  cof. 

Musselburg,  seaport  in  Edinburghshire,  of 
Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Est  I 
is  6  miles  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  5  Wl 
56°  N. 

Mustagam,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Al  % 
with  a  castle,  140  ms.  W.  from  the  city  of  An. 
Lon.  3'  W.,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Musacra,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  v  » 
strong  castle,  seated  on  a  mountain,  27  mite;  E. 
of  Almeria,  and  62  SW.  of  Carthagena.  Jp 
36  W.,  lat.  37  11  N. 

Musuela,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  c  o« 
dalusia,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  Guadtdq % 
50  ms.  N.  of  Granada. 

Muswell  Hill,  village  of  England,  in  Middfl 
5  miles  N.  of  London.  It  takes  its  name  fi  » 
famous  well  on  the  hill  which  belonged  1 4* 
fraternity  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  in  CM' 
wall.  This  well  still  belongs  to  the  parish  of  <» 
enwall. 

MrjTHUi,  Berber  term,  derived  from  amitB 
like  a  hare,  or  Hare  river. 

Mutschen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir  « 
Upper  Saxony,  and  territory  of  Leipsic,  in  t 
ciniiy  of  which  they  find  a  species  of  crystal  I* 


MYS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NAC 


en  diamonds.    It  is  20  ras.  ENE.  of  Leip- 
,on.  12  50  E.,  lat.  51  40  N. 
den,  town  of  Holland,  seated  on  the  Vecht, 
S.  coast  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,  7  miles  E.  of 
dam.    Lon.  5  1  E.,  lat.  52  22  N. 
zin,  in  Mohammedan  countries  officers, 

s  of  the  mosques,  whose  duty  is  to  sound  chusetts,  falling  into  Boston  harbor 
or  summons  to  prayer  at  the  five  pre 


lie  canonical  hours,  viz  :  dawn,  or  morning, 
Bipur  P.  M.,  sunset,  and  nightfall. 
mtne,  formerly  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  in 
s  doponnesus,  now  Morea,  which  is  now  re- 
Dtqo  a  small  village,  in  which  the  ruins  of  the 
^:ity  remain,  as  described  by  Pausanius. 
tft'ne,  ancient  Myconus,  island  of  the  Archi- 
■  30  miles  in  circumference.  The  harbor  is 
tfiierj,  and  deep  enough  for  the  largest  ships, 
^hey  may  ride  secure  from  the  north  wind, 
a  il  is  dry,  and  the  mountains  are  of  great 
■I  Water  is  very  scarce  in  summer,  but  in 
fen  is  a  large  well,  the  only  one  in  the  island, 
rftre  plenty  of  partridges,  quails,  woodcocks, 
Ibves, rabbits,  and  wheat-ears;  also  excellent 
pand  figs.  Almost  all  the  inhabitants  are 
i4  who  have  50  churches  in  all,  but  many  are 
M  and  some  monasteries.  Lon.  25  51  E., 
1 28  N. 

Wtstown,  village,  Lebanon  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
Aim  Harrisburg  to  Lebanon,  31  ms.  E.  from 

■minis,  or  Clazomenian  Promontory,  an- 
4  times  of  the  long  peninsula  of  Asia  Minor, 
■jng  NW.  between  Smyrna  and  the  island 
jfcU.  It  is  terminated  towards  Mytelene,  the 
m  Lesbos,  by  the  ancient  promontory  of  Ma- 
m.ie  Kara-bouroun  of  the  Turks. — SeeChisme. 
ml,  island,  the  most  eastern  of  the  Moluccas, 
■angular  form,  with  a  bold  shore.  The  vil- 
e  built  in  the  water  upon  posts;  and  there 
fcsts  visited  by  the  birds  of  paradise,  which 
•tjht  in  great  numbers.    Lon.  130  3  E.,  lat. 

Mre,  country  in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan, 
g  tween  the  W.  and  E.  ridges  of  the  Ghauts. 
«ds  from  11  30  to  15°  N.  lat.,  and  in  theN. 
■Dm  74  55  to  78  35  W.  Ion.,  but  diminishes 
«ias  it  approaches  the  S.  till  it  ends  in  a 
it  The  N.  side  is  extremely  irregular  and  in- 
to and  the  middle  part  branches  out  above  a 
«)eyond  that  to  the  E.  The  country  is  in 
m  dry,  rugged,  mountainous,  and  barren ; 
i  e  are  several  rivers  and  mountain  torrents, 
•f.  by  artificial  means,  serve  to  water  rice 

gardens,  &c.  In  the  forests  are  many  ele- 
■uid  tigers  are  common.  Oxen,  buffaloes,  and 
*  e  numerous,  and  in  the  NE.  part  many  sheep 
M,  but  horses  and  asses  are  few.  The  chief 
lis  are  rice,  cotton,  pepper,  cocoa  and  betel- 
.  g"arcane,  butter,  and  oil.  The  dominions 
h'ajah  of  Mysore  are  now  divided  into  three 
districts,  Patana  to  the  S.,  Nagara  to  the 
tlind  Chatrakal  to  the  NE.,  so  called  from 
ttie  places  where  the  chief  officers  are  situate. 
J  ttana  district  is  by  far  the  largest,  and  of  it- 
»  mch  greater  extent  of  territory  than  ever  be- 
1 '  s  subject  to  the  Mysore  family. 
fyre,  fortified  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
c  ntry  of  the  same  name.  It  was  ruined  by  the 

sultans;  but  since  the  English  restored  the 
1  78* 


ancient  family  in  1799,  and  made  it  the  rajah's 
seat  of  government;  a  palace  has  been  built,  and 
its  renovation  will  follow  of  course.  Mysore  is  10 
miles  S.  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  76  50  E.,  lat.  12 
15  N. 

Mystic,  small  river,  or  rather  creek  of  Massa- 

It  is  navi- 
gated with  sloops  to  Medford,  4  miles.  Village, 

New  London  co.,  Ct.,  8  miles  NE.  by  E.  from 
New  London. 

Mytilene,  or  Metelin,  ancient  Lesbos,  island  on 
the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  between  the  gulfs  of 
Smyrna  and  Adramytium.  It  is  36  miles  long, 
and  from  2  to  12  broad.  It  is  one  of  the  most  pro- 
ductive islands  in  the  Turkish  empire.  Population 
about  50,000.  Between  lat.  38  25  and  39  20  N. 
Mytilene,  city. — See  Castro,  in  the  Addenda. 
Myzensk,  town  of  European  Russia,  in  Orel,  on 
the  Oko,  32  ms.  below  Orel. 


N. 


Naas,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Kil- 
dare,  where  the  assizes  are  held  alternately  with 
Athy.  It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  kings 
of  Leinster.  It  is  17  miles  SW.  of  Dublin,  and 
26  NW.  of  Leinster.  Lon.  6  42  W.,  lat.  53  13  N. 

Nub,  river  of  Germany,  which  issues  from  Mount 
Fichtelberg,  in  the  principality  of  Bayreuth,  flows 
S.  through  the  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  and  enters 
the  Danube  a  little  above  Ratisbon. 

Nabal,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  celebrat- 
ed for  its  potteries.  Near  it  are  several  remains  of 
antiquity.  It  is  seated  near  the  sea,  32  ms.  SSE. 
of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  19  E.,  lat.  53  13  N. 

Nabburg,  town  of  the  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  river  Nab,  10  ms.  ESE.  of  Amberg. 

Nabijos,  a  nation  of  Indians,  said  to  reside  be- 
tween Santa  Fe,  of  New  Mexico,  and  the  Pacific 
ocean.  An  account  of  this  people  appeared  in  the 
National  Intelligencer  of  September  14,  1824,  ex- 
tracted from  the  Missouri  Intelligencer.  From  data 
there  given,  the  Nabijos  are  far  advanced  above  the 
savage  state ;  have  relinquished  the  wandering  for 
the  sedentary  state  of  society  ;  have  ceased  to  be 
hunters,  and  have  become  farmers  and  manufac- 
turers, evincing  much  skill  in  both  pursuits.  To 
give  the  true  sound  of  this  name  in  English  ortho- 
graphy, it  should  be  written  Nabihos,  as  the 
Spanish^  has  the  power  of  the  English  h.  If  such 
a  people  does  actually  exist,  they  deserve  to  be  bet- 
ter known. 

Nablous,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  capital  of  a 
country  which  was  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Sama- 
ria. It  is  the  residence  of  a  scheik,  who  farms  the 
tribute  to  the  pacha  of  Damascus.  The  soil  of  the 
country  is  fertile,  and  produces  a  great  deal  of 
corn,  cotton,  olives,  and  some  silk.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  such  jealous  Mahometans  that  they  will 
not  puffer  any  Christians  to  remain  among  them. 
Nablous  is  24  ms.  N.  of  Jerusalem,  and  90  SSW. 
of  Damascas.    Lon.  35  24  E.,  lat.  32  20  N. 

Naco,  town  of  North  America,  in  the  province 
of  Honduras.  Lon.  W.  C.  10  40  W.,  lat.  15 
0  North. 

Nacogdoches,  village  of  Texas,  about  120  ms. 
W.  from  Natchitoches,  in  Louisiana.    It  is  an  in- 

617 


NAM  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NAN 


considerable  place.  Lon.  W.  C.  17  17  W.,  lat. 
31  27  N. 

Nadecgsda. — See  Kurilus. 

Nadir,  point  of  the  heavens  or  universe  direct- 
ly under  our  feet,  and  directly  opposite  to  the  zenith 
or  point  directly  over  our  heads. 

Naefels,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Glaris. 

Naerden,  strong  town  of  Holland,  at  the  head  of 
the  canals  of  the  province,  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  14 
ms.  E.  of  Amsterdam,  and  15  N.  of  Utrecht.  Lon. 
5  9  E.,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Nagera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  with  a 
fort,  3  ms.  NW.  of  Calahorra,  and  138  N.  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  2  10  W.,  lat.  42  14  N. 

Nagold,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom  of  Wirt- 
emberg,  with  a  strong  castle,  10  ms.  W.  of  Tu- 
bingen. 

Nagore,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the  coun- 
try of  Agin  ere,  40  ms.  NW.  of  Agimere.  Lon. 
74  10  E.,  lat.  27  8  N. 

Nagpour,  city  of  thedeccan  of  Hindoostan, 'cap- 
ital of  that  part  of  Berar  which  is  subject  to  a  chief 
of  the  eastern  Mahrattas.  It  is  a  city  of  modern 
date,  hut  though  extensive  and  populous,  is  mean- 
ly built,  and,  excepting  a  small  citadel,  is  open 
and  defenceless.  It  is  560  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Cal- 
cutta.   Lon.  79  46  E.,  lat.  21  8  N. 

Nagubanja,  town  of  Hungary,  celebrated  for  its 
gold  and  silver  mine  works,  which  are  of  great 
produce.  It  is  a  metal  town,  and  one  of  the  royal 
free  towns,  and  is  30  ms.  NE.  of  Tamar.  Lon.  22 
54  E.,  lat.  48  10. 

Naguk,  or  in  different  inflexions,  Nagar,  Na- 
gore,  Nuggur,  &c,  signifies  "town,"  and  termi- 
nates many  East  Indian  names. 

Nahant,  peninsula  of  Mass.,  in  the  SW.  part  of 
Essex  co..  united  to  the  main  shore  by  Lynn  beach. 
It  is  a  delicious  and  much  frequented  summer  re- 
treat from  the  neighboring  cities  and  towns,  14 
ms.  NE.  from  Boston. 

Nahe,  river  of  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  which, 
running  by  Birkenfeld,  Oberslein,  Krtuzenach, 
and  Bingen,  falls  into  the  Rhine. 

Nairn,  borough  and  seaport  of  Scotland,  the 
county  town  of  Nairnshire,  and  seated  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Frith  of  Murray,  10  ms.  E.  of  Inver- 
ness, and  104  N.  of  Edinburgh.  Lou.  3  51  W., 
lat.  35  33  N. 

Nairnshire,  small  co.  of  Scotland,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Murray  Frith,  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  Mur- 
rayshire,  and  on  the  W.  by  Inverness-shire.  Its 
greatest  length  is  not  above  12  ms.,  nor  its  breadth 
above  10.  It  is  fruitful,  and  its  corn  soon  ripens  ; 
has  several  woods  of  firs,  and  several  lakes  and 
mountains,  yet  is  well  peopled.  The  chief  town 
is  Nairn.  Pop.  in  1801,  8,257  ;  in  1811,  8,251  ; 
in  1821,  9,006. 

Naksivan,  city  of  Armenia,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  between  the 
towns  of  Erivan  and  Taurus.  Lon.  45  30  E.,  lat. 
38  40  N. 

Namari,  mountains  of  Sicily,  in  the  Valdi-De- 
mona,  between  Messina,  Taormina,  and  Melazzo. 

Namjio,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  the  ancient 
Anaphe,  a  little  to  the  E.  of  that  of  Santorini.  It 
is  16  ms.  in  circumference,  but  has  no  harbor,  nor 
springs  sufficient  to  water  the  fields.  The  inhab- 
itants are  all  Greeks,  and  their  trade  is  in  onions, 
618 


wax,  and  honey.  The  ruins  of  the  temple  of ,  | 
lo  are  yet  to  be  seen,  and  consist  chiefly  of  n  |e 
columns.    Lon.  26  10  E.,  lat.  36  15  N. 

Namptwich,  town  of  Eng.,  Cheshire.  Iti  || 
built,  and  has  a  large  church,  in  the  form  a 
cross,  with  the, tower  in  the  middle.  Here  at  |j 
springs,  on  the  banks  of  a  fresh  water  stream,  a 
which  are  made  great  quantities  of  white  ss  j 
which  article  and  cheese  this  town  carries  on  i* 
siderable  trade.  The  principal  dairies  of  Chi  » 
are  in  its  neighborhood.  It  is  seated  on  the  *, 
ver,  26  ms.  SE.  of  Chester,  and  162  NW.  of  £ 
don.    Lon.  2  25  W.,  lat.  53  6  N. 

Namur,  co.  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  dig 
by  the  river  Sambre  and  Maese  into  three  ■ 
parts,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Brabant,  on  ti  l 
;  and  S.  by  the  bishopric  of  Liege,  and  on  th  /. 
j  by  Hainault.  This  province  is  pretty  fertile  A 
several  forests,  marble  quarries,  and  mines  o!  o, 
lead,  and  coal. 

Namur,  city  of  Belgium,  capital  of  the  c  tj 
of  Namur,  between  two  mountains,  at  the  c  a- 
ence  of  the  Maese  and  Sambre,  24  ms.  YVS1  of 
Liege,  and  32  SE.  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  &■ 
lat-  50  29  N. 

Nanaguagus,  small  river  in  the  SW.  p  of 

Washington  co.,  Me.  Village  on  the  prec  ig 

river,  by  post  road  179  ms.  NE.  from  Portia  i» 

Nanceville,  village,  Harrison  co.,  Ia.,  10! if 
S.  from  Indianapolis. 

Nancy,  city  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the  departm  of 
Meurte.  It  is  divided  by  a  canal  into  the  ol<  ad 
new  town.  The  first,  though  irregularly  bt  it 
rich  and  populous,  and  contains  the  palace  bi 
ancient  dukes  of  Lorraine ;  and  their  tombs  a  it 
rich  saloon,  which  adjoins  the  church  of  \\  ite 
Cordeliers.  The  new  town,  whose  streets  as  at* 
fectly  straight,  was  already  one  of  the  finest i  o« 
rope  before  the  magnificent  works  with  which  * 
islaus  I.,  titular  King  of  Poland  and  DukeoW- 
raine,  enriched  it.  The  cathedral  is  a  superb  »• 
ture.  Nancy  is  seated  in  a  delightful  plain  «r 
the  river  Meurte,  92  ms.  N  W.  of  Basle,  an  ft 
E.  of  Paris.    Lon.  6  10  E-,  lat.  48  42  N. 

Nander,  town  of  Hindoosian,  in  the  provi  of 
Dowlatabad,  132  ms.  NNW.  of  Hydrabad. 

Nandidroog,  strong  fortress  of  Hindoosti  in 
Mysore,  25  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Bangalore,  t 
EbE  of  Sera. 

Nangasaki,  city  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of  «!» 
with  a  good  harbor,  and  the  only  one  in  tfc» 
pire  in  which  foreign  ships  are  permitted  to  a  * 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade  wiilw 
Chinese  and  Dutch.  The  latter  are  never  si  *i 
to  come  into  the  city,  unless  when  their  sh!*' 
rive,  and  then  they  deliver  up  their  guns  and  Ui 
as  pledges  of  their  good  behavior.  Lon.  1  M 
E.,  lat.  32  32  N.  According  to  Kruzenster  ho 
visited  Nangasaki  in  1804,  that  city  stands  tl» 
bottom  of  a  deep  bay,  W.  side  of  the  island  £j' 
mo.  "  The  entrance  of  the  harbor  of  Nangftl 
in  N.  lat.  32  44,  and  E.  lon.  129  45,  in  th<  id 
die  of  the  bay  of  Kiusiu,  which  is  formed  by  'P* 
Nomo  to  the  S.,  and  Cape  Rewrote  to  the  IS' 

Mangira  river, — See  Yungar. 

Nangis,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Sein  J»d 
Marne,  12  miles  W.  of  Provins,  and  14  ' 
Melun. 

Nanjemoy,  town  and  port  of  entry  on  Nan  wy 


NAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NAN 


oe  Charles  co.,  Md.,  45  ms,  S.  from  Wash- 
13*  City. 

]Si-kang,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  class,  in 
ia  ovince  of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  Lake  Po- 
tty 637  ms.  S.  of  Peking.  Lon.  113  58  E., 
Jji  33  N. 

ftiking,  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province 
K'ngan  It  is  the  largest  in  China,  being  17 
gji3tantfrom  the  great  river  Yangtse-Chiang, 
□Ki/hich  canals  are  cut  so  large  that  vessels  may 
te  he  town.  It  was  formerly  the  imperial  city, 
ne  e  it  was  called  Nanking,  which  signifies  south - 
igjurt;  but  since  the  grand  tribunals  have  been 
mtfd  to  Peking,  it  is  called  Kiang-nan  in  all 
ill  acts.  The  place  is  greatly  fallen  from  its 
ml  splendor;  for  it  had  a  magnificent  palace, 
hfrjis  quite  destroyed,  as  well  as  many  ancient 
orients;  and  a  third  part  of  the  city  itself  is 
ia».e.  The  streets  are  narrow,  but  handsome 
i4;ell  paved,  and  on  each  side  are  shops  neatly 
t«ied.  The  public  buildings  are  mean,  except 
^temples,  the  city  gates,  and  a  tower  of  por- 
iti  200  feet  high.  They  have  several  manufac- 
Win  silk  and  wool.  The  number  of  inhabit- 
te  said  to  be  1,000,000,  without  comprehending 
Airrison  of  40,000  men.  Here  the  physicians 
vt their  principal  academy.  The  inhabitants 
^•formerly  estimated  at  2,000,000,  the  city 
iB  above  30  ms.  in  circumference.  It  is  situat- 
othe  Kiam,  500  ms.  SSE.  from  Peking.  Lon. 
I >  E.,  lat.  32  46  N. 

§k-ngan,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
»»vince  of  Kiang-si.  It  stands  among  plan- 
m  of  sugar  cane,  near  the  source  of  the  Kan- 
ai,  and  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Me-lin,  200 
*|E.  of  Canton,  and  900  SSW.  of  Peking. 
*|13  38  E.,  lat.  24  48  N. 
m,-ngan-fou,  beautiful  and  populous  city  of 
m,  in  the  most  southern  part  of  the  province 
hng-si ;  it  is  a  beautiful,  populous,  and  com- 
3Hll  city,  and  much  frequented.  It  contains 
iflistrict  4  cities  of  the  third  class.  It  is  200 
il  hy  E.  of  Canton. 

hisemond,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Norfolk  E., 
■|co.,  N.  C,  S.,  Blackwater  river,  or  South- 
|h  SW.,  Isle  of  Wight  NW  ,  and  Hampton 
i|  NE.  Length  33  ms.,  mean  width  20,  area 
m.  ms.  Surface  generally  level,  and  in  part 
*.y.  Drurnmond's  pond,  one  of  the  feeders  of 
s  isinal  Swamp  canal,  is  in  the  SE.  angle  of 
ilo.  Staples,  cotton  and  tobacco.  Chief 
WSuffolk.  Pop.  1820,  10,494;  and  in  1840, 
«>.  Central  lat.  36  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  30' 
♦(-River  of  Va.,  rising  in  the  central  part  of 
ttmond  co.,  flowing  NNE,  about  25  ms., 
Wby  a  wide  bay  into  James  river  and  Hamp- 
1  !>ads.  It  is  navigable  to  Suffolk  for  vessels 
I  tons. 

bitasketroad,  the  southern  entrance  into  Bos- 
tfc-bor.  It  affords  good  anchorage  in  from  5  to 
feioms  water. 

Pi-tchang-fou,  city  of  China,  capital  of  the 
^  ce  of  Kiang-si.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  vice- 
ST»pd  comprehends  8  cities  in  its  district. 
Piles,  ancient,  rich,  and  very  considerable 
»pf  France,  in  the  department  of  Lower  Loire, 
d'te  province  of  Bretagne.  The  bridges  over 
e  )ire,  in  which  are  some  islands,  are  almost  a 
'g'  in  length.    The  suburbs  are  so  large  that 


they  exceed  the  city.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
puted at  60,000.  Since  the  peace  in  1783,  Nan- 
tes has  had  a  considerable  share  in  the  commerce 
with  the  U.  S.  Large  vessels  can  come  no  higher 
than  Port  Lunnai,  where  they  are  unloaded  into 
smaller  vessels,  which  go  up  to  Nantes,  being  a 
distance  of  12  ms.  In  1796  the  theatre  here  took 
fire,  during  a  time  of  performance,  and  several 
persons  lost  their  lives.  Nantes  is  58  ms.  S.  by 
E.  of  Rennes,  and  217  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  45 
VV.,  lat.  47  13  N. 

Nanticoke,  creek  of  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  rises 
between  Chenango  and  Owego  rivers,  and  falls  in- 
to the  Susquehannah  about  midway  between  Owe- 
go and  Chenango  point  Post  office  on  the  pre- 
ceding creek,  10  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Owego. 
 River  of  Md.,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Chesa- 
peake bay.  It  rises  in  Del.,  and  runs  nearly  in  a 
SW.  course  through  Dorchester  co.,  (Md.,)  and 
enters  the  Chesapeake  on  the  S.  side  of  Philips's 

point.  Hundred,  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  watered  by 

the  Nanticoke  river,  from  which  it  derives  its 
name,  and  on  the  W.  and  S.  it  joins  Md. 

Nantmill,  East,  one  of  the  northern  tps.  of 
Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  head  waters  of  French 
creek,  35  ms.  NW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Nantmill,  West,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  adjoin- 
ing the  preceding,  and  the  SE.  angle  of  Berks, 
and  the  NE.  angle  of  Lancaster  co.,  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  E.  branch  of  Brandywine. 

Nantua,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  and  late  province  of  Bresse,  situated  at  the 
extremity  of  a  great  lake  of  the  same  name,  18  ms. 
SE.  of  Bourg.  Here  Charles  the  Bold  was  in- 
terred. 

Nantucket,  island  of  N.  America,  in  Mass., 
the  inhabitants  of  which  have  a  considerable  whale 
fishery  on  the  coast,  and  even  in  Greenland.  It 
lies  to  the  S.  of  Cape  Cod,  and  is  a  low,  sandy, 
barren  island  ;  the  inhabitants  depend  almost  entire- 
ly on  the  sea  for  their  subsistence.  It  contains 
about  50  sq.  ms.,  and  forms  a  county  with  some 
small  islands.  The  employment  of  capital  marks 
the  pursuits  of  the  people;  $600,000  are  employ- 
ed in  upwards  of  30  spermaceti  works.  It  con- 
tains also  two  banks  and  two  insurance  companies. 
Pop.  1820,  7,266  ;  and  in  1840,  9,112.  Lat.  41 
15  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  7°  intersect  on  the  island 
of  Nantucket. 

Nantucket,  village  and  capital  of  the  island  of 
Nantucket,  situated  on  a  basin,  the  N.  side  of  the 
island,  in  the  lat.  of  41  18  N.,  and  lon.  of  70  10 
W.,  at  the  distance  of  120  ms.  SE.  of  Boston.  It 
is  a  port  of  entry.  It  has  one  fine  harbor,  com- 
pletely safe  from  all  winds,  being  so  well  land- 
locked. It  has  only,  however,  at  low  water  1\ 
feet  water  on  its  bar. 

Nantwich,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire;  here  are 
salt  springs,  from  which  are  made  great  quantities 
of  white  salt,  also  a  manufacture  of  cotton  and 
shoes.  The  principal  dairies  of  Cheshire  are  about 
this  town,  and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  in  cheese. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Weaver,  and  by  the  Chester  ca- 
nal, which  here  forms  a  broad  basin,  26  ms.  SE. 
of  Chester,  and  164  NW.  of  London. 

Nan  Yang,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Ho-nan,  seated  on  a  small  river, 
and  surrounded  by  mountains,  100  ms.  S.  of 
Ho-nan. 

619 


NAP  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NAR 


Nan-yong,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Quantong,  seated  on  the  Pei-kiang, 
near  its  source,  170  ms.  NNE.  of  Canton. 

Napaul,  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  S.  by 
Bahar,  W.  by  Oude  and  Rohilcund,  NW.  by  Sir- 
inagur,  NE.  by  the  mountains  of  Himmalaya, 
which  separate  it  from  Thibet,  and  E.  by  Bootan. 
It  is  tributary  to  Thibet,  and  Catmandu  is  the 
capital. 

Naples,  kingdom,  comprehending  the  S.  part  of 
Italy,  bounded  on  the  NW.  by  the  ecclesiastical 
States,  NE.  by  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  and  everywhere 
else  by  the  Mediterranean.  The  principal  moun- 
tains are  the  Appennines,  which  traverse  this  coun- 
try from  N.  to  S.,  branching  out  to  the  two  ex- 
tremities, and  the  celebrated  volcano  Mount  Vesu- 
vius. The  rivers  are  numerous,  but  inconsidera- 
ble ;  the  chief  are  the  Garigliano  and  Volturno. 
One  of  the  greatest  inconveniences  to  which  the 
kingdom  is  exposed  is  earthquakes.  The  estab- 
lished religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic,  and  the 
clergy  and  convents,  under  the  old  government, 
possessed  two-thirds  of  the  whole  kingdom  ;  but 
Protestants  and  Jews  are  allowed  to  settle  here. 
The  inhabitants  of  this  country  have  at  all  times 
borne  but  an  indifferent  character  among  other  na- 
tions ;  gluttony  is  here  a  predominant  vice,  while 
instances  of  ebriety  are  comparatively  rare. 

Naples,  ancient,  large,  rich,  and  trading  city  of 
Italy,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  university.  It  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of 
a  bay,  and  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  vast  amphithe- 
atre, sloping  from  the  hills  to  the  sea.  Naples  is 
admirably  suited  for  commerce,  and  has  all  the  ne- 
cessaries and  luxuries  of  life  in  great  profusion,  and 
yet  trade  is  in  but  a  languishing  condition.  The 
chief  articles  manufactured  here  are  silk  stockings, 
soap,  snuff  boxes  of  tortoise  shell,  or  of  the  lava 
of  Mount  Vesuvius,  tables  and  ornamental  furni 
ture  of  marble.  The  harbor,  which  is  spacious,  is 
protected  by  a  mole.  The  bay  of  Naples  is  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  world,  being  almost  of  a  circular 
figure,  about  30  ms.  in  diameter,  shut  out  from  the 
Mediterranean  by  the  island  of  Caprea,  and  three 
parts  of  it  sheltered  by  the  circuit  of  woods  and 
mountains.  Naples  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
January,  1790,  but  retaken  by  the  British  fleet 
under  Lord  Nelson,  in  June  following.  In  1806 
it  was  again  taken  possession  of  by  the  French, 
under  Massena,  and  soon  after  Joseph  Bonaparte 
was  here  crowned  king  of  Naples.  In  1803  the 
city  suffered  much  damage  'by  an  earthquake. 
Naples  is  110  ms.  SE.  of  Rome,  104  NE.  of  Pal- 
ermo, 217  SE.  of  Florence,  and  300  S.  by  E.  of 
Venice.  Lon.  14  20  E.,  lat.  14  55  N.  For  Na- 
ples, see  art.  Italy,  pp.  434,  435. 
*  Statistics  of  Naples. — The  journals  of  the  Two 
Sicilies  published  the  following  census  of  the  pop- 
ulation of  Naples  for  1835,  drawn  up  in  conse- 
quence of  an  order  of  the  police  ministers.  The 
population  of  Naples,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1835, 
amounted  to  335,386  inhabitants;  on  the  1st  Jan- 
uary, 1836,  it  was  357,283,  of  whom  166,727 
were  males,  and  190,556  females;  the  increase 
was  accordingly  1,897  individuals.  In  1835  there 
were  in  Naples  14  centenaries,  2  men  and  12 
women,  3  of  whom  were  105  years  old  ;  31  indi- 
viduals had  committed  suicide  in  the  course  of  that 
year.  The  population  was  divided  as  follows  : 
620 


6,843  civil  and  1,151  military  officers,  2,2(  e. 
longing  to  public  instruction,  3,096  lawyers,  ^ 
physicians  and  surgeons,  1,022  merchants, 
artists,  and  105,355  mechanics  and  laborers, 

Naples,  i  p.  and  village,  Ontario  co,  N.  \  ig 
ms.  S.  from  Canandaigua.    Pop.  in  1820,  1  8, 

Naploose,  or  Napolose — See  Nablous. 

Napo,  river  of  S.  America,  rising  in  Quite  jj 
flowing  SE.  falls  into  the  Amazon.  Lon.  \  JX 
4  50  E  ,  lat  3  45  S. 

Napoleon,  village,  Ripley  co.,  Ia.,  89  ms  B. 
from  Indianapolis. 

Napoli  di  Malvasia,  seaport  of  European  ir. 
key,  and  capital  of  the  island  of  Malvasia.  ■ 
a  fine  harbor,  defended  by  a  good  citadel ;  s 
long  wooden  bridge,  which  joins  it  to  the  m 
land.  It  gives  name  to  that  excellent  wine  ed 
Malmsey,  and  was  the  ancient  Epidaurus,  ed 
for  the  temple  of  ^sculapius.  It  is  seated  m 
rock,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Napoli  d  m 
mania,  38  ms.  SE.  of  Misitra.  Lon.  22  lm 
lat.  36  53  N.  Napoli  di  Malvasia  stands  c  ha 
site  of  Epidaurus  Limera,  a  town  of  La  iv 
The  other  city  of  Epidaurus,  much  more  ger  lly 
known,  belonged  to  Argolis,  and  stood  on  tl  i|. 
ronic  gulf,  opposite  the  island  of  Egina,  in  ^  it. 
37  38.  Epidaurus  Limera  stood  on  the  c  rn 
shore  of  the  SE.  peninsula  of  Laconia,  P»  it, 
36  43. 

Napoli  di  Romania,  seaport  of  Europear  it- 
key,  in  the  Morea,  on  a  peninsula,  at  the  h  of 
a  bay  of  the  same  name.  It  is  inhabited  by  6  OA 
Greeks,  besides  people  of  different  nations  nd 
has  a  large  harbor,  with  a  narrow  entrance,  d  id- 
ed  by  a  citadel.  This  town  was  taken  1  h« 
Turks  in  1715.  It  is  20  ms.  SSW.  of  Col 
Lon,  22  44  E.,  lat.  37  44  N. 

Nara,  town  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of  Ni  id, 
with  a  magnificent  castle,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Me  w. 

Narasinghapura,  town  of  Hindoostan,  i  \f> 
sore,  with  two  considerable  temples.  It  i\M 
built,  and  stands  in  a  fertile  country,  on  th  h- 
verv,  immediately  below  the  influx  of  the  K  ni, 
20  ms.  ESE.  of  Mysore. 

Narberth,  town  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokesh  <w 
a  hill,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Pembroke,  and  242  '  by 
N.  of  London. 

Narbonne,  city  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  it, 
In  the  time  of  the  Romans,  it  was  the  capd 
that  part  of  Gaul  called  Gallia  Narboi.ensis  md 
here  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius  was  born,  me 
Roman  inscriptions,  in  different  parts  of  the  ty, 
are  still  visible;  and  the  canal  from  the  river  de, 
through  the  city,  to  the  Mediterranean,  w»<jfl 
the  Romans.  Narbonne  is  famous  for  its  fey, 
and  the  cathedral  is  remarkable  for  its  noWe  m 
It  is  5  ms.  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  80  'E- 
of  Toulouse.    Lon.  3°  E.,  lat.  43  11  N. 

Narborough,  island  of  S.  America,  on  tbe  asi 
of  Chili,  so  called  because  Sir  John  Narhoigt 
refreshed  his  men  here,  when  sent  to  the  w 
sea  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Lon.  74  3;*., 
lat.  45°  N. 

Narcondam,  barren  rock  rising  abruptly  -  0 
the  Indian  ocean,  uninhabited,  and  seemingl  es 
titute  of  vegetation.  It  is  about  20  leagues  0 
the  Andamans. 

Nardo,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  rr 
d'Otranto.    In  this  little  town  there  are  8,0<  » 


NAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NAS 


eery  wares.  It  is  situated  on  the  Narova,  8  ms. 
from  its  mouth,  and  100  W,  of  Petersburgh.  Lon. 
27  52  E.,  lat.  59  18  N. 

Narwah,  or  Narwha,  a  town  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  in  the  province  of  Agra,  seated  a  little 
above  the  confluence  of  the  Sinde  with  the  Jumna. 
It  is  127  miles  S.  of  Agra.  Lon.  79  17  E.,  lat. 
25  40  N. 

Naseby,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Northamptonshire, 
12  ms.  N.  of  Northampton. 

Nash,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Edgecomb  E. 
and  SE.,  Wayne  S.,  Johnson  S\V.,  Franklin 
NW.,  and  Halifax  NE.  Length  30,  mean  width 
18  ms. ;  area  540  sq.  ms.  Surface  moderately 
hilly,  and  soil  near  the  streams  productive.  Sta- 
ples, cotton  and  tobacco.  Tar  river  flows  through 
nearly  the  middle  of  the  co.  The  court  house,  at 
which  there  is  a  post  office,  is  about  40  ms.  NE. 
by  E.  from  Raleigh.  Pop.  8,185;  and  in  1840, 
9,047.  Lat.  36°  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  1°  W.  in- 
tersect in  this  co. 

Nashuan,  one  of  the  Elizabeth  islands,  Mass., 
near  the  mouth  of  Buzzard's  bay. 

Nashua,  river,  rises  in  Worcester  co.,  Mass., 
flows  NE.  across  the  NW.  angle  of  Middlesex  ; 
enters  N.  H.  and  falls  into  the  Merrimack,  in 
Hillsborough  co. 

Nashville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Nash  co., 
N.  C,  50  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Raleigh.    Lat.  35 

54  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  2  W.  Village  and  seat 

of  justice,  Davidson  co.,  Tenn.,  and  now  seat  of 
the  State  government,  on  the  left  bank,  of  Tennes- 
see river,  200  ms.  W\  from  Knoxville,  430  NE. 
from  Natchez,  and  480  NNE.  from  New  Orleans, 
by  General  Jackson's  road.  Lon.  W.  C.  9  40  W., 
lat.  36  4  N.  It  is  the  central  point  of  a  very  fer- 
tile, well  cultivated,  and  populous  country.  Cum- 
berland river  is  navigable,  except  at  very  low  water, 
for  steamboats  to  this  town  ;  one  ormore  of  these 
vessels  ply  between  there  and  New  Orleans.  It 
contains,  beside  the  ordinary  county  buildings,  two 
printing  offices,  two  banks,  an  academy  for  young 
ladies,  and  several  manufactories.  Population 
about  4,000. 

In  1840  the  white  population  of  Nashville  stood 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

Otoo      -            .            ..      .  - 

364 

347 

5  to  10  • 

254 

291 

10  to  15  - 

241 

243 

15  to  20  - 

247 

266 

20  to  30  - 

644 

435 

30  to  40  - 

317 

249 

40  to  50  - 

167 

134 

50  to  60  - 

65 

56 

60  to  70  - 

27 

32 

70  to  80  - 

9 

12 

80  to  90  - 

1 

3 

90  to  100  - 

1 

0 

100  and  upwards 

0 

1 

2,337 

2,070 

2,337 

Total  whites  - 

4,407 

0,tits;  it  is  20  ms.  NW.  of  Otranto.  Lon.  18 
J,  lat.  40  18  N. 

fienta,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Dalmatia,  with  a 
,n 's  see,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  46 
.  E.  ofRagusa.  Lon.  18  27E.,  lat.  43  35  N. 
f^  nalla,  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the  province 
Bar,  72  ms.  E.  of  Burnampour.  Lon.  77  34 
K  21  25  N. 

fc-m,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  Sa- 
ia  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  marble  bridge,  built 
igustus,  one  of  whose  arches  was  150  feet 
^bnd  200  broad ;  as  also  of  an  aqueduct  that 
Mtfit  water  from  a  spring  at  the  distance  of  15 
t.  It  contains  a  great  many  noble  families,  and 
*ed  on  the  Nera,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Spoletto, 
41)  NE.  of  Rome. 

hova,  river  of  the  Russian  empire,  which  is- 
«iom  the  Lake  Peipus,  and  watering  Narva, 
w  nto  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  8  ms.  below  that 
in  It  is  noted  for  two  picturesque  water-falls, 
b  usly  described  by  travellers,  but  far  inferior 
it  of  the  Rhine,  at  Schaffhausen.  The  breadth 
U  river  is  about  200  feet,  and  the  perpendicular 
e  of  the  falls  scarcely  exceeds  20  feet. 
fsragamett,  beautiful  bay  of  the  U.  S.,  in  R. 

opens  between  Point  Judith  on  the  W.,  and 
♦met  to  the  E.,  and  extending  from  S.  to  N. 
it),  to  the  city  of  Providence,  where  it  termi- 
e  and  receives  Pawtucket  and  some  smaller 
'«(  It  varies  in  width  from  1  to  15  ms.  ;  and 
etyuered  by  R.  I.,  Prudence,  and  Connanicut. 
w»i  its  minor  bays,  Mount  Hope,  receives 
u  in  river  from  Massachusetts.  The  shores 
s8d,  without  being  very  elevated,  and  the  ad- 
tl  country  picturesque  and  well  peopled.  It 
itle  opinion,  in  1817,  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  com- 
isiers,  that  this  bay  afforded  the  most  eligible 
s  a  naval  depot  NE.  from  the  Chesapeake. 
ktraguagus,  bay  of  Washington  co.,  Me.,  re- 
rw;  a  small  river  of  the  sume  name,  from  the 

Apart  of  the  co.  Town,  Washington  co., 

ff.^n  the  Narraguagus,  37  ms.  W.  from  Ma- 

^rows,  The,  strait  that  separates  Long  Island 
>mtaten  Island,  and  unites  the  Atlantic  with 
-  h  of  N.  Y. 

V  ungapatan,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
in  the  territory  of  Sisnagur.  It  was  the 
-ni  ce  formerly  of  a  king,  and  is  situated  400 
s-i'].  of  Bombay.  Lon.  76  10  E.,  lat.  15  30N. 
mca.  a  strong  town  of  the  Russian  empire,  in 
or  the  government  of  Petersburgh.  The 
are  built  of  brick,  stuccoed  white;  and  it 
n  >»re  the  appearance  of  a  German  than  of  a 
Mm  town,  rn  the  suburbs,  called  Ivangorod, 
Mi's  town,  the  colossal  remains  of  an  ancient 
rty,  built  by  Ivan  Vassilievitch  the  Great,  im- 
«i  a  picturesque  manner  over  the  steep  banks 
thiXarova.  Near  Narva  is  the  spot  celebrated 
r*J  victory  which  Charles  XII,  in  the  19th  year 
'»iige,  gained  over  the  Russian  army  in  1700. 
;"  wn  was  taken  by  the  czar  about  five  years 
i^r  vho  traversed  the  streets  on  horseback  with 
« iWn  sword  in  his  hand,  restrained  his  troops 
milage,  and  placed  guards  at  the  doors  of  the 
nwal  houses,  and  before  the  churches.  The 
m<al  exports  from  Narva  are  hemp,  flax,  tim- 
r»  id  corn;  the  imports,  salt,  tobacco,  wine, 
0  lerrings,  spices,  tea,  sugar,  and  other  gro- 


Aggregate  population,  6,929. 

Nassau,  Grand  duchy  of,  State  of  Germany, 
bounded  W.  by  the  Rhine,  separating  it  from 
Rhenish  Prussia,  N.  by  Rhenish  Prussia,  E.  by 
Hesse  Darmstadt  and  Wetzlar,  and  S.  by  the 
Rhine  and  Mayn,  separating  it  from  Frankfort  on 
the  Mayn,  and  western  Hesse  Darmstadt.  Very 

621 


NAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NAT 


unlike  most  other  German  States,  Nassau  is  toler- 1 
ably  compact ;  length  60,  mean  breadth  30,  and  j 
area  1,800  sq.  ms.,  English;  and,  with  an  aggre-  ] 
gate  population  of  340,000,  has  a  distributive  pop- 
pulation  of  190  to  the  sq.  m.,  Eng.  Nassau,  in' 
latitude,  lies  between  50°  and  50  50  N.  Slope 
westward,  and  traversed  nearly  centrieally  by  the 
river  Lahn.  The  reigning  family  claims  the  origin 
of  their  greatness  into  the  10th  century;  in  1180 
they  became  counts,  and  now  divided  into  two 
branches,  one  sovereign  of  Holland,  and  the  other 
of  Nassau  itself,  maintains  dignity  amongst  the 
monarchs  of  Europe.  The  government  is  repre- 
sentative, composed  of  two  houses,  and  the  country 
flourishing  in  its  active  industry  applied  to  agricul- 
ture, mining,  manufactures,  and  commerce.  Reli- 
gion protected,  and  free  to  all  sects. 

The  chief  towns  are — 
Wisbaden  - 


Nassau 
Dillenburg 
Wielburg 
Limburg 


7,000 
2,000 
2,500 
2,000 j 
3,000 


Nassau,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  river  Lahn,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Co- 

blentz.    Lon.  7  42  E.,  lat.  50  18  N.  River  of 

Florida,  rising  between  St.  John's  and  St.  Mary's 
rivers,  and  flowing  parallel  to  each,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean  between  Talbot  and  Amelia  islands, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  about  70  ms.  Lat. 

30  44  N.,  lon.  81  42  W.  NE.  co.  of  Florida, 

bounded  by  St.  Mary's  river,  separating  it  from 
Uamden  co.,  Ga.,  N.  and  W.  by  Columbia  co., 
Florida,  SW.,  Duval  S.,  and  the  Atlantic  ocean 
E.  Greatest  length  38  ms.,  mean  width  15,  and 
area  525  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  30  30,  and  5°  lon.  W. 
W.  C,  intersect  in  this  co.    Pop.  1840,  1,892. 

Chief  town,  Nassau.  Capital  of  the  island  of 

New  Providence.    Lon.  W.  C.  50'  W-,  lat.  24 

55  N.  Town,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms. 

SE.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,873. 

Nata,  or  Santiago  de  los  Cabrellos,  city  of  N. 
America,  in  Veragua.  Lon.  W.  C.  3  17'  W., 
lat.  8  22  N. 

Natal  Coast,  or  Caff r  aria  Proper. — See  Africa, 
p.  28.  col.  1st. 

Natchez,  principal  town  in  the  State  of  Missis- 
sippi, and  the  seat  of  justice  for  Adams  co.,  lies 
upon  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  at  lat. 

31  33  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  14  30  W.  The  site  is 
a  beautiful  and  commanding  bluff,  rising  from  100 
to  200  feet  above  the  Mississippi  river;  and,  by  its 
peculiar  location,  is  protected  from  the  noisome  ex- 
halations of  the  adjacent  low  grounds.  The  edge 
of  the  bluff  rises  into  a  long  narrow  ridge,  which 
renders  the  Mississippi  river  invisible  from  the 
streets  of  the  town.  It  contains  280  dwelling 
houses,  four  places  of  public  worship,  one  for  Ro- 
man Catholics,  one  for  Presbyterians,  one  for 
Methodists,  and  one  for  Baptists  ;  six  large  ware- 
houses, an  elegant  court  house  and  jail,  25  dry 
good  stores,  two  steam  saw  mills,  and  a  steam 
aqueduct ;  a  State  bank,  with  a  capital  of  §900,000, 
having  offices  in  Woodville  and  Port  Gibson.  This 
is  the  only  banking  institution  in  the  State,  and  by 
its  charter  the  faith  of  the  State  is  pledged  not  to 
grant  any  other  banking  charter  until  1840.  The 
sessions  of  the  supreme  court,  and  of  the  district 
court  in  the  U.  S.  are  held  at  present  at  this  place. 

622 


During  about  nine  months  of  the  year,  from  ( 
ber  to  the  ensuing  June,  Natchez  is  a  very  I  y 
scene  of  commercial  activity.  Immense  quan  !g 
of  produce  from  the  regions  on  Ohio,  Mississ  ; 
&c,  find  here  a  ready  and  profitable  market.  e 
cotton  shipped  from  this  port  in  ordinary  seas )( 
exceeds  35,000  bales.  The  entire  cotton  shi  d 
from  the  whole  State  in  1820-'2l,  was  estin  d 
at  80,000  bales;  and  that  for  1821-2,  supr.  d 
will  at  least  be  equal  to  that  of  the  preceding  1  •, 

The  bills  of  mortality  reported  under  the  |. 
perintendence  of  the  board  of  health,  justify  « 
opinion  that  Natchez  is  healthy  for  residents!  rj 
sultry  summers,  the  greatest  number  of  death  e 
amongst  persons  engaged  on  the  navigation  ol  « 
Mississippi  river. 

The  following  exhibits  the  actual  and  pro|  > 
sive  pop.  of  this  city  : 

1810  -  -  -  -  -  1  i 
1820  .  al 
1830  -  -  -  -  -  2  ft 
1840    3  0 

Natchez  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  aldermen,  d 
city  council,  with  the  ordinary  co.  justices  ol  e 
peace,  who  have,  in  ordinary  civil  and  crin  ii 
jurisdiction,  concurrent  power  with  the  alden  . 
It  is  322  ms.  by  water,  and  156  by  land  a  e 
New  Orleans,  1,613  below  Pittsburg,  846  b? 
St.  Louis,  and  670  below  the  mouth  of  the  C  y 

Natchitoches,  NW.  parish  of  La.,  bounde  y 
Texas  SW.  and  W.,  State  of  Arkansas  , 
Washitau  parish  E.,  Rapides  SE.,  and  Oupi  i- 
sas  S.  Length  140  ms.,  mean  width  75,  a 
10,500  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  hilly,  par  i- 
larly  between  Red  and  Sabine  rivers.  E>  )t 
near  the  margin  of  Red  river,  the  soil  is  gene  y 
sterile,  and  covered  with  pine  timber.  Some  c  r, 
though  comparatively  small  tracts  of  produ  e 
soil,  skirt  the  streams.  An  extensive  body  ol  «r 
ground,  subject  to  annual  submersion,  ext  Is 
along  Red  river,  and  runs  through  this  parisl  >- 
liquely.  The  greatest  part  of  the  former  in!  >■ 
tants  were  settled  on  the  alluvial  banks  of  d 
river.  Besides  Red  and  Sabine,  the  river  )f 
Natchitoches  are  Bodcau,  Dacheet,  Blark  r  r, 
and  Saline.  Chief  staples,  cotton,  lumber,  d 
peltry.  This  description  of  Natchitoches  is 
written  when  that  parish  included  all  the  n'  i- 
western  part  of  the  State.  The  space  was  si  3- 
quently  divided,  and  the  northern  part  forme  I  o 
the  parish  of  Claiborne.  The  settlements  are  * 
extended  over  the  whole  surface,  and  the  pro  M 
sive  pop.  is  shown  as  follows :  In  1820,  ie 
whole  surface  then  included  in  Natchitoches  p  ib 
had  on  it  7,486  inhabitants;  in  1840,  wha  3- 
mained  Natchitoches  had  14,350;  Claibi-, 
6,185,  and  jointly,  21,535.  Chief  town,  Na  i- 
toches.  Pop.  in  1820,  7,486,  and  in  1840, 14,  3. 
Central  lai.  32°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  16  15  W. 

Natchitoches,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  fo  « 
parish  of  Natchitoches,  La.,  on  the  right  bai  ot 
Red  river,  at  lat.  31  10  N.,  lon.  W.  C  1  0 
W.  The  houses  are  chiefly  contained  in  ( 
street,  running  parallel  to  the  river.  Pop.  aO| 
600.  It  is  356  ms.  NW.  from  New  Orleauy 
land,  through  Attacapas  and  Opelousas,  and  17 
by  water. 

Natich,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  18  s. 
SW.  from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  849. 


NAU  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY.  NAV 


fatividad,  seaport  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Pidalajara,  on  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  100 
n  W.  of  Guadalajara.  Lon.  W.  C.  27°  W., 
It  20  42  N. 

mtolia,  country  formerly  a  f»art  of  Asia  Minor, 
[is  the  most  western  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
bnded  on  the  N.  by  the  Black  sea,  E.  by  Cara- 
ui'ia,  S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  W.  by  the 
Ahipeiago  and  the  sea  of  Marmora.  The  soil 
s  is  generally  fertile,  producing  fruits  of  various 
kls,  corn,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  silk.  It  is 
cisedbya  chain  of  mountains,  formerly  called 
1  rus,  from  W.  to  E.,  and  watered  by  a  great 
a  iber  of  rivers.  Kiutaia  is  the  capital.  Pop. 
a  it  5,000,000,  composed  of  Turks,  Greeks, 
Aienians,  Jews,  and  other  nations. 

hitam,  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
If  country  of  Madura,  18  ms.  N.  of  Madura, 
it  45  SSW.  of  Trichinopoly. 

attore,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  47 
uENE  of  Moorshedabad. 

ratura,  group  of  islands  in  the  southern  part 
•lie  Chinese  sea.  The  island  called  Great  Na- 
te a,  lies  about  180  ms.  NNW.  from  Point  Api 
oMorneo,  and  350  ms.  NE.  by  E.  of  Singapore. 
Nat.  3  50,  lon.  108  30  E.  London. 

atural  Bridge,  viljage,  Rockbridge  co.,  Va., 
llns.  SSW.  from  Lexington,  and  176  W.  from 
Rimond. 

avan,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.,  of  Meath, 
se id  at  the  conflux  of  the  Blackwater  with  the 
Bne,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Dublin. 

avarin,  seaport  of  European  Turkey,  on  the 
\\ coast  of  the  Morea,  with  a  large  harbor,  de- 
'•ed  by  two  forts.  In  1770,  it  was  taken  hy  the 
■Nans.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  10  ms.  N.  by  E 
jf  fodon,  and  17  WNW.  of  Coron.  Lon.  21 
■.,  lat.  37  2  N. 

avarre,  kingdom  of  Europe,  lying  between 
Pnce  and  Spain,  and  divided  into  the  Upper 
v  Lower.  The  Upper  belongs  to  Spain,  and 
A  »  ms.  long,  and  60  broad.  Though  a  moun- 
a  >us  country,  abounding  in  game  and  iron 
m^s,  some  valleys  produce  good  corn  and  ex- 
#nt  wine.  It  is  divided  into  five  districts, 
w  >e  chief  towns  are  Pamplona,  Estella,  Tudela, 
)    and  St.  Guesca.    Lower  Navarre  belongs 

0  ranee,  and  is  now  the  dep.  of  Lower  Py- 
re Js.  It  is  separated  from  Spanish  Navarre  by 
h  5yrenees,  and  is  a  mountainous  barren  coun- 
!  20  ms.  long,   and  12  broad.    From  this 

1  try  the  king  of  France  takes  the  title  of  king 
^  irre.    See  Palais,  St. 

ivarre,  New,  piovince  of  New  Mexico, 
»  ded  on  the  N.  by  a  country  unknown,  E.  by 
1  Mexico  Proper,  and  New  Biscay,  S.  by 
G  acari,  and  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  California. 
!"  country  was  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in 
The  natives  are  robust  and  warlike,  and 
wiih  difficulty  brought  to  submission  ;  they 
an  use  of  bows  with  poisoned  arrows,  clubs  of 
e<food,  and  bucklers.  The  chief  Spanish  town 
itmaloa. 

■ivarreins,  town  of  Fr.  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
^J  nees,  seated  on  the  Gave  d'Oleron,  26  ms. 
•*f'of  Bayonne. 

wen,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  middle 
18  ms.  WNW.  of  Berlin. 

lumberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Hesse, 


situate  on  the  Eider,  11  ms.  WSW.  of  Cassel. 

 Town  of  Germany  in  the  electorate  of  Mentz, 

14  ms.  WSW.  of  Cassel,  and  36  SW.  of  Gottin- 
gin.  It  is  seated  on  the  Eder.  Town  of  Up- 
per Saxony,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Saxe  Naum- 
burg,  seated  on  the  Sala,  37  ms.  NE.  ofErfort, 
and  60  W.  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  20  E.,  lat.  51 
12  N. 

Navesink.    See  Naves ink-hi Its. 

Navigator's  Islands,  a  cluster  of  ten  islands  in 
the  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by  Bougainville,  and 
explored  by  Perouse  in  1787.  They  are  called 
by  the  natives  Opoun,  Leone,  Fanfoue,  Maouna, 
Oyalava,  Calinasse,  Pola,  Shika,  Ossamo,  and 
Ouero  Opoun;  the  most  southerly  and  easterly  of 
these  islands  lies  in  lon.  169  7  W.,  lat.  14  7  S. 
Maouna,  Oyalava,  and  Pola,  may  be  numbered 
among  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  islands  of 
the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  They  combine  the  advanta- 
ges of  a  soil  fruitful  without  culture,  and  a  climate 
that  renders  clothing  unnecessary.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  a  strong  and  lusty  race,  scarcely  a  man 
to  be  seen  among  them  less  than  six  feet  high,  and 
the  women  are  in  proportion.    See  Maouna. 

The  following  document,  in  regard  to  the  Navi- 
gator's islands,  was  afforded  in  a  letter  from  Lieu- 
tenant Charles  Wilkes,  dated  Nov.  9,  1839  : 
Harbor  of  Apia,  island  of  Upoln,  directed  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  United  States  Navy.  The  ele- 
ment has  beer^  in  some  degree  transposed,  but 
literally  copied.  The  reader  will  remark  the  total 
discrepancy  of  names,  between  those  of  the  ori- 
ginal article  and  those  given  bv  Lieutenant 
Wilkes. 

Sq.  ms. 

The  island  of  Savii  contains         -  -  2,700 

The  island  of  Upoln        -  -  -  560 

The  island  of  Jutnilla  -  240 
The  island  of  Monono  9 
The  island  of  Apolima  -  7 
The  island  of  Tana  -  100 
The  island  of  Orasurga     -  -  24 

The  island  of  Ofoo         -  -  -  10 


Total  sq.  ms.   -  -  -  -  3,641 


Among  the  harbors  of  Jutnilla,  that  of  Pago 
Pago  is  the  safest.  Of  those  of  Upoln,  that  of 
Apia  is  the  most  central  and  best  of  that  island  ; 
it  is  situated  on  the  N.  side,  in  lat.  13  49  S.,  Ion. 
171  41  W.  London.  Of  those  found  on  the  is- 
land of  Lavi,  Mataatoo  is  the  best  ;  it  is  situated 
in  lat.  13  28  S.,  lon.  1?2  20  W.  of  London. 
The  harbors  are  formed  by  openings  or  breaks  in 
the  reefs  which  surround  the  islands,  and  although 
not  of  great  extent,  are  commodious  and  safe, 
with  the  prevailing  winds.  The  coasts  may  be 
approached  with  safety,  as  the  reefs  are  visible, 
and  the  soundings  regular.  The  mean  tempera- 
ture about  76  deg.  The  S.  side  of  all  the  islands 
are  cooler  and  more  subject  to  rain  and  winds 
than  the  north,  and  do  not  afford  so  many 
harbors  and  shelters.  Vessels  visiting  these  is- 
lands can  obtain  complete  supplies  of  hogs  and 
vegetables.  Water  is  abundant  in  all  the  harbors 
and  easily  obtained,  particularly  at  Apia.  These 
islands  may  be  visited  with  safety,  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year.  From  November  to  March  they  are 
most  subject  to  bad  weather,  when  variable  winds 

623 


The  island  of  Savii  contains 
The  island  of  Upoln 
The  island  of  Jutnilla 
The  island  of  Monono 
The  island  of  Apolima 
The  island  of  Tana 
The  island  of  Orasurga 
The  island  of  Ofoo 


NAX  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEB 


prevail.  The  islands  of  Upoln  is  the  most  cent- 
ral, and  being  connected  with  Monono,  where 
the  principal  chief  resides,  has  the  ascendency 
over  the  whole  group.  The  group  extends  from 
Jat.  13  49  to  14  18  S.,  and  from  Ion.  169  13  to 
172  46  W.  London. 

The  inhabitants  reside  on  or  near  the  seacoast, 
although  at  Upoln  there  are  several  large  villages 
in  the  interior.  The  population  as  given  by 
Lieut.  Wilkes  is  56,000,  of  which  he  says  "  about 
two-thirds  are  said  to  be  of  the  missionary  or 
Christian  party,  and  about  10,000  who  read  or 
write.  Cannibalism  is  supposed  never  to  have 
existed  at  this  group." 

While  transcribing  as  much  of  Lieut.  Wilkes' 
notes  as  were  suitable  to  the  Dictionary,  the 
No.  of  the  Foreign  Missionary  Chronicle  for  July, 
1840,  came  to  hand,  containing  an  article  headed 
"  Navigator's  Islands,"  and  the  epigraph  "  Tri- 
umphs of  the  Gospel  of  Peace" — the  element  afford- 
ed by  the  Rev.  T.  Heath.  The  subjoined  geographi- 
cal information  I  may  add  to  the  preceding: 

Aana  is  one  of  the  three  large  districts  into 
which  the  island  of  Upoln  is  divided.  It  forms 
the  westward  end  of  that  fine  island  ;  the  central 
division  of  which  is  called  Tumassaga,  and  the 
eastward  Atna.  About  4  miles  to  the  westward 
of  Aana  is  the  small  but  influential  island  of  Mo- 
nono, and  close  to  that  Apolima  its  olo  or  fortress. 
Farther  to  the  westward,  about  12  ms.,  lies  Sa- 
vaii  or  Salafai,  the  largest  of  the  Samour  or  Na- 
vigator's group. 

In  regard  to  cannibalism,  Mr.  Heath  observes, 
"The  reader  will  perhaps  not  be  surprised  on 
being  informed  that  cannibalism  was  another  ac- 
companiment of  their  wars."  Mr.  Heath  learned 
from  repeated  conversations  with  old  and  respec- 
table chiefs,  though  they  spoke  on  the  subject  with 
reluctance,  that  to  a  certain  extent  it  did  exist. 
The  chiefs  said  "they  learned  it  from  Torga,  that 
they  never  liked  it,  but  that  they  had  sometimes 
in  war,  or  in  seasons  of  great  scarcity,  satisfied 
their  revenge,  or  iheir  hunger,  with  human  flesh  ; 
and  it  was  no  secret,  that  a  powerful  and  luxurious 
chief  has  sometimes  done  so  in  times  of  peace  and 
plenty."  During  the  recent  war,  several  human 
victims,  particularly  boys,  were  baked  and  eaten 
like  hogs.  Such  is,  however,  1838,  the  behavior 
and  apparent  character  of  the  people,  that  a  casual 
visitant  would  scarcely  believe  that  eight  years  ago 
they  had  thus  acted. 

Naxkow,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  Isle  of  La- 
land,  with  a  harbor  commodious  for  trade  and  a 
plentiful  fishery.  It  is  60  miles  SW.  of  Copenha- 
gen.   Lon.  11  31  E.,  lat.  54  52  N. 

Naxos,  or  Naxia,  considerable  island  of  the  Ar- 
chipelago, 25  ms  in  length,  and  88  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  abounds  with  orange,  olive,  lemon,  ce- 
dar, citron,  pomegranate,  fig,  and  mulberry  trees, 
and,  though  it  has  no  harbor,  carries  on  a  consid- 
erable trade  in  barley,  wine,  oil,  cheese,  figs,  cot- 
ton, silk,  flax,  salt,  oxen,  sheep,  and  mules.  It  is 
inhabited  both  by  Greeks  and  Latins,  has  four 
archiepiscopal  sees,  and  a  great  many  villages;  but 
the  whole  island  does  not  contain  above  8,000  in- 
habitants. The  highest  mountain  is  Zia,  which 
signifies  the  mountain  of  Jupiter.  This  island  was 
anciently  famous  for  a  sort  of  marble  called  ophi- 
tus,  from  its  being  spotted  like  the  skin  of  a  ser- 
624 


pent,  with  green  and  white  spots.  On  the  n*  - 
tains  near  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean  is  fo  ] 
the  best  emery,  whence  the  neighboring  pron  . 
tory  is  by  the  Italians  called  Cape  Smeriglio.  j 
the  S.  side  of  the  island  is  a  town  defended  t 
castle.  About  a  gunshot  from  hence,  is  a  '» 
marble  tower  on  a  rock,  in  the  middle  of  a  hea  f 
stately  iuins  of  marble  and  granite,  probably  } 
ruins  of  Bacchus's  temple.  Lon.  26  10  E. 
36  41  N. 

Naxos,  or  Naxia,  capital  of  the  Isle  of  Na 
The  greatest  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Gre 
Lon.  25  59  E.,  lat.  3?  8  N. 

Nazareth,  town  of  Palestine,  famous  for  bt  r 
the  residence  of  Jesus  Christ,  in  the  early  pai  f 
his  life.    It  is  now  nothing  but  a  village,  vv 
the  monks  of  St.  Francis  have  a  convent.  I 
35  20  E.,  32  30  N. 

Nazareth,  village  in  Northampton  county,  j 
belonging  to  the  Unitas  Fratrum,  or  society  of  . 
ravians.  It  is  situated  10  miles  N.  of  Betlileh  , 
8  W.  by  N.  of  Easton,  on  the  river  Delaware,  I 
53  N.  of  Philadelphia.  In  1800,  it  contained 
inhabitants,  distinguished  for  their  industry  | 
regularity  of  manners. 

Nazareth,  Lower,  tp.,  Northampton  co.,  ]| 
on  the  Monocacy  creek,  7  ms.  NW.  from  Easi 

Nazareth,  Upper,  tp.,  Northampton  co.,  Y 
on  the  Bushkill  and  Monocacy  creeks,  8  ms.  N 
from  Easton. 

Naze,  or  Cape  Lindenas,  the  most  southern 
montory  of  Norway.    Lon.  7  20  E.,  lat.  57  3( 

Neagh,  Lough,  lake  of  Ireland,  situated  in 
counties  of  Armagh,  Down,  Antrim,  Lone  ■ 
derry,  and  Tyrone.  It  is  the  largest  in  Eur<  j 
those  of  Ladoga  and  Onega,  in  Russia,  and  Ihi  f 
Geneva,  in  Switzerland,  excepted,  being  20  n  » 
long,  and  15  broad. 

Neath,  corporate  town  of  England,  in  Glar  • 
ganshire.  It  is  situated  on  the  Neath,  over  wl  i 
is  a  bridge,  where  small  vessels  come  to  load  c 
On  the  other  side  of  the  river  are  the  ruins  i  i 
fine  monastery,  and  in  the  neighborhood  are  i 
forges  and  smelting  works  for  copper  and  coal  mi  . 
It  is  governed  by  a  portreeve,  who  is  sworr  i 
by  the  deputy  constable  of  the  castle  of  Neath,  1 
seated  near  the  Bristol  channel,  32  miles  NWf 
Landaff,  and  200  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lot  I 
45  W.,  lat.  51  43  N. 

Neath,  river  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire,  w!  i 
falls  into  the  Bristol  channel  below  the  towi  f 
Neath. 

Neb,  river  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  which  runs  > 
the  Irish  sea  at  Peel  Castle. 

Nebio,  or  Nebbio,  ruined  city  on  the  W.  sid  f 
the  island  of  Corsica. 

Nebra,  town  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony  i 
Thuringia.  It  is  12  ms.  N  W.  of  Naumburg.  I- 
11  26  E.,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Nebul>e,  in  astronomy,  permanent  cloud}  r 
dusky  spots  in  the  heavens,  the  objects  of  unsati*  J 
wonder  until  revealed  to  us  by  aid  of  the  telescop  * 
immense  clusters  of  stars,  most  of  them  at  such  - 
measurable  distances  from  the  solar  system  s  ° 
appear  from  the  earth  as  dim  undefinable  sp  • 
The  galaxy,  or  milky-way,  is  one  of  these  n<  - 
las,  and  our  sun  supposed,  or  rather  conclusi  ? 
shown,  to  be  one  of  its  stars.  It  appears  from  • 
catalogues  recently  made  by  Sir  John  F.  Hersc  » 


NEG  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEG 


|ft  more  than  2,500  of  these  nebulae  are  now 
k  wn  to  exist.  One  fact  may  enable  us  to  ap- 
p  :iate  the  unfathomable  remoteness  'of  these  bo- 
d  ,  or  rather  aggregations,  that,  in  every  annual 
rp'ution  of  the  earth,  we  advance  to  and  recede 
ft  many  without  even,  through  the  best  teles- 
ccs,  their  appearance  being  changed  by  our  change 
ollace  the  whole  diameter  of  the  earth's  orbit,  or 
o:  hundred  and  ninety  million  of  miles.  Recently, 
I  John  Herschel  has  examined  the  southern 
b  /ens,  and  added  immensely  to  the  catalogue  of 
n  jlae.  Sublime  and  elevated  as  is  the  science 
o-stronomy  in  all  its  parts,  in  no  other  does  it 
di[ose  more  phenomena  to  exercise  the  faculties 
otian  and  excite  his  highest  admiration  than  on 
t|  nebulae. 

'reckar,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
B;k  Forest,  crosses  the  kingdom  of  Wirtemburg 
si  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  falls  into  the 
Jbie  at  Manheim. 

'eckars-Gemund,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pal- 
jtite  of  the  Rhine,  seated  0*1  the  Neckar.  Lon. 
It  E.,  lat.  49  20  N. 

'eckars  Ulm,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
F  iconia,  seated  on  the  Neckar.  It  belongs  to 
b^rand  master  of  the  Teutonic  order.    Lon.  9 

,  lat.  49  22  N. 

edroma,  city  of  Algiers,  remarkable  for  its 
Tinificent  ruins.   Lon.  38'  W.,  lat.  35  40  N. 

eedham,  town  of  England,  in  Suffolk,  on  the 
Q jelly  and  has  some  trade  in  Suffolk-blues  and 
-1, ia;  and  women  are  employed  in  spinning  and 
»wing  bone  lace,  it  is  10  miles  NW.  of  Ips- 
I,  and  73  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  23  E.,  lat. 
15  5  N. 

eedham,  tp.,  Norfolk  co.,  Massachusetts.  It 
s  uated  between  Newton  and  Natick,  12  miles 
I  of  Boston. 

zedles,  two  rocks  of  England,  in  Hampshire, 
V  if  the  Isle  of  Wight,  so  called  from  their  sharp 
aitmities. 

teheeheow,  or  Nihaur.—See  table,  p.  115,  2d 
sonn.  One  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  5  leagues 
V\-  Df  Atooi.  The  E.  coast  is  high  and  rises  ab- 
m,y  from  the  sea,  the  rest  of  it  consists  of  low 
qrnd,  except  a  round  bluff  head  on  the  SE. 
K.  It  produces  plenty  of  yams,  and  contains 
ibt  10,000  inhabitants. 

lerwinden,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Neth- 
irl  ds,  a  little  N.  by  W.  of  Landen.— See  Landen. 

fta,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  250  ms. 
I  r  W.  of  Tunis.    Lon.  9  25  E.,  lat.  33°  N. 

gapatam,  city  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoos- 
ai  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel.  Negapatam  is 
8niles  S.  of  Madras.  Lon.  79  56  E.,  lat.  10 
6i. 

■gambo,  seaport  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Isle  of 
"tan.    Lon.  83  4G  E.,  lat.  7  30  N. 

grais,  seaport  and  cape  on  the  east  side  of  the 
a  >f  Bengal,  240  miles  WSW.  of  Pegu.  Lon. 
lat.  15  50  N. 

gril  Point,  most  westerly  promontory  of  the 
tfli.l  of  Jamaica. 

\grOy  Cape,  promontory  of  Africa,  on  the  W. 
'M  of  Angola,  being  the  most  southerly  country 
0  lich  the  Europeans  usually  resort  to  purchase 
ft    Lon.  10  40  E  ,  lat.  15  54  N. 

\gro,  Rio,  large  river  of  South  America,  rises 

'  79* 


in  the  Andes,  Lon.  W.  C.  3°  E  ,  lat.  2°  N.  It 
flows  HE.  by  E.  by  comparative  courses  1,000 
ms.,  and  falls  into  the  Amazon  at  lon.  W.  C.  17° 
E.,  lat.  3°  S.  By  one  of  its  branches,  the  Cassi- 
quiari,  it  has  a  communication  with  the  Orinoco. 

 River  of  South  America,  rising  in  the  Andes 

of  Chili.  Lon.  W.  C.  7°  E.,  and  lat.  33°  S.  It 
flows  SE.,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  after  a 
comparative  course  of  500  miles. 

Negro's  Island,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
between  Pannay  and  Zebu. 

Negroland,  or  Nigritia,  country  of  Africa, 
through  which  the  river  Niger  is  supposed  to  run. 
It  has  the  great  desert  of  Zahara  on  the  north,  and 
stretches  far  to  the  south,  but  the  inland  parts  are 
very  little  known.  The  Europeans  have  many  set- 
tlements on  the  coast,  where  they  barter  European 
goods  for  slaves,  gold  dust,  and  elephant's  teeth. 

Negroponte,  Island  of,  is  ancient  Eubcea,  ex- 
tends along  the  ancient  Attica,  Boootia,  and  the 
country  of  the  Opuntian  Locriano,  about  100  Eng- 
lish ms  ,  with  a  mean  width  of  not  above  10  ms. 
Its  area  perhaps  1,000  sq.  ms.  The  surface  very- 
much  diversified  ;  in  some  places  long  alluvial  flats, 
and  in  others  rising  into  high  mountains.  This  is 
considerably  the  largest  and  most  important  island  in 
the  Archipelago.-  When  under  the  Athenians,  it  was 
regarded  a3  the  granary  of  that  republic,  and,  in  ev- 
ery succeeding  age,  its  possession  has  been  regard- 
ed as  a  great  national  advantage.  When  the  mar- 
itime power  of  Venice  supplanted  that  of  the  Ro- 
mano-Greek empire,  Negroponte,  with  Candia  and 
several  other  islands,  fell  under  the  power  of  the 
former.  Mahomet  the  II  wrested  it  from  the  Ve- 
netians, who  yet  retain  the  vain  memorial  of  for- 
mer greatness,  the  standard  of  the  kingdom  of 
Negroponte.  This  island  must  ever  remain  highly 
valuable  from  the  fertility  of  its  soil  and  from  its 
commanding  position.  It  is,  however  deficient  in 
good  ports.  Negroponte  lies  between  N.  lat.  38, 
and  39  5. 

Negroponte,  Straits  of,  is  more  particularly  con- 
fined to  what  was  in  former  times  the  narrowest 
part  of  the  sheet  of  water,  separating  the  island  of 
Euboea  from  the  continent  of  Greece.  This  would 
intend  the  narrow  channel  opposite  the  village  of 
Negroponte;  but  in  this  article  it  is  my  wish  to 
notice  the  entire  strait  from  the  gulf  of  Zeitoun 
SE.  into  the  Archipelago.  The  entire  distance 
from  the  extreme  NW.  angle  of  the  island  of  Ne- 
groponte, to  a  line  drawn  from  the  port  of  Prasise, 
modern  Raphti,  to  Cape  Rosso,  ancient  Pctalia, 
is  within  a  trifle  of  100  English  ms.  Within 
these  limits  the  strait  is  of  very  unequal  width. 
From  Raphti  to  Cape  Rosso  is  about  15  ms.  ;  from 
this  line  the  strait  narrows  to  Negroponte,  where 
it  is  less  than  a  half  a  mile.  Beyond  Negroponte 
the  water  abruptly  widens,  and,  varying  from  5  to 
10  ms.  in  breadth,  finally  terminates  in  the  Gulf  of 
Zeitoun.  The  shallowness  of  the  water  renders 
the  Negroponte  of  little  use  as  a  channel  of  navi- 
gation, though  used  as  such  by  the  small  vessels 
belonging  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  coasts.  Though 
not  augmented  by  the  water  of  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
nor  perhaps  much  influenced  by  the  ordinary  causes 
of  ocean  tides,  the  Straits  of  Bonifacio,  between 
Corsica  and  Sardinia,  the  Straits  of  Messina,  be- 
tween Sicily  and  Italy,  and  more  particularly  the 

625" 


NEI 


NEM 


Negroponte,  exhibit  phenomena  which  prove  a 
constant  variation  of  surface  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Long  before  the  days  of  Aristotle,  and  down  to 
this  time,  the  ebbing  and  flowing  of  the  Euripus 
have  arrested  attention.  From  the  observations 
of  Wheeler,  Hobhouse,  and  others,  and  from  the 
natural  position  and  features  of  its  shores,  we  may 
very  safely  consider  the  very  unequal  and  irregu- 
lar fluxes  of  the  Negroponte  as  occasioned  princi- 
pally by  wind. 

Negropont,  strong  city,  capital  of  the  island  of 
the  same  name,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Athens,  at'd 
260  SW.  from  Constantinople.  Lat.  38  30  N., 
Ion.  24  E. 

Negroponte  arises  from  an  Italian  corruption 
of  three  Greek  words,  and^  means  "the  sea  of 
Euripus.  ' 

This  traveller  made  a  very  rapid  visit  to  the 
town  and  straits,  and  viewed  the  latter  from  the 
wooden  bridge  which  unites  the  continent  of  Li- 
vadia  to  the  island  of  Negroponte,  ancient  Eubcea, 
and  has  given  a  confused  and  unsatisfactory  ac- 
count of  what  he  saw  during  his  brief  stay.  In 
one  place  he  observes,  M  What  I  saw  of  Euripus 
was,  that  the  stream  flows  with  violence,  like  a 
mill  race,  under  the  bridges,  ;  and  that  a  strong 
eddy  is  observable  on  that  side  from  which  it  is 
about  to  run,  about  a  hundred  yards  above  the 
bridges ;  the  current,  however,  not  being  at  all  ap- 
parent at  a  greater  distance  either  N.  or  S.,  yet 
the  ebbing  and  flowing  are  said  to  be  visible  at  10 
or  12  leagues  distance  at  each  side  of  the  strait, 
by  marks  shown  of  the  rising  and  falling  of  the 
water  in  several  small  bays  on  both  coasts.  The 
depth  of  the  stream  is  very  inconsiderable ;  not 
much  more  than  four  feet.  Negroponte  stands  on 
a  broad  flat  peninsula,  which,  projecting  into  the 
bays  on  the  main-land,  makes  the  winding  of  the 
strait,  in  some  places,  look  like  inland  lakes ;  in 
others,  like  rivers,  as  the  breadth  enlarges  or  di- 
minishes. The  Boeotian  side  is  high  and  rocky, 
where  the  fort  of  Carababa  has  been  built,  to  com- 
mand the  bridge  and  village.  Negroponte  contains 
about  800  mean,  low  built  houses,  inhabited  by 
Turks.  The  mountains  to  the  NW.  rise  to  the 
region  of  perpetual  snow.  The  land  to  the  N.  and- 
E.  of  the  town  is  open  but  well  cultivated,  that  to 
the  S.  covered  with  fine  groves  of  olive  trees,  and 
interspersed  with  orange  and  lemon  gardens.  The 
place  is  considered  extremely  unhealthy,  and  du- 
ring the  summer  the  heats  arealmost  insupportable." 

Nevahand,  or  Nohawand,  ancient  town  of  Per- 
sia, in  Irac  Agemi,  famous  for  a  battle  fought  near 
it,  between  the  calif  Omar  and  Yez  Degerd,  king 
of  Persia,  in  A.  D.  638,  when  the  latter  was  de- 
feated and  lost  his  kingdom.  It  is  170  ms.  NW. 
of  Ispahan.    Lon.  47  10  E.,  lat.  32  20  N. 

NeidenaUy  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate 
of  Mentz,  situated  on  the  Jaxt.  It  is  33  ms. 
ESE.  of  Heidelberg. 

Neidenberg,  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  castle,  on 
a  mountain,  75  ms.  E.  of  Culm. 

Neilsion,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Renfrewshire, 
to  the  S.  of  Paisley.  It  is  noted  for  a  cotton  man- 
ufactory.   Lon.  4  20  W.,  lat.  55  22  N. 

Neisse,  town  of  Silesia,  surrounded  by  thick 
walls  and  deep  ditches.    The  inhabitants  carry  on 
a  considerable  trade  in  linens  and  wine.    It  is 
646 


seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  27  ms.  N 
of  Giatz,  and  35  SE.  of  Breslaw.    Lon.  17 
E.,  lat.  50  31  N. 

Neiva,  province  of  Colombia,  in  New  Granai 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name.  The  province  1 
on  both  sides  of  the  Magdalena.  Neiva,  the  ci 
is  about  midway  between  Popayan  and  Santa 
de  Bogota. 

Nellenbur^,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  lat 
gravate  of  the  same  name,  20  ms.  N.  of  C< 
stance,  and  20  NE.  of  Shaffnausen.  Lon.  9 
E.,  lat.  47  59  N. 

Nelson,  English  settlement  in  N.  America, 
the  W.  side  of  Hudson  bay,  at  the  mouth  of 
river  Nelson,  250  ms.  SE.  of  Churchill  fort.  1 
belongs  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  who  ca 
on  a  great  trade  in  beaver  and  other  skins.  Lili 

92  35  W.,  lat.  57  7  N.  Tp.,  Buckingham. 

L.  C,  35  ms.  SW.  from  Quebec.  Tp.,  f,! 

co.,  U.  C,  on  Lake  Ontario  Town,  Chest 

co.,  N.  H.,  33  ms.  SW.  from  Concord.  Pop. 

1820,  907.  Town,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.  plj 

in  1820,  2,329.  Co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Jar 

river  or  Buckingham  SE.,  Amherst  S  W.,  the  B 
Ridge,  or  Rockbridge  and  Augusta  NW.,  and 
bemarle  NE.  Length  23  ms.,  mean  width 
area  345  sq.  ms.  Besides  being  washed  by  Jar 
river,  it  is  drained  by  Rock  Fish  and  Tye  rivi 
Surface  pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  di 
Warminster,  the  chief  town,  is  about  60  ms 
little  N.  of  W.  from  Richmond.  Pop.  in  18 
10,137;  and  in  1840,  12,287.    Lat.  37  44] 

lon.  W.  C.  1  47  W.  Co.,  Ky„  bounded 

and  SE.  by  Washington,  S.  and  SW.  by  1 
Rolling  fork  of  Salt  river  or  Hardin,  NW. 
Bullitt,  and  N.  by  Salt  river  and  Shel 
Length  30  ms  ,  mean  width  17,  area  510  sq. 
In  extends  from  the  Rolling  to  the  Main  fork,  ; 
is  traversed  by  the  Beech  fork  of  Salt  river.  CI 
town,  Bairdstown.  Soil  productive.  Pop. 
1820,  16,273.    Lat.  37  48  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  8 

W.  Village  and  NE.  tp.,  Portage  co.,  01 

Nelson's  Ferry,  post  office,  50  ms.  i\.  fi 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

Nelson's  Fort,  a  British  factory,  at  the  mo 
of  Nelson's  river.  Lon.  W.  C.  15  4*  W., 
57  12  N. 

Nelson's  River,  large  river  of  N.  America, 
Cabotia  or  British  America.    According  to  all 
maps,  it  is  very  difficult  to  determine  either 
length  or  real  source  of  either  the  Nelson  or  ^ 
em  rivers;  both  are  made  to  be  outlets  of  L> 
Winnipic,  and  consequently  the  Assiniboin 
Saskatchiwaine  are  the  common  sources  of  t 
the  former  streams.  Taken  as  a  whole  fhese  un  1 
waters  form  the  third  largest  river  system  of 
America,  draining  an  area  of  upwards  of  1,00(' 
400  ms.,  or  400,000  sq.  ms. 

Nelsonville,  village,  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  on  He- 
hocking  river,  14  ms.  W.  from  Athens. 

Nehema,  name  of  two  small  rivers  of  the  U.  . 
falling  into  the  Missouri  between  the  Platte  I 
Kansas  rivers. 

Nemxa,  village  of  the  Morea,  famous  for  ' 
Nemcean  games  anciently  celebrated  here. 

Nemours,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  1 
Marne,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  Frar, 
between  two  hills,    It  is  seated  on  the  lining,' 


NER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NER 


I,  S.  of  Fontainbleau,  and  15  SE.  of  Paris. 
,n.  2  37  E.,  lat.  48  16  N. 

Nen,  the  principal  river  of  Northamptonshire, 

lich  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  the  co.  It  is  made 
:vigable  at  Norihampton,  leaves  the  co.,  at  Pe- 
tsborough,  and,  crossing  the  Isle  of  Ely,  forms 

-t  of  the  W.  boundary  of  Norfolk,  and  falls 
jo  the  Lincolnshire  Wash.  It  likewise  commu- 
l  ates  by  several  channels  with  the  Great  Ouse. 

—River,  U.  C,  empties  itself  into  Lake  Onta- 
j,  in  the  tp.  of  Pickering  ;  it  runs  for  a  consid- 
<  ble  distance  in  the  country  through  Pickering, 
i.rkham,  &c,  crossing  the  Yongestreet,  and  ap- 
jently  rising  in  the  vicinity  of  one  of  the 
Inches  of  Holland's  river,  with  which  it  will 
|  bably,  at  some  future  period,  be  connected  by 
t:anal.  This  river  abounds  with  fish;  at  its 
tbouche  are  good  intervals  for  meadow  ground  ; 
■I  it  is  the  back  communication  from  the  Ger- 
m  settlement  in  Markham  to  Lake  Ontario. 

\eocastro,  fort  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  Roma- 
m,  where  the  Turks  always  keep  a  good  garrison. 
I  j  seated  in  the  middle  of  the  strait  of  Constan- 
tiiple,  12  ms.  from  that  city.  Lon.  29  4  E.,  lat. 
410  N. 

Veot's,  St.,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Huntingdonshire. 
hi  a  well  built  town,  with  a  trade  in  coal.  It  is 
si ed  on  the  Ouse,  over  which  is  a  fine  stone 
bge,  20  ms.  WSW.  of  Cambridge,  and  56 
KW.  of  London.    Lon.  0  30  W.,  lat.  52  7  N. 

neophyte,  from  the  Greek  neophutos,  literally 
m'  born,  and  applied  to  pagans  or  others  who  re- 
je?d  their  own  religion,  and,  embracing  the 
Cistian,  were  baptized,  and  were  regarded  as  spi- 
ri  illy  new  born. 

kpanose,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa. — See  Nippenose. 

Tepaul,  long,  narrow  kingdom  of  northern  Hin- 
dctan,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Himalaya  moun- 
ts, S.  by  Bahar  Oude  and  Delhi,  and  E.  by 
Btan.    Capital,  see  Napant. 

epean  Island,  island  of  the  S.  Pacific  ocean, 
opsite  Port  Hunter,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Norfolk 

•  id,  consisting  entirely  of  one  mass  of  sand, 
In  together  by  the  surrounding  cliffs,  which  are 
»  rder  of  hard  rocks.  The  surface  was  covered 
I  a  kind  of  coarse  grass,  and  upwards  of  300 
ai  pines  were  growing  on  it. 

epean,  tp.  in  the  eastern  district,  is  the  eighth 
tpn  ascending  the  Ottawa  river,  and  the  first  tp. 
>r:ie  W.  side  of  the  river  Rideau,  U.  C. 

epissingu. — See  Nipissing  lake. 

eponset,  creek  of  Boston  harbor,  navigable  4 

n  to  Milton,  for  vessels  of  150  tons.  Village 

tfoth  sides  of  Neponset  river,  6  ms.  S.  from 
§>  on. 

epi,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
^eter,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Trig- 
is  20  rns.  N.  of  Rome.    Lon.  11  34  E.,  lat.  42 

irac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot  and  Gar- 
^ie,  and  late  province  of  Guienne.    It  is  situ- 

*  on  the  river  Baise,  which  is  navigable  here, 
an  8  divided  by  that  river  into  great  and  little  Ne- 
'fri  In  the  16th  century,  the  greatest  part  of  its 
n  oitants  embraced  the  reformed  religion,  but 

obliged  to  surrender  to  Louis  XIII.  in  1621. 
Vcis  20  ms.  SW.  of  Agen,  and  380  S.  by  W. 
*3ris.    Lon.  0  13  E.,  lat.  44  2  N. 

■rbudda,  river  of  India,  which  issues  from  the 


'southern  confines  of  the  province  of  Allahabad, 
forms  the  boundary  between  Hindoostan  proper  and 
the  decern,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  be- 
low Baroach.  The  higher  constituent  streams  of 
the  Nerbuddah  interlock  with  those  of  the  same 
branch  of  the  Ganges  and  with  those  of  the  Maha- 
nuddy,  but  pursuing  a  western  course  along  or  about 
the  mean  lat.  of  22°,  the  former  flows  through  a 
deep  vale  between  the  Santpoora  and  Vindhya 
mountains,  and,  as  already  stated,  enters  the  bay 
of  Cambay,  after  a  comparative  course  of  600  ms. 

Nericia,  a  subdivision  of  Sweden  proper,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  Westmania,  on  the  E.  by  Suder- 
mania,  on  the  S.  by  East  Gothland,  and  on  the  W. 
by  West  Gothland.  Orebo  is  the  capital,  and  the 
most  considerable  place  in  it. 

Nero,  island  of  the  East  Indies,  the  second  of  the 
Barda  islands,  where  the  Dutch  have  a  fort  called 
Fort  Nassau.  Here  are  large  serpents,  but  not 
venomous,  and  the  mountains  are  covered  with 
trees,  in  which  are  birds  of  a  very  singular  kind. 
Lon.  129  45  E.,  lat.  4  40  N. 

Nerchinsk,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of  the  Rus- 
sian Government  of  Irkutzk.  Its  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Nertcha,  which  falls 
into  the  Sehilka. 

Nescopech,  river,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  which  rises 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  and  flows  neany 
W.  into  the  Susquehannah,  opposite  the  town  of 
Berwick. 

Mescopeck  mountain,  on  the  N.  side  of  Nesco- 
peck  creek,  is  a  range  nearly  of  the  same  height 
with  those  of  Wyoming,  and  parallel  to  them.  It 
forms  a  regular  and  almost  unbroken  ridge,  nearly 
destitute  of  timber  on  its  summit;  it  extends  from 
the  Susquehannah  nearly  to  the  Lehigh. 

Nescopeck,  tp.,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa  ,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Susquehannah  river,  above  and  below  Nes- 
copeck creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,034.  Village, 

Luzerne  co.,  Pa  ,  on  the  left  bank  of  Susquehan- 
nah river,  above  the  mouth  of  Nescopeck  creek, 
and  opposite  Berwick. 

Neshaminy,  river,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  rising  with 
the  Tohican  and  Perkiomen,  and,  flowing  SE., 
falls  into  the  Delaware  in  the  SE.  angle  of  the  co., 
4  ms.  below  Bristol. 

Neshanock,  large  creek  rising  in  the  central  part 
of  Mercer  co.,  Pa  ,  and,  flowing  SW.,  falls  into 
Big  Beaver  below  the  village  of  New  Castle,  on  the 

border  of  Beaver  co.  Tp.,  Mercer  co.,  Pa., 

above  the  mouth  of  Neshanock  creek.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,828. 

Nesle,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Somme,  and 
late  province  of  Picardy.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lin- 
gon,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Royes,  and  66  N.  by  E.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  59  E.,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Ness,  Loch,  beautiful  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inver- 
ness-shire, 22  ms.  in  length,  and,  for  the  most 
part,  1  in  breadth,  though  sometimes  2.  It  is  shel- 
tered on  the  NW.  by  the  high  mountains  of  Ur- 
quehart  and  Mealfouivoney,  and  edged  with  cop- 
pices of  birch  and  oak. 

Nestorian  Christians. — See  Koordistan. 

Nershinsk,  town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  but  sometimes  called  Daouria, 
in  the  government  of  Irkutsk,  with  a  fort.  The 
adjacent  country  is  mountainous,  but  yields  ex- 
cellent pasture  for  cattle ;  and  there  are  some  con- 
siderable lead  and  silver  mines.    It  is  seated  at  the 

627 


NET  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NET 


conflux  of  the  Nercha  with  the  Shilka,  440  ms.  E. 
of  Urkutsk.    Lon.  1 17  34  E.,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Netchez,  river  of  Texas,  rises  at  lat.  32  0  N., 
and  lon.  W.  C.  17  30  W.  It  is  formed  by  sev- 
eral branches,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Aye- 
ish,  Attoyeaque,  Attascocito,  Cariso,  Nana,  and 
Angelina.  It  flows  a  little  E  of  S.,  and  falls  into 
Sabine  lake,  after  a  comparative  course  of  about 
170  ms.  The  country  drained  by  the  Netchez, 
though  generally  sterile,  is  yet  superior  to  that  wa- 
tered by  the  Sabine.  This  river  is  often  called, 
though  erroneously,  Rio  Nieves,  or  Snow  river. 
Its  name  is  derived  from  a  tribe  of  Indians. 

Netherlands,  or  Low  Countries,  country  of  Eu- 
rope, anciently  called  Gallia  Belgica,  260  ms.  in 
length,  and  from  100  to  200  in  breadth,  bounded 
on  the  VV.  and  N.  by  the  German  ocean,  E.  by 
Germany,  and  S.  by  France.    In  the  9th  century, 
the  sons  of  Emperor  Lewis  the  Pious,  having  di- 
vided the  domains  of  their  father,  who  possessed 
Germany,  France,  and  Italy,  a  new  kingdom  was 
formed,  comprehending  Germany  and  France  and 
a  part  of  the  Netherlands.    It  was  called  Lothario, 
but  did  not  long  subsist,  for  it  was  soon  divided 
into  two  ;  and  that  seated  near  the  Mediterranean 
was  called  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  while  the 
other,  to  the  N.,  had  the  name  of  Austrasia.  Nei- 
ther did  this  last  continue  long,  it  being  divided 
into  17  provinces,  under  different  names,  exclusive 
of  the  territories  of  Liege  and  Upper  Guelderland  ; 
but  they  still  depended  on  the  empire  of  Germany, 
and  were  called  Lower  Germany.    In  process  of 
time,  the  house  of  Burgundy  purchased  many  of 
them,  and  was  about  to  form  them,  with  Burgun- 
dy, into  a  kingdom,  but  Charles  the  Bold,  the  last 
dukeofBurgundy,beingkilledby  the  Swiss  in  1477, 
his  part  of  the  Netherlands  devolved  on  Mary,  his 
only  child,  by  whose  marriage  with  the  emperor 
Maximilian  the  Netherlands  were  an  acquisition  to 
the  house  of  Austria.    Emperor  Charles  V.,  King 
of  Spain,  in  1555,  abdicated  the  sovereignty  of  the 
Netherlands,  and,  soon  after,  the  Spanish  crown, 
in  favor  of  his  son  Philip.    The  tyranny  of  this 
cruel  bigot,  Philip  II,,  who  endeavored  to  intro- 
duce the  inquisition  into  the  Lower  Countries, 
with  the  barbarities  exercised  by  the  Duke  of  Alva, 
exasperated  the  people  to  such  a  degree  that  they 
threw  off  the  Spanish  yoke,  and,  under  the  conduct 
of  William  I.,  Prince  of  Orange,  formed  the  fa- 
mous league  of  Utrecht,  in  1579,  which  proved  th<' 
foundation  of  the  republic  of  the  seven  United 
Provinces.    After  a  long  war,  (with  the  interval 
of  a  truce  of  twelve  years,)  Philip  IV.  expressly 
acknowledged  the  independence  of  these  provinces, 
by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  in  16*8.    The  other 
10  provinces,   namely:  Brabant,  Antwerp,  Ma- 
lines,  Namur,  Limburg,  Luxemberg,  Hainault, 
Flanders,  Artois,  and  Camhresis,  remained  under 
the  dominion  of  Spain,  but  with  very  favorable 
stipulations  with  respect  to  their  ancient  liberties. 
On  the  accession  of  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon to  the  Spanish  monarchy,  it  was  stipulated,  in 
1714,  that  the  Spanish  Netherlands  should  return 
to  the  German  branch  of  the  house  of  Austria;  but 
some  considerable  parts  were  obtained,  by  conquest 
or  cession,  by  the  French  and  Dutch.   The  Dutch 
had  part  of  Brabant,  Limburg,  and  Flanders ;  the 
French  had  Artois  and  Cambresis,  with  part  of 
628 


Hainault,  Flanders,  and  Luxemburg;  Austrh  Id 
the  rest ;  and  the  provinces  of  Antwerp  ant  a. 
lines  were  included  under  the  name  of  Austrian  a. 
bant.  In  1788,  Emperor  Joseph  II.  having  0. 
jected  many  innovations,  and,  enforcing  them  th 
violence,  a  universal  spirit  of  revolt  broke  ou  m 
army  of  40,000  men  rose,  as  if  by  magic,  tc  p. 
port  the  renunciation  of  all  allegiance,  whiel  v- 
eral  of  the  provinces  openly  made  ;  a  congres  as 
formed  from  the  different  States,  in  whom  tl  u- 
preme  Government  was  vested,  and,  by  the  cjof 
1789,  the  Austrians  were  expelled.  The  tw 
Government,  however,  was  not  of  long  dur?  y. 
for  Leopold  II.  (the  successor  of  Joseph)  wijj. 
abled,  partly  by  conciliatory  measures,  and  ]  k 
by  the  mediation_of  Great  Britain,  Prussia  id 
Holland,  to  recover  the  entire  possession  of  h  u- 
thority,  the  mediating  courts  having •guaraA 
the  restoration  of  the  ancient  Belgic  constiti  n. 
In  1792,  the  French  overran  the  Austrian  N  in 
lands  ;  they  were  driven  out  of  the  country  in  -\ 
but  they  returned  in  1794,  and  subdued  ever  »t 
of  it,  and  in  1795  decreed  it,  with  the  territor  of 
Leige  and  Upper  Guelderland,  an  integral  p  of 
the  French  republic.  To  this  country  they  r  >r- 
ed  the  name  of  Belgium,  and  divided  it  into  e- 
partments;  but  in  1814,  agreeably  to  the  tre  of 
Paris,  they  evacuated  all  that  part  which  for  lv 
belonged  to  Austria  and  Holland.  The  Ni  t- 
lands,  or  Belgium,  is  170  ms  long  and  901  d, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Holland,  E.  by  Gernj, 
SW.  by  France,  and  NW.  by  the  Germane  n. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Scheldt,  Meuse,  to, 
Sambre,  and  Lis,  and  there  are  many  fine  ni  ;a> 
ble  canals.  The  air  is  temperate,  and  the  st  x- 
tremely  fertile,  but  the  mouths  of  the  river  rid 
harbors  are  frozen  in  winter.  Brussels  is  thf  ief 
town. — See  Holland,  or  Dutch  Netherlands. 

Netherlands,  recent  kingdom  of  Europe,  f<  ed 
in  1814,  and  containing  17provinccs,  or  18,  h» 
grand  duchy  of  Luxemburg  is  included, 
between  lat.  49  30  and  53  34  N.,  and  ttttfl 
lon.  2  30  and  7°  fi.  from  London.  It  is  hoi  «d 
NW.  by  the  German  ocean,  SW.  by  Franc* nd 
E.  by  Germany.  Area  24,400  sq.  ms.,  inhi  ed 
by  an  aggregate  population  of  5,270,000,  o  16 
to  the  sq.  m. 

Its  provinces  were  : 
Holland       -  75  09 

E.  Flanders  -  -  -      60  00 

W.  Flanders  -  -  W 

Hainault      -  -  -  4*' 

S.  Brabant  -  -  -  -      36  00 

Liege  -  -  -  .      35  00 

Limburg      -  -  -  89 1 

N.  Brabant  -  -  -  25  00 

Antwerp      -  -  -  -      25i  00 

Guelderland  -  -  -      24'  00 

Luxemburg  - 

Friesland     -  -  -  -      17  00 

Namur        -  15' 00 

Overysel      -  -  -  -      14  00 

Groningen  - 

Zealand       -  -  -  ^l'- 

Utrecht       -  -  -  -      101 00 

Drenthe       -  ...  4 

5,27  00 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEV 


have  inserted  the  preceding  as  explanatory  of 
t  actual  condition  of  the  Netherlands,  and  may 
nrthe  reader  to  the  articles  Holland  and  Bel- 
r  rti.  It  may  be  observed  that  the  people  of  the 
\  avian  and  Dutch  provinces,  and  those  now  in- 
c Jed  in  Belgium,  different  in  language,  religion, 
al  manners,  were  never  cordially  united  under 
B  one  sovereignty. 
Vetschkuu,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Voigt- 
|d,  situated  on  the  Golsch,  12  miles  SW.  of 
rt  ickau. 

Vethon,  peak  of. — See  Maladetta. 
■  Setluno,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
r  r  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Antium,  at  the  mouth 
c  he  Lorocina,  24  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Rome. 

Veva,  river  of  Russia,  which  issues  from  the 
lie  Ladoga,  and  flows  to  Petersburg,  where  it 
ddesinto  several  branches,  and  enters  the  Gulf 

0  inland  at  Oronstadt.  It  is  formed  by  the  drain 

•  he  vast  low  country  NE.  from  St.  Petersburg, 
t  conveys  to  the  Gulf  of  Finland  the  waters  of 
Jkes  Ladoga,  Onega,  and  many  others.    It  is 

•  /called  the  Neva  between  Lake  Ladoga  and 
tl  Gulf  of  Finland,  and  is  a  mere  strait  of  about 
8ms.  in  length. 

Nevada,  Sierrs  de,  chain  of  mountains  in  the 
tf  Spain.  Wherever  the  adjective  Nevada  is 
aexed  to  Spanish  mountains,  it  signifies  that 
m  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  Sierra 
d  Nevada,  of  Granada,  rises  in  one  peak,  the 
V!ey  Hassen,  to  11,250  feet,  and  in  another,  the 
\ieta,  to  10,985  feet  above  the  ocean  level.  The 

V  ey  Hassen  is  the  highest  mountain  in  Europe, 

V  from  Mount  Blanc. 
kuburg,  fortified  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of 

tl  principality  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  on  a 
h  on  the  Danube,  and  has  two  gates,  but  the 
f<:  fications  are  chiefly  gone  to  decay.  The  castle 
is  large  building,  and  contains  a  hall  of  extraor- 
d  try  size,  embellished  with  portraits.  It  is  32 
ir  NNE  of  Augsburg,  and  60  SW.  of  Amberg, 

I,  11  13  E.,  lat.  48  43  N.  Town  of  Ba- 

"ka,  seated  on  the  Schwarza,  17  ms.  ESE.  of 

Aberg.  Town  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgau,  seated 

St  the  Rhine,  12  ms.  S.  of  Brisach.  Town 

fluabia,  in  the  kingdom  of  Wirtemberg,  seated 

01  he  Eniz,  25  ms.  W.  of  Stutgard. 
rauchateau,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Vos- 

•  seated  in  a  soil  fertile  in  corn  and  good  wine, 
oi he  river  Meuse,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Nancy. 

kuchatel,  territory  of  Switzerland,  which,  with 
tl  of  Vallengin,  forms  one  principality,  between 
I  Lake  of  Neuchatel  and  the  borders  of  France, 

I  ruling  36  ms.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  18  in  its 
KUest  breadth.  By  the  death  of  the  duchess  of 
Niours,  In  1707,  the  sovereignty  of  Neuchatel 
•i  Vallengin  was  claimed  by  Frederick  I.,  of 
Pssia,  as  heir  to  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  his 

I I  was  acknowledged  by  the  States  of  the 
W  ltry. 

tuchatel,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
ptcipaiiiy  of  the  same  name.  It  contains  not 
me  than' 3,000  souls,  and  is  situated  partly  on 
th'plain  between  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel  and  the 
44»  partly  on  the  declivity  of  that  mountain 
T  chief  article  of  exportation  is  wine,  which  is 

h  esteemed,  and  produced  from  the  vineyards 
ms  vicinity  ;  and  there  are  here  manufactures  of 
pUed  linens  and  cottons.    Among  the  many 


public  works  which  have  been  lately  executed 
here  are  the  and  new  town  house  a  superb  cause- 
way leading  towards  the  valley  of  St.  Imier.  Neu- 
chatel is  governed  by  a  great  and  little  council. 
The  first  is  composed  of  40  persons;  the  second 
consists  of  24  members,  comprehending  the  mayor, 
who  is  president.  It  is  25  ms.  NE.  of  Lausanne, 
and  25  W.  «f  Bern.  Lon.  7°  K.,  lat.  47  5  N.— 
See  article  Switzerland. 

Neuchatel,  or  Yverdun,  lake  of  Switzerland, 
which  takes  its  name  from  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  stretches  about  20  ms  in  length  from  the 
town  of  Yverdun  to  that  of  Neuchatel,  in  a  direc- 
tion from  SW.  to  NE.,  at  which  extremity  it  has 
a  communication  with  the  Lake  of  Bienne  by  a 
narrow  outlet,  and  is  17  ms.  long  and  5  broad. 

Nevern,  village  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokeshire, 
near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  one  mile  NE.  of 
Newport.  There  are  several  monuments  of  an- 
liquity  in  this  parish,  and  among  the  rest  a  single 
stone,  of  a  square  form,  13  feet  high  and  2  broad, 
with  a  circular  top,  charged  with  a  cross,  and  ali 
the  sides  are  neatly  carved  with  knot  work  of  va- 
rious patterns. 

Nevers,  considerable  episcopal  town  of  Fr.,  in 
the  dep.  of  Nievre,  and  late  province  of  Nivernois, 
seated  on  the  Loire,  over  which  it  has  a  handsome 
bridge.  The  town  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  am- 
phitheatre, containing  many  elegant  buildings, 
among  which  is  the  ancient  palace  in  which  John 
Gassimer,  king  of  Poland,  expired  in  1672.  It 
is  145  ms.  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  14  E.,  lat.  46 
59  N. 

Neufchatel,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  noted  for 
excellent  cheese,  commodiously  seated  on  the  river 
Arques,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Dieppe,  and  75  NW.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  30  E.,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Neufchateau,  town  of  Austrian  Luxemberg,  27 
ms.  WNW.  of  Luxemburg.    Lon.  5  30  E.,  lat. 

49  53  N.  Commercial  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 

of  the  Vosges,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine.  It  is 
seated  in  a  soil  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  all  the 
necessaries  of  life,  on  the  rieer  Mouzon,  25  ms. 
S  W.  of  Nancy,  and  150  E.  by  S.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
5  47  E.,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Neuhaus,  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Bechin,  with  a  castle.    Lon.  15  30  E  ,  lat.  48 

9  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower 

Saxony  and  duchy  of  Bremen.  It  was  once  a 
place  of  great  trade,  and  had  a  commodious  harbor 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Oste  ;  but  a  sand  bank  accu- 
mulating in  it  at  the  issue  of  the  Oste  into  the 
Elbe,  its  trade  was  almost  annihilated,  and  it  is 
now  of  much  le6s  consequence  than  formerly.  It 


is  19  ms.  NNW.  of  Slade.  Lon.  8  27  E.,  lat. 
53  52  N. 

Ncuhauscl,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
seated  in  a  marshy  plain,  on  the  river  Neytrachl, 
15  ms.  N  W.  of  Uomora,  and  40  SE.  of  Presburg- 
Lon.  18  10  E.,  lat.  48  1  N. 

Nevin,  or  N&win,  town  of  Wales,  in  Carnar- 
vonshire. It  is  seated  on  the  Irish  sea,  20  ms.  S. 
by  W.  of  Carnarvon,  and  249  WNW.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  25  W.,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Nevillsville,  village,  Clermont  co  ,  Ohio,  con- 
taining about  200  inhabitants,  30  ms.  above  Cin- 
cinnati. . 

Nevis,  one  of  the  leeward  Caribbee  islands,  in 

629 


NEU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEW 


the  W.  Indies,  divided  from  the  E.  end  of  Sf 
Christopher's  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  has  bul 
one  mountain,  which  is  in  the  middle,  very  high* 
and.  covered  with  large  trees  up  to  the  top.  Here 
are  springs  of  fresh  water  and  a  hot  bath,  much  of 
the  same  nature  as  those  of  Bath,  in  Eng.  Tt  is  a 
small  island,  but  very  fruitful,  and  subject  to  the 
English.    Charleston  fes  the  capital. 

Neumark,  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the  river 
Merisch,  56  ms.  N.  of  Clausenburg.    Lon.  23  35 

E.,  lat.  47  19  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the 

circle  of  Bavaria,  30  ms.  NNW.  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  12  25  E.,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Neus,  river  of  N.  C,  which  enters  Pamlico 
sound,  below  Newburn,  where  it  is  a  mile  and  a 
half  broad.  It  rises  in  Person  co.,  interlocking 
sources  with  Dan  river  branch  of  Roanoke,  and, 
flowing  100  ms.  SSE.  through  Granville,  Orange, 
Wake  and  Johnson,  enters  Wayne  co.  Here  it 
turns  SE.  by  E.  80  ms.  through  Wayne,  Lenoir 
and  Craven  cos.,  opens  by  a  wide  estuary  in  Pam- 
lico sound.  The  tides  ascend  10  or  12  ms.  above 
Newbern,  and  for  boats  this  river  is  navigable  to 
Raleigh. 

Neusaltz,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality  of 
Glogau,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Glogau. 

Neusidle,  town  of  Hungary,  24  ms.  SW.  of 
Presburg,  situated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name. 

 Lake  of  Hungary,  25  ms.  long  and  6  broad. 

It  is  16  ms.  SSW.  of  Presburg,  almost  surrounded 
by  fens,  and  has  in  its  vicinity  the  castle  of  Ester- 
hazy,  which  is  said  to  rival  the  palace  of  Versailles 
in  pomp. 

Neusol,  town  of  Upper  Hungary.  In  the  ad- 
jacent mountains  are  the  greatest  copper  mines  in 
Hungary.  It  is  srated  on  the  Gran,  22  ms.  N. 
by  E.  of  Schemnitz. 

Neustadt,  town  of  Austria.  It  has  the  staple 
right  over  all  goods  coming  from  Italy,  and  stands 
on  the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  28  ms.  S.  by  W.  of 

Vienna.  Lon.  16  18  E.,  lat.  47  50  N.  Town 

of  Franconia,  capital  of  the  lower  part  of  the  prin- 
cipality of  Bayreuth,  with  a  castle.  The  library 
belonging  to  the  church  contains  many  curiosities. 
It  stands  on  the  river  Aisch,  32  ms.  ESE.  of 

Wurtzburg.    Lon.  10  43  E,,  lat.  49  38  N.  

Town  of  Franconia,  in  the  principality  of  Wurtz- 
burg, seated  on  the  Salle,  16  ms.  N.  by  E.  of 

Schweinfurt.  Town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom 

of  Wirtemberg,  seated  on  the  Kocher,  12  ms. 

NNE.  of  Hailbron.  Town  of  Upper  Saxony, 

in  Misnia,  capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name. 
It  has  a  castle,  two  churches,  and  a  mine  office, 
and  on  a  mountain  near  it  is  another  castle,  called 
Arnshaug.  It  is  seated  on  the  Orla,  46  ms.  SSW. 

of  Leipsic.    Lon.  11  49  E.,  lat.  50  45  N.  

Town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  middle  mark.  Here 
are  extensive  breweries  and  manufactories  of  cloth 
and  cutlery.    It  stands  on  the  Finow  canal,  31 

ms.  NE.  of  Berlin.  Town  of  Brandenburg,  in 

the  mark  of  Pregnitz,  celebrated  for  its  manufac- 
ture of  plate  glass,  seated  on  the  Dosse,  8  ms. 

ENE.  of  Havelberg.  Town  of  Lower  Saxony, 

in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  with  a  castle  and  a  spa- 
cious harbor  on  the  Baltic,  20  ms,  N.  by  E.  of 

Lubec    Lon.  10  57  E.,  lat.  54  10  N.  Town 

of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 

with  a  castle,  17  ms.  S.  of  Schwerin.  Town 

of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Brunswick  Lu- 
630 


nenburg,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Leii  15 

ms.  NNW.  of  Hanover.  Town  of  Bava  at 

the  conflux  of  the  Abenst  with  the   D<  be 

16  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Ingolstadt.  Town  of  3 

ria,  with  a  castle,  on  the  river  Nab,  27  ms,  1  ■ 

of  Amberg.  Town  of  Moravia,  in  the  ci  4 

Olmutz,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Olmutz  To  ill 

Silesia,  in  the  principality  of  Oppeln,  14  xmM 

of  Neisse.  Town  of  Bohemia,  in  thecifl 

Pilsen,  35  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Pilsen.  Tc|B 

Bohemia,  13  ms.  NE.  of  Konigingratz. — —  I 
of  Westphalia,  in  the  co.  of  Mark,  50  ms.  EJijJ 

Dusseldorf.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the  palf  ue 

of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Spirebach,  14  miH 
of  Spire. 

Neustadtel,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  princiB 
of  Glogau,  14  ms.  W.  of  Glogau,  and  17  H 
N.  of  Sagan. 

Neuville,  town  of  France,  in  the  de<iartm  uf 
Loiret,  11  ms.  NNE.  of  Orleans.  Father  ]M 
faucon  has  proved  by  ancient  charters  thspl 
town,  and  not  Poissey,  as.  commonly  sup]  m 
was  the  birth  place  of  St.  Louis,  otherwise  m 
Louis  IX. 

Neuwied,  flourishing  commercial  city  of m 
many,  in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  cap  M 
the  principality  of  Weid.  It  contains  betwl 
and  7,000  inhabiiants.  Neuwied  is  10  ms.  JSM 
of  Coblcntz.    Lon.  7  25  E.,  lat.  50  32  N. 

New  Albany,  village,  Bradford  co.  Penn  M 
Handsomely  situated  town  and  seat  of  jusii  lor 
Floyd  co.,  Ia.  It  is  situated  on  the  right  ht  m 
Ohio  river,  4  ms.  below  Louisville,  and  2  beiow  m 
pingport,  Ky.  It  contains  about  200  houses,  00 
inhabitants,  a  steam  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  :  iip 
yard.    Lat.  38  18  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  45  Wi 

New  Alexandria,  village,  Westmoreland*! 
Pa.,  on  Loyalhanna  river,  11  ms.  NE.  im 
Greensburg.  Small  town  of  Columbiana  c  Cb 

New  Amsterdam,  town  and  capital  of  Be 
in  S.  America,  on  Berbice  river,  near  its  rnoui 

New  Antrim,  town,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,|l 
ated  on  the  post  and  stage  road  from  N.  Y.  ill 
bany,  34  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  the  former,  ar  3$ 
SE.  of  Goshen. 

Newark  upon  Trent,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  )t? 
tinghamshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Trent,  '« 
which  is  a  bridge,  and  once  had  a  handsorw  tf- 
tie,  now  in  ruin3.  Newark  has  a  good  tra  it 
governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  2  memb  to 
Parliament.  It  is  17  ms.  NE.  of  Nottingn, 
aud  124  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  45' » 
lat.  53  6  N. 

Newark,  U.  C.,  is  situated  on  the  W.  elm 
the  entrance  of  Niagara  river,  opposite  the  fo» 
at  Niagara,  on  Lake  Ontario.  This  town  watid 
out  in  the  year  1794.  It  now  contains  abou  50 
persons,  2  churches,  a  jail,  and  academy.  m 
first  provincial  Parliament  met  at  this  place  nd 
the  public  officers  of  Government  have  beer^ld 

pro  tempore  here.  Village,  Tioga  co.,  Im 

 Village,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.  Villag.  nd 

seat  of  justice,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  situated  0  be 
W.  side  of  Passaic  river.  It  has  a  college  m 
tuted  in  1792,  and  carries  on  the  manufacti  « 
shoes  in  an  extensive  manner.  Newark  s"» 
on  a  plain.  The  streets  are  wide,  and  laid  ger' 
ally  in  straight  lines ;  the  houses  are  mai  ol 
them  spacious  and  elegant.    It  contains  two 


■NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


ctensive  tanneries,  and  other  manufacturing 
i  shments.    Very  fine  stone  quarries  exist  in 

;inity  ;  it  is  distant  9  ms.  W.  from  N.  Y., 
I  NNE.  from  Elizabethtown.    Pop.  1810, 

;  in  1820,  6,507;  and  in  1830,  10,953. 
,.840  the  pop.  of  this  city  stood  thus  : 
Jjward        -  -  -  -  4,604 

m  ward  -  4,756 
.vard         -  -  -  -  4,286 

»  ward       -  *  -  -  3,644 


-  17,290 


Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,366  ;  and  in  1840,  2,086. 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Union  co.,  Pa., 

on  Perm's  creek,  11  ms.  \V.  from  Sunbury.  Lat. 
40  52  N.,  or  very  near  the  meridian  of  W.  C. 
Newbern,  viliaje,  Montgomery  co.,  Va. 
Newbern,  capital  of  Craven  co.,  N.  C,  situated 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  river  Neuse,  at  its  junction 
with  the  Trent,  in  the  lat.  of  35  20  N.,  and  Ion. 
of  77  5  W.,  35  miles  S.  of  Washington,  on  Pam- 
lico river,  and  81  S.  by  W.  of  Edenton,  on  Albe- 
marle sound.    This  town  is  a  port  of  entry,  the 
most  populous  in  the  Stale,  and  was  the  seat 
of  government  before  the  Revolution.    The  quan- 
tity of  lumber,  Indian  corn,  tar,  pitch,  and  turpen 
tine,  exported  annually  from  this  town  is  very  con- 
siderable.   Pop.  in  1840,  3,690. 

Newbernville,  village,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  25 


Total 

a  ncrease  of  a  fraction  above  264  per  cent,  in 
irs. 

b:ark,  town,  New  Castle  co.,  Del.,  14  ms. 

I  from  Wilmington.-  Village,  Worcester 

,  Id.  Village,  Louisa  co.,  Va.,  25  ms.  1 

ftfrom  Richmond.  Town  and  seat  of  jus-jms.  from  Utica. 

flicking  co.,  Ohio.  It  is  situated  near  the'  Newberry,  district  of  South  Carolina,  bounded 
almce  of  the  three  principal  branches  of  Lick- 1  by  Lexington  SE.,  Saluda  river,  or  Edgefield  SVV., 
}  er,  26  ms.  W.  by  N.  from  Zanesville,  26  |  Laurens  NW.,  Ennoree  river,  or  Union  N.,  and 
tl  E.  from  Lancaster,  and  33  E.  by  N.  from  j  Broad  river,  or  Fairfield  NE.;  length  25,  mean 
1  .bus.  The  site  of  the  town  is  a  plain,  though  |  width  20  ms  ,  area  500  sq.  miles.  Surface  rather 
i  lead  fiat;  the  environs  pleasant,  which,  with  waving  than  hilly.  Soil  productive.  Principal  sta- 
i  latness  of  the  town,  render  the  whole  scene  pie,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Newberry.  Population 
a  gh  degree  cheerful  to  the  eye.  It  contains,  in  1820,  16,104;  and  in  1840,  18,359.  For  cen- 
ral  churches,  stores,  &c.,  the  usual  coun-  tral  lat.  see  next  article. 

Newberry,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Newberry 
district,  S.  C,  40  ms.  N  W.  from  Columbia.  Lat. 
43  15  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  33  W.  Village,  Chris- 
tian co  ,  Ky.  Village,  Burlington  county,  N.  J. 

 Village,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  west  bank 


W. 


Pop.  1840,  2,705.    Lat.  40  4  N. 


;ark  bay,  sheet  of  water  extending  from  Sta- 
land  sound  to  the  mouth  of  Passaic  and 
nsack  rivers,  in  a  direction  of  NNE.  2  ms. 


nd  6  ms.  long. 

Jlshford,  tp.,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  25  ms. 
l  Lenox. 

Athens,  town  in  the  southern  part  of  Har- 
O.,  6  ms.  S.  from  Cadiz.  It  is  seated  on 
les  of  the  tp.  line,  dividing  Cadiz  from  Short 
lying,  therefore,  partly  in  both  of  those  two 
ms.  S.  of  Cadiz,  and  21  NW.  from  Wheel- 
It  is  the  seat  of  Franklin  college.  In  1840, 
f  the  tp.  1,439. 

<  Athens,  or  Tiogatown,  town,  Bradford 
'enn.    It  is  situated   near  the  confluence 


of  Lycoming  river,  opposite  Williamsport. 

Newbiggin,  fishing  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northum- 
berland, 7  miles  E.  of  Morpeth.  It  is  situated  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  bay  of  Newbiggin. 

New  Bloomjield,  village,  Perry  co.,  Pa.,  25  ma. 
SW.  from  Harrisburg. 

New  Boston,  town,  Hillsborough  county,  N.  H. 
Pop.  in  1810,  1,619  ;  and  in  1820,  1,686.  It  is 
situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Merrimack  river,  50 
ms.  westward  from  Portsmouth.  Village,  Berk- 
shire co.,  Mass.,  119  miles  westerly  from  Boston. 

 Village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  30  miles  from 

Hoga  river  and  the  E.  branch  of  the  Sus-j  Utica.  Village,  Clark  co.,  Beihel  tp.,  Ohio,  on 

nab,  a  situation  very  convenient  to  inter-! the  western  side  of  Mad  river,  4  miles  SW.  from 
3  trade  of  both  rivers.  j  Springtield. 

Baltimore,  village  and  tp.,  Green  co.,  N.  New  Bourbon,  village,  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Mo. 
'ie  Hudson,  18  ms.  below  Albany.    Pop.  It  stands  2  ms.  below  St.  Genevieve. 

New  Bowling  Green,  post  office,  Washington 
co.,  Mo.,  99  ms.  SSW.  from  St.  Louis. 

Newborn,  village,  Jasper  co  ,  Ga.,  by  post  road 
63  ms.  NW.  from  Milledgeville. 

New  Braintree,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  18 
ms.  WNW.  from  Worcester.   Pop.  in  1820,  888. 

New  Britain,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on  Nebham- 
iny  creek,  between  Hilltown  and  Doylestown.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,474;  and  in  1820,  1,082. 

New  Brownsville,  Wayne  co.,  O.,  on  Jerome'* 
fork. 

New  Brunswick,  town  and  city,  Middlesex  co., 
N.  J.,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  river  Raritan,  30  ms. 
NE.  of  Trenton,  and  36  SW.  of  the  city  of  New 
York.  This  city,  beside  the  ordinary  county  build- 
ings, has  five  places  of  public  worship  for  Presby- 
terians, Episcopalians,  Methodists,  Baptists,  and 
Mercer  j  Dutch  Reformed,  each  one. 

Queen's  College  was  formed  by  the  Dutch  Re- 


2,036 

I  Baltimore,  village,  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  45 
>m  W.  C. 

»  Barbadoes,  tp.,  Bergen  co..  N.  J.  Pop. 
0,  2,592. 

>  Bedford,  village  and  seaport  of  Mass.,  in 

county,  on  a  small  arm  of  Buzzard's  bay. 
irbor  is  rendered  secure  by  Scouticut  point, 
s  Neck,  and  a  small  island.  The  inhabit- 
le  mostly  employed  in  the  fishing  trade,  and 

fish,  whale  oil,  spermaceti,  and  candles. 

own  contains  a  bank,  an  insurance  office, 
veral  places  of  public  worship.  In  1820,  the 
5  towns  of  New  Bedford  and  Fairhaven  con- 
*a  population  of  6,fiS0;  having  iucreased 
Hin  the  preceding  ten  years.  Distant  61  ms. 
Boston.  Lat.  41  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  9  E. 
I  Bedford,  village,  Mahoning  tp 

x.,  15  ms.  SW.  from  Mercer. 


Berlin,  village  and  tp.,  Chenango  co.,  N.  I  formed  church,  and  intended  for  the  education  of 

631 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEW 


their  [clergy.  It  was  incorporated  in  1770,  and 
since  1810,  has  been  in  some  respects  connected 
with  a  theological  school  founded  in  the  same  city. 

The  site  of  New  Brunswick  rises  gradually  from 
the  hank  of  Raritan  river.  The  adjacent  country 
is  pleasantly  diversified  and  well  cultivated.  The 
tide  rises  some  little  distance  above  the  town,  and 
steamboats,  when  not  prevented  by  ice,  ply  regu- 
larly between  that  place  and  New  York. 


Population  in  1810  — 

Whites    -----  5,673 

Free  colored        -  206 

Slaves     -  433 


Total       -  6,312 


Population  in  1820— 

Whites   -----  5,954 

Free  colored        -  360 

Slaves     -----  450 


Total       -  -  -  .6,764 


And  in  1840  -  8,663 


Newburg,  town  and  tp.,  Orange  county,  N.  Y. 
It  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  river,  5 
ms.  N.  of  West  Point,  and  95  S.  of  Albany.  This 
is  one  of  the  most  pleasantly  situated  towns  on  the 
Hudson.  The  bank  rises  by  a  rather  bold  acclivity, 
giving  a  fine  view  of  the  river,  opposite  shore,  and 
adjacent  mountains.  Any  vessel  that  can  pass  the 
bar  at  Sandy  Hook,  can  reach  Newburg.  Its  trade 
is  active  and  increasing.  Pop.  in  1810,  4,627; 
in  1820,  5,812. 

Newburg,  corporate  town  of  England,  in  the  Isle 
of  Anglesey,  on  the  river  Brant,  15  miles  SW.  of 
Beaumaris,  and  257  NW.  of  London.    Lon.  4  27 

W.,  lat.  53  10  N.  Village,  Penobscot  county, 

Maine,  118  miles  NE.  from  Portland.  Town, 

Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio,  immediately  S.  from  Cleve- 
land.   Pop.  in  1820,  756.  . 

Newburn,  petty  village  of  Eng.,  in  Northum- 
berland, on  the  W.  side  of  Newcastle,  inhabited  by 
colliers. 

y  Newbury,  corporate  town  of  England,  in  Berk- 
shire. Its  poor  are  chiefly  employed  in  spinning. 
Newbury  is  commodiously  seated  on  the  river  Ken- 
net,  26  miles  S.  of  Oxford,  and  56  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  1  12  W.,  lat.  51  25  N.  Town,  the  cap- 
ital of  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Con- 
necticut river,  40  miles  N.  of  Dartmouth  College, 
and  5  ms.  NW.  of  Haverhill,  N  H.  Pop.  1,362. 
Lat.  44  4  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  58  E.  Tp.  of  Es- 
sex county,  Mass.,  opposite  Salisbury.    Pop.  in 

1820,  3,671.  Tp  ,  York  co.,  Pa.    The  tp.  is 

on  the  point  between  Susquehannah  river  and 
Conewago  creek,  and  the  village.  5  ms.  NW.  from 

York  Haven.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,794.  Town, 

Geauga  co.,  Ohio.  N  W.  tp.  of  Miami  county, 

Ohio     Pop.  in  1820,  542. 

Newburyport,  considerable  port  of  entry  and  vil- 
lage, Essex  co.,  Mass.,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Merrimack,  in  lat.  42  47  N.,  lon.  70  47 
W.,  40  miles  N.  from  Boston,  and  22  SW.  from 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.  The  site  of  Newburyport  is 
a  gentle  acclivity,  giving  a  pleasing  aspect  to  the 
place,  which  is  heightened  by  the  regularity  of  the 
buildings  and  streets.  It  contains  two  banks,  two 
insurance  office  ,  and  6  or  7  places  of  public  wor- 
632- 


ship.  In  point  of  foreign  commerce,  it  is  the  ( 
in  the  State.  In  1815  its  shipping  amount<  t< 
near  25,000  tons. 

Newburyport,  chief  town  of  Berrien  co.,  M  . 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Joseph's  river  ]\ 
stands  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  o  if 
right  or  north  side  of  the  river  opposite  the  ol  |, 
lage  of  Saranac.  N.  lat.  42  6,  lon.  W.  C.  1 
W.  A  little  S.  of  W.,  about  200  miles  fron  '* 
troit. 

New  Canaan,  town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.t  M 
30  ms.  WSW.  from  New  Haven.  Pop.  in  9 
1,600;  in  1820,  1,682.    It  contains  an  acad  f. 

New  Canton,  village,  Buckingham  co.t  Vil 
the  right  bank  of  James  river,  55  miles  by  id 

above  Richmond.  Village,   Hawkins  co  y( 

Term.,  by  post  road  257  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  m 
frecsborough. 

New  Carlisle,  town  and  capital  of  Gaspe  co  y, 
L.  C,  on  Chaleur  bay. 

Newcastle,  town  of  Wales,  in  Carmarthen  e, 
on  the  Tyvy,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Carmarthen,  an  i 
WNW.  of  London.    Lon.  4  30  W.,  bit.  53  1 

 Town,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  45  miles  N  of 

Portland,  and  12  of  Wiscasset,  in  nearly  the  w 

direction.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,243.  Tp.,  m 

Chester  co.,  N.  Y  ,  about  40  miles  NNE.  m 
New  York.   Population  in  1810,  1,291;  in  0, 

1,368.  Village,  on  the  southern  border  of  I 

cer  county,  Pa.,  on  the  point  above  the  jut  )n 
of  Shenango  and  Neshanoc  creeks,  16  ms.  S  V. 

from  Mercer.  Village  and  capital  of  New  tie 

co.,  Del.,  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  I 
ware  river,  6  ms.  S.  of  Wilmington,  and  34  I 
of  Philadelphia  Pop.  of  the  hundred  in  ■ 
2,438  ;  in  1820,  2,671  ;  and  in  1840,  2,73,i 
lies  in  lat.  39  40  N.,  Ion.  75  18  W.  of  Lo  ll 

and  from  W.  C.  1  27  E  Village,  HancwW 

Va.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Pamunky  river,  2<» 

NE.  from  Richmond  Village,  Botetour 

Va.,  by  post  road  210  miles  W.  from  Richtrdl 

 Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Henry  co.,K;B 

contains  the  ordinary  county  buildings ;  25  lea 
NW.  from  Frankfort.    Pop.  in  1840,  528.  at. 

38  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C  8  25  W.  Princ  ld- 

ward  county,  U.  C.  This  tp.  is  situated  o  he 
Presqu'isle  de  Quinte,  extending  into  Lak  )n- 
tario  from  the  easterly  part  of  the  tp.  of  Ura  W| 
is  a  situation  well  suited  for  commerce  and  pef 
tion,  and  sheltered  from  all  winds. 

Newcastle,  county  of  Del.,  bounded  by  Del  are 
river  E.,  Kent  co.,  Del.  S.,  Kent  and  Oeci  *. 
Md  ,  SW.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  NW.,  and  Del  are 
co.,  Pa  ,  NE.  ;  length  36  miles,  mean  wid  U. 
area  432  sq.  ms.  The  surface  of  this  co.  im 
erally  decorated  with  hill  and  dale,  though  t  N. 
section  is  more  broken  than  that  of  the  S.  'to 
projected  canal  to  unite  the  Delaware  and  •* 
apeake  bays  is  to  pass  across  this  co.  The  >° 
separation  between  the  primitive  and  these.  M 
alluvial  formations  enters  the  NE.  angl<?  of  » 
castb,  near  Delaware  river,  and,  ranging 
merges  into  Md.  between  Glasgow  and  F  ch 
town.  Brandy  wine  river  and  Ked  and  Whil*J 
creeks  rise  in  Chester  Pa.,  co.  and,  flowing*' 
ly  S.,  fall  over  the  primitive  ledge  into  Chrif  na 
The  latter  rises  also  in  Pennsylvania,  and,  «3 
ing  the  NE.  angle  of  Maryland,  flow.<  neai  » 
between  Elk  river  and  Whiteclay  creek,  fal  * 


NEW 


NEW 


I  the  ledge,  and  thence  turns  to  NE.  along  i  s 
,ir  verge  to  Wilmington.  This  range  of  fail* 
eers  the  water  facility  found  in  Newcastle  co., 
bhe  propulsion  of  machinery,  equal  to  any  other 
rfiual  extent  in  the  United  States.  This  natu- 
aadvantage  has  been  extensively  improved  on 
hBrandywine  in  particular.  The  principal  sta- 
llof  Newcastle  is  flour.  Chief  town,  Wilming- 
o— See  Brandy  wine.  Pop.  in  1820,27,899; 
ttin  1840,  ;>3,120.  Central  lat.  39  34  N.,  Ion. 
■C.  1  25  E. 

Newcastle  under  Line,  borough  of  England,  in 
Jt'ordshire.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  hats.  It 
I  large  place,  with  broad  paved  street*,  and  is 
a:  us  for  more  stoneware  being  made  near  it  than 
|(iy  other  place  in  England.  It  is  on  a  rivulet, 
Ks.from  Strafford,  and  149  NNW,  of  London. 
I  2  2  W.,  lat.  53  12  N. 

t  iwcastle,  or  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  large  bo- 
ll and  seaport  of  England,  in  Northumberland, 
ted  hetween  the  Picts  Wall  and  the  Tyne. 
river  is  so  deep  that  ships  of  600  tons  burden 
come  up  to  the  town  in  ballast ;  but  the  col- 
wait  at  Shields  for  their  lading,  which  is 
ht  down  the  river  in  lighters,  from  the  great 
ries  which  have  for  centuries  past  supplied  j 
on  and  most  of  the  southern  paits  of  the) 
loin  with  coal.    This  is  the  staple  trade  of, 
MS  been  ttio  source  of  great  wealth  to,  New  -  j 
!.    The  coals  carried  thence,  annually,  are  , 
uted  to  amount  to  1,187,000  tons;  it  also  j 
ifactures  steel,  iron,  glass,  woolen  cloth,  earth- 1 
re,  white  lead,  milled  lead,  &c,  to  a  great  ex- 
pand here  is  a  round  tower  for  the  manufac- 
f  patent  shot    It  exports  large  quantities  of! 
salt,  salmon,  butter,  tallow,  and  is  so  very 
Js  for  its  grindstones  that  scarce  a  vessel  goes 
thence  without  some  of  them.    Newcastle ! 
lade  a  borough  by  William  I.,  and  the  first  j 
?r  for  digging  coal  was  granted  by  Henry  III. 
39.    It  is  34  miles  S.  of  Almwick,  94  N.  of 
■L  and  271  N.  by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  37 
Bat.  55  3  N. 

wcastle,  or  Great  Island,  island  and  town  of 
•Wingham  co.,  N.  H.,  two  miles  E.  from  Ports- 
I  111,  at  the  mouth  of  Piscataqua  river.    Pop.  in  j 
I  ft  592;  and  in  1820,  932. 
mjw  Charleston,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
I  s.  NW.  from  Bangor. 

tlliy  Chester,  town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  on  i 
•Hi!  mack. 

■w  Come,  village,  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  103  ms.  i 
IB  by  W.  from  Columbus. 

MMvcomerstown,  settlement  in  the  SW.  quar- , 
Ml  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  18  ms.  SW.  by  W.  I 
H  New  Philadelphia,   and  4  E.   from  Co- 
it  Jn. 

Hw  Concord,  village,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y., 
Ml  s.  from  Albany. 

uwdigate,  village  of  England,  in  Surry,  with 
H  licinal  spring  of  the  same  nature  as  that  of 

P  n- 

hid  Durham,  tp.,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  40  ms. 
NA  from  Portsmouth.  Pop,  in  1810,  888;  in 
I*!  1,168. 

■'W  Egypt,  village,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  35 
»nt.*rE.  by  E.  from  Philadelphia. 
'W  England,  name  given  at  an  early  perod 
i  the  country  that  lies  between  Canada  and 
80* 


New  York,  and  which  at  present  comprises  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Con- 
necticut, Vermont,  and  Maine. 

Newenham,  Cape,  rocky  point  of  considerable 
height,  on  the  W.  coast  of  N.  America.  It  was 
discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1778.  Lon.  162 
24  W.,  lat.  58  42  N. 

Newenf,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
near  a  branch  of  the  Severn,  114  ms.  WNW.  of 
London.    Lon.  2  20  W.,  lat.  51  56  N. 

New  Fairfield,  tp.,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.  Pop,  in 
1810,  772;  in  1820,  788.  It  is  situated  between 
Brooktield  and  the  State  of  N.  Y. 

New  Fane,  tp.  and  post  town,  Windham  co., 
Vt.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,275  ;  in  1820,  1,400.  It  is  sit- 
uated on  the  E.  side  of  West  river,  8  ms.  NW. 
from  Fulham. 

New  Feliciana,  parish,  La.,  bounded  N.  by 
Mississippi,  E.  by  Amite  river,  or  parish  of  St. 
Helena,  S.  by  East  Baton  Rouge,  and  SW\  by 
the  Mississippi  river.  Area  650  sq.  ms.,  or  672,- 
000  acres.  This  parish  was,  subsequent  to  the 
census  of  1820,  divided  into  East  Feliciana  and 
West  Feliciana  ;  which  see. 

Newfield,  town,  York  co.,  Maine,  40  ms.  NW. 
from  York.    Pop.  in  1810,  815;  in  1820,  1,147. 

 Village,  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post  road 

210  ms.  W.  from  Albany,  and  9  from  Ithica. 

New  Forest,  forest  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  sit- 
uated in  that  part  of  the  co.  which  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  Southampton  Water,  and  S.  by  the 
English  channel. 

Newfoundland,  island  on  the  E.  coa.t  of  N. 
America,  between  47°  and  52°  N.  lat.  It  was 
discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in  1496;  and,  after 
many  disputes  with  the  French,  it  was  ceded  to 
the  English  in  1713.  Its  form  is  triangular ;  the 
N.  point  is  separated  from  Labrador  by  the  strait 
of  Belleisle,  and  from  this  apex  it  is  350  ms.  in 
length  to  the  base,  which  is  300  in  breadth.  It  is 
a  mountainous,  woody  country,  and  very  cold,  be- 
ing covered  with  snow  five  months  in  the  year. 
It  seems  to  have  no  inhabitants  of  its  own,  but  in 
the  summer  time  is  visited  by  the  Esquimaux  In- 
dians. It  has  several  bays  and  harbors  ;  and  there 
are  about  500  English  families  who  continue  here 
all  the  year,  besides  the  garrison  of  St.  John,  Pla- 
centia,  and  other  forts.  In  the  fishing  season, 
which  begins  ill  May  and  ends  in  September,  it  is 
much  resorted  to  on  account  of  the  great  fishing 
banks  to  the  SE.  of  the  island  ;  for  here  they  cure  the 
cod,  which  is  carried  not  only  to  England,  but  to  the 
Mediterranean,  and  W.  Indies,  and  elsewhere.  In 
winter  the  chief  employment  of  the  inhabitants  is 
to  cut  wood  ;  and  the  smallest  kind,  used  for  fuel,  is 
drawn  by  their  large  dogs,  trained  up  and  harnessed 
for  that  purpose.  There  is  great  plenty  of  game, 
fish,  and  fowl,  but  very  little  corn,  fruit,  or  cattle. 
St.  John  is  the  principal  settlement. 

Newfound  Mills,  post  office,  Hanover  co.,  Va. 

Nevj  Garden,  town,  Chester  co  ,  Pa.,  12  ms. 
W.  by  N.  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  and  125  from  the 

city  of  Washington.  Village,  Robinson  co., 

N.  C.  Tp.,  Columbiana  co.,  O  Village, 

Wayne  co.,  Ia.,  78  ms.  E.  from  Indianapolis. 

New  Geneva,  village,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Monongahela  river,  below  the  mouth 
of  George's  creek,  20  ms.  by  land  above  Browns- 
ville. 

633 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEW 


New  Georgia,  group  of  Islands  in  the  Frozen 
ocean,  discovered  in  1819  by  Captain  Parry.  Lon. 
W.  C.  trom  20°  to  40°  W.,  lat.  from  74°  to  76° 
N. — See  Polar  Regions. 

New  Germantown,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N. 
J.,  35  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

New  Gilliard,  village,  Moore  co.,  N.  C,  03 
ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

New  Glasgoiv,  town,  Amherst  co  ,  Va.,  situ- 
ated 20  ms.  N.  of  Lynchburg,  and  115  ms.  W.  of 
Richmond,  containing  about  20  dwelling  houses, 
principally  of  wood,  and  about  200  inhabitants. 
In  this  place  there  is  an  academy,  consisting  of 
two  departments,  male  and  female. 

New  Gloucester,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine, 
30  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Portland. 

New  Goshenhopper,  village,  Montgomery  co., 
Penn.,  in  the  forks  of  the  Perkiomen,  45  ms. 
NW.  from  Philadelphia,  and  15  ms.  8.  from  Al- 
lentown. 

New  Granada,  formerly  a  captain  generalship 
of  Spain,  in  8.  America,  now  an  integral  part  of 
the  republic  of  Colombia.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
the  Carribbean  sea,  NE.  by  the  former  captain 
generalship  of  Caraccas,  SE.  by  Brasi),S.  by  Peru, 
and  W.  by  the  Pacific  ocean,  extending  from  12° 
N.  to  6°  of  S.  lat..  and  from  J0°  E.  to  2°  V/. 
lon.  from  Washington.  The  features  of  nature 
are  on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the  expansive 
area  of  this  country.  It  contains  the  highest  moun- 
tains yet  measured  on  the  western  continent,  and 
the  alluvial  plains  near  the  mouth  of  the  Magda- 
lena. 

The  Andes  of  Peru,  gradually  separating  into 
different  ridges,  traverse  New  Granada  from  SSW. 
to  NNE.  A  little  to  the  N.  of  the  Equator,  three 
very  distinct  mountain  chains  extend,  one  follow- 
ing the  Pacific  coast  reaches  and  is  continued  in 
the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ;  the  second,  or  middle  range, 
runs  nearly  N.  and  S.,  separating  the  basins  of 
Magdalena  and  Atrato,  merges  into  the  Carribean 
sea  ;  the  third,  or  eastern  chain,  ranges  NNE. 
towards  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Maricaibo,  and 
separates  the  confluents  of  the  Magdalena  and 
Orinoco.  At  about  8°  N.  lat.  the  latter  chain  again 
divides,  one  branch  turns  N.  and  merges  into  the 
Carribean  sea  at  Cape  Vela,  the  other  gradually 
curves  to  the  E.  and  constitutes  the  mountains  of 
Caraccas. 

The  riVers  of  New  Granada  are  numerous  and 
important.  Those  flowing  into  the  Pacific  ocean 
are  generally  short,  and,  from  the  great  inclination 
of  their  planes  of  descent,  rapid  in  their  course. 
See  Guiaquil,  in  the  Addenda.  A  communica- 
tion between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  has 
been  proposed  through  the  St.  Juan  of  the  Pacific 
and  Atrato,  flowing  into  the  Carribean  sea. — See 
Alrato.  Between  the  great  northern  ridges  of  the 
Andes,  which  we  have  noticed,  rises  and  flows  the 
Magdalena.  This  is  truly  the  river  of  New  Gran- 
ada, having  its  source  at  2°,  and  entering  the  Car- 
ribean sea  at  11°  N.  lat.  It  is  formed  by  two  great 
branches,  the  Magdalena  proper  and  the  Cauca. 
It  is  rendered  in  a  great  degree  unnavigable  from 
the  rapid  descent  of  its  plane. 

East  from  the  Andes,  in  all  the  length  of  New 
Granada,  in  Cundinamarca,  and  Quito,  spreads  an 
immense  plane,  across  which  meanders  the  innu- 
meiable  branches  of  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco. 
634 


The  principal  confluents  of  the  former  in  IV 
Granada  are,  the  Tungaragua,  Napo,  lea,  Ja]  1( 
and  Negro.  Those  of  the  Orinoco,  are  the  1  r- 
rita,  Ua,  Vichada,  Meta,  and  Apure.  These  r  I 
though  mere  branches  of  the  two  mighty  ri  I 
Amazon  and  Orinoco,  flow  by  comparative  c  je 
from  300  to  700  ms.,  and  are  generally  navig,8i 
The  country  over  which  they  flow  is,  how  r 
yet  a  wilderness  or  extensive  waste,  inhabited  W 
by  savages. 

The  climate  of  New  Granada  partakes  of  al 
diversity  of  its  surface.  The  elevated  table  id 
of  the  valleys  of  the  Andes  has  been  celebrati  or 
salubrity,  whilst  the  inhabitants  of  the  low  al  m 
coasts  have  been  found  subject  to  the  ord  I 
malignant  diseases  incident  to  such  situatio  in 
tropical  climates. 

New  Granada  has  been  justly  celebrated  f  ■ 
vegetable  and  mineral  wealth.  In  a  country  oim 
variety  of  elevation  within  the  tropics,  the  ■ 
of  vegetable  life  must  embrace  nearly  all  the  I 
valuable  fruits  and  plants  useful  to  man.  I 
silver,  platina,  iron,  and  emeralds,  are  enumi  ed 
amongst  its  mineral  productions. 

In  the  animal  kingdom,  the  condor,  the  1  Hi 
carnivorous  bird  yet  known,  is  in  a  great  <■ 
peculiar  to  this  country. 

Population,  according  to  the  recent  estir  ?s, 
1,875,700.— See  Colombia. 

New  Grantham,  t[>.,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H  31 
ms.  NW.  from  Concord. 

New  Guinea,  or  Papua,  large  and  impe  rly 
known  island,  lying  to  the  N.  from  New  He  id, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  Torres's  strain  U- 
though  our  knowledge  of  this  island,  even  m 
shores,  is  imperfect,  enough,  however,  has  en 
done  to  determine  its  general  extent,  whirw 
laid  down  on  Black's  Atlas,  extends  from  Mm 
148°  lon.  E.  from  London,  in  a  direction  oil 
NW.  by  W.  or  SE.  by  S.,  1,300  English  I 
where  widest,  itexceeds  300  ms.,  but  if  we  all'  the 
mean  width  to  be  150,  the  area  will  be  lSl 
sq.  ms.  The  northwestern  part  nearly  toucl  tie 
equator,  but  the  mean  latitude  is  about  5°  I 
appears  to  be  inhabited  by  Malays  and  two  o  »• 
more  races  of  Negroes. 

New  Hugerstown,  small  town  in  TuscrW 
co.,  Ohio. 

New  Hampshire,  one  of  the  States  of  tbefl 
ed  States,  bounded  by  the  Atlantc  ocean  S  by 
Massachusetts  S.,  by  Vermont  W.,  Lower  m 
da  N  ,  and  Maine  E. 

It  touches,  and  is  washed  by  the  Atlantic  I 

ocean 

It  thence  has  a  boundary  of  Maine  of        •  IS 
The  boundary  between  New  Hampshire  am 
Lower  Canada  remains  uncertain,  but  i.' 
about  -  -  - 

Down  Connecticut  river,  in  common  witl 

Vermont  -  -  - 

Along  nor'.h  boundary  of  Massachusetts  8 

Having  an  entire  outline  of 

Length  from  SW.  to  NE.  160  ms. ;  brer  1 9 
ms.  ;  area  8,030  eq.  ms.,  or  5,139,200  acr 
Extending  from  lat.  42  41  to  45  1 1  N. 
This  State  differs  more  in  the  relative  el  L* 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


>f  9  parts  than  any  section  of  the  United  States, 
I  of  consequence,  its  climate  and  seasons  have 
a  ^responding  excess  in  their  extremes.  The 
A  nlic  border  is  a  sandy  beach,  followed  by  hills 
v  :h  increase  rather  rapidly  in  elevation.  The 
•entry  rises,  indeed,  by  so  rapid  an  acclivity  that 
j»,.iiles  do  not  rise  in  the  rivers  more  than  from 
L  15  ms.  inland.  The  hilly  region  is  quickly 
owed  by  the  mountainous.  Between  the  Con- 
uicut  and  Merrimack  rivers,  and  near  the  SW. 
,r.e  of  this  State,  Grand  Monadnoc  rises  amongst 
n  ior  summits  to  3,254  feet  above  the  ocean  level. 
■\  her  N.,  Sunapee  is  followed  by  Moosehillock, 
h  atter  attaining  an  elevalion  of  4,  G36  feet.  Be- 
wn  the  sources  of  Connecticut,  Androscoggin, 
Merrimack,  rise,  however,  the  highest  moun- 
i,  summits  yet  measured  in  the  United  States. 
ms  of  the  peaks  of  the  White  mountains  rise 
b3  6,000  feet  above  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Tak- 
Aji  a  whole,  the  natural  features  of  New  Hamp- 
tht  are  bold,  prominent,  and,  in  many  places, 
u  me.  If  we  turn  our  view  to  the  rugged  aspect 
nery,  we  would  be  led  to  expect  much  less 


Free  persons  of  color,  males  -           -  372 

Do.            do.    females           -  414 

Total  population  in  1820    -  244,161 
Of  these  : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized     -           -  124 

Engaged  in  agriculture         -        '  -  52,384 

Do.     in  manufactures       -           -  8,699 

Do.  in  commerce  -  -  l,0ti8 
Population  to  the  sq.  ms.  30. 

Population  of  New  Hampshire  by  ages,  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0  to  5 
5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 


ry  of  soil;  but,  in  fact,  few  sections  of  the !  gy  to  100  - 
(1  States,  of  equal  extent,  have  more  prod uc-  j  100  and  upwards 
»nd  than  is  included  in  New  Hampshire.  The 
important  vegetable  productions  are  grass, 
t,  rye,  Indian  corn,  oats,  &c. 
e  manufacturing  establishments  of  N.  Hamp- 
are  numerous  and  increasing.    More  than  30 
i  and  woolen  manufactures  are  in  operation 
t  State,  and  many  of  them  on  a  very  enlarged 


hples,  iron,  lumber,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  fish, 
•£  live  stock,  pork,  and  flax  seed, 
fcjr  civil  and  political  purposes,  New  Hamp- 
W  in  1820,  was  subdivided  into  the  following 
■ties,  to  which  have  been  since  added  Belknap, 
hi*l\,  and  Merrimack,  formed  out  of  parts  of 
Strafford,  &c.  : 


Ibiorough 
©•ingham  - 
femack. 
I  brd 


Total  whites  - 


Males. 


18,435 
l?,3u0 
16,929 
15,653 
22,170 
K781 
12, '15 
8,690 
5,435 
3,447 
1,084 

iu3 

2 


139,004 


Females 


17,959 
16,693 
15,689 
15,457 
24,679 
18,269 
14,183 
9,824 
6,702 
4,000 
1,388 
[181 


145,032 
139,004 

284,036 


Sq.  ms. 

Pop.  1820. 

1,680 

5,549 

1,540 

32,989 

1,200 

45,276 

1,150 

53,884 

1,000 

55,246 

1,460 

51,156 

8,030 

244,155 

Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtolO  . 
10  to  24  . 

12418  36  . 

36  to  55  .... 

55  to  100  - 

100  and  upwards  . 

57 
68 
42 
48 
33 

50 
66 
54 
61 
56 
2 

243 

289 
248 

Total  free  colored 
Slaves 

537 
2 

Aggregate 

539 

SUMMARY. 

Total  whites 
Do    free  colored 
^Do.  slaves 

284,036 
537 
2 

Total 

234,575 

Population  in  1810. 
"white  males  - 
o  do.  females  - 

Total  whites 
11  her  persons,  except  Indians,  not 
ted  - 

Total  population  in  1810  - 
Population  in  1820. 

rewhite  males 

•W  do.  females  - 

ill! her  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

tied 

Total  whites 


105,782 
107,608 


213,390 
970 


White  persons  if  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  Mind 

Insane  and  idiots  at — 
Public  charge  - 
Private  chame 


43 
41 

97 

Til 

153 

180 

3U6 


214,360 


119,210 
124,026 


139 


243,375 


Colored  peisons,  free  and  slaves,  in  the  foregoing  who  are — 

Deaf  and  dumb  9 

Blind  -  ....  3 
idiots  and  insane  at — 

Private  charge  8 
Public  charge  -----  11 
All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in- 
Mining  -  -  -  -  -  13 
Agriculture  .....  77,9.59 
Commerce  -  -  -  -  1,379 
Manufactures  and  trades  ...  I7.8z6 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  ...  452 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  -  -  1  8 
Learned  professions  -  1,640 
Pensioners  lor  revolutionary  or  military  services  -  1,408 
Universities  or  colleges  -  -  *  2 
Academies  and  grammar  schools           •          •  68 

635 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEW 


Do.  students  in           -           -           -           •  5,799 

Primary  and  common  schools     -           -           -  2,12 r 

Do.  scholars  in           .-           -            •            -  83,62^ 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -  -  -  7,115 
White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 

or  write       -  942 


Population  of  New  Hampshire  by  counties,  from 
the  census  o/1840. 


Rockincham 

SiraifuriJ 

Merrimack 

Hillsboronsrh 

Cneshire 

Sullivan 

Grafton 

Coos 

Total 


Whites. 

Free  col. 

Slaves. 

m 

a> 

00 
01 

oo 

GO 
3 

Total. 

Malei 

Fema 

Male! 

Fema 

Male 

s 

22,098 

22,474 

79 

120 

45,771 

29,454 

31,641 

10 

22 

61,127 

17,69S 

18,449 

60 

46 

: 

36,253 

20,055 

22,343 

44 

51 

1 

42.494 

13,116 

13,273 

25 

15 

26,429 

10,135 

10,174 

16 

15 

20.340 

21,446 

20,834 

12 

19 

. 

42,311 

5,002 

4,844 

2 

1 

9  849 

139004 

145032 

2-18 

2S9 

1 

284574 

Progressive  population  of  New  Hampshire. 


1800 
1800 
1820 
1830 
1840 


183,858 
214,460 
244,161 
269,533 
284,575 


Population  to  the  sq.  m.  in  1840,  35  very  nearly. 

New  Hampton,  tp.,  Strafford  co.,  N.  II.,  on 
the  Merrimack,  30  ms.  above  Concord.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,293;  in  1820,  1,500.  Town,  Hunter- 
don co.,  N.  J.,  21  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Flemington, 
and  40  NW.  of  New  Brunswick. 

New  Hanover. — See  Hanover,  New,tp.,  Mont- 
gomery co.,  Pa. 

New  Hanover,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic ocean  SE.,  Cape  Fear  river,  or  Brunswick, 
SW.,  Bladen  W.,  Sampson  NW.,  Duplin  N., 
and  Orslon  E.  ;  length  50  ms.,  mean  width  25  ; 
1,350  sq.  ms.  Surface  mostly  flat,  and  part 
marshy.  Beside  Cape  Fear  river,  which  washes 
the  SVV.  border  of  the  county,  New  Hanover  is 
drained  by  Black  river  and  the  NE.  fork  of  Cape 
Fear  river.  Staples,  cotton  and  tobacco.  Chief 
town,  Wilmington.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,866;  and 
in  1840,  13,312.  Central  lat.  34  30  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  1  0  w. 

New  Hartford,  town  and  tp.,  Litchfield  co., 
Ct.,  22  ms.  VV.  by  N.  of  the  city  of  Hartford,  and 
12  ms.  NE.  of  Litchfield,  the  shire  town.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,510;  in  1820,  1,685.  Village,  One- 
ida co.,  N.  Y.,  4  ms.  W.  from  Utica. 

New  Haven,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Ouse,  with  a  small  harbor.  The 
entrance  of  the  river  is  defended  by  a  battery,  and 
the  haven  is  generally  made  the  station  of  a  sloop 
of  war,  to  intercept  the  smuggling  trade.    It  is  7 

ms.  S.  by  E  of  Lewes,  and  67  of  London.  

Town,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  on  Otter  creek. 

New  Haven,  co.  of  Ct.,  bounded  by  Long  Is- 
land sound  S.,  Housatonic  river,  or  Fairfield, 
SW.,  Litchfield  NW.,  Hartford  N.,  and  Middle- 
sex NE.  ;  length  27  ms.,  mean  width  22;  area 
about  600  sq.  ms.  This  is  one  of  the  most  plea- 
t-antly  diversified  counties  jn  the  United  Slates.  It 
s  traver  ed  from  SSW.  to  NNE.  bv  a  chain  of 
636 


mountains  of  no  considerable  elevation,  which 
in  the  vicinity  of  New  Haven  city,  and  is  i 
tected  by  Connecticut  river  at  Middletown,  in 
dlesex  co.  Beside  the  Housatonick,  New  H 
is  drained  by  the  Naugatuck  and  Quinipiacl 
ers.  With  the  exception  of  some  tracts  of 
extent  near  the  sound,  the  surface  is  hilly  oi 
dulating.  The  soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits 
pasturage.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  salted  provii 
live  stock,  and  many  other  minor  articles  sf 
the  New  York  market.  Chief  town,  New  H 
Pop.  in  1820,  39,616  ;  and  in  1840,  48,582. 
tral  lat.  41  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  0  E. 

New  Haven,  city,  seaport,  and  seat  of  ju 
New  Haven  co.,  Ct.,  situated  on  the  E.  sid< 
bay,  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  Qunini 
river,  and  about  4  ms.  N.  from  Long  Island  sc 
The  old  town  was  laid  out  in  a  large  square, 
divided  into  nine  lesser  squares,  each  858  feet 
side,  separated  by  50  feet  streets.  In  the  c 
are  two  large  squares;  SE.  of  which  stands 
College.  The  general  aspect  of  New  Haven  i 
culiarly  pleasing.  The  site  is  very  nearly  a  j 
and  the  streets  extending  at  right  angles,  will 
general  neatness  of  the  buildings,  and  intermi 
of  trees,  affords  a  picture  which  every  tra 
must  view  with  interest.  Of  all  the  public  ed 
of  this  city,  Yale  College  decidedly  claims  the 
notice.  It  was  founded  in  1701.  Its  officer 
a  president,  nine  professors,  and  five  tutors, 
under  the  government  of  a  board  of  trusties, 
posed  of  the  Governor  of  the  State,  the  lieuti 
governor,  and  six  senior  assistants,  together 
the  president  and  ten  clerical  fellows.  Then 
of  education,  in  every  respect,  are  probably  a* 
pie  as  in  any  other  literary  institution  of  the  I 
The  commercial  connexions  of  this  city  are 
merous  and  important,  particularly  in  the  coa 
trade.  The  harbor  is  good,  though  only  admi 
vessels  of  10  or  12  feet  draft.  Before  the  ere 
of  a  long  wharf  of  nearly  a  mile,  which  stre 
so  far  directly  across  the  bay,  the  harbor  was  ; 
ually  filling  up.    The  amount  of  shipping  o< 

in  the  town  is  about  12,500  tons.  Tp., 

Haven  co  ,  Ct.,  and  containing  New  Haven 

Pop,  in  1820,  8,326.  Town,  Oswego  cc 

Y.,  on  Mexico  bay  of  Lake  Ontario.  Poj 

1820,  898.  Town  in  the  southern  horde 

Huron  co.,  O.  Village,  Hamilton  co.,  0., 

ms.  S  W.  from  Columbus.  Village,  Gallaii 

III.,  74  ms.  SSE.  from  Vandalia. 

New  Holland.    See  Holland,  New. 

Neiv  Holland,  village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa. 
ms.  NE.  from  Lancaster. 

New  Hope,  town,  Solebury  tp.,  Bucks  co., 
on  the  right  bank  of  Delaware  river,  opposite  i 
bertsville,  in  N.  J.,  16  ms.  above  Trenton, 
this  place  a  very  fine  bridge,  has  been  ccnstr 

ovei  the  Delaware.  Town,  Wayne  co.,  N 

 Village,  Spartansburgh  district,  S.  C   

lage,  Hancock  co.,  Ga.,  20  ms.  from  M  i  I  ledge 

New  Iberia,  village,  Louisiana,  parish  o 
Martin's,  on  the  right  bank  of  Teche,  48  ms.  ; 
its  mouth  ;  consisting  of  one  street  along  the 
or  rather  road,  containing  about  40  houst  s  am 
inhabitants.  The  bank  is  here  something  h 
than  either  above  or  below  ;  schooners  draw) 
or  5  feet  water  come  up  to  New  Iberia  at  alt 
sons.    Lat.  30°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  14  56  W. 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


ncington,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  on 
K.  side  of  Great  bay,  5  ins.  NW.  from  Ports- 

Inlet,  coast  of  N.  J.— See  Little  Egg 

w  Inlet,  one  of  the  mouths  of  Cape  Fear 
k  N.  C. 

>w  Ipswich,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H., 
2,s  N.  from  Boston,  ami  containing  an  acad- 
,rand  a  number  of  mills.    Pop.  1820,  1,278. 

he  Jersey,  one  of  the  States  of  the  U.  S., 

0  ded  by  N.  Y.  NE.,  by  Hudson  river,  Staten 
lid  sound,  Raritan  bay,  and  the  Atlantic  ocean 

1  \tlaiitic  ocean  SE.,  Delaware  bay  SW.,  and 
fisvare  river  or  Pennsvlvania  W. 

Miles. 

li  Jersey  has  an  exterior  limit  of  the  At- 
itic  ocean  from  Cape  May  to  Sandy 
iok,  of        -  120 

anterior  boundary  opposite  N.  Y  .,  along 
ritan  bay,  Staten  Island  sound,  New 
irk  bay,  and  Hudson  river     -,'         -  60 

a  mmon  with  New  York,  between  Hud- 
i  and  Delaware  rivers  -  -  45 

ce  down  Delaware  river  and  bay  to 

SpeMay       -  -  -  -  220 


Total 


445 


itreme  length,  by  a  line  almost  due  N.  from  | 
ii  May  to  the  northern  angle  of  the  Delaware,  j 
las.,  with  a  mean  width  of  about  43  ms.    Be-  | 
flat.  38  58  and  41  21  N. 
Aea.  6,851  sq.  ms.,  and  4,384,640  acres. 
,'je  natural  geography  of  New  Jersey  presents 
rt  very  marked  subdivisions  :  1st,  sea  sand  al- 
ii; 2dly,  the  hilly  or  middle  section;  and 
:l  the  mountainous  or  northern  section, 
tje  sea  sand  alluvian  embraces  near  one-half 
fcstate.     A  line  drawn  from  the  mouth  of 
Ipsbury  river  to  Bordentown,  will  nearly  sepa- 
khe  hilly  from  the  sea  sand  region.  Between 
Ciatural  limit  and  the  Sussex  mountains,  the 
fti  is  delightfully  variegated  by  hill  and  dale, 
fcLvell  watered.    Some  of  the  NW.  parts  of 
Uerdon,  Morris,  and  Bergen  cos.  are  broken 
Cnountain  ridges,  but  the  real  mountain  section 
.  w  Jersey  is  comprised  in  Sussex  co.  It  must 
:  derstood  that,  in  this  State,  as  in  Pennsyl- 
in,  the  intervening  distance  between  the  respec- 
rciountains  is  generally  an  arable  valley. 
1  reference  to  the  annexed  table  of  the  coun- 
tetwill  be  seen  that  nearly  one-half  of  the  State 
cupied  by  the  sea  sand  alluvion.    This  latter 
g  )  declines  gradually  from  the  hills,  and  before 
•Ang  the  Atlantic  ocean,  spreads  into  an  almost 
liken  plain.    The  soil  is  nearly  divisible  by 
Mr  limits  with  the  great  subdivisions  we  have 
•Id.    On  the  sea  sand  alluvion  it  is  generally 
iind  sandy, and  in  many  places  marshy.  Above 
•(a  sand  alluvion,  where  not  mountainous,  the 
•iis  generally  arable  and  productive  in  grain, 
fi|  and  pasturage. 

Wared  with  its  latitude,  extending  2°  and 
flo  State  of  the  U.  S.  possesses  such  wide  ex- 
mL  of  climate.  The  level  sandy  plains  of  its 
•pn  extension  approximate  to  the  climate  of 
•  trginia,  whilst  the  seasons  in  Sussex  co.  pre- 
*b\  severity  approaching  those  of  Vt.  and  N. 


H.  The  structure  of  the  State  renders  the  cause" 
of  these  meteorological  phenomena  obvious. 

The  staples  of  New  Jersey  are  grain,  flour,  live 
stock,  salted  provisions,  iron  ;  and  near  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  an  indefinite  variety  of  articles  to 
supply  the  markets  of  those  cities. 

Iron  ore  is  plentifully  found  and  extensively 
wrought,  particularly  in  Morris  co.  Iron  in  bars, 
and  hollow  ware  are  produced  in  great  quantities, 
and  of  excellent  quality. 

Leather  and  boots,  shoes,  and  saddles,  may  be 
considered  as  forming  a  large  share  of  the  manu- 
factured staples  of  this  State.  Newark  is  emphati- 
cally a  city  remarkable  for  the  quantity  and  excel- 
lence of  its  shoes.  The  estimated  value  of  exports 
in  1810,  was  upwards  of  $7,000,000.  No  fair 
view,  however,  can  be  given  of  either  the  expoits 
or  imports  of  this  State,  as  its  two  great  marts  are 
Philadelphia  and  New  York.  The  amount  of 
shipping  is  about  35,000  tons. 

Surveys  and  levels  have  been  taken  with  so 
much  accuracy,  as  to  ascertain  the  practicability  of 
executing  a  navigable  canal  over  New  Jersey,  and 
a  company  has  long  since  been  incorporated  for 
that  purpose.  The  points  intended  to  be  united 
are  Trenton,  on  the  Delaware,  and  New  Bruns- 
wick, on  the  Raiitan.  The  route  was  traced  by 
following  the  Assampink  to  near  its  source,  and 
thence  by  a  short  cut  into  Stoney  brook,  a  branch 
of  Millstone  river,  and  down  the  latter  and  Raritan 
to  tide  water.  The  very  erroneous  principle  adopt- 
ed of  following  the  natural  channels,  has  tended  to 
discredit  the  operations  of  the  New  Jersey  Canal 
Company. 

The  distance  from  Brunswick  to  Trenton  is 
about  26  ms.,  and  the  highest  intermediate  summit 
level  50  feet,  between  the  Assampink  and  Stoney 
brook.  It  is  supposed,  however,  that  a  summit 
level  but  little  exceeding  40  feet  can  be  obtained  by 
cutting  between  the  confluence  of  Assampink  and 
Shippetankin  creeks,  and  Rowley's  mill  near  the 
confluence  of  Stoney  brook  and  Millstone  river. 

An  adequate  supply  of  water  can  be  drawn  by 
short  feeders  from  Phillip's  springs,  Trenton  creek, 
Stoney  brook,  and  Millstone  river,  all  of  which  are 
more  elevated  than  the  route  of  the  canal,  some  in- 
termediate sand  h:lls  excepted.  Sufficient  depth 
of  water  for  a  sloop  navigation  exists  at  the  two 
extremities  of  tne  intended  canal. 

Estimated  expenses: 
Digging  28  ms.,  at  $20,000  per  mile  $560,000 
Lockage,   100  feet,  probably  less,  at 

§1,250  per  foot     -  -  -  125,000 

Feeders,  purchase  of  land  and  water 

rights       -  115,000 

Total  -  -  -  $800,000 

Upon  the  importance  of  the  New  Jersey  canal 
but  one  opinion  can  exist,  but,  as  respects  the  ex- 
penses, it  may  be  doubted  whether  less  than 
$1,000,000  could  suffice  to  effect  such  an  object. 

If  such  an  inland  communication  did  exist,  it  is 
probable,  however,  that  if  the  intended  transmis- 
sion of  coal  from  the  Lehigh  and  Delaware  rivers 
succeeds,  and  there  is  no  rational  doubt  of  such 
success,  that  such  a  coal  trade  alone  would,  besides 
the  incidental  expenses  of  repairs  and  superinten- 
dancc,  produce  a  revenue  of  more  than  the  interest 
of  $1,000,000. 

637 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEW 


For  political  and  other  purposes,  New  Jersey  is 
subdivided  into  13  counties.  The  following  table 
exhibits  the  relative  population  with  the  respective 
area: 


Counties. 

Soil. 

Area 

Pop  in 

To  Sa. 

Sa  ins 

1820. 

mile. 

Cape  May 

Alluvion 

310 

4,265 

14 

Cumberland 

Do 

450 

12,668 

28 

Salem 

Do 

312 

14,022 

45 

Gloucester 

Do 

800 

23,089 

28| 

Burlington 

Do 

500 

28,e>22 

58 

Monmouth 

Do 

875 

25  038 

28£ 

Middlesex 

Hills  and  allu- 

362 

21,470 

60 

vion. 

Hunterdon 

Hilly 

540 

28,604 

53 

Somerset 

Do 

360 

16,506 

45| 

Essex 

Do 

252 

30,793 

122 

Morris 

Do 

460 

21,368 

46 

Bergen 

Do 

480 

18,178 

38 

Sussex 
Warren 

Mountainous  - 
Do 

|  1,160 

32,752 

20| 

6,851 

277,575 

40 

Population  of  New  Jersey,  by  classes,  fra,  % 
census  of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0  to  5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  - 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 

90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males. 


28,827 
23,809 
21,951 
19,308 
31,052 
21,553 
13,949 
8.526 
4,887 
2,459 
660 
67 
7 

177,055 


Fe, 


Progressive  population.  In  1790,  New  Jersey 
contained  184,139;  in  1800,  211,149;  in  1810, 
245,560;  and  in  1820,  as  above. 

The  aggregate  and  classified  population  is  seen 
in  the  following  table  : 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males      -  115,357 

Free  white  females   -  111,509 

Total  whites  -  -  -  226,866 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed       -  7,843 

Slaves         -  10,851 

Total  population  in  1810          -  245,560 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males      -  '129,619 

Free  white  females  -  127,790 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed       -  149 

Total  whites     -           -           -  257,558 

Free  persons  of  color,  males  -          -  6,416 

Free  persons  of  color,  females           -  6,044 

Slaves,  males           -  3,988 

Slaves,  females        -  3,569 

Total  population  in  1820          -  277,575 

Of  these,  foreigners  not  naturalized    -  1,529 

Engaged  in  agriculture         -           -  40,812 

Engaged  in  manufactures     -          -  15,941 

Engaged  in  commerce         -          -  1,830 


Aees. 


OtolO 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
1U0  and  upwards 


Total 


Free  colored. 


Malts. 


3,019 
3,4i9 
1,978 
1,639 
711 
4 


10,780 


Fern's. 


2,834 
3,106 
2,079 
1,485 
748 
12 


10,264 
10,780 


21,044 


Slave 


Males. 


7 
137 
157 

0 


303 


SUMMARY. 


Progressive  population  of  New  Jersey. 


1790 
1800 
1810 
1820 
1830 
1840 


184,139 
211,149 
245,562 
277,575 
320,823 
373,306 


The  population  of  New  Jersey  a  little  more  than 
doubled  in  the  50-year  period,  from  1790  to  1840. 
63S 


Whites 
Free  colored . 
Slaves 

Total 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14~years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge 

Total  whites  irfsane,  ice. 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slave?,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots 
Total  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining 
Agriculture 
Commerce 

Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  and  military! 
Universities  or  Colleges 
Students  in  do. 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Students  in  do. 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Scholars  in  do 
Scholars  at  public  charge 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  wh 
cannot  read  or  write  ... 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


'c.ilation  of  New  Jersey,  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Free  while 
persons. 


5  909  5.563 
20,832  21,861 
4,718]  4,435 
8,931  7,011 


12.606 
10,267 
10,929 
7,877 
9,952 


nd  - 


:rsey 


12,290 
9,636 
10,474 
7,821 
10,378 
11,991|  11,985 
9,6911  9,470 
15,716|  14,92b 
15,434  15,753 
12,151  11,656 


4,413 
7,251 
6,796 
2,586 


177055 


4,074 
6,976 
6,682 
2,54i 


Free  colored 
persons. 


843 
899 
197', 
377 
4S51 
212 
180 
915 
715 
389j 
1,112 
1,103 
8-23 
835 
120' 
967| 


686 
1,009 
122 
329 
426 
213 
174 
737 
820 
389 
1,20: 
1,072 
815 
795 
114 
829 
421 
106 


174533!  10,760  10,264 


Slaves. 


llgl  104 
13 


Total. 


w  Kent,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  James  city 
iChickahomina  river,  or  Charles  city  and  Hen- 
SW.,  Hanover  IV  W,,  and  Pamunkey  river,  or 
William  NE.  ;  length  23  ms.,  mean  width 
iarea,  230  sq.  ms  Surface  moderately  hilly, 
'.oil  of  middling  quality.    Chief  town,  Cura- 


New  Lisbon,  town,  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms. 
SW.  from  Cooper's  town.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,221. 

 Village,  Montgomery  co  ,  Md  ,  near  the  E. 

side  of  Cattail  creek,  branch  of  the  Patuxent,  and 
on  Frederick  turnpike,  22  ms.  W.  from  Baltimore. 

New  Lisbon,  flourishing  village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Columbiana  co.,  O.,  35  ms.  S.  from  War- 
ren in  Trumbull  co.,  56  iNE.  from  Pittsburg,  and 
160  "NE.  from  Columbus.    It  now  contains  an 
elegant  suite  of  co.  buildings,  a'bank,  2  brick  meet- 
a  ing  houses,  9  or  10  mercantile  stores.    In  the  vi- 
44^621  icinity  are  a  furnace,  4  merchant  and  4  daw  mills, 
9,483  a  paper  mill,  an  extensive  woolen  factory,  a  f u II- 
2o|  25  844  I  ing  mill,  carding  machine,  and  glass  factory.  N. 
~4|  20,366  i  lat.  40  49,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  52  W\    Pop.  in  1820, 

J         746;  in  1830>  1>129'  and  in  1840>  1>490-  11 
18  21^893  j  a  very  thriving  place,  already  possessing  numer- 
al        j  ous  manufactories,  a  bank,  3  public  prints,  6  or  8 
53'  32  909  I  P^ces  of  public  worship.    Its  position  on  the  most 
32^831  direct  route  from  the  Ohio  river  to  Cleveland, 
makes  it  the  resort  of  immense  travel,  3  lines  of 
16,121  stages  pass  daily  through  it,  making  the  arrivals 
14.374  anj  departures  84  per  week.    The  streets  are  well 
0,°"    paved,  and  the  whole  aspect  of  New  Lisbon  gives 
303|  371  j 373306  a  favorable  comparison  to  it  amongst  the  towns  of 
1      ■         |  the  interior  of  the  TJ.  .S. 

New  London,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H., 
30  ms.  NW.  from  Concord.  Pop.  in  1810,  692, 
in  1820,  924. 

New  London,  SE.  co.  of  Conn.,  bounded  by 
R.  I.  E.,  by  Long  Island  sound  S.,  by  Middle- 
sex co.,  Conn.,  W.,  Hartford  and  Tolland  NW., 
and  Windham  N.  Length  30  ms.  mean  width 
20,  area  600  sq.  ms.      Connecticut  river  forms 


Pop.  in  18^0,  6,630.    Lat.  37  28  N. 
fidian  of  W.  C.  crosses  this  co.  nearly  pa;t;7"ils"w~  boundary  rbuT^iTes  Th^slream 

New  London  co.  is  in  a  remarkable  manner  in- 
dented with  bays  and  rivers.  Quinebaug  and 
Shetucket  unite  in  this  co.  and  form  the  Thames, 
which* at  Chelsea  landing  below  Norwich  receives 


Lancaster. — See  Lancaster,  Fairfield  co., 
Lebanon,  v'llage,  Canaan  tp.,  Columbia 


on  the  road  from  Pittsfield  to  Albany,  24  the  YamiC)  and  forms  a  very  fine  and  spacious 

entrance  tor  vessels.    Between  the  Connecticut 
and  Thames  beside  many  cf  minor  importance 
the  Niantic  bay  opens  to  Waterford.  Between 
the  Thames  and  Pecatuck,  the  coast  is  indented 
om  pure  mountain  water ;  it  is  tasteless  and  by  Pequonockj  Mistick,   Quiamboc,  Stor.in-ton 
>us,  and  used  for  all  common  purposes  of  and  Wickatequack,  Pacatuck  bounds  the  co'.  and 
The  Shakers  own  3,000  St3te  lQ  thc  E     The  western>  or  rather  the  mmh_ 
ery  flourish-  western  part  of  New  London  is  mountainous,  and 


rom  the  latter  place.  This  town  is  remarka 
r  a  tepid  spring  which  has  become  a  watering 
of  much  resort.  The  water,  except  its  tern 
ure  73°  ef  Fahrenheit,  differs  in  no  other  re 


and  washin 
if  land  in  this  tp 


and  ha^ 


Ltlement  near  Lebanon  village.  The  scenery  '  t  some  marshes  near  the  seacoast,  the  gene- 
1  Lebanon  is  pecubarly  pleasing,  and  even  ,  ra,  surface  is  m^  but  presents  a  very  pleasin- 

ie-  Village,  Camden  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  aspect>     The  soij  is  productive  in  fruitSj       •  ° 

20  ms.  NE.  lrom  Raleigh  aud  pasturage-     Staples— grain,  flour,  live  stock, 

v  Lexington,  village,  hichbind  co.,  Ohio,  on  { [umhlir,  fish,  &c.    Chief  town,  New  London 
.  hank  ot  Mohican  creek,  10  ms.  from  Belle- jpop   ir)   lQ.iQ)   35^43.  and  in  1810}  44  46;j 
— Village,  Knox  co.,Ohio,  13  ms.  E.  from|Lal>  4l  30  N  ion   w  c.  4  47  E 
t  Vernon.— Town  in  the  eastern  part  of  i     New  Lundovli  towri)  city>  sear)0rt,  and  alterna- 
-  Twin  creek,  upon  the  road  from  tely  wUh  Norwich)  seat  of  justice  <or  New  w 


to  Eaton.  Distance,  6  ms.  E.  from  Eaton 
from  Dayton,  and  85  W.  by  S.  from  Co- 
 Village,  Scott  co.,  Ia.,  17  ms.  W. 


don  co.,  Conn.,  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Thames,  3  ms.  above  its  mouth.,  14  ms.  below 
Norwich,  and  42  SE.  from  Hartford.     Lon.  4  0 
ladison.    Salt  wells  have  been  dug  here  to  48  Ej  jat>  41  25  N.     Beside  the  ordinary  co 
ai^pth.°!'.700  feeS  It  contains  ab^40l5ui|dings  it  contains  2  banks,  a  marine  insurance 

office,  2  newspaper  printing  offices,  and  5  or  6 
places  of  public  worship.  The  shipping  in  1818, 
amounted  to  near  16,000  tons.  Having  a  depth 
of  5  fathoms  water,  the  harbor  is  the  best  between 
New  York  and  Newport  5  and  is  very  seldom  ob- 
structed by  ice.  It  is  defended  by  forts  Trumbull 
and  Griswold,  the  former  on  the  New  London, 

639 


200  inhabitants,  and  one  newspaper  print 
'noffice. — See  Lexington,  village,  Scott  co.,  Ia. 

isuj  Liberty,  village,  Owen  co.,  Ky.,  40  ms. 
byiost  road  from  Frankfort. 

swHn,  tp.  of  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  W. 
)r  ch  of  Brandywine  creek,  6  ms.  SSW.  from 
JDiningtown.    pop.  in  1820,  914. 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


on  the  opposite  side  of  Coahahuila,  and  Chihuahua;  and  on  the  S]  by 
,  Coahuila  y  Texas.     Area  about  300,000  sc  ^ 
Pop.  perhaps  180,000. 

New  Mexico  is  an  ancient  Spanish  conquef  ■ 
J  early  as  1559,  under  the  Viceroy  VelascoeB 
i  mero,  Durango  was  a  military  post.  To<« 
the  end  of  the  16th  century,  the  then  Vi(B 
Count  de  Monterey,  sent  Juan  de  Onate,  to  ^ 
\  Mexico;  this  general  drove  away  the  Indian  flf 
peopled  the  banks  of  the  Rio  del  Norte. 


and  the  latter  at  Groton 

the  river.  The  narrowness  of  the  entrance  renders 
its  blockade  easy,  which  was  effected  during  last 
war.    On  a  point  on  the  W.  side  of  the  harbor  is 

a  light-house.  Tp.,  Chester  co.,  Penn.,  on 

B'g  Elk.    Pop.  1,200.  -Anne  Arundel  co  , 

Md  ,  5  ms.  SSW.  from  Annapolis.  Village, 

Campbell  co.,  Va.,  18  ms.  SW.  from  Lynchburg. 

 Tp  ,  in  the  SE.  quarter  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio. 

■ — — Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Madison  co.,  O., 

SW.  by  W.  from  Columbus,  and  18  ms.  E.  fromquently  the  establishment  of  that  nation,  n 
Springfield.  Lat.  39  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  31  W.  Mexico,  has  existed  more  than  two  hun 
 Village,  Jefferson  co.,  la.,  on  the  Ohio  river,  years. 

30  ms.  above  Louisville.  Village  and  seat  of      The  two  provinces  of  New  Biscay,  and 

justice,  Ralls  co.,  Mo.,  on  Salt  river,  about  100  Mexico,  are  separated  by  a  desert.    This  i 
ms.  NW.  frum  St.  Louis.    Lat.  39  32  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  14°  W. 

New  London  Cross  Roads,  village,  Chester  co., 
Penn. 

New  Longuil,  seigniory,  York  co.,  L.  C,  40 
ms.,  W.  from  Montreal.  aridity,  for  the  mountains  Delos  Mansos,  si  ed 

New  Madison,  village,  Darke  co.,  O.,  by  post  to  the  E.  of  the  road  from  Durango  to  Sant  I 
road,  81  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Columbus.      do  not  give  rise  to  a  single  brook.  Notwiihi* 

New  Madrid,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  New  ing  the  mildness  of  the  climate,  and  thepnfl 
Madrid  co  ,  Mo.,  70  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  the '  of  industry,  a  great  part  of  this  country  a  ■ 
Ohio.  It  is  built  on  an  alluvial  bank,  something  as  Old  California,  and  several  districts  of  I 
above  the  ordinary  height  of  the  Mississippi  banks,  Biscay,  and  the  Intend  incy  of  Guadalaxarr  ill 
contains  about  50  houses,  and  from  250  to  300  in-  never  admit  of  any  considerable  popula  ." 
habitants.  Lat.  36  36  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12  24  W.  This  desert  lies  in  aNE.  and  NW.  directiorl 
Pop.  in  1840,  4,554.  extends  from  the  Pacific  to  within  200  ms.  I 

New  Madrid,  co.,  Mo.,  bounded  by  Missis-  of  St.  Louis,  in  Mo.  It  is  covered  in  at  I 
sippi  river  SE.,  Ark.  S.,  St.  Francis  river  NW.,  'with  muriate  of  soda,  common  salt,-  and  is  m 
and  Cape  Girardeau  N.  Length  60,  mean  width  where  extremely  cold  fur  the  climate.  S<  to 
25  m-.,  area  1,500  sq.  ms.    Surface  one  general  article  Rio  Grande. 

alluvial  plain,  arable  only  near  the  bank  of  the  I  New  Mexico,  is  however  with  all  its  l< 
Mississippi  and  the  other  streams;  the  residue  a  delightful  residence.  The  purity  of  th 
being  liable  to  annual  submersion.  Staples — In-  and  the  rich  scenery  of  the  fertile  banks  be 
dian  corn,  pork,  and  cotton.  Chief  town,  New  j  rivers,  have  a  fine  effect.  European  grai:« 
Madrid.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,296.  Lat.  86*30  N.,  fruits  grow  luxuriantly  where  the  soil  is  fie. 
Ion.  W.  C,  12  20  W.  The  dryness  of  the  seasons  is  favourable  to  the  ■ 


crosses  the  Rio  Grande  between  the  Pas 
Norte  and  Albuquerque.  The  desert  o 
Muerto,  is  upwards  of  100  ms.  wide  and  d« 
of  water.  "The  whole  of  this  country,' 
Humboldt,  "is  in  general  of  an  alarming  st 


lie 

5 


Newman,  village,  Pike  co.,  Ga.,  52  ms. 
Milledgeville. 

New  Market,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  13  ms. 

W.  of  Bury,  and  61  N.  by  E.  of  London.  

Town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  15  ms.  W.  from 
Portsmouth.  The  village  is  at  the  mouth  of  Lam- 
prey river  into  Great  bay.  Village,  York  co., 

Pa.,  near  the  moulh  of  Conewago  creek.  

Village,  Dorchester  co.,   Md.,  near  the  left  bank 

of  Choptank  river,  12  ms.  SSE.  from  Easton.  

Village,  Spottsylvania  co.  Va.  Village,  Fred- 
crick  co.,  Md.,  11  ms.  eastward  of  Fredericks- 
town.  Village,  Shenandoah  co.,  Va.,  on  the 


132  ms.  W.  by 
of  Winchester. 


S.  of 


E.  side  of  Robinson  river, 
Washington,  and  50  SSW 
Town,  Highland  co.,  O.,  42  ms.  W.  from  Chili- J 

cothe.  Tp  ,   Highland  co.  O.,  including  the 

foregoing  village  Village,   Washington  co., 

Ky.,  on  Rolling  river,  10  ms.  SSW.  from  Spring- 
field, and  55  SSW.  from  Frankfort.  Village, 

.Jefferson  co.,  Tenn.,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Knoxville, 
and  15  a  little   W.  of  N.  from  Dandridge. 

New  Marlboruugh,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass., 
23  ms.  SSE.  from  Lenox.    Pop-  in  1820,  1,668. 

New  Mexico,  territory  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico. 
This  is  the  most  northern  of  the  Spanish  settle- 
ments in  the  interior  of  North  America,  and  ex- 
tends to  N.  lat.  42°,  but  with  indefinite  limits  to 
the  W.  On  the  S.  it  is  bounded  by  the  States  of 
640 


from  which  is  peculiarly  delicious  in  that  coiB 
Perhaps  in  the  advance  of  civilization,  the  b]l 
of  the  North  American  desert  may,  from  iH 
emption  from  rain,  become  remarkable  for  it  I 
wines. 

New  Mi/ford,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  ■ 
head  of  Sheepsgut  river,  15  ms.  N.  by  M 

Wiscasset.  Town,  Litchfield  co  ,  Coni'l 

ms.  N.  of  Danbury,  and  18  SW.  of  Lite! ■ 

on  the  NE.  side  of  Housatonick  river.  VB 

in  tp.  of  the  same  name,  Susquehannah  co.  ifl 
New  Milk,  village,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,B 
5  ms.  E.  of  Mount  Holly. 

•  Newnham,  corporate  town  of  Eng.  in  GkB 
ter-hire.      It  is  seated  on  the  Severn,  8  ms.  ft 


of  Gloucester,  and  112  WNW.  of  London,  aft 
2  23  W.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

New  Orleans,  capital  and  chief  town  <fl 
State  of  La  ,  stands  upon  the  left  bank  oil 
Mississippi  river,  at  N.  lat.  30°,  and  W.  loiB 
C.  12  5.  It  is  composed  of  the  city  prope  J 
called,  and  the  several  Fauxbourgs,  (subiB 
the  principal  of  which  are  St.  Mary's,  A:* 
ciation,  and  La  Course,  above  the  city  ;  Mar  W 
and  Declouet  below,  and  Treme  and  St.  Joh'l 
the  rear  of  the  city,  towards  Bayou  St.  Johi J 

The  city  itself  is  laid  out  with  the  streets  :» 
secting  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  I 
bourgs,  though  in  general  also  regular,  devi  W 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


ice  places.  Like  all  other  places  along  the  banks 
ifne  Mississippi,  the  ground  upon  which  New 
0;ans  stands  falls  by  a  gentle  declivity  from 
th  margin  of  the  river,  until  depressed  into  a 
«vnp  or  overflown  flat  in  the  rear  of  the  town, 
r  city,  and  its  Fauxbourgs.  except  those  of  the 
r  ne  and  St.  John's,  stand  upon  the  solid  border 
jf  nd  between  the  river  and  swamp,  the  medium 
wh  of  which  is  400  yards.  The  extreme  length 
ih'ew  Orleans  along  the  Mississippi  is  nearly  3 
m— the  rivers  running  opposite  in  the  form  of  an 
9j  It  contains  a  state  house,  prison,  market 
k  e,  hospital,  principal  or  town  house,  a  cathe- 
ir  or  the  church  of  St.  John's,  Ursuline  convent, 
^Episcopalian  and  a  Calvanistic  church,  two 
litres,  a  court  house,  three  insurance  offices, 
o  banks  authorized  by  the  State,  a  custom 
u  c,  navy  yard,  arsenal,  barracks,  and  one  fort, 
h  of  St.  Charles,  situated  between  the  city 
tier  and  Fauxbourg  Marigny. 
•  ew  Orleans  is  situated  105  miles  above  the 
n  th  of  the  Mississippi,  322  by  water  and  156 
find  below  Natchez,  1,189  below  St.  Louis, 
below  the  mou'h  of  the  Ohio,  and  1,933 
■  v  the  city  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  ruled  by  a 
W)r  and  city  council,  elected  by  the  freeholders, 
city  is  admirably  situated  for  a  commercial 


Slaves,  males  - 

Slaves,  females 

Free  persons  of  color,  males 

Do.  do.     females  - 


7,331 
7,615 
2,835 
4,326 


Total  of  slaves  and  free  colored  persons  -  22,107 

Entire  population         -  -  42,900 

Population  in  1840. 


White  males 
Do.    females  - 

Total  whites 

Free  colored  males 
Do.  females 


Slaves, 
Do. 


Total  free  colored 

males  - 
females 


Total  slaves 
Total  population 


-  34,908 

-  24,616 

-  59,524 

8,422 

-  10,798 

-  19,220 

-  9,804 

-  13,650 

-  23,454 

-  102,198 


confluents  of  the  Mississippi. 
>ulation  are  both  rapidly  increasing,  as  may 


3  of  1810  and  1820: 

Population  in  1810 
arhite  males 
do.  females 


j    Total  whites  - 
other  persons  except 
ted 


Indians,  not 


New  Orleans  was  laid  out  in  the  spring  of  1717, 
iving  equal"  facility "of  intercourse,  "foreign!  anJ  named  in  honor  of  the  duke  of  °rleans>  then 
nestic.  Its  markets  are  excellent,  particu-  '  !^?ent  of  France>  (3unnS  the  minority  of  Louis 
r  garden  vegetables  and  for  fruits,  both  |  XIV-  Xt  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  French 
and  from  the  numerous  settlements  on  the  1  untl1  l769»  ^hen,  together  with  all  Louisiana,  it 
Trie  houses '  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Spanish  general 
O'Reilly.    It  was  again  given  up  by  Spain  to 

by'ine  following"  7eon^^  1803»  and  on  theyT20,h  of  Member  of 

I  that  year  delivered  to  the  United  States  by  the 
j  French  colonel  prefect,  Laussat. 
i  New  Orleans,  parish  of  La.,  including  the  city 
3,586  of  ^Tew  Orleans,  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
S.,  the  interior  of  Lafourche  and  German  coast, 
or  Bernard,  W,,  Lake  Pontchartrain  N.,  the  Rig- 
olets  and  Lake  Borgne  NE.,  and  Plaquemine  E, 
Length  80  ms.,  mean  width  16;  area  1,300  sq. 
ms.  ;  lying  between  lat.  29  14  and  30  12  N.  ;  the 
surface  an  almost  undeviating  plain,  and  mostly 
an  unwooded  grassy  morass ;  the  only  arable  parts 
the  margins  of  the  streams,  and  a  few  spots  on 
the  seacoast ;  vegetable  productions,  cotton,  su- 
gar, rice,  tobacco,  indigo,  maize,  figs,  oranges, 
peaches,  &c.  Chief  town,  JNew  Orleans.  Pop. 
1820,  exclusive  of  the  city,  14,175.  Cent.  lat. 
30°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  13°  W. 

New  Paltz,town,  Ulsterco.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms,  below 
Kingston  landing,  and  7  ms.  S.  from  Poughkeep- 
sie.    Pop.  1810,  4,612. 

New  Paltz  Landing,  post  office,  Ulster  co., 
N.  Y.,  on  Hudson  river,  opposite  Poughkeepsie- 
New  Paris,  village,  Preble  co.,  O. ;  by  post 
road  92  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Columbus. 

New  Philadelphia,  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
Tuscarawas  co.,  O.  It  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  Muskingum  river,  on  an  extensive  and 
beautiful  plain,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Sugar  creek. 
Tt  contains  the  co.  buildings,  several  stores,  and  in 
1840  pop.  1,885  of  village  and  Goshen  tp.,  in 
which  it  is  situated.  It  is  50  ms.  NE.  from  Zanes- 

ville.  Village,  Hardin  co.,  Ky.,  5  ms.  from 

Ohio  river,  and  35  SW.  from  Louisville. 

New  Pittsburg,  village  in  Chester  tp.,  Wayne 
-    20,793  co.,  O.,  9  ras.  N  W,  from  Wooster, 

641. 


2,745 

6,341 

4,950 
5,961 

17,242 

8,268 
5,318 


Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
white  males 
0   do.  females 

Total  whites 
r'r  persons  of  color,  males 

Do,         do.      females  - 
il«!E,  males  - 
D    females  - 


Total  population  in  1820 
If  ese  :  Foreigners  not  naturalized 
-Is.ged  in  manufactures 
o.    in  commerce  - 

J1810  the  collective  population  of  the  city  and 
*i  was  24,552,  of  whom  upwards  of  17,000 
"«> inhabitants  of  the  city,    In  1820, 
Wte  of  the  city  and  parish  was  - 
■ttwhite  males  - 
' "white  females  - 
Oigners  not  naturalized 


27,176 
1,500 
2,704 
4,574 


the 


ag- 


11,675 
7,512 
1,542 


Total  - 
81* 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


Newport,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  and' 
the  chief  town  in  the  isle  of  Wight,  with  a  manu- 
facture of  starch.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Cowes, 
which  is  navigable  for  small  vessels  17  ms.  S.  by 
E.  of  Southampton,  and  91  SW.  of  London.  Lon. 

1  16  W.,  lat.  50  42  N.  Borough  of  Eng.,  in 

Cornwall,  3  ms.  N.  of  Launceston,  and  214  W. 

bv  S.  of  London.  Town  of  Eng  ,  in  Shrop 

shire,  with  a  handsome  free  school,  17  ms.  E.  of 

Shrewsbury,  and  139  KW.  of  London.  Town 

of  Eng.,  in  Monmouthshire,  on  the  river  Usk,  19 
ms.  SSW.  of  Monmouth,  and  118  W.  by  N.  of 

London.  Town  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokeshire, 

at  the  foot  of  a  high  hill,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  18  ms.  NE.  of  St.  David,  and  250  WNW. 

of  London.  Tp,  of  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C. 

 Town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  25  ms.  W.  from 

Bangor.    Pop;  1820,  510.  Town,  Cheshire 

co.,  N.  H.,  42  ms.  NW.  from  Concord.  Pop, 

1810,  1,427;  in  1820,  1,679.  SE.  co.  of  R 

I.,  bounded  by  Bristol  co.,  in  Mass.,  E.,  the  At 
lantic  ocean  S.,  the  southern  entrance  of  Narra 
gansett  bay  W.,  and  the  northern  arm  of  Narra- 
gansett  bay  and  Mount  Hope  bay  NW.  Length 
16,  width  12  ms.  ;  area  about  100  sq.  ms.  It  is 
composed  of  the  islands  of  Prudence,  Connanicut, 
Rhode  Island,  and  a  portion  of  the  main  shore  E. 
from  Narraganselt  bay.  Surface  generally  wa- 
ving, and  soil,  particularly  on  the  island,  highly 
productive.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  fish,  live  stock, 
Pop.  1820,  15,771;  in  1840,  16,874.  Cent, 
lat.  41  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  45  E. 

Newport,  village,  and,  alternately  with' Provi- 
dence, capital  of  R.  I.,  5  ms.  from  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  and  on  a  small  but  very  commodious  bay, 
formed  by  a  projection  of  R.  I.  proper  and  Con- 
nanicut island.  Lon.  W.  from  Greenwich  71  17, 
and  E.  from  Washington  5  43,  lat.  41  29  N. 

The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  all  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  the  United  States,  and  opens  before  the 
town  into  a  noble  circular  basin,  easy  of  access, 
land-locked  on  all  sides,  and  commanded  by  the 
adjacent  heights.  Goat  island,  a  small  spot  of 
ground  at  its  outer  entrance,  contains  Fort  Wol- 
cott  and  a  U.  S.  navy  hospital.  The  harbor  is 
also  defended  by  two  other  forts — Fort  Green  and 
Fort  Adams. 

Though  much  declined  from  its  former  compar- 
ative importance,  Newport  is  still  a  flourishing 
lown.  The  site  rises  by  an  elegant  acclivity  from 
the  harbor,  and  again  declines  gradually  in  the 
rear,  giving  the  aspect  of  a  delightful  swell  to  the 
whole  place. 

Newport  contains  a  state  house,  market  house, 
theatre,  pubiic  library,  almshouse,  five  banks,  two  I 
insurance  companies,  eleven  places  of  public  wor-' 
ship — four  Baptists,  two  Congregationalists,  one 
Episcopalian,  one  Friends,  one  Moravian,  one 
Methodist,  and  one  Jewish  synagogue. 

In  1819  the  amount  of  shipping  owned  in  this 
town  was  near  11,000  tons. 

The  population  of  the  town  and  that  part  of  its 
vicinity  included  in  the  tp.  as  it  stood  in  1810  and 
1820  are  exhibited  in  the  annexed  table: 

In  1810: 

Whites  -  -  -  -  7,277 

Colored  persons  -  -  -  630 


In  1820 

Whites 
Colored 


6,1 
t 

-  . 

7,1 

8:1 


Total 
G42 


7,907 


Total  - 

And  in  1840  aggregate  - 

The  manufacturing  estahlishments  in  this  tJ 
and  vicinity  are  numerous  and  important,  cor  I 
ing  of  five  or  six  rum  distilleries,  one  gin  distil  J 
one  duck  factory,  and  numerous  grain  mills.  > 

Newport,  town,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  ma., 
from  Herkimer.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,605  in  l| 

1,745.  Town,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J.,  84  , 

SSW.  from  Trenton.  Tp.,  Luzerne  co.,  1 

extending  from  Susquehannah  river  to  IS  esc  e 
mountain,  between  Nescopec  and  Hanover,  ,m 

1820,  764.  Vi'lage,  Ptrry  co.,  Pa.,  35  I 

SW.  from  Harrisburg.  Village.  Indiana  J 

Pa.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Conemaugh  river  I 

ms.  NE.  from  Greensburg.  Village  in  IM 

castle  co.,  Del.,  3  ms.  SW.  of  Wilmington,  4 
about  the  same  distance  NW.  of  Newcastle 
has  about  300  inhabitants,  and  carries  on  a  co  f 
erable  trade  in  wheat  and  flour  between  the  I 

cent  counties  and  Philadelphia.  Vill.,  Ctft 

co..  Md.,  40  ms.  SSE.  from  Washington,  an  0 

ms.  SE.  from  Port  Tobacco.  Sim.ll  river,  I 

erly  co.,  Ga.,  opening  from  the  sea  by  two  mo  m 
St.  Catharine's  and  Sapelo  sound.    It  isnavi  I 

for  sloops  to  Riceborough.  Village,  Was  « 

ton  co.,  Ohio,  in  a  tp.  of  the  same  name.  I 

village  js  11  m?.  E.  by  N.  of  Marietta  M 

lage  and  seat  of  justice,  Campbell  co.,  Ky  n 
Ohio  and  Licking  rivers,  above  their  junction  ■ 
opposite  Cincinnati.  The  site  is  an  elevated  jl 
This  town  contains  the  common  county  build  § 
a  U.  S.  arsenal,  and  an  academy,  the 
endowed  by  the  Legislature  of  Ky.  with 

acres  of  land.  Village,  Vermillion  co., 

100  ms.  from  Indianapolis.  Town,  Cock 

Tenn.,  on  the  left  bank  of  French  Broad  v'mM 

rhs.  E.  from  Knoxville.  Village,  Frank 

Mo.,  on  Missouri  river,  about  60  ms.  by  la 
from  St.  Louis. 

New  Portage,  post  office,  Medina  co  ,  Ob;| 
post  road  168  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus 

New  Portland,  tp.  and  village,  Somerset | 
Maine. 

Newport  Pagnel,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bucl 
hamshire.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  bon8  lactfl 
is  seated  on  the  Ouse,  over  which  it  has  2  bri ■ 
14  ms.  ENE.  of  Buckingham,  and  51  Nfl\§ 
London.    Lon.  43'  W.,  lat.  52  4  N. 

New  Preston,  village,  Litchfield  co.,  Ctfl 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Litchfield,  and  43  a* 
S.  of  W.  from  Haitford. 

New  Prospect,  village,  Bergen  co  ,  N.  J 
post  road  88  ms.  NE.  from  Trenton. 

New  Providence,  town,  Essex  co.,  N 
ms.  W.  from  Newark.    Pop.  1820,  7G8. 

New  Richmond,  village,  Ohio  tp.,  Cle  W 
co.,  Ohio.  It  stands  on  Ohio  river,  15  ma.  ■ 
from  Williamsburg. 

New  river  of  Eng.,  for  supplying  Londor  to 
water.  This  river  has  its  rise  at  Amwell* 
Ware,  in  Herts,  and  was  formed  by  the  g 
Hugh  Middleton,  who  was  obliged,  in  c 
avoid  the  eminences  and  valleys  in  th 
to  make  it  run  a  course  of  about  39  ms,.  i  to 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


NEW 


ir  it  over  two  valleys,  in  long  wooden  troughs 
n  with  lead,  that  at  Bushill  being  660  feet  in 
jt  h  and  30  feet  in  height,  under  which  is  an 
rtcapacious  enough  to  admit  the  largest  wagon 
>a  d  with  hay  or  straw.  In  short,  over  and  un- 
e  his  river,  which  sometimes  rises  thus  high, 
Biit  others,  is  conveyed  under  the  ground,  runs 
*al  considerable  currents  of  land  waters,  and 
01  above  and  below  it  a  great  number  of  brooks, 
iU  and  water  courses,  have  their  passage. 

:«?  river,  river  of  Va.,  the  former  name  of 
fcliawa. — See  Kanhawa. 

w  river,  s  nail  stream  of  Onslow  co.,  N.  C, 
r  ing  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  New  Inlet,  45  ms. 

%\N.  from  Cape  Lookout.  Small  river  of 

c-  fort  district,  S.  C,  falling  into  the  estuary  of 

Binah  river  18  ms.  E.  from  Savannah.  

fci  of  Lou  ,  draining  the  angle  between  the  Mis- 

£pi  and  Amite  rivers,  flows  E.,  and  falls  into 

Restern  extremity  of  Lake  Maurepas. 

mm  Rochelle,  village,  West  Chester  co.,  N. 

filanted  originally  by  French  Huguenots.  It 

Zo  ms.  IN'E.  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

mw  Rochester,  town  of  Williams  co.,  post  office 

ftsville ;  which  see. 

Uw  Rowley,  post  office,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  by 

Atoad  35  ms.  NNE.  from  Boston. 

Mv  Rumley,  village,  North  tp.,  Harrison  co., 

M    Distance  11  ms.  northerly  from  Cadiz, 

m30  northeasterly  from  Columbus. 

mtvry,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Down, 

■led  on  the  side  of  a  steep  hill,  at  the  foot  of 

■h  is  Newrywater,  having  over  it  two  stone 

As;  and  there  is  a  third  bridge  over  a  naviga- 

Manal,  by  which  it  has  a  communication  with 

ft  Neath  and  Carlingford  bay.    It  is  49  ms. 

■  Dublin.    Lon.  6  20  W.,  lat.  51  15  N. 
■'"•y,  tp..  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  25  ms.  N  W.  from 

mtorywater,  river  of  Ireland,  which  separates 
bos.  of  Armagh  and  Down,  and,  watering 
My,  enters  Carlingford  bay. 
•mv  Salem,  town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  34  ms. 

■  of  Worcester,  and  81  in  the  same  course 

■Boston.  Village,  New  London  co.,  Ct , 

Wt.  NW.  from  New  London.  Village,  On- 

fto.  N.  Y.  Post  office,  Fayette  co.,  Pa. 

-pillage,  Randolph  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road 

».  westerly  from  Raleigh  Town  near  the 

mtm  limit  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  head 
Kii  of  Indian  Cross  creek,  and  14  ms.  W.  by 
Hfprn  Steubenville. 

Iil*>  Scotland,  village,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.,  9 
■♦lorn  Albany. 

Musham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Durham,  situated 
M  li  Tees,  5  ms.  from  Darlington. 

lv  Sharon,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.  on  the 
m\\e  of  Sandy  river,  34  ms.  NW.  of  Augusta, 

>  )  river  Kennebec. 

lv  Shoreham. — See  Block  Island. 

Av  South  Wales,  or  the  eastern  coast  of  New 
Wild,  extends  from  Cape  York,  lat,  10£°  S.,  to 

tf  Hickes,  lat.  38°  S.,  or  through  1,870  ms. 
I  in  oast  is  followed,  after  an  interval  of  about  CO 
■*|>y  a  chain  of  mountains.  The  slope  between 
mountains  and  shore  is  found  covered  by  a 
i»i  forest  of  gigantic  timber.  This  mountain 
-yttn,  like  that  of  the  Appalachian  in  the  U.  S., 
i?  n  very  elevated.    Mount  York,  in  New  South 


Wales,  the  highest  peak  yet  discovered,  is  only 
3,200  feet,  the  breadth  of  the  system  58  ms. 

At  the  head  of  the  harbor  of  Port  Jackson,  15 
ms.  above  Sydney,  Paramatta,  another  town,  has 
been  founded.  Windsor,  35  ms.  from  Sydney, 
Liverpool,  18  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Sydney, 
and  Newcastle,  Ct)  ms.  N.  from  Sydney,  are  all 
rising  villages.  The  most  northern  settlement  of 
this  colony  is  Port  Macquarrie,  lat.  31  23  S. — See 
New  South  Wales,  p.  111. 

New  South  Wales  has  been  also  applied  as  a 
name  for  that  part  of  North  America  SW.  from 
Hudson's  and  James's  bays,  and  between  Nelson's 
and  Albany  rivers.  Length  along  the  bay,  500 
ms.    Central  lat.  54°  N.,  lon.  88  W.  London. 

New  Store,  post  office,  Buckingham  co.,  Va., 
85  ms.  westerly  from  Richmond. 

New  Switzerland,  village,  Switzerland  co.,  O., 
on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  65  ms.  below  Cin- 
cinnati. The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Swiss  emi- 
grants, who  have  made  some  not  unsuccessful  at- 
tempts to  cultivate  the  vine. 

Newton,  town  of  Wales,  in  Montgomeryshire, 
on  the  Severn,  7  ms.  W.  of  Montgomery,  and  169 
WNW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  12  W.,"lat.  52  21 

N.  Town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire.  Town 

of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire.  Borough  of  Eng.,  in 

the  Isle  of  Wight.  Tp.,  York  co.,  L.  C,  40 

ms.  W.  from  Montreal  Town,  Middlesex  co., 

Mass  , on  Charles  river,  9  ms.  W.  from  Boston.  ■ 

Village,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  by  post  road  75  m3. 

NNE.  from  Trenton.  Town,   Fairfield  co., 

Ct.,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Danbury,  and  25  NW.  of 
New  Haven.  1  he  tp.  contained  3,000  inhabi- 
tants in  1810;  and  in  1820,  2,879.  Village, 

borough,  and  formerly  seat  of  justice,  Bucks  co., 
Pa.,  on  a  small  branch  of  Neshamony  river,  26 

ms.  NNE.  from  Philadelphia.  Tp.,  Trumbull 

co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  con- 

taining  the  village   of   Uniontown.  Village, 

Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  in  Anderson  tp.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Little  Miami,  6  ms.  from  its  entrance  into 

the  Ohio  river.  Western  tp.,  Miami  co.,  Ohio. 

Pop.  in  1820,  506. 

Newton-Bushels,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire 
or  the  Teign,  15  ms.  S.  by.W.  of  Exeter,  and 
188  WSW.  of  Lon.  Lon.  3  38  W.,  lat.  50 
32  N. 

Newton  Lower  Falls,  village,  Middlesex  co., 
Mass.,  9.  ms.  W.  from  Boston. 

Newtonstewart,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Wigton* 
shire",  situated  on  the  navigable  river  Cree^  over 
which  there  is  a  handsome  bridge,  and  whose 
mouth,  in  Wigton  bay,  affords  a  valuable  salmon 
fishery.  Several  manufactories  have  been  com- 
menced  with  success  in  this  town.  It  is  26  ms. 
E.  by  N.  of  Port-Patrick. 

Newtowth  tp.,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  10  ms. 

NW.  frjm  Newbury  port.  Village,  Fairfield 

co.,  Ct.,  25  ms.  NW.  from  New  Haven. 
Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Chemung  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  Tioga  or  Chemune  river,  21  ms.  NW.  from 
Tioga  Point,  and  37  S  W.  from  Ithica.  Lat.  42  7, 
lon.  W.  C.  1  I'  E.  This  village,  now  called  El- 
mira,  is  situated  at  one  point  of  an  intended  canal 
communication  between  the  Susquehannah  and 
St.  Lawrence  basins.  It  is  very  remarkable  that, 
though  the  vicinity  of  Newtown  is  in  general 
hilly,  approaching  to  mountainous,  a  natural  valley 

643 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


extends  from  Chemung  to  Seneca  lake,  the  sum- 
mit level  of  which  is  only  59  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  Chemung  at  Newtown,  and  885  feet  above 
tide  water  in  Chesapeake  bay.  The  following  ta- 
ble will  exhibit  the  respective  levels  of  this  route  : 

Table  of  ascents  and  descents  from  the  level  of 
tide  water  in  the  Delaware  river,  to  the  level  of 
Lake  Erie  at  Buffalo,  by  the  route  of  the 
Schuylkill,  Union  Canal,  Susquehannah,  and 
Chemung  or  lioga  river,  Newtown  creek,  Sen- 
eca lake  arid  outlet,  and  the  Grand  Canal  of 
New  York,  from  Montezuma  to  Buffalo. 


Dis1 

a  ms. 

Feet. 

Philadelphia  to  Reading 

1  5: 

Rises 

186 

Summit  level  between  Tulpe- 

hocken  and  Swatara 

34 

89 

do. 

310 

496 

Susquehannah,  at  the  mouth  of 

Swatara 

34 

123 

Falls 

220 

276 

Harrisburg           -             .  - 

13 

135 

Rises 

10 

286 

Sunbury 

50 

185 

do. 

200 

4S6 

Wilkeslarre 

60 

245 

do. 

100 

586 

Tioga  Point 

60 

305 

do. 

189 

775 

Newtown 

.20 

325 

do. 

51 

826 

Summit  level  between  the  Tioga  . 

river  at  JNewtown  and  Seneca 

lake 

7 

332 

do. 

59 

685 

Head  of  Seneca  lake 

13 

345 

Falls 

445 

440 

Outlet  of  Seneca  lake 

35 

380 

do. 

440 

Montezuma,  on  the  Great  canal  - 

20 

400 

do. 

69 

371 

Commencement  of  Rochesterlevel 

63 

463 

Rises 

126 

497 

Along  Rochester  level  to  the  locks 

at  Lockport 

65 

528 

do. 

68 

565 

Here  commences  the  Erie  level, 

which  extends  into  that  lake  - 

31 

559 

Newtown,  village,  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  situ- 
ated on  the  southern  point  at  the  mouth  of  Grand 
river  into  Lake  Michigan.  N.  lat.  42  58,  Ion,  W. 
C.  9  6  W.    Distant  about  180  ms.  NW.  by  W. 

of  Detroit.  Tp.,  Queen's  co.,  Long  Island,  8 

ms.  E.  from  New  York.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,437; 

in  1820,  near  3,000.  Village,  Queen's  co  , 

Long  Island,  in  the  foregoing  tp.,  8  ms.  E.  from 
New  York,  on  East  river.  The  celebrated  species 
of  apple,  Newtown  pippin,  derives  its  name  from 

this  village.  Tp.,  Gloucester  co.,  N.  J.,  5  ms. 

S.  from  Camden.  Town,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J., 

37  ms.  NE.  from  Easton  in  Pa.  Tp.,  Bucks 

co.,  Pa.,  including  the  borough  of  Newtown,  

Village,  Frederick  co.,  Md.-  Village,  Worces- 
ter co.,  Md.- — Village,  King  and  Queen  co.,  Va., 

41  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond.  Village,  Loudon 

co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  55  ms.  from  W.  C.  

Town,  Hamilton  co.,  O.,  on  Little  Miami,  6  ms. 

above  its  mouth.  Tp.,  Licking  co.,  Ohio.  

Tp  ,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,144. 

Newtown  Limavady,  \wough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
co.  of  Londonderry,  seated  near  the  E.  coast  of 
Lough  Foyle,  15  ms.  ENE.  of  Londonderry. 

Newtown  Stevensburg,  village,  Frederick  co., 
Va.,  by  post  road  80  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C. 

Newtown  Trap,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Md. 

New  Trenton,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Ia. 

New  Vernon,  village,  Morris  co.,  N.  J. 

New  Village,  village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J 
N.  from  Trenton. 

Nevjville,  village,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y. 

NW.  by  W.  from  Albany.  Village, 

1  and  co.,  Pa.,  12  ms.  nearly  W.  from 

 Village,  Barnwell  district,  S.  C, 

road  110  ms.  SW.  from  Columbia. 

New  Washington,  village,  Clark  co,,  la.,  105 
ms.  SSE.  from  Indianapolis. 
644 


New  Windsor,  tp.,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  oi 
W.  side  of  Hudson  river,  60  ms.  N.  of 
York,  and  95  S.  of  Albany.  Pop.  in  1810,  2, 
in  1820,  2,425. 

New  Woodstock,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  *1 

New -Year's -Harbor,  part  of  Staten  Land, 
America.    Lon.  64  11  W.,  lat.  54  48  S. 

New-Year  s-Islands,  small  islands  of  S.  A 
ica,  on  the  N.  side  of  Staten  Land.  Gieat  i 
bers  of  sea  lions,  seals,  &c.,  resort  to  these  islt 

Neiv  York,  one  of  the  States  of  the  U.  St 
bounded  SE.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  S.  bm 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  W.  by  Pennsylv  ^ 
Lake  Erie,  and  Niagara  river,  NW.  by  Lake  i 
tario  and  St.  Lawrence  river,  IM.  by  Lower  1 
ada,  and  E.  by  Vermont,  Massaachusett6,  d 
Connecticut. 

This  State,  from  the  peculiar  position  and  ft 
of  Staten  and  Long  Islands,  has  a  very  extcl 
boundary : 


,  56  ms. 

,  79  ms. 
Cumber- 
Carlisle, 
by  post 


Commencing  at  the  SW.  point  of  Staten 
Island,  thence  up  Staten  Island  sound, 
New  York  harbor,  and  Hudson  river,  to 
the  NE.  angle  of  New  Jersey  - 
Along  the  NE.  limit  of  New  Jersey  to  the 
Delaware  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Nevi- 
sink  river        -  -  - 

Up  Delaware  river,  opposite  Pennsylvania 
Thence  W.  along  the  N.  boundary  of  Penn- 
sylvania - 
Thence  due  N.  to  Lake  Erie 
Down  Lake  Erie  to  the  head  of  Niagara 

river    -  -  - 

Down  Niagara  river  to  Lake  Ontario 
Along  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  to  the 

head  of  St.  Lawrence  river 
Down  St.  Lawrence  river  to  lat  45°  N.  - 
Upon  lat.  45°  N,  to  Lake  Champlain 
Up  Lake  Champlain  to  Whitehall,  at  the 
junction  of  W'ood  creek  and  Poultney 
river  - 

Up  Poultney  river  along  Vermont 
Thence  along  the  W.  boundary  of  Ver 

mont  - 

Thence  E.  along  the  S.  boundary  of  Ver- 
mont - 

Thence  along  the  W.  boundary  of  Massa- 
chusetts - 

Thence  E.  along  the  S.  boundary  of  Mas- 
sachusetts - 

Thence  along  the  W.  boundary  of  Con- 
necticut to  the  mouth  of  Bryan  river,  on 
Long  Island  sound 

From  Malinicock  Point  on  Long  Island,  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  Bryan  river,  to  Mon- 
tauk  point,  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long 
Island  - 

Along  the  southern  shores  of  Long  and 
Staten  Island  to  the  SW.  point  of  the 
latter  -  -  -  - 


.  ft 


Having  an  entire  outline  of  - 
This  great  State  extends  over  46,000  sq.| 

or  29,440,000  acres. 

Length  from  Staten  Island,  S  point,  to  Ijr 

45°,  340  ms.,  breadth  from  SW.  angle  off 

sachusetts  to  the  western  boundary  340.  f 

30  to  45°  N. 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NEW 


lis  State,  extending  over  4£°  of  lat.,  and  in- 
rsted  by  several  mountain  ridges,  presents  a 
^diversity  of  soil  and  climate.  Though  the 
e«rn  parts  are  less  broken  than  those  of  the  E. 
^.L,  yet  the  whole  State,  with  very  partial  ex- 
•»tns,  is  either  hilly  or  mountainous. 
Te  Hudson  river  flows  from  a  mountainous  re- 
wand  is  precipitated  into  a  deep  valley  at  or 
*  ts  junction  with  the  Mohawk.  The  Hudson 
is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  phenomena  in 
e venography  of  the  United  States.  From  the 
!  on  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  to  Sandy 
M  is  a  long  narrow  bay,  rather  than  a  river, 
H)  ms.  in  length.  In  this  distance  two  chains 
Muntains  are  passed.  The  banks  are  for  the 
•part  abrupt,  rising  to  200  or  300  feet ;  in 
11  places  precipitous  as  the  Basaltic  rocks  along 
lj*ht  bank  above  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
liny  other  places  above  and  below  the  High- 

fo  pass  known  by  the  term  highlands  is,  in- 
jtfa  very  remarkable  feature  in  the  geography 
Ms  State.  Enormous  walls  of  perpendicular 
iise  on  both  banks  to  the  appalling  elevation 
*-e  than  1,000  feet.  Broken  into  great  varie- 
Lfortn,  rude  and  deep  valleys,  intervening  be- 
M  the  gigantic  prominences,  and  the  whole  j 
tqd  by  a  thick  forest,  affords  one  of  the  most 
■Jssive  landscapes  to  be  found  in  North  Amer-' 
i.  Here  the  great  primitive  ranges  pass  the) 
wn,  and  here  the  ocean  tides  find  the  only 
Be  over  this  boundary  into  the  interior  which 
bin  the  U.  S. 

1j  highlands  are,  in  fact,  the  elongation  of  the 
»!*ange  which  passes  through  Pa.,  by  a  very 
We  ridge,  dividing  Lancaster  and  Chester  cos. 
pt,  the  NW.  part  of  Chester  from  Berks,  the 
ppart  of  Montgomery  from  Berks,  and  Bucks 
Wiehigh,  and,  crossing  Delaware  below  Easton, 

■  through  New  Jersey,  dividing  Sussex  co. 
i»he  other  parts  of  the  State,  enters  N.  York, 
Nig  the  northwestern  parts  of  Rockland  and 
i  utheastern  parts  of  Orange  cos.,  crossing  the 
H)n  above  West  Point,  at  the  noted  place  we 
Reviewed.  This  chain  continues  into  Con- 
Hut,  Massachusetts,  and  Vermont,  forming  in 
ff  jeticut  the  rugged  hills  of  Litchfield,  in  Ma3- 
\\  setts  the  alpine,  but  fertile  co.  of  Berkshire, 
di  Vermont  the  elevated  chain  which  gives 
'.to  that  State. 

Ijiat  13  known  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  and 
riylvania,  by  the  name  of  Blue  Ridge  or  South 
lain,  which  crosses  the  Potomac  below  the 
ft  of  the  Shenandoah,  the  Susquehannah  be- 
* tarrisburg,  and  the  Delaware  below  the  ex- 

■  S.  point  of  Wayne  co.,  at  what  is  called  the 
tr  Gap,  and,  following  the  course  of  the  Del- 
I  river,  forms  the  northwestern  border  of  New 
I  ,  enters  New  York  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nev- 
■river,  or  at  the  NW.  angle  of  New  Jersey, 
i  ihawangunk  is  the  termination  of  this  range 
•f  the  Hudson. 

Je  Kittatinny  range  is  one  of  the  most  rernark- 
tyf  all  those  which  constitute  the  Alleghany  or 
||achian  system.  The  Kittatinny,  though  of 
4ch  importance,  has  not  been  hitherto  correct- 
ion upon  any  of  our  maps.  It  is  the  same 
if  which,  by  several  local  names,  crosses  Va. 
did.  from  the  sources  of  Tennessee  an<]  Great 


Kanhawa,  crosses  the  Potomac  below  Hancock, 
enters  Pa.,  crosses  the  Susquehannah  5  ms.  above 
Harrisburg,  Tuns  NE.,  and  finally  enters  N.  Y.  in 
the  NW.  part  of  Sullivan  co.  The  Kaatsbergs  is 
a  part,  and  the  most  elevated  and  prominent  of  the 
Kittatinny  range. 

An  observation  upon  the  very  singular  bend  in 
the  course  of  our  mountains  ought  to  be  made 
in  this  place,  as  this  change  of  direction  takes  place 
inN  Y. 

If  we  glance  upon  the  map  before  us,  we  find 
the  range  which  forms  the  highlands,  after  passing 
the  Hudson,  changes  its  NE.  to  a  N.  course,  in 
Dutchess  co.,  and,  winding  through  Mass.  and 
Vt.,  enters  L.  C. 

The  Shawangunk  is  most  probably  continued  in 
the  ridges  found  in  the  cential  parts  of  Dutchess 
and  Columbia  cos. 

The  Kittatinny,  forming  the  N  W  limits  of  Sul- 
livan and  Ulster  cos.,  in  N.  Y.,  preserves  the  NE 
direction  into  Greene  co.,  where  the  range  turns 
rather  abruptly  to  the  N.  and  NW.,  attains  its 
greatest  elevation  in  the  town  of  Windham, 
Thence  it  ranges  along  the  S  W.  part  of  Schoharie, 
the  SE.  of  Otsego,  along  the  southern  parts  of 
Herkimer  and  Montgomery,  crosses  the  Mohawk 
by  the  Little  falls,  ranges  through  Herkimer,  where 
it  is  known  by  the  local  name  of  the  Sacondago 
mountain.  It  thence  ranges  between  the  Oswe- 
gatche  and  Black  rivers,  crosses  the  St.  Lawrence 
by  the  Thousand  islands. 

It  has  been  ignorance  of,  or  inattention  to  this 
fact  of  their  true  organization,  which  has  intro- 
duced so  much  confusion  in  the  delineation  of  our 
mountains.  All  the  minor  chains  E.  of  the  Hud- 
son pursue  a  course  very  nearly  N.  and  S.  It  has 
been  the  erroneously  projecting  of  the  mountains 
of  N.  H.  in  a  NE.  direction  which  has  placed 
mountains  between  Maine  and  Lower  Canada, 
where  none  exist.  I  am  inclined  to  consider  the 
mountains  of  N.  H.,  extending  in  a  direction  very 
nearly  N.  from  where  they  leave  that  State,  to  be 
identified  with  the  precipices  of  Quebec,  Montmo- 
rency, and  the  Chaudiere. 

I  have  introduced  these  remarks  in  this  place,  in 
order  to  explain  the  strong  features  of  N.  Y.,  and 
the  connexion  between  its  natural  geography  and 
that  of  the  adjacent  places.  We  now  proceed 
with  the  local  physiognomy  of  that  State. 

We  have  examined  the  principal  mountains 
which  checquer  the  face  of  N.  Y.,  and  we  have 
shown  that  the  greater  part  of  its  surface  is  uneven. 
The  only  level  tracts  are  the  eastern  margin  of 
Long  island,  a  narrow  strip  along  the  S.  side  of 
Lake  Ontario,  and  a  few  confined  alluvial  bottoms 
along  some  of  the  smaller  rivers  and  creeks.  The 
most  marshy  part  of  N.  Y.  lies  in  the  angle  be- 
tween Lake  Champlain  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
river. 

It  must  be  obvious  that  the  climate  phenomena 
of  N.  Y.  must  be  very  strongly  marked.  See 
Long  Island,  and  for  detailed  description,  the  re- 
spective  counties. 

In  a  general  view  of  N.  Y.,  after  its  natural  ge- 
ography is  surveyed,  the  next  most  prominent  ob- 
ject it  presents  is  its  two  great  canals,  which,  how- 
ever, from  the  general  scope  of  our  treatise,  we 
cannot  notice  in  detail. 

645 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  NEW 


Table  of  ascents  and  descenls  from  tide  water,  in 
the  Hudson  river,  at  the  city  of  Albany,  to  the 
level  of  Lake  Erie,  by  the  route  of  the  great 
western  canal  of  New  York. 


Albany  to  Schoharie  creek 
Rome  level,  at  Herkimer 
Along  that  level 
Montezuma  k 
Lyons 

Rochester  level 
Along  that  level 
Lake  Erie  level  at  Lockport 
Along  that  lev  1  to  Black  Rock 
and  into  L  ike  trie  - 


Miles. 

42  Rises 
7U  Do. 
135 

173  Falls 
19?!  Rises 
•255  Do. 
321 


559 


Feet 

285 

132 


6G 


Table  of  the  area  of  those  parts  of  the  U.  States 
and  Canada  which  has  been  opened  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  Hudson  by  the  completion  of  the  two 
N.  Y.  canals. 

8q.  ms. 
5,000 


Basin  of  Champlain  - 
United  basins  of  Oswego  and  Seneca 

rivers  - 
B.isin  of  Erie  - 
Basin  of  Michigan  - 
Basin  of  St.  Clair 
Basin  of  Huron  and  Nipising  - 
Basin  of  Superior  - 


From  which  deduct  for  water- 
Lake  Champlain  - 
Small  lakes  in  the  basins  of  Genessee 

and  Oswego  - 
Lake  Erie  - 
Lake  St.  Clair 
Lake  Huron  - 
Lake  Michigan 
Lake  Nipising 
Lake  Superior 
Smaller  lakes  and  rivers 


Table— Continued. 


Counties. 


7,500 
27,000 
60,000 

7,100 
40,000 
90,000 


230,300 
1,100 

240 
15,750 

750 
13,000 
13,500 

500 
30,000 
2,000 


70,140 


Remains  for  land  -  166,160 
Amounting  to  111,129,600  acres. 

This  expanse  nearly  equals  four  times  the  su- 
perficies of  the  State  of  New  York.  Though 
more  than  one-third  of  the  space  we  are  surveying 
is  in  Canada,  it  may  be  here  correctly  included, 
as  the  course  of  commerce  will  be  but  little  influ- 
enced by  national  boundaries. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  the  general,  de- 
tailed, and  progressive  population  of  New  York. 

For  political  and  civil  purposes,  N.  Y.  was  in 
1810  subdivided  into  cos.  as  follows,  which,  in 
order  to  show  progressive  population,  is  here  re- 
published : 


Counties" 


Albany 

Alleghany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauque 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

646 


Pop.  in  1810 


34,666 
8,942 
8,130 

29,843 

21,704 
8,002 

32,390 
8,869 

20,303 


Pop.  in  1S20. 


38,116 
9,330 
14,394 
4,090 
38,897 
12,568 
31  215 
12,070 
38,330 
16,507 
26,587 


Dutchess 

trie,  erected  since  1820 
Essex 
Franklin 
Genessee 
Green 
Hamilton 
Herkimer 
Jpfferson 
King's 
Lewis 

Livingston,  erected 
Madison 

Monroe,  erected  s 
Montgomery 
New  York 
Niagara 
Oneida 
Onondaga 
Ontario 
Orange 
Oswego 
Otsego 
Putnam 
Queen's     .  . 
Rensselaer 
Richmond 
Rockland 
Saratoga 
Schenectady 
Schoharie 
Seneca 
St.  Lawrence 
Steuben 
Suffolk 
Sullivan 
Tioga 
Tompkins 
Ulster 
Washington 
Warren  ~ 
Wayne. 
West  Chester 
Yates. 

Total 


since  1820 
nee  1820. 


Pop.  in  1S10. 


Pop.  i:  n 


51,363 

9,477 
2,617 
12  588 
19,536 

22.016 
15,140 
6,303 
6,433 

25,144 

41,214 

86,373 
8.971 
33,792 
'25,987 
42,032 
34,347 

33,802 

19,336 
36,309 
5,347 
7,758 
33,147 
10,201 
18,945 
16,609 
7,885 
7,246 
21,113 
6,108 
7,899 

26,576 
44,289 


Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males 
Free  while  females 


Total  whites 
All  other  persons, 

taxed 
Slaves 


except  Indians, 


Total  population  in  1810  - 

Population  in  1820, 

Free  white  males         -       ,  - 
Free  white  females 
All  other  persons  except  Indians, 
taxed  - 

Total  whites  - 
Free  persons  of  color,  males  - 
Free  persons  of  color,  females 
Slaves,  males 
Slaves,  females 

Total  population  in  1820 
Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  agriculture 
Do  manufactures 
Do  commerce 
Pop.  to  the  sq.  m.  30  nearly. 


-  47  81 
■  44  18 

-  91 I 

not 

-  *■ 

-  1  If 

-  9ol 


.  67  51 

.  65* 

not 

01 

I  33  45 


1,3711 

1101 
24 


NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


n  of  N.  Y.,  November,  1835 


•  les  - 

>s  ?s,  foreigners  not  naturalized 


Fgressive  population  of  New  York 

.(10  - 

po  - 
ho 


269,873 

131,522 
138,351 
27,538 

297,411 


959,049 

-  1,372,812 

-  1,616,458 

-  1,918,6(18 

-  2,428,921 

swing  a  ratio  of  increase  in  thirty  years  of 
jvery  nearly. 

»  a  remarkable  fact,  that  the  population  of 
lies  of  New  York  anil  Philadelphia  have  gen- 
maintained  a  proportion  of  about  one-tenth 
t|t  of  the  respective  States.  The  proportion 
in  ppproximation  to  absolute  exactness,  it  is 
)ut  has  been  sufficiently  regular  to  afford  a 
Interesting  series  in  the  progressive  popula- 
ijf  these  great  sections  of  the  United  States. 

Ration  of  New  York,  by  ages,  from  (he  ten  ■ 
sus  of  1840. 


SOUTHKRX  DISTRICT. 


Whites.— Ages. 


be  colored  persons.— Ages. 


upwards 


Total 


Males. 


54.S10 
41,203 
36,063 
34,735 
77,223 
53,507 
28,073 
I4,e>04 
8,136 
3, 1 2d 
1,019 
112 
17 


353,428 


upwards 


.al  free  colored 
ves  - 


"regate 


Males. 


4,354 
4,601 
4,24-3 
3,133 
1,031 
10 

17,374 


Females. 


53,622 
41,569 
35,639 
39,362 
79,-64 
47,421 
'^7,297 
16,013 
9,216 
4,335 
1,314 
164 
11 


Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blina  - 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  .... 
Pri  vate  charge 

T"tal  number  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining  .... 
Agriculture  .... 
Commerce  f 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 

Universities  or  colleges 

Do  students  in  ... 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 

Do.  students  in  ... 

Primary  and  common  schools 

Do.  scholars  in 

Scholars  at  public  charge 

Total  number  of  while  persons,  over  20  years  of 
who  cannot  read  and  write 


age, 


21 

32 

1,449 
93,755 
16,242 
76,405 
4,654 
5,240 
612 
5 
466 
254 
13,0U7 
1,567 
87,859 
15,962 

14,283 


NORTHERN  DISTRICT. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
4U  to  50 
50  to  60 
611  to  70 
70  to  80 
8  no  90 
90  to  100 
10J  and  upwards 


Total  whites  . 


Males. 


Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


355  257 
353,428 


708,685 


Females. 


4,395 
5,113 1 
5,326 \ 
3.445 
1,484 
27| 

19,790 
17,374 


0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  free  colored  persons 

Aggregate 


853,929 


Males. 


1,654 
1,769 
1,466 
1,088 
445 
13 


6,435 


Females. 


127,147 
112,956 
99,338 
98,052 
147,873 
96,461 
62,866 
37,4d3 
20,944 
9,946 
2,838 
358 
14 

816,276 
853,929 

1,670,205 


Females. 


1,637 
1,838 
1,483 
1,009 
444 
17 


6,423 
6,435 

12^63 
1,683,078 


37,164 
4 


37,168 


745,853 


persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
M  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 


deaf  and  dumb 


♦fene  and  idiots  at— 
'blicharge  - 
j.  uvate  charge 


81 
189 
116 

3c  5 
243 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  ar 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge 
Private  charge 

Do.  total  insane,  &c. 


188 
173 

292 

653 
630 


373 
,114 


Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  (  - 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at  • 

All  persons  ol  the  foregoing  who  are  employed  in- 
Mining 
Agriculture 
Commerce 

Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes, and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

 1  Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 

654 1  Universities  or  colleges 

647 


1,492 


47 
55 
141 

419 
362,199 
12,226 
542 
5,513 
8,871 
3,477 
7 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NEW 


Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Do.  stu  lents  in 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in 
Number  of  scholars  at  public  charge 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write  - 


819 
251 
21,703 
9,206 
414,503 
11,113 

29,469 


Table — Continued. 


Population  by  ages  of  all  persons  in  Neiv  York. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
SO  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males. 


187,730 
158,107 
139,752 
130,094 
230,981 
15>,194 
975,542 
54,y75 
30,869 
14,694 
3,984 
379 


1,207,357 


Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
65  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  free  colored 
Slaves 


Total  free  colored  and  slaves 


Males. 


6,008 
6,370 
5,711 
4,221 
1,476 
23 


23,6 


Females. 


Counties. 


180,769 
154,525 
134,977 
137,414 
227,137 
144,421 
90,163 
53.496 
30,190 
13,831 
4,152 
422 
25 


2,378,990 


Females. 


6,032 
6,951 
6,809 
4,454 
1,928 
44 


26,218 
23.809 


50,027 
4 

50,031 


Aggregate  population 

Of  this  aggregate- 
Whites,  deaf  and  dumb 
Whites,  blind 
Whites,  idiots  and  insane 


•  2,428,921 

1.039 
'875 
2,146 


Population  of  New  York  by  counties.— 1840. 


Counties. 


N.  NEW  YORK 

Albany 

Alleghany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chauiauque 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Corilandt 

Delaware 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genessee 

Herkimer 

648 


Free  white 
persons. 


33,758 
21,318 
11,316 
14,397 
25,48: 
21,345 
10,564 
20,314 
14,386 
12,385 
17,776 
32,173 
12,111 
8,390 
8,o71 
30,015 
19,250 


33,521 
19,515 
10,79b 
13,897 
24,421 
23,506 
10.055 
20,19b 
13,685 
12,176 
17,430 
29,681 
11,445 
8,125 
9,064 
29,467 


Free  col. 

• 

Slaves. 

persons. 

00 

00 

93 

0,' 

to 

9 

73 
S 

13 

"5 

s 

s 

S 

m 

595 

719 

67 

75 

109 

114 

17 

21 

238 

197 

57 

67 

68f  45 

140 

133 

48 

38 

21 

25 

100 

90 

328 

280 

47 

31 

2 

I 

58 

•66 

64 

51 

143 

144 

- 

Total 


68,593 
40,975 
22,338 
28,372 
50,33; 
47,975 
20,732 
40,785 
28.157 
24,607 
35,396 
62,-165 
23,634 
16,518 
18,049 
59,587 
57,477 


N.  NEW  YORK*. 

Hamilton 
Jefferson 
Lewis 

Livingston  - 

Monroe 

Madison 

Montgomery  - 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Onta  io 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Rensselaer  - 

Saratoga 

Schenectady  - 

Scuhane 

Seneca 

St.  Lawrence 

Steuben 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Washington  - 

Wayne 

Warren 

Yates 

Total  N.N.  Y. 

S.  NEW  YORK. 

New  York  city 

and  county 
Green 
Ulster 
Sullivan 
Columbia 
Putnam 
West  Chester 
Richmond 
Suffolk 
King's 
Queen's 
Rockland 
Orange. 
Dutchess 


Free  white 
persons. 


Free  colored 
persons. 


1,051 
31,276 

9,174 
18,389 
33,208 
20.201 
18,830 
16,104 
42,930 
34,904 
21, ,872 
12,923 
22,439 
21,560 
29,627 
2n,202 

8,763 
16,002 
12,609 
28.925 
23,691 
10,483 
16,996 
20,706 
21.424 

6,661 
10,335 

853929 


853 
29,567 

8,603 
16,611 
31,039 
19,584 
16,35i 
14,787 
41,736 
32,530 
20,965 
12135 
20,y65 
24,846 
29,442 
19,702 

8,214 
15,863 
12,066 
27,746 
22.156 

9,882 
18,699 
20,102 
20,411 

6,529 

9,975 


316276 


142731 
15,072 
22,591 

8,168 
21,254 

6,513 
24,533 

5,247 
15,395 
21,917 
13,625 

6,192 
24,725 
25,265 


153621 
14,461 
21,427 

7,361 
20,442 

6,144 
21,^53 

5,235 
14  897 
22,850 
12,990 

5,351 
23,722 
24,8631 


6,923 
44b 
854 

40 
739 

93 

1'1  n 

v50 
1,155 
1,356 
1,755 

227 
1,124 
1,112 


Total  S.  N.  Y.  353128  355257  17,374 


1 

2 

70 

71 

26 

28 

63 

77 

341 

314 

117 

106 

263 

32" 

143 

9a 

3"2o 

321 

229 

248 

315 

349 

37 

32 

105 

110 

112 

110 

606 

582 

306 

343 

191 

219 

253 

240 

100 

99 

19 

16 

145 

143 

92 

70 

134 

119 

138 

134 

lib 

106 

16 
69 

14 
65 

6.435 

6,428 

9,435 
447 
950 
40 
817 
74 
1,012 
233 
1,022 
1.475 
1,754 
2U8 
1,168 
1,156 


Slaves. 


3    1  1 

i  I 
 1 


19,790 


New  York,  city  and  county  of  New  Yor  ■ 
ated  on  Manhattan  island,  between  Hudsoi  f 
East  river,  New  York  bay,  and  Haerlerr 
Lat.  40  42  N.,  and  Ion.  74°  W.  from  L 
and  3°  E.  from  Washington,  143  miles  bel 
bany,  90  NE.  of  Philadelphia,  and  210  SV 
Boston. 

The  city  and  county  of  New  York  are  cc 
surate  and  occupy  the  whole  of  Manhattan 
which  is  about  12  ms.  long,  and  averages  1 
with  an  area  of  18  sq.  ma. 

The  city  of  New  York  is  composed  of  t  cH 
proper  and  Greenwich,    The  compactly  bt  I» 
commences  at  the  battery,  or  point  of  con 
between  the  Hudson  and  East  rivers,  anil, 
ally  becoming  more  scattered,  the  buildings 
between  three  and  four  miles  up  each  river 
streets  in  the  lower  or  ancient  part  are  g(rali 
irregular,  but  the  more  modern  streets  are  n« 
ally  straight,  and  intersecting  each  other  t  W 
angles.    The  boast  of  New  York,  and  perh  ;» 
United  Slates,  is  Broadway,  extending  80  fe<™ 
upwards  of  3  ms.    No  style  of  building  car 1 


NEW 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NIA 


is  characteristic  of  New  York.  The  private 
igs  vary,  from  the  old,  heavy  Dutch  mode, 
utmost  refinement  and  convenience  of  mod- 
ste. 

umbia  College,  (King's  College  before  the 
ition,)  was  founded  in  1754  ;  it  has  a  presi* 
tnd  five  professors. 

ts  exterior,  New  York  has  the  most  imposing 
ance  ot  any  city  in  the  United  States.  The 
ora  the  Battery  of  the  harbor,  Staten  Island, 
le  adjacent  shore  of  Long  Island  and  New 

has  been  very  justly  admired  by  almost  ev- 
itant.  The  harbor,  or,  more  correctly,  har- 
j  New  York,  are  sufficiently  extensive  to 
he  most  numerous  assemblage  of  shipping, 
sufficient  depth  to  admit  vessels  of  nearly 
gest  class.    Being  open  to  the  tides,  it  is 

very  severe  winters  rendered  inaccessible 
7'he  principal  mercantile  harbor  is  that  of 
ver,  but  the  whole  shore  around  from  Cor- 
iook  to  Greenwich  is  generally  accommo- 
'ith  docks  for  vessels  of  various  descriptions. 
■<  packets,  numerous  team  and  steamboats 
jss  the  respective  ferries  from  New  York  io 
iland,  Staten  Island,  and  New  Jersey.  Reg- 
of  steam  packets  run  from  that  city  to 


Of  these— 
Of  these,  foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  agriculture 
Engaged  in  manufactures 
Engaged  in  commerce 
Pop.  to  the  sq.  m.  - 
The  pop.  of  the  city  of  N.  Y.  was- 
In  1697 
1756 
1790 
1800 

1805  .- 
1810    '  - 
1820  - 
1825 
1830 
1840 


5,390 
386 
9,523 
3,142 
6,872 

4,302 
13,040 
33,131 
60,489 
75,770 
96,373 
123,706 
166,086 
202,589 
312,710 

From  the  above,  it  is  seen  that  the  city  of  Now 
York  has  more  than  doubled  in  the  last  20  years, 
and  it  is  probable  that  for  at  least  a  century  in  ad- 
vance, this  city  will  double  its  population  in  each 
25  years;  and  if  so,  will  contain — 

-  332,172 

-  664,344 

-  1,328,688 
2,657,376 


In 


1850 
1875 
1900 
1925 

Irunswick,  the  various  towns  on  the  Hud-! See  Great  Britain,  London,  United  States,  and 
high  as  Albany,  and  to  Providence,  R.  I.     the  introduction  to  this  treatise. 
in  fine  a  city  combining,  perhaps,  as  many      New  York,  small  town,  Albemarle  co.,  Va.,  23 


dvantages  as  any  other  on  the  globe.  Its 
M>n  is  admirably  adapted  to  connect  the  for- 
^jommerce  and  inland  trade  of  ihe  U.  States. 
Mvo  great  canals  uniting  the  basin  of  the  Hud- 
-il  that  of  St  Lawrence,  by  two  very  important 
an  of  contact,  will  add  incalculably  to  the  al- 
invast  advantages  of  this  great  emporium.  It 
llpstonishing  fact  that  New  York  is  now  the 
pql  city  in  the  world  in  point  of  shipping  ton- 
■Jpossessing  more  than  one-half  as  much  as 
Jiy  of  London.  In  1816,  it  amounted  to  near 
»fl  00  tons.  The  annual  custom-house  receipts  of 
»!ty  amount  to  about  one  fourth  part  of  the  en- 
Hfvenue  of  the  United  States^  The  revenue 
'm  city  itself  amounts  to  near  §500,000  an- 

Ti  following  tables  present  the  aggregate  and 
tussive  population  of  the  city  New  York. 

Population  in  1810. 
^whites  males  - 
••do.    females  - 
.^otal  whites  - 
I  hers  persons  except  Indians  not 
Lsd 


43,448 
43,102 
86,550 


8,137 
1,686 


notal  pop,  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
rewhite  males 
Wdo.  females 

Total  whites 
re  persons  of  color,  males  - 

o.  do.       females  - 

•k  males  - 
4-  females 

Total  pop.  in  1820 
82* 


96,373 


55,312 
57,508 

112,820 
4,194 
6,174 
177 
341 


123,706 


ms.  W.  from  Charlotte.  Village,  Champaign 

co.,  Ohio.  Village,  Montgomery  co.,  Tenn., 

1J1  ms.  NW.  from  Murfreesborough. 

New  Zealand,  two  large  islands  in  the  South 
Pacific  ocean,  divided  from  each  other  by  a  strait 
of  about  12  ms.  wide.  They  are  each  about  600 
ms.  long,  and  with  a  mean  width  of  about  100. 
Lon.  from  181°  to  194°,  lat.  34°  to  38  S.  The 
aborigines  are  savages.  The  British  Government 
has  formed  one  or  two  settlements,  in  which  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  introduce  the  art  of  civ- 
ilized  life  among  the  natives. — See  art.  Australia. 

Neyland,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  with  a 
manufacture  of  saize  and  baize.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Stour,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  16  ms.  SW.  of 
Ipswich,  and  57  NE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  5  E., 
lat.  52  1  N. 

Neytracht,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  co.  of  the  same  name,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Neytra,  40  ms.  NE.  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  17  49  E.,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Nezpique,  river  of  Lou.,  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Mermentau.  It  rises  about  40  ms.  NW.  from  the 
town  of  St.  Landre,  in  Opelousas,  flows  S.,  and 
joins  the  Placquemine  Brule  to  form  the  Mer- 
mentau. 

Ngan-Kingfou,  the  capital  of  the  western  part 
of  the  province  of  Kiang-nan,  in  China  ;  its  situa- 
tion is  delightful.  All  the  country  belonging  to  it 
is  level,  pleasant,  and  fertile.  It  has  under  its  ju- 
risdiction onlv  six  cities  of  the  third  class.  Lon. 
116  45  E.,  fat.  30  35  N. 

Ngan-lo-fou,  rich  and  populous  city  of  China, 
in  the  province  of  Hou-Quang,  containing  in  its 
district  two  cities  of  the  second,  and  five  of  the 
third  class.    It  is  425  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Nanking. 

Niagara,  river,  strait  of  North  America,  between 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario.  It  is,  strictly  speaking, 
a  strait  uniting  the  two  lakes.  It  commences  by 
a  rapid,  2  ms.  NNW.  from  the  town  of  Buffalo, 

649 


NIA 


"GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NIA 


The  rapid  terminates  at  or  a  little  below  Black 
Ttock,  and,  assuming  a  placid  current,  with  a  width 
from  a  half  to  one  and  a  half  mile,  the  river  flows 
from  Black  Rock  to  the  head  of  Grand  Isle,  7  ms. 
with  a  course  nearly  NW.  Here  it  divides  into 
two  large  branches,  which,  encircling  Grand  isle, 
again  reunite  3  ms.  above  the  falls.  Now  up- 
wards of  a  mile  wide,  and  gradually  contracting  in 
breadth  and  increasing  in  velocity,  the  whole  mass 
approaches  the  great  ledge,  which  forms  the  tre- 
mendous cataract  of  Niagara. 

This  ledge  is  itself  a  part  of  the  vast  floetz  strata 
which  stretches  along  the  southern  shores  of  Lake 
Ontario,  crosses  Niagara  river,  and  reaches  to  an 
unknown  distance  into  Canada. 

Below  Grand  isie  the  river  turns  to  a  course  of 
nearly  W.,  which  it  continues  to  the  falls,  where 
it  abruptly  curves  to  NE.,  which  it  continues  about 
a  mile,  from  whence  it  assumes  a  northern  direc- 
tion, which,  with  some  partial  bends,  it  continues 
to  Lake  Ontario.  See  the  succeeding  article,  Ni- 
agara Falls. 

Niagara  Falls  is  a  cataract  in  Niagara  river, 
formed  by  the  intersection  with  that  stream  of  the 
great  ledge  noticed  in  the  article  Niagara  river. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  entire  length  of 
Niagara  river,  and  the  respective  fall  from  Erie  to 
Ontario. 


Miles. 

Fall. 

From  Lake  Erie  to  the  head  of  the  rapids 

■  20 

15  ft. 

From  the  rapids  to  the  head  of  the  falls  - 

1* 

51 

Great  fall  .... 

162 

From  falls  to  Lewistown 

7 

104 

From  Lewistown  to  Lake  Ontario 

7 

2 

Entire  distance  and  fall 

35J 

334~ 

Standing  on  either  side  of  Niagara  river  above 
the  falls,  the  aspect  of  the  adjacent  country  is  that 
of  a  general  level.  Nothing  announces  an  ap- 
proach to  the  cataract,  except  the  spray  and  cloud 
of  vapour  which  rises  from  the  surge  below. 

The  water  is  precipitated  over  an  immense  mass 
of  limestone  rock,  which  forms  the  bed  of  the  riv 
er.  The  width  of  the  river  in  a  straight  line,  at 
the  falls,  is  three-fourths  of  a  mile.  But  as  its 
principal  force  is  exerted  in  the  centre,  the  brow  of 
the  precipice  has  been  worn  in  the  shape  of  a  horse 
shoe,  and  its  whole  winding  width  is  not  less  than 
a  mile  and  a  half.  This  distance  is  divided  by  a 
a  small  woody  island,  called  Goat  island,  near  the 
American  side,  which  divides  the  cataract  into  two. 
The  elevation  of  this  island  above  the  surface  of 
the  stream  is  not  very  great,  but  it  presents  towards 
the  NW.  a  bold  perpendicular  front  of  bare  solid 
rock,  the  whole  height  of  the  cataract.  The  width 
of  the  fall  between  Goat  island  and  the  American 
side  is  about  one-fifth  of  the  whole,  and  that  of  the 
island  itself  another  fifth,  although  the  quantity  of 
water  on  the  British  side  is  probably  ten  times  as 
great  as  on  the  other.  A  bridge  now  connects  the 
N.  Y.  shore  to  Goat  Island. 

The  Table  rock  is  a  part  of  the  Canada  bank, 
which  is  on  the  margin  of  the  great  sheet  of  falling 
water.  It  furnishes  altogether  the  most  interest- 
ing view  of  the  falls.  The  eye,  looking  up  the 
river,  beholds  it  tumbling  with  wild  magnificence 
over  the  ledges  of  rocks,  wbich,  seen  from  this 
650 


place,  seem  close  together,  and  appear  to  cc  L 
tute  a  single  broken  cataract.  This  immense  iS 
of  waters,  greatly  increased  in  its  rapidity  bj  jg 
descent,  and  perhaps  still  more  by  the  contra  n 
of  the  river,  rolls  with  an  apparently  instantar  is 
motion  to  the  brow  of  the  precipice,  and  g  s 
over  it  into  the  abyss  below.  The  depth  o  e 
precipice,  the  roar  of  the  cataract,  the  mass  c  e 
waters,  and,  above  all,  the  inconceivable  exc  n 
of  power,  overwhelm  the  mind  with  emetio  >f 
sublimity  and  grandeur,  and  fill  it  with  new  J 
clearer  views  of  the  weakness  and  littleness  of  ;'■ 

From  the  surface  of  the  stream  beneath,  o  e 
Canada  side,  there  arises  a  thick  and  con  Ui 
cloud  of  vapour,  which  mounts  above  the  prec  :e 
to  the  height  of  more  than  100  feet.  In  B 
weather  three  primary  rainbows  are  frequently  j. 
ible  at  once  in  various  parts  of  this  cloud, 
when  the  sun  is  near  the  horizon,  appear  com  .e 
semicircles,  and  are  often  of  singular  lustre  d 
beauty.  Beneath  the  fall  lies  a  thick  mass  of  f  <} 
which,  for  a  great  extent,  covers  the  surface  o  e 
water.  The  banks  of  the  river  below  are  on  h 
sides  perpendicular,  of  solid  Tock,  and  of  the  e 
height  with  those  above  the  fall.  They  com  e 
of  this  height  7  ms.  to  Queenstown.  Here  e 
cataract  is  supposed  to  have  commenced  afte  e 
deluge,  and  from  this  place  to  have  worn  its  y 
backward  to  its  present  spot.  No  one  who  e  I 
ines  the  ground  will  doubt  for  a  moment  that  s 
has  been  the  case  ;  and  those  who  have  live  ir 
20  years  on  the  bank  all  attest  this  retrograde  i- 
tion.    These  falls  are  in  lat  43  5  N. 

The  following  comparative  table  exhibits  e 
relative  heights  of  the  most  remarkable  catarai 

1 1 

Staubbach  -  4    -  -  0 

Tequendama  - 

Niagara,  direct  fall  -  -  2 

Niagara  river,  entire  fall  from  Erie  to  On- 
tario  -         -         -         -         -  i 
Caterkill  -  *-  -  0 

Montmorenci      -  -  -  6 

Schafhausen,  or  Laufen  -  -  0 

Terni,  or  Velino  -  -  -  -  .  0 

Cahoes-  -  -  -  0 

Great  falls  of  Potomac,  about       -  -  0 

Niagara,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Niagara  1 
W.,  Lake  Ontario  N.,  Genesseeco.  E.,  and  '  - 
ewanto  or  Erie  S.  Length  33  ms.,  mean  v>h 
20,  area  660  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  I) , 
though  some  tracts  of  level,  and  even  marshy  1  , 
skirt  Lake  Ontario  and  Tonewanto  rivtr.  e 
ridge  which  forms  the  cataract  of  Niagara  occt  ? 
the  middle  part  of  this  county  from  W.  to  E.  il 
productive  in  grain  and  pasturage.  The  Erit  • 
nal  passes  through  its  SE.  angle.  Chief  to , 
Lewistown.  Pop.  1820,  22,990  ;  and  in  It] 
31,132.  This,  however,  includes  Erie  co.,  as  e 
latter  was  taken  from  Niagara  co  since  U  j 
Central  lat.  40  13  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  47  W. 

Niagara,  town  and  fort,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y  t 
the  discharge  of  Niagara  river  into  Lake  Ont;  •• 
Lon.  W.  C.  2  6  W.,  lat.  43  14  N. 

Niagara  Falls,  post  office,  325  ms.  a  littk  : 
of  W.  from  Albany,  and  20  ms.  N.  from  Bufl  • 
Nias,  small  island  in  the  E.  Indies,  at  the  ■ 
end  of  Sumatra.    Lon.  97°  E.,  lat.  1  10  N. 


NIC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NIC 


■bano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Parma, 
7  is.  W.  of  Parma.    Lon.  10°  E-,  lat.  45  5  N 

caburg,  city  of  Persia,  and  the  largest  and 
e  st  in  Korassan,  famous  for  a  mine  of  turquois- 
os  in  its  neighborhood.  It  is  37  ms.  S.  of 
!<hed.    Longitude  57  48  E.,  latitude  36  30 

caragua,  province  of  N.  America,  in  Guata- 
i8,  or  Central  America,  bounded  on  the  NW.  by 
BUz,  NE.  by  Honduras,  on  the  E.  by  the  At- 
I :  ocean,  on  the  SE.  by  Costa  Rica,  and  on 

VV.  by  the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  being  about  500 

from  SE.  to  NW.,  and  120  from  NE.  to 
\  It  is  one  of  the  most  fruitful  provinces  of 
^eral  America,  and  is  well  watered  by  lakes  and 
rkfrji.  The  air  is  temperate  and  wholesome,  arid 
■teounVy  produces  plenty  of  sugar,  cochineal, 

line  chocolate.  Leon  de  Nicaragua  is  the 
nil.  In  the  changes  and  improvements  now 
>aj  ly  advancing  on  the  earth,  there  is  no  other 
:dU.ry  more  likely  to  rise  into  great  national  im- 
pwlnce  than  Nicaragua.  In  the  great  question 
importance,  where  does  nature  afford  most  facil- 
ity I  forming  a  navigable  channel  from  the  Atlan- 
ic  tto  the  Pacific  ?  All  echoes,  as  yet,  respond 
Htfgua. 

icaragua,  lake  of  N.  America,"  between  a  pro- 
v«i  of  the  same  name  and  Costa  Rica.  It  is 
«tMms.  in  circumference,  has  some  islands  in  it, 
mcistretching  from  the  city  of  Leon  NW.  to  SE., 
i  -M  iunicates  with  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  the  river 
S|.pan.  See  art.  America,  p.  55,  and  also  art. 
jtyma  Isthmus.  The  range  of  Lakes  Leon  and 
Nlragua  and  the  river  St.  Juan  is  very  nearly, 
i.oiNW.  to  SE.,  3*00  ms.,  of  which  a  little  more 
i.ta  one-third  is  occupied  by  the  St.  Juan,  the 
m  lying  between  latitudes  10|°  and  12£. 

\caria,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  between 
saii'S  and  Tina,  ancient  called  Icaria,  50  ms.  in 
■  in  nference.  The  inhabitants  are  of  the  Greek  re- 
n4i)3n,  about  3,000  in  number,  and  apply  them- 
satlito  swimming  and  diving  for  sponges,  and 
gW  lost  by  shipwreck.  Lon.  26  30  E.  lat.  37  40  N. 

xastro,  espiscopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Cala> 
"ri:  Jlteriore,  17  ms.  S.  of  Cosenza.   Lon.  16  21 
it.  :39  3  N. 

ce,  co.  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
<:viVar  and  the  maritime  Alps,  which  divide 
•trfjri  France,  on  the  N.  by  Piedmont,  on  the 
'  the  territories  of  Genoa,  and  on  the  S.  by 
uiertediterranean.    It  was  anciently  an  appen- 
n*§of  Provence,  in  France,  but  has  for  many 
VttJ  belonged  to  the  king  of  Sardinia.    The  in» 
almts  supply  Genoa  with  timber  for  ship- 
ping, and  carry  on  a  trade   in  paper,  and 
articles.    It  is  60  ms.  long  and  30  broad, 
mt  ontains  about  125,000  inhabitants. 

ce,  ancient  and  considerable  city  of  Italy, 
»fd  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name.    It  is  of  a 
1  i:;ular  form,  and  confined  in  its  situation, 
hWig  a  high  rock  on  the  E.,  the  river  Paglion 
nftfae  W.,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  S.; 
lr«>|which  last  it  is  separated  by  a  beautiful  and 
•  xUive  terrace,  used  as  a  public  walk.  The 
aiur  is  on  the  E.  side  of  the  rock,  and  called 
'ii'iia,  from  a  small  river  that  falls  into  it.  The 
*'X]rts  are  silk,  sweet  oil,  wine,  cordials,  rice, 
"ra',es,   lemons,  and  all  sorts  of  dried  fruits, 
il  ms.  E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Var,  and  83  S. 


by  W.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  23  E.,  lat.  43  42  N. 

 City  of  Asia.    See  Isnic. 

Nicolas,  St.,  town  of  Fr.  in  the  dep.  of  Meur- 
the,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  with  a  hand- 
some church,  dedicated  to  St.  Nicholas,  to  which 
pilgrims  formerly  resorted  from  all  quarters.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Meurthe,  5  ms.  SE.  of  Nancy, 

and  265  E.  Paris.  Seaport  of  Russia,  in  the 

government  of  Archangel,  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Dwina,  on  the  White  sea,  6  ms.  S.  of  Arch- 
angel. 

Nicholas,  St.,  or  Mole  St  Nicholas,  town,  har- 
bor, and  cape  of  the  West  Indies,  at  theSW.  ex- 
tremity of  St.  Domingo,  commanding  the  strait 
called  the  Windward  passage.  The  harbor  is 
very  capacious  at  the  entrance,  and  ships  of  any 
burden  may  ride  at  anchor  in  the  basin,  during  the 
greatest  storm.  It  was  taken  by  the  English, 
aided  by  the  French  royalists,  in  1793.  Lon.  73 
20  W.,  lat.  19  15  N. 

Niclujlas,  St.,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Cape 
de  Verd  islands,  between  St.  Lucia  and  St.  Jago. 
It  is  75  ms.  in  length,  and  the  land  is  stony, 
mountainous,  and  barren.  Lon.  14  10  W.,  lat. 
16  32  N. 

Nicholas,  co.  Va.,  bounded  by  Bath  NE.  and 
E.,  Monroe  SE.  and  S.,  and  by  Greenbriar  W. 
and  NW.  Greenbriar  passes  through  this  co., 
from  NE.  to  SW.,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly 
equal  sections.  Surface  very  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous. Chief  town,  Lewisburg.  Length  40 
ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  800  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,853;  and  in  1840,2,515.  Central  lat. 
28  20.  lon.  W.  C.  3  40  W. 

Nicholas,  C.  H.,  and  post  office,  Nicholas  co., 
Va.,  by  postroad  325  ms.  S  W.  by  W.  from  W. 
C,  and  277  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Nicholas,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Bath  SE., 
Bourbon  SW.,  Harrison  W.,  Bracken  NW., 
Mason  NE.,  and  Fleming  E.  Length  30  ms., 
mean  width  12,  area  360  sq.  ms.  Chief  towns, 
Ellisville,  Millersville,  and  Carlisle.  Pop.  in 
1820,  7,973  ;  and  in  1840,  8,745.  Central  lat. 
38  26  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  42  W. 

Nicholasville,  town  and  capital,  Jessamine  co., 
Ky.,  15  ms.  SSW.  from  Lexington,  and  30 
SSE.  from  Frankfort. 

Nicholasburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Moravia, 
with  a  castle,  27  ms.  N.  of  Vienna. 

Nicobar  Islands,  several  islands  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Bengal.  They  are  almost  entirely 
uncultivated  ;  but  the  cocoanut,  the  mellori,  or 
lerum,  (a  kind  of  bread-fruit,)  and  other  tropical 
fruits,  grow  spontaneously  to  the  greatest  perfec- 
tion. The  inhabitants  are  said  to  be  a  harmless 
sort  of  people,  low  in  stature,  but  very  well  made, 
and  surprisingly  active  and  strong.  They  are 
naturally  good  humoured  and  gay.  There  sub- 
sists among  them  a  perfect  equality.  A  few  aged 
people  have  a  little  more  respect  paid  them,  but 
there  is  no  appearance  of  authority  over  one  an- 
other. These  islands  extend  northward  from  the 
N.  point  of  Sumatra.  The  largest  of  them,  which 
gives  name  to  th'e  rest,  is  40  ms.  in  length,  and 
15  in  breadth.  Its  S.  extremity  in  lon.  94  23  E., 
lat.  8°  N. 

Nicojack,  remarkable  cave,  or  cavern  of  the 
Lookout  mountain,  in  the  Cherokee  country,  out 
of  which  flows  an  immense  stream  of  water.    It  is 

641 


NIC  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  NIE 


about  one  mile  and  a  half  from  Tennessee  river, 
and  near  where  the  boundaries  of  Georgia  and 
Alabama  reach  that  stream. 

Nicolayef,  city  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Catharinenslaf,  founded  by  Catharine  II.,  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  Ingul,  at  its  conflux  with  the  Bog. 
The  public  buildings,  and  a  number  of  private 
houses,  are  constructed  of  a  white  calcareous  stone, 
but  the  rest  of  the  houses  are  of  wood.  This 
place  being  of  easier  access  by  water  for  vessels 
than  Cherson,  it  is  now  the  capital  of  the  naval 
establishment  of  the  Black  sea.  •  The  admiralty, 
with  a  long  line  of  magazines,  workshops,  wet 
and  dry  docks,  and  every  necessary  department  for 
shipping,  are  placed  along  the  banks  of  the  Ingul. 
It  is  30  ms.  NNE.  of  Oczakow,  and  45  NW.  of 
Cherson.    Lon.  30  46  E.,  lat.  46  58  N. 

Nicolet,  river  of  L.  C,  rises  in  Buckingham 
co.,  by  two  sources,  which  flow  NW.  between 
Becancour  and  St.  Francis  rivers,  unite  about 
60  ms.,  and  fall  into  the  lower  end  of  Lake  St. 

Peter,  10  ms.  above  Three  rivers.  Seigniory, 

Buckingham  co.,  L.  C,  on  Lake  St.  Perer,  and 
on  both  sides  of  Nicolet  river. 

Nicolo,  St.,  the  most  considerable  and  most 
populous  town  of  the  isle  of  Tremeti,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Venice.  It  has  a  harbor,  defended  by  a  for- 
tress, in  which  is  an  abbey  and  a  chnrch.  Lon. 
15  37  E.,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Nicomedia,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia, 
mow  called  Ischmich,  or  Schmit,  and  written  Is- 
mid,  Izmid,  Is-Nick-Mid,  &c.  All  these  are  mere 
inflections  of  the  original  names.  The  Turks 
have  been  supposed  in  many  cases  to  have  imposed 
new  names  of  places,  but  which  change  rose  from 
their  inability  to  pronounce  the  sounds  of  Euro- 
pean languages.  The  eastern  part  of  the  Marmo- 
ra sea  branches  into  two  triangular  gulfs,  extend- 
ing eastwards,  and  terminating  by  sharp  angles. 
Nicomedia  stands  on  or  near  the  head  of  the  north- 
ernmost of  these  gulfs.  It  was  formerly  a  large 
place,  as  appears  by  the  fine  ruins;  and  now  con- 
tains 30,000  inhabitants,  who  consist  of  Greeks, 
Armenians,  and  Turks.  It  is  still  a  place  of  con- 
sequence, and  carries  on  a  trade  in  silk,  cotton,  j 
glass,  and  earthenware.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek 
archbishop,  and  is  50  ms.  SE.  by  E.  of  Constan- 
tinople.   Lon>  29  30  E.,  lat.  40  30  N. 

Nicopoli,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, famous  for  a  battle  fought  between  the 
Turks  and  Christians,  in  1396,  when  the  Emperor 
Sigismund  was  defeated,  and  had  20,000  men 
killed.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Osma,  60  ms.  SSW.  of  Bucharest,  and 
150  NW.  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  25  43  E.,  lat. 
44  16  N. 

Nicopoli,  a  ancient  town  of  Armenia,  built  by 
Pompey  the  Great,  in  memory  of  a  victory  gained 
over  Mithridates.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cerauna, 
165  ms.  SVV.  of  Erzerum.  Lon.  37  55  E  ,  lat.  38 
15  N. 

Nicosia,  strong  town,  capital  of  the  island  of 
Cyprus,  and  the  residence  of  a  Turkish  bashaw, 
delightfully  seated  between  the  mountain  Olym- 
pus, and  a  chain  of  other  monntains.  It  was 
formerly  well  fortified  by  the  Venetians,  but  now 
the  works  are  in  ruins.  It  is  3  ms.  in  circum- 
ference ;  and  there  are  plantations  of  olives,  al- 
monds, lemonds,  oranges,  mulberries,  and  cy- 
652 


press  trees,  interspersed  among  the  houses,  a  ^ 
give  to  the  town  a  delightful  appearance.  \t 
|  church  of  St.  Sophia  is  an  old  Gothic  stru<  e 
j  which  the  Turks  have  turned  into  a  mosque  ;d 
destroyed  the  ornaments.    It  is  100  ms.  T  of 
j  Tripoli,  and  160  SW.  of  Aleppo.     Lon.  .'  \$ 

E.,  Tat.  34  54  N.  Town  of  Sicily,  in  \  di 

Demona,  12  ms.  S.  of  Cefaln. 

Nicotera,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulte  e 
near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  35  ms.  IN  J, 
of  Reggio,  and  185  SE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  H) 
E.,  lat.  38  34  N. 

Nicoya,  town  of  Central  America,  in  i  ta 
Rica,  situate  on  the  Dispensa,  which  run:  to 
the  Bay  of  Salinas,  where  there  is  a  pearl  lis  r 
It  is  98  ms.  WNW.  of  Cartago,  Lon.  tg 
W.,  lat.  10  40  N.  . 

Nicsara,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Cararr  a, 
and  an  archbishop's  see',  10  ms.  N.  of  T  t. 
Lon.  36  9  E.  lat..  39  25  N. 

Nidau,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  # 
wic,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  with  a  castle,  s  te 
on  the  Lake  of  Biel,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Bern. 

Nidda,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wettei  ^ 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  20  ms.  m 
of  Frankfort.  :,  f 

Nideckan,  to'wn  of  Germany,  in  the  cir<  of 
Westphalia,  and  duchy  of  Juliers.  It  is  sit  id 
on,  and  surrounded  by  rocks,  and  is  13  ms.  •  ■ 
of  Juliers.    Lon.  6  16  E.,  lat.,  50  46  N. 

Nijibadqd,  small  town  of  Hindoostan  Pr  rf 
80  ms.  NNE.  of  Delhi.  Lon.  78  41  E.  I 
29  35  N. 

Niebla,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated 
the  Rio  Tinto,  40  ms.  W.  of  Seville.  Lol 
56  W.,  lat.  37  26  N. 

Niederbicber,  village  of  Germany,  in  the  \> 
cipality  of  Wied,  3  ms.  from  Neuwied.  Im 
valuable  antiquities,  and  the  traces  of  a  R<  in 
city  were  discovered  here  in  1791. 

Niemecz,  strong  town  of  Moldavia,  bet  a 
Soczoway  and  Brassaw,  being  25  ms.  fromi^ 
Lon.  26*16  E.,  lat.  48  58  N. 
*  Niemen,  large  river  of  Poland,  which  ris<  la! 
Lithuania,  and  passes  by  Bielica,  and  (iro  >; 
it  afterwards  runs  through  part  of  Samogitia.  id 
Eastern  Prussia,  where  it  falls  into  the  arm  c  le 
sea,  called  the  Curisch-haff,  by  several  moi>{ 
of  which  the  most  northern  is  called  the  1 », 
being  the  name  of  the  town  it  passes  by.  w 
united  to  the  Dnieper  by  the  canal  of  Ogi  i> 
See  Oginski.  Below  the  junction  of  the  v 
men  and  Vilia,  the  united  stream  is  generally  ki  n 
as  the  Memel.  The  comparative  length  o  »• 
Memel,  by  either  branch  is  about  250  ms.  M 
Nienburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circ  of 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  BrunswicM* 
nenburg,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  carries  » 
considerable  trade  in  corn  and  wood,  and  is  a  :& 
and  strong  town;  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  3M- 
N  W.  of  Hanover,  and  37  SE.  of  Bremen,  i 
9  26  E.,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Nien  Closter,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  ir ie 
bishopric  of  Schwerin,  3  ms.  E.  of  Wismer. 

Nienhuis,  towh  of  Germany,  in  the  circ 
Westphalia,  seated  on  the  Lippe,  20  ms.  I of 
Liepstadt.    Lon.  8  55  E-,  lat.  51  50  N. 
Nieper. — See  Dnieper. 
Niestadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Sax?> 


NIG  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NIG 


^eiany,  in  the  Middle  Marche  of  Brandenburg. 
*8c]  on  theFuyhre,  25  ms/NE.  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
4  E.,  !at.  52  49  N. 
ester. — See  Dniester. 
ft 


e  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  15  ms.  S.  of  Schwe- ,  terlocking  streams,  presenting  the  general  aspect  of 

Lon.  11  46  E.,  lat  53  59  W.  Town  of ,  an  estuary, 

Thus  far  the  geography  of  the  Niger  is  certain. 
The  relative  positions  are  no  doubt  distorted,  but 
the  leading  objects  are  known  to  have  a  real  exist- 
ence.   It  is  impossible  to  pay  due  attention  to  this 
uport,  seaport  of  Austrian  Flanders,  seated  part  of  the  map  of  Africa,  without  perceiving  the 
,n ue  German  ocean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yper-  general  source  of  controversy  on  the  course  and 
H  It  is  9  ms.  SW.  of  Ostend,  and  16  NE.  of  termination  of  the  Niger.    Every  author  who  has 
Htirk.    Longitude  2  45  East,  latitude  51  7  written  on  this  stream  has  given  its  course  from 
l  *  what  he  conceived  the  best  source  of  information. 

ger,  large  river  of  Africa,  formerly  very  little  The  existence  of  a  great  central  African  river, 
Hn.  In  order  to  ascertain  the  rise,  course,  and  flowing  to  the  E.,  was  known  to  Herodotus,  and 
tt^r  nation  of  the  Niger,  Mr.  Parke  was  sent  out  communicated  to  Europe  by  some  Nassominians 
y  e  African  association  in  1795.    The  course  from  the  Mediterranean  coast.   All  the  Greek  and 
f  B  river,  which  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  Roman  authors,  from  Herodotus  to  Ptolemy,  give 
'>o:E.  to  W.,  has  been  determined  by  Mr.  Parke  the  Niger  its  real  course, 
i  w  N.  through  the  country  of  Mandingo,  and      Edrisi,  an  Arabian  author,  upwards  of  15  cen- 
ic  to  take  an  easterly  course  through  the  king-  ruries  after  Herodotus,  first  introduced  doubt  and 
H  of  Bambara,  Tombuctoo,  Trocur,  and  Gha-  confusion  into  this  part  of  geography,  by  repre- 
I  o  Wangara,  where  it  divides  into  several  senting  the  Niger  flowing  westerly.    Edrisi  was 
a  hes.    The  Moors  and  Arabs  call  it  Neel  il  followed  by  other  Arabian  authors.    Though  lead- 
bJ,  or  river  of  Slaves,  and  Neel  Kibeer,  or  ing  to  a  false  general  conclusion,  the  data  used  by 
1  river.    In  the  rainy  season  it  swells  above  |  Edrisi  and  his  followers  was  correct.    They  delin- 
s  inks,  and  floods  the  adjacent  lands.    Since  eated  the  Niger  and  Nile  as  flowing  from  the  same 
lecpeditions  of  Mr.  Parke,  several  subsequent  chain— the  latter  to  the  NE..  and  the  former  to  the 
•■jhave  been  fitted  out  by  the  British  Govern-  jNW.    The  Niger  of  Edrisi,  and  the  Arabian  au- 
to explore  this  stream,  and  to  determine  its  thors  generally,  was  most  probably  the  Miselad  ; 
3  and  point  of  discharge.    All  those  expedi-  and  it  is  also  extremely  probable  that  the  very  ex- 
have  proved  unfortunate  and  abortive,  as  to  istence  of  the  great  western  stream  now  known  as 
tr»|iain  object  of  research.    It  is,  however,  a  the  Niger  was  not  suspected  by  these  writers.  The 
>t  of  no  reasonable  doubt  but  that  it  flows :  Miselad  and  Bahr-Abiadh,  or  real  Nile,  are  now 
he  Atlantic  ocean.    Its  connexion  with  the  distinctly  known  to  flow  from  the  same  mountains, 
is  rejected  by  the  best  geographers.    The '  and  exactly  as  laid  down  by  Edrisi.    As  soon  as 
ar  obscurity  and  contradictions  respecting  the  jeal  Niger  was  rediscovered,  and  found  flowing 
reat  stream  which  prevail  in  our  books  are ;  eastward,  an  interminable  controversy  ensued,  and 
witch fu I  to  modern  science.    In  1819  the  au- !  yet  Europe  itself  presents  a  very  similar  .position 
chojif  this  treatise  wrote  a  memoir  to  show  the  1  to  Wangara,  .in  the  collected  waters  of  the  Danube 
pwbility  that  the  Niger  had  its  outlet  in  the  At-  above  Orsova — the  Teiss  flowing  from  the  E  ,  the 


todW  ocean.  This  memoir  was  published  in  the 
rrican  Magazine.  The  following  is  a  brief  out- 
Imeff  the  arguments  there  used :  Examining  a 
n*bf  northern  and  central  Africa,  we  perceive 
the  iger  flowing  from  the  Kong  mountains,  hav- 


Save  and  Drave  from  the  VV\*  and  the  real  Dan- 
ube from  the  N.,  and  all  forming  the  marshy  fens 
of  Temesvaer.  Who  would  suspect  the  ultimate 
termination  of  the  Danube,  who  only  knew  the 
confluent  streams  above   the  mountain  pass  of 


i'igs  sources  about  lon  7°  W.  of  London,  and  Orsova  1 
t.:2°  N.  Pursuing  a  course  of  NE.  by  E.  to  |  The  United  States  present  another  instance  sim- 
onuctoo,  in  lat.  16  30  N.,  and  1  30  E.  of  Lon-  ilar  to  Wangara.  The  Ibwer  Tennessee,  flowing 
<>n  Below  Tombuctoo,  this  now  considerable  N,,  meets  the  Ohio  from  the  NE.,  and  boih  are 
m  inclines  eastward,  gradually  inflecting  to  quickly  joined  by  the  accumulated  waters  of  Mis- 
tm.,  continues  through  upwards  of  20°  of  lon ,  Isissippi  and  Missouri  from  the  N.,  W.,  and  SW. 
|  lly  lost  to  science,  and  leaves  the  residue  of  If  the  courses  of  Ohio,  Cumberland,  Tennessee, 

Wabash,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Osage,  were 
known,  whilst  their  confluence  and  continuation 
remained  undiscovered,  a  great  inland  sea  would 
be  supposed  t  >  occupy  lower  Kentucky,  lower 
Tennes  ee,  and  lower  Missouri. 

In  respect  to  the  Niger,  whilst  the  courses  of 
the  main  stream,  the  Bahr-Kulia,  and  Miselad, 
have  been  developed,  thetr  continuation  remains 
to  be  explored.  Major  Rennel,  and,  after  his  ex- 
ample, many  others  of  less  talent,  adopted  the  idea 
of  an  interior  Caspian,  or  an  egress  by  the  Egyp- 
tian Nile.  This  school  of  geographers  found  an 
impassable  barrier  in  a  supposed  unity  of  the  Kong 
and  Gibel  Komri  mountains.  Major  Rennel  him- 
self combatted,  with  much  ingenuity,  the  hypothe- 
sis of  any  communication  between  the  Niger  and 
Nile,  but  adopted  that  hypothesis,  already  noticed, 
of  an  interior  detached  recipient.    Major  Rennel 

653 


ourse  a  mysterious  subject  of  hypothesis.  The 
mountains  and  the  Niger  maintain  a  very 
similar  course,  leaving  a  vaguely  known  in- 
tent of  from  3  to  400  ms.  The  known  towns 
W  \i  Niger  are  Sego,  Si  I  la,  Tombuctoo,  Housa, 
Kttfia,  and  Ghana.  Between  Ion.  20  and  27° 
£•  |  London,  two  rivers  are  laid  down,  which 
"vlirectly  towards  each  other — the  Bahr-Kuku, 
Hthe  Tibboo  of  Bilma,  and  the  Bahr-Miselad, 
bmlthe  Gibel  Komri,  or  Mountains  of  the  Moon. 
'■'»t  these  rivers  are  discharged  into  Lake  Fitre, 
^  pich  recipient  a  third  river  is  discharged, 
lvak  finally  joins  the  Niger  in  the  lower  Wan- 
z<w  The  Kuku,  flowing  from  the  N.,  the  Mis- 
p  adi-om  the  S.,  and  their  continuation  below 
1  it  Fitre  to  the  SW.,  meet  the  Niger  from  the 
W.  Thus  Wangara  is  a  complete  assemblage  of 
,  and  is  found  marshy,  full  of  lakes  and  in- 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NIL 


NIL 


adopted  another  hypothesis,  now  found  also  in- 
correct :  he  supposed  the  Sahara  lower  than  the  j 
valley  of  the  Niger.    The  southern  course  of  the' 
rivers  ought  to  have  at  once  precluded  the  exist- 
ence of  such  an  error. 

Another  source  of  controversy  arises  from  the  dif- 
ferent orthography  of  the  same  name.  Is  it  not  almost 
certain  that  Wassannah,  Kassina,  Gana,  Guinee, 
Guinea,  are  not  different  modifications  of  the  same 
word,  or  that  these  names  are  derived  from  a  com- 
mon root  1  Itineraries  yield  in  almost  all  instan- 
ces very  erroneous  results,  as  respects  distance  and 
relative  position. 

Combining,  therefore,  all  accounts  of  the  Niger, 
we  are  fully  justified  in  considering  Wangara  or 
Gongara  as  an  alluvial  region,  formed  by  an  as- 
semblage of  rivers,  from  which  the  accumulated 
mass  of  waters  is  discharged  by  a  mountain  pass, 
and  that  the  Atlantic  ocean  is  the  final  recipient. 

Since  the  preceding  was  written,  I  have  had  the 
advantage  to  read  Malte  Brun.  This  great  geog- 
rapher adopts  the  opinion  that  the  Niger  debouches 
into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  but  assumes  from  Reich- 
nrdt  the  Bight  of  Benin,  and  not  the  Zaire,  as  the 
point  of  final  discharge.  In  book  lx,  this  author 
admits  the  possibility  of  a  communication  between 
the  Nile  and  Niger,  but  similar  to  that  of  South 
America,  between  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco, 
by  the  Cassiquiari  and  Negro  rivers.  In  book 
Ixvii,  Malte  Brun  recapitulates,  with  great  perspi- 
cuity, the  arguments  by  which  M.  Reichardt  sup- 
posed the  Bight  of  Benin  to  be  the  recipient  of  the 
Niger,  and,  though  the  former  does  not  actually 
submit  to  the  opinion  of  the  latter  author,  it  is  ob- 
vious that  his  mind  felt  the  force  by  which  the 
conclusion  was  supported. 

If  the  Niger  is  actually  discharged  by  the  Bight 
of  Benin,  it  must  have  an  entire  course  equal  to 
45°  of  a  great  circle,  or  upwards  of  3,000  ms., 
and  will  be,  of  course,  one  of  the  greatest  rivers  of 
the  earth, 

It  is  now  (1843)  fully  ascertained  that  the  Ni- 
ger is  discharged  in  the  manner  suggested  above. 
Every  concurrent  testimony,  indeed,  sustains  the 
conclusion  that  the  immense  open  gulf  of  western 
and  tropical  Africa  is  the  recipient  of  one  or  two 
very  great  and  many  minor  rivers,  of,  however, 
still  considerable  magnitude. — See  Nile  and  Zaire. 

Nigritia. — See  Negrvland. 

NiihaUy  or  Nceheheow,  one  of  the  Sandwich 
group. — See  table  2d  col.,  p.  115. 

Nilwping,  town  of  Denmatk,  capital  of  the  is- 
land of  Falster,  or  Hulster,  in  the  Baltic,  with  a 
strong  fort,  55  ms.  SW.  of  Copenhagen.   Lon.  12 

7  E.,  lat.  54  50  N.  Town  of  Sweden,  in  Su- 

dermania,  60  ms.  SW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  16 
40  E.,  lat.  58  40  N. 

Nile,  great  river  of  Africa.  Mr.  Hodgson,  on 
the  name  of  this  most  remarkable  river,  derives  it 
from  an  original  term  meaning  the  sea.  The  prob- 
ability is,  that  in  the  infancy  of  languages  large 
rivers  would  be  naturally  designated  by  terms 
meaning  "great  waters." — See  Mississippi.  The 
very  name  of  this  interesting  stream  recals  our 
ideas  to  the  most  primitive  times.  We  involunta- 
rily recur  to  the  dawn  of  history  and  geography, 
not  more  fabulous  or  mysterious  in  their  origin 
than  this  emblem  of  time,  the  Egyptian  Nile. 
Modern  science  has,  however,  in  part  laid  open 
654 


the  hidden  sources  of  this  mighty  stream,  an  a. 
ced  its  springs  to  the  central  mountains  of  A 
A  much  abused  man,  (James  Bruce,)  with  :at 
industry,  gallantry,  and  some  share  of  talent  n. 
etrated  to  the  source  of  the  middle  branch  <  he 
Nile ;  but,  though  entitled  to  more  credit  th  he 
received,  Bruce  was  ignorant  of  the  very  & 
ence  of  the  Bah  el  Abiadh,  or  White  river,  th  >a| 
Nile. 

The  distance  across  the  higher  sources  <  he 
Nile,  from  the  SW.  sources  of  White  river  hi 
head  of  Tacazze,  is  about  1,200  ms.,  and  fro  hi 
junction  of  the  Nile  and  Tacazze  to  the  mom  EI 
of  the  Moon,  700  ms.  The  whole  of  the)  I 
basin  spreading  in  form  of  an  immense  triani  of 
1,200  ms.  base  and  700  perpendicular,  anofl 
an  area  of  420,000  sq.  ms< 

Below  the  mouth  of  the  Tacazze  commenc  he 
lower  basin,  which  extends  from  N.  lat.  ljfl 
32°,  over  14°,  or,  following  the  winding  i  he 
stream,  1,200  ms.  ;  but  the  lower  basin  cam  be 
estimated  above  10  ms.  mean  width,  of  course  li- 
pases only  12,000  sq.  ms.  Combining  th  ?o 
basins,  this  great  river  drains  432,000  sq.  m  M 

In  one  circumstance  the  Nile  is  alone;  a  <  tfe 
of  1,200  rns.  without  a  confluent  is  a  phenor  oi 
altogether  unparalleled  in  the  natural  hist<  of 
rivers. 

The  most  important,  however,  of  the  feati  of 
this  fine  stream  is  the  difference  of  level  be  jfl 
the  Delta  and  higher  basin.  The  plains  of  pi 
are  depressed  at  least  10,000  feet  below  the  )le 
land  of  Abyssinia.  Thus,  though  the  Nilefl 
from  S.  to  N.,  the  climate  and  vegetable  pifl 
tions  of  its  basin  evince  a  change  of  tempe  I 
reverse  to  the  latitude.  This  is  so  far  the  cas'  ul 
even  Upper  Egypt,  in  N.  lat.  25°,  is  more  (  *• 
ed  to  heat  than  are  the  mountain  valleys  of  * 
sinia,  in  N.  lat.  10°. 

The  elevation  of  flood  necessary  to  im.M 
Egypt  has  been  increasing.  According  to  m 
dotus  in  Euterpe,  1,700  years  before  the  Chi  I 
era,  8  cubits  covered  the  Delta.  When  H  1» 
tus  was  himself  in  Egypt,  it  demanded  15  9 
cubits,  and  it  now  requires  22  to  produce  a  ( * 
ished  effect.  Is  not  the  true  cause  of  this  revo  on 
found  in  a  gradual  diminution  of  the  level  <Ji 
Mediterranean  1 

The  inundation  diminishes  as  the  river  app  :h- 
es  its  recipient;  the  inundation  is  one-sixtl  »rt 
more  at  Assouan,  or  Syene,  than  at  Cairo,  31  o* 
below;  and  when  it  rises  27  feet  at  Cairo,  i  » 
only  about  4  at  Rosetta  and  Damietta.  T hi;  w 
cannot  be  entered  from  the  sea,  at  ordinary  >d» 
with  more  than  7  or  8  feet  water  by  either  nil 
but  within  the  bars  has  generally  water  for 
of  40  tons  to  Assouan,  and  at  the  lowest  is  *| 
gable  for  small  boats.  Though  in  great  pel 
habited  by  barbarians,  the  basin  of  the  Nil*  * 
be  regarded  with  deep  interest  amongst  the  e»t 
divisions  of  the  habitable  earth. 

Whether  a  part  of  the  water  of  the  Nile  coi« 
could  not  be  diverted  into  the  Red  sea  has  t»  • 
subject  of  hypothesis  for  ages.  It  appears  h 
well  authenticated  as  an  historical  fact,  thatafll 
did  formerly  exist  along  this  route,  but  on  I 
principles  constructed  is  uncertain.  From  i  -u' 
perior  elevation  of  the  Nile  in  Upper  Egypt,  )V( 
the  Red  sea,  it  would  deserve  very  careful 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NIV 


NIO 


I  t  ermine  whether,  under  the  influence  of  sci- 
ic  md  commercial  enterprise,  an  artificial  branch 
1  bo  led  from  Upper  Egypt  round  the  moun- 
;a»rtto  the  SE.  of  Cairo.  Such  a  project  was  con- 
reHl  by  the  Portuguese  when  in  possession  of 
lie  last  Indian  commerce,  but  neither  by  them  or 
rfhii  ever  actually  attempted. — See  Africa,  p.  9, 
liicpea,  Abyssinia,  &c. 

Kc,  SW.  tp.  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in 
■  524. 

J\neguen,  city  of  Holland,  capital  of  Guelder- 
ariclwith  a  citadel,  an  ancient  palace,  and  several 
vii\  It  is  also  the  capital  of  a  country  of  its  name, 
>rl"<i  the  island  of  Bctuwe,  the  ancient  Batavia. 
t  Meated  on  the  Waal,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Utrecht, 
mi]o  NE.  of  Antwerp.    Lon.  5  45  E.,  lat.  51 

imes. — See  Nismes. 

Qnishillen  creek,  considerable  stream,  rising  in 
neiirthern  part  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  and  running 
amhence  a  S.  direction  above  40  ms.  into  the 
•ft  juarter  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  where  it  unites 
♦itliSandy  creek,  when  the  joint  stream  flows  W. 

m  into  the  E.  side  of  Tuscarawas  river. 

mishillen,  tp.,  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  situated  on 
htj.ove  described  creek,  northeasterly  from  Can- 
Avon's  Mills,  village,  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  by 

st>ad  92  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

A.e  Bridges,  town,  Caroline  co.,  Md. 

foeveh,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Va.,  84  ms.  W. 
roJfV.  C. 

Hg-Koue-fou,  city  of  .China,  in  the  province 
i  Kng-nan,  noted  for  its  manufacture  of  paper. 
•Pof  a  species  of  reed,  and  containing  in  its 
.mk  6  cities  of  the  third  class. 

hg  fo-fou,  called  by  the  Europeans  Liampo, 
t-  erellent  seaport  of  China,  on  the  E.  coast,  op- 
««|  to  Japan,  in  the  province  of  Tchekieng. 
i  hiitity  has  four  others  under  its  jurisdiction,  be- 
id*i.  great  number  of  fortresses.  It  is  850  ms. 
*B.  f  Peking.  This  city,  now  called  by  the  Eu- 
«|»s  Ningpo,  is  situated  very  nearly  on  N.  lat. 
i,3,id  about  150  ms.  southwardly  from  the  mouth 
i  ll  Blue  river.  By  the  late  English  writers  it 
*  4«jribed  as  a  splendid  emporium,  abounding  in 
*eij  and  built  with  elegance. 

Wgouta,  city  of  Mantshuria,  in  the  department 
1'in.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wooden  wall, 
j»ii|sed  of  plain  stakes  driven  into  the  earth. 

0  it  ut  this  palisado  there  is  another  of  the  same 
i'HBi  league  in  circumference,  which  has  4  gates 
;"rr  oonding  to  the  four  cardinal  points. 

bgho. — See  Ning-fo-fou. 

Nfjae,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
'Mtriver  Dender,  with  an  abbey,  13  ms.  W.  of 
J^gls.    Lon.  4  5  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Ail,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  to  the  S.  of 
^**|.  anciently  called  Jos.  It  is  35  ms.  in  cir- 
:um  ence,  and  fertile  in  corn,  but  has  very  little 
JDwr  oil.    It  has  several  commodious  harbors, 

1  '1  remarkable  for  nothing  but  Homer's  tomb, 
A!'0  said  to  be  buried  here.    Lon.  25  35  W., 

•  j  43  N. 

iV|Y,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
tja  Sevres,  and  late  province  of  Poitou.  Its 

«ry  iteetmeats  are  much  esteemed,  and  it  is  noted 
r-nufactories  of  coarse  woolen  goods.    It  is 

'*MNE.  of  Rochelle.  Lon.  33'  W.,  lat.  46  20N. 


Nipegon  Lake,  U.  C,  lies  to  the  northward  of 
Lake  Superior,  about  half  way  between  it  and 
Albany  river,  James's  bay. 

Nip  It  on,  largest  island  of  Japan,  600  ms.  long 
and  150  broad,  containing  55  provinces.  It  was 
discovered  in  1542  by  the  Portuguese,  who  were 
cast  on  shore  by  a  tempest.  The  chief  town  is 
Jedo.    It  is  134  ms.  E.  of  China. 

Nepissing  Lake,  lies  NE.  of  Lake  Huron,  and 
is  connected  with  it  by  the  river  Francois. 

Nishnei  Novogorod,  town  of  Russia,  in  a  gov- 
ernment of  the  same  name. — Novogorod  Niznei. 

Nisiben,  or  Nisbin,  ancient  Nisbis,  very  an- 
cient and  celebrated  town  of  Diarbeck,  now  only 
the  shadow  of  what  it  was,  and  seated  in  a  vast 
plain,  70  ms.  SW.  of  Diarbekar.  Lon.  38  26  E., 
lat.  36  10  N. 

Nisita,  small  island  on  the  coast  of  Naples, 
very  fertile,  and  would  be  more  productive  but 
for  the  great  number  of  rabbits.  It  has  a  har- 
bor, called  Porto  Pavone. 

Nismes,  flourishing  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gterd,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc. 
Here  are  several  monuments  of  antiquity,  of  which 
the  amphitheatre,  built  by  the  Romans,  is  the  prin- 
cipal. The  Maison  Quaree,  or  the  square  house, 
is  a  piece  of  architecture  of  the  Corinthian  order, 
and  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  The  temple 
of  Diana  is,  in  part,  gone  to  ruin.  Nismes  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1417.  The  population 
of  iNismes  is  computed  at  50,000.  It  is  seated  in 
a  plain  abounding  in  wine  and  oil,  12  ms.  N  W. 
of  Aries,  and  75  NE.  of  Narbonne.  Lon.  4  26 
E.,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Niskayuna,  village  and  tp,,  Schenectady  eo., 
N.  Y.  The  village  is  owned  and  inhabited  prin- 
cipally by  the  sect  called  Shakers.  It  is  12  ms. 
NW.  from  Albany. 

Nissa,  or  Nessava,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Servia,  seated  on  the  Moravia,  20  ms.  E.  of 
Precop,  and  120  SE.  Belgrade.  Lon.  22  32  E., 
lat.  43  32  N. 

Nith,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfriesshire,  which 
issues  from  a  lake  in  the  mountains  to  the  N"V\ 
and,  passing  the  towns  of  Sanquhar,  Morton,  and 
Drumlanrig,  joins  the  Cairn  a  little  above  Dum- 
fries, and  thesr  united  streams  form  a  fine  estuary 
in  Solway  Frith. 

Nithsdale,  division  of  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland, 
lying  to  the  W.  of  Annandale.  It  is  a  large  and 
mountainous  country,  and  derives  its  name  from 
the  river  Nith.  It  was  formerly  shaded  with  noble 
forests,  which  are  now  almost  destroyed.  It  yields 
lead,  and  the  mountains  are  covered  with  sheep 
and  black  cattle. 

Niiria,  famous  desert  of  Egypt,  37  ms.  in 
length,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  sea.  It 
had  formerly  a  great  number  of  monasteries,  which 
are  now  reduced  to  four ;  and  it  takes  its  name 
from  a  salt  lake,  out  of  which  is  got  the  natrum  of 
the  ancients. 

Nivelle,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Brabant,  remarkable  for  its  abbey  of  no- 
ble canonesses,  whose  abbess  is  styled  princess  of 
Nivelle.  The  place  enjoys  great  privileges,-  and 
has  a  manufacture  -of  cambricks.  '  It  is  15  ms. 
SE.  of  Brussels.  Longitude  4  36  E.,  lat.  50  35 
North. 

Nivorno's,  late  province  of  Fr.,  between  Bur- 

655 


NOI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NOR 


gundy,  Bourbonnois,  and  Berry.  It  now  forms  the 
dep.  of  Nievre. 

Nixabour,  town  of  Persia,  in  Korasan,  80  ms. 
SE.  of  Mesched.  Lon.  61  32  E.,  lat.  35 
40  N. 

Niaxapa,  or  Nijapa,  considerable  town  of  Mex- 
ico, in  Uajaca.  The  country  near  it  produces  a 
great  deal  of  indigo,  cochineal,  and  sugar.  It  is 
30  ms.  SE.  of  Antiquiera.  Lon.  W.  C.  18  45 
W.,  lat.  15  42  N. 

Nixon's,  post  office,  Randolph  co.,  N.  C,  81 
ms.  SE.  from  Raleigh. 

Nixoriton,  village,  Pasquotank  co.,  N.  C,  on) 
the  E.  side  of  Little  river,  35  ms.  NE.  of  Eden-| 
ton,  and  13  SW.  of  Jonesburg,  on  Pasquotank] 
river. 

Nizza-della-Paglia,  town  of  Italy,  in  Montfer- 
rat,  seated  on  the  Belbo,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Alessan- 
dria.   Lon.  8  36  E.,  lat.  45  15  N. 

JSoanagur,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  situated 
on  the  S.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Cutch.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  district  inhabited  by  a  piratical  tribe, 
called  Sangarians.  It  is  300  ms.  N  W.  of  Bom- 
bay. 

Noble,  NE.  tp.  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

Nobleborough,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  situ- 
ated on  the  E.  side  of  Kennebec  river. 

Noblesville,  village,  Hamilton  co.,  Ia.,  25  ms. 
N.  from  Indianapolis. 

Nockamixon,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW. 
side  of  the  river  Delaware,  between  Tinicum  and 
Durham,  and  opposite  Alexandria  in  N.  J.  Pop. 
1810,  1,207  ;  in  1820,  1,650. 

Nocera,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Spoletto,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  18  ms.  | 
NE.  of  Spoletto.    Lon.  12  49  E.,  lat.  43  1  N.  j 

Nocera-di-Pagani,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  | 
di  Lavora,  15  ms.  S.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  20  E  ,  j 
lat.  40  36  N. 

Node,  knot,  points  of  the  Heavens  where  the 
planetary  orbits  cross  the  ecliptic.  The  moon  in 
passing  round  the  earth  passes  the  ecliptic  twice, 
which  affords  a  familiar  example  of  the  nodes. 

Nogarcot,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  noted 
for  a  celebrated  pagoda.    It  lies  in  the  province  of 
Napoul,  and  is  50  ms.  NE.  of  Catmandu.  Lon. 
85  12  E.,  lat.  28  40  N. 

Nogayans,  name  of  a  Tartar  nation  which  oc-j 
cupylhe  deserts  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Eux-j 
ine  and  the  Caspian  seas,  and  on  the  northern  side  j 
of  Mount  Caucassus,  besides  several  settlements  to  j 
the  VV.  and  NW.  of  the  Euxine,  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  they  occupy  the  lower  part  of  Volga,  the 
rivers  Terek,  Kouma,  and  Kouiian,  the  environs 
of  the  Palus  Mceotis,  the  borders  of  the  Tanais,  in 
the  peninsula  of  the  Crimea,  and  the  banks  of  the 
Borysthenes  and  the  Dniester. 

Nogent-sur-Seine,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Aude,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  seated  on 
the  Seine,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Troyes.'  Lon.  3  40 
E.,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Nogent-le-Rotrou,  pretty  populous  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Eure  and  Loire,  and 
late  province  of  Beauce,  seated  on  the  Huisne,  35 
ms.  NE.  of  Mans.    Lon.  50  E.,  lat.  48  26  N. 

Noir,  Cape,  promontory  of  South  America,  at 
the  S.  extremity  of  Terra  del  Fuego.  Lan.  73  3 
W.,  lat.  54  32  S. 

Noirmotier,  island  of  Fr.,  near  the  mouth  of 
656 


the  river  Loire.    It  is  17  ms.  in  length,  ant  in 
breadth,  full  of  bogs,  and  yet  there  are  goot 
tures.    The  principal  town  is  of  the  same  r  e 
Lon.  2  10  W.,  lat.  47°  N. 

Nola,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d  a- 
vora,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Naples.    Lon.  14  28 
lat.  40  56  N. 

Nolachucky,  river  of  Tenn.  and  N.  C,  ri:  in 
the  northern  part  of  Yancey  co.,  of  the  I  r 
and,  flowing  W.,  enters  Washington  co.  i:  le 
former,  and,  crossing  Washington  and  Gr  e 
joins  the  French  Broad  40  ms.  above  its  jut  m 
with  the  Holston  at  Knoxville. 

Noland's  Fyrry,  post  office,  Loudon  co.,  | 
43  ms.  from  W.  C. 

Nolensville,  village,  Williamson  co.,  Tenr  12 
ms.  westerly  from  Murfreesboro. 

Noli,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  G  i( 
with  a  good  harbor.    It  is  5  ms.  NE.  of  I  |, 
and  30  SW.  of  Genoa.    Lon.  8  41  E.s  V 
IS  N. 

Nombra-de-Dios,  town  of  Colombia,  ii  ia 
province  of  Darien,  a  little  E.  of  Porto  Bel  :o 
which  its  once  flourishing  trade  is  now  transfi  d. 
Lon.  78  55  W.,  lat.  9  40  N. 

Nomade,  Gr.,  nomas-nome,  pasturage,  o  ■ 
who  seeks  pasturage.  This  title  was  given  b  le 
ancients  and  retained  by  the  moderns,  appli  to 
any  people  whose  modes  of  life  were  to  feed  ft  ■ 
and  move  from  place  to  place  in  search  of  p  M 
rage.  The  patriarchs  and  their  families,  men!  d 
in  Genesis,  were  Nomades ;  and  it  was  not  ■ 
their  posterity  returned  from  Egypt  that  they  It 
and  dwelt  in  houses  and  towns.  The  inhab  to 
of  many  large  sections  of  the  earth  are  stili  m 
mades. 

Nomeny,  town  of  France,  in  the  departrm  af 
Meurthe,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  seat  id 
the  Selle,  15  ms.  N.  of  Nancy.    Lon.  6  li 
lat.  48  56  N. 

Non,  Cape,  promontory  of  Africa,  opposii  ie 
Canary  Islands.  It  was  long  considered  b  Jt 
Portuguese,  in  their  attempts  to  explore  Afrit  as 
an  impassable  boundary,  denoted  by  its  name,  ut 
they  doubled  it  at  last,  in  1412.  Lon.  10  30 
lat.  28  30  N. 

Nona,  small  but  strong  town  of  Hurij;  in 
Dalmatia.  It  is  seated  near  the  sea,  7  ra».  ifl 
W.  of  Zara.    Lon.  16  10  E.,  lat.  44  35  ft 

Nontron,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.,  of  DorJ  e» 
and  late  province  of  Perigord,  21  ms.  N.  of  ri- 
gneux,  and  30  SSW.  of  Linages.  Lon.  # 
E.,  lat.  45  32  N. 

Noopour,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  ii 09 
province  of  Guzerat,  55  ms.  E.  of  Surat,  an  W 
W.  of  Burhampour.  Lon.  73  50  E-,  la  21 
11  N. 

Noorden,  considerable  town  of  Westphali  12 
ms.  N.  of  Embden.    Lon.  7  5  E.,  lat.  53  1% 
Nootka. — See  St.  George's  sound. 
Noyuefs  bay  of  Mich.,  on  its  SW.  coas 
sets  inland  45  ms. 

Norburg,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Westmai  A 
34  ms.  N.  of  Stroemsholm.  In  its  vicinii »» 
the  best  iron  mines  in  the  province.  Lon. '  1 
E.,  lat.  62  2  N. 

Norcia,  town  of  Italy  in  the  duchy  of  Spt 
seated  among  the  mountains,  on  the  rive)  i 
dnra,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Spoletto. 


NOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NOR 


>rd,  dep.  of  Fr.,  so  named  from  being  the 
no  northern  in  situation.    It  includes  the  late 

r  rovinces  of  Hainault,  Flanders,  and  Cham- 
re'  Douay  is  the  capital. 

>rdburg,  town  of  Denmark,  at  the  N.  extre- 
nUof  the  isle  of  Alsen,  with  a  castle,  9  ms. 
<"£,V.  of  Sunderburg. 

Jrden,  seaport  of  Westphalia,  in  East  Fries- 
ant  a  considerable  place  of  trade,  with  a  good 
iirr.  It  is  4  ms.  from  the  German  ocean,  and 
J!  of  Embden.  Lon.  7  13  E.,  lat.  53  32  N. 

.  rdgau.    See  Bavaria,  Palatinate  of. 

i>-dhau$eti,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  Thu- 
io|,  with  7  Lutheran  churches,  with  a  well 
oihrphan-house.  It  has  a  considerable  trade 
iem,  in  brandy,  and  rape  and  linseed  oil,  wilh 
iai.factures  of  marble  and  alabaster.  It  is  seated 
t*k  Zorge,  35  ms.  NNE.  of  Erfurt.  Lon.  10 
i),  lat.  51  30  N. 

fcdheim,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
ufcj  of  Brunswick,  situate  on  the  Rhume, 
iMconflux  with  the  Leina  10  ms.  N.  of  Got- 

*mdkoping,  seaport  of  Sweden,  capital  of  E. 
Iflllind.  It  is  10  ms.  in  circumference,  but 
ttjuses  are  scattered,  and  the  inhabitants  do 
Oljceed  1,200.  The  river  Motala  flows  through 
tei«vn,  forms  a  series  of  cataracts,  and  is  di- 
Hinto  4  principal  streams,  which  encircle 
\wi  rocky  islands,  covered  with  buildings;  but 
Mextremity  of  the  town  it  is  navigable  for 
^■essels.  Here  are  manufactures  of  woolen 
Mpaper,  and  fire  arms ;  some  sugar  houses, 
wk  brass  foundry  ;  corn  is  exported  hence  in 
Huantities;  and  a  salmon  fishery  gives  em- 
hfpnt  and  riches  to  many  of  the  inhabitants. 
:  isjlO  ms.  SW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  50 
Q  |.  58  35  N. 
midland,  one  of  the  five  grand  divisions  of 
wpjn,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lapland,  E.  by 
Mi  julf  of  Bothnia,  S.  by  Sweden  proper,  and 
tijthe  same  and  Norway.    It  contains  six 

Wling  n,  town  of  Bavaria,  fortified  in  the 
uaWt  manner.  Here  the  league  of  the  live 
wfth  circles  of  the  empire  was  concluded,  in 
?d5(  In  1796,  it  was  taken  by  the  French.  It 
►'•jnmercial  place,  seated  on  the  Eger,  38  ms. 
of  Augsburg.    Lon.   10  34  E.,  lat.  48 

,mdmaling,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Angermania, 
iJjbay  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  24  ms.  S  W.  of 
ibtyind  70  NE.  of  Hermosand. 

Hiistrand,  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  W. 
Mttf  S.  Jutland,  12  ms.  long  and  5  broad.  It 
■■Mown  called  Hams,  28  ms.  W.  of  Sleswick. 
UO  E„  lat.  54  40  N. 

^olk,  co.  of  Eng.,  7?  ms.  long  and  45 
•ok!  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  the  German 
HlSE..  and  S.  by  Suffolk,  and  W.  by 
'•■jidgeshire  and  Lincolnshire.  It  contains 
•  6100  acres;  is  divided  into  32  hundreds, 
■A  10  parishes;  has  one  city  and  32  market 
iwnj  and  sends  12  members  to  parliament.  Pop. 
»  ill,  273,371;  in  1811,  291,999;  and  in 
83lp44,368.  The  products  vary  according  to 
»e  si.  and  situation.  The  lighter  arable  lands 
rodfc  barley  in  great  plenty  ;  wheat  is  cultivated 
a  th  strongest  soils,  and  turnips  are  grown  here 
'  83* 


in  great  quantities  ;  much  buckwheat  is  also  grown 
in  the  light  soils,  and  used  for  feeding  swine  and 
poultry.  The  fenny  parts  yield  great  quantities  of 
butter,  which  is  sent  to  London  under  the  name 
of  Cambridge  butter.  The  sheep  are  a  hardy 
small  breed,  much  valued  for  their  mutton.  The 
manufactures  of  Norfolk  are  worsted,  woolen  and 
silk.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Great  Ouse,  Nen, 
Little  Ouse,  Waveney,  Yare,  and  Bure.  Nor- 
wich is  the  capital. 

Norfolk  Island,  island  in  the  [Pacific  ocean, 
lying  E.  of  New  South  Wales,  and  settled  by  a 
colonj  of  convicts,  subordinate  to  that  government. 
It  Was  discovered  in  1774,  by  Captain  Cook,  who 
found  it  uninhabited,  except  by  birds.    It  is  very 
hilly,  but  some  of  the  valleys,  are  tolerably  large. 
Mount  Pitt,  the  only  remarkable  hill  12,000  feet 
high.    The  whole  island  is  covered  by  a  thick 
forest,  but  has  not  much  underwood,  and-  the  prin- 
cipal timher  tree  is  the  pine,  which  is  very  useful 
in  building,  and  seems  to  be  durable.    The  soil, 
,  when   cleared,    may  rendered  very  productive. 
:  The  cliffs  around  the  coast  are  240  feet  high, 
' quite  perpendicular;   and  anchorage  is  safe  all 
!  around  the  island,  on  taking  the  lee  side  ;  but 
there  is  no  harbor.    The  settlement  was  made  by 
I  a  detachment  from  Port  Jackson,  1783,  in  Syd- 
|  ney  bay,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island.     Lon.  168 
112  E.,  lat.  29  4.  S.— See  Australia,  p.  112, 
I  middle  2d  col. 

Norfolk,  co.  U.  C,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and 
|E.  by  the  co.  of  Lincoln  and  the  river  Thames, 
|  on  the  S.  by  Lake  Erie,  until  it  meets  the  Orwell 
river;  thence  by  a  line  running  N.  16°  W.  until 
it  intersects  the  river  Thames,  and  thence  up  the 
said  river,  until  it  meets  the  NW.  boundary  of 
the  co.  of  York.  It  sends,  in  conjunction  with 
the  fourth  riding  of  the  co.  of  Lincoln,  one  re- 
presentative to  the  provincial  parliament. 

Norfolk,  co.,  Mass.,  bounded  by  Ft.  I.  SW., 
Worcester  in  Mass.,  W.,  Middlesex  NW.  and  N., 
and  Suffolk  co.,  Boston  harbor  and  Hull  bay  NE. 
Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  13,  area  about  400 
sq.  ms.  Surface  uneven  rather  than  hilly.  Soil 
productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pasturage.  Chief 
town  Dedham.  Pop.  in  1820,  36,452;  in  1840, 
53,140.  Central  lat.  42  12  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  50 

E.  Village,  Litchfield  co  ,Conn.,  35  ms.  NW. 

by    W.  from   Hartford,  and  20  ms.   N.  from 

Litchfield.  Village,  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y., 

by  postroad  251  ms.  NNW.  from  Albany. 

Norfolk,  co.  Va.,  bounded  by  Hampton  Roads 
and  Lynnhaven  bay  N.,  by  Nansemond  co.,  Va. 
W.,  by  Pasquotank  and  Currituck  cos.,  N.  C.  S., 
and  Princess  Anne  co.,  Va.  E.  Length  30  ms., 
mean  width  20,  area  600  sq.  rns.  Surface  level, 
and  in  part  marshy.  Soil  generally  thin,  sandy, 
or  wet  and  sterile.  Pop.  in  1820,  15,465;  and 
in  1840,  21,092.  Central  lat.  36  45  N.,  Ion. 
W.  C.  0  55  E. 

Norfolk,  town,  borough,  and  port  of  entry, 
Norfolk  co.,  Va.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Elizabeth 
river,  immediately  below  the  junction  of  its  two 
branches,  and  8  ms.  above  Hampton  roads. 
Lon.  from  the  Royal  Observatory  at  Greenwich, 
76  23  W.,  and  from  W.  C.  0  37  E.  It  is  the 
most  commercial  town  of  Va. ;  in  1815,  the  ton- 
nage exceeded  34,700,  and  stood  next  to  Charles- 
ton of  any  of  the  U.  S.,  S.  from  Baltimore. 

657 


NOR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Norfolk  is  connected  with  the  commerce  of  N.  C. 
by  the  Dismal  Swamp  canal.  This  inland  com- 
munication opens  from  Elizabeth  river,  9  ms. 
above  Norfolk,  and  eNtends  through  the  Dismal 
Swamp,  into  Albemarle  sound.  By  means  of  this 
canal  the  produce  of  an  extensive  section  of  N. 
C.  finds  a  market  at  Norfolk. 

This  town  contains  a  theatre,  two  State  banks, 
a  marine  hospital,  orphan  asylum,  an  academy 


sipated.  It  must  be  conceded,  that,  lawl  aa 
were  these  Vi-Kingr,  they  exercised  a  vei 
tensive  and  durable  influence  on  European  h  ry. 
One  of  their  more  peaceful  operations  was  t  0|. 
onization  of  Iceland.  But  their  most  saluta  nd 
never  to  be  reversed,  though  almost  totally  er- 
looked  impressions  on  the  fate  of  nations,  wa  eir 
skill  in  the  construction  of  sea  vessels.  1 1 
against  the  wind,  or  even  with  a  side 


Lancasterian  school,  Athenaeum,  and  6  or  7  places  j  decking  ships,  were  undeniably  inventions 


of  public  worship  The  site  is  level,  and  so  low 
in  some  places  as  to  be  marshy ;  but  the  streets 
ore  commodious,  being  well  paved. 
Pop.  1810,  whites  4,776,  total  -  -  9,193 
Pop..  1820,  whites  4,618,  total  -  -  8,478 
Pop.  1830,  whites  5, 131,  total  -  -  9,816 
Pop.  1840,  total  -----  10,172 
Norland,  one  of  the  five  general  divisions  of 
Sweden,  comprehending  the  provinces  of  Gest- 
vikeland,  Helsingland,  Medelpadia,  Heimtland, 
Herjedalia,  Ongerrnania,  and  West  Bothnia. 

Norman  Mais,  U.  C,  in  the  tp.  of  Newark, 
empties  its»waters  into  Lake  Ontario,  about  the 
centre  of  the  tp.  W.  of  Niagara  fort,  called  the 
Four  Mile  Pond. 

Normandy,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Atlantic,  N.  by  the  English  chan- 
nel, E.  by  Picardy  and  Isle  of  France,  and  S.  by 
Perche,  Maine,  and  Bretagne-  The  Normans,  a 
people  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  having  entered 
France,  under  Rollo,  Charles  the  Simple  ceded 
this  country  to  them  in  912,  which  from  that  time 
was  called  Normandy.  The  English,  to  which  it 
was  long  dependent,  still  keep  possession  of  the  is- 
lands on  the  coast,  of  which  Jersey  and  Guernsey 
are  the  principal.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  pro- 
vinces of  Fr.,  and  abounds  in  all  things  except 
wine,  but  that  defect  is  supplied  by  cider  and 
perry.  It  contains  iron,  copper,  and  a  great  num- 
ber of  rivers  and  harbors.  This  ptovince  now 
forms  the  deps.  of  Calvados,  Eure,  Manche,  Orne, 
and  Lower  Seine. 

Normans.    See  Koch,  vol.  1,  p.  124. 
Noumaxs,  Northmen.    The  title  is  from  the 
German,  but  did  not  apply  exclusively  to  Germans, 
but  meant  Men  of  the  North,  and  who  about  A. 
D,  800  commenced  those  ravages,  inroads,  inva- 
sibns,  and  conquests  which  made  them  known  and  j 
terrible  to  the  more  southern  nations  of  Europe. 
Panes,  Swedes,  &c.,  influenced  by  a  religion  and 
policy  alike  sanguinary,  and  many  ages  in  advance 
of  more  southern  nations  in  the  arts  of  construct- 
ing and  navigating  ships,  these  hardy,  bold,  brave, 
and  better  disciplined  men  of  the  North  swept  over 
much  of  Germany,  Lorraine,  France,  the  British 
islands,  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  southern 
Italy,  and  Greece.    Sunk  in  spirit,  disorganised, 
misgovered,  and  oppressed,  the  people  of  western 
and  southern  Europe  could  offer  but  little  resist- 
ance to  such  invaders,  who,  commencing  with  in- 
cursions, proceeded  to  conquest.     About  864  they 
founded  a  State  in  Russia,  at  Novogorod,  on  the 
Ilmen,  which  eventuated  in  the  empire  of  Russia. 
In  the  same  century  their  colonies  became  perma- 
nent in  northern  France,  Sicily,  and  southern 
Greece.    Normandy,  in  France,  and  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  were  thus  founded.    Their  settlements 
in  Greece,  more  distant  from  the  fountain-head, 
and  exposed  to  a  more  warlike  resistance,  were  dis- 
658 


em  Europe,  and  used  by  the  Normans  500  •  B 
years  before  brought  into  u?e  by  the  souther  1q. 
ropeans.    Of  the  three  vessels  used  by  Col 
to  discover  America,  only  one  was  decked. 

Norridgewoek,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  tag 
on  the  S.  side  of  Kennebec  river,  35  ms.  N  f 

Augusta.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  foi  m- 

erset  co.,  Me.,  in  the  foregoing  tp.,  35  toiltH 
by  N.  from  Haliowell.  Lat.  44  35  N.t  lo  ■ 
C.  7  4  E. 

Norristown,  borough,  village,  and  scat  <  us- 
tice  for  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  situated  on  tt  !B. 
side  of  the  Schuylkill  river,  17  ms.  above  I 
delphia,    It  contains  the  county  buildings,  ;  nk, 

and  an  academy.  Tp.,  Montgomery  co  'i 

around  the  borough  of  Norristown. 

Nortelga,  or  Nor  Telge,  maritime  town  o  m 
den,  in  the  province  of  Upland,  near  whit  m 
forge  for  making  fire  arms.  It  was  much  i  M 
by  the  Russians  in  1719,  who  ravaged  the  if 
It  is  30  ms.  NE.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  10  ■ 
lat.  50  44  N. 

North,  tp.,  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  in  which  sit- 
uated the  village,  or  town,  of  New  Rumley.  op* 
in  1820,  1,118. 

North  Adams,  village,  Berkshire  co.,  Mail 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Boston. 

North  Amcnia,  village,  Dutchess  co.,  Ifl 
25  ms.  E.  from  Rhinebeck. 

North,  or  Nord,  dep.  of  Fr.,  which  compr  ndi 
the  late  French  provinces  of  Hainault,  Fli« 
and  the  Cambresis. 

North  Cape,  most  northern  promontory  Bo 
rope,  on  the  coa=,t  of  Lapland,  Lon.  25  B. 
lat.  71  20  N. 

North  Coast,  dep.  of  France.— See  Cm'W 
Nord. 

North  Ferry,  small  town  of  Scotland,  at .  *h 
side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  Qvieen  ert] 

passage. 

Northallerton,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  the  Mil 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  on  a  small  brook,  «■ 
mile  below,  runs  into  the  river  Wisk.    It  is«* 
built,  trading  place,  30  ms,  NNW.  of  Yo  ' 
223  N.  by  W.  of  Londou.    Lon.  1  20  V 
54  23  N. 

Northampton,  borough  of  Eng.,  and  the  j» 
of  Northamptonshire.  It  is  seated  on  th<« 
which  is  navigable  to  Lynn.  It  has  a  s  if 
market  place,  a  good  free-school,  and  a  cou'll 
formary  and  jail.  The  principal  mamifac  e 
boots  and  shoes,  of  which  many  are  made  « 
portation.  This  town  is  30  ms.  SE.  of  Co  itrj 
and  66  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  U  W., 
11  N. 

Northampton,  co.  of  Eng.,  60  ms.  lor 
22  where  broadest,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  W 
inghamshire  and  Oxfordshire,  W.  by  the  la'W 
and  Warwickshire,  NW.  by  Leicestersh  *i 


NOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NOR 


jmdshire,  N.  by  Lincolnshire,  and  E.  by  the 
■willies  of  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  and  Bedford, 
t  citains  617,000  acres  ;  is  divided  into  20  hun- 

i  e<and  336  parishes;  has  1  city  and  11  market 
ov',  and  sends  9  members  to  Parliament.  In 
he|lE.  part,  near  Peterborough,  commences  a 
tnit  tract,  extending  to  the  Lincolnshire  Wash. 
A  il  this  single  exception,  Northamptonshire  is 
,4idj)  contain  less  waste  ground,  and  more  seats 

t|  nobility  and  gentry  than  any  other  county. 
u»  ijducts  are,  in  general,  the  same  with  those 

ii  qer  farming  counties,  but  it  is  peculiarly  eel- 
.  brad  for  grazing  land.    Horned  cattle  and  other 

iiitls  are  fed  to  extraordinary  size,  and  many 
or*  of  the  large  black  breed  are  reared.  Woad 
»r  i!  dyers  is  cultivated  here,  but  the  county  is 
A  (stinguished  for  manufactures.    The  princi- 
«j  jvers  are   the  Nen   and   Welland ;  beside 
'nii,  it  is  partly  watered  by  the  Ouse,  Learn, 
aoj'ell,  and  Avon.    Pop.  in  1801,  131,757; 
.lijl,  141,353  ;  and  in  1821,  163,433. 
h\thampton,  town,  Yorkco.,  New  Brunswick. 
— |  p.,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  on  the  Atlantic 
m!7  ms.  SW.  from  Portsmouth.  Pop.  in  1840, 
— Town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Hampshire 
>f  ass.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Connecticut  river, 
aldightful  country,  18  ms.  above  Springfield, 
id  j:  above  Hartford.    The  aspect  of  the  adja- 
tnt  >untry  is  not  only  pleasant,  but  highly  ro- 
koj.    The  neighboring  mountains,  particularly 
uui  Holyoke,  affords  some  of  the  finest  land- 
jaw  in  New  England.    It  contains  the  county 
iildgs,  one  bank,  one  insurance  office,  a  week- 
oaspaper,  and  several  manufactories.    Pop.  in 
iKJin  the  tp.,  2,631  ;  in  1820,  2,854;  and  in 
34flthe  tp.  contained  3,750.  Tp.,  Mont- 
ana co.,  N.  Y.,  abuut  60  ms.  NW.  of  Albany. 

opin  1810,  1,474;  in  1820,  1,291.  Tp., 

udjeounty,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Wjf  Neshaminy  creek,  8  ms.  SE.  from  Doyles- 
WPopulation  in  1810,  1,176  ;  in  1820,  1,411. 
— r-jownship,  Burlington  county,  New  Jersey, 
fttmiles  SE.  from  Burlington.  Population  in 
8W4,171  ;  in  1820,  4,833,  including  Mount 

W-hampton,  or  Mentown,  town  and  seat  of 
Wthfor  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  point  above  the 
oiwnce,  between  Lehigh  river  and  Little  Le- 
■«*:h!-eek,  6  ms.  SSW.  from  Bethlehem,  18  SW, 

Gaston,  and  55  NNW.  from  Philadelphia. 
; 'situated  in  a  well  cultivated  and  fertile  set- 
wdt.  The  site  is  elevated  and  pleasant.  It 
w*t*is,  beside  the  county  buildings,  several  pla- 
•s.  cj#orship,  and  a  number  of  merchant  mills. 
'  ^•Irincipal  staple,  flour.  An  elegant  wooden 
"  ig  resting  on  stone  arches,  has  been  erected 
,ver|e  Leh  gh,  on  the  road  to  Easton  and  Beth- 
a'»wj  A  substantial  bridge,  also,  crosses  Little 
L*efriL  on  the  Philadelphia  road.  The  Lehigh 
*  Jwj  turned  at  nearly  right  angles  by  the  South 
noohin.    Pop.  in  1840,  2,493. 

™\'kampton,  co.  of  Pa.,  as  now  limited  since 
Wonje  co.  was  formed  from  it,  is  bounded  by 
o'JcE  and  Lehigh  SE.,  Schuylkill  and  Luzerne 
"  Mjonroe  N.,  and  Delaware  river  E.  Greatest 
'e'igtjfrom  the  Delaware  river  to  the  western  an- 
W£  4 jns. ;  the  outline  being  very  irregular,  no  mean 
weati  can  be  well  determined,  and  we  state  the 
»rea  j  550  sq.  ms. 


Population  in  1840. 
Northampton  -  -  -  40,998 

Monroe        -  9,879 


Jointly  -  -  50,877 


The  surface,  though  generally  hilly,  is  as  generally 
arable.  The  very  remarkable  slate  and  limestone 
formation  which  extends  so  distinctively  from  the 
Delaware  to  the  Susquehannah,  in  the  Kittatinny 
valley,  is  peculiarly  striking  in  the  lower  part  of 
Northampton.  The  limestone  tract  skirts  the  South 
mountain,  and  the  argillaceous  slate  of  the  Kitta- 
tinny, each  extending  from  its  respective  base 
about  half  way  across  the  valley.  Though  both 
are  highly  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pastur- 
age, the  limestone  soil  is  rather  stronger  than  that 
of  the  slate,  and  the  features  of  nature  less  bold  on 
the  former  than  on  the  latter  formation. 

Northampton  contains  the  borough  of  Easton, 
and  the  villages  of  Bethlehem,  Hellerstown,  Strouds- 
burg,  Burlinville,  Mauchchunk,  and  Lehighton. 
Staples  of  Northampton  co.,  grain,  flour,  cider, 
whiskey,  salted  provision,  live  stock,  lumber,  and 
mineral  coal. 

Northampton,  co.  of  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Va., 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  E.,  Chesapeake 
bay  S.  and  W.,  and  Accomack  N.  Length  30 
ms. ,  mean  width  8;  area  240  sq.  ms.  Surface 
level,  and  soil  sandy.  It  occupies  the  extreme 
part  of  the  peninsula,  on  the  E.  side  of  Chesapeake 
bay.  There  is  a  post  office  at  the  court-house. 
Pop.  in  1820,  7,705;  and  in  1840,  7,715.  Cen- 
tral latitude  37  16  N.,  longitude  Washington  City 
1  18  E. 

Northampton,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Virginia 
N.,  Hartford  co.,  N.  C,  E,,  Bertie  S  ,  and 
Roanoke  river,  or  Halifax  SW.  Length  40  ms., 
mean  width  12 ;  area,  480  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in  1820, 
13,242  ;  and  in  1840,  18,369.  Central  lat.  36  22 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  30'  V/. 

Northampton,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Northamp- 
ton co.,  N.  C,  80  ms,  SW.  from  Norfolk,  Va., 
and  about  90  NE.  from  Raleigh.    Lat.  36  21  N., 

Ion.  W.  C.  30'  W.  Village  in  the  western 

borders  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  15  ms.  W.  from  Ra- 
venna. 

North  Attleborough,  village,  Bristol  co.,  Mass., 
29  ms.  SSW.  from  Boston,  and  12  NNE.  from 
Providence. 

North  Bend,  name  of  a  settlement  on  the  north- 
ern bend  of  Ohio  river,  15  ms.  below  Cincinnati, 
and  4  northeasterly  from  the  SW.  corner  of  the 
State  of  Ohio. 

North  Blenheim,  village,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y., 
by  post  road  55  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany,  and 
about  45  SW.  from  Schenectady. 

North  borough,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  11 
ms.  from  Worcester. 

North  Brookfield,  tp.,  Worcester  co.,  Mass. 

North  Branch,  village,  N.  part  of  Somerset  co., 
N.  J.,  46  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

North  Bridge,  town  on  Pautucket  river,  in  the 
southern  part  of  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  46  ms. 
SW.  from  Boston. 

North  Bridgetown,  village  in  the  NW.  part  of 
Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  43  ms.  NW.  from  Portland. 

North  Bridgewater,  No.  1,  village,  Plymouth 
co.;  Mass.,  28  ms.  S.  from  Boston. 

659 


NOR  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


NOR 


North  Bridgewafer,  No.  2,  village,  Plymouth 
co  ,  Mass.,  20  ms.  S.  frotn  Boston. 

North  Carolina,  one  of  the  original  States  of  the 
U.  S.,  bounded  E.  and  SE.  by  the  Atlantic  oce3n, 
S.  by  S.  Carolina,  W.  by  Tennessee,  and  N.  by 
Virginia.  Extreme  length  420  ms.,  from  the  SW. 
angle  of  Haywood  co.  to  Cape  Hatteras.  The 
area  being  about  45,500  sq.  ms.,  the  mean  width 
must  be  about  1 10  ms.  The  greatest  breadth  is 
from  Little  Inlet,  N.  lat.  33  50,  to  the  Virginia  line, 
N.  lat.  36  30,  equal  to  160  minutes  of  latitude,  or 
184  statute  ms.  nearly. 

Except  Georgia,  there  is  no  other  State  in  the 
Union  which  presents  so  marked  a  difference  of 
soil  and  climate  ns  does  N.  C.  Similar  to  the 
other  States  S.  from  N.  Y.  which  have  an  ocean 
limit,  this  State  is  naturally  subdivided  into  the  al- 
luvial, hilly,  and  mountainous  sections. 

The  summary  table  (No.  4)  shows  the  eastern 
or  alluvial  section  is  peopled  by  about  12  to  the  sq. 
m.  ;  the  two  colored  classes  being  to  the  whites  as 
3  to  4  nearly.  On  the  middle  or  hilly  section,  the 
aggregate  population  is  19  to  the  sq.  m.  ;  the  col- 
ored classes  being  to  the  whites  as  I  to  2  nearly. 
On  the  western  or  mountainous  section,  the  aggre- 
gate population  is  about  10  to  the  sq.  m.  ;  the  col- 
ored classes  being  to  the  whites  as  1  to  5  nearly. 
In  the  whole  State  we  find  that,  in  1820,  it  was 
peopled  by  about  14  to  the  sq.  m.  ;  whilst  the  col- 
ored population  was  to  the  white  in  a  proportion  of 
1  to  2  within  a  very  small  fraction.  Comparing 
the  respective  proportions  at  the  two  extremes  of 
the  period,  it  appears  that,  in  1820,  for  every  100 
colored  persons  there  were  184  white,  and  in  1840 
the  whites  were  as  188  to  100. 

It  must  be  obvious,  on  a  glance  upon  a  good 
map  of  N.  C,  that  the  temperature  of  its  seasons 
must  be  very  much  influenced  by  difference  of  level 
from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  its  western  section. 
Without  estimating  the  elevation  of  the  mountain 
ridges,  we  may  safely  allow  a  difference  of  1,000 
feet  between  the  ocean  level  and  the  table  land  of 
the  western  section.  A  difference  of  1,000  feet  in 
relative  height  is  more  than  equivalent  to  2^°  of 
lat.,  and  accounts  for  the  fact  that  the  seasons  of 
western  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  are  nearly 
similar  to  those  along  the  Atlantic  coast  frotn  N. 
lat.  38°  to  40°. 

The  salubrity  of  the  air  is  in  a  peculiar  manner 
influenced  in  N.  C.  by  the  great  difference  of  its 
relative  level.  The  middle  and  mountainous  tracts 
are  highly  salubrious,  and  well  watered ;  and  in- 
deed a  character  of  healthy  is  due  to  the  whole 
State,  with  the  exception  of  autumnal  fevers  near 
the  Atlantic  shores. 

The  vegetable  productions  of  this  Stale  are  per- 
haps more  numerous,  specifically,  than  those  ol 
any  other  State  in  the  U.  S.  Towards  the  Atlan- 
tic, and  as  far  W.  as  into  the  middle  section,  cot- 
ton can  be  produced  as  a  staple.  As  the  mountain 
table  land  is  approached,  the  summers  are  more 
contracted,  and  grain  becomes  the  staple.  Fruits 
of  every  kind,  from  the  apple  to  the  fig,  grow  on 
the  diversified  surface  of  N.  C.  Asa  commercial 
State,  however,  its  want  of  capacious  harbors  must 
prevent  an  advance  equal  to  States  more  advanta- 
geously indented  by  deep  bays  and  rivers. 

Through  the  sea  sand  border,  the  rivers  find 
their  way  to  the  sea,  over  extensive  flats  and  bars, 
660 


rendering  the  coast  of  this  State  the  least  fav 
to  navigation  of  any  of  the  maritime  States  < 
U.  S.  Cape  Fear  river,  with  18  feet  water 
its  bar,  is  the  best  eni ranee  into  the  interior  i 
C.  Extensive  canal  improvements  have  bee: 
jected,  and  partially  executed ;  but,  hitherto 
trade  of  the  northern  waters  of  N.  C.  has  cei 
in  Virginia,  whilst  that  of  the  interior  of  the 
has  generally  found  its  discharge  at  Chariest. 
S.  C.  Laudable  efforts  are  making  to  op 
easy  and  direct  communication  with  the  ( 
which  the  advance  of  wealth  and  populatio 
no  doubt  ultimately  effect. 

The  interests  of  education,  formerly  muc 
glected,  are  at  present  fostered  in  this  State, 
sides  the  University  of  N.  C,  there  are  up 
of  50  academies  in  operation.  The  governm 
the  State  is  essentially  similar  to  the  other 
of  our  Confederacy,  consisting  of  a  Senat 
House  of  Commons,  annually  chosen.  The 
ernor  is  rather  the  creature  of  the  Legislatun 
the  people,  being  chosen  by  joint  ballot  ol 
houses.  The  staples  of  this  State  are  some 
and  flour,  tar,  pitch,  turpentine,  lumber,  ar 
bacco.  Capital,  Raleigh.  N.  lat.  35  44,  lot 
C.  1  48  W. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  the  relative  at 
gregate  population  of  N.  C,  with  the  compa 
area  in  sq.  ms.  of  its  counties  and  natural  se 
as  they  stood  in  1820,  and  which,  as  they  se 
determine  the  progressive  population  in  the 
between  1820  and  1840,  we  retain  : 

TABLE  No.  I. 

Population  of  the  alluvial  or  eastern  secti 
North  Carolina  in  1820. 


Counties. 

Area  in 
sq  ms. 

Whites. 

Free  col 
persons. 

Slaves.  1 

Beaufort 

670 

5,869 

335 

3,702  1 

Bertie 

700 

4,13U 

250 

5,025  ! 

Bladen 

1,500 

4,346 

142 

^,7fi8 

Brunswick  - 

1,260 

2,937 

209 

2,334 

Camden 

228 

4,442 

117 

1,746 
1,329 

Carteret 

600 

4,171 

109 

Chowan 

200 

2,839 

156 

3,469 

Columbus 

400 

2,922 

77 

913 

Craven 

1,020 

6,563 

1,744 

5J«7 

Cumberland  - 

1,500 

9,230 

564 

4,751 

Currituck 

420 

6,098 

146 

1,864 

Dublin 

640 

6,084 

61 

3.599 

Ed^ecomb  - 

460 

7,273 
3,989 

258 

5,745 

Gates 

276 

163 

2,685 

Greene 

280 

2,294 

65 

2,174 

Halifax 

672 

6,236 

1,551 

9,440 

Hertford 

364 

3,680 

'7c8 

3.244 

Hyde 

600 

3,241 

146 

1,580 

Johnson 

640 

6,406 

115 

3,036 

Jones 

300 

2,300 

152 

2,764  1 

Lenoir 

320 

3,336 
3.3/8 

114 

3,354 

Martin 

490 

92 

2,850 

Nash 

540 

4,522 

218 

3,445 

N.  Hanover  - 

1,350 

5,086 

219 

4,561 

Northampton 

480 

5,254 

72.5 

7,263 

Onslow 

700 

4,179 

60 

2,777 

Pasquotank  - 

288 

4,860 

•532 

2,616 

Perquimans  - 

200 

4,179 

213 

2,467 

Pitt 

640 

5,731 

29 

4,241  1 

Richmond 

800 

5,459 

57 

2,021 

Robeson 

825 

5,677 

428 

2,'.)99 

Sampson 

700 

5,878 

168 

2.SD7 

Tyrrel 

720 

3,007 

51 

1,261 

Washington  - 

360 

2,242 

77 

1.667 

Wayne 

600 

5,721 

157 

3,162  | 

Amount 

22,743 

163,559 

10,009 

113,630  1 

NOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NOR 


TABLE  No.  2. 
Nation  of  the  hilly  or  middle  section  of  North 
Carolina  in  1820. 


C  nties. 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Whites. 

Free  col 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

alia 

ec  enburg 
)i  >mery  - 

mpk  - 

igham 

760 
240 
400 
860 
540 
690 
650 

Cflil 

ouu 
756 
530 
900 
400 

1,226 
560 

1,44U 
960 

1,000 
345 

8,911 
5,612 
7,543 
8,67.t 
4,873 
8,624 
12,692 
7  7in 

/  ,/  1U 

6,860 

5,778 
16,777 

5,275 
10,017 

8,350 
20.489 
11,634 
11,951 

4,214 

147 
17 
293 
183 
159 
521 
208 

D/rt 

18 
84 
562 
80 
223 
150 
139 
195 
734 
190 

3,476 
1,599 
5,416 
3,808 
4,709 
9,071 
1,611 

1  I  A(V> 
1 1 ,4U_ 

1,715 
1,296 
6,153 
3,674 
1,070 
2,974 
5.371 
2,204 
7,417 
6,754 

12,534 
7,228 
13,252 
12.661 
9,741 
18,216 
14,511 
19  786 
8,593 
7,158 
23,492 
9,029 
11,315 
11,474 
26,009 
14,033 
20,102 
11,158 

13,057 

165,980 

4,582 

79,720 

•250,292 

TABLE  No.  3. 

*m.ation  of  the  western  or  mountainous  section 
of  North  Carolina  in  1820. 

nties. 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Whites. 

Free  col 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

1  -abe  - 
v  od  - 

l!  ford  ■ 

768 
2,125 
1,320 
1,450 
.  800 
1,200 
1,000 
726 
800 

4,045 

9,467 
11,419 

3,780 
10,058 
14,791 
11,939 
10,843 

8,633 

40 
33 
75 
19 
25 
27 
41 
112 
143 

250 
1,042 
1,917 

274 
2,988 
3,329 
3,321 
1,365 
1,191 

4,335 
10,542 
13,411 

4,073 
13,071 
18.147 
15,351 
12,320 

9,967 

10,189 

8.5,025 

515 

15,677 

101,217 

TABLE  No.  4. 

Sikpary  of  population  of  N.  Carolina  in  1820, 

S  ions. 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Whites. 

Free  col 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

linous 

22.743 
13/157 
10,189 

163,55^ 
165,980 
85,025 

10.009 

4:582 
515 

113,830 
79.720 
15,677 

237.398 
250,282 
101,217 

45,989 

414,564 

15,106 

209,327 

638,897  j 

Ages. 


Oto  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 


Total 


Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

3,962 
3,593 
1,665 
1,255 
734 
18 

3,704 
3,475 
2,043 
1,454 
801 
28 

44,854 
38,419 
19,636 
14,053 
6,512 
72 

44,190 
37,910 
20,292 
13,374 
6,421 
84 

11,227 

11,505 
11,227 

123,546 

122,271 
123,546 

22,732 

245,817 

Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


4-34,870 
22,732 
245,-17 


-  753,419 


White  persons  of  the  foregoins  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  vears  of  aee 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge 

Total  whiles  insane,  &c. 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  - 
Idiots  and  insane  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge 

Total  of  peraons  employed  in- 
Mining  .... 
Agriculture  - 

Commerce  .... 
Manufactures  and  trades 
iNavigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  or  military  service 
Universities  or  Colleges 
Students  in  do.         ,  ~- 
Acadeaiies  and  grammar  schools 
Students  in  do. 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Scholars  in  do. 
Scholars  at  public  charge 
iNuinbt-r  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write  - 


80 
118 


280 


152 


580 


74 
167 


29 
192 


217,095 
1,734 
14.322 
327 
379 
1,0<6 
609 
2 
158 
141 
4,398 
632 
14,937 
124 

55,609 


ition  of  North  Carolina,  hy  classes,  from 
the  census  of  1840 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

46,413 

43,637 

37,011 

a5,221 

31,473 

29,646 

24,819 

26,965 

38,756 

43,132 

24,254 

25,906 

16.799 

18,114 

10,432 

11,374 

6,365 

6,754 

2,830 

2,943 

741 

962 

125 

150 

upwards 

29 

19 

240,047 

244,823 

240,047 

"otal  whites  - 

484,370 

Population  of  North  Carolina,  by  counties,  from 
the  census  o/"1840. 


Counties. 


Ashe 

Anson 

Bertie 

Buncombe 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Beaufort 

Burke 

Cabarras 

Columbus 

Carteret 

Currituck 

Chatham 

C  ho  waii 


Free  col. 


3,520 
4,855 
2,461 
4,534 
2,127 
1,389 
3,491 
6,129 
3,550 
1,450 
2,495 
2,085 
5,216 
1,315 


3,391 ! 
4,778; 
2,b8J: 
4,264 
2,19(J 
1,383 
3,559 
6,190 
3,421 
1,349, 
2,592 
2,369 
5,393 
1,550 


27 
68 
148 
47 
155 
194 
356 
131 
561 
21 
89! 
79 
141 
91 


254 
2,625 
3,36b 

591 
1,725 
1,060 
2,352 
1,59^ 
1,111 

514 

683 
1,102 
2,632 
1,841 


24^ 
2.679 
3i359 
60b 
1,688 
1,059 
2,120 
1,623 
1,068 
572 
677 
998 
2,684 
1,624 

661 


fotal, 


7,467 
15,077 
12,175 
10,084 
8,022 
5,265 
12,225 
15,799 
9,259 
3,941 
6,591 
b,703 
16,242 
6.6VKJ 


NOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NOR 


Table —  Continued. 


Counties. 


Cherokee  - 

Cumberland 

Camden 

Caswell 

Craven 

Duplin 

Davie 

Davidson 

Edsrecomb 

Franklin 

Granville 

Gates 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Heriford 

Hyde 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Iredell 

Johnson 

Jones 

Lincoln 

Lenoir 

Macon 

Moore 

Montgomery 

Mecklenburg 

Martin 

N.  Hanover 

Nash 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Person 

Pasquotank 

Perquimans 

Pitt 

Kowan 

Kandolph 
Rockingham 
Robeson 
Richmond 
Rutherford 
Sampson 
Surry 
Stokes 
Tyrrel 
Washington 
Wilkes 
Warren 
Wayne 
Wake 
Yancy 

Total  N.  C. 


Whites. 


1,690 
4,419 
1,936 
3,600 
3,254 
3,034 
2,738 
5,880 
3,90; 
2,565 
4,57S 
1,995 
1,637 
7,857 
2  677 
1,623 
2,n40 
2,369 
2,321 
5,890 
3,470 
933 
9,69b 
1,866 
2.25 
3,260 
4,077 
5,919 
2,1 
3,237 
2,417 
2,850 
2,336 
8,260 
2,548 
2,322 
2.H51 
3;013 
4,23^ 
5,565 
4,249 
3.074 
2,262 
8,081 
3,683 
6,366 
6,59S 
1 ,565 
1,301 
5,393 
2,152 
3,244 
5,979 
2,915 


240047 


1,515 
4,611 
1,908 
3,743 
3,370 
3,210 
2,806 
6,057 
4,008 
2,662 
4,731 
2,142 
1,738 
8,034 
2,946 
1,761 
1 

2,281 
2.307 
6,040 
3,526 
964 
9,965 
1,521 
2,1-9 
3,183 
4,144 
5,931 
2,283 
3,134 
2.524 
2,968 
2,339 
8,511 
2,681 
2,328 
2,045 
3,115 
4,410 
5,542 
4,346 
3,188 
2,431 
7,791 
3,792 
6,72/ 
6,820 

1,59; 

1,33b 
5,553 
2,248 
3.510 
6,134 
2,766 


Free  col. 


11 

404 
86 
167 
497 
145 
52 
67 
ISO 
216 
370 
190 
134 
321 
881 
416 
155 
14 
lb 
21 
58 
87 
58 
131 
23 
35 
41 
53 
202 
253 
217 
391 
61 
316 
107 
522 
143 
18 


12 

45b 
72 
159 
615 
116 
40 
69 
174 
217 
431 
192 
115 
316 
956 
386 
9o 
7 
17 
15 
6y 
93 
58 
101 
27 
33 
31 
48 
lbl 
312 


2,650 
885 
3,564 
2,781 
2,364 
919 
1,211 
3,860 
2,739 
4,326 
1,776 
1,506 
1 

4,706 
1,712 
1,219 
171 

249 
1,851 
1.741 
1,423 
2,675 
1,823 
174 
703 
1,248 
3,179 
1,395 
3,230 


106 


Total. 


3,427 


2,742  15,284 
776  5,663 


3,460 
2,921 
2,313 
969 
1,327 
3,579 


14,693 
13,438 
11,1  b2 
7,574 
14.606 
15708 


2.581  10,980 


North  Fairhaven,  village,  Bristol  co.Mas  u 
post  road  66  ras.  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  B  ,„ 
and  20  ms.  SW.  from  Plymouth. 

North  Falmouth,  village  in  the  SW.  p  0j 
Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  by  post  road  72  ma.  J 
from  Boston,  and  18  S.  from  Plymouth. 

Northfield,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  I  on 
the  Merrimac,  14  ms.  above  Concord.  Pop.  jfl 

1,304.  Tp.  in  Staten  island,  N.  Y  1  ^ 

Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Con  tj. 
cut  river,  nearly  opposite  to  Greenfield,  aifl 

ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  Tp.,  Wushi  oo 

co.,  Vt.  Village,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  NW  I 

Newark.  N  W.  tp.  of  Portage  co.,  O. 

Nurthjleet,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  seat  3B 


244523 


192 
143 

602 
164 
61 
128 
96 
85 
34 
69 
85 
157 
2^2 
497 
12 


11227 


192  1,817 
"  3,55"" 
1,349 
3,427 
2,155 
1,516 
1,524 
2,83" 
1,69 


401 
52 
315 
103 
554 
164 
12 
43 
169 
132 
621 
172 
65 
129 
112 
SO 
52 
90 


2,510 
1,439 
1,896 
1,557 
2,249 
828 
1,337 
760 
863 
692 

172  4,237 
1,872 
3,905 
114 


11505 


123546 


4 

1,864 
1,465 
1,359 
4,699 
lf~ 
979 
133 
21 
1,365 
1,735 
1,395 
2,711 
1,860 
194 
769 
1,239 
3,143 
1,421 
3,146 
1,850 
3,207, 
1,390 
3,527 
2,196 
1,272 
1,419 
2,812 
1,665 


18,817 
8,161 
6,595 
19,175 
16,865 
7,484 
6,458 
4,975 
5,129 
15,655 
10,599 
4,945 
25,1" 
7,605 
4,869 
7.983 
10,780 
18,273 
7.637 
13,312 
9,047 
13,369 
7,527 
24,356 
9,7H0 
8,514 
7,346 
11,806 
12,109 


the  Th£ 


(  id 


711  12,875 
2,262;  13,442 
1,446  10,370 
1,984  8,909 
1,644  19,202 
2,176  12,157 
950  15,079 
1,345  16,265 
651  4,657 
864  4,525 
738  12,577 
3,963  12,929 
1,801  10,891 
4,088  21,118 
140  5,962 


122271  753419 


North  Castle,  town,  West  Chester  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  river,  about  16  ms.  from 
King's  bridge. 

North  Channel,  Bay  of  Quinle,  U.  C,  leads 
from  John's  island,  southerly,  .between  the  tps.  of 
Sophiasburgh,  Fredericksburgh,  and  Adolphus. 
town. 

Northcurry,  town  of  England,  in  Somersetshire, 
on  the  Tone,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Wells,  and  134  W. 
by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3°  W.,  lat.  51°  N. 
North  Clinton,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me. 


North  East,  town, 
E.  side  of  Hudson  river 


Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
about  90  ms.  N.  of  New 

York.  Village,  Erie  co.,  Pa.,  in  the  NE.  angle 

of  Erie  co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  NE.  from  the  village  of 

Erie  Village,  Cecil  co,,  Md.,  46  ms.  NE. 

from  Baltimore. 

North  End,  village,  Mathews  co.,  Va.,  by  post 
road  98  ms.  E.  from  Richmond, 
662 


ames,  1  m.  W.  of  Gravesend,  and  21  ra 
London.  Vast  quantities  of  lime  are  mad(  nd 
great  numbers  of  extraneous  fossils  have  beei  j» 
up  here. 

North  Ford,  town,  New  Haven  co-,  Com  U 
ms.  NE.  from  New  Haven. 

North  Granville,  village,  Washington  c<  i* 
Y.,  on  Pawlet  river,  63  ms.  NNE.  from  Al  y. 

North  Hampton,  village,  Oxford  co.,  Me  - 
Town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  60  ms.  SE.  m 
Concord. 

North  Haven,  tp.,  New  Haven  co.,  Ct.,  J 
N.  from  New  Haven. 

North  Hempstead,  village  and  seat  of  jo  J 
Queen's  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Long  Island,  20  ml 
from  N.  Y.  Harborhill,  in  this  town,  is  the  J 
est  land  on  Long  island.    Pop,  3,000. 

North  Hero,  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Isle  co.,  Vt.,  on  Grand  Isle. 

Northington,  village  on  Farmington  r 
ms.  W.  from  Hartford. 

North  Killingworth,  town,  Middlesex  ci 
lfi  ms.  SSE.  from  Middletown,  and  20  mi 
by  E.  from  New  Haven. 

North  Kingston,  tp.,  Washington  co., 
It  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Narragansett  y, 
between  E.  Greenwich  and  S.  Kingston. 
North  Learsment,  village,  Hancock  co.,  IV 
Northlech,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  61c  s- 
tershire,  with  several  almshouses  and  a  free  §n 
mar  school.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lech,  25  rmi 
of  Gloucester,  and  80  W.  by  N.  of  London.  • 
1  43  W.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

North  Livermore,  village,  Oxford  co.,  Mel 
Androscoggin  river,  60  ms.  N.  from  Portlanc 
North  Marshjield,  village,  Plymouth  co.,  A 
38  ms.  SE.  from  Boston. 

North  Middleborough,  village,  Plymouth 
Mass.,  41  ms.  SSE.  from  Boston. 

North  Middleton,  village,  Bourbon  co., 
49  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

North  Moreland,  village,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa 
North  Mountain,  local  name  for  that  p* 
the  Kittatinny  range  which  passes  between  <  n- 
berland  and  Perry  cos.,  and  through  Frankiir  U 
Penn. 

North  Norway,,  village,  Oxford  co.,  Me  f| 
ms.  NW.  from  Portland. 

North  Norwich,  village  on  Chenango  riv<  in 
Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  7  ms.  above  and  N.  m 
Norwich,  and  by  post  road  105  ms.  W.  fror 
bany. 

North  Penjield,  village,  Monroe  co-,  N.  ^  ^ 
ms.  NE.  from  Rochester. 


NOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NOR 


irth  Plympton,  village,  Plymouth  co  ,  Mass., 
i.  S.  from  Boston. 
jrthport,  village,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  6  ms.  S. 
mBelfast,  and  by  post  road  108  ms.  NE.  from 
jnnd. 

Irth  Portland,  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  25 
nB-»TW.  from  Norridgewock. 

Irth  Providence,  tp.,  Providence  co.,  R.  I., 
:diencing  4  ms.  N.  from  Providence.  It  in- 
iiii  the  manufacturing  village  of  Patucket,  3 
uhes,  2  academies,  and  a  bank. 


c  tains  an  academy. 

I-th  Scituate,  village,  Providence  co.,  II 
>  I.  W.  from  Providence. 


er,  15  ms.  NE.  from  Ballston  Spa.  Wilton  was 
cut  off  from  Northumberland  since  1810. 

Northumberland,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Schuyl- 
kill SE.,  Dauphin  S.,  Susquehannah  river,  or 
Union  W.,  Lycoming  N.,  and  Columbia  NE 
Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  13,  area  455  sq.  ms. 
This  is  one  of  the  mountain  counties  of  Pa.,  and 
very  much  diversified  in  surface.  Having  so  much 
river,  it  possesses,  notwithstanding   its  general 
mountainous  aspect,  a  large  proportion  of  good 
and  considerable  first  rate  soil.     Washed  by  the 
River,  Mass.,  rising  in  Pembroke,  Ply-  main  Susquehannah,  20  ms.  below,  and  by  the 
co.,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  be-;  W.  branch,  20  ms.  above  Sunbury  and  Northum- 
tfarcbfield  and  Scituate.    It  is  navigable  for !  berland,  produces  a  range  of  river  soil  of  40  ms. 
of  300  tons  18  ms.  to  Pembroke.  in  length.    To  this  may  be  added  10  ms.  of  the 

h  River  Mills,  post  office,  Hampshire  co.,  E.  branch,  between  Sunbury  and  Danville,  the 
50  ms.  N  W.  by  W.  from  W.  C.  i  whole,  including  both  banks  of  the  latter  section, 

Salem,  town,  West  Chester  co.,  N.  Y.  .yielding  a  river  line  of  60  ms.    This  alluvial  range 

contains  the  ma?s  of  the  population.  Contrary  to 
the  ordinary  course  of  the  Appalachian  ridges,  the 
mountains  of  Northumberland  extend  nearly  E. 
fih  Stonington,  town,  New  London  co.,  Ct.,  and  W.  The  principal  ridges  are,  advancing  from 
t  E.  from  New  London.  1  S.  to  N.,  Line  mountain,  Little  Mahoney,  Maho- 

r-th  Vineyard,  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  15jney,  and  Shamokin,  below  the  junction  of  the 
%\V.  from  Norridgewock.  '  two  great  branches-  of  Susquehannah  ;  above  their 

fl'thumberland,  co.  of  Eng.,  which  received  confluence,  Montours  mountain  and  the  Limestone 
ttime  from  being  situated  N.  of  the  Huraher.  i  Ridge. 

I  Saxon  Heptarchy  it  was  a  part  of  the  king-;  Beside  the  two  fine  rivers  we  have  noticed, 
■f  the  Northumbrians,  which  contained  also ;  Northumberland  is  drained  by  some  large  creeks, 
s  tounties  of  York,  Lancaster,  Durham,  Cum-  the  principal  of  which  are  Mahantango,  Mahoney, 
lijd,  and  Westmoreland.  It  forms  the  N.  ex-  and  Shamokin,  entering  Susquehannah  below 
my  of  Eng.,  and  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  j  Sunbury,  and  Chilisquaque,  Limestone,  and  War- 
jrin  ocean,  on  the  S.  by  the  bishopric  of  Dur  ,rior  creeks,  above  Northumberland.  Some  of  those 
injon  the  SW.  and  W.  by.Cumberland,  and  meander  through  narrow  valleys  with  much  good 
i  ii  NW.  and  N.  by  Scotland,  from  which  it! soil.  The  staple  productions  of  Northumberland 
elarated  by  the  Tweed  It  extends  70  ms.  iare  grain,  flour  salted  provisions,  lumber,  whiskey, 
niS.  to  S.,  and  50  from  E.  to  W.  It  lies  in  J  and  many  ether  articles.  Its  principal  towns  are 
aiocessof  Durham,  contains  12  market  towns !  Sunbury,  Northumberland,  Milton,  and  Watson- 
dfiO  parishes,  and  sends  8  members  to  Parlia- 1  burg.  Pop.  1820,  15,424;  and  in  1840,20,027. 
en    Pop.  1801,  157,101;  in  1811,  172, 16 1 4  For  central  lat.,  see  Northumberland, 

di  1821,  198,965.    The  air  of  this  co.  is  not'     Northumberland,  village,  Point  tp.,  Norlhum- 
id  as  might  be  imagined  from  the  lat.  in  berland  co.,  Pa.    This  village  is  situated  on  the 

II  it  lies;  for  its  situation  between  two  seas,  !  point  above  the  confluence  of  the  two  great  branches 
1  t|  narrowest  part  of  Eng.,  gives  it  the  advan  •  of  Susquehannah  river,  and  opposite  Sunbury. 

"having  the  cold  moderated  by  the  vapors  of  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820,  1,373.    Lat.  40  52  N. 


and,  for  this  reason,  the  snow  seldom  lies 
n  this  co.,  except  on  the  tops  of  high  hills. 


Ion.  W.  C.  12'  E.  Co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Po- 
tomac river  NE.,  Chesapeake  bay  SE.,  Lancaster 
air  is  very  healthful,  and  the  people,  who  and  Richmond  SW.,  and  Westmoreland  NW. 
illy  live  to  a  great  age,  are  seldom  afflicted  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  8,  area  240  sq.  Out. 
thickness.  The  soil  is  various,  the  eastern  Surface  rather  waving  than  hilly  ;  soil  of  middling 
which  is  fruitful,  having  very  good  wheat  and  quality.  Chief  town  Bridgetown.  Pop.  in  1820, 
sorts  of  corn,  and  has  rich  meadows  on  the  8,016;  and  in  1840.  7,924.    For  central  lat,,  see 

Northumberland  C.  H.,  next  article. 

Northumberland,  C.  H.  and  village,  Northum 
on  Presby  creek,  96  ms.  NE. 
Lat.  37  56  N.,  Ion.  34'  E. 
North  Village,  town  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  69 


)f  the  rivers,  but  the  western  part  is  gener- 
rren,  it  being  mostly  healthy  and  mountain- 
The  SE.  part  abounds  with  pit  coal,  of  berland  co.,  Va 
658,858  chaldrons  are  computed  to  be  an-  from  Richmond, 
shipped  from  thence  to  London.    There  are 


rge  quantities  of  lead  and  timber     The  1  ms.  from  Boston. 


il  rivers  are  the  Tyne,  the  Tweed,  and  the 
it.    Alnwick  is  the  county  town,  but  thcjVa.,  20  m 
t  is  Newcastle. 

"thumberland,  NE.  co.  of  L.  C  ,  on  the  left 
f  St.  Lawrence  river,  extending  from  Hamp 

indefinitely  towards  Labrador.  Co.  of  U. 

if.  from  Prince  Edward  and  Hastings  cos.,  and 

ding  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Rice  lake.  Vil- 

Uoos  co.,  N.  H.,  on  Connecticut  river, 

120  ms  N.  from  Concord.  Town,  Sar- 

co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  right  side  of  Hudson  riv- 


Korth  West  River  Bridge,  village,  Norfolk  co., 

S.  from  Norfolk. 
Northwest  Territory. — See  Michigan  State. 
Norlhioood,  town,  Rockingham  co  ,  N.  H.,  20 
ms.  E.  from  Concord.    Pop.  1810,  1,095;  in 
1820,  1,260. 

North  Yarmouth,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me., 
on  Casco  bay,  12  ms.  N.  from  Portland.  Pop. 
1810,  3,925;  in  1820,  3,679. 

Northwich,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Weaver,  near  its  conflux  with  the 

663 


NOR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  NOR 


Dane,  and  is  noted  for  its  salt  works.  The  strata 
of  salt  lie  about  40  yards  deep,  and  some  of  them 
art*  hollowed  into  the  form  of  a  temple.  Vast  pits 
of  solid  rock  salt  have  been  dug  here  to  a  great 
depth,  from  which  immense  quantities  are  raised  ; 
and  much  of  it,  in  its  crude  state,  goes  to  Liver- 
pool by  the  river  Weaver,  to  be  exported.  North- 
wich  is  20  ms.  NE.  of  Chester.,  and  173  NW.  of 
London.    Lon.  2  36  W.,  lat.  53  16  W. 

Norton,  village,  Essex  co.,  Vt.  Bristol  co., 

Mass.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Wading  river,  7  ms. 
NW.  of  Taunton.    Pop.  1810,  1,598;  in  1820, 

1,600.  Town,  Delaware  co.,  O.,  9  ms.  N. 

from  Delaware,  and  34  in  the  same  direction  from 
Columbus.  SE.  tp.,  Medina  co.,  O. 

Norton,  or  Chipping  Norton,  corporate  town 
of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire.  It  is  12  ms.  SW.  of 
Banbury,  and  74  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  17 
W.,  lat.  51  55  N. 

Norton  Sound,  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  North  Americn,  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in 
his  last  voyage.  There  is  no  good  harbor  in  all 
the  sound,  nor  even  a  tolerable  station  for  ships. 
Lon.  162  47  W.,  lat.  64  55  N. 

Norwalk,  town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  situated  on 
Long  Island  sound,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Fairfield,  and 
50  NE.  of  the  city  of  New  York.  It  contains  a 
newspaper  printing  office,  an  academy,  and  three 
churches.    Pop.  1810,  2,983;  in  1820,  3,004. 

 Town  and  seat  of  justice,  Huron  co.,  O.,  14 

ms.  from  Lake  Erie,  and  100  NE.  from  Colum- 
bus. Lon.  W.  C.  5  33  E.,  lat.  41  16  N.  Pop. 
in  1820,  579. 

Norway,  kingdom  in  the  north  of  Europe,  the 
most  westerly  part  of  the  ancient  Scandinavia.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  W.  and  N.  by  the  Northern 
ocean,  E.  by  Swedish  Lapland  and  Sweden,  and 
S.  by  the  Cattegate,  extending  from  the  Naze,  in 
lat.  57  30,  to  the  North  Cape,  in  lat.  71  10.  Its 
breadth,  which  is  very  unequal,  is  from  40  to  280 
ms.  It  is  naturally  formed  into  two  divisions, 
namely  Northern  and  Southern  or  proper  Norway, 
separated  from  each  other  by  the  small  Swedish 
province  of  Herndahl.  It  is  divided  into  the  gov- 
ernments of  Aggerhuys,  Christiana,  or  Christian- 
sand,  Berghen,  Drontheim,  and  Finmark — the 
whole  embracing  an  area  of  161,000  sq.  ms  ,  with 
an  aggregate  pop.  of  930,000. 

By  the  treaty  of  Kiel,  January,  1814,  Norway, 
against  the  free  opinion  of  its  people,  was  trans- 
ferred from  Denmark  to  Sweden,  Denmark  re- 
ceiving, in  return,  Swedish  Pomerania  aud  the  is- 
land of  Rugen.  From  its  rocky  soil  and  northern 
position,  Norway  is  not  populous  in  proportion  to 
its  extent.  The  inhabitants,  like  the  Swiss  moun- 
taineers, are  exceedingly  attached  to  their  country. 
In  Norway  they  have  a  particular  code,  called  the 
Norway  Law,  compiled  by  Grieffelfeld,  at  the 
command  of  Christian  V.,  the  great  legislator  of 
this  country.  By  this  law,  the  palladium  of  Nor- 
way, the  peasants  are  free,  except  in  some  aristo- 
cratic estates,  near  Frederickstadt ;  and  the  bene- 
fits of  this  code  were  visible  in  the  great  difference 
in  their  appearance  between  the  free  peasants  in 
Norway  and  the  enslaved  vassals  of  Denmark, 
though  both  were  living  under  the  same  govern- 
ment. The  inviolability  of  their  laws  and  the  in- 
tegrity of  the  kingdom  were  stipulated  in  the  treaty 
of  Kiel.  The  Norwegian  peasants  possess  much 
664- 


spirit  and  fire  in  their  manner ;  are  frank,  (  | 
and  undaunted,  yet  not  insolent;  never  faw 
yet  paying  proper  respect.  Their  principal  f 
of  salute  is  by  offering  their  hand  ;  and  when  L 
are  given  or  paid  any  trifle,  the  peasants,  in  4 
of  returning  thanks  by  words,  or  by  a  bow,  }  £ 
hands  with  great  frankness  and  cordiality.  I 
same  causes  which  affect  the  population  of  \, 
way  operate  likewise  on  the  state  of  tillage  1 
although  in  some  places  vegetation  is  so  quids  \ 
the  corn  is  sown  and  cut  in  six  or  seven  w  i 
yet  the  country  does  not  produce  sufficient  coiifti 
its  own  consumption.  It  is,  however,  exceed  I 
rich  in  pasture,  and  consequently  produces  if 
cattle.  The  horses  are  small,  but  strong,  ver  ■ 
tive  and  hardy.  The  fisheries,  particularly  o  fl 
west  coast,  find  employment  and  wealth  fo  t 
natives,  and  supplied  the  finest  sailors  for  the  1 
nish  fleet.  The  principal  fish  are  salmon,  I 
ling,  and  whiting ;  their  livers  also  yield  train  I 
and  the  smallest  are  given  as  winter  fodder  1 | 
cattle.  The  extensive  forests  of  oak  and  pine  1 
duce  timber,  spars,  beams,  and  planks,  beside  « 
coal,  turpentine,  bark,  fuel,  and  even  manure  I 
the  birch  (the  bark  of  which  is  used  as  a  covifl 
for  the  roofs  of  houses)  not  only  supplies  fuel  ■ 
also  a  kind  of  wine.  The  general  exports  ar  I 
low,  butter,  salt,  dried  fish,  timber,  planks,  he  I 
horned  cattle,  silver,  cobalt,  alum,  Prussian  |«: 
copper,  and  iron.  It  abounds  in  lakes  and  ri  I 
the  former  so  large  that  they  appear  like  inlt  tr- 
the  sea  ;  but  the  rivers  are  in  general  of  a  I 
course,  except  the  Glommen.  The  mountain  1 
numerous,  and  generally  clothed  with  pines  1 
firs.  The  grand  Scandinavian  chain,  which  « 
from  S.  to  N.,  dividing  this  kingdom  from !  I 
den,  is  known  by  distinct  appellations;  the  ft 
are  the  ridges  of  Langfiel,  Dofrafial,  Kolen,  J 
Severuoi.  The  wild  animals  are  the  bear,  I  f 
wolf,  fox,  and  hare;  but  the  most  singular  era  1 
is  the  lemming,  or  Norwegian  mouse,  of  a  ret 
color,  and  about  five  inches  long.  These  anil 
proceed  in  vast  numbers  from  the  ridge  of  Kolijfl 
the  sea,  devouring  every  product  of  the  soil 
their  course,  and  at  last  seem  to  devour  eacho 

The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  considerable  I 
with  foreign  nations.  Their  exports  are  co|fl 
wrought  and  unwrought;  iron  cast  into  can  I 
stoves,  and  pots,  or  forged  into  bars;  masts,  • 
ber,  deal  boards,  planks,  marble,  millstone*,  - 
ring,  cod,  ling,  flounders,  cowhides,  goat  s  I 
seal  skins,  the  furs  of  bears,  &c.,  down,  feat  I 
butter,  tallow,  train  oil,  tar,  juniper  and  other  I 
of  berries  and  nuts.  They  have  inexhau; » 
quarries  of  excellent  marble,  black,  wh 
grey,  and  variegated.  Gold  has  likewise  ■ 
found  in  a  small  quantity,  and  a  considerable 
ver  mine  is  at  present  wrought  at  Koningsber  t 
the  risk  of  his  Danish  majesty.  These  were  I 
ted  by  Mr.  Coxe,  who  says  that  they  formerly  I 
duced  70,000  pounds,  but  they  now  produce  y 
50,000  pounds.  The  mines  of  cobalt,  and  e 
preparation  of  Prussian  blue,  are  much  more  I 
ductive. — See  particularly,  in  connexion  with  I 
way,  L  ipland,  and  Sweden,  and  for  general  o  I 
vations  of  all  those  parts,  the  general  article  S I 
dinavia. 

Norway,  village,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  45  I 
NNW.  from  Portland.  Town,  Herkimer  > 


NOT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


NOT 


v.  \  25  ms.  a  liltl 
D<]  i  NW.  by  W. 
fi/wich,  ancient 


tie  E.  of  N.  from  Herkimer, 
from  Albany. 

and  populous  city  of  Eng., 
ic  oital  of  Norfolk.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yare, 
•hie runs  through  it,  and  is  navigable  to  Yar- 
tooj  without  locks.  Though,  as  it  has  been 
iid,  is  a  populous  city,  yet  there  is  void  enough 
t  it  r  another  colony  ;  and,  from  the  intermix- 
ing its  houses  with  trees,  it  is  called  a  city  in 
i  ojiard.  Its  manufactures  are  generally  sent 
i  L  don,  though  considerable  quantities  are  ex- 
jrifi  from  Yarmouth,  to  Holland,  Germany, 
w«n,  and  Norway.  It  is  43  ms.  N.  of  Ips- 
Jind  109  NE.  of  London.    Lon.  1  20  E., 

Uff  40  N.    Pop.  1811,  37,256.  Tp.  of 

.  Clin  Oxford  co.,  on  the  river  Thames.  

vm  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  opposite  Hanover,  on 
wLkicut  river,  21  ms.  above  Windsor.    It  is 

e«it  of  a  military  academy.    Pop.  2,000.  

wm  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  15  ms.  W.  from 

Xmpton.    Pop.  1820,  849.  Tp.,  town, 

*fl  at  of  justice,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
ijigo  river,  49  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from 
lift!  and  60  E.  from  Ithaca.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in 
il»2,550;  in  1820,3,257.  Lat.  42  32  N., 
«p.  C.  1  28  E.- — Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  O., 
$Mo  river,  8  ms.  above  Columbus. 
Jfhvich,  city  and  seat  of  justice,  New  London 
.,'A  ,  on  Thames  river,  at  the  head  of  tide  nav- 
•tkL  13  ras.  above  New  London,  and  38  ms. 
Mbm  Hartford.    Lat.  41  34  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

Wa Thames  is  formed  by  the  junction,  at  Chel- 
Uding,  of  the  Shetucket  and  Yantic  rivers, 
awh,  the  city,  is  on  the  Yantic,  but  is  gene- 
Hfpnsidered  to  include  Chelsea  landing  and 
fll  Hill.    The  Yantic,  about  a  mile  above  its 
MMwith  the  Shetucket,  is  precipitated  over  a 
lljjiich  affords  admirable  facilities  for  manufac- 
rttpstablishraents,  many  of  which  are  in  ope- 
u#«  Woolen  and  col  ton  cloths,  morocco  and 
•nun  leather,  paper,  &c,  are  extensively  pro- 
mt Saw  and  Hour  mills  abound.  Chelsea 
tidjii:  is  the  port,  and  seat  of  commercial  trans-  j 
*»i    Norwich  proper  is  two  miles  up  the  I 
tm,  and  contains  the  public  buildings.  Beacon  , 
ilj  j  again  W.  from  Norwich.    The  scenery 
•■Norwich  is  highly  pleasing,  and  heightened 
ftjch,  well-cultivated  country.    Pop.  of  the  | 
U10,  3,528;  in  1820,  3,634;  city  of  Nor- 1 
iclji  1840,  4,200. 

fyen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
krony,  situated  on  the  Muldau,  18  ms.  W. 
Biden.    Lon.  13  0  E.,  lat.  51  2  N. 
Vihengong,  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the  prov- 
uj  Berar,  75  ms.  SSW.  of  Ellichpbur.  Lon. 
J  IE.,  lat.  20  32  N. 

Wtburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  Government 
*f  rsburg,  sealed  on  an  island  in  the  Lake  La- 
t  the  place  where  the  river  Neva  proceeds 
oriiais  lake.    It  has  a  good  citadel,  and  was 
ipiUof  Ingria  before  Petersburg  was  built.   It  is 
;  Itts  E.  of  Petersburg.    Lon.  31  9  E.,  lat. 

Nq,  ancient,  large,  and  handsome  town  of  J 
i<  il.  and  capital  of  Val-di-Noto.    It  was  ruined  I 

ti;arthquake  in  1693,  but  another  town  wasj 
J  U  )me  distance  from  it,  called  Nota  Nuovo.  I 
H*  - 


It  is  22  ms.  SW.  of  Syracuse.  Lon.  15  19  E., 
lat.  36  58  N. 

Notre  Dame  des  Anges,  seigniory,  Quebec  co. , 
L.  C,  opposite  Quebec. 

Nottaway,  river,  rises  in  Prince  Edward,  Not- 
taway,  and  Lunenburg  cos.,  Va.,  and,  flowing 
nearly  E.  between  Dinwiddie,  Brunswick,  and 
Greenville,  into  Sussex,  there  turns  to  SE.,  through 
Sussex  and  Southampton,  joins  Blackwater  just 
within  the  limits  of  N.  C.  Entire  comparative 
course  120  ms.  Below  the  junction  of  the  Notta- 
way and  Blackwater,  the  united  streams  flow  S. 
about  10  ms.,  and,  uniting  with  the  Meherrin, 
form  the  Chowan  river. 

Nottaway,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Dinwiddie 
SE.,  Brunswick  S.,  Lunenburg  SW.,  Prince  Ed- 
ward NW.,  and  Amelia  NE.  Length  22,  mean 
width  12  ms.  ;  area  264  sq.  ms.  It  is  washed  in 
all  the  SW.  borders  by  the  Nottaway,  and  about 
half  the  county  drained  by  the  creeks  of  that  river. 
Its  NE.  moiety  is  drained  by  Flat  creek,  Deep 
creek,  Winticomock,  and  others  flowing  into  Ap- 
pomatax  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,658;  in  1840, 
9,719.  Lat.  37  0  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  1  0  W. 
intersect  in  this  county. 

Notfelen,  twon  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia,  in  the  bishopric  of  Munster,  7  ms.  W. 
of  Munster. 

Nottingham,  county  town  of  Nottinghamshire, 
Eng.  It  is  situated  on  a  rocky  eminence,  and  is  a 
populous  and  handsome  town,  distinguished  by  its 
spacious  market  place,  and  noted  for  its  excellent 
ale.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  vaults,  or  cellars,  cut 
into  the  rock,  and  in  the  neighborhood  are  many 
coal  pits,  which  afford  plenty  of  fuel,  at  little  ex- 
pense. Nottingham  is  seated  on  a  river  which 
communicates  with  the  Trent,  1  m.  to  the  S.  It 
is  16  ms.  E.  of  Derby,  and  123  N.  by  W.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  2  W.,  lat.  52  58  N.  Town, 

Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  24  ms.  NW.  of  Ports- 
mouth. 

Nottingham,  tp.,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.  Pop, 
in  1820,  3,633. 

Nottingham,  West,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N. 
H.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Merrimack  river,  45  ms.  N. 
by  W.  of  Boston. 

Nottingham,  East  and  West,  the  two  SW.  and 
contiguous  tps.  in  Chester  co.,  Pa.  They  are 
situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Octorara  creek,  and  join 
Maryland. 

Nottingham,  NE.  tp.,  Washington  co  ,  Pa., 
on  Monongahela  river,  18  ms.  from  Washington. 

 Town,  Prince  George's  co.,  Md.,  on  the  W. 

side  of  Patuxent  river,  27  ms.  SE.  of  Washington, 

 A  hilly  tp.,  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  7  ms.  W. 

from  Cadiz.  This  township  contains  the  village  of 
Moorfield. 

Nottinghamshire,  co.  of  Eng.,  48  ms.  long  and 
20  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Yorkshire  and 
Lincolnshire,  on  the  E.  by  the  latter  co.,  on  the 
S.  by  Leicestershire,  and  on  the  W.  by  Derby- 
shire. It  lies  in  the  diocese  of  York  ;  contains 
95,000  inhabitants,  and  sends  8  members  to  Parli- 
ament. No  county  in  England  enjoys  a  pleasant- 
er  or  healthier  air.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Trent  and  Idle ;  the  former  inferior  only  to  the  Sev- 
ern, Thames,  and  Humber.  Pop.  in  1801,  140.- 
350;  in  1811,  162,000;  and  1821,  in  186,873. 

665 


NOV  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Nou  Kian,  great  river  of  Africa,  rising,  according 
to  Arrowsmith,  in  the  Thibetian  Alps,  between  the 
sources  of  the  Blue  river,  and,  flowing  thence 
southeastward  towards  China,  but  is  there  con- 
founded with  the  numerous  and  very  defectively 
known  streams  of  the  vast  region  between  Bengal 
and  Yemen,  by  Arrowsmith,  the  Nou  Kian  con- 
tinued in  the  Thaluayan  and  discharged  into  the 
Gulf  of  Ava.  By  other  geographers,  it  is  the  high- 
er Maykaung,  or  Japanese  river  of  Cambodia  ;  but 
the  most  probable  of  all  conjectures  on  the  subject 
is,  that  the  Nou  Kian  and  Meinam  are  the  same. — 
See  Meinam. 

Nuvalle,  small,  but  populous  town  of  Italy,  10 
ms.  NE.  of  Padua,  and  12  8  W.  of  Treviso.  Lon. 
12  10  E.,  Iat.  45  29  N. 

Novara,  ancient  and  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Milan,  capital  of  the  Novarese.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Verceil. 
and  25  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  35  E.^ 
Iat.  45  25  N. 

Nova  Scotia,  or  Acadia,  province  of  British  N. 
America,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  U.  S.,  on  the 
N.  by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  E.  by  the 
gulf  of  that  name,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Atlantic 
and  Bay  of  Fundy,  being  so  indented  by  the  lat- 
ter that  its  eastern  part  forms  a  peninsula.  It  ex 
tends  from  Cape  Sable,  its  most  southern  point,  in 
lat.  43  23  to  49  30  N.,  and  from  60  15  to  67  0  W. 
lon.  In  1784,  part  of  this  country  was  formed  into 
a  new  province. — See  New  Brunswick.  The  most 
part  of  the  country  is  one  continued  tract  of  forest, 
and  the  soil,  except  on  the  river  banks,  is  thin  and 
barren.  Halifax  is  the  capita!.  Pop.  in  1825, 
about  130,000  ;  and  in  1843,  calculated  at  143,- 
000,  of  which  probably  10,000  were  contained  in 
Halifax. 

Nova  Zemlia,  Nova  Zembla,  large  and  deso- 
late island,  lying  off  the  northern  coast  of  Asia, 
and  NE.  of  Europe,  extending  from  lat.  69°  to 
76°  N.  It  is  about  500  by  240  miles.  It  is 
uninhabited,  and  only  visited  by  fishermen,  in 
summer. 

Novellara,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  small  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
sovereign  resides.  It  is  17  ms.  E.  Vy  N.  of  Par- 
ma, and  20  S.  by  W.  of  Mantua.  Lon.  11  4  E., 
lat.  44  48  N. 

Novi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
22  miles  NW.  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  29  E.,  lat.  44 
45  N. 

Novi  Bazar,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ser- 
via,  seated  near  the  Oresco,  72  miles  W.  of  Nissa, 
and  103  S.  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  21  1  E.,  lat.  43 
35  N. 

Novigrad,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
co.  of  the  same  name,  near  the  Danube,  25  ms  N. 

of  Buda.  Town  of  Dalmatia,  with  a  castle, 

seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  near  the  Gulf 
of  Venice,  17  ms.  E.  of  Nova,  and  25  NW.  of 

Zara.  Strong  place  of  European  Turkey,  in 

Servia,  seated  near  the  Danube,  35  miles  N.  of 
Nissa. 

Novogorod,  called  by  pre-eminence  Great  No- 
vogorod,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of 
the  same  name,  and  shared  with  Kiew  in  being  one 
of  the  cradles  of  the  Russian  empire.  It  was  for  a 
long  time  governed  by  its  own  dukes,  but  was  in 
fact  a  republic,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a^nominal 
666 


sovereign.  Its  territory  extended  t©  the  far 
as  the  frontiers  of  Livonia  and  Finland,  con 
great  part  of  the  province  of  Archangel,  and  rge 
district  beyond  the  NW.  limits  of  Siberia.  4 
the  great  mart  of  trade  between  Russia  a  the 
Hanseatic  cities,  and  made  the  mo.-t  rapid  an- 
ces  in  opulence  and  population.  Its  power  560 
great,  and  its  situation  so  impregnable,  as  t  -jte 
rise  to  a  proverb,  Who  can  resist  the  go  ^ 
Great  Novogorod  1  But  in  the  15th  centi  hi, 
independent  republic  was  obliged  to  submit  I 
Basilowitz  I.,  Grand  Duke  of  Russia.  A  fa 
subjection,  this  city  declined  slowly,  until  thi  ili. 
ing  of  St.  Petersburg  completed  its  ruin,  op, 
now  about  8,000.  Novogorod  is  situate  n  fa 
N.  end  of  the  Lake  Ilmen,  125  ms.  SSE.  ■ 
Petersburg.  Lon.  31  45  E.,  lat.  58  25  N.I 
Novogorod,  Niznei,  city  of  Russia,  capit  f  \ 
Government  of  the  same  name.  The  trade  on. 
siderable,  and  the  shops  richly  furnished  \  all 
kinds  of  foreign  and  home  goods.  It  is  ■ 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Occa  with  the  VolgB 
ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  46  30  E.,  f 
34  N. 

Novogorod,  Sieverskoi,  town  of  Russia,  iul 
of  a  Government  of  the  same  name,  seated  the 
Desna,  340  ms.  SW.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  32  I 
lat.  52  20  N. 

Novogrodek,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  c  m 
latinate  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  a  hill  in  ast 
plain,  80  ms.  8.  by  E.  of  Wilna.  Lon.  26 1 
lat.  53  25  N. 

Novomigorod,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  G  rn- 
mentof  Catherinenslaf,  136  ms. 
therinenslaf.    Lon.  31  44  E.,  lat.  48  40  K  I 

Noutra,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatii  of 
Cracow,  near  which  are  mines  of  gold  and  m, 
It  is  30  ms.  S.  of  Cracow. 

Noxonton,  village,  Newcastle  co.,  Del.,  m 
SSW.  from  Wilmington. 

Noya,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia.  Tin  liel 
trade'is  in  ship-building.  It  stands  at  the  ulh 
of  the  Tambro,  15  ms.  W.  ot  Compostelia. 

Noyers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep  of  ^  ne, 
seated  on  the  Serin,  19  ms.  ESE.  of  Auxei  % 

Noyon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Oi:  | 
give  birth  to  the  famous  Calvin  ;  and  wnf  I 
an  episcopal  see.  It  is  seated  near  the  OiM 
ms.  NW.  of  Soissons,  and  60  N.  by.B.  of  A 

Nozeroy,  town  of  Fr.,  department  of  Jur  '"n 
a  castle,  seated  on  a  mountain,  20  ms. 
Salins. 

Nubia,  country  of  Africa,  bounded  on  tl« 
by  Egypt,  E.  by  the  Red  Sea.,  8.-  by  AbJ 
and  Darfoor,  and  W.  by  Bornou. — 8ce  J  $ 
p.  11.  • 

Nuddy,  river  in  Hindoostan,  is  the  tcrmi  ion 
of  many  rivers,  example  "  Maha  Muddi  m 
Great  River. 

Nuesira,  Senoke-de-la-Paz,  town  of  8.  An  ca, 
in  Peru,  and  the  audience  of  Los  Charcas.  j11 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  in  a  'e) 
abounding  with  vines  and  fruits,  which  txi& 
be  ripe  in  January.  Lon.  64  5  W.,  I 
50  S. 

Nuestra  Senora,  de  la  Vittoria,  city  (rf  M  «° 
in  Yucatan,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  bay  Ten* 
Lat.  18  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  14  50.  Abo.W 
ms.  SSW.  from  Campeachy. 


NUR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


OAK 


n-a  Segovia,  town  of  the  East  Indies,  in 
heje  of  Luzon,  and  one  of  the  Philippines,  with 

ii  op's  see.  The  Portuguese  alcaied,  major  of 
he|ovince,  resides  at  this  place.  It  is  seated 
K>a<he  mouth  of  the  river  Cagayan.  Lon.  120 
K*l  lat.  18  59  N. 

ktz,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Cote 
'O  and  Lite  province  of  Burgundy,  famous  for 
-  eiellent  wines.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
villain,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Dijon,  and  130  SE.  of 
»ari   Lon.  5°  E.,  lat.  47  10  N. 

jikahiva,  principal  ol  the  Marquesas  or  Wash- 
jfltj  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific  ocean.  S.  lat. 
^jlon.  W.  London,  139  30,  and  52  30  W. 
Ml  C.  The  bearing  from  the  mouth  of  Co- 
nil  river  is  S.  B.  11  W.  distance  3,903  nau- 
-;4lhd  4,483  statute  miles. — See  Marquesas  is- 

■wmancia,  anciently  a  considerable  town  of 
ail  in  Old  Castile,  celebrated  for  a  siege  of 
i  jirs  maintained  against  the  Romans,  who 
mil  subdued  and  destroyed  it,  in  the  year  133 
.  Of  The  ruins  of  it  are  still  to  be  seen  near  the 
tadf  the  river  Douero,  4  ms.  above  the  town  of 

«i|tiisMATics,  Numismatogiiaphy,  the  science 
id  als  or  coined  money  from  the  Greek  nomis- 
«,  nedal,  piece  of  money,  and  grapho  to  des- 


flankeu  with  3G5  towers,  and  the  river  Pegnitz 
over  which  are  12  stone  bridges  runs  through  the 
middle,  and  divides  it  into  two  parts.  The  gov- 
ernment is  aristocratical ;  and  the  townsmen  are 
divided  into  8  quarters,  each  of  which  has  a  cap- 
tain. The  burgesses  are  very  industrious,  and  the 
best  workmen  in  arts ;  their  maps  and  prints  are 
in  high  esteem,  as  well  as  their  musical  and  ma- 
thematical instruments,  nor  are  they  less  curious 
in  clock  work,  and  in  the  several  manufactures  of 
iron,  steel,  ivory,  wood,  and  alabaster.  The  best 
toys  are  made  here,  which  are  commonly  known 
in  Eng.  by  the  name  of  Dutch  toys.  Here  is  a 
famous  academy  for  painting,  an  anatomical  thea- 
tre, and  a  public  library.  It  is  55  ms.  NVV.  of 
Ratisbon,  62  N.  of  Augsburg,  and  250  W.  by 
N.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  11  12  E.,  lat.  49  27  N. 

Nurtingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Neckar,  14  ms.  SE  of  Stutgard, 
and  60  E.  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  9  12  E.,  lat.  48 
33  N. 

Nusserpour,  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  80  ms.  NE.  of  Tatta. 
Lon.  68  20  E.,  lat.  2  20  N. 

Nattsville,  village,  Lancaster  co,,  Va.,  by  post- 
road  82  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Richmond. 

Nays,  town  of  Germany,  on  the  Erfft,  5  ms. 


SW.  of  DusseldorfT,  and  20  NW.  of  Cologne 
cape  of  Africa,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  j  Lon.  6  52  E.,  lat.  51  11  N. 

Nyborg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle  of  Fu- 
nen,  seated  in  a  commodious  bay  10  ms.   E.  of 
Odensee.    Lon.  10  40  E.,  lat.  55  30  N. 
Nyland,    province  of    Sweden,  in  Finland, 
desert.    The  emperor  of  Morocco  pre- i  lying  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  to  the  W.  of  Ca- 


rly  E.  from  the  island  of  Forteventura 
28  30  lon.  10  50  W. 
,  or  Ned  de  Nan,  province  of  Afr  ca,  so- 
on the  S.  from  the  kingdom  of  Sus,  by 


be  sovereign  of  this  country,  but  his 
Mty  is  only  nominal.  This  vast  but  desert 
iTike,  is  inhabited  by  different  tribes  of  Arabs, 
o  e  scattered  over  every  part  capable  of  cul- 

Nifcio,  the  Pope's  ambassador  to  a  Catholic 
iicjor  State. — See  Ambassador. 
if\\da,  town  in  the  northeastern  angle  of  Al- 
liar  co.  N.  Y.,  about  15  ms.  NE.  from  An- 
ioijand  by  postroad  256  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 
Jftjia,  village  of,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Tigris, 
>tfe  Mosul,  at  N.  lat.  36  27,  lon.  43  20;  250 
la»WNW.  from  Bagdat,  is  ascertained  to  be 
a'ient  Nineveh. 

ndydroog,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin 
>«t|,  capital  of  a  district,  in  the  Mysore  coun- 
.  is  fortress  is  built  on  the  summit  of  an  al- 
«l (accessible  mountain,  1,700  feet  in  height, 
tmi  besieged  and  taken  by  the  English  under 
rdiornwallis,  in  1792.  It  is  70  ms.  N.  of 
mipatam. 

Ntfaton,  town  in  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire,  8 
r  by  E.  Coventry,  and  99  NNW.  of  Lon- 
i.  ,on.  1  25  W.,  lat.  52  36  N. 
Hfueham,  village  of  Eng.,  5  ms.  E.  by  S.  of 
foil;  remarkable  for  its  Spinning  Feast,  an 
.ui festival,  instituted  by  lord  and  lady  Har- 
irtpr  the  encouragement  of  virtue  and  industry. 
Nthey,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  2 
■  8y .  of  Frome. 

Nijmburg,  or  Nuremberg,  city  of  Germany, 
tl;  kingdom   of    Bavaria,    capital   of  the 

cle»f  Franconia,  with  a  university.  It  is 
s  i  circumference,  surrounded  by  high  walls, 


relia. 

Nymburg,  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  on 
the  river  Elbe.    Lon.  13  26  E.,  lat.  50  8  N, 

Nyon,  commercial  town,  of  Switzerland  in  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same 
name,  near  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  10  ms.  NNE.  of 
that  city.    Lon.  6  12  E.  lat.  46  21  N. 

Nyons,  town  of  Fr..  in  the  dep.  of  Drome, 
and  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  the 
river  Aigues,  over  which  it  has  a  lofty  bridge  of 
one  arch,  the  work  of  the  Romans,  and  a  mine- 
ral spring  namen  Pontais,  and  some  manufac- 
tures of  soap  and  woolen  stuffs  It  is  8  ms.  NW. 
of  Buis.    Lon.  5  15  E.,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Nyslot,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Livonia.  It  is  seated  on  the  Narova,  among  large 
marshes,  20  ms.  S  W.  of  Narva,  and  69  N.  of  Wi- 
burg.    Lon.  29  10  E.,  lat.  61  56  N. 

Nystadt,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Finland,  noted 
for  a  peace  concluded  here  in  1721,  between  the 
|  the  emporer  of  Russia,  and  the  king  of  Sweden,  and 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  55  ins* 
NW.  of  Abo.    Lon.  31  1  E.,  lat.  61  10  N. 

Nysted  or  Nyested,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Laland  with  a  considerable  trade  to  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg  and  other  places  of  Ger- 
many.   Lon.  11  4E.,  lat.  54  43  N. 


O. 


Oak  Flat,  post  office,  Pendleton  co.,  Va. 
Oakfusgee,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  sometimes  cal- 
led the  Tallapoosa.    It  rises  in  the  mountains  of 

667 


OAS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  OBE 


Ga.,  and  after  running  through  the  State  in  a 
SW.  course,  it  enters  Ala.  Thence  it  passes 
nearly  due  S.,  till  it  joins  the  Coosa,  and  forms 
the  Ala.  The  united  streams  are  afterwards 
joined  by  the  Tombigbee,  and  fall  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  near  Mobile. 

Oak  Grove,  post  office  Westmoreland  co.,Va.,  by 

poslroad  83  ins.  from  Richmond.  Jasper  co. 

Ga.,  45  ms.  from  Milledgeville. 

Oak  Hall  post  office,  Pickens  co.  Ala.,  176  ms. 
NW.  from  Cahaba.     /  * 

Oakham  or  Okeham,  town  of  Eng.,  and  co., 
town  of  Rutlandshire,  in  the  centre  of  a  fertile  val- 
ley, called  the  Vale  of  Catmose,  28  ms.  S.  by  E. 
of  Nottingham,  and  98  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  0  46  W.  lat.  52  42  N. 

Oakham,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  19  ms. 
NW.  from  Worcester. 

Oakhamptoti,  or  Ockhampton,  borough  of  Eng. 
in  Devonshire,  on  the  river  Ock,  24  ms.  W.  of 
Exeter,  and  195  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  4  5. 
W.  lat.  50  48  N. 

Oak  Hill,  post  office,  Green  co.,  N.  Y.  

Post  office,  Fauquier  co.  Va.  Post  office,  How- 
ard co.,  Mo. 

Oakingham,  village,  Laurens  district,  S.  C,  92 
ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Oakland,  co.,  Mich.,  on  Huron  of  Lake  St. 
Clair,  lying  NW.  from  Wayne,  and  W.  from  Ma- 
comb counties,  and  about  40  ms.  NW.  from  De- 
troit.   The  land  of  this  county  is  excellent,  and 


other  parts  of  Africa  are  on  the  large,  that  er- 
panses  bordered  by  deserts. 

Oaxaca,  State  of  Mexico,  bounded  by  t  At- 
latic  ocean  S.,  Puebla  W.  and  NW.,  Vers  r,l2 
N.  and  NE.,  and  Guatamala  E. ;  length  fi  \ 
to  W.  240  miles,  mean  width  180,  and  are*  out 
34,000  sq.  ms.  Between  latitude  15  40  a  18« 
North. 

This  State  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  m,. 
tries  on  this  part  of  the  globe.  The  beat  and 
salubrity  of  the  climate,  the  fertility  of  th  oil 
and  the  richness  and  variety  of  its  produ  ini, 
all  combine  to  minister  to  the  prosperity  its 
inhabitants ;  therefore,  this  province  has  : 
ingly,  from  the  remotest  periods,  been  th  «g. 
tre  of  an  advanced  civilization.  In  Puebla,  >xi. 
co,  and  Valladolid,  the  substrata  are  compi  |  of 
basaltes,  amygdaloid,  and  porphyry ;  but  the 
Mixtecan  and  Zapotecan  ranges  of  Oaxaca  su- 
ite and  gneiss  are  the  prevailing  rocks.  The  un. 
tain  summits  of  Oaxaca  have  not  been  sciei  a|. 
ly  determined,  but  from  the  circumstanci  hat 
from  some  of  the  peaks,  the  gulf  of  Mexi  and 
the  Pacific  ocean  are  visible,  the  elevation  n  ex- 
ceed 7,000  feet. 

The  surface  of  this  region,  though  mo  ud- 
ous,  may  be  considered  in  general  as  an  i  oed 
plane,  sloping  from  7,000  feet  to  the  level  the 
Pacific  ocean.  Some  very  remarkable  Azte  iins 
are  found  in  Oaxaca. — See  Pyramids,  Am  an, 
The  list  of  vegetable  productions  of  Oa  \  is 


since  1818,  when  the  United  States  lands  were  j  commensurate  with  nearly  all  plants  cultivs 
sold,  settlements  have  very  rapidly  progressed.        j  civilized  man  in  the  temperate  zones  and  I  ica 
Oakland,  post  office,  Oakland  co.,  Mich.,  35jregions.    Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Chii  ipa 

ms.  NW.  from  Detroit.  Post  office,  Alleghany  j  falling  into  the  gulf  of  Tehuantepec,  and  tl  )ti 

co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post  road  254  miles  westerly  from  I  cometepec,  entering  the  Pacific  ocean  in  th  W, 
Albany.  part  of  the  State. 

Oakland  Mills,  post  office,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Its  most  productive  mines  are  those  of  \  tilt 
Maryland.  j  Zolaga,  Yxtepexi,  and  Totomostla. 

Oakley,  post  office,  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.  j     The  cities  of  Oaxaca  are  Oaxaca,  San  I  m 


Oakmulga,  village,  Chesterfield  county,  Va.,  49 
ms.  from  Richmond. 

Oakmulgee,  river  of  Georgia,  it  is  a  considera- 
ble stream,  which  rises  in  the  Creek  country,  and, 
when  joined  by  the  Oconee,  forms  the  Alatamaha ; 
the  latter  falling  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  between 
Mcintosh  and  Glynn  counties. 

Oak  Orchard,  creek  of  New  York,  in  Genesee 
co.,  rises  near  the  Tonewanto,  and  flows  N.  in- 
to Lake  Ontario.  It  is  one  of  the  feeders  of  the 
Erie  canal. 

Oaktomie,  village,  Covington  co.,  Miss.,  103 
ms.  SE.  from  Jackson. 

Oakville,  village,  Buckingham  co.,  Va. 

Oatland  Mills,  post  office,  Loudon  co.,  Va.,  40 
ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

Oarom,  river  of  South  America,  in  Guiana,  the 
SE.  branch  of  the  Paraguay  of  Orinoco.  It  heads 
at  N.  lat.  4°,  and,  after  flowing  NNW.  300  ms., 
joins  the  Paraguay. 

Oases,  in  the  plural;  oasis,  in  the  singular,  from 
the  Coptic  ouah,  Arab  ulah,  are  isolated  fertile 
spots  in  Africa,  entirely  surrounded  by  sandy  des- 
erts. The  oases  are  scattered  at  various  distances, 
and  are  of  unequal  relative  extent.  The  existence 
of  these  detached  vegetable  spots  has  been  produ- 
ced by  water  either  approaching  near  the  surface 
or  actually  issuing  out  in  springs.  The  oases  are 
only  on  the  small  scale,  and  more  isolated,  what 
668 


de  los  Cues,  and  Tehuantepec. 

The  family  of  Hernando  Cortez  are  style  tor 
quises  of  the  valley  of  Oaxaca.  Their  pro]  yi 
composed  of  the  fouf  villas  del  Marquesai  am 
49  villages,  which  contain  18,000  inhabita 

Oaxaca,  city  of  Mexico  and  capital  of  tb  W 
of  the  same  name,  stands  on  one  of  the  coi  ent 
of  the  Chicometepec  river,  240  ms.  S8E.fr  lb 
city  of  Mexico.  Lon.  W.  C.  20  2  W.,  iat  55. 
N.  It  is  the  ancient  Huaxyacac,  called  lb 
early  Spanish  writers  on  Mexico,  Antequ 
enjoys  an  atmosphere  of  peculiar  serenity, 
country  is  subject  to  earthquakes.  Pep. 

Oban,  village  of  Scot.,  in  Argyllshire,  ate 
on  the  seacoast,  where  there  is  an  excellent  3iD 
station  and  a  custom-house. 

Ohdach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  St| 
ria,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ach  an 
Traun,  3  miles  below  the  Lake  Chienzee,  1  f 
W.  of  Gratz.  Longitude  14  43  E.,  latitat? 
North. 

Oberkirch,  town  and  castle  of  France,  in  di 
partment  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  proving 
sace,  lately  belonging  to  the  archbishop  of W 
burg,  from  which  place  it  is  3  ms.  distant.  M 
7  50  E.,  Iat.  48  35  N. 

Obtrndorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  ci  e 
Suabia,  in  the  Black  Forest,  subject  to  the  W 
of  Austria.  It  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and 


OCA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  OCK 


-ov,  and  seated  on  the  Neckar,  14  miles  N.  of 
i.owell.    Lon.  8  45  E.,  lat.  48  22  N. 

lernperg,  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
eJ  i.  the  Inn,  15  miles  S.  of  Passau,  to  whose 
B  p  it  belongs.    Lon.  13  36  E.,  lat.  48  15  N. 
*erstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
)f  ;e  Rhine,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
m,  seated  on  the  Nahe,  30  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Eg.    Lon.  7  26  E  ,  lat.  49  42  N. 

erwesel,  formerly  an  imperial  town  of  Ger- 
a  ,  in  the  electorate  of  Treves,  taken  by  the 
fcfch  in  1794,  and  seated  on  the  Rhine,  40  ms. 
K>.  of  Treves.    Lon.  7  48  E.,  lat.  50  1  N. 
it  i.—  See  Oby. 

iian,  NW.  river  of  Tennessee,  rises  in  Henry 
idd'arroll  counties,  flows  SW.  by  W.,  and  falls 
nkne  Mississippi  at  N.  lat.  35  56. 

(  idos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  with 

■trig  castle  on  a  rock,  13  miles  E.  of  Peniche, 
.nfl8  NNE.  of  Lisbon. 

iollah,  strong  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac-Agemi, 
■et*l  on  a  branch  of  the  Tigris,  near  Bassora. 

Iskaia,  gulf  or  bay  of  Siberia,  in  the  Frozen 
-cei,  about  360  ms.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  45 

0  t  in  breadth.  Near  the  middle  of  its  E.  side 
ia|hes  out  the  gulf  of  Tazowskaia,  about  140 

i  long  and  30  broad.    The  SW.  extremity  of  I 
I  jlf  of  Obskaia,  where  the  river  Oby  enters  it, 
liion.  69  15  E.,  lat.  66  55  N. 

1  i\vinsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  Government  of  j 
J«ri,  situate  on  the  Kama,  60  ms.  N.  of  Perm.  | 
,0ij56o  E.,  lat.  58  44  N. 

Cy,  or  Ob,  river  of  Siberia,  and  of  the  Russian 
me.  It  issues  from  the  Lake  Altyn,  in  the 
tatij.  of  Ischimska,  and  runs  NW/and  W.  by 
iL^an,  Narim  and  Surgut,  till  it  receives  the 
rtjji  from  Tobolsk,  when  it  flows  N.  and  NE.  j 
id  enters  the  gulf  of  Obskaia,  after  a  course  of 

9 1  miles.  It  is  navigable  almost  to  its  source, 
ind's  a  large  smooth  stream,  abounding  in  fish, 
ii  !  course,  especially  after  the  influx  of  the 
irlyii,  it  forms  a  great  number  of  islands.  Though 
.r.e  by  gives  gives  name  to  the  basin,  the  Irtysh  ! 
>i  'estern  great  constituent  stream,  is,  in  respect 

0  th  remoteness  of  source  and  extent  of  surface  j 
it  Cyins,  much  the  superior  stream.    But,  taken 
-'{pier,  the  Oby  and  Irtysh  form  one  of  the  great  i 

■rive  of  the  first  order.    The  Irtysh  rising  as  far  ! 
>.  tilat.  43°,  and  the  mouth  of  the  gulf  of  Oby  be- 
'um  lat.  73°,  the  basin  extends  over  30°  of  lat., 
•"id  lis  the  great  space  between  the  Ural  moun- 

1  ir  and  the  basin  of  the  Jenisey.  In  their  re- 
upeive  extents  on  the  sphere,  there  is  very  little 
•iifijmce  comparatively  between  the  Oby  and 
Jeo(»y  basins,  but  either  exceeding  an  area  of 
btXiiOO  square  miles,  is,  next  to  the  other,  far  the 
.arpt  river  of  the  eastern  continent.  The  Blue 
n»»of  China  equals  either  in  length  of  course, 
-it  lis  far  behind  in  surface  drained. 

i'ma,  town  of  Colombia,  in  New  Granada,  on 
>  i  stern  branch  of  the  Magdalena.    Lon.  W.  C. 
E.,  lat.  8  10  N. 

'iflflo,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  seated 
°i  plain,  abounding  in  all  the  necessaries  of  life, 
^  |s.  E.  of  Toledo.  Lon.  2  50  W.,  lat.  39  52  N. 

'atahoola,  parish,  La.,  bounded  by  Concordia 
K.  id  SE.,  Rapides  S.  and  SW  ,  and  Washitau 
*\T  V  and  N.  ;  length  70  miles,  mean  width  29, 

I  2,000  sq,  ms.— See  Caiahoola. 


Ocatahoola  river.— See  Catahoola  river. 

Ocatahoola  Lake. — See  Catahoola  Lake. 

Occa,  large  river  of  Russia,  which  falls  into  the 
Volga,  near  Nishnei  Novogorod. — See  Oka. 

Occoquhan,  river,  Va.,  rises  in  Fauquier,  and 
flowing  E.  across  that  county,  and  thence  between 
Prince  William  and  Fairfax,  falls  into  the  Poto- 
mac about  20  miles  below  Washington  city.  It  is 
navigable  for  small  vessels  15  milc6,  to  Colchester. 

 Post  office,  Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  20  ms. 

SSW.  from  W.  C. 

Oceanica. — See  Polynesia. 

Ochrida,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
100  ms.  N.  from  Joanina,  on  Lake  Ochrida,  from 
which  issues  the  river  Diuro. — See  Locrida. 

Ochsenfurl,  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia,  and  in  the  bishopric  of  Wurtzburg,  on 
the  Maine,  10  miles  SE.  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon.  10 
10  E.,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Ochsenhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Bavaria,  14  miles  S.  of  Ulm,  and  40  WSW.  of 
Augsburg.  Longitude  10  11  E.,  latitude  48  10 
North. 

Ocker,  river  of  Lower  Saxony,  which  rises  in 
the  S.  part  of  the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  runs  by 
Goslar,  Wolfenbuttle,  and  Brunswick,  and  falls 
into  the  Aller,  W.  of  Guythorn. 

Ocklawaha  river,  the  W.  branch  of  St.  John's 
river  of  Florida.  It  is  composed  of  two  confluents, 
Orange  lake  river  and  Ocklawaha  proper.  "  The 
Ocklawaha  takes  its  rise  out  of  the  Lake  Apopka, 
about  73  ms.  by  water  above  its  mouth.  At  the 
outlet  of  this  lake  the  stream  is  15  feet  wide  and 
7  feet  deep;  but  the  width  and  depth  of  the  river  are 
increasing  gradually  down  to  St.  John's.  The  lake 
Apopka  being  but  80  ms.  NE.  from  the  bay  of  Es- 
piritu  Santo,  (Tampa)  the  Ocklawaha,  if  improv- 
ed, might  gradually  facilitate  the  inland  communi- 
cation between  this  bay  and  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
In  this  direction,  the  distance  from  the  mouth  of 
St.  John's  to  the  bay  is  about  260  miles,  out  of 
which,  180  would  be  by  water,  and  80  by  land. 
Above  its  mouth  16  miles,  the  Ocklawaha  re- 
ceives the  outlet  of  Orange  lake. 

*  The  banks  of  this  river  (outlet  of  Orange  lake) 
are  represented  as  lined  in  many  places  with  well 
timbered  hammocks.  The  country  through  which 
run  the  head  branches  is  generally  sandy,  with  a 
pine  growth  ;  it  presents,  however,  some  fine  ham- 
mocks, and  also  extensive  prairies,  subject  to  be 
overflown  in  rainy  weather.  Numerous  ponds  and 
lakes  are  met  with  in  every  direction." — See  Engi- 
neer's report,  public  document,  No.  185,  p.  13. 

The  Ocklawaha  heads  in  the  country  of  the 
Seminole  Indians,  between  the  sources  of  St.  John's 
and  those  of  Amaxuara  rivers  flowing  by  a  gen- 
eral northern  course  to  the  influx  of  Orange  lake 
outlet.  The  latter  heads  between  the  Santa  Fe 
branch  of  Suwanee  and  Amaxuara  rivers,  and, 
flowing  eastwards,  joins  the  Ocklawaha.  Below 
their  junction  the  name  of  Ocklawaha  and  course 
of  Orange  river  are  maintained  to  St.  John's. 
Height  of  Orange  lake  above  the  ocean  41  feet. 

Ocklockonne,  bay  and  river.  The  bay  of  Ock- 
lockonne  is  in  fact  the  inner  part  of  the  larger  bay 
of  Appalachie,  and  under  the  latter  head  the  former 
has  been  already  noticed,  but  we  may  add,  from  the 
engineer's  report,  that  the  bay  of  Ocklockonne  "lies 
18  miles  SE.  of  St.  Mark.  '  It  entrance  is  much 

669 


ODE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ODE 


obstructed  by  oyster  banks  ;  and  its  bottom  may 
be  considered  as  part  of  the  shoal,  which,  from  Ap- 
palachie  to  Cape  St.  Bias,  impedes  approach  to 
the  coast.  The  general  width  of  Ocklockonne  bay 
is  If  ms.,  the  length  6£.  The  depth  which  can 
be  carried  through  the  bay  to  Ocklockonne  river  7 
feet  at  low  tide." 

Ocklockonne  river  rises  in  Georgia,  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Suwannee,  and  some  conflu- 
ents of  Flint  river,  draining  sections  of  Baker,  De- 
catur, Irwin,  and  Lowndes  counties,  the  various 
branches  unite  in  Thomas  after  a  general  southern 
course  of  50  miles ;  inflecting  thence  to  southwest- 
ward  60  ms.,  and,  about  middistance,  having  en- 
tered Florida,  it  again  bends  to  SE.  30  miles  to  its 
entrance  into  Ocklockonne  bay.  This  river  sweeps 
an  elliptic  curve  round  to  the  westward  of  Talla- 
hassee. Its  basin  or  valley  lies  between  those  of 
Appalachicola  and  Oscilla  rivers. 

Oconee,  river,  Georgia,  NE.  branch  of  the  Ala- 
tamaha.  It  rises  in  Hall  co.,  Georgia,  and,  flow- 
ing SSE.  about  170  ms.,  by  comparative  courses 
joins  the  Oakmulgee  to  form  the  Alatumaha.  It  is 
navigable  for  boats  of  considerable  size  to  Milledge- 
ville. 

Ocracoke  Inlet,  unites  Albemarle  to  Pamlico 
sound,  on  the  coast  of  Tyrrell  county,  North  Car- 
olina. It  has  a  depth  of  14  feet  upon  its  most  shal- 
low bar. 

Ocrida. — See  Loochrida. 

Octararo,  creek,  Perm.,  rises  in  Lancaster  and 
Chester  cos.,  and,  flowing  SSW.,  enters  Cecil  co., 
Md.,  and  falls  into  Susquehannah  river  about  10 
ms.  above  Havre  de  Grace. 

Octararo,  post  office,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa  ,  52 
ms.  SE.  from  Harrisburg. 

Ocumara,  bay  of  Colombia,  in  Venezuela,  about 
about  15  ms.  E.  from  Porto  Cavallo. 

Oczakow,  or  Otchahof,  seaport  and  fortress  of 
Russia,  in  the  government  of  Catharinenslaf.  It 
was  taken  by  storm  by  the  Russians  in  1788,  and 
was  confirmed  to  Russia  by  the  subsequent  peace. 
This  important  place  is  the  key  to  both  the  Bog 
and  the  Dnieper,  rivers  of  great  consequence  to 
this  part  of  the  empire.  It  is  seated  near  the  Black 
sea,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Dnieper, 
opposite  Kinburn,  50  ms.  W.  of  Cherson,  and  190 
N.  by  E.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  30  30  E.,  lat. 
46  35  N. 

Odalisk,  Turkish,  from  oda,  chamber,  wives 
of  the  sultans,  mothers,  also,  they  may  be,  hut  not 
not  of  the  heir  apparent.  The  latter  is  Sultana 
Valide. 

Odenna,  town  of  Guinea. — See  George  del 
Mina. 

Odenbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Deux  Ponts,  on  the  Glan,  34  ms.  SW.  of  Mentz. 

Odensee,  lown  of  Denmark,  capital  of  the  isle 
of  Funen.  It  supplies  the  greatest  part  of  the 
ermy  with  all  their  leather  accoutrements,  and  is 
particularly  famous  for  gloves.  Here  are  also  man- 
ufactures of  cloth,  sugar,  soap.  It  is  situated  on 
a  river,  6  ms.  from  the  hay  of  Stegestrand,  and  90 
W.  by  S.  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  10  17  E.,  lat. 
55  30  N. 

Oder,  river  nf  Germany,  which  has  its  source 
in  'he  mountains  of  Moravia,  and  flows  N.  to 
Oderberg,  then  passes  by  Ratibor,  Oppeln,  Bres- 
lau,  and  Glogau,  in  Silesia,  Crossen,  Frankfort, 
670 


Lebus,  Custrin,  and  Frinwalt,  in  Brandenb 
and  Gartz,  Stettin,  Carain,  Wollin,  Usedom,  i 
Wolgast,  in  Pomerania.  Below  Stettin  it  f<  , 
a  large  lake  or  bay,  called  Gross  Haff,  and  . 
enters  the  Baltic  sea  by  three  channels,  c  J 
Peene,  Swin,  and  Diwenow,  between  whicl  i 
the  islands  of  Usedom  and  Wollin. 

The  Oder  is  not  entirely  a  river  of  Germany  ; 
largest  of  its  confluents,  the  Warta,  flowing  ) 
Poland.  The  Oder  proper  rises  in  Moravia,  a  | 
25  English  ms.  E.  from  Olmutz,  first  pnrsu  | 
course  nearly  NE.,  but  gradually  curving  u  j 
N.  enters  Silesia,  and,  turning  to  NNW.,  di  3 
that  fine  country  nearly  250  rns.  It  then  ei  j 
Upper  Saxony,  through  which  the  residue  0  1 
course  is  continued.  The  Warta  rises  in  the  . 
latinate  of  Cracow,  in  Poland,  50  ms  E.  1 
Brieg,  in  Silesia,  flows  nearly  N.  100  English  , 
over  the  palatinates  of  Cracow,  Siradia,  and  t 
of  Kalish,  assumes  a  NW.  course,  which  it  - 
sues,  with  many  partial  windings,  nearly  200  . 
to  Landsberg,  where  it  receives,  also  from  Pol  , 
the  Netze.  The  Netze  has  its  principal  so  e 
from  Lake  Goplo  Jeziero,  between  the  Warta  1 
Vistula  ;  it  first  flows  NW.  70  English  ms.  tc  j 
connecting  canal  which  unites  this  stream  tc  I 
Vistula  below  Thorn,  and  from  thence  W.  ) 
ms.  to  its  junction  with  the  Warta,  at  Lands!. . 
Below  Landsberg  the  united  streams  flow  a  i 
S.  of  W.  about  50  ms.  to  Kustrin,  where  the)  3 
lost  in  the  main  volume  of  the  Oder.  Betv  1 
Kustrin  and  Oderburg,  in  a  general  distance  0  i 
ms.,  the  Oder  is  made  navigable  by  a  ca:;al  a  ; 
or  near  ihe  ea-tern  side.  The  entire  length  0  3 
Oder,  by  the  Oder  proper,  is  upwards  of  400  1  - 
lish  ms.,  and  nearly  as  much  following  the  W  . 
The  noble  valley  of  the  Oder  is  contained  betv  1 
N.  lat.  49  25  and  54°,  being  about  350  ms  1 
length,  with  150  mean  breadth,  and  draining 
area  of  52,500  sq.  ms.  It  is  united  to  the  Elb  / 
a  canal  from  between  Oderberg  and  Freyenw;  , 
into  the  Havel,  and  thence  down  the  latter  by  • 
enwalde,  Spandau,  and  Potzdam,  into  the  i 
above  Werben.  Another  canal  joins  the  ( r 
with  the  Spree  near  Muhose.  See  Havel  1 
Spree;  see,  also,  Stettin  and  Bromberg.  9 
Oder  is  navigable  from  Brieg,  in  Silesia,  to  3 
Baltic,  upwards  of  300  ms.  A  cut  called  the  .'  I 
Oder  was  begun  in  1753,  from  Kustrin,  ar  a 
dredging  machine,  worked  by  steam,  was  proc  J 
a  few  years  past  in  England  t »  deepen  the  b:  t 
the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  Warta  is  navig  e 
200  ms.  into  Poland.  The  main  navigation  \>i  * 
along  the  branch  called  the  Netze,  as  far  as  Br  - 
el,  where  commences  the  canal  of  Bromberg,  • 
structed  between  1722  and  1725,  by  Bracken  , 
under  the  direction  of  Frederick  the  Great,  i 
67  feet  from  the  summit  level  of  the  Warta  I 
the  little  river  Brahe,  at  Bromberg. 

Oderburg,  town  of  Moravia,  on  the  confint  f 
Silesia,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Oder,  at  e 
influx  of  theElsa,  18  ms.  NNW.  of  Teschen.-- 
Town  of  Brandenberg,  in  the  middle  mark,  1  - 
ate  on  the  Oder,  25  ms.  N  W.  of  Custrin. 

Odernheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palat!  e 
of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Seltz,  14  ins.  £  f 

Mentz.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the  duclr't 

Daux  Points,  seated^on  the  Glan,  near  its  con  c 
with  the  Nahe,  28  ms.  SW.  of  Mentz.  ■> 


OET  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  OHI 


Odessa,  fortified  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
m't  of  Catherinenslaf,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the 
HI  :k  sea,  44  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Oczakow.  Lon. 
iCA  E.,  lat.  4G  28  N.  This  place,  formerly  an 
,1  ure  village,  was  chosen  by  Catharine  If,  in 
l'<2,  as  a  suitable  place  to  form  a  Russian  empo- 
B  on  the  Black  sea.  The  bay  is  spacious, 
de,',  and  boltomed  with  fine  sand  or  gravel.  The 
udcent  regions  on  the  Dnieper,  Bog,  and  Dnies- 
I  are  in  a  high  degree  productive.  Its  advance 
I  been  extremely  rapid  ;  in  1804  it  contained 
ifc>00;  in  1820,  36,000;  and  in  1822,  above 
iC'OO  inhabitants.  Its  chief  export  "staple  is 
cprp.  Tallow,  hides,  &c,  are  also  exported  in 
sir  I  quantities.  The  prospect  is  fair  that  Odessa 
vi  become  one  of  the  greatest  marts  of  the  eastern 
'  Ofnent. 

deijpoar,  town  of  Hinduostan,  capital  of  Jush- 
Wi  in  the  province  of  Orissa.  It  is  60  ms.  NE. 
t  uttenpour,  and  220  NW.  of  Cattack.  Lon. 
32  E.,  lat.  22  37  N. 
iiham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  on  the 
JJaigstoke  canal,  24  ms.  NE.  of  Winchester, 
in  42  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

ibsfeld,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  tagdeburg,  seated  on  the  Aller,  22  ms.  NE.  of 
Brtswick. 

Ecumenic  Council,  Greek,  oikoumene,  to 
ml  jit:  all  that  is  habitable,  universal,  or  gen- 
eral From  its  title  this  council  ought  to  be  com- 
pofjl  of  all  the  bishops  of  the  Catholic  church  ; 
btioi  its  ordinary  acceptation  it  only  supposes  the 
ftiljepresentation  of  that  church.  Synod  in  real- 
ty as  the  same  meaning. — See  the  latter  article. 

"denburgy  or  Soprony-NoKwegye,  palatinale 
of  lest  Hungary,  commencing  about  40  ms.  SSE. 
iotVienna. 

\deran,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  sit- 
i  U,nearthe  Flohe,  9  ms.  ENE.  of  Chemnitz. 

nland,  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Baltic,  sep- 
urn  lfrom  the  coast  of  Gothland  by  a  strait  12 
n  6  >road  in  the  narrowest  part.  It  is  80  ms. 
lot*  but  not  more  than  9  broad.  The  N.  part 
'ijtlne  forests  and  quarries  of  excellent  freestone, 
t'Ut  he  S.  part  is  more  level,  and  very  fertile, 
lioj parts  abound  in  alum  mines.  Bornholm  is 
Uwfiief  town,  seated  on  the  strait,  22  ms.  ENE. 
nfllmar.    Longitude  16  50  E.,  latitude  56  48 

01. 

'Ifelt,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
r'  agdeburg,  on  the  Aller,  25  ms.  E.  of  Bruns- 
wtt    Lon.  11  20  E.,  lat.  52  27  N. 

principality  of  Silesia,  forming  part  of  the 
{  >nntnent  of  Breslau. 

ilsnitz,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  terri- 
t  >r;nf  Voigtland,  seated  on  the  Elster.    Lon.  12 
0';.,  lat.  50  19  N. 

•se/,  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the  coast  of  Li 
'  >r,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga.    It  is 
5.  long  and  50  .broad,  and  defended  by  two 
M    It  formerly  belonged  to  Denmark,  but  now 
to  J  ssia.    Its  capital  is  Arensburg. 

</i«g,  town  of  Upper  Bavaria.    It  is  divided 
it  he  upper  and  lower  town,  and  is  seated  on 
in,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Burkausen.    Lon.  12  44 
I :.,at.  48  14  N. 

(ting,  or  Oetingen,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of 
1  c<of  the  same  name.    It  is  seated  on  the  river 
itz,  12  ms.  NNW.  of  Donawert,  and  35 


WNW.  of  Ingolstadt.  Lon.  10  40  E.,  lat.  48 
58  N. 

Offa's  Dike,  entrenchment  cast  up  by  Offa,  a 
Saxon  king,  to  defend  England  against  the  incur- 
sions of  the  Welsh.  It  runs  through  Hereford- 
shire, Shropshire,  Montgomeryshire,  Denbigh- 
shire, and  Flintshire. 

Offanto,  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  which 
rises  in  the  Appennines,  passes  by  Conza  and 
Monte  Verde,  separates  Capitanta  from  Basilica- 
ta  and  Terri  di  Bari,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
Venice  near  Barletfa.    It  is  the  ancient  Aufidius. 

Offenbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Franconia,  on  the  Maine,  5  ms.  E.  of  Frankfort. 
Lon.  8  48  E.,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Offenburg,  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Kintzing, 
12  ms.  SE.  of  Strasburg,  and  28  S.  of  Baden. 
Lon.  8  1  E.,  lat.  48  31  N. 

Offida,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of  An- 
cona,  26  ms.  S.  of  Loretto.  Lon.  13  46  E.,  lat. 
42  53  N. 

.  Offutt's,  post  office,  Hampshire  co.,  Va.,  93  ms. 
NW.  from  W.  C. 

Ofoo  Island. — See  Navigators'  Islands. 

Ogden,  town,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  W.  from  Rochester.  Population  1820, 
1,435. 

Ogden' 's,  post  office,  Scott  co.,  Mo. 

Ogdtnsburg,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  St.  Law- 
rence co.,  N.  Y.,  on  St.  Lawrence  river,  on  the 
point  below  the  mouth  of  Oswegatche.  The  site 
of  this  town  is  high,  bold  and  pleasing,  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Oswegatche  affords  an  excellent  har- 
bor. It  is  the  lowest  point  of  ship  navigation  on 
St.  Lawrence  from  Lake  Ontario.  The  Gallop 
rapids  commence  about  5  ms.  below.  It  is  the 
seat  of  some  mills  and  manufactories,  and  stands 
opposite  to  Prescott,  in  U.  C,  65  ms.  by  land 
NE.  from  Sackett's  Harbor,  and  about  120  ms. 
above  Montreal.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  1840,  2,526. 

Ogechee,  river  of  Ga.,  rising  in  Greene  co., 
and,  flowing  SE.  between  the  confluents  of  the 
Alatamaha  and  Savannah  rivers,  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic ocean  by  Ossabow  sound,  20  ms.  S.  from 
Savannah.  It  passes  by  Georgetown,  in  Warren, 
and  Louisville,  in  Jefferson  co. 

Oginski  canal,  between  the  governments  of  Bi- 
elsk  and  Minsk,  in  Russian  Poland.  It  commen- 
ces in  the  Iasiolda,  which  falls  into  the  Prypiez, 
and  thence  into  the  Dneiper,  and  terminates  near 
Slonim,  in  the  Schara,  a  branch  of  the  Niemen. 
It  was  made  navigable  in  1784,  and  completed  in 
1802.  By  this  canal,  and  by  the  Dnieper  and 
Niemen,  a  water  communication  is  opened  be- 
tween the  Baltic  and  Black  seas. 

Oglethorp,  co.  of  Georgia,  bounded  E.  by  El- 
bert and  Wilkes,  S.  by  Talliaferro  and  Greene, 
W.  by  Clark,  and  N.  by  Madison.  N.  lat.  34° 
and  lon.  6°  W.  of  W.  C.  intersect  near  the  NE. 
angle  of  this  co.  Greatest  length  32  ms.,  mean 
breadth  15,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Chief  town, 
Lexington.  The  surface  moderately  hilly,  and 
soil  productive.  Staples,  cotton  grain,  &c.  Pop. 
1820,  14,046  ;  in  1840,  10,868.  Cent.  lat.  33 
54  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  23  W. 

Oguinquit,  village,  York  co.,  Me. 

Ohio,  NW.  tp.  of  Alleghanv  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 

Ohio  river.    Pop.  1820,  1,477.  One  of  the 

western  tps.  of  Beaver  co.,  Pa.,  on  and  N.  from 

671 


OHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


OHI 


Ohio  river.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,075.  Co.,  Va., 

bounded  by  Washington  and  Greene  cos.,  in  Pa., 
E.,  Tyler  co.,  in  Va.,  S.,  the  Ohio  river  W.,  and 
Brooke  co.,  in  Va.,  N.  Length  32,  mean  width 
10  ms.  ;  area  320  sq.  ms.  The  surface  of  this  co. 
is  excessively  broken  by  hills,  and  yet  the  soil  is 
almost  uniformly  productive.  Beside  the  Ohio 
river,  which  washes  its  western  border,  it  is  wa- 
tered by  Short  creek,  Wheeling  creek,  Grave  creek, 
Fish  creek,  and  Fishing  creek.  The  alluvial  bot- 
toms of  the  Ohio  and  the  above  creeks  are  exube- 
rantly fertile.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  pork,  beef, 
live  stock,  &c.  Chief  town,  Wheeling.  Pop.  in 
1820,  9,182;  and  in  1840,  13,367.    Cent.  lat. 

40°,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  42  W.  Co.,  Ky.,  bounded 

by  Butler  SE.,  Green  river  or  Muhlenberg  S.  and 
SW.,  Davies  NW.,  Brackenridge  N.,  and  Gray- 
son NE.  Length  32,  mean  width  20  ms.  ;  area 
640  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Hartford.  Pop.  1820, 
3,879.    Cent.  lat.  37  30  N„  Ion  W.  C.  9  40  W. 


The  region  immediately  in  the  rear  of  the 
is  not  level,  though  not  rising  into  hills  of  any 
siderable  elevation  ;  it  is  rolling  land,  and  pre 
features  in  exact  accordance  with  what  must 
from  the  theory  we  have  adopted. 

The  interior  and  western  part  of  Ohio  mi  , 
regarded  as  elevated,  when  compared  with  , 
Erie  or  Ohio  river,  but,  with  very  partial  e:  [ 
tions,  the  surface  is  a  plain,  and,  strange  , 
may  appear  to  those  who  have  not  traversed  i  a 
alluvial  plain.  No  part  of  the  banks  of  an)  I 
lantic  river  is  more  unequivocally  alluvial  n 
are  the  site  and  environs  of  Columbus,  and  the  e 
only  a  specimen  of  the  whole  adjacent  cou 
Under  the  heads  of  Muskingum,  Hockhod  ■' 
Licking,  &c,  the  singular  fact  is  noticed  o  i 
river's  rising  in  or  on  this  interior  fiat,  and  flo  ? 
towards  and  not  from  the  hills.  An  idea  tba  e 
Ohio  hills  are  a  buttress  to  the  plain  within  j. 
rectly  contrary  to  fact.  It  is  an  error  I  musi  d 


Ohio,  State  of  the  United  States,  bounded  by   guilty  of  having  in  some  measure  contnbut 


the  Ohio  river  or  Va.  SE.,  Ohio  river  or  Ky.  S., 
Ia.  W.,  Mich,  and  Lake  Erie  N.,  and  Pa.  NE. 

Miles. 

Ohio  has  an  interior  boundary  on  Ohio  river, 
from  the  mouth  of  Little  Beaver  to  that  of 


the  Great  Miami  -  440 
Due  N.  from  the  mouth  of  Great  Miami,  N. 

lat.  39  7,  to  N.  lat.  41  35          -          -  170 
Thence  due  E.  to  Lake  Erie          -          -  80 
Thence  along  the  SE.  shore  of  Erie           -  150 
Thence  along  the  western  boundary  of  Penn- 
sylvania -           -           -           -           -  93 

Having  an  entire  outline  of  -  -  -  933 

Area  40,000,  equal  to  25,600,000  acres.  It 
extends  from  37  30  to  42°  N.  lat.,  and  from  80 
32  to  84  50  W.  Ion. 

The  longest  line  in  the  State  of  Ohio,  NE.  and 
SW.,  is  300  ms.  Its  width  between  Pennsylvania 
and  Indiana  227  ms. 

Though  not  marked  by  any  of  those  bold  and 
sublime  features  which  are  peculiar  only  to  moun- 
tainous countries,  Ohio  presents  some  very  remark- 
able traits,  which  call  forth  the  utmost  attention 
of  the  statist  and  philosopher. 

For  the  general  features  of  Ohio,  see  art.  Mis- 
sissippi basin,  section  Ohio  river. 

When  it  is  known  that  the  vale  in  which  the 
Ohio  flows  is  from  300  to  400  feet  below  the  com- 
mon level  of  the  adjacent  country,  and  when  it  is 
also  known  that  an  immense  table  land  extends 
th/ough  the  State  in  nearly  a  NE.  and  SW.  di- 
rection, the  origin  of  the  phenomena,  which  serve 
to  form  its  physiognomy,  is  easily  traced.  The 
rugged  appearance  of  the  Ohio  banks  in  all  their 
extent  give  an  idea  of  unevenness  to  the  State, 
which  an  examination  of  its  interior  must  correct. 

Like  all  other  sections  of  the  U.  S.,  Ohio  cannot 
be  designated  by  any  general  character ;  and  sim- 
ilar to  every  newly  settled  part  of  our  country,  from 
the  attention  of  early  emigrants  being  naturally 
turned  towards  the  best  soil,  the  river  alluvian  and 
rich  prairie  margins  have  contributed  to  give  too 
high  a  coloring  to  descriptions  of  its  lands. 

As  far  as  a  general  view  can  be  adopted,  the  fol- 
lowing may  exhibit  the  great  outlines  of  the  State. 

Fifty  or  sixty  ms.  from  the  Ohio  river,  hilly,  and 
in  part  very  rugged,  formed  by  abrasion  of  water. 
672 


sustain. 

The  third  variety  is  that  of  the  plains,  or  I 
land.  This  natural  section  contains  very  va  is 
species  of  soil,  from  rich  river  alluvian  and  p  it 
to  sterile  oak  barren*  and  marshes ;  the  lat  ;o 
Considerable  extent. 

Another  remarkable  natural  section  of  Ohi  ;s 
along  Lake  Erie.  The  slope  of  the  country  jg 
gradually  along  Ohio  towards  the  sources  c  ie 
Muskingum  and  Cuyahoga.  On  the  latter,  a  1- 
den  and  much  more  inclined  depression  fall  > 
wards  the  lake.  This  dividing  line,  for  rid  it 
cannot  be  called,  does  not  conform  to  the  bea  ;j 
of  Erie.  At  the  NE.  angle  of  the  State,  its  x 
is  within  3  miles,  whilst  towards  the  courc  of 
Maumee,  it  has  receded  above  100  miles  fro; 
lake. 

A  series  of  falls  interrupts  every  river  of 
flowing  into  Erie.  Those  which  flow  into 
river,  except  Muskingum,  though  all  are  raj 
their  descent,  none  have  falls.  The  small  n  I 
at  Muskingum,  at  Zanesville,  is  the  last  watf 
in  any  stream  of  magnitude,  worthy  notice,  o  ie 
northwestern  slope  of  the  Ohio  basin.  It  ma  ot 
be  irrelevant  to  remark,  that  on  all  the  vast  e  Dt 
W.  from  Zanesville  to  the  sources  of  the  Piatt  id 
Kanzas  rivers,  and  NW.  to  the  sources  of  Y  w 
Stone  and  Missouri  rivers,  no  cataract  worth  o- 
lice  has  been  discovered.  Below  the  Great  I  a- 
wha,  on  the  southeastern  slope,  their  occurrei  i» 
equally  rare.  The  rapids  of  Ohio  and  M  Ie 
shoals,  in  Ten.,  are  only  approaches  to  fall:  id 
both  are  merely  strong  rapids,  the  latter  onl  b- 
structing  up  stream,  both  admitting  down  s  ra 
navigation.  Indeed,  exemption  from  impeding 
to  commercial  intercourse  may  be  constantly  p' 
in  view  as  one  of  the  most  felicitous  features  i  he 
whole  Mississippi  basin.  An  exemption  (M 
equal  extent  can  no  where  else  be  found  c  hfl 
globe,  except  in  the  basins  of  the  Plate,  Am  n, 
and  Oronoco  rivers,  in  S.  America. 

It  would  be  a  very  interesting  solution  to  < !r' 
mine  the  relative  extent  of  the  various  natura  ;c- 
tions  of  Ohio.  Such  an  estimate  would  be  so  v  ie» 
upon  the  uncertain  data  we  possess,  that  no  * 
factory  result  can  be  obtained.  It  may  be  o'> 
ed,  that  the  three  sections,  hilly,  rolling: 
level,  are  nearly  of  equal  extent,  or  about 


OHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Oil! 


.  is.  each  ;  and  that  the  whole  State  is,  though 
l.nally  so,  habitable.  The  result  of  the  set- 
unt  of  this  State  proves  its  general  produc- 
«;ss. 

lave  been  my  self  over  a  large  part  of  the  south- 
iind  northern  frontiers  of  Ohio,  and  have  every 
Ife  found  the  soil  favorable  to  the  purpose  of 
i  llture.  No  part  of  what  is  called  barrens,  or 
wyp,  in  Ohio,  are  so  irreclaimable  as  the  sandy 
r  s  of  the  Carolinas  and  Florida,  the  sea  marsh- 
i  Louisiana  and  Texas,  or  so  unproductive  as 
eitenninable  pine  tracts  which  reach  from  the 
:o  oke  to  Red  river. 

■point  of  position,  its  locale  is  in  many  re- 
favorable,  but  its  advantages  are  more  ap- 
taiate  to  an  interior  than  exterior  communica- 
mf  The  quantity  of  its  arable  soil  will,  no  doubt, 
au|ined  as  it  is  by  many  moral  causes,  superin- 
Utia  very  dense  population  in  Ohio  ;  .circumstan- 
s,  owever,  common  to  all,  will  produce  in  Ohio, 
idpa,  Illinois,  and  Michigan,  a  mass  of  popula- 
iM]>y  far  exceeding  that  of  any  other  equal  con- 
m  js  extent  in  the  United  States, 
le  most  common  mineral  productions  of  Ohio 
e|>al  and  iron.  Coal  is  found  along  the  Ohio 
lqMuskingum  rivers,  and  iron  ore  in  various 
ir|of  the  State.  Water,  impregnated  with  mu- 
at[of  soda,  (common  salt,)  has  been  found,  but 
at  n  any  quantity  to  render  the  manufacture  of 
iltjn  object  of  any  considerable  value, 
^e  staples  of  this  State  are  numerous  and  im- 
uriit,  consisting  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  Indian  corn, 
hiey,  apples,  cider,  live  stock,  and  salted  pro- 
si  is.  The  most  frequented  commercial  outlets 
ejy  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers,  to  New  Or- 
al.; by  Lake  Erie  and  Detroit  river,  to  Detroit ; 
7  jdies  Erie  and  Ontario  and  St.  Lawrence  river, 
r  Sntreal ;  and  by  land  to  Pittsburg,  New  York, 
hijdelphia  and  Baltimore. 
r.ve  seat  of  Government  is  at  Columbus,  but  by 
ir  :ie  largest  town  in  the  State  is  the  city  of  Cin- 
lajti,  containing,  at  present,  about  47,000  in- 
i#»nts.  Steubenville,  Zanesville,  Cleveland, 
Gtieveral  others,  are  flourishing  places,  contain- 
ig  population  of  from  5,000  to  6,000. 
r|e  civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Ohio  are 
ta  Mowing,  with  the  result  of  the  census  of  1820 
arced,  which,  in  accordance  with  our  general 
la?  we  retain,  but  which,  if  not  adopted  in  other 
a*!  would  deserve  to  'be  so  in  that  of  Ohio,  from 
prodigious  increase  of  population  : 

Census  o/1820. 


Table— Continued. 


Counties. 


f  airfield 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Gallia 

Geauga 

Greene 

Guernsey 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Highland 

Hocking 

Holmes. 

Huron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Knox 

Lawrence 

Licking 

Logan 

Madison 

Marion 

Medina 

Meigs 

Mercer. 

Miami 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muskingum 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway 

Pike 

Portage 

Preble 

Putnam 

Richland 

ROSS 

Sandusky 

Scioto 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Starke 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas 

Vanwert 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Williams 

Wood 

Total 


Inhabitants. 


16,633 
6,616 

10,292 
7,098 
7,791 

10,529 
9,292 

31,764 


14,345 

12,308 
2,130 

6,675 
3.746 

18;531 
8,326 
3,499 

11,861 
3,161 
4,799 

3~082 
4,480 

8,851 
4,645 
15,999 
to,297 
17,824 

8,429 
13,149 

4,253 
10,095 
10,237 

9,169 
20,619 
852 
5,750 

2,106 
12,406 
15,546 

8,328 

1,995 
17,837 
10,425 
44,933 

733 

581,434 


Sq.  ms. 

To  eq.  rn. 

540 

30 

450 

14 

520 

19* 

500 

14 

GOO 

13 

400 

26 

470 

19 

400 

79 

578 

570 

450 

31 

630 

420 

30  - 

432 

5 

900 

7 

490 

37* 

500 

of 

600 

14 

430 

8 

700 

19 

500 

6 

400 

12 

530 

760 

4 

400 

11 

410 

21 

518 

9 

480 

33 

500 

10| 

660 

27 

432 

400 

21 

470 

30 

400 

10 

750 

13 

430 

23| 

575 

900 

10 

650 

31 

600 

6i 

575 

10 

540 

418 

5 

800 

0/ u 

i 
1/3 

680 

12 

500 

34 

400 

44  i 

600 

17 

720 

16| 

600 

750 

1 

38,260 

15 

1  Counties. 

Inhabitants. 

Sq.  ms. 

To  sq.  m. 

10,406 

400 

26 

pula 

7,332 

700 

10 

6,338 

750 

8 

20,329 

500 

40 

13,356 

470 

30 

21,746 

480 

45 

paign  - 

8,479 
9,533 

460 

13 

400 

24 

pnt 

15,820 

416 

38 

8,085 

360 

22 

jbiana  • 

22,033 

864 

25 

bkton  - 

7,086 

900 

6 

prd 

540 

*oea 

6,328 

468 

9 

- 

3,717 

672 

5J 

(are 

7,639 

650 

12 

85' 


Ohio  is  calculated  by  Mr.  Kilbourn,  in  his  Ga- 
zetteer, .to  contain  40,000  sq.  ms.  That  calcula- 
tion is,  no  doubt,  nearly  correct ;  therefore,  allow- 
ing for  surface,  irreclaimable  swamps,  and  other 
uncultivated  tracts,  the  agg-iegate  of  the  counties 
will  approach  very  closely  to  the  real  arable  land 
of  Ohio. 

The  progressive  population  of  Ohio  is  an  un- 
matched phenomenon  in  the  history  of  colonization. 
In  1783,  the  ground  now  embraced  within  its  limits 
was  one  wide  waste.  In  1790,  3,000  civilized  in- 
habitants were  only  found  on  its  surface.  In  1800, 
they  had  increased  to  42,156.  In  1810,  the  cen- 
sus presented  an  abstract  containing  227,843.  In 
1820,  the  State  possessed  581,434  inhabitants.  It 
demands  a  very  limited  knowledge  of  the  relation 
of  Ohio,  its  admirable  position,  its  exuberant  soil, 
and,  above  all,  the  effects  which  must  ensue  from 
opening  the  western  canal  of  New  York,  to  foresee 
an  augmentation  of  people  in  Ohio  more  rapid  in 
the  next  ten  years  tban  in  any  equal  antecedent 
period, 

673 


OHI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  OHI 


Ohio,  in  1820,  contained  576,572  white  inhab- 
itants, and  4,723  free  colored  persons.  In  point 
of  classification,  the  inhabitants  were  composed  of : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized        -  -  3,495 

Engaged  in  agriculture  -  -  110,921 

Engaged  in  manufactures         -  -  18,958 

Engaged  in  commerce  -  1,459 

Ohio  became  a  State  of  the  U.  S.  in  1803. 

Population  of  Ohio,  by  classes,  from  the  census 
of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  • 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  • 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 

90  to  100  • 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males. 


144,532 
115,832 
90,697 
81,431 
138,755 
85,944 
54,992 
30.298 
18,182 
6,778 
1,617 
200 
52 

775,360 


Fem.'les. 


137,725 
110,949 
91,294 

84,872 
1-27,730 
75,799 
48,583 
28,037 
14,636 
5,592 
1,345 
173 
22 

726,762 
775,360 


Population  of  Ohio,  by  counties,  from  the 
sus  of  1840. 


1,502,122 


Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


OtolO  . 
10  to  24  . 
24  to  36  . 
36  to  55  . 
55  to  100  • 
100  ami  upwards 


Total  free  colored 
Slaves 


Aggregate 


Males. 


2,561) 
2,638 
1,719 
1,175 
579 
19 


8,740 


Females. 


2,630 
2,784 
1,64(1 
1,053 
487 


8,602 
8,740 


17,342 

3 


17,345 
1,519,467 


AVhite  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 

Do.  above  25    -  -  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 


Insane  and  idiots  at — 

Public  charge  -           -           -  -            -  363 

Private  charge             -           -  -  -        -  832 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  in  the  foregoing  who  are- 


Deaf  and  dumb 
Blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge  • 
All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in- 
Mining  . 
Agriculture  - 
Commerce  - 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  -  ' 

Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions  - 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  - 
Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Do.  students  in 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Do-,  scholars  in  -  - 

Scholars  at  public  charge 

White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 
or  write  ..... 

674 


704 
272,579 
9,201 
66,265 
212 
3,323 
5,663 
875 
18 
1,717 
73 
4,310 
5,186 
218,609 
51,812 

35,394 


Counties. 


Adams 

Allen 

Ashtabula 

Athens 

Belmont 

Brown 

Butler 

Carroll 

Champaign 

Clark 

Clermont 

Clinton 

Columbiana 

Coshocton 

Crawford 

Cuyahoga 

Dark  ' 

Delaware 

Erie 

Fayette 

Franklin 

Fairfield 

Gallia 

Geauga 

Greene 

Guernsey 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Highland 

Hocking 

Holmes 

Huron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Knox 

Lawrence 

Lake 

Licking 

Logan 

Lorain 

Lucas 

Madison 

Marion 

Medina 

Meigs 

Mercer 

Montgomery 

Miami 

Monroe 

Morgan 

Muskingum 

Ottawa 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway 

Pike 

Preble 

Portage 

Putnam 

Richland 

Ross 

Sandusky 

Scioto 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Stark 

Summit 

Trumbull 

Tuscaroras 

Union 

Van  Wert 

Warren 

Wayne 

Williams 

Washington 

Wood 

Total  Ohio 


Free  white 
persons. 


6,757 
4,708 

12,078 
9,839 

15,294 

11,244 

14,628 
9,145 
8,546 
8,471 

11,756 
7,834 

20,353 

11,157 
6,863 

13,635 
6,969 

11,182 
6,586 
5,401 

12,822 

16,576 
6,463 
8,298 
8,952 

13,947 

41,331 
5,113 
2,40S 

10,164 
1,565 

11,071 
4,987 
9.33* 

11,973 

if 

12.297 
15,181 

4,956 
6,962 
17,996 
6,935 
9,561 
5,234 
4,622 
7,562 
9.483 
5,856 
4,564 
16,549 
10.(112 
9.548 
10,762 
19,322 
1,241 
692 
9.813 
9;91b 
3,776 
9.969 
11  726 
2,350 
22,662 
13,5^1 
5,385 
5,631 
9,383 
6,405 
17,5 
11,690 
19,224 
13.1  Kb 
4,271 
841 
11,6,-6 
13,330 
2,459 
10,639 
2,S39 


Free  col 
persons. 


6.363 
4,348 
11,629 
9,215 
14,885 
10.857 
13/291 
8,914 
7,847 
8,211 
11,223 
7,508 
19,60c 
10,395 
6,234 
12,750 
6,113 
10,802 
5,916 
5,347 
11,422 
15,006 
6,182 
7,996 
8,232 
13,611 
36,235 
4,865 
2.186 
9,772 

932 
10,41 
4,708 
8,747 
11,854 
4,563 
12,236 
14,335 
4,633 
6,736 
16,960 
6,673 
8,844 
4,034 
4,306 
7,151 
8,851 
5.568 
3,509 
15,013 
9,4ci5 
8,960 
10,1  22 
13,361 
1,002 

342 
9,481 
9,474 
3,521 
9,424 
11,200 
2,333 
21,805 
12,694 
4,756 
5,355 
8,630 
5,497 
16,810 
10,82- 
13,813 
12,552 
4,073 

736 
11,112 
17,437 
2,001 
9,915 
2,436 


775360  726762  8740  8602 


30 
11 

9 

32 
348 
30U 
120 

22 
135 
107 

62 
184 
209 

20 
2 

63 
110 

41 

56 
127 
442 
1 65 
386 
2 
169 

88 
1192 


32 


Slaves. 


1,51!- 


OLD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


OLD 


)hio,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  the  great  NE.  branch 

0  lirisissippi- — See  Mississippi,  section  Ohio. 
)hio,  southern  tp.,  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in 

1  0,  483.  SW.  tp.,  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

ft.  in  1820,  2,791. 

Vaopyle  Falls,  in  Youghiogeny  river,  Fayette 
Pa.,  11  or  12  ms.  NE.  from  Uniontown. 

Hi  Creek,  creek,  Pa.,  rising  in  the  NE.  part  of 
Cwford,  and  SW.  of  Warren  co.,  flows  S.,  and 
t'a  into  the  Alleghany  river  10  ms.  above  Frank- 
h    On  it  is  a  remarkable  spring,  on  the  waters 

ol'hich  a  mineral  oil  is  found  to  float.  SE. 

El,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.,  20  ms.  NNE.  from 
Fiklin. 

il  Spring,  Caltaraugus  co.,  N.  Y. 

isans,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Isere,  and 
a  province  of  Dauphiny,  28  ms.  SE.  of  Greno- 
>|  Beauvais  is  the  capital.  Lon.  6  25  E.,  lat. 
I.  N. 

•se,  dep.  of  Fr  ,  including  part  of  the  late  pro- 

n  i  of  the  Isle  of  France.  River  which  has 

ib)urce  in  the  Ardennes,  and  falls  into  the  Seine, 
BR  Pontoise.  It  gives  name  to  the  above  de- 
janent. 

lea,  river  of  European  Russia,  great  SW. 
■ph  of  the  Volga.  It  rises  in  the  governments 
■Uolensk,  Kalouga,  and  Orel,  flows  NE.  by  E., 
Aoins  the  Volga  at  Nishnei-Novogorod,  after  a 
•arative  course  of  600  ms.  It  passes  by  Orel, 
■juga,  Kolomna,  Riazan,  Spask,  Kassimov,  and 
Iwm.  Mosqua,  on  which  stands  Moscow,  is 
mltf  its  northern  branches.  It  is  one  of  the  best 
iwable  secondary  rivers  in  Europe,  being  passa- 

le  ith  boats  to  Orel,  near  its  source. 

•  ;eham. — See  Oakham. 

j  dngham,  or  Wokingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in 
deshire,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Reading,  and  32  W.  of 
Mon.    Lon.  59'  W.,  lat.  51  25  N. 

lock-one,  river,  U.  S.,  rises  in  Georgia,  and, 
flfcng  SSW.,  falls  into  Ok-lock-one  bay  and  St. 
litre's  sound,  40  ms.  E.  from  the  mouth  of  the 
A|  lachicola  river. — See  Ucklockonne  hay  and 

m-hek  one  hay  is  the  extreme  inland  extension 
jf  ppalache  bay,  and  receives  the  Ok-lock-one 
afcU.  Mark's  rivers.    Lat.  30  8  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
VV. 

;  otzk,  province  of  the  government  of  Irkutzk, 
a  issia.  Its  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  seated 
ill!  mouth  of  the  Okota,  in  a  bay  of  the  Eastern 

<lukcr's  Mills,  post  office,  Hardy  co.,  Va.,  103 
mN.  from  W.  C. 

ienburg,  Grand  duchy  of,  State  of  Germany, 
led  N.  by  the  German  sea,  E.  by  the  Weser, 
a*<  L  and  W.  by  the  kingdom  of  Hanover.    It  is 
h  70  English  miles  from  S.  to  N.  with  a  mean 
#t  of  20,  or  contains  1,400  sq.  ms.    N.  lat. 
>9  id  lon.  8°  E.  of  London,  intersects  near  the 
ops  of  the  duchy.    Oldenburg  is  a  very  ancient 
%  of  Europe,  and  was  about  the  beginning  of 
tfcfii5th  century  united  to  Holstein  by  the  mar- 
of  Hedwiga  of  Holstein,  with  Theodoric  the 
rate  count  of  Oldenburg.    Their  third  son 
^b  tian,  married  the  widow  of  Christopher,  king 
of  snmark,  and  in   1448,  was  placed  on  the 
lhr  e  of  that  kingdom,  and  received  Holstein  by 
ill  of  his  mother.    Gerard,  the  eldest  son  of 
>'b  loric,  transmitted  Oldenburg  to  his  succes- 


sors, who  held  it  until  1667,  when,  by  the  death 
without  heirs  of  Antony  Gouthier,  the  last  duke, 
it  reverted  to  Denmark.  In  1762,  by  the  acces- 
sion of  the  Duke  of  Holstein  Gottorp  to  the 
throne  of  Russia,  the  inconvenience  became  felt 
of  that  great  Power  possessing  a  fief  of  Denmark, 
and,  by  a  provisional  treaty,  in jl TC6,  and  finally, 
by  a  treaty  of  Cession  of  1773,  the  grand  duke, 
afterwards  the  Emperor  Paul,  ceded  Holstein  to 
Denmark,  and  received  in  exchange  Oldenburg 
and  Delmenftorst,  which,  by  the  consent  of  the 
German  States,  was  crected'into  a  sovereign  duchy, 
in  favor  of  a  younger  branch  of  Holstein  Gottorp, 
Paul  Frederick,  who  married  the  grand  duchess 
Catherine,  daughter  of  Paul,  and  sister  to  the  late 
and  reigning  emperor  of  Russia.  The  sweeping 
seizure  made  by  Napoleon  in  1810,  of  the  coun- 
tries situated  along  the  North  sea  with  the  Free 
towns  of  Bremen  and  Hamburg,  the  duchy  of 
Lauenberg,  city  of  Lubec,  and  intervening  places 
included  the  duchy  of  Oldenburg.  The  grand  duke 
claimed  and  received  the  active  interference  of  his 
brother4»-law.  Napoleon  offered  in  exchange,  Er- 
furt, and  the  lordship  of  Blankerhaym,  which  the 
duke  of  Oldenburg  refused,  and  left  the  Russian  Em- 
perer  the  choice  of  seeing  his  sister  and  her  children 
despoiled,  or  of  supporting  her  rights.  The  duchy 
of  Oldenburg  was,  indeed,  perhaps  the  most  effi- 
cient cause  of  the  violent  hatred  of  Alexander 
against  Napoleon.  In  1813,  the  grand  duke  was, 
by  the  fall  of  French  power,  restored  with  his 
children.  The  duchess  Catharine  was  no  more  ; 
she  d  ed  in  1812. 

The  Congress  of  Vienna,  in  1815,  confirmed 
his  title  of  grand  duke,  and  ceded  to  him  the 
small  principality  of  Birkenfield  on  the  Nahe,  be- 
tween Treves  and  Worms.  The  territory  of 
Oldenburg  now  comprises  34  Eng.  sq.  ms.  with 
a  pop.  of  240,000.  Chief  towns: 
Oldenburg,  the  capital,  pop.         -  -  6,000 

Delmenhorst,  pop.  -  1,800 

Jever,  pop.  -  3,000 

Eutia,  pop.  -  3,000 
Two  small  districts  in  the  vicinity  of  Lubec,  and 
in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  belong  to  the  grand 
duke  rather  than  to  Oldenburg. — See  Birkenfield. 

Oldenburg,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a 
country  of  the  same  name.  It  is  noted  for  its 
horses,  and  is  seated  on  the  Hunta,  22  ms.  W.  of 
Bremen,  and  45  SE.  of  Embden.    Lon.  8  8  E., 

lat.  53  7  N.  Town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 

duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  near  the  Baltic  30  ms. 
N.  of  Lubec.    Lon.  10  47  E.,  lat.  54  22  N. 

Oldendorf,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Lunynburg,  seated  on  the  Wenaw  and  Esca. 
Lon.  10  35  E.,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Oldendorf,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  territory 
of  Schawenburg,  seated  on  the  Weser,  28  ms. 
SW.  of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  31  E.,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Oldenzeel,  town  in  the  United  Provinces  of 
Overyssel,  30  ms.  E.  of  Deventer.  Lon.  6  57 
E.,  lat.  52  20  N. 

Olderlo,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Holstein,  seated  on  the  Trave,  17  ms.  W.  of 
Lubec,  and  25  NE.  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  10  18 
E.,  lat.  53  52  N. 

Old  Fort,  village,  Centre  co.,  Pa.  ;  by  postroad 

130  ms.  NW.  from  Harrisburg.  Post  office, 

Burke  co.,  N.  C. 

675 


OLI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


OLY 


and  the  kings  of  Swei 


emperor  of  Germany, 
and  Poland. 

Olivenza,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alenti 
seated  near  the  Guadiana,  13  ms.  S.  of  Elvas, : 
40  E.  of  Evora.    Lon.  7  4  W.,  lat.  38  30  N. 

Olive,  town,  Morgan  co.,  0.  Tp.,  Mr 

co.,  O. 

Olive  Green,  tp.,  Morgan  co.,  0.    Pop.  18' 


Oldham,  co.  Ky.,  on  O.  river,  formed  from  Hen- 
ry and  Jefferson  cos.,  and  is  bounded  by  the  Ohio 
river  and  by  the  cos.  of  Henry,  Shelby,  and  Jeffer- 
son. Chief  town,  Westport.  Cent.  lat.  38  25, 
lon.  W.  C  8  21  W.    Pop.  1840,  7,380. 

Old  Head  of  Kinsale,  cape  of  the  S.  coast  of 
Treland,  about  6  miles  S.  from  Kinsale.    It  is  a 
high  rocky  promontory,  which  has  been  recently 
rendered  distressfully  remarkable  by  the  wreck  of  300 
the  Aibion,  1822.  Olmedo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  sea 

OldmarCs  Creek,  small  stream  of  N.  J.,  sepa-jon  the  Adaja,  30  ms.  S.  of  Valladolid.  Lon 
rating  Salem  and  Gloucester  cos.,  and  falling  into  j  29  W„  lat.  41  20  N. 

the  Delaware  about  3  ms.  below  Marcus  Hook.  Olmuiz.  commercial  town  of  Moravia,  on 

Old  Point  Comfort,  and  post  office,  is  the  ex  !  Morava,  80  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Vienna,  and  97 
treme  S.  point  of  Elizabeth  City  co.,  Va.,  about  15  I  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17  35  E.,  lat.  49  26  N. 
ms.  N.  from  Norfolk.  The  two  opposing  points  i  Olney,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bucks,  with  a  con 
of  Willoughby  and  Old  Point  Comfort  separate  erable  manufacture  of  bono  lace.  It  is  sealed 
Lynnhaven  bay  from  Hampton  Roads.  The  strait  J  the  Ouse,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Northampton,  and 
between  the  two  points  is  the  real  mouth  of  James  NN  VV.  of  London.  Lon.  54'  W.,  lat.  52  5  I 
river.  Olone,  island,  town,  castle,  and  harbor  of  ] 

Old  Town,  or  Indian  Old  Town,  town  and  is-  in  the  dep.  of  Vendee,  and  late  provinceof  Poit 
land  in  Penobscot  river,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.    It  is  30  ms.  NW.  of  Rochelle,  and  258  SVV.  of  Pf 
an  Indian  settlement,  containing  about  200  acres  Lon.  1  43  W.  lat.  46  30  N: 
and  300  persons.  Olonetz,  government  of  Russia,  included 

Old  Town,  town,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  on  the  !  medy  in  the  government  of  Novogorod.  In 
N.  6ide  of  Potomac  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  I  district  are  some  considerable  iron  works. 
SVV.  branch,  14  ms.  SE.  of  Cumberland,  and  134  \     Olonetz,  town  of  Russia,  in  a  gov.  of  the  s; 

NW.  of  Washington.  Village,  Ross  co.,  O.,  'name,  famous  for  its  mines  of  iron,  and  its  min 

12  ms.  NW.  from  Chilicothe,  and  54  a  little  S.  water.  It  is  situated  on  the  river  Olonza,  wl 
of  E.  from  Columbus.  I  falls  into  the  Lake  Ladoga.    Lon.  34  20  E., 

Olean,  town,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Alle- !  61  26  N. 
ghany  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Olean  creek,  con-  i     Olse,  or  Oeltse,  strong  and  considerable  towi 
taining  Hamilton,-  which  see.   Pop.  1820,  1 ,047.  |  Silesia,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Breslaw.    Lon.  17  26 


 Creek,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y.,  flows  S.,  and 

falls  into  Alleghany  river  at.  Hamilton. 

Oleron,  isle  of  France,  5  ms.  from  the  coasts  of 
Aunis  and  Saintonge.  It  is  12  ms.  Ion?,  and  5 
broad  ;  is  populous  and  fertile,  producing  corn  and 
wine,  and  is  defended  by  a  castle.  It  contains 
about  10  or  12,000  inhabitants,  and  on  a  headland 
is  a  light-house,  and  on  its  E.  side  stands  a  strong 
castle.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  I.,  this  island  was 
part  of  the  possession  of  the  Crown  of  England  ; 
and  here  that  monarch  compiled  the  code  of  mari 
time  laws  called  the  laws  of  Oleron,  which  are  re 


lat.  51  19  N. 

Ohonitz,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  t(  ■ 
lory  of  Voigtland,  seated  on  the  Elster,  60  a 
SW.  of  Dresden.     Lon.  12  27  E.,  lat.  50  40.. 

Olten,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  hm 
wic,  in  the  canton  of  Soleure.    It  is  dependcn  i 
the  bishop  of  Basle,  and  is  seated  a  little  to  th(  • 
of  the  Aar,  between  Aarberg  and  Araw.  Lai 
45  E.,  lat.  47  16  N. 

Olympiads,  periods  of  four  solar  years  nil 
intervened  between  the  games  observed  by  ■ 
Greeks  at  Olympia,  in  the  Peloponnesus.  - 


ceived  by  all  nations  in  Europe  as  the  ground  of  cording  to  the  Greek  historians  they  were  origin f 
all  their  marine  constitutions.    Lon.   I  20   W.,  instituted  A.  C,   1753,  by  the  Idaei  Dac . 

lav.  46  3  N.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Low- , They  were  neglected  and  revived  by  4 urns  r 

er  Pyrenees,  and  late  provinceof  Beam,  on  the  several  centuries ;  one  of  their  most  remarks 


Cave,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Pau.  Lon.  14'  W.,  lat 
43  7  N. 

Oleskn,  town  of  Poland 
ENE.  of  Lemburg.   Lon.  25  10  E.,  lat.  50  %\  N. 

Oley,  tp.,  Berks  co.,  Pa-,  8  ms.  E.  from  Read- 
ing, and  12  NW.  from  Pottsgrove. 

Olika,  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia,  with  a 
citadel,  20  m3.  E.  of  Lueko.  Lon.  26  8  E.,  lat. 
51  15  N. 

Olinda,  or  Pernambuco,  town  of  Brazil,  and 
capital  of  Pernambuco,  seated  on  the  Atlantic, 
with  a  very  good  harbor. — See  Pernambuco. 

Olita.  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  where  their 
kings  formerly  resided.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
country,  20  ms.  N.  of  Tudela.  Lon.  1  46  W  , 
lat.  42  22  N. 

•  Oliva,  celebrated  monastery  of  Western  Prus- 
sia, 3  ms.  W.  of  Dantzic.  It  contains  several 
tombs  of  the  dukes  of  Pomerania,  and  is  rcmaika- 
blc  for  the  peace  concluded  in  1660  between  the 
676 


restitutions,  however,  being  by   Iphitu*,  poi£ 
(Praxonides,  884  A  C.    During  the  ensuing" 
in  Red  Russia,  36  ms.  jtury,  they  again  fell  to  neglect,  but  were  finf 

776,  and  contii  i 


restored  by  Coerebus,  A.  U. 
about  twelve  centuries  to  be  the  standard  ol  c 
oology,  amongst  the  most  cultivated  nation 'f 
the  earth. 

Olympus,  town  of  ancient  Greece,  in  tbe  F«* 
uonnesus,  where  were  celebrated  the  famous  ga1* 
every  4th  year. — See  Olympiad.''. 

Olympian  Springs,  post  office  and  wate  g 
place',  Bath  co.,  Ky.,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Owi  »• 
Title,  and  50  E.  from  Lexington. 

Olympus,  mountain  of  Thrace  ons  6 
highest  and  most  considerable  in  all  southeast 
Europe.  The  ancients  supposed  its  top  rea  <j 
the  heavens;  and,  from  that  circumstance,  pi  d 
the  residence  of  the  gods  there,  and  madeii'* 
court  of  Jupiter.  There  arc  several  mount'* 
of  the  same  name.  • 


ONE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ONS 


Ombrone,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the 
>nnese,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Ombrone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Siennese,  be- 
t  ;en  the  river  Ombrone  and  the  Lake  Castigliano, 
ris.  S.  of  Grossetto. 

Jmegnu,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Milan,  in  the 
;varese,  with  a  castle,  5  rns.  N.  of  Orta. 

Jmer,  St.,  fortified,  large,  and  populous  town 
oFr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  straits  of  Calais,  and 
|)  province  of  Artois,  on  the  Aa,  on  the  side  ot 
a  ill,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Aire,  and  135  N.  of  Paris. 
t\.  2  20  E.,  lat.  51  45  N. 

~)mmen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
it  Overyssel,  seated  on  the  Vecht,  17  ms. 
1*.  of  Deventer.    Loft.  6  10  E.f  lat.  52  32  N. 

)mmenburg,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
eJtorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  the  Othern,  9  ms. 
9  of  Marpurg,  and  45  NE.  of  Frankfort.  Lon. 
M3  E.,  lat.  50  30  N. 

'mmirabih,  river  of  Africa,  which  rises  in 
Mint  Atlas,  separates  the  kingdom  of  Morocco 
friithat  of  Fez,  and  entering  the  Atlantic,  forms 
6-  pacious  bay  on  the  E.  side  of  Azamor. 

mora,  seaport  of  Mexico,  in  Honduras,  near 
■hottom  of  the  Bay  of  Honduras.  Lon.  W.  C. 
MO  W.,  lat.  15  53  N. 
mvnrapoora. — See  Ummerapoora. 
k.msk,  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  in  the 
■Irnment  of  Tobolsk,  situate  at  the  conflux  of 
lj)m  with  the  Irtysb,  350  ms.  SE.  ef  Tobolsk. 
m  74  54  E.,  lat.  54  14  N. 
^tecote,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  8 
■IN.  by  E.  of  Cheadle,  noted  for  the  rich  cop- 
(••oines  in  its  vicinity. 

mpeeheow,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  in  the 
Kc  ocean,  5  leagues  W.  of  Atooi.  Its  eastern 
His  high,  and  rises  abruptly  from  the  sea,  but 
tlpther  parts  consist  of  low  ground,  except  a 
■M  bluff  head  on  the  SE.  point.  It  produces 
fljy  of  yams,  and  of  a  sweet  root  called  Tee. 
M  161°  W.  lat.  21  54  N. 
I{i€g-,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
■angel,  ou  the  river  Onega,  near  the  White 
*4i80  ms.  SSW.  of  Archangel.  Lon.  37  24 
4iat.  63  35  N. 

4  lega,  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Wetz.  The  lake  is  100  ms.  long,  and  40  broad,  j 
»fc(ias  a  communication  with  the  Lake  Lagoda,  | 

tme  Svir  river.  River  in  Russia,  rising  in  j 

dfciovernment  of  Olonetz,  and  flowing  NNE, ; 

'Ahe  SW.  extremity  of  the  White  sea.  ; 

mi  of  Russia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Onega ! 

9eg*/m,  principality  of  Italy,  surrounded  by  J 
flHrritory  of  Genoa,  but  subject  to  the  king  of 
IJlriia.    It  abounds  in  olive  trees,  fruits  and 

*W  Seaport  of  Italy,  in  a  principality  of  the  j 

S4B  name,  on  a  small  river,  30  ms.   SE.  ofj 
j«i,  and  60  W.  by  S.  of  Genoa.    Lon.  7  31 
H*)t.43  58  N. 

'ettfa,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  hy  Lewis  co.  N., 
ie  mer  E.,  Madison  S  W.,  and  Oswego  W.; 
"B  i  40  ms.,  mean  width  30,  area  1,200  sq.  ms. 
"Hbe  much  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  soil 
i'<»illy  productive.  The  local  position  of  this 
^*jvery  remarkable,  as  it  occupies  the  summit 
«W  between  the  waters  of  the  Hudson  and  St. 
"a^:nce  basins.  The  Mohawk  rises  in  its  cen- 
lr*;j'.e  sources  of  Black  river  flows  from  its  INE. 


angle  into  Lake  Erie  at  Sackett's  harbor;  its 
western  sections  are  drained  by  Fish  creek,  Wood 
creek,  and  Oneida  creek,  flowing  into  Lake  On- 
eida; and  from  its  extensive  southern  limits  flows 
the  Unadilla  branch  of  the  Susquehannah.  Chief 
towns  Utica,  and  Rome.  Central  lat.  43  13  N. 
ion.^V.  C.  1  34  E.    Pop.  1840,  85,310. 

Oneida,  Lake,  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Oneida 
co.,  E.  and  NE.,  by  Madison  and  Onondaga  cos. 
S.,  and  by  Oswego  co.  N.  and  NW.  It  is  about 
20  ms  long  from  E.  to  W.,  with  a  mean  width  of 
4.  The  name  is  continued  in  the  outlet,  which,  by 
a  very  winding  course  of  16  ms.  from  the  W. 
end  of  the  lake,  joins  Seneca  river  to  form  the  Os- 
wego river.  The  Oneida  lake  receives  from  the 
NE.  Fish  creek,  from  the  SE.  Oneida  creek,  and 
the  S.  Chittenango  creek. 

Oneida  Tract,  town,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  W. 
from  Oneida  creek,  and  S.  from  Oneida  lake;  25 
ms.  W.  from  Utica, 

One  Leg,  a  ridiculous  name  of  an  eastern 
tp.  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  823. 

Ongar,  or  Chipping  Ongar,  town  of  Eng.,'  in 
Essex,  12  ms.  W.  of  Chelmsford,  and  21  ENE. 
of  London.  Longitude  0  16  E  ,  latitude  51  43 
North. 

Ongole,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
seated  on,  and  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  which- 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  829  ms.  SW.  of 
Calcutta.    Lon.  80  5  E.,  lat.  15  30  N. 

Onion,  river,  Vt.,  which  rises  in  Caledonia  co., 
and  running  nearly  in  a  NW.  course,  flows  into 
Lake  Champlain,  near  Colchester. 

Onondaga,  lake  and  river  of  N.  Y.,  from  which 
the  name  of  Onondaga  co.  is  taken.  The  river 
flows  W.  from  the  lake,  tili  it  meets  the  Seneca, 
when  its  course  turns  N.  to  Oswego,  where  it 
enters  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  boatable  from  its 
mouth  to  the  head  of  the  lake,  except  one  fall 
which  causes  a  portage  of  20  yards.  Towards 
the  headwaters  of  this  river,  salmon  are  caught 
in  great  quantities.  It  is  near  the  centre  of  ihe 
co.  of  the  same  name,  and  is  about  6  ms.  by 
1.  The  great  N.  Y.  Saline,  is  on  its  banks- 
See  Salina. 

Onondaga,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Madison  E., 
Cortland  S.,  Cayuga  SW.,  Oswego  N.,  and 
Oneida  lake  NE.  It  is  about  30  ms.  sq.,  with 
an  area  of  900  sq.  ms.  It  includes  Skeneateles, 
Owasco,  and  Salt  lakes,  and  is  watered  by  Se- 
neca and  Oswego  rivers,  and  some  of  their  con- 
fluents. The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Staples,  grain, 
flour,  salt,  and  gypsum.  Chief  town,  Onondaga' 
Pop.  1840,  67,911.  Lat.  43°  N.,  and  Ion.  W, 
C.  1°  E.  intersect  in  this  co. 

Onondaga,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Onondago 
co.  N.  Y.,  50  ms.  W.  from  Utica.  The  tp.  con- 
tains the  greatest  salt  work  in  the  U.  S.  It  abounds 
also  in  gypsum.  Pop.  in  1840,  5,658.— See 
Salina.    Lat.  42  57  lon.,  W.  C.  0  48  E. 

Onondaga  Hollow,  village,  Onondaga  co.,  N. 
Y.,  6  ms.  S.  from  Salina. 

Onslow,  tp.,  Halifax  co„  Nova  Scotia. 

Onslow,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean  SE.,  New  Hanover  and  Duplin  cos.  W. 
Jones  N.  and  NE  ,  and  Carteret  E.  Length  35 
ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  700  sq.  ms.  It  is 
drained  by  New  river,  and  is  generally  flat,  with  a 
sterile  soil.    Chief  town,  Swansborough.  There 

617 


OOD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


OPE 


is  a  post  office  at  the  court-house.  Pop.  in  1820, 
7,018.    Pop.  in  1840,  7,527. 

Ontanagon,  river  of  Mich  ,  rising  with  the 
Ouisconsin  with  Black  river  branches  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. It  flows  N.,  and  falls  into  the  Lake 
Superior,  about  90  ms.  SW.  from  Point  Kee- 
weena.  A  large  mass  of  native  copper  has  Been 
found  imbedded  in  a  rock,  near  the  bank  of  this 
stream ;  estimated  recently,  from  actual  inspection 
by  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  at  2,200  pounds. 

Ontario,  Lake,  one  of  that  grand  chain  of  lakes, 
which  divide  the  U.  S.  from  U.  C.  It  is  situated 
between  lat.  43  15  and  44  N.,  and  Ion.  76  and 
79  W.  Its  form  is  nearly  elliptical;  its  greatest 
length  is  from  SW.  to  NE.,  and  its  circumference' 
is  above  600  ms.  Ontario  is  about  200  ms.  from 
W.  to  E.,  with  a  mean  width  of  40  ;  area  8,000  I 
sq.  ms.  The  ordinary  depth  about  450  feet.  It 
abounds  with  fish  of  an  excellent  flavor,  amongst  j 
which  are  the  Oswego  bass,  weighing  three  or  | 
four  pounds.  Its  banks  in  many  places  are  steep, 
and  the  lands  generally  good.  It  communicates 
with  Lake  Erie  by  the  river  Niagara.  It  receives 
the  waters  of  the  Genessee  river  from  the  S.,  and 
of  Oswego,  at  Fort  Oswego,  from  the  SE.  by 
which  it  communicates,  through  Oneida  lake,  and 
Wood  creek,  with  the  Mohawk  river.  On  the 
JVE.  this  lake  discharges  itself  into  the  river  St. 
Lawrence.  The  islands  are  all  at  the  eastern  end, 
the  chief  of  which  are  Wolfe,  Amherst,  Gage,  and 
Howe  islands. 

Ontario,  co.  in  U.  C,  consists  of  the  following 
islands  :  Amherst  island,  Wolfe  island,  Gage  is- 
land, and  all  the  islands  between  the  mouth  of  the 
Gananoqui,  to  the  easternmost  extremity  of  the  late 
tp.  of  Marysburg,  called  Point  Pleasant. 

Ontario,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  E.  by  Seneca 
co.  and  Seneca  lake,  SE.  by  Yates  co.,  S.  by  Steu- 
ben, W.  by  Livingston  and  Monroe,  and  N.  by 
Wayne.  Length  about  30  ms.,  mean  width  18, 
and  560  in  area.  Canandaigua  outlet  and  Flint 
creek  drain  the  central  parts  of  this  county.  Soil 
highly  fertile.  Chief  towns,  Canandaigua  and  Ge- 
neva. Central  lat.  42  54,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  20  W. 
Pop.  in  1840,  43,501. 

Ontario,  town,  Wayne  co.,  N.  Y.,  near  Lake 
Ontario,  and  22  ms.  N.  from  Canandaigua.  Pop. 
in  1820,  2,233. 

Ooch. — See  Ouch. 

Oodipoor,  Odeypoor,  or  Mcwar,  the  southern 
section  of  Rajepootana,  occupies  a  part  of  the  ta- 
ble land,  drained  to  the  NE.  by  different  branches 
of  the  Chumbull,  and  to  the  SW.  by  those  of  the 
Mahy  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Cutch.  It  is  well 
adapted  to  agriculture,  being  hilly  and  plentifully 
supplied  by  water;  but,  previous  to  1818,  when 
taken  under  the  protection  of  the  British,  ravaged 
by  war. 

Oodipoor,  capital  of  the  Rajepootana,  province 
of  ihe  same  name,  is,  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
map  of  Indostan,  situated  near  the  extreme  source 
of  the  Banass  branch  of  the  Chumbull  river.  N. 
lat.  29  30,  Ion.  74  0  E.  The  site  of  this  city  is  in 
a  valley  surrounded  by  mountains,  accessible  only 
through  a  narrow  defile.  This  city  stands  about 
400  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Agra,  and  300  a  little 
E.  of  N.  from  Surat. 

Oodooanullah,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in 
Bengal,  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Ganges,  at 
67S 


the  foot  of  a  chain  of  hills.  Here  is  an  eleg 
bridge  over  the  Ganges,  built  by  the  Sultan  Suj 
Oodooanullah  is  82  rns.  N.  by  W.  of  Moorshe 
bad.    Lon.  87  55  E.,  lat.  24  58  N. 

Oonalaska,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  North 
Archipelago  of  North  America,  visited  by  C 
tain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage.  It  is  the  largesl 
the  Aleutian,  or  Fox  Islands.  Lon.  165  0  V 
lat.  53  5  JV. 

Oonemak,  or  Uniak,  one  of  the  Aleutian,  or  1 
Islands,  between  Oonalaska  and  Alaska. 

Oostenalah,  river  of  Ga.,  which  joins  the  [|| 
wah,  and  forms  the  Coosa.  The  junction  of  th  j 
two  streams,  as  laid  down  by  Tanner,  is  at  N. 
34  13,  and  lon.  W.  C.  8  t\  W  ,  and,  in  a  tli  ; 
line,  about  80  miles  SE.  by  E.  from  Huntsvi,, 
Alabama.  The  country  drained  by  the  Oo  - 
nalah  is  claimed  and  possessed  by  the  Cherc  $ 
Indians. 

Ooralsk. — See  Uralsk. 

Ooroop  and  Oshesheer  — See  Kuriles. 

Oostborch,  town  and  fort  in  Flanders,  in  the  ; 
of  Cadsand,  4  ms.  NE.  of  Sluys.  Lon.  3  29  , 
lat.  51  22  N. 

Oosienby,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  Isle  of  - 
land,  27  ms.  S.  of  Bomholm. 

Opelousas,  co.  of  La.,  named  in  the  cei  s 
tables  St.  Landre,  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Me  > 
SW.,  Sabine  river,  or  the  province  of  Texas,  , 
the  parishes  of  Natchitoches  and  Rapides  N.,  - 
rish  of  Avoyelles  and  Atchafalaya  river  NE.,  1 
Attacapas  SE.  Length  110  ms.,  mean  with  ; 
area  7,700  sq.  ms.  All  the  southern,  southc  - 
em,  and  eastern  part  of  Opelousas  is  one  vast  p.  . 
The  northwest  and  northern  sections  swell  o 
hills  of  moderate  size.  In  point  of  soil,  it  is  (  - 
sible  into  three  distinct  regions.  Towards  e 
Gulf  of  Mexico  it  is  marshy,  but  rising  gradiy 
into  arable  prairies,  with  a  thin  sterile  soil.  '  s 
character  of  country  is  followed,  advancing  N.  y 
an  immense  pine  forest,  out  of  which  flow  Bill 
ous  creeks,  falling  into  the  Sabine,  the  Oafcj  u 
river,  and  the  Nezpique  rivers,  or  northwer  n 
branch  of  Mcrmentau.  The  foil  of  the  pine  :t 
is  also  sterile.  Advancing  to  the  eastern  pa  >f 
the  county,  washed  by  the  Teche,  Boeut,  d 
Courtableau,  a  total  change  takes  place ;  the  s<  is 
exuberantly  productive,  and  in  part  excessi  y 
heavy  timbered.  The  northern  and  eastern  |  |s 
of  Opelousas  are  covered  by  a  dense  forest,  e 
residue  open  prairies.  It  is  emphatically  the  4 
toral  section  of  Louisiana,  and  contains  the  I 
numerous  individual  flocks  of  cattle  in  the  1 1 'd 
States.  Farming  is,  however,  extensively  pur  d 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county.  Staples,  co  I 
beef,  tallow,  hides,  live  stock,  such  as  hos, 
mules,  horned  cattle,  and  some  sheep.  It  is a' 
tered  by  the  Sabine;  Calcassiu,  and  Upper  Tte, 
flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A  low,  i  n- 
habitable,  and  annually  overflown  tract,  iocl 
extends  from  the  arable  border  of  the  '1 16 
to  the  Atchafalaya. — See  Courtableau,  Loft 
ana,  Mississippi,  &c.  For  the  ordinary  njf 
cipal  regulations  of  that  part  of  Louisiana,  it  i  J- 
signated  the  parish  of  St.  Landre.  Pop.  in  1  °» 
10,085;  and  in  1840,  15,253.  For  central  t., 
see  next  article. 

Opelousas,  or  St.  Landre,  village  and  sc  01 
justice  for  the  parish  of  Opelousas,  or  St.  La  e> 


OR  A  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ORA 


situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Teche  river,  in  the 
iirie  Belvue,  by  postroad  223  ms,  NW.  from  N. 
leans,  and  1,460  from  W.  C.  Lat.  30  31  N., 
i.  W.  C.  15  6  W.  The  village  is  small,  but 
,!  situation  highly  pleasant  and  healthy.  The 
;  acent  prairies  are  more  rolling  and  diversifi- 
<  than  the  extensive  plains  to  the  S.  and  W., 
trards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Sabine. — See  Ca- 
n's Landing. 

Oporto,  or  Porto,  city  and  seaport  of  Portugal, 
iEntre  Douero  e  Minho,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is, 
\  nature,  almost  impregnable,  and  is  noted  for  itsj 
nng  wines,  of  which  large  quantities  are  export- 
«to  England,  whence  all  red  wines  from  Spain  | 
(Portugal  are  called  Port  wines.  The  other  chief! 
«  >orts  are,  oranges,  lemons,  &c,  and  linen  cloth, ! 
;  Brazil.  Its  commerce  greatly  increased  after  thej 
« hquake  at  Lisbon,  in  1755;  before  that  time,,' 
I  population  was  estimated  at  20,000,  and  it  is  I 
■  said  to  be  60,000.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
nintait),  near  the  river  Douero,  which  forms  an 
«illent  harbor,  147  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Lisbon. 
L.8  22  W.,  lat.  41  10  N. 

ippeln,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
p  cipality  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  great  trade 
©fool,  and  stands  on  the  Oder,  150  ms.  SE.  of 
B=lau.    Lon.  18  0  E.,  lat.  50  39  N. 

'ppenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
dfhe  Rhine.  The  vicinity  produces  excellent 
afe.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  12  ms  SSE. 
•Tentz. 

ppenheim,  W.  tp.,  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y., 
tfljhe  N.  side  of  the  Mohawk.  Pop.  in  1810, 
»3;  in  1820,  3,045. 

opido,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteri- 
jHat  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  25  miles  IN  E.  of 

Aio.  Town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  5  ms. 

of  Acerenza. 

ipurg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  with 
itle,  4  ms.  WSW.  of  Neusladt. 

♦  ach,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia, 

*  the  river  Drino,  60  ms.  SVV.  of  Belgrade. 

f\an>  c'ty  and  seaport  of  Africa,  in,  the  Alge- 1 
'#>rovince  of  Mascara,  with  an  excellent  harbor, 
Ht  opposite  Carthagena,  in  Spain.    In  1732,  j 
'Spaniards  became  masters  of  it,  and  have  kept ; 
^■r  since. 

Mian,  town,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y. 
'*WLng^  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  ofVaucleus.  It 
important  place  in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  i 

•  »-limphul  arch,  200  paces  from  the  town,  was  I 
M(riy  within  its  limits ;  and  here  are  also  the  re- ! 

of  a  fine  amphitheatre,  and  some  aqueducts, 
-  h  ity  is  seated  in  a  fine  plain,  on  the  river  Ai- 
12  ms.  N.  of  Avignon,  and  57  S.  of  Valence. 
*i4  49  E.,  lat.  44  9  N. 

Imwgt,  formerly  Cardigan,  tp.,  Grafton  co., 
•Wj,  14  ms  SW.  from  Plymouth. 
^Hmge,  co.  of  Vt,  bounded  by  Connecticut 
w*K.,  Windham  co.  SE.,  Rutland  SW.,  Wash- 
'"1*1  NW  ,  and  Caledonia  N.    Length 23  ms., 
••f^idth  18  ;  area  about  630  sq.  ms.    Its  west- 
jrt  is  mountainous,  but  the  surface  becomes 
'-igged  approaching  Connecticut  river.  The 
»oil  !  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief 
uitti  Newberry  and  Randolph.     Pop.  in  1820, 
24jfi  ;  and  in  1840,  27,873.    Central  lat.  44  46 
N.fji.  W.  C.  5  0  E. 
0?ge,  town,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  15  ms.  SE. 


from  Montpelier.  Village,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.' 

20  ms.  E.  from  Greenfield,  and  by  post  road  80 
ms  NW.  by  W.  from  Boston. 

Orange,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Hudson  river 
E.,  Rockland  co.  SE.,  Bergen  and  Sussex  cos., 
N.  J.  SW.,  Delaware  river  W.,  Sullivan  co.,  N. 
Y.  NW.,  and  Ulster  N.  Length  40  ms.,  mean 
width  20  ;  area  800  sq.  ms.  This  is  a  very  great- 
ly diversified  county.  Towards  the  Hudson,  it  is 
either  mountainous  or  hilly,  in  the  centre  flat,  and 
again  mountainous  or  excessively  hilly.  The  Wal- 
kill  river  rises  in  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  and,  flowing 
NE.,  crosses  Orange  into  Ulster.  Near  this  stream 
is  a  high  but  swampy  section,  called  the  Drowned 
Lands.  Interlocking  with  the  Walkill,  but  flow- 
ing to  the  SE.,  are  the  sources  of  Passaic  river, 
also  in  Orange ;  and  at  the  western  extremity  the 
Nevesink  crosses  this  county  in  its  passage  into 
the  Delaware.  Notwithstanding  the  rugged  fea- 
tures of  Orange,  the  soil  is  generally  productive  in 
grain,  fruits,  and  particularly  pasturage.  Staples, 
grain,  flour,  whiskey,  beef,  butter,  cheese,  apples, 
cider,  hay,  and  live  stock.  Chief  towns,  New  berg, 
Goshen,  and  West  Point.  Pop.  in  1820,41,213; 
and  in  1840,  50,739.  Central  lat.  41  24  N.,  Ion' 
W.  C.  2  44  E. 

Orange,  village,   Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  See 

H .If  Moon,  tp,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.  Town, 

Essex  co.,  N.  Jersey,  near  Newark.  It  is  the  seat 
of  an  academy.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,266;  in  1820, 

2,830.  Eastern  tp.,  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio.  

NE.  tp.,  Richland  co.,  Ohio.  Village,  Trum- 
bull co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Shelby  co  ,  Ohio.  

Town  on  Shade  river,  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.  Plea- 
sant tp.  in  the  southern  borders  of  Delaware  co., 
Ohio.  Along  the  borders  of  Alum  creek,  which 
passes  through  the  eastern  parts  of  the  township, 
the  land  is  peculiarly  fertile,  and  handsomely  sit- 
uated. 

Orange,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Spoltsvlvania 
SE.,  North  Anna  river,  or  Louisa,  S.,  Albemarle 
SW.,  Blue  ridge,  or  Rockingham  NW.,  Rapid 
Ann  river,  or  Madison  and  Culpeper  cos.  N. 
Length  from  W.  to  E.  60  ms.,  mean  width  10  ; 
area  600  sq.  ms.  This  county  is  drained  by  the 
Rivanna,  ^North  Anna,  and  Rapid  Ann  rivers. 
The  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and  in  part  moun- 
tainous. Soil  various ;  but  much  really  excellent 
soil  skirts  the  various  streams,  and  several  other 
places.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco.  Chief 
towns,  Gordonsville  and  Stanardsville.  The  court- 
house, with  a  post  office,  is  near  the  head  of  the 
North  Anna  river,  45  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Fred- 
ericksburg. Pop.  in  1820,  12,913  ;  and  in  1840, 
9,125.  Central  lat.  38  15  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  10  W. 

Orange,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Orange  co.,  Va., 
between  North  Anna  and  Rapid  Ann  rivers,  about 
80  ms.  NNW.  from  Richmond,  and  90  SW 
from  W.  C.    Lat.  38  12  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  18  w! 

Orange,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Chatham  S., 
Guilford  W.,  Caswell  and  Person  N.,  and  Gran- 
ville and  Wake  E.  ;  length  36  ms.,  mean  width 
25,  area  900  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
branches  of  the  Neuse  and  Haw  rivers.  Chief 
town,  Hillsborough.  Pop.  in  1820,  23,492;  and 
in  1840,  24,355.    N.  lat.  36°,  and  lon.  W.  C. 

2°  W.  intersect  in  this  county.  Co.,  Indiana, 

bounded  by  Crawford  S.,  Dubois  SW.,  Owen  W., 
Lawrence  N.,  and  Washington  E,  ;  length  22 

679 


ORE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ORB 


ms.,  mean  width  18,  area  about  400  sq.  ms.  It 
is  drained  by  the  SE.  branches  of  the  E.  fork  of 
White  river.  Chief  town,  Paoli.  Pop.  in  1820, 
5,368  ;  and  in  1840,  9,602.  Ctl.  lat.  38  33  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  9  24  W.  Largest  river  of  South- 
ern Africa,  rises  in  the  district  of  Graaf  Reynet, 
and,  flowing  first  to  the  NW.,  winds  to  the  W., ! 
and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  lat.  28  30  S.,  af- 
ter a  comparative  course  of  600  ms. 

Orangeburg,  district,  S.  Carolina,  bounded  by  | 
Charleston  and  Colleton  SE.,  South  Edisto  river] 
or  Barnwell  SW.,  Edgefield  NW.,  Lexington, 
district  and  Congaree  river  N.,  and  Santee  river  j 
or  Sumpter  district  NE.  ;  length  70  ms.,  mean  i 
width  25,  area  1,750  sq.  ras  ;  surface  generally  j 
level,  and  soil  rather  sterile.  Staples,  cotton  and 
tobacco.  Chief  town,  Orangeburgh.  Pop.  in 
1820,  15,653;  and  in  1840,  18,519.  For  ctl. 
lat.  see  next  article. 

Orangeburg,  or  C.  H.  of  Orangeburg  district, 
S.  C,  on  North  Edisto  river,  50  ms.  SSE.  from 
Columbia,  and  about  80  NW.  from  Charleston. 
Lat.  33  28,  Ion.  W.  C,  3  48  W. 

Orange  Springs,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  92  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C,  and  99 
NW.  from  Richmond. 

Orangetown,  town,  Washington  co.,  Maine, 

20  ms.  E.  from  Marhias.  Tp.,  Rockland  co., 

N.  ¥.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson,  28  ms.  N.  of 
N.  Y.  It  is  remarkable  for  a  number  of  mills,  and 
contains  an  academy  and  two  churches.  Pop.  in 
1820,  2,257. 

Orangeville,  town  between  Sheldon  and  War- 
saw, Genessce  co  ,  N.  Y.,  on  the  head  of  Tonne- 
wanto  creek,  20  ms.  a  little  W,  of  S.  from  Ba- 
tavia.  Village,  Columbia  co.,  Pa. 

Oranienbaum,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Anhalt-Dessau,   6  ms.  SE.  of  Dessau. 

 Town  of  Russia,  in  Ingria.    It  is  seated  on 

the  gulf  of  Finland,  20  ms.  W.  of  Petersburgh. 
The  unfortunate  Peter  III,  emperor  of  Russia,  was 
residing  at  this  village,  when  his  wife,  afterwards 
Catharine  II,  excited  that  revolt  which  placed  in 
her  hands  the  sceptre  of  Russia,  and  hurled  her 
wretched  husband  from  his  throne  to  the  grave, 
May  1762. 

Oranienburg,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
middle  mark,  anciently  called  Bretzow.  It  is  sit- 
uate on  the  Havel,  18  ms.  N  of  Berlin. 

Orasurga,  island. — See  Navigator's  Islands. 

Oratava,  town  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island  of 
Tenerifle,  and  the  chief  place  of  trade.  It  is  seated 
at  the  bottom  of  an  amphitheatre  of  mountains,  out 
of  which  rises  tile  Peak  of  Teneriffe.  Its  port  is 
at  3  ms.  distance.  Lon.  16  24  W.,  lat.  28 
23  N. 

Orbassan,  town  of  Piedmont,  6  ms.  SW.  of 
Turin. 

Orbe,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Paysde  Vaud, 

32  ms.  WSW.  of  Bern.  Town  of  Germany, 

in  the  late  electorate  of  Mentz,  celebrated  for  its 
extensive  salt  works.  It  now  belongs  to  Bavaria, 
96  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort  on  the  Maine. 

Orbelus,  that  part  of  the  Hsemus  mountains 
stretching  from  W.  toE.,  between  Macedonia  and 
Servia  and  Bulgaria. 

Orbit,  Latin,  orbita,  round  in  wheel  form.  In 
ostronomy  orbit  means  the  path  of  a  planet  round 
the  sun.  Kepler  was  the  fisst  asironomer  who  dis- 
680 


covered  and  published  the  elliptic  form  of  plant  v 
orbits,  and  deduced  the  three  great  laws  of  pi 
tary  motion,  bearing  his  name. 

Orbitello,  strong  seaport  of  Tuscany,  in  thi  I 
ennese,  defended  by  several  forts,  and  seated  ir 
the  Albegna,  56  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Sienne,  an  5 
S.  of  Florence.    Lon.  11  10  E.,  lat.  42  19  N 

Orbre,  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the  I 
vennes,  and,  after  watering  Baziers,  falls  intt  e 
Gulf  of  Lyons,  5  ms.  below  that  town. 

Orcades. — See  Orkneys. 

Orchies,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Ni  i, 
and  late  province  of  French  Flanders,  14  ms.  ]. 
of  Lisle.    Lon.  3  25  E.,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Orchilla,  island  of  the  Caribbean  sea,  80  j. 
N.  of  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  and  160  I  .y 
S.  of  Curracao.    Lon.  65  20  W.,  lat.  12°  1^ 

Orchemtmt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duel  jf 
Luxemburg,  sitated  on  the  river  Semio,  18  m;  I 
of  Sedan. 

Orda.— See  Horde. 

Ordon nance,  Latin,  ordinare.  This  tetjf 
many  European  monarchies,  but  particularly  ., 
means  the  same  as  enactment. 

Ordingen,  or  Urdingen,  town  of  the  e!eci  te 
of  Cologne,  in  Germany,  1 1  ms.  N.  of  Di  I 
dorf,  and  32  NNW  of  Cologne. 

Ordunna,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  s  id 
in  a  valley  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  2<  s. 
SW.  of  Bilboa.    Lon.  3  26  W.,  lat.  43  1 1 

Orebro,  capital  of  the  province  of  Nerici  in 
Sweden  proper,  well  known  in  history,  seated  ar 
the  W.  extremity  of  the  Lake  Hielrnar.  m 
are  manufactures  of  fire-arms,  cloths,  and  tape  $ 
and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  with  Stockl  n, 
across  the  lakes  Heilmar  and  Maeler,  by  me! 
the  canal  of  Arboga,  sending  iron,  vitriol,  anM 
paint  in  particular.  Orebro  is  95  ms.  SVB 
Stockholm.    Lon.  15  12  E.,  lat.  59  12  N. 

Oregon. — See  Columbia  river. 

Oregon,  territory  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  s 
tending  indefinitely  around  the  estuary  of  C<* 

hi  a  river.  See  art.  America,  p.  58,  ancJH 

United  States.    We  had  some  intention  of 
a  rather  detailed  article  under  this  head,  bui 
eluded  to  include  the  requisite  matter  under  fj^ 
United  States. 

Oregrund,  seaport  of  Sweden,  on  the  col 
Upland,  in  the  gulf  of   Bothnia,  opporit« 
small  island  of  Ginson;  60  ms.  N.  of  Stock 
Lon.  18  15  E.,  lat.  60  20  N. 

Orel,  government  of  Russia,  once  a  provii M 

the  Government  of  Bielgorod.  Capital  il 

above  government,  is  seated  on  theOcca  and 
207  ms.  SSW.  of  Moscow.    Lon.  35  20  Efi 
53°  N. 

Orellana. — See  Amazon. 

Orenburgh,  one  of  the  two  provinces  c^F 
Government  of  Ufa,  in  Russia,  The  inhahot* 
carry  on  commerce,  and  exercise  several  I  w» 
and  have  even  some  manufactories.  Its  capi  ° 
the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  Urel,  formerly  ■ 
theYaik,  480  ms.  NE.  of  Astracan.  Lon>5 
E.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Oreme,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallic  '8' 
mous  for  its  hot  baths.    It  is  seated  at  the 
a  mountain, on  the  river  Minho,  over  which' 
bridge  of  one  arch,  47  ms.  SE.  of  Compo  l« 
Lon.  7  36  W-,  lat.  42  19  N. 


ORI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


ORK 


Orfa,  considerable  town  of  Asia,  in  Diarbeck. — 
le  Ourfa. 

Qrford,  seaport  and  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Suf- 
|c,  on  the  German  ocean,  between  two  channels, 
i  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Ipswich,  and  83  NE.  of  Lon- 

|.    Lon.  1  40  E.,  lat.  52  11  N.  Town  on 

t,  E.  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  Grafton  co.,  N. 
jr,  18  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Dartmouth  college,  and 

18.  of  Haverhill.  Tp.  of  Kent  co.,  U.  C. 

->— Tp.  in  the  co.  of  Suffolk,  U.  C,  distin 
£  shed  sometimes  by  Orford  N.  and  S.,  is  the 
ftdence  of  the  Moravians  ;  it  is  bounded  on  the 
fcby  Lake  Erie,  and  watered  by  the  Thames  to 
I  northward. 

)rford  Ness,  cape  of  England,  on  the  SE. 
elst  of  Sussex,  which  is  a  shelter  for  seamen 
vim  a  NE.  wind  blows  hard  upon  the  shore, 
l  e  is  a  light-house  erected  for  the  direction  of 
irs.    Lon.  1  6,  lat.  52  4  N. 

frganford,  village  of  Eng.,  near  Poole,  in 
Isetshire,  noted  for  the  quantity  of  pennyroyal 
pluced  in  the  neighborhood. 
.  hgaz,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with  a 
die,  15  ms.  S3,  of  Toledo.  Lon.  3  22  W.,  lat. 
356  AT. 

]rgclet,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Jura,  and 
b  province  of  Franche-Comp'e,  seated  at  the 
fo  of  the  Valouse,  30  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Bourg. 
m.  5  39  E.,  lat.  46  3(i  N. 

uiflamme,  originally  the  banner  of  the  Ab- 
9eof  St.  Denis,  but  which  became  and  remained 
Big  many  centuries  the  standard  of  France. 
T  etymology  of  the  name  uncertain.  It  was 
■led  of  red  silk,  and  cut  in  form  of  flame. 

'•givah,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
ijiad-i,  25  ms.  S.  of  Granada.  Lon.  3  50  W., 
UI6  43  N. 

Ha,  decayed  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otran- 
jgjt  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  40° 
I  .  of  Otranto.    Lon.  17  48  E..  lat.  40  39  N. 

1  rient,  or  Port  U  Orient,  regular  and  handsome 

»i  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Morbihan, 
«fate  province  of  Bretagne,  built  in  1720  by 
■Trench  East  India  Company,  who  made  it  the 
••f'jsive  mart  of  their  commerce.     It  is  5  ms. 

I  nf  Henebon.  Lon.  3  20  W.,  lat.  47  46  W. 

•iguela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  with  a 
i*p's  see,  a  university,  and  a  citadel  built  on  a 
mk  It  is  seated  on  the  Segura,  33  ms.  N.  of 
Jlutgena.    Lon.  1  3  W.,lat.  38  10  N. 

inoc.o,  river  of  the  first  rank  in  S.  America. 
Hp  in  the  mountains  of  Guiana,  and  flows 
ilpOO  ms.  to  the  S.,  it  thence  turns  W.  150 
'Wand  receives  the  Cassiquiari  from  the  SVV. 
S latter  communicates  with  the  Rio  Negro 
bpjh  of  the  Amazon.    Below  the  mouth  of  the 

a  quiari,  the  Orinoco  turns  to  the  NW.  to  St. 
>  e  tndo,  where  it  unites  with  Guaviari  an  im- 
me!3  stream,  little,  if  any,  inferior  to  the  Ori- 
The  united  streams  assume  a  N.  course,  to 
outh  of  the  Vichada,  another  large  western 
trjcary.  Immediately  below  its  junciion  with 
^W'ichada  the  Orinoco  pours  its  waters  down  the 

il.ct  of  Atures,  760  ms.  below  its  source,  and 
'4(  hove  its  discharge  into  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
;'h  :ataracts  are  in  lon.  W.  C.  8  55  E.,  and  lat 
'■PjN".  About  100  ms.  below  the  cataracts  the 
*|l|ie  of  the  Orinoco  is  enlarged  by  the  Meta,  a 
lM(Sriver,  flowing  from  the  Andes  500  ms.  by 
86* 


comparative  courses.  Below  its  junction  with  the 
Meta  150  ms.,  the  Orinoco  is  again  swelled  by  the 
Apure,  a  very  considerable  branch  flowing  from 
NW.  and  W.  about  500  ms.,  and  drawing  its 
sources  from  the  mountains  of  Varinas  and  Vene- 
zuela. From  the  cataracts  the  Orinoco  gradually 
turns  more  to  the  E.,  and,  below  the  discharge  of 
the  Apure,  assumes  a  course  a  little  N.  of  E.,  and 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  a  wide  delta,  be- 
tween 14°  and  17°  E.  from  Washington,  and  from 
lat.  8  30  to  10°  N.  The  entire  comparative  course 
of  the  Orinoco  is  about  1,500  ms.,  and  the  area  of 
the  basin  it  drains  400,000  sq  ms.  About  100  ms. 
above  its  mouth  it  receives  the  Paraguay  or  Oarom, 
the  only  large  tributary  which  augments  its  volume 
from  the  S. — See  Oarom  and  Paraguay  •of  Ori- 
noco. 

Only  the  S.  or  main  channel  of  Orinoco  is  nav- 
igable for  large  vessels.  For  boats  few  rivers  of 
the  world  afford  a  more  extended  and  less  inter- 
rupted navigation.  The  entire  basin  of  this  great 
river  is  in  what  was  the  republic  of  Colombia. 

Oriskany,  village,  Whitestown,  Oneida  co.,  N. 
Y.,  at  the  mouth  of  Oriskany  creek.  It  contains 
extensive  manufactories  of  cotton  and  woolen 
cloth;  7  ms.  above  Utica. 

Orio,  town  of  Spain,  in  Guipuscoa,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Orio,  8  ms,  SW.  of  St.  Sebastian. 
Lon.  2  19  W.,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Orissa,  province  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bahar  and  Bengal,  on  the 
W.  by  Berar,  on  the  S.  by  Golconda,  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  In  Orissa  the  district 
of  Midniapour  only  is  subject  to  the  English,  the 
rest  being  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  Mahrattas 
and  their  tributaries. 

Oristagni,  ancient  town  of  Sardinia,  with  a 
good  harbor.  It  is  large  and  well  fortified,  but 
thinly  inhabited,  on  account  of  the  unhealthy  air. 
It  is  seated  on  the  W.  coast,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  42  ms.  NW.  of  Cagliari.  Lon.  8  51  E., 
lat.  40  2  N. 

Orizaba,  volcanic  mountain  of  Mexico,  rising 
17,371  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Lon.  W.  C.  20  13  W.,  lat.  19  2  N.  It  is  in  the 
State  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  distant  about  70  ms.  from 
the  city  of  Vera  Cruz.  This  colossal  peak  is  the 
land  mark  first  seen  when  approaching  that  part  of 
the  Mexican  coast  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is 
the  Citlaltepetl  of  the  Aztecs. 

Orkened,  town  of  Schonen,  in  Sweden,  24  ms. 
N.  of  Christianstadt.  Lon.  14  9  E.,  lat.  56  48  N. 

Orkney  Islands,  or  Orkneys,  ancient  Orcades, 
a  cluster  of  islands  to  the  N.  of  Scotland,  from 
which  they  are  separated  by  Pentland  fiith.  They 
lie  between  57  35  and  59  16  N.  lat.,  and  are  26 
in  number,  of  which  one  greatly  exceeds  the  oth- 
ers in  extent.  This,  like  the  principal  one  of 
Shetland,  is  sometimes  dignified  with  the  appella- 
tion of  Mainland,  but  is  more  frequently  called 
Pomona.  Beyond  this  island,  to  the  NE.,  are 
seen,  among  others,  Rowsa,  Eglisha,  and  Westra, 
Shappinsha  and  Eda,  Stronsa,  Sanda,  and  North 
Ronaldsha,  and  to  the  S  appear  Hoy  and  S.  Ro- 
naldsha,  with  others  of  inferior  note.  The  cur- 
rents and  tides  which  flow  between  these  islands 
are  rapid  and  dangerous;  and  near  the  small  isle 
of  Swinna  are  two  whirlpools,  very  dangerous  to 
mariners,  especially  in  calms.    Springs  of  pure 

681 


ORL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ORO 


water  are  found  in  all  the  mountainous  parts  of 
these  islands,  and  there  are  numerous  lakes  and 
rivulets  abounding  in  fish.  The  climate  of  these 
islands  in  summer  is  moist  and  cold,  but  in  winter 
there  is  never  much  snow,  and  that  lies  only  a 
short  time.  Preceding  the  autumnal  equinox, 
they  are  visited  by  dreadful  storms  of  wind,  rain, 
and  thunder.  The  coast  affords  numerous  bays 
and  harbors  for  the  fisheries.  The  chief  exports 
are  linen  and  woolen  yarn,  stockings,  butter,  dried 
fish,  herrings,  oil,  feathers,  and  skins  of  various 


in  a  few  places,  sterile.    Chief  towns,  Craftsl  , 
and  Brownington.    Pop.   1820,  6,976;  and, 
1840,  13,634.    Central  lat.  44  44  N.,  Ion. 
C.  4  48  E. 

Orleans,  parish,  La. — See  Parish  of  New  . 
leans. 

Orleans,  Island  of,  that  part  of  La.  encloset ; 
the  Mississippi  river,  bayou  Iberville,  Amite  rij 
Lake  of  Maurepas,  Pass  of  Manchac,  Lake  P  . 
chartrain,  the  Rigolets,  Lake  Borgne,  Pas-i  of  . 
rianne,  Chandeleur  bay,  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  t 


kinds,  and  kelp.    The  English  language  prevails  lis  about  170  ms.  long,  with  a  width  of  from  1 


in  all  these  islands,  although  there  are  many 
words  in  the  Norse,  or  Norwegian,  still  in  use. 
The  inhabitants  have  the  general  character  of  being 
frugal,*sagacious,  circumspect,  religious,  and  hos- 
pitable. 

Orlamunda,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Tbur- 
ingia,  seated  on  the  Saale,  opposite  the  influx  of 
the  Orla,  40  ms.  WSW.  of  Altenburg. 

Orland,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Me,,  20  ms.  N. 
from  Castine. 

Orlando,  cape  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  15  ms. 
W.  by  N.  of  Patti.    Lon.  15  4  E.,  lat.  38  14  N. 

Orlean,  post  office,  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  64  ms. 
by  post  road  from  W.  C. 

Orleannois,  late  province  of  France,  divided  by 
the  river  Loire  into  the  Upper  and  Lower.  It  is  a 
very  plentiful  country,  and  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret. 

Orleans,  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret.  It  is  seated  on  the  Loire,  and| 
has  a  canal  thence  to  the  Loing,  near  Montargis.  j 
Under  the  sons  of  Clevis  it  was  the  capital  of  a 
kingdom.  In  1428  it  stood  a  memorable  siege  j 
against  the  English,  which  was  raised  by  the  cele- 
brated Joan  of  Arc,  called  the  Maid  of  Orleans.  ' 
It  is  now  considered  as  one  of  the  largest  and  most  j 
pleasant  cities  of  France,  and  its  commerce  consists 
in  stockings,  sheep  skins,  wine,  brandy,  corn,  gro- 
ceries, and  particularly  sugar,  which  is  brought 
raw  from  Nantes  and  Rochelle.  The  fauxbourg  of 
Paris  is  of  considerable  length,  and  that  of  Olivet, 
on  the  left  side  of  the  Loire,  has  a  communication 
with  the  city  by  a  bridge  of  9  arches.  Near  the 
city  is  a  forest,  containing  94,000  acres,  planted 
with  oak  and  other  valuable  tnes.  Orleans  is  30 
ms.  NE.  of  Blois,  and  60  SSW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  | 
1  54  E.,  lat.  47  54  N. 


25  ms.,  and  contains  part  of  the  parishes  of  I  . 
ville,  Ascension,  St.  James,  St.  John  Bapt  , 
St.  Charles,  St.  Bernard,  Orleans,  and  Plac  - 
mine.  The  surface  an  unbroken  plain,  and, . 
cept  near  the  Mississippi  and  a  few  of  'he  o  r 
streams,  morass,  or,  at  least,  liable  to  annual  A 
mersion. 

Orleans,  Canal  of,  which  is  about  48  ms.  1  J 
commences  at  the  river  Loire,  2  ms.  above  e 
city,  crosses  the  forest  of  Orleans,  and  terrair  s 
in  the  Loing,  which  falls  into  the  Seine.  It  s 
finished  in  1682,  and  has  30  locks  in  its  cows 

Orlenga,  small  town  of  Russia.  It  is  siti  d 
in  the  government  of  Irkutsk,  on  the  Lena,  2 
ms.  N.  of  Irkutsk.  Lon.  105  40  E.,  lat.  0 
North. 

Ormea,  town  of  Italy,  Asti  co.,  taken  bj$; 
French  in  1794.  It  is  situated  on  the  Tanarr  0 
ms.  S.  of  Cevar.    Lon.  8  9  E.,  lat.  44  16  N. 

Ormond,  N.  division  of  the  co.  of  Tipperarti 
Ireland. 

Ormskirk,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire, si m 
near  the  river  Douglas,  %0  ms.  S.  ol  Lanes  r, 
and  206  NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  3  W.jf 
53  37  N. 

Ormus,  small  and  now  desolate  island  of  t\ 
in  a  strait  of  the  same  name,  at  the  entrance  c  10 
Gulf  of  Persia,  9  ms.  S.  of  Gombroon.  Irjl 
early  ages  of  European  domination  on  the  Iijtt 
ocean,  the  Portuguese  possessed  a  very  pro?pB> 
mart  on  Ormus,  but  which  was  afterwards  desp 
ed  by  the  English  and  Persians.  It  is  almos  e« 
serted,  producing  nothing  at  present  but  K 
which  sometimes  is  2  inches  deep  upon  the  st# 
of  the  earth.    Lon  26  25  E.,  lat.  27  20  N. 

Ormyah,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Persia,  s<^ 
in  the  province  of  Tauris,  120  ms.  SW.  ct  Ti'm 


Orleans,  island  and  town  of  L.  C,  in  the  river]  Ornans,  town  of  France,  in  the  departnw  ol 
St.  Lawrence,  a  little  to  the  E.  of  Quebec.    Lon.  j  Doubs,  and  late  province  of  Franche  Compte  In 

69  50  W.,  lat.  47°  N.  Village  in  the  E.  part  its  vicinity  is  a  well,  the  same  as  that  of  Ve  jI, 

of  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  by  the  post  road  round  which,  during  the  time  of  great  rains,  overflo  in 
Cape  Cod  Bay,  84  ms.  from  Boston.    Pop.  of  the  :  such  a  manner  as  to  inundate  the  adjacent  couji 

tp.  1820,  1,343.  Village  in  the  N.  part  of  Or- '  and  fishes  that  it  disgorges  are  called  umM 

ange  co.,  Ia.,  50  ms.  NW.  from  Louisville,  Ky.,  j  Omans  is  seated  on  the  Louvre,  8  ms.  S] 
and  60  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Vincennes.  Co.,  sancon. 

N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Monroe  E.,  Genessee  S.,  Ni-I  Orne,  river  of  France,  in  the  late  provir  ol 
agara  W.,  and  Lake  Ontario  N.  Length  22  ms.,  'Normandy,  which  has  its  source  at  the  village  * 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  396  sq.  ms.  Central!  non,  and  falls  into  the  sea  8  ms.  below  Caen.— 
lat.  43  12  N.,  lon.  1  20  W.  W.  C.  Slope  north- 1  Department  of  France,  which  includes  thdte 
wards.  It  is  traversed  from  E.  to  W.  by  the  Erie'  province  of  Perche  and  part  of  that  of  Norrm'y 
canal.  Chief  town,  Medina.    Fop.  1840,  25,127.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  which  falls  in!  he 

lal 


Orleans,  middlemost  of  the  three  northern  cos., 
Vt.,  bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by  Essex 
co.,  Vt.,  SE.  by  Caledonia,  SW.  by  Washington, 
and  W.  by  Franklin.  Length  40,  mean  width 
20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Surface  mountainous, 
or  very  broken  by  hills.  Soil  rocky,  and,  except 
682 


English  channel  8  ms.  below  Caen.    The  c 
is  Alencon. 

Orono,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  W.  ,B 
Marshall's    island,   in  Penobscot  river,  lOa»- 
NNE  from  Bangor,  and  by  postroad  143  m« 
from  Portland. 


ORT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


OSN 


of  South   America.    See  Or- 


Orsnoko,  river 

Oronsa,  small  fertile  island  of  Scotland,  one  of 
I  Hebrides,  7  ms.  VV.  of  Jura.  Here  are  the 
ris  of  an  ab'>ey,  with  many  sepulchral  sUtues, 

*  some  curious,  ancient  sculpture. 

)ro,  Cape  d\  ancient  Caphareum,  SE.  cape  of 
f  ;ropont,  ancient  Eubcej. 

%oniss,  river  of  Syria,  rising  in  mount  Liba- 
C,  near  Damascus,  heading  with  the  Jordan, 
fi.-ing  X.  falls  into  the  Mediterranean,  lat.  36°  N. 

)ropcsa,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  22 
g  E.  of  Placentia,  and  50  W.  of  Toledo.  Lon. 

10  W.,  lat.  39  50  N.  Town  of  Peru, 

«ed  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  150  ms.  NE. 
■Potosi.    Lon.  63  30  W.  lat.  18°  S. 

Vr,  river  of  Scotland  in  Kir  .udbrightshire, 
w:h  rises  near  New  Galloway,  waters  the  town 
if )rr,  and  enters  the  Solway  Frith. 

rrert,  from  the  title  of  Lord  Orrery,  and, 

*  re  u-ed,  would  be  beneficially  supplied  by  a 
lletarium.  Name  for  any  instrument  showing 
ib  mechanism  and  motions  of  the  planets  of  the 
40  system. 

wrington,  town  on  the  E.  side  of  Penobscot 
m,  in  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  30  ms.  N.  of  Cas- 

vrrington,  village,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y. 
wrsville,  village,  Pendleton  district,  S.  C. 
Mwpa,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  bannat 
■Jameswar.    It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Bbe,  almost  opposite  Belgrade,  and  is  subject 
m  Turks.    Lon.  22  3  E.,  lat.  45  30  N. 
Asooa,   New,  fortress  of  European  Turkey, 
Wk  island  in  the  Danube,  about  100  ms.  I>e- 
i-wBelgrade.    Orsova  stands  on   one  of  the 
Wk  islets  in  the  rapids  of  the  Danube,  where 
i«vast  stream  breaks   through  the  mountain 
eft  which  extends  from  the  Haemus  to  the  Car- 

mwy,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  West- 
\m\,  in  the  duchy  of  Cleves,  belonging  to  the 
■bf  Prussia.    Tt  is  20  ms.  SE.  of  Cleves. 

■  6  43  E.,  lat.  51  28  N. 

W.a,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony 
&  Peter,  seated  on  the  Tiber,  10  ms.  E.  of 
Vt>o,  and  30  N.  of  Rome.    Lon.   12  37  W., 

kLi'  22  N.  Town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 

■Spies,  and  in  the  province  of  Capitanata,  1 1 
aljNE.  of  Ascoli. 

( egal,  cape  and  castle  on  the  N.  coast  of 
(Mia,  in  Spain,  30  ms.  NNE.  of  Ferrol.  Lon. 
?IW.,  lat.  43  46  N. 

iMenburp.  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
•*fc,a,  seated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Drave,  op- 
M|  its  confluence  with  the  Leister.    Lon.  13 
Wat.  46  52  N. 
fcwez,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Lower 

*  F'ees,  and  late  province  of  Beam,  seated  on 
l  -f»-.livity  of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Gave  de  Pau, 
Im  SW.  of  Pau.  Lon.  0  24  W.,  lat.  43  5  N. 
-  tbn,  town  of  Eng.  in  Westmoreland,  12 
«4W.  of  Appleby,  and  271  NNW.  of  Lon- 

■  Loq.  2  40  W.,  lat.  54  28  N. 


Orvieto,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name.  In  this  place  is  a  deep  well,  into 
which  mules  descend  by  one  pair  of  stairs,  to 
fetch  up  water,  and  ascend  by  another.  It  is 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
rivers  Paglia  and  Chiuna,  20  ms.  NW.  of  Viter- 
bo,  and  50  N.  by  W.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  20  E  , 
lat.  42  42  N. 

Orville,  village,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y. 

Orwell,  river  of  Eng.  in  Suffolk,  which  runs 
SE.  by  Ipswich,  and  uniting  with  the  Stour, 
forms  the  fine  harbor  of  Harwich.  Above  Ips- 
wich it  is  called  the  Gipping.  Small  river  of 

U.  C,  falling  into  Lake  Erie,  between  Landguard 

and  North  «Foreland  Town  Rutland  co.,  Vt., 

lying  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  35  ms. 

NW.  of  Rutland.  Tp„  Oswego  co  ,  IN.  Y. 

 Village,  Bradford  co.,   Penn.,    187  ms.  N. 

from  Harrisburg,  following  the  postroad  along  the 
Susquehanna  river. 

Orwlcksburg,  tefwn,  borough,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Schuylkill  co.,  Penn.  It  stands  on  a  rising 
ground,  near  a  small  creek  flowing  into  the  S. 
branch  of  the  Schuylkill,  7  ms.  above  the  Schuyl- 
kill water  gap,  and  10  ms.  E.  from  the  coal  mines 
near  Mount  Carbon,  26  ms.  NW.  from  Reading. 
It  contained  about  120  houses  and  600  inhabitants 
in  1820,  with  a  courthouse,  jail,  several  dry  good 
stores,  and  an  academy.  Though  broken  by 
mountain  and  hill,  the  adjacent  country  is  very 
pleasant  and  well  cultivated.  Pop.  1840,  780. 

Osaca,  large,  populous,  and  commercial  town 
of  the  island  of  Niphon,  in  Japan,  with  a  magni- 
ficent castle,  and  a  fine  populous  harbor.  The 
hours  of  the  night  are  proclaimed  by  the  sound  of 
different  instruments  of  music.  Lon.  133  45  E., 
lat.  35  20  N. 

Osage,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  rising  in  the  Great 
Western  territory,  between  Arkansas  and  Kansas 
rivers,  and  flowing  NE.  enters  Missouri  and  falls 
into  the  Missouri  river,  a  short  distance  below 
Jefferson,  and  133  ms.  above  St.  Louis.  The 
Osage  is  a  very  winding  stream,  but  its  compara- 
tive course  does  not  exceed  300  ms.  The  Osage 
Indians  reside  upon  its  banks  W.  of  the  limits  of 
Missouri. 

Osero,  or  Osoro,  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice, 
having  that  of  Cherso  to  the  N.,  to  which  it  is 
joined  by  a  bridge.  The  capital  is  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  15  30  E-,  lat.  45°  N. 

Osey,  island  of  Eng.,  in  Blackwater  bay,  near 
Maiden,  in  Essex  ;  where  the  coal  ships  for  Mai- 
den unload  their  cargoes. 

Osirno,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  on  the  Musone,  10  ms.  S.  of  Ancona, 
and  1 10  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  34  E.,  lat.  43 
29  N. 

Osma,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
with  a  university.  It  is  almost  gone  to  ruin,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Douero,  80  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Mad- 
rid.   Lon.  2  12  W.,  lat.  41  30  N. 

Osnaburg,  bishopric  of  Germamy,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Hanover,  40  ma.  long  and  30  broad.    It  is 


a,  town  of  Poland,  in  Lithuania,  in  the  remarkable  that  this  bishopric  is  possessed  by 
He  of  Witepsk.  It  is  defended  by  a  castle,  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants  alternatively, 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Oresa  and  |  according  to  the  treaty  of  Westphalia.  The  Pro- 
r,  50  ms.  W.  of  SnWensko.  Lon.  31  5  i  testant  bishop  is  always  chosen  by  the  House  of 
54  45  N.  I  Brunswick  Lunenburg. 

683 


OST 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


OTA 


Osnaburg,  rich  city  of  Germany,  in  Han- 
over, capital  of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name, 
It  is  remaikable  for  a  treaty  of  peace  con- 
dueled  between  Germany  and  Sweden,  in  1648, 

in  favor  of  the  Protestant  religion.  Village 

and  tp.,  Stark  co.  O  ,  5  ms.  E.  from  Canton,  on 
the  road  leading  to  New  Lisbon. 

Ossa,  mountain  of  Greece,  in  Thessaly.  It  is 
the  SE.  part  of  a  chain  extending  from  Mace- 
donia SE.,  nearly  parallel  to  the  JEgean  sea,  and 
terminating  opposite  the  N.  part  of  the  island  of 
Negropont.  It  is  separated  from  the  Mount  Olmy- 
pU9  by  the  wall  of  Tempe.    See  Tempe. 

Ossabaw  Soimd,  on  the  coast  of  Ga  ,  between 
Great  Wassaw  and  Ossabaw  islands,  is  in  reality 
the  mouth  of  Ogechee  river. 

Ossetia,  country  of  the  Ossia,  or  Osseti,  one 
of  the  seven  Caucassian  nations,  between  the 
Black  sea  and  the  Caspian  ;  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  Great  Cabarda,  E.  by  the  Lesguis  Tar- 
tars, and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Imeritia.  It  contains 
19  districts,  of  which  one  is  subject  to  Imeritia 
and  the  others  to  Georgia.  These  districts  are 
of  very  unequal  size ;  some  containing  only  5, 
and  others  50  villages,  each  of  which  comprise 
from  20  to  100  families.  Their  language  has 
some  analogy  with  that  of  the  Persian.  Their 
history  is  entirely  unknown.  The  Circassians 
and  Tartars  call  them  Kusha 

Ossipee  gore,  tp.,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H. 

Ossipee,  town,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,205,  in  1820,  1,793. 

Ostend,  fortified  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of 
Belgium,  in  Flanders,  seated  among  a  num- 
ber of  canals,  and  almost  surrounded  by  two  of  the 
largest  of  them,  in  which  ships  of  great  burden 
may  enter  with  the  tide.  It  is  10  ms.  W.  of 
Bruges,  22  NE.  of  Dunkirk,  and  60  NW.  of 
Brussels.    Lon.  3  I  E.  lat.  51  14  N. 

Osterode,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  iu  the  prin- 
cipality of  Grubenhagen,  noted  for  a  manufacture 
of  woolen  stuffs.  It  has  likewise  a  magazine  of 
corn  for  the  miners  of  Hartz  forest,  to  whom  it  is 
delivered  at  a  fixed  price.  It  is  16  ms.  SW.  of 
Goslar.    Lon.  10  33  E.,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Osterode,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Oberland,  situated  on  the  Dribentz,  65  ms.  SE. 
of  Dantzic,  and  70  SSW.  of  Koningsberg. 

Osterville,  or  Oysterville,  village,  Barnstable 
co.,  Mass.,  84  ms.  SE.  from  Boston. 

Osterwieck,  town  of  Germany  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  and  principality  of  Halberstadt. 
It  carries  on  considerable  manufactures  in  woolen 
stuffs,  and  is  situated  on  the  Isle,  13  ms.  W.  of 
Halberstadt,  and  15  NE.  of  Goslar.  Lon.  10  52 
E.,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Ostia,  once  celebrated  but  decayed  seaport  of 
Italy,  in  Champagna  di  Roma,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber.  The  harbor  is  choked  up.  It 
is  12  ms.  SW.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  24  E.  lat. 
41  44  N. 

Ostiglio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Man- 
tua, seated  on  the  Po,  15  ms.  E.  of  Mantua.  Lon. 
11  8  E.,  lat.  45  7  N. 

Ostinghausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia,  situated  on  the  Alst,  8  ms.  W.  of 
Lipstadt. 

Ostracism,  from  Greek,  ostralcon,  a  shell,  a 
mode  of  banishment  for  ten  years  practised  in  an- 
684 


cicnt  Athens,  inflicted  on  citizens  who  by  tl 
virtues  or  services  had  become  in  popular  opin  | 
too  popular.    The  suffrages  originally  written 
shells,  gave  name  to  the  tribunal. 

Ostrogoihia,  eastern  part  of  Gothland,  j 
Sweden. 

Ostunt,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otrai 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  16  I 
NW.  of  Brindici,  and  24  NE.  of  Tarento.  L 
17  59  E.,  lat.  40  51  N. 

Oswald,  St.,  village  of  England,  in  Northu 
berland,  on  the  Pict's  Wall  N.  of  Hexham.  El 
Oswald,  who  was  afterwards  sainted,  set  up  I 
first  cross  in  the  kingdom  of  Northumberland. 

Oswegatchie,  river  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  If, 
rises  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  county,  and  fl  i 
NW.  into  St.  Lawrence  at  Ogdensburg.    It  c  ■ 
municates  with  Grass  river  by  a  natural  chan  . 

Its  comparative  course  about  60  miles.  1|l 

St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  St.  Lawre! , 
and  including  the  village  of  Ogdensburg.  Pop 
1820,  1,661. 

Os-voego,  county,  New  York,  bounded  by  I } 
Ontario  N  W.,  by  Jefferson  N.,  Lewis  and  On  i 
E.,  Oneida  lake  and  Oswego  river,  or  Onom  i 
co.  S.,  and  Cayuga  SW.  ;  length  45  miles,  m 
width  22,  area  about  1,000  sq.  ms.  Surface  J 
erally  broken,  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  1 
sides  the  Oswego,  it  is  drained  by  Salmon  ir 
and  some  of  lesser  note,  all  falling  into  Lake  - 
tario.  Chief  town,  Oswego.  Population  in  If , 
12,374;  and  in  1840,  43,619.  Central  lat  3 
27  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  48'  E. 

Oswego,  river,  N.  Y.,  formed  by  the  outkf 
Oneida  lake  and  Seneca  river.  Its  compare 
length  about  30  miles  ;  it  falls  into  Lake  On  o 
about  80  ms.  NW.  from  Utica,  and  has  beenne 
navigable  from  Oneida  lake  to 'its  mouth,  by  Is 

and  side  cuts.  Town  and  port  of  entry,  Oil 

go  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  both  banks  of  Oswego  rive  it 
its  mouth.  It  is  an  increasing  town,  and  pta  I 
considerable  commerce.  In  time  of  war,  it  is  o 
a  military  post  of  much  consequence.  It  is  p  f 
in  the  township  of  Scriba  and  partly  in  Hnnn  I- 

Opaha,  one  of  the  Society  islands  in  the  S  h 
Pacific  ocean.  It  lies  N.  of  Ulitea,  and  is  (Jkl 
from  it  by  a  strait,  which,  in  the  narrowest  pa  is 
not  more  than  two  miles  broad.  Tttis  islar  is 
smaller  and  more  barren  than  Ulitea,  but  has  o 
very  good  harbors. 

Osabow  Island  and  Sound. 

Osweiczen,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatina>f 
Cracovia.    It  has  a  great  trade  in  salt,  and  is  t-> 
ed  on  the  Vistula,  15  miles  SW.  of  Cracow. 
19  44  E.,  lat.  59°  N. 

Oswestry,  corporate  town  of  England^  in  Sf> 
shire,  with  some  trade  with  Wales  in  flannels! 
is  18  ms.  NW.  of  Shrewsbury,  and  174  of  I 
don.    Lon.  3  3  W.,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Osyth,  St.,  village  of  England,  in  Essex,  ar 
the  sea,  9  ms.  SE.  of  Colchester. 

Otaheite,  one  of  the  Society  islands  in  the  $W 
Pacific  ocean,  lying  in  18°  S.  lat.  and  150c»- 
lon.,  and  first  discovered  by  Capt.  Wallis  in  \m 
It  consists  of  two  peninsulas,  great  part  of  whi  « 
covered  with  woods,  consisting  partly  of  bread  >» 
trees,  palms,  cocoa-nut  trees,  plantains,  banr»» 
mulberries,  sugar  canes,  and  others  peculiar  t 
climate,  particularly  a  kind  of  pine  apple,  an<n« 


OTR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


OTT 


rion  tree.  The  people  have  mild  features  and  a 
|i  ling  countenance.  They  are  about  the  ordina- 
te of  Europeans,  of  a  pale  mahogany  brown, 
in  fine  black  Hair  and  eyes. 

ie  following  are  extracts  from  a  letter  written  in 
I  cite,  on  the  24th  of  September,  1839,  by  Licu- 
cnt  Charles  Wilkes,  commanding  the  exploring 
x  Jition  : 

The  harbor  of  Paperte,  on  the  NW.  side  of  the 
I  J,  is  in  lat.  17  31  S.,  Ion.  149  35  W.  of  Lon- 

0  and  is  the  only  harbor  of  the  island  visited 

1  -ssels  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery  for  sup- 
I  and  one  of  the  principal  resorts  for  the  com- 
ic e  engaged  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  There  is 
r,i  difficulty  in  getting  in  and  out  of  the  harbor, 
I  ome  delay  occasionally  owing  to  head  winds  ; 
I  ie  anchotage  is  perfectly  safe  from  all  gales 

;  ot,  appointed  by  the  Queen,  attends  vessels 
fling  the  harbor 

The  winds,  from  March  to  November,  are  al. 
ne  constantly  from  the  eastward,  or  the  Trades- 
ffti  November  to  March  variables  are  experienced, 
«4n  sometimes  blow  from  N.  and  NW. 

ftjl  annex  a  statement  of  the  number  and  ton- 
if|of  American  vessels  which  have  visited  this 

oi  luring  the  years — 


—52  whaling  vessels 
do 
do 

merchant  vessels 
3i  whaling  do 
1    merchant  do 


-52 

:-42 

-9 


of  ships  at  $40  per  ton 


Tons. 
18,090 
20,500 
15,000 
1,700 
11,574 
317 

67,181 


Value  of  cargo. 
$1,307,500 
1,817,000 
1,268,250 
75,000 
1,027,650 
35,000 

$5,530,400 
2,687,240 


U  of  ships  and  cargoes  -  8,217,640 

♦  opulation  of  Otaheite  does  not  exceed  10,500. 
knative  resources  of  the  island  are  great.  There 
ah?  cultivated  to  a  great  extent  coffee,  cot- 
■pgar,  indigo,  and  other  tropical  plants  and 

*  'he  commercial  interests  of  this  remote  region 
•e.ipidly  increasing,  and  require  the  frequent 
it  and  protection  of  a  public  vessel.  Foreigners 
r«  otected  in  their  persons  and  property." — 

hnal  Intelligencer,  July  2,  1840. 

His,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  20  miles  SE. 
ron.enox.    Pop.  in  1820,  981. 
4  SCO,  small  lake  and  town  in  the  SW.  part  of 
nrlaga  county,  N.  Y.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820, 

isfield,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  43  miles 
mm  Portland.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,107. 
&\iy,  town  of  England,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
ortaire,  on  the  Wharf,  under  a  high  craggy 
tffj:5  miles  W.  of  York,  and  302  NNW.  of 
Lfln.    Lon.  1  48  W.,  lat.  53  54  N. 

(.que,  island  of  South  America,  in  the  bay  of 
P«ia.    Lon.  81  10  W.,  lat.  7  50  N. 

Uanto,  or  Terra  D'  Otranto,  province  of  Na- 
,<<Js  founded  on  the  N.  by  Terra  di-Bari  and  the 
Venice,  on  the  E.  by  the  same  gulf,  and  on 
Ifcfj  and  W.  by  a  great  bay  between  that  and 
B*|:ata.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  abound- 
inff  olives,  figs,  and  wine.  Here  is  a  kind  of 
»pM.  called  a  tarantula,  whose  bite  is  venomous  ; 
«ittl;e  country  is  often  visited  by  locusts. 


Otranto,  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  Terra  d'Otran- 
to,  with  a  commodious  harbor,  on  the  gulf  of  Ve- 
nice, 37  miles  SE.  of  Brindici,  and  60  SE.  of  Ta- 
rento.    Lon.  18  35  E.,  lat.  40  20  N. 

Otricoli,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoletto, 
seated  on  a  hill,  2  ms.  from  the  Tiber,  and  32  N. 
of  Rome.    Lon.  12  13  E.,  lat.  42  26  N. 

Otsego,  county,  New  York,  bounded  by  Scho- 
harie co.  E.,  Delaware  SE.,  Unadilla  river  or  Che- 
nango co.  W.,  Madison  and  Oneida  NW.,  Herki- 
mer N.,  and  Montgomery  NE.;  length  40  miles, 
mean  width  25,  area  1,000  square  miles.  Sur- 
face generally  hilly,  but  soil  generally  productive. 
Staples — grain,  flour,  live  stock,  and  salted  pro- 
visions. Chief  towns,  Cooperstown  and  Cherry 
Valley.  Pop.  in  1820,  44,856;  and  in  1840, 
49,628.  Central  lat.  42  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2°  E. 

Otsego,  narrow  lake  of  North  America,  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  in  Otsego  co.  It  is  9  miles 
long,  and  lies  at  the  head  of  the  river  Susquehan- 

nah.  Village,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post  road 

114  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

Otselic,  small  river  of  New  York,  in  Chenango 
co.,  falling  into  the  Tioughnioga  branch  of  Sus- 
quehannah. 

Otsetic,  town,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Otsetic 
river,  20  miles  NW.  from  Norwich.  Pop.  in  1820, 
526. 

Ottawa,  large  river  of  British  America,  rises  N. 
from  Lake  Huron,  and,  flowing  SE.,  falls  into  the 
St.  Lawrence,  25  miles  NW.  from  Montreal,  after 
an  entire  comparative  course  of  500  ms.  It  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada.  Its  volume  of  water  is  very  large  for  its 
length  of  course.  Settlements  are  scattered  along 
its  banks  about  150  ms.  from  its  mouth.  Though 
much  obstructed  by  rapids,  it  is  one  of  the  chan- 
nels of  inland  trade  from  Montreal  to  the  NW. 

Ottendorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Saxe  Lauenberg.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Meden,  24  ms.  N.  of  Stade.  Lon. 
8  20  E.,  lat.  53  53  N. 

Ottensheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  archduchy 
of  Austria.  It  lies  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Danube, 
16  ms.  SW.  of  Freystadt. 

Otter,  river  of  Vt.,  which  rises  in  the  Green 
mountains,  Bennington  co.,  and,  after  running  a 
N  W.  course  through  the  county  for  70  ms.,  flows 
into  Lake  Champlain  about  15  miles  above  Crown 
Point. 

Otterberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  5  ms.  N.  of  Kayserslautern. 

Otter  Bridge,  village,  Bedford  co.,  Va.,  by  post 
road  122  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Ollerburn,  village  of  England,  in  Northumber- 
land, on  the  river  Reed,  22  miles  W.  by  N.  from 
Morpeth.  It  is  celebrated  for  a  battle  in  1388,  on 
which  is  founded  the  well-known  ballad  of  Chevy 
Chace. 

Ottersberg,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Bremen,  with  a  fort  17  ms.  NE.  of  Bremen. 

Ottery,  St.  Mary,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire. 
It  has  manufactures  of  flannels,  serges,  &c.  It  is 
seated  on  the  rivulet  Otter,  10  miles  E.  of  Exeter, 
and  161  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Otfmuchau,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Neisse,  on  the  river  Neisse,  7  ms.  W.  by  S.  of 
Neisse. 

Otto,  village,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y. 

6S5 


OVE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


QUI 


Ottoman,  Otoman,  or  Othman,  name  given 
by  Christian  nations  to  the  Turks,  but  more  espe- 
cially to  the  Turkish  empire,  from  Othman,  the 
iir^t  Sultan  of  the  existing  empire  of  that  nation. 

Otto?ia,  or  Ortona,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Citeriore,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  10  ms.  N.  of  Lan- 
eiano,  and  43  E.  of  Aquilcia.  Lon.  14  59  E.,  lat. 
42  28  N. 

O/tsvi/le,  village,  Bucks  county,  Pa.,  40  ras.  N. 
from  Philadelphia,  and  19  N.  from  Doylestown. 

Ottweiler,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Rhine,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Treves. 

Ouachitau. — See  VVashitau. 

Ouch,  or  Ouck,  a  city  of  India,  in  the  Daoudpotra 
country,  about  4  ms.  to  the  SE.  of  the  junction  of 
the  Chenaub  and  Sutledge,  and  about  80  miles 
SSVV.  of  Moultan.  It  is  formed  of  three  towns, 
near  together,  but  separated  by  ruined  walls.  Pop. 
20,000.    N.  lat.  29  10,  lon.  71  30  E. 

Oude,  province  of  Hindoostan  proper,  subject  to 
a  nabob,  whose  dominions  lie  on  both  sides  of  the 
Ganges,  occupying  (with  the  exception  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Rompour)  all  the  flat  country  between  that 
river  and  the  northern  mountains,  as  well  as  the 
principal  part  of  that  fertile  tract  lying  between  the 
Ganges  and  Jumna,  known  by  the  name  of  Duoab, 
to  within  40  ms.  of  the  city  of  Delhi.  Oude  and 
its  dependencies  are  estimated  at  360  ms.  in  length 
from  E.  to  W.,and  in  breadth  from  150  to  180. 

Oude,  ancient  city  of  Hindooston  proper,  in 
the  province  of  Oude,  the  remains  of  which  are 
aeated  on  the  Gogra,  nearly  adjoining  Fitabad. 

Oudenard,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  fort.  It  is  12  ms. 
S.  of  Ghent,  15  NE.  of  Toumay,  and  27  W.  of 
Brussels.    Lon.  3  49  E.,  lat.  50  51  N. 

Oudenburg,  town  of  Flanders,  8  miles  SE.  of 
Ostend,  and  10  W.  of  Burges.  Lon.  3°  E.,  lat. 
51  9  N. 

Oudipour. — See  Chetoire. 

Overall's,  post  office,  Shenandoah  co.,  Va. 

Ovcrjlackee,  island  of  Holland,  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Maese.  Melisand  is  the  principal 
town. 

Overton,  county  of  Tennessee,  bounded  by  Cum- 
berland co.,  in  Ky.  N.,  Morgan  co.,  in  Tenn.  E., 
Bledsoe  S.,  White  SW.,  and  Jackson  W.;  length 
40  ms.,  mean  widih  15,  area  600  sq.  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Obed's  and  Roaring  river,  branches  of 
Tennessee  river.  Chief  town,  Monroe.  Pop.  in 
1820,  7,128;  and  in  1840,  9,279.  Central  lat.  36 
24  N.,  lon.  C.  8  12  W. 

Overton,  village,  Perry  co.,  Tenn.,  by  post  road 
153  ms.  westerly  from  Murfreesborough. 

Overysche,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
in  Brabant,  seated  on  the  Ysche,  6  ms.  NE.  of 
Brussels,  and  9  SW.  of  Louvain.  Lon.  4  30  E., 
lat.  50  53  N. 

Overyssel,  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  bishopric  of  Minister,  on 
the  N.  by  Friesland  and  Groningen,  on  the  W.  by 
the  Yssel,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  country  of  Zut- 
phen  and  bishopric  of  Munster.  It  is  divided  into 
three  districts,  called  Drente,  Twent,  and  Sal- 
land.  There  are  many  morasses  in  this  province, 
and  but  few  inhabitants  in  comparison  with  the 
rest.  Its  greatest  riches  consist  in  turf,  which  is 
dug  up  here  and  sent  to  the  neighboring  provinces, 
particularly  Holland. 
6S6 


\  Ougien,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  it  le 
j  province  of  Malwa,  capital  of  one  of  the  We  rn 
Mahratta  chiefs.  It  is  the  Ujuyni  of  the  San  t, 
and  the  Ozenc  of  the  Greeks;  and  is  w  ;n 
Oojain,  Oujein,  and  Ujein.  The  present  ty 
stands  on  the  Sipperah  river,  350  ms.  NE.  m 
Bombay,  and  452  SW.  from  Poonah.  Ougi  js 
one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  India,  perhi  of 
the  world.  The  present  city  is  built  to  '.he  of 
the  ruins  of  Ozene,  and  is  about  6  ms.  in  c  lit 
very  closely  built  and  populous.  The  grour  m 
which  Ougien  is  built  is  in  a  peculiar  in  er 
friable,  and  being  near  the  range  of  hills  vl 
separates  the  sources  of  the  Jumna  from  tho  of 
the  Nerbuddah,  liable  to  submersion  from  thl 
luvion.  That  this  has  subjected  the  ancien  ty 
to  destruction  is  evident.  Southward  fron* 
modern  city,  in  digging  15  or  20  feet,  rui  of 
houses,  domestic  utensils,  and  ancient  cuiiis,  re 
found  in  abundance.  The  materials  of  the  an  tit 
are  excavated  for  the  purpose  of  building  o  e- 
pairing  the  modern  city.  Like  all  events  nil 
have  transpired  in  remote  antiquity,  various  ca  a, 
natural  and  supernatural,  have  been  assignc  to 
account  for  the  catastrophe  which  overwht 'd 
this  interesting  city,  but  probability  is  in  favor  M 
luvion,  and  adds  one  more  to  the  many  proofs  at 
water  is  the  great  agent  of  change  on  the  crust  o  is 
globe.  Dr.  Hunter  and  other  British  writers  » 
that  the  modern  city  is  still  liable  to  ruinous  i> 
dations. 

With  all  its  natural  disadvantages  Ougien,  'dr 
ever,  from  its  situation,  is  the  entrepot  of  grejll 
land  trade.  Its  inhabitants  import  from  Suia  4- 
rious  kinds  of  European  and  Chinese  gin 
Pearls  and  assafecdita,  from  Sinde,  are  bn  ht 
here  by  the  route  of  Marwar ;  and  diamonds  fltV 
Bundlecund  pass  through  this  city  to  Surat. 
public  bazars  are  well  supplied  with  grain, 
and  other  vegetables.  The  inhabitants  are  c 
Mahometans.    N.  lat.  23  11,  E.  lon.  75  51. 

Oviedo,  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  AsA 
d'Oviedo,  with  a  university.  It  is  seated  aiA 
confluence  of  the  Ove  and  Deva.  which  formft 
Astra,  50  ms.  NW.  of  Leon,  and  208  of  Mad. 
Lon.  5  44  W.,  lat  43  25  N. 

Ouidton,  or  Ouitanon,  village  of  Inda.,  oa| 
Wabash,  130  ms.  above  Vincennes. 

Ovid,  town,  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y.,  between  If 
eca  and  Cayuga  lakes.  The  principal  villaj  is 
near  the  former,  22  ms.  above  Geneva.  Vom 
1810,  4,535;  in  1820,  2,654. 

Ouisconsin,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  in  the 
territory,  rises  at  lat.  46°  N.,  and  between^ 
and  13°  W.  from  W.  C,  interlocking  witfcH 
Menominee  of  Green  bay,  and  with  the  soul* 
rivers  of  Lake  Superior.  It  thence  flows  fct» 
about  lat.  43  45,  where  it  approaches  so  very  at 
Fox  river  of  Green  bay  as  to  leave  only  a  po  J« 
of  one  mile  and  a  half. — See  Fox  River  of  ^ 
igan.  Below  the  portage  the  Ouisconsin  tur  to 
SW.  by  W.  and  falls  into  Mississippi  about  fs. 
below  Prairie  du  Chien,  at  lat.  43°  N.  '« 
stream  forms  one  of  the  great  natural  channel"? 
communication  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  1 »■ 
basins.  Though  generally  rapid  in  its  currei  i 
is  unimpeded  by  cataracts,  or  even  dangt»« 
shoals.  The  entire  length,  by  comparative  cou  u 
350  ms.,  nearly  one  half  of  which  distance  i  e- 


OUS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  -  OXF 


For  Ouisconsin  Territory  see 


Estrematlura, 


to  the  N.  Fore- 
has  about  seven  feet 


half  way  from  Fort  Erie, 
land.  The  bar  at  its  mouth, 
water. 

Oussore,  town  and  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, 19  ms.  SE.  of  Bangalore,  and  60  ENE.  of 
Seringapatam. 

Outeiro,  town  and  fortress  of  Portugal,  in  Tra 
los  Montes,  seated  on  a  mountain,  9  ms.  SE.  of 
Braganza,  and  21  NW.  of  Miranda. 

(hvasco,  lake  of  Cayuga  co. ,  N.  Y.  ;  its  water 
is  discharged  into  Seneca  river.  Town,  Ca- 
yuga co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the  bottom  of  Owasco  lake,  3 
ms.  SE.  from  Auburn.    Pop.  in  1810,  496;  in 


o  the  portage 
ftconsin. 

ulz,  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  in  a  valley,  12 
„.SVV.  of  Susa. 

undle,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northamptonshire, 
e:d  on  the  Nen,  over  which  are  2  bridges,  26 
n  SB.  of  Northampton,  and  78  N .  by  YV.  of 
,don. 

iral — See  Ural  mountains. 
,  irem,  town  of  Portugal,  in 

on  a  mountain,  12  ms.  W.  of  Tomar. 
•irfa,  formerly  Edessa,  ciry  of  Asiatic  Tur 
e  and  capital  of  a  Pachalik  of  the  same  name, 
4tted  partly  on  hills  and  partly  on  an  interve-j  1820,  1,290. 
^valley,  about  30  ms.  from  the  Euphrates,)  Owego,  town,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  E. 
■^•ardly  from  that  stream.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  20  ms.  W.  of  Union, 
commerce,  and  forms  an  entrepot  be  and  30  SSE.  from  Ithica     It  is  a  place  of  mm  h 

trade  in  salt  and  Gypsum  from  Onondaga  co.  Pop. 

in  1820,  1,741.  Small  river  of  N.  Y.,  rising  in 

Cortland  and  Tompkins,  and,  flowing  S.  between 
Bfoome  and  Tioga  cos.,  falls  into  the  Susquehan- 
nah river  at  the  village  of  Owego. 

Owen,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Kentucky  river  or 
Henry  co.  W.,  Gallatin  NW.,  Garret  N.,  Harri- 
son E.,  and  Scott  and  Franklin  S.    Length  20 
ms.,  mean  width  12,  area 240  sq.  ms.  Chief  town, 
les  long  from  N.  to  S.,  mean  breadth  about  Owentown.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,031  ;  and  in  1840, 

The  basin  of  Ourmia  is  much  more  ex-  8,232.    For  ctl.  lat.  see  Owentown. 
than  that  of  Van,  the  former  stretching      Owen,  co.,  Inda.,  bounded  by  Dubois  S.,  Ds- 
s  of  200  ms.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  at  least  viess  W.,  Martin  N.,  and  Lawrence  and  Orange 
mean  width.    Some  not  inconsiderable  E.    Length  24  ms.,  width  18,  area  432  sq.  ms. 

The  E.  branch  of  White  river  traverses  this  co. 
obliquely  from  NE.  to  SW.  Chief  town,  Green- 
wich. Pop.  in  1820,  838;  and  in  1840,  8,359. 
Ctl.  lat.  38  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  46  W. 

Owenton,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Owen  co., 
Ky.,  on  a  branch  of  Eagle  creek,  20  ms  NNE. 
from  Frankfort.  Lat.  38  31  N.,  ion.  W.  C.  7 
42  W. 

Owenville,  village,  Gibson  co.,  Ia.,  by  post  road, 
190  ms.  SW.  from  Indianapolis. 

Owingsville,  village,  Bath  co.,  Ky.,  by  po.^t 
road  70  ms 
Ion.  W.  C. 


i  Aleppo  and  the  interior  of  Persia.  Pop. 
)0,  composed  of  a  mixed  mass  of  Turks, 
jnians,  Jews,  Nestorians,  and  Arabs.  Lat. 

Ion.  38  20  E. 
rmia,  or  Urmia,  lake  of  Asis,  in  Azerbijan, 
>ut  visible  outlet,  and  water  highly  saline, 
basins  of  Ourmia  and  Van  are  separated  from 
other  by  a  chain  of  mountains  called  Aiagha- 
— See  Van.   Lake  Ourmia  is  about  one  hun- 


tain  streams  pour  into  Ourmia,  at  the  head 
ie  of  which  stands  the  city  of  Tauris.  The 
t  of  Lake  Ourmia  and  also  Van,  are  so  differ 
llaid  down  in  different  maps,  that  it  is  proba- 
cy are  both  subject  to  great  expansion  and 
iiction  from  the  changes  of  season. 
[rique,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  26  ms. 
I  of  Beja. 

tee,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Yorkshire,  formed  of 
ure  and  Swale,  which  rise  near  each  other  in 
i  mantic  tract  called  Richmondshire,  and  unite 
Hlborough.  It  thence  takes  the  name  of  Ouse, 
lows  through  York,  where  it  is  navigable  for 
lerable  vessels;  and  afterward,  receiving  the 
kf,  Dcrwent,  Aire,  and  Don,  it  meets  the 
on  the  borders  of  Lincolnshire,  where  their 

i    streams   form  the  Humber.  River  of 

I  in  Sussex,  formed  of  two  branches,  one  of 
l|  rises  in  St.  Leonard  forest,  the  other  in  the 
•  of  Worth,  and  they  unite  above  Lewes.  It 
my  that  town  to  New  Haven,  below  which  it 
Ba  considerable  haven  and  enters  the  English 
» el. 

me,  Great,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in 
t  imptonshire,  near  Brackley,  and  flows  to 
icagham,  Stoney,  Stratford,  Newport  Pagnel, 
n  ,  and  Bedford,  where  it  is  navigable.  Thence 
pteeds  to  St.  Neot,  Huntingdon,  St.  Ives, 
lind  Lynn,  below  which  enters  the  Lincoln- 
ir-vash. 

fie,  Little,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the 
fit  of  Norfolk,  and,  dividing  that  co.  from 
Pt  as  it  flows  westward,  becomes  navigable 
Tjtford,  and  afterwards  joins  the  Great  Ouse 
or  Grand  River,  stream  of  U.  C,  rising 
tl  interior  country,  with  sources  interlocking 
toiose  of  the  Thames.  It  thence  flows  a  lit- 
Tpf  S.  into  Lake  Erie,  which  it  enters  about 


Lat.  33  16  N., 


E.  from  Frankfort. 
6  42  W. 

Owyhee,  largest  and  most  eastern  of  the  Sand- 
wich islands,  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Its  length  from 
N.  to  S.  is  84  ms.,  and  its  breadth  70. — See  art. 
Australia,  pages  114  and  115. 

Oxbow,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.  ;  by  post- 
road  181  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Oxford,  city  of  Eng.,  and  capital  of  Oxfordsbire. 
It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Cherwell  with  the 
Thames,  and  has  a  canal  to  Brunston,  in  North- 
amptonshire. The  city,  with  the  suburbs,  is  of  a 
circular  form,  3  ms.  in  circumference,  and  was 
anciently  surrounded  by  walls,  of  which  conside- 
rable remains  are  yet  to  be  seen,  as  also  of  its  ex- 
tensive castle,  the  tower  of  which  now  serves  for 
a  county  jail.  In  1811,  the  number  of  inhabit- 
ants was  12,931.  It  has,  be-ide  the  cathedral,  13 
parish  churches,  a  famous  university,  a  noble 
market  place,  and  a  magnificent  bridge.  The 
university  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  a 
seminary  for  learning  before  the  time  of  Alfred, 
although  it  owed  its  revival  and  consequence  to 
his  liberal  patronage.  Here  are  20  colleges  and  5 
halls,  several  of  which  stand  in  the  streets,  and 
give  the  city  an  air  of  magnificence.  The  colle- 
ges are  provided  with  sufficient  revenues  for  the 

6S7 


* 

OXF  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PAC 


maintenance  of  a  master,  fellow,  and  students.  In 
the  halls,  the  students  live  either  wholly  or  in  part 
at  their  own  expense.  The  eolleges  are :  Uni- 
versity, Baliol,  Merlon,  Exeter,  Oriel,  Queen's, 
New,  Lincoln,  All  Souls,  Magdalen,  Brazen  Nose, 
Corpus  Christi,  Christ  Church,  Trinity,  St  John 
Baptist's,  Jesus,  Wadham,  Pembroke,  Worces- 
ter, and  Hertford.  Of  these  the  most  ancient 
is  Universit/  College,  founded  before  the  year 
872  ;  and  to  Christ  Church  College,  begun  by 
(Jardinal  Woisey  and  finished  by  Henry  VIII.,  be- 
longs the  cathedral.  The  halls  are:  Alban,  Ed- 
mund, St.  Mary's,  New  Inn,  and  St.  Mary  Mag- 
dalene. Among  the  libraries  in  the  University, 
the  most  distinguished  is  the  Bodleian,  founded  by- 
Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  those  of  All  Souls  College, 
Christ  Church,  Queen's,  New,  St.  John's,  Exe- 
ter, and  Corpus  Christi.  Among  other  public 
buildings  are  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  the  Claren- 
don Printing  House,  Radcliff  Infirmary,  and  an 
Observatory.  Magdalen  bridge,  besides  the  beau- 
ty of  its  architecture,  has  this  singularity,  that 
more  than  half  of  it  is  on  dry  ground,  and  the  rest 
covers  two  small  strips  of  the  Cherwell.  This 
bridge  is  526  feet  long.  The  theatre  is  more  mag. 
nifkent  than  any  thing  of  the  kind  in  the  world. 
The  physic  garden,  of  above  5  acres,  is  walled 
round,  with  fine  gates,  one  of  which  cost  £600. 

Oxford,  co.  of  Eng.,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Buckinghamshire,  W.  by  Gloucestershire,  S.  by 
Berkshire,  and  N.  by  Warwickshire  and  North- 
amptonshire. The  extreme  length  is  48  ms.,  and 
breadth  26,  but  its  form  is  very  irregular.  It  con- 
tains 450,000  acres,  is  divided  into  14  hundreds 
and  207  parishes,  has  one  city  and  12  market 
towns,  and  sends  9  members  to  Parliament.  The 
soil,  though  various,  is  fertile  in  corn  and  grass. 
The  south  part,  especially  on  the  borders  of  Buck- 
inghamshire, is  hilly  and  woody,  having  a  contin- 
uation of  the  Chiltern  Hills  running  through  it. 
The  NW.  part  is  also  elevated  and  stony.  The 
middle  is  in  general  a  rich  country,  watered  by  nu- 
merous streams  running  from  N.  to  S.,  and  ter 
minating  in  the  Thames.  Of  these  the  most  con- 
siderable are  the  Wintftush,  Evenlode,  Cherwell, 
and  Thames;  the  latter,  although  an  inconsidera- 
ble rivulet,  has  obtained  some  importance  from 
having  been  supposed  to  give  name  to  the  Thames. 
The  products  of  Oxfordshire  are  chiefly  those  com- 
mon to  the  midland  farming  counties.  •  Its  hills 
yield  ochre,  pipe  clay,  and  other  earths,  useful  for 
various  purposes.  Corn  and  malt  are  conveyed 
from  it  by  the  Thames  to  the  metropolis.  Pop.  in 
1801,  109,620  ;  in  1811,  119,191  ;  and  in  1821, 
134,327. 

Oxford,  tp.,  Granville  co.,  U.  C,  on  the  Ri- 

Jeau.  Co.,  U.  C.  watered  by  the  sources  of 

the  Thames  and  Grand  rivers.  Co.,  Maine, 

bounded  NW.  by<L.  C,  W.  by  N.  H.,  S.  by 
Cumberland  and  York,  and  E.  by  Kennebec  and 
Somerset  cos.  It  extends  indefinitely  along  the 
western  side  of  the  State,  from  York  and  Cumber- 
land cos.  ;  area  of  the  settled  parts  about  2,000 
sq.  ms.  The  Androscoggin  has  its  principal 
sources  in  and  flows  obliquely  across  this  county. 
Chief  town,  Paris.  Pop.  1820,  27,104;  in  1840, 
38,351.  N.  lat.  44°  and  Ion.  W.  C.  6°  E.  inter- 
sect in  the  SW.  part  of  this  co.  Village,  Pe- 
nobscot co.,  Me.  Tp.,  Worcester  co.,  Mass., 

6S8 


situated  on  the  E.  side  of  French  river,  abou  4 

ms.  to  the  S.  of  Worcester.  Tp.,  New  H  n 

co.,  Ct.,  on  the  W.  of  the  Naugatuck  river  2 

ms.  NW.  of  New  Haven   Town,  Chen  0 

co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Chenango  r  I 
110  ms.  W.  of  Albany.   In  this  town  an  acat  y 

has  been  incorporated.  Tp„  Sussex  co..  I 

J.,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Delaware,  beti'a 

Hardwick  and  Mansfield.  Tp.,   Philade  a 

co.,  Pa.,  on  the  NW.  side  of  Delaware  1  r, 

about  8  ms.  N.  of  Philadelphia.  Town,  I 

ams  co.,  Pa.,  9  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Getty*!  r. 

 Town  and  port  of  entry,  on  the  E.  si  jf 

Thread  Haven  bay,  Talbot  co.,  Md.,  50  ms.  !. 
from  Baltimore.  It  is  one  of  the  most  trr  g 
places  E.  of  Chesapeake  bay.  The  shi[  g 
owned  here  in  1816  exceeded  13,000  tons.  - 

Village,  Caroline  co.,  Va.  Village  and  st  ]f 

justice,  Granville  co.,  N.  C.  ;  by  post  road  5C  s. 
a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Raleigh.  This  village  1. 
tains  two  academies.    Lat.  36  17  N.,  loii.  W ). 

1  35  W.  One  of  the  western  tps.  of  H  n 

co.,  O.,  containing  the  village  of  Bloomfield.  - 

Northern  tp.  of  Delaware  co.,  O.  NW.  n 

of  Butler  co.,  O.,  distant  35  ms.  NW.  from  I 
cinnati.  Miami  University,  a  literary  institu  1, 
located  in  this  tp.  in  1809,  is  on  the  laud  gn  id 
for  that  purpose  by  Congress.  The  necef 
buildings  have  been  commenced,  and  the  revt  ;g 
already  amount  to  more  than  $100  anni  y, 
Greek  and  Latin  are  already  taught,  and  the  1  Jg 

and  prospects  of  the  college  augmenting  H 

Tuscarawa  co.,  O.,  containing  the  village  of  IV 

mington.  Village,  Coshocton  co  ,  "~B 

Guernsey  co.,  O. 

Oxford,  Lower,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  bet# 
Elk  and  Octoraro  creeks,  25  ms.  SW.  from  at 
Chester. 

Oxford,  Upper,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  ant- 
ing the  preceding  to  the  N. 

Oxford  Furnace,  Warren  co.,  N.  J.,  51  j| 
NN  W.  from  Trenton. 

Oyster  Bay,  or,  more  correctly,  Ouester, 
Bay,)  town,  Queen's  co.,  Long  Island,  M. 
It  extends  quite  across  the  island,  from  the  <w 
to  Long  Island  sound. 

Oysttr  Bay  North,  and  Oyster  Buy  «Si» 
are  the  names  of  two  post  offices  in  Oysteiay 
tp.  They  are  each  about  30  ms.  from  '.he  c  rf 
New  York. 

Oyster  Ponds,  village,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y» 
the  NW.  peninsula  of  Long  Island,  108  ms.f 
by  E.  from  the  city  of  New  York. 
"  Ozwiezin,  town  of  Little  Poland,  seated  0  he 
Weitchessel.  The  houses  are  built  of  wood  nd 
the  town  is  covered  on  one  side  by  a  great  irn»i 
and  on  the  other  defended  by  a  castle,  whose  II* 
are  of  wood.  It  is  34  ms.  W.  of  Cracow.  * 
19  10  E.,  lat.  50  10  N. 

P. 

Pacem,  town  in  the  N.  part  of  Sumatra,  i  118 
East  Indies.    Lon.  97  15  E.,  lat.  5°  N. 

Pachamac,  valley  in  Peru,  celebrated  fi  * 
pleasantness  and  fertility,  but  more  for  a  ma"' 
cent  temple,  built  by  the  Incas  to  the  hoi  ° 
their  god.    The  Spaniards,  when  they  cov.q™ 


PAD  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PIA 


Pj,  found  immense  riches  in  it.  It  is  10  ms.  J  Paderborn,  bishoprick  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
S  f  Lima.  I  of  Westphalia,  32  ms.  long  and  20  broad.    In  the 

'achuca,  town  of  Mexico,  famous  for  its  silver  J  middle  of  it  are  high  mountains  and  iron  mines, 
Some  authors  say  that  in  the  space  of  six  ibut  the  rest  of  the  country  is  fertile  in  corn  and 

pastures.  However,  it  is  most  remarkable  for  its 
bacon  and  venison.  It  was  secularized  in  1802, 
and  now  belongs  to  Prussia.  Pop.  1820,  120,000. 

 Ancient  and  populous  town  of  Germany,  in 

Westphalia,  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same 
name.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  rivulet  Pader, 
which  rises  under  the  high  altar  of  the  cathedral. 
It  has  a  celebrated  university,  and  is  37  ms.  SW. 
of  Minden,  and  43  ESE.  of  Munster.  Lon.  8  65 
E.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Padron,  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  seated  on 
the  river  Ulla,  12  ms.  S.  of  Compostella.  Lon. 
8  17  W.,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Padstow,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on  the 
Bristol  channel,  and  has  some  trade  io  Ireland, 
from  which  place  it  is  distant  240  ms.  It  is  30 
ms.  W.  of  Launceston,  and  243  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  4  45  W.,  lat.  50  42  N. 

Padua,  ancient,  large,  and  celebrated  city  of 
Italy,  capital  of  the  Paduano,  with  a  university. 
It  is  7  ms.  in  circumference,  and  much  less  con- 
siderable than  formerly,  for  it  now  contains  only 
30,000,  whereas  it  formerly  contained  100,000 
inhabitants.    The  university  was  new  modelled  in 
1814,  and  consists  of  the  faculties  of  mathematics 
and  philosophy,  medicine   and  law.  Students 
high  latitudes,  and  particularly  near  the  j  about  300.    It  is  seated  on  the  Brenta  and  Bachig- 
is  liable  to  all  the  meteorological  changes  |lione,  in  a  fine  plain,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Vicenza,  and 
from  difference  of  temperature,  and  boister-  225  N.  of  Rome.    Longitude  12  1  E.,  lat.  45  22 


ieues  there  are  not  less  than  a  thousand,  one  of 
#i:h,  called  Trinity,  is  supposed  to  be  as  rich  as 
■sin  the  Spanish  dominions,  forty  millions  of 
ilr  having  been  taken  from  it  in  10  years.  It 
g  i  ms.  NNE.  of  Mexico.  Lon.  100  4  W., 
it  JO  32  N. 

achsu,  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
ie  the  coast  of  Epirus,  S.  of  Corfu,  and  W.  oi 
fcJulf  of  Arta. 

xcijic  ocean,  that  vast  ocean  which  separates 
v>  from  America.  It  received  the  term  Pacific 
ft  the  moderate  weather  the  first  mariners  who 
si  I  in  it  met  with  between  the  tropics  ;  and  it 
>a:alled  South  sea,  because  the  Spaniards  cross- 
ede  isthmus  of  Darien  from  N.  to  S.,  when  they 
jffliscovered  it,  though  it  is  properly  the  West- 
■onean  with  regard  to  America.  The  Pacific, 
i«  adjective  name,  applies  only  with  correct- 
•ttothe  tropical  section  of  the  great  expanse  of 
•m  between  America  and  Asia  and  Australasia, 
id  jh  latitudes,  either  N.  or  S.,  storms  and  va- 
M  winds  prevail  over  the  Pacific. — See  article 
EK.  The  preceding  character  of  the  Pacific 
m  is  therefore  correct,  when  applied  to  differ- 
Jttirts  of  that  immense  basin.    Within  and  for 

i  distance  above  the  tropics,  it  is  truly  pacific, 


M  other  oceans  and  seas  in  like  latitudes. — 
A  tide  Earth. 

I  kersfield,  now  Nelson,  tp.,  Cheshire  co., 
W1,  on  the  head  branches  of  the  Ashmelot  riv- 
Jh)ut  20  ms.  E.  of  Connecticut  river. 
fkersville,  village,  Clearfield  co.,  Pa. 
i old,  river,  rises  in  Rutherford  co.,  N.  C, 
Mowing  S.,  enters  Spartanburg  district,  S. 
Ad,  continuing  SE.,  crosses  Spartanburg  and 
WL  and  foils  into  Broad  river  opposite  the 
W.ngle  of  York  district. 

Pta  Cosventa,  from  the  Latin:  title  of 
•  conventions  or  mutual  agreements  entered 
wad  sworn  to  by  the  king  and  nobility  of  Po- 
■ifter  the  monarchy  had  became  elective. 

st  Pacta  were  drawn  up  and  signed  1573, 
•'ti  Henry  of  Valois  was  inaugurated  king, 
•■party  swore,  "on  their  faith  and  honor,  to 
•ten  general  peace,  in  matters  of  conscience, 
KWi  all  the  citizens  of  diverse  religions  and 

■•loftw,  village,  Sullivan  co.,  Tenn.,  by  post 
•15  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Murfreesborough. 
mt',  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
^Bf  Eure,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
*<lk»n  the  Eure,  8  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Vernon. 
>4  41  E.,  lat.  48  58  N. 
-  c'-ng,  seaport  on  the  W„  coast  of  Sumatra, 
t*^.  Indies,  in  the  possession  of  the  Dutch. 
"i.»46  E.,  lat.  50'  S. 

Islington,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  W, 
Wjf  London,  with  a  handsome  new  church, 
Wttjin  1790,  in  a  singularly  pleasant  style. 
^mytvwn,  village,  Hampshire  co.,  Va.,  on 
e  P,)mac,  20  ms.  above  Cumberland,  Md-,  and 
16  *V.  by  W,  from  W,  C. 
7* 


North. 

Paduano,  formerly  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the 
territory  of  Venice,  now  part  of  Austrian  Italy,  40 
ms.  long  and  35  broad,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Dogado,  on  the  S.  by  Polesino  di  Rovigo,  on  the 
W.  by  the  Veronese,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  Vin- 
centino.  Its  soil  is  well  watered,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  fertile  in  Italy.    Padua  is  the  capital. 

Padula,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  Principato  Citeriore.  Lon.  15  41  E.,  laf. 
40  29  N. 

Paefenhoffen,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsocr, 
seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Mottier,  8  ms.  W.  of  Haguenau.  Lon.  7  38  E., 
lat.  48  48  N. 

Pagesville,  village,  Newberry  district,  S.  C,,  58 
ms.  IS  W.  from  Columbia. 

Pagliano,  town  of  Italy,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteriore* 
Lon.  13  46  E  ,  lat.  42  28  N. 

Pago,  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  separated 
from  Venetian  Dalrnatia  by  a  narrow  strait.  The 
air  is  cold,  and  the  soil  barren,  but  it  is  well  pec- 
pled,  and  contains  salt  works. 

Pago  Pago  Harbor — See  article  Navigator's 
Islands. 

Pagoda,  as  defined  and  derived  by  Webster, 
Persian  Poui  Ghod,  or  Boot  Khoda,  Hindoo  Boot 
Kuda,  house  of  idols.  Also  a  coin  or  denomination 
of  money,  differing  in  value  fro.n  $2  down  to  $1  75. 

Pahang. — See  Pan. 

Piamboeuf,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Loire.  What  makes  it  of  con- 
sequence is,  that  all  ships  belonging  to  Nantes 
take  their  departure  hence,  and  here  they  anchor  on 

689 


PAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PAL 


their  arrival.  It  is  20  ms.  W.  of  Nantes.  Lon. 
1  53  W.,  lat.  47  15  N. 

Fame's  Hollow,  post  office,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y. 

Poinesville,  fine  commercial  town  of  Geauga 
co.,  O.,  on  Grand  river,  about  3  ms.  above  its 
m"Uth,  at  Fairport.  A  bridge,  constructed  of  wood, 
of  400  feet,  has  been  erected  over  Grand  river,  at 

this  place,  and  toll  free.    Pop.  1820,  1,257.  

"Village,  Amelia  co.,  Va.,  45  ms.  W.  from  Peters- 
burg. 

Painswick,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire. 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  white  cloths  for  the 
army,  and  for  the  India  and  Turkey  trade,  and 
hence  is  brought  a  stone  remarkable  for  its  beauty 
and  neatness  for  the  pavement  of  floors.  It  is  7 
ms.  SE.  of  Gloucester,  and  101  W.  by  N.  of 
London.    Lon.  2  11  W.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

Paint,  SE.  tp.  of  Wayne  co.,  O.    Pop.  1820, 

590   Tp.  in  the  western  borders  of  Ross  co., 

Ohio.  It  is  watered  on  the  W.  and  S.  by  Paint 
creek,  and  near  the  middle  by  Buckskin,  which 
runs  across  it  from  NW.  to  SE.  Pop.  1820,  946. 

i  Tp.  in  the  northern  borders  of  Fayette  co., 

O.    Pop  1820,  767.  Tp.  in  the  eastern  part 

of  Highland  co.,  O.    Pop.  1820,  1,895. 

Faint  creek,  western  branch  of  the  Sciota  river, 
rising  in  the  SW.  corner  of  Madison  co.,  O.,  near 
the  source  of  Little  Miami,  from  whence  it  runs 
35  ms.  SW.  across  Fayette  co  ,  by  Washington, 
and  along  the  SW.  borders  of  Ross  co.,  when 
it  turns  and  runs  in  a  somewhat  NE.  direction  in- 
to Ross  co.  15  ms.,  thence  E.  10  ms.  further, 
where  it  joins  the  Sciota  river  below  Chilicothe. 
Village,  Floyd  co.,  Ky.,  by  post  road  221  miles 
SSE.  from  Frankfort. 

Painted  Post,  town,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
NW.  bank  of  Tioga  river,  near  the  mouth  of  Co- 
shocton creek,  43  ms.  NW.  of  Athens,  or  Tioga 
Point.    Pop.  1810,  954  ;  in  1820,  2,088. 

Fainter  creek,  western  brook  of  Stillwater  rivu- 
let, emptying  into  said  rivulet  in  Miami  co.,  Ohio. 
It  rises  in  Dark  co. 

Painter's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Delaware 
co.,  Pa.,  22  ms.  bSW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Paintville,  town,  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  15  ms. 
from  Wooster,  on  the  road  leading  from  that  town 
to  New  Philadelphia. 

Paishaicur,  city  of  Candahar,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict in  the  country  of  Cabul.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Kameh,  125  ms.  SE.  of  Cabul,  and  170  N. 
of  Moultan.    Lon.  70  36  E.,  lat.  33  18  N. 

Paisley,  town  of  Scotland,  the  largest  in  Ren- 
frewshire. It  has  considerable  manufactures  of 
silk  and  linen  gauze,  lawn  muslin,  cambric,  thread, 
&c,  ulso  extensive  soap,  candle,  and  cotton  works, 
and  is  deemed  the  first  manufacturing  town  in 
Scotland.  The  river  White  Cart  divides  it  into 
the  old  and  new  town,  which  communicates  by  3 
bridges.  The  latter  stands  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
river,  and  consists  of  many  handsome  buildings. 
By  means  of  the  river  and  a  canal,  vessels  of  40  tons 
can  come  up  and  unload  at  the  quay.  In  1811  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  32,000  in  the  old  town, 
and  14,153  in  the  abbey  parish.  It  is  10  ms.  W. 
of  Glasgow.    Lon.  4  26  W.,  lat.  55  52  N. 

Paita,  seaport  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Qui- 
to, with  an  excellent  harbor.  The  bay  is  defended 
by  a  fort.    Lon.  80  94  W.,  lat.  5  12  S. 

Palachy^  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
690 


of  Coimbetore.  Longitude  77  8  E„  latitude  1  7 

North. 

Palacios,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  12  1. 
S.  of  Seville.    Lon.  5  24  W.,  lat  37  20  N. 

Palais,  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  islai  >f 
Belleisle,  off  the  coast  of  Bretagne.  Lon.  2 
W.,  lat.  47  18  N. 

Palais,  St.,  town  and  district  of  France,  ir  e 
department  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  which,  b 
the  town  and  district  of  St.  John  Pied  de  ]  I 
forms  nearly  the  whole  of  the  late  provirx  if 
Lower  Navarre,  a  mountainous  country,  v»  h 
produces  scarcely  any  thing  but  millet,  oats,  d 
fruits  of  which  they  make  cider.  St.  Pala  u 
seated  on  the  river  Bibouse,  15  ms.  SE.  ei  I 
yonne.    Lon.  1  4  W.,  lat.  43  21  N. 

Palambang,  town,  river,  and  district,  of  £  v 
atra,  on  the  NE.  coast  of  the  island.  The  !  a 
is  situated  at  lon.  104  54  E.,  and  lat.  2  59  N 

Palamcotta,  or  Tinevelly,  town  of  the  peni > 
la  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Camatic,  410  ms.  I  . 
of  Madras.    Lon.  77  54  E.,  lat.  8  43  N. 

Palamos,  strong  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catali  t, 
with  a  good  harbor,  seated  on  the  Mediterrar  1, 
47  ms.  NE.  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  2  58  E.,  la  1 
58  N. 

Pulamow,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  a 
province  of  Bahar,  210  ms.  SSW.  of  Patna.  jU 
84  10  E.,  lat.  23  40  JN. 

Palunka,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  of 
Novigrad,  seated  on  the  Ibola,  37  ms.  N.  of  Bu 
Lon.  18  23  E.,  lat.  48  9  N. 

Palaos  Islands. — See  Philippines,  New.  M 

Palatijt,  originally  any  one  serving  in  the  U 
ace  of  a  prince,  but  by  extension,  given  to  ofjjg 
delegated  to  govern  provinces.    In  one  im 
as  Prince  Palatin  of  the  Rhine,  the  title  w 
of  a  real  sovereign. 

Palatinate,  Lower,  formerly  a  province  of  r- 
many,  W.  of  the  Rhine.    It  is  now  divide* 
tween  Bavaria  and  Hesse  Homburg. 

Palatinate,  Upper,  province  of  Bavaria,  bo  A 
ing  on  Bohemia,  and  subdivided  into  the  circl  o| 
Regen  and  Upper  Maine. 

Palatine,  Lower,  village,  Montgomery  co.ft 
Y  ,  on  the  Mohawk,  41  ms.  above  Sdienec  p. 

Palatine,  Middle,  or  Palatine  Bridge,  vil4| 
Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Mohawk, 
above  the  preceding. 

Palatine,  Upper,  or  Palatine  Chinch,  vija 
Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  6  ms.  above  Middle  4 
atine. 

Palatine,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  orM 
Mohawk,  from  41  to  57  ms.  above  Schen*ci»J 
Pop.  1820,  3,936. 

Palcati,  lake  of  W.  Mongolia,  at  the  eastern  f<  of 
the  Beloor  mountains.  It  is  salt  and  without  it- 
let,  about  100  ins.  in  length,  and  from  10t)| 
or  50  ms.  wide.  It  is  only  one,  though  the  la*l 
of  a  chain  of  similar  lakes  of  salt  water,  exter  >g 
from  it  eastward,  of  which  the  principal  one: re 
Alaktonga  and  Alakoul. 

Palembang,  city  and  kingdom  of  the  islar  of 
Sumatra.  The  city  is  situated  at  lat.  2  50,  0. 
104  33  E.  of  London.  The  city  is  situate  >n 
the  Moesia,  or  Palembang  river,  and  contains-6- 
cording  to  the  best  authorities,  about  20,00  in- 
habitants. Most  of  the  houses  are  mere  bai"° 
structures.    The  site  is  low  and  marshy,  bein  to 


i 

PAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PAL 


es  arv  of  the  river  which  divides  below  the  city 
ai  enters  by  several  mouths  the  gulf  or  straits  of 
^ca.  The  limits  of  the  kingdom  when  inde- 
pjent  were  vague,  and  remain  so  as  a  Dutch 
prince.  The  city  of  Palembang  stands  about 
NW.  200  ms.  from  Batavla,  and  very  nearly  a 
a.lar  distance  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Singapore. 

alenca,  or  Palenque,  extensive  ruins  found  on 
£  i*er  Zelados  or  San  Pedro,  a  branch  of  Ta- 
mo  river.  As  laid  down  by  Tanner,  the  partic- 
al  ruins  called  Palenca,  are  laid  down  at  Ion. 
JlW.  of  London,  or  nearly  15°  of  W.  of  W. 
2  V.  l  it.  17  40.  To  introduce  any  general  de- 
c  tion  of  the  ruins,  is  altogether  incompatible 
<tt  this  treatise.  It  may  be  remarked,  however, 
'kthe  name  palejtq.t:e  is  Spanish,  and  means 
4c  enclosed  place"  by  palisade?,  paling,  &c. 
iVique,  from  the  position  given,  is  about  250 
:*5W.  of  Campeachy. 

ilencia,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  on  the  Cari- 
«:0  ms.  SW.  of  Burgos,  and  110  N.  by  W.  of 
■id.    Lon.  4  42  W.,  lat.  42  10  N. 

deno,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore, 
m  E.  of  Solmona. 

:lenzuela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  25 
*3W.  of  Burgos.    Lon.  3  15  W.,  lat.  42  5 

K  1. 

lermo,  fortified  city  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Ma- 
tt capital  of  the  island,  and  an  archbishop's  see. 
:t'*nds  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the  north 

saj  near  the  extremity  of  a  kind  of  natural  am-  ' 

:  fcl3atre,  formed  by  high  and  rocky  mountains.  ! 
llfcountry  between  the  city  and  the  mountains 
mk  of  the  richest  plains  in  the  world  ;  the  whole 

Bring  a  magnificent  garden,  filled  with  fruitful  i 

■land  watered  by  fountains  and  rivulets.    The  i 

i-tants  of  Palermo  are  estimated  at  130,000.  I 

1  wjreat  streets  intersect  each  other  in  the  centre  < 

Mm  city,  where  they  form  a  handsome  square,  ' 
:»M  the  OttangoU),  from  the  centre  of  which  is 

.etihe  whole  of  these  nol»le  streets,  and  the  four  - 
jfrt  gates  which  .  terminate  them,  each  at  the 

Wme  of  half  a  mile.    The  Porto  Felice  opens  - 

Mr Marino,  a  delightful  walk,  which  has  on  one  < 
4Me  wall  of  the  city,  and  on  the  other  the  sea ; 

the  centre  is  an  elegant  kind  of  temple,  fre-  < 

Mly  made  use  of  as  an  orchestra.  The  churches  ' 

Bermo  are  upwards  of  300,  and  many  of  them  ! 

I  ch  and  magnificent.    The  city  has  suffered  1 
at  different  periods,  by  earthquakes  or  inun- 

Wj.    The  harbor,  defended  by  two  castles,  is  i 

*i|*ously  open  to  the  sea  from  the  NE.  ;  and,  $ 

atthe  anchoring  place  ships  are  in  danger  c 
Wk  westerly  wind  rushes  through  the  valley  of 

•between  the  mountains.  It  stands  in  a  pleas-  r 

■Wiitful  country,  on  the  NE.  end  of  the  island,  < 

i4  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  t 

'*iE.,  lat.  38  15  N.  e 

P'.rmoy  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore,  < 

™$SW.  of  Cosenza.  Village,  Lincoln  co., 

>'Qjn  the  head  of  Sheepscut  river,  79  ms.  NE.  < 

"Portland.  ] 

*  rmo,  North,  village,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  on  1 
■•Jul  of  Sheepscut  river,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Au- 

«and  25  W.  from  Belfast.  I 

*>$tine,  part  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  so  called 

-m  e  Philistines,  who  inhabited  the  seacoasts;  \ 

l'*|0  called  Judaea,  from  the  patriarch  Judah,  c 

1    Holy  Land,  from  its  having  been  the  resi-  c 


r  dence  and  scene  of  our  Saviour's  passion,  and  in 
f  Scripture  Canaan,  and  the  Promised  Land. — See 
.  Asia,  p.  80. 

[  Palestine  is  formed  by  a  ridge  of  limestone  hills, 
t  or  low  mountains,  extending-  nearly  N.  and  S., 
l  and  two  slopes ;  one  towards  the  Mediterranean, 
and  the  other^  declining  towards  the  river  Jordan 
i  and  Dead  sea.  Like  all  limestone  regions,  its  as- 
.  pect  when  uncultivated  is  more  'desolate,  and  the 
.  soil  in  appearance  more  sterile  than  it  is  in  fact. 

Palestine,  town,  Lawrence  co.,  Ia.  Village, 

Crawford  co.,  111.,  80  ms.  E.  from  Vandalia. 
Palestrina,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  Campag- 
>  na  di  Roma,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name.    It  was  famous  for  the  Temple  of  Fortune, 
;  being  then  called  Preneste,  the  ruins  of  which  may 
yet  be  seen.    It  is  35  ms.  E.  of  Rome.    Lon.  13 

5  E.,  lat.  41  52  N.  One  of  the  largest  of  the 

islands  called  the  Lagunes,  near  Venice,  where  the 
most  considerable  of  the  nobility  have  country 
■  houses.  The  principal  harbor  has  the  same  name. 
Pelicandcherry,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  country  of  Calicut,  20  miles  S.  of 
Coimbettore,  and  66  SE  of  Calicut. 

Palicata,  sea  port  of  the  E.  Indies,  on  the  coast 
of  Coromandel,  where  the  Dutch  have  a  factory, 
ft  is  25  ms.  N.  of  Madras.  Lon.  81  33  E.,  lat. 
13  30  N. 

Palimbum,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  island  of  Sumatra,  seated  on  the  E. 
coast,  120  ms.  NE.  of  Bencoolen,  and  subject  to 
the  Dutch.    Lon.  103  31  E.,  lat.  3°  S. 

Palladium,  from  p alias,  whose  statue  in  Troy 
was  regarded  as  the  conservative  deity,  on  whom 
depended  the  fate  of  the  city.  Rome  and  Athens, 
and,  indeed,  other  less  noted  cities,  had  each  a  Pal- 
ladium. The  name  is  still  in  use  to  designate  any 
object  upon  which  the  fate  of  cities  or  empires  are 
supposed  to  depend. — See  a  wide  Digest. 

Pallissers  Islands,  group  of  islands  in  the  S. 
Pacific  ocean.    Lon.  146  30  W.,  lat.  15  30  S. 

Palmu,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of 
Alentejo,  seated  on  the  river  Cadoan,  20  miles  E. 

of  St.  Ubes.    Lon.  8  40  W.,  lat.  38  37  N  

Town  of  South  America,  in  Terra  Firma,  in  New 
Granada,  50  ms.  NW.  of  St.  Fe-de-Bogota.  Lon. 
73  40  W.,  lat.  4  30  N.  One  of  the  Canary  is- 
lands, lying  to  the  N.  of  Ferro.  Lon.  17  50  W., 
lat.  28  37  N. 

Pahna,  or  Palma  Nuovo,  strong  town  of  Italy, 
in  Friuli,  seated  in  a  most  agreeable  valley,  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Ifdina,  and  55  NE. 
of  Venice.    Lon.  13  15  E.,  lat.  46  2  N. 

Palmaria,  small  island  lying  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 15  leagues  from  the  coast  of  Italy.    Lon.  12 

45  E.,  lat.  40  58  N.  Small  island,  seated  in 

the  Mediterranean,  near  the  coast  of  Italy,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Spezzia.  Lon.  9  46  E.,  lat. 
41  1  N. 

Palmas,  capital  of  the  island  of  Canaria. — See 

Canary.  One  of  the  Philippine  islands,  in  the 

East  Indies,  16  leagues  SE.  of  Mindanao.  Lon 
127°  E.,  lat.  5  33  N. 

Palmas,  Cape,  promontory  of  Africa,  on  the 
Ivory  coast  of  Guinea.  Lon.  5  54  W.,  lat.  4  26  N 
Palmela>  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura 
with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  seated  on  the  river  Gada- 
on,  19  miles  SE.  of  Lisbon.  Lon.  8  56  W.,  lat. 
38  29  N. 

691 


PAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PAN 


Palmer,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  14  ms.  E 
from  Springfield.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,197. 


Palota,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  Alba  Re  g 
co.,  taken  from  the  Turks  in  1687.    It  is  40 


Palmer ston's  Island,  situated  in  the  South  Seas,  SW.  of  Buda.    Lon.  18°  E.,  lat.  47°  N. 


Palotza,  small  town  of  Hungary,  seated  or  e 
river  Poprat,  54  ms.  N.  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  2  0 
E.,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Palte,  famous  lake  of  Thibet,  lying  to  the  :  >f 


and  visited  by  Captain  Cook  in  his  second  anu; 
last  voyages.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  6mall  is- 
lands, about  9  or  10  in  number,  connected  by  a 
reef  of  coral  rocks,  and  lying  in  a  circular  direc- 
tion. This  place  admits  of  no  anchorage,  nor  are  Lasso,  about  3  days'  journey,  and  12  miles  I  >f 
there  any  inhabitants  on  it,  though  it  abounds  with  the  river  Sanpoo  or  Burrampooter.  It  is  150  | 
cocoa-nuts,  scurvy  grass,  and  the  wharra  tree,  i  in  circumference,  and  in  the  middle  of  it  is  1  |I 
This  island  does  not  exceed  a  mile  in  circumfer- 1  island.    On  the  W.  shore  of  this  island,  or  I 


ence,  and  is  not  elevated  above  3  feet  beyond  the 
level  of  the  sea.    Lon.  102  57  W.,  lat.  18°  8. 

Palmtrtown,  village,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  46 
ms.  from  Albany. 

Palmyra,  formerly  a  magnificent  city  of  Asia, 
in  the  deserts  of  Arabia.  The  stupendous  ruins  of 
this  city  were  visited  by  Messrs.  Wood  and  Daw- 
kins,  in  1754;  and  Mr.  Wood  published  a  splen 
did  account  nf  them,  illustrated  by  plates,  in  1755. 
This  place  is  likewise  called  Tadmor  in  the  Desert. 
The  present  inhabitants,  consisting  of  30  or  40 
families,  have  erected  their  mud  cottages  within  the 
spacious  court  of  a  magnificent  temple  of  the  sun. 
Palmyra  is  200  ms.  SE.  of  Aleppo.  Lon.  38  50 
E.,  lat.  33  20  N. 

Palmyra,  town,  Somerset  co  ,  Me.,  28  ms.  E 

from  Norridgewock.  Populous  and  flourishing 

town  in  the  eastern  borders  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio. 

Pop.  in  1820,  531.  Wayne  co.,  N.  T.,  near 

Mud  creek,  and  on  the  Erie  canal,  12  ms.  nearly 

N.  from  Canandaigua.  Town,  Pike  co.,  Pa., 

6  miles  SE.  from  Bethany.  Village,  Lebanon 

co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  E.  from  Harrisburg.  Town, 

Halifax  co.,  N.  C.  Village,  at  Palmyra  Bend, 

Warren  co.,  Mbs  ,  25  miles  below  Walnut  Hill 


geries  of  islands,  is  a  monastery  and  the  seat  o  e 
Lamissa  Turcepamo,  or  the  Great  Regenerat  * 
whom  the  Thibethians  think  that  a  divine  spi  ;8 
regenerated,  as  it  is  in  the  Great  Lama.  TLe  \i 
lama  signifies  a  priest  or  minister  of  religion,  <J 
lamissa  is  the  feminine  of  lama. 

Paltz,  New,  tp.,  Ulster  county,  New  Yorl  n 
the  W.  side  of  Hudson  river,  40  miles  S.  of  j  I 
6on  and  83  S.  of  Albany.  Pop.  in  1810,  3,  i\ 
in  1820,  4,612. 

Pamelia,  tp.,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.  Po  n 
1820,  1,342. 

Pamiers,  town  of  France,  in  the  departrne  jf 
Arriege,  and  late  territory  of  Foix,  with  a  bis  '» 
see.  It  is  not  so  considerable  as  formerly,  nor  )• 
pled  in  proportion  to  iis  extent.  Near  it  is  a  v 
eral  spring,  said  to  cure  the  gout  and  obstruct  s. 
Pamiers  is  seated  on  the  Arriege,  8  miles  of 
Foix  and  30  S.  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  32  E.  t. 
43  8  N. 

Pamlico  Sound,  inland  sea,  N.  C,  100  ms. 
and  from  10  to  20  broad.  It  is  separated  in  its  v  Ji 
length  from  the  sea  by  a  beach  of  sand  bar  J 
mile  wide,  generally  covered  by  small  tre<or 
bushes.    Through  this  bank  it  has  several  i  s, 


-Town,  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the  i j  but  that  of  Ocracoke  is  the  only  one  that  will ;  lit 

vessels  of  burden.  M 
Pampas,  name  given  in  South  America  t  x- 


Cumberland,  40  ms.  below  Nashville,  and  10  ms. 
below  Clarksville.  Town,  Edwards  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Wabash,  40  ms.  by  water  below  Vin-j  tensive  grassy  plains.    The  Pampas  extend  er 

cennes.  Village,  Pike  co.,  Mo  ,  192  ms.  NW.       immense  surface  S.  of  the  Plate  river,  and  en 

from  St.  Louis.  Village  and  seat  0f  justice,  I  stretch  into  Patagoma — See  Prairie. 

Fluvanna  co.,  Va.,  on  the  N.  bank  of  ihe  Rivan-| 
na  river,  near  its  junction  with  the  James,  about  j 
65  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Palos,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  pret- 


The  Pampas  del  Sacramento  spread  betwee  he 
Amazon  and  Ucayale  from  5°  to  6°  S.  lat. 

Pampelonne,  town  of  France,  in  the  depan-M 
of  Tarn,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  15  ie* 
ty  good  harbor,  remarkable  for  being  the  place  j  N.  by  E.  of  Alby.  Longitude  2  17  E.,  lat.  - 10 
whence  Christopher  Columbus  sailed  to  discover 
the  New  World,  in  1492.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Rio  Tinto,  46  ms.  NW.  of  Seville.  Lon. 
6  39  W.,  lat.  37  34  N. 


North. 

Pampeluna,  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  l>er 
Navarre,  with  a  very  strong  citadel,  and  a  ch 
bishopric.    Its  squares  are  handsome,  and  ad  ,.ed 


Palos,  Cape,  promontory  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  with,  shops  full  of  rich  merchandise.    It.  i»  *  V 


to  the  S.  of  a  town  of  the  same  name,  which  sep 
arates  the  bay  of  Carthagena  from  that  of  Alicant. 
Lon.  6  39  W.,  lat.  37  37  N. 

Palourde,  Grassy,  Jean,  and  Verret,  form  a 
chain  of  small  lakes  between  Teche  and  the  Four- 
che  river,  Louisiana.  It  is  through  this  chain  of 
lakes  that  a  ferry  has  been  established  from  the 
mouth  of  Teche  to  the  Fourche  and  Mississippi 
rivers.  The  intermediate  ground  is  so  low  and 
marshy  as  to  render  the  formation  of  a  road  at  any 


in  a  very  fertile  plain,  on  the  Arga,  42  miles  « 
Bayonne  and  167  NE.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  1  3# 

lat  42  47  N.  Town  of  S.  America,  injf 

Granada,  famous  for  its  mines  of  gold  and  \ 
ous  flocks  of  sheep.  It  is  150  miles  N.  bj 
St.  Fe-de-Bogota.    Lon.  71  30  W.,  lat.  6 

Pampliega,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  provii  01 
Old  Castile,  12  ms.  S.  of  Burgos.  Lon.  3  3% 
lat.  42  14  N. 

Pamunky,  navigable  river  of  Virginia,  wh'i 


season  impracticable.    A  small  canal  and  creek  formed  by  the  junction  of  N.  and  S.  Anna  mi 


unites  the  Fourche,  16  miles  from  its  efflux  from 
the  Mississippi,  with  Lake  Verret,  from  which  the 
lakes  mentioned  in  this  article  and  their  connect- 
ing channels,  complete  the  communication  between 
the  eastern  and  western  parts  of  the  State. — See 
Verret. 

692 


other  lesser  streams,  and  falls  into  York  rive 
Delaware. 

Pan,  or  Paliang,  town  of  Asia,  on  the  E  ^ 
of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca.    It  is  the  capit 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  remarkable  t< tlJ' 
great  number  of  elephants,  and  for  the  pie'0 


PAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PAN 


,  per  it  produces.    Pan  is  140  ms.  NB.  of  Ma- 
,:a.    Lon.  103  20  E.,  lat.  3  55  N. 
°anagia,  handsome  town  of  Turkey,  in  Eu- 
■,»,  in  the  province  of  Romania.    Lon.  27  2  E., 
{  40  40  N. 

*anama,  village,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y.-  

LV  of  North  America,  the  capital  of  Terra  Firma 
pDer,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  namo,  70  ms.  S.  of 
Flo  Bello.  Lon.  80  35  W.,  lat.  8  48  N. 
Manama,  or  Darierr,  Isthmus  of.  No  very  de- 
ft e  idea  has  been  conveyed  by  the  term  Isthmus 
o  )arien,  or  Panama.  The  narrow  strip  of  land 
btreen  the  gulf  of  Panama  of  the  Pacific  and  the 
Cibbean  sea,  an  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  presents  the 
iH  est  approach  of  the  waters  of  those  vast  oceans; 

with  very  unequal  width,  extending  from  SE. 
tcVW.  upwards  of  1,500  miles,  the  immense 
tonus  affords  several  points  where  the  distance 
f r  i  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  is  evidently  within 
tf*  scope  of  canal  enterprise,  without  any  very 
0)  ous  expense.  This  will  be  more  clearly  under- 
«  J  from  the  following  geographical  view. 

we  extend  the  great  American  isthmus  on  the 
Ed  the  mouth  of  the  Atrato  river,  and  on  the  W. 
•.cue  gulf  of  Tehuantepec  and  rivers  Chimalapa 
mGuasncualo,  it  reaches  from  \°  E.  to  18°  W. 
ft  W.  C.  The  bottom  of  the  gulf  of  Darien  and 
n  th  of  the  Atrato  is  in  N.  lat.  8  30,  the  gulf  of 
r  nantepec  in  N.  lat.  16  20,  and  the  mouth  of 
th  juasacualco  river  in  JN.  lat.  17  30. 

•  ithin  these  geographical  limits  spread  two  vast 
tensulas,  containing  together  more  than  350,000 
mte  miles,  and  discharging  into  the  gulf  of  Mex- 
tund  Caribbean  sea  rrujnerous  rivers,  many  of 
flh  are  of  considerable  magnitude  and  length  of 
o  ;e. 

may  be  premised  that  in  the  present,  as  in  al- 
*  every  other  instance,  the  geography  of  the 
iMtains  is  most  defective.  In  all  our  maps  of 
>»lh  America,  the  great  central  chain  of  Anahu- 
tfcjn-  Mexico,  is  extended  to  the  SE.,  and  con- 
ipd  with  the  chains  of  the  Andes,  in  South 
Ajrica.  I  have  been,  for  upwards  of  20  years, 
of  pinion  that  this  arrangement  was  radically 


name  of  Gulf  Stream.  Between  S.  America  and 
Africa,  and  within  the  tropics,  the  surface  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean  flows  regularly  westward,  separated 
by  Cape  St.  Rocque,  S.  lat.  5°,  this  vast  ocean 
current  is  divided  :  the  N.  section,  inclined  to  the 
NW.  by  the  coast  of  S.  America,  is  carried  into 
the  Caribbean  sea.  Again  urged  forward  in  the 
same  direction  by  the  general  range  of  the  I&th- 
mus,  the  accumulated  flood  pours  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  between  Yucatan  and  Cuba,  and  again 
escapes  into  the  Atlantic  between  Cuba  and 
Florida. 

Water  in  an  ocean  flows  from  a  similar  cause 
as  in  a  river,  that  is,  difference  of  level.  The 
Gulf  Stream  continues  with  considerable  velocity 
more  than  1,500  ms.  To  admit  water  to  flow 
with  perceptible  velocity,  demands  a  difference  of 
level  or  descent  of  at  least  half  an  inch  per  mile, 
With  this  very  moderate  allowance,  the  surface  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  above  60  feet  more  elevated 
than  that  of  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  very  same 
causes  which,  in  accumulating  water  on  the  SE. 
coast  of  N.  America,  forms  the  Gulf  Stream, 
forces  the  water  from  the  opposing  coast  and  con- 
tributes very  much  to  augment  the  inequality  of 
level  in  the  surfaces  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans.  The  retreat  of  water  from  the  SW. 
American  coast,  within  the  tropics,  is,  no  doubt, 
the  principal  cause  of  the  very  few  deep  harbors 
existing  along  that  part  of  the  Pacific  ocean. 

Commencing  our  survey  at  the  Gulf  of  Te- 
huaniepec,  and  advancing  SE.,  we  first  meet 
with  the  Chimalapa,  a  mountain  torrent  flowing 
from  the  N.  about  70  ms.  into  the  Gulf  of  Te- 
huantepec. This  insignificant  stream  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Oaxaca,  heading  with  the  sources  of 
the  Guasacualco.  The  latter  is  also  a  mere  moun- 
tain torrent,  not  above  100  ms.  in  entire  length. 
The  direct  distance  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Guasacualco,  to  the  Pacific,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Chimalapa  into  the  Gulf  of  Te- 
huantepec, is  about  100  ms. 

From  the  great  elevation   of  the  intervening 
mountains,  it  is  not  probable  that  a  canal  com. 
,  and  almost  the  reverse  of  fact.    One  very  j  munication  by  this  route  is  practicable.  The 
I  law  of  construction  seems  to  prevail  in  the  limit  between  Mexico  and  Guatamala,  intersects 


italn  systems  of  America  ;  the  chains  extend  | the  Pacific  ocean  50  ms.  SW.  fi 


the 


ith  of 


sral  ridges  in  one  general  direction.  This  I 
already  shown  is  strikingly  apparent  in  the 
lachian  system.  As  far  as  we  possess  correct 
ination,  the  same  regularity  of  structure  pre- 
lin  the  great  chains  W.  of  the  basin  of  the 
issippi  and  in  those  of  the  Brazils  and  Andes 
uth  America.  In  all  these  chains  their  range 
■  uninfluenced  by  the  contiguous  oceans  or 
I.  If  my  hypotheses  respecting  the  mountains 
iatamala  be  correct,  their  range  is  nearly  N  W. 
<'E.,  leaving  deep  intervening  valleys.  Also, 


the  Chimalapa.  The  province  of  Guatamala  is  a 
long  narrow  strip,  skirting  the  Pacific  upwards  of 
500  ms.,  and,  at  a  mean  distance  of  about  50  ms, 
inland,  bounded  by  a  lofty  mountain  chain.  SE. 
from  the  central  chain,  Guatamala  is  bounded  NE. 
by  Chiapa  and  SE.  by  Vesapaz.  Chiapa  is 
drained  by  3  rivers  flowing  northward  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  Tobasco,  the  St.  Pedro,  and 
Sumasinta. 

By  the  name  of  Grijalva,  the  Tobasco  rises  in 


the  mountains  of  Guatamala,  within  less  than 
imilar  to  other  American  mountains,  those  j  50  ms.  from  the  Pacific  ocean.  Assuming  a  NE. 
atamala  are  of  very  unequal  elevation,  ad- j  course,  continues  that  direction  100  ms.,  ap- 


passages,  not  very  elevated,  from  ocean  to 

other  very  important  element  in  the  investi- 
p  of  this  subject,  is  that  of  the  respective  le- 
»f  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans.  The 
winds  and  current  of  rotation,  it  is  well 
{n,  produce  that  immense  whirlpool  in  the 
Itic  ocean,  to  a  part  of  which,  opposite  the 
boast  of  N.  America,  has  been  given  the 


proaches  the  intendency  of  Vera  Cruz  in  Mexico, 
but,  before  entering  that  province,  winds  to  the 
E.  50  ms.,  enters  Tobasco,  and,  turning  to  SE 
about  120  ms.,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  San  Pedro  is,  in  some  measure,  a  tributary 
stream  of  the  Tobasco,  both  entering  the  same 
estuary  W.  from  W.  C.  15°.  How  far  the  To- 
basco is  navigable,  or  the  existing  impediments  to 
the  construction  of  canals,  has  never  been  ascer- 

693 


PAN  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


PAN 


taincd ;  but,  from  the  elevation  of  the  mountains 
of  Guatamala,  we  may  entertain  reasonable  doubt?, 
whether  any  water  communication  between  the 
two  great  oceans  is  practicable  by  the  Tobasco. 

The  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  terminated  at  the  bottom 
of  the  Bay  of  Cam  peachy,  by  a  sheet  of  water, 
very  appropriately  named  "  Gulf,  of  Terminos." 
The  Sumasinta  river,  flowing  from  the  mountains 
of  Guatamala,  in  the  extreme  southern  angle  of 
Chiapa,  pursues  a  N.  course  of  200  ms.  into  the 
Gulf  of  Terminos.  The  small  river  Suchitepec 
has  its  source  in  the  opposite  side  of  the  mountains 
from  those  of  the  Sumasinta.  How  well  the 
stream  of  the  Sumasinta  is  calculated  for  naviga- 
tion w  yet  to  be  ascertained  ;  from  the  position  of 
its  channel,  a  very  direct  route  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific  is  presented,  but  it  is  to  be  appre- 
hended, that  here  again  the  intervening  mountains 
oppose  an  insuperable  barrier.  By  the  valleys  of 
the  Suchitepec  and  Sumasinta,  the  direct  distance 
from  ocean  to  ocean  is  within  a  trifle  of  250  ms. 
This  is  the  third  route  noticed  by  Humboldt  in  his 
Political  Essay  on  New  Spain,  under  the  head  of 
general  considerations  on  the  possibility  of  unit- 
ing the  South  sea  and  Atlantic  ocean.  This 
illustrious  traveller,  to  the  regret  of  the  whole 
civilized  world,  did  not  examine,  personally,  any 
part  of  the  Isthmus  of  N.  America,  but,  from 
such  information  as  he  possessed,  doubts  the 
practicability  of  a  canal  in  this  region. 

The  Sumasinta  is  the  last  stream  of  Guata- 
mala which  carries  its  waters  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico;  but  the  same  elevated  tract  from  which 
this  river  draws  its  sources,  gives  origin  to  two 
other  Atlantic  rivers  of  considerable  magnitude, 
the  Balize,  Main,  and  Acasabastlan.  The  Balize 
flows  NE  ,  upwards  of  300  ms.  over  Yucatan, 
and  is  discharged  by  2  mouths  into  the  Bay  of 
Honduras;  the  Acasabastlan  or  Guatamala,  flows 
about  200  ms.  nearly  due  E.  into  the  Gulf  of 
Amatique,  the  extreme  western  angle  of  the  Bay 
of  Honduras. 

That  immense  bay,  bounded  on  the  YV.  by  the 
eastern  shore  of  Yucatan,  and  S.  by  the  northern 
shore  of  the  peninsula  of  Honduras,  is  that  part 
of  the  Caribbean  sea  spreading  between  the  con- 
tinent of  N.  America,  and  the  islands  of  Cuba 
and  Jamaica.  J  he  name  of  the  "  Bay  of  Hon- 
duras,^ is,  however,  more  particularly  applied  to 
that  great  triangle  bounded  by  Yucatan,  Penin- 
sula of  Honduras,  and  a  line  drawn  from  Cape 
Gracios  a  Dios  to  Cape  Catoche.  Gradually  con- 
tracted by  the  continent,  this  bay  terminates  in  the 
Gulf  of  Amatique.  The  latter  opens  again  in- 
land into  the  Gulf  of  Dulce.  The  Acasabastlan 
river  is  discharged  into  the  latter,  within  100  ms. 
from  the  port  of  Acazulta,  or  Trinidad  of  the  Pa- 
cific. 

The  Amatique  gulf  is  the  estuary  of  several 
rivers  beside  the  Acasabastlan.  One,  the  Guana- 
cos  rises  in  the  SE.  part  of  Guatamala,  and  cur- 
ving ENE.,  and  finally  N.,  enters  the  SE.  angle 
of  the  Amatique,  after  a  course  of  250  ms.  If 
the  quantity  of  water  corresponds  to  their  length 
of  course,  the  rivers  of  Amatique  offer  one  of  the 
most  direct  routes  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific oceans.  The  sources  of  the  Acasabastlan  are 
within  less  than  50.  ms.  NE.  from  the  city  of  Gua- 
tjmala.  The  depth  of  water  in  the  harbors  of 
694 


either  coast  i«,  however,  defectively  known,  | 
the  intermediate  country  but  partially  explorer 

SE.  from  the  Acasabastlan,  the  isthmus  . 
pidly  widens  into  the  immense  peninsula  < . 
taining  the  provinces  of  Honduras,  Nicaraj 
and  Costa  Rica.  The  mouth  of  the  Acasab  . 
Ian,  into  the  Gulf  of  Dulce,  is  at  N.  lat.  15°,  | 
at  12°  W.  Ion.,  from  W.  C.  Cape  Gracio  t 
Dios  is  at  N.  lat.  15°,  and  at  4°  W.,  Ion.  f , 
W.  C.  Between  these  two  geographical  po  i 
the  peninsula  of  Honduras  extends  upward  f 
500  ms.  from  W.  to  E.  In  form  of  a  triar , 
this  part  of  America  presents  a  port  nf  600  trig  > 
the  Pacific  ocean,  500  to  the  Caribbean  sea,  i 
500  to  the  Bay  of  Honduras.  Connected  on  j 
NW.  to  Vera  Paz  and  Guatamala,  by  a  necl  f 
land  less  than  100  ms.  wide,  and  on  the  SE  ) 
Veragua  by  another  of  not  more  than  50  f  i 
ocean  to  ocean,  this  interesting  region  contaii  i 
superficies  of  more  than  1 00,000  sq,  ms.  A  - 
row  slip  along  the  Pacific  is  well  peopled,  but  s 
interior  in  great  part,  unexplored. 

Leaving  Guatamala,  the  mountains  inclim  > 
the  eastward,  and  leave,  in  the  NW.  part  of  - 
caragua,  a  wider  slope  to  the  rivers  flowing  > 
the  Pacific  than  exists  in  the  former  provin  . 
The  slope  tow  ards  the  Atlantic  is,  however  a 
usual,  comparatively  much  more  extensive  1 1 
that  towards  the  Pacific ;  the  former  giving  so  a 
and  course  to  numerous  rivers,  two  of  wh  , 
Gold  river  and  Bluefield's  river,  exceed  400 
in  length.  Though  but  imperfectly  known,  a 
may  safely  exclude  either  of  those  rivers  frc  a 
list  of  those  offerings  convenient  connexion  - 
tweon  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pa  c 
oceans,  and  proceed  to  examine,  perhaps,  the  i  .t 
remarkable  feature  in  Ameiican  geography,  i 
particularly  so  in  the  present  inquiry. 

The  valley  formed  by  the  lakes  of  Leon  d 
Nicaragua,  and  by  the  river  St.  Juan,  or  St.  J' , 
is  to  the  eye,  when  surveying  a  map  of  that  t 
of  America,  the  most  natural  route  offered  to  I 
man  industry  to  unite  the  two  great  Amer  n 
oceans.  It  is  the  4th  route  from  ocean  to  oceai  I 
dicated  by  Humboldt.  This  author  obseii, 
that  "  perhaps  the  communication  of  the  Lai  >f 
Nicaragua  with  the  Pacific  ocean  could  be  ca  tl 
on  by  the  Lake  of  Leon,  by  means  of  the  il 
Tasta,  which,  on  the  road  from  Leon  to  Rea  >, 
descends  from  the  volcano  of  Telico.  In  fact  e 
ground  there  appears  very  little  elevated. 

More  recent  surveys,  and  particularly  those  I 
lished  by  Mr.  Stephens,  have  contributed  to  jail 
lish  the  practicability  of  rendering  this  a  navif  I* 
route  from  ocean  to  ocean.  But  whether  tbe »' 
which  could  be  constructed  through  this  pa  jf 
America  time  will  determine. 

Panari,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  .V  | 
terranean,  between  Lipari  and  Strombolo.  I  a 
barren  inconsiderable  island,  and  only  5  ms.  irr- 
cumference.    Lon.  15  41  E.,  lat.  38  38  N. 

Panay,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  bets  n 
those  of  Paragoa  and  Negro.  It  is  250  ma.  ii r; 
cumference,  and  the  most  populous  and  ferti  o\ 
them  all.  It  is  watered  by  a  great  number  o!  I 
ers  and  brooks,  and  produces  a  great  quanti!"' 
rice.    Iloila  is  the  capital. 

Pandect,  from  the  Gr.,  all,  and  to  com*- 
The  Pandects  made  up  by  order  of  the  Emj0r 


PAO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PAR 


Jtinian  comprised  the  formerly  scattered  works  of 
t,  Roman  Jurisconsults,  to  which,  when  collected 
|>  a  body,  that  Emperor  gave  the  force  of  law.— 
i;  Digest. 

Dancras,  St.,  village  of  England,  in  Middlesex, 
tt  .lie  to  the  N  W.  of  London.  At  a  public  house 
n  r  the  church  is  a  medicinal  spring.  Here  is  an 
hpital  for  inoculation,  -and  the  veterinary  col- 
It  established  in  1791,  under  the  patronage  of 
pole  of  the  first  rank  and  fortune,  for  the  im 


ated  on  Salt  creek,  branch  of  Little  White  river. 
Lat.  38  34  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  22  W. 

Pa  oom,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  South 
Pacific  ocean,  to  the  S.  of  Malicollo.  Lon.  168 
28  W.,  lat.  16  30  S. 

Pao-tingfou,  town  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Pe-tcheli,  where  the  viceroy  resides,  and  the  most 
considerable  city  in  the  province  next  to  Peking. 
It  has  20  others  under  its  jurisdiction  :  3  of  the  2d 
and  17  of  the  3d  class.  The  country  around  it 
jyement  of  farriery  and  the  treatment  of  cattle  in  j  js  pleasant,  and  inferior  in  fertility  to  no  part  of 
j,3ral.  m  China. 

'anga,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Con-  Papa,  father,  in  numerous  languages.  It  is  in 
^capital  of  the  province  of  Bamba.  Lon.  1 4  25  |  fact  a  natural  term,  and  from  which  comes  Pope, 
£  lat.  6  30  S.  j  or  Father  of  the  Catholic  Church. 

anglang,  town  of  Pegu,  in  the  Birman  em-j     Papa,  small  but  strong  town  of  Lower  Hunga 


situated  on  the  river  Rangoon 
S  at.  95  54  S. 

aniput,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Delhi. 
IfJO  E.,  lat.  29  23  N.,  72  miles  NW 


17  4 


Lon. ! 
from 


mjab,  country  of  Hindoostan  proper,  being! 
watered  by  the  5  eastern  branches  of  the  In- 
It  was  the  scene  of  Alexander's  last  cam- 


ry,  in  the  co.  of  Esperin.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Turks  in  1683,  after  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Vi- 
enna. It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Marchaltz,  45  ms.  W.  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  20  E., 
lat.  47  26  N. 

Papagayo,  Gulf  of,  on  the  Pacific  coaat  of  N. 
America,  and  between  Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua. 
Lon.  W.  C.  8  30  W.,  lat.  It  10  N.  The  distance 
i,  and  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  his  conquests.  It  from  the  eastern  extremity  of  Papagayo  gulf  to  Lake 
s  a  square  of  250  ms.,  and  includes  the  whole  j  Nicaragua  is  only  about  22  ms. 
ihore  and  a  great  part  of  Moultan  proper.  Toj  Papantla,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  State  of  Pu- 
Dwer  part  of  Moultan  it  is  fiat  and  marshy,  and  |ebla,  about  130  ms.  NE.  from  the  city  of  Mexico. 
,lated  by  the  periodical  rains  which  fall  between  I  Lon.  W.  C  20  40  W.,  lat.  20  30  N.  This  place 
and  October. — See  Asia,  p.  102.  !  is  very  remarkable  for  the  magnitude  and  extent  of 

\:nnanach  Wells,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Aber-  antiquities  found  within  its  vicinity. — See  Pyra- 
i  h  re,  noted  for  the  mineral  waters  discovered  \  raids  of  America. 

•56;  and  a  lodge  has  been  erected  for  the  ac-  j  Papasquiaro,  village  of  Mexico,  in  the  SW. 
inodation  of  the  company  that  frequent  them  in  j  part  of  the  State  of  Durango.  Lat.  24  58  N.,  lon. 
ner.  W.  C.  27  40  W.,  about  70  ms  NW.  by  W.  from 

.nniput,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  situat-  j  Durango. 

an  extensive  plain  between  the  cities  of  Del-  j  Paperte,  town  and  seaport  of  Otaheite. — See 
U  Sirhind,  72  ms.  NW.  of  Delhi.    Lon.  76  j  Otaheite. 

tjl5  E.,  29  15  N.  j     Paperville,  village,  Sullivan  county,  Tennessee, 

piomi,  village  of  Turkey,  in  the  province  of ,  by  post  road  278  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Murfrees- 
idonia,  16  ms.  S.  of  Salonichi.    Lon.  23  10  j  borough. 

.,,.t.  40  25  N.  j     Papoui,  St.,  late  episcopal  town  of  France,  in 

Mormo,  small  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  the  dep.  of  Aude,  and  late  province  of  Langue- 
-  ia,  on  a  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  opposite  :  doc,  seated  on  the  Lembe,  8  ms.  E.  of  Castlenau- 
e  and  of  Corfu,  45  ms.  SSE.  of  Valona.  Lon.  dary,  and  35  E.  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  2  10  E.,  lat. 
■S.,  lat.  40  0  N.  43  21  N. 

J  italaria,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  be- j  Pappenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
^;  Sicily  and  the  coast  of  Tunis,  about  17  ms.  Franconia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
i^'iumlerence.  It  abounds  in  cotton,  fruits,  with  a  castle,  where  the  count  resides.  It  is  seat- 
W  and  corn,  and  is  subject  to  the  King  of  Na-  ed  near  the  Altmal,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Neuburg,  and 
Lon.  12  31  E.,  lat.  36  55  N.  32  S.  of  Nuremburg,    Lon.  10  51  E.,  lat.  48 

ther  Creek,  post  office,  Surry  county,  N.  ■  58  N. 

143  miles  Northwest  by  West  from  Ra- 1     Para,  river,  or  rather  strait,  separating  the  is- 
land of  Joannes  from  the  coniinent  of  South  Ame- 
lia, town  of  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  on  the  j  rica.   It  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  to 
oast  of  the  sea  of  Marmora,  12  ms.  SE.  of  ( that  of  Tocantinas. 

Papua,  or  New  Guinea,  island  of  Oceania,  or 
Austral  Asia,  lying  to  the  N.  of  New  Holland. — 
See  New  Guinea. 

Para,  Gran,  one  of  the  captain  generalships  of 
the  Brazils,  bounded  N.  by  the  Amazon  river,  NE. 


«inlinople. 

f  ton,  village,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  between  Ot- 
rand  Lake  Champlain,  10  ms.  NW.  from 
bury. 

uco,  river  of  Mexico,  rises  near  San  Louis 
and,  flowing  E.,  over  the  State  of  San 
otosi,  falls  into  the  Moctezuma. 
uso,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  State  of  Vera 
3n  the  river  Panuco,  near  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
d  170  ms.  N.  bv  E.  of  the  city  of  Mexico, 
V.  C.  21  30  W.,  lat.  23  13  N. 
'i,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Orange  co., 
5  ms.  SSW.  from  Indianapolis.    It  is  situ- 


by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  SE.  by  Marariham  and 
Goias,  S.  by  Mattagrosso,  SW.  by  Peru,  and  NW. 
by  Colombia.  It  is  an  immense  country,  extend- 
ing from  E.  to  W.  1,600  ms.,  with  a  mean  width 
of  about  400,  and  an  area  of  640,000  sq.  ms.  Ly- 
ing between  the  equator  and  lat  12°  S.  It  is  per- 
haps that  extent  of  the  whole  habitable  world  which, 
in  a  continuous  body,  presents  the  greatest  facility 

695 


PAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PAR 


of  inland  navigation.  Washed  for  nearly  200  ms. 
by  the  Amazon,  and  traversed  by  innumerable 
other  streams  of  great  magnitude,  the  principal  of 
which  are,  Jutay  Madeira,  Tapajoz,  Xingu,  and 
Tocantinas.    Chief  town,  Gran  Para. 

Para,  Gran,  city  of  Brazil,  and  capital  of  the 
captain  generalship  of  Gran  Para,  situated  on  the 
Tocantinas,  60  ms.  above  its  mouth.  Lon.  W.  C. 
28  27  East,  latitude  1  30  S.  Population  about 
10,000. 

Paradise,  village,  Lancaster co., Pa.  Village, 

York  co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  SSVV.  from  York.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1837. 

Paracels,  vast  number  of  small  islands  and  rocks, 
lying  on  the  China  sea,  and  forming  a  long  clus- 
ter, near  400  ms.  in  length,  off  the  coast  of  Cochin 
China. 

Parachim,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
or  Mecklenburg,  seated  on  a  small  river  which 
falls  into  the  Elbe.  It  is  20  ms.  SE.  of  Schwerin: 
Lon.  12°  E.,  lat.  53  34  N. 

Paradella,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of 
Beira.    Lon.  7  23  W.,  lat.  41  4  N. 

Paramithi. — See  Parga. 

Paragoana,  peninsula  of  Colombia,  in  Venezu- 
ela, containing  the  city  of  Boro.  It  forms  the  east- 
ern side  of  the  entrance  into  the  Gulf  ofMaracaibo, 
and  is  terminated  by  a  cape  of  the  same  name.  Lat. 
11  52  N. 

Parago,  or  Palawan,  large  island  in  the  Indian 
ocean,  between  the  Philippine  and  Borneo,  which 
has  a  king,  tributary  to  Borneo.  The  Spaniards 
have  a  fort  here. 

Paragua,  the  most  westerly  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  extending  about  180  ms.  in  length,  and  20 
in  breadth.  Longitude  1  17  44  East,  latitude  10 
North. 

Paraguay  river,  large  branch  of  Orinoco,  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  Guiana,  its  source  interlock- 
ing with  those  of  Essequibo,  the  Rio  Branco, 
branch  of  Rio  Negro,  and  those  of  the  Orinoco. 
The  entire  course  of  the  Paraguay  is  about  300 
ms.  from  S.  to  N.  It  falls  into  the  Orinoco  about 
80  ms.  below  St.  Tome  and  Angostura. 

Paraguay,  large  country  of  S.  America,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  Amazonia,  on  the  E.  by  Brazil, 
on  the  S.  by  Patagonia,  on  the  W.  by  Chili  and 
Peru. ' 

Paraguay,  river  of  South  America,  the  great 
northern  branch  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  rises  by 
very  numerous  sources  at  S.  lat.  13°,  in  the  cap- 
tain generalship  of  Mattagrosso  of  Brazil.  Flow- 
ing thence  by  a  general  course  nearly  due  S.  about 
1,000  ms.,  it  receives  from  the  NW.  the  large 
volume  of  the  Pilcomayo,  and  150  ms.  still  lower 
the  now  noble  stream  is  again  augmented  by  the 
Rio  Grande,  also  from  the  NW.  The  already 
vast  volume  of  the  Paraguay  continues  its  south- 
ern course  50  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  to  where  it  encounters  and  mingles  its 
waves  with  an  almost  equal  rival,  the  Parana,  from 
the  NE.  The  name  of  the  united  waters  below 
their  junction  is  given  to  the  inferior  branch,  the 
Para nn — See  Parana. 

Paramaribo,  the  capital  of  Surinam,  in  Guiana, 
and  the  chief  place  of  the  Dutch  colonies  in  South 
America.  It  has  a  strong  citadel  and  a  noble  road 
for  shipping.  Exports,  sugar,  cotton,  and  indigo. 
The  streets  are  perfectly  straight,  and  lined  with 
696 


orange,  shaddock,  tamarind,  and  lemon  trees 
everlasting  bloom.    It  is  situated  on  the  E. 
of  the  river  Surinam,  16  ms.  from  its  mouth  I 
55  25  W.,  lat.  5  48  N. 

Paramatta,  town  of  New  Holland,  in  the  \ 
tish  colony  of  Botany  Bay. 

Paramousie,  one  of  the  Kurile  islands,  lyinj 
of  that  of  Shoomska. — See  Kuriles. 

Parana,  river  of  South  America,  the  eas 
branch  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  rises  in  the  mc 
tains  of  St.  Paul's,  Minas  Geraes,  and  Goias  | 
Brazil.  It  is  very  remarkable  that  the  southe  . 
em  sources  of  the  Parana  are  within  50  ma.  f  \ 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  flow  NW.  towards  i 
centre  of  the  continent,  and  pursue  that  direc  i 
500  ms.,  where  they  unite,  and  abruptly  turm 
SSW.  The  latter  course  is  maintained  700 
to  where  the  Parana  approaches  to  within  i 
than  50  miles  from  the  Uruguay,  but  ag 
by  an  abrupt  bend  to  the  W.,  leaves  Urugtl 
and,  after  continuing  W.  100  ms.,  mingles  ij 
the  Paraguay  at  the  city  of  Assumption.  H  , 
as  is  the  case  with  the  Missouri  and  Mississi  , 
the  name  of  the  largest  is  superseded  by  tha  f 
the  smaller  streim,  and  the  Parana  prevails  (  .■ 
its  superior  rival,  the  Paraguay.  Below  Assu  • 
tion  the  Parana  inclines  a  little  W.  of  S.  450  r . 
receiving  in  that  distance  from  the  NW.  the  - 
lado,  and  from  the  W.  the  Tercero,  at  Rosa 
Turning  to  the  SE.  below  Rosario,  the  Pan 
flows  150  ms  ,  and,  receiving  its  last  great  trib  • 
ry,  the  Uruguay,  from  the  NNE.,  is  lost  in  > 
general  name  of  Rio  de  la  Plata.  The  Paran  » 
the  most  extensive  secondary  river  of  the  ea , 
draining  more  surface  than  does  the  Missouri.  I 
Parana,  province  of  Paraguay,  so  called  fro  i 
large  river,  which,  uniting  with  the  Paraguay,  r 
afterward  with  the  Uruguay,  forms  the  Rio  da 
Plata. 

Paranaiba,  northeastern  confluent  of  the  P 1 
na  river,  South  America.  The  Paranaiba  ri 
about  S.  lat.  16°,  heading  with  the  Tocantii, 
and  flowing  SW.  by  comparative  courses  400  ill 
falls  into  the  Parana. 

Paranatinga,  river  of  S.  America,  rises  in  i 
Brazilian  province  of  Matta  Grosso,  S.  lat.  i  ? 
and  flowing  thence  a  little  E.  of  N.,  between  > 
Tocantinos  and  Tapajos,  joins  the  Amazon  at. 
latitude  1  30,  after  a  comparative  course  of  1, ) 
miles. 

Parchwitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Silesia,  in  » 
principality  of  Lignitz,  subject  to  the  king  of  P* 
sia.  It  has  a  considerable  manufacture  of  cl . 
It  is  12  ms.  W.  of  VVohlau,  and  10  NE.  of  ij 
nitz.  Longitude  16  42  East,  latitude  61  ' 
North. 

Pardiba,  town  of  S.  America,  in  Brazil,  at» 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Thesoi« 
pretty  fertile,  and  produces  sugar  canes  and  a  g  t 
number  of  trees  of  Brazil  wood.  Lon.  49  53  » 
lat  6  50  S. 

Pardubitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circli « 
Chrudim,  subject  to  the  house  of  Austria,  wit* 
manufacture  of  knives  and  sword  blades  It  1 
fortified  town,  and  is  55  ms.  E.  of  Prague.  U 
15  45  E.,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Parella,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  in  the  ■ 
of  Canavez,  20  ms.  N.  of  Turin. 

Parenzo,  strong  town  of  Istria,  with  a 


PAR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PAR 


H>or,  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  65  ms.  E.  of  Ve- 
Se.    Longitude  13  56  E.,  latitude  45  24  N. 

Dargat)  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
o  the  S.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Glykyslemon,  or 
'  Wt  of  Sweet  Waters,"  surrounded  by  groves 
oilive,  orange,  and  lemon  trees.  It  spreads  along 
II'  southern  corner  of  the  gulf,  at  N.  lat.  39  30, 
lion.  20  30,  15  ms.  NW.  from  Prevesa,  and 

0  osite  the  northern  extremity  of  the  island  of 
Cifu.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  district  called  Par- 
rtha;  pop.  about  8,000.  The  inhabitants  are 
cl  fly  Christians,  who  are,  according  to  Hob- 
bse,  the  very  worst  of  the  Albanians.  This 
ten  was  given  up  in  1819  by  the  British  to  AH 
Pha,  and,  to  avoid  their  certain  fate  from  such  a 
rnster,  abandoned  by  the  citizens.  They  de- 
fied their  character  if  they  deserved  their  fate. 

'aria,  or  New  Andalusia,  province  of  Terra 
Fna,  on  the  banks  of  the  Orinoco,  near  its 

V  til. 

aria,  Gulf  of,  in  S.  America,  between  the 
prince  of  Cumana,  the  island  of  Trinidad,  and 
h  estuary  of  the  Orinoco.  It  is  about  75  ms. 
o ,  and  45  wide,  with  a  depth  of  from  8  to  30 
mm,  with  good  anchorage  over  its  entire  ex- 

'Ijflrifl!,  Cape,  eastern  extremity  of  the  province 
if  umana.  Longitude  W.  C.  15°  E.,  lat.  9  12 
\  h. 

mhrilla,  or  St.  Parilla,  town  of  Pern,  in  the 
lience  of  Lima,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
4L,  50  ms.  SE.  of  Truxilla,  and  230  NW.  of 
m.  Lori.  77  50  YY\,  lat.  8  36  S. 
mkrima,  or  firanco,  river  of  South  America,  a  | 
nj:h  of  the  Rio  Negro,  rises  in  the  mountains  ' 
Auiana,  its  sources  interlocking  with  those  of! 
iiquibo  and  Paraguay  of  Orinoco.  It  flows  | 
tmy  S.,  and  enters  the  Rio  Negro. 

Kirima  Cocha,  province  of  Peru,  lying  N.  from  ' 
Hiipo. 

mrima,  lake  of  S.  America,  near  the  borders  of! 
Aisonia  and  Guiana,  of  a  sq.  form,  80  ms.  long, 
alio  broad.    It  seems  to  be  a  kind  of  inunda- 1 
■Formed  by  the  Orinoco,  for  that  river  enters 
me  N.,  and  issues  on  the  W.  side  of  tj^e  lake,  j 
■  tsNW.  angle.    From  the  SE.  of  this  lake 
Mw  the  White  river,  called  also  the  Parima, 

vh  i  flows  S.  to  the  Rio  Negro.  To  the  W.  of 
M«ake,  before  the  main  stream  of  the  Orinoco 
smto  the  N.,  there  are  two  other  branches  that 

oiv  rom  it  to  the  Black  river.  Hence  there  are 
•■(communications  between  those  two  great  riv- 
*'"^ie  Orinoco  and  the  Amazon.  This  descrip- 
tims  accordant  with  Spanish  authorities,  but 
ifcfs  of  the  existance  of  Lake  Parima  are  not  yet 
'fated. 

wris,  capital  of  Fiance,  one  of  the  largest, 
wj  and  most  populous  cities  in  Europe.  The 
'uwSeine,  which  crosses  it,  forms  two  small  is- 

M  called  Isle  du  Palais  and  Isle  Notre  Dame; 
towjst  is  the  ancient  city  of  Paris,  and  had  its 

1  <rrfrom  a  building  which  was  formerly  the  resi- 
l'«*lof  the  kings,  and  afterwards  resigned  to  the 
'  Mimem.  Paris  has  16  gates,  and  is  15  ms.  in 
':,rCii'erence,  including  the  suburbs.  That  part 
1,1  ivhich  is  called  the  ville  is  situate  to  the  N., 
Jo<  iversity  to  the  S.,  and  the  city  in  the  centre, 
ftopp.  of  Paris  now  (1843)  is  supposed  to  ex- 

million,  and  in  that,  as  in  every  other  rc- 
S8* 


sped,  stands  next  to  London  amongst  European 
cities  It  is  210  ms.  SSE.  of  London,  265  W.  of 
Vienna,  and  630  NINE,  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  20 
E.,  lat.  48  50  N. 

Paris,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Oxford  co., 
Me.,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  co,,  46  ms.  a  lit- 
tle W.  of  N.  from  Portland,  and  35  SW.  by  W. 
from  Augusta.    Lat.  44  11  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  25 

E.  Pop.  1810,  1,330;  in  1820,  1,844  Town, 

Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  Oris- 
kany  creek,  9  ms.  SW.  from  Utica.  This  tp. 
contains  the  village  of  Clinton  and  Hamilton  col- 
lege.  It  is  one  of  the  best  bodies  of  productive 
soil  in  the  State  of  N.  Y.    Pop.  1810,  5,418  ;  in 

1820,  6,707.  Village,  Fauquier  co  ,  Va.,  by 

post  road  54  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C.  Central 

tp.  of  Union  co.,  O.  Small  village  of  Jefferson 

tp.,  Preble  co.,  Ohio.  7'p.,  Portage  to.,  Ohio. 

 Eastern  town  of  Stark  co.,  O  ,    Pop.  1820, 

553.  Village,  Jefferson  co.,  Ia.,  about  60  ms. 

W.  from  Cincinnati.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Henry  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the  dividing  ground 
between  the  sources  of  Obion  and  Sandy  rivers, 
about  100  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Nashville. 
Lat.  36  19  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  11  19  W. 

Paris,  or  Bourbonlon,  village  and  scat  of  jus- 
tice, Bourbon  co.,  Ky.,  on  a  small  branch  of  Lick- 
ing river.  It  is  a  place  of  very  considerable  trade, 
and  contains  the  co.  buildings,  two  churches,  a 
printing  office,  and  a  considerable  number  of 
mercantile  stores,  25  ms.  NE.  from  Lexington. 
Pop  1820,  1,000;  1840,  1,200.  Lat.  38  15  N.. 
Ion.  7  12  W. 

Parisburg,  Giles  co.,  Va. 

Paris  Furnace,  village  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y., 
about  10  ms.  SSW.  from  Utica. 

Parishvill'e,  village,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  the  W.  branch  of  St.  Regis  river,  30  ms.  SE. 
from  Hamilton. 

Parke,  county,  Indiana,  on  both  sides  of  Wa- 
bash river,  bounded  E.  by  Putnam  and  S.  by  Vigo; 
length  and  breadth  24  m?.  each,  area  576  sq.  ms. 
This  co.  lies  about  60  ms  W.  from  Indianapolis. 
Pop.  in  1840,  13,500.  Central  lat.  39  45  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  10  48  W. 

Parke,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Parke  co.,  Ia., 
by  post  road  88  ms.  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Parker,  one  of  the  eastern  townships  of  Butler 
county,  Pennsylvania,  eleven  miles  NNE.  from 
Butler. 

Parkersburg,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Wood 
co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Lit- 
tle Kenawha  river,  12  miles  below  Marietta  

Village,  Wood  co.,  Va.,  on  Ohio  river. 

Parkerstown,  township,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  25  ms. 
WNW.  from  Windsor. 

Parkinson's  Ferry. — See  Williamsport,  Wash- 
ington co.,  Pa. 

Parkgaie,  villace  of  England,  in  Cheshire,  12 
miles  NW.  of  Chester,  situated  on  the  NE.  coast 
of  the  river  Dee.  It  is  a  station  for  packet  boats 
that  frequently  sail  to  Ireland. 

Parkman,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  38  miles 

NE.  from  Norridgewock.  Town  and  SE.  tp. 

of  Geauga  county,  Ohio,  on  the  head  branches  of 
Grand  river.  The  villlage  is  17  miles  SE.  from 
Chardon,  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  county. 

Parks,  post  office,  Edgefield  district,  S.  C. 

Parkstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 

697 


PAR 


^ 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PAS 


Bavaria,  and  principality  of  Saltzbach,  16  ms.  17. 
of  Naburg.    Lon.  12  14  E.,  lat.  49  40  IV. 

Parliament,  conference.  This  term  is  now 
almost  exclusively  applied  to  tho  Legislature  of 
Great  Britain. 

Parma,  duchy  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  river  Po,  on  the  NE.  by  the  Mantuan,  on  the 
E.  by  the  duchy  of  Modena,  on  the  S.  by  Tusca- 
ny, and  on  the  W.  by  Placentia  Town,  Mon- 
roe co.,  N.  Y.,  22  ms.  NE.  from  Batavia,  and  12 
ms.  N.  from  Rochester.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,342. 

Parma,  ancient,  rich,  and  populous  city  of  Ita- 
ly, capital  of  the  duchy  of  the  same  name,  40  ms. 
JNW.  of  Modena,  and  HO  SE.  of  Milan.  Lon.  10 
30  E.,  lat.  44  50  N.  By  the  treaty  of  Paris,  this 
city  and  the  duchy,  consisting  of  Parma,  Placenza, 
Guastala,  and  Borgo  San  Domino,  was  given  to 
Maria  Louisa,  wife  of  Napoleon,  and  at  her  death 

to  devolve  to  Austria  and  Sardinia;  but  subsequent  [  ore  is  poor  in  quality,  and  very  abundant 
conventions,  in  1818,  vested  its  reversion  in  Spain,  phur.    The  purest  part  is  exported  raw  to  J 

Parnassus,  now  called  Parnasso,  a  mountain  of:  smelting  works  at  Swansea  and  other  places,  i 
Turkey,  in  Livadia.  It  is  the  highest  in  Greece,  more  impure  is  first  calcined  and  deprived  of  1 t 
and  from  the  top  is  a  prospect  as  far  as  Corinth,  of  its  sulphur  on  the  spot.  Quantities  of  ne^ 
The  Turks  call  itLicaoura,  or  Liakura. — See  L?'a-lpure  copper  are  obtained  from  the  waters  lot  J 
kura.  |  beneath  the  bed  of  ore,  by  the  intervention  of  li , 

Paros,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  one  of  the  Cy-j  A  lead  ore,  rich  in  silver,  is  also  found  in  j 
clades,  about  10  ms.  long  and  8  broad.  The  soil  I  mountain.  The  wealth  and  population  of  An*1 
is  well  cultivated,  and  the  pastures  feed  a  great  sey  have  received  a  great  increase  from  the  di  • 
number  of  cattle.    The  trade  consists  in  wheat,  I  very  of  this  copper  mine. 

barley,  wine,  pulse,  and  calicoes.  Those  excel-!  Pascagoula,  river  of  Mississippi,  about  N.  . 
lent  statuaries,  Phidias  and  Praxiteles,  were  na-|32  40,  and,  flowing  nearly  S.,  falls  into  the  Sol 
tives  of  this  island;  and  the  famous  Arundelian  I  between  Horn  island  and  the  main  shore  at  N. , 
marbles  at  Oxford,  Eng.,  were  brought  from  this  j  30  20;  consequently  this  stream  flows  throuJ 


ed  on  the  Thoue,  17  miles  S.  of  Thouars  L 
19'  W.,  Iar.,46  44  N. 

Parte.nkirk,  town  of  France,  in  Bavaria,  4o  , 
SW.  of  Munich.    Lon.  11°  E.,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Parlhia,  ancient  name  of  that  part  of  Asia 
from  the  Caspian  sea  lying  between  the  Casp 
sea  and  the  provinces  of  Ariana,  Hyrcania,  Ci 
mania,  and  Media. 

Parti  bus,  Latin  phrase  applied  to  bishops  v 
draw  their  title  from  a  country  possessed  by  i 
dels,  and  thus  couched  *'  a  bishop  in  partibus.' 

Parys,  mountain  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of. 
glesey,  famous  for  a  copper  mine,  probably 
largpst  bed  of  ore  of  that  metal  hitherto  discov< 
in  the  world.  "It  is  not  wrought  (says  Dr. 
kin)  in  the  common  manner  of  subterrane  J 
mines,  but,  like  a  stone  quarry,  open  to  d»v;  j 
the  quantities  of  ore  raised  are  prodigious"   ' , 


20  of  lat.,  or  upwards  of  130  miles.  A  bar  at  e 
mouth  prevents  the  entrance  of  vessels  dra*  g 
more  than  5  feet  water,  but  any  vessel  which  car 


place.    It  lies  to  the  W.  of  Naxia.  Town  of 

the  Archipelago,  capital  of  the  island  of  Paros, 
which  was  anciently  the  largest  and  most  powerful 
town  of  the  Cyclades.    Paros  is  situated  on  the  ter,  can  go  as  high  as  the  mouth  of  Leaf  river. 
W.  coast  of  the  island.  Lon.  25  44  E.,  lat.  37  8  N.  name  of  Pascagoula  is  more  correctly  applied  tc 

Parret,  small  river  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  united  streams  of  Leaf  and  Chickasawhay ; 
whose  source  is  in  the  S.  part  of  the  county.  It  re- 1  see. 


ceives  the  Ivel  and  Thone,  and  falls  into  the  Bris- 
tol channel  at  Bridgewater  bay. 

Parramatta,  town  or  settlement  of  English  con- 
victs in  New  South  Wales.  It  is  seated  at  the 
head  of  the  harbor  of  Port  Jackson,  11  ms.  W.  of  i 
Sydney  Cove,  between  Rose  Hill  and  the  landing 
place  in  the  creek,  which  forms  the  head.  The  soil 
in  most  places  is  remarkably  good,  and  only  wants 
cultivation  to  be  fit  for  any  use.  Lon.  151  39  E., 
lat.  23  50  S. 

Parrishville,  village  of  St.  Lawrence  county,  N. 
Y.,  35  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Ogdensburg.  Pop.  in 
1820,  594. 

Parsberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  and 
principality  of  Newburg,  18  ms.  NW.  of  Ratisbon. 
Lon.  11  55  E.,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Parschwitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  and  principality  of  Lignitz.    It  is  sub 
ject  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  is  8  miles  NE.  of 
Lignitz. 

Parsippany,  village,  Morris  co.,  N.  J.,  25  ms. 
NW.  from  Newark. 

Parson,  or  Parsonfield,  town,  York  co  ,  Me., 
46  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Portland.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1,763;  and  in  1820,  2,355. 

Parson's,  tp.,  Essex  co.,  Mass. 

Parthenay,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Two 
Sevres,  and  late  province  of  Poitou.  It  carries  on 
a  considerable  trade  in  cattle  and  corn,  and  is  seat- 
698 


The  pine  forests,  out  of  which  flow  the  CI 
asawhay  and  Leaf  river,  are  continued  down 
Pascagoula  to  the  mouth,  and  reach  on  both  i 
of  the  bay  to  the  very  margin  of  the  sound. 

Pasguaro,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  State  of 
choacan,  on  Lake  Pascuaro.    It  is  elevated  7  7. 
above  the  level  of  Pacific  ocean,  135  ms.  W. 
Mexico.    Lon.  W.  C.  24  21  W.,  lat.  19  30 

Pas,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Mrauf 
Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois,  12  ms.  S\)f 
Arras.    Lon.  2  40  E.,  lat.  50  9  If, 

Pas  de  Calais,  or  Straits  of  Calais,  a  de  >f 
France,  containing  the  late  province  of  Artoiti 
Boulonnois.    Arris  is  the  capital. 

Pasewalk,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circ  )f 
Upper  Saxony,  in  Anterior  Pomerania.  Itiijl 
uated  near  some  iron  works,  on  the  Ucker,  2U 
W.  of  Stettin,  and  66  SSE.  of  Stralsund. 
13  57  E.,  53  27  N. 

Pasha,  Pacha,  &c.  This  is  only  comparatlj 
a  recent  barbarism  in  our  language,  to  write  id 
pronounce  this  title  with  P,  in  place  of  B :  ii  [1 
early  reading,  I  found  this  term  Bashaw.  A  '» 
can  pronounce  not  only  no  word  commencing  th 
P,  but  no  syllable  in  a  word  commencing  with  at 
letter.  This  is  shown  in  every  original  narr°f 
places  in  that  empire  which  terminated  with  p  *» 
which  they  are  compelled  to  pronounce  boli. 
truly  absurd  etymologies  have  been  given  by  I°* 


PAS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PAT 


pn  writers  to  account  for  the  Turkish  name  Is 
U  U) u I,  whilst  the  real  change  was  produced  by 
tlr  inability  to  pronounce  the  Greek  or  Latin  name. 

^aso  del  Norte,  town  of  Mexico,  in  New  Mex- 
ic  on  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte.    Lon.  W.  C. 
2.J  W.,  lat.  30  40  l\. 
'asquiaro,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Durango,  near 
Rio  Nasos. — See  Papasquiaro. 
'usquotank,  county,  North  Carolina,  having 
N  semond  co.,  Va.,  NW.,  Gates  and  Rutherford 
WL  N.  C  ,  SW.,  Albemarle  sound  SE.,  and 
Pjuotank  river,  Camden  co.,  and  the  Dismal 
^  mp  canal  NE.  ;  length  36,  mean  width  8  ms., 
ir  288  sq.  ms.    Surface  level,  and  soil  of  mid- 
ill  r  quality.    Chief  town,  Elizabeth  city.  Pop. 
,fc,i20,  8,008;  and  in  1840,  8,514.   Central  lat. 
Mb  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  40'  E. 

issaick,  river  of  New  Jersey,  which  rises  in 
I  ',,  after  running  in  a  SE.  direction  through 
it  en  and  Essex  cos.,  falls  into  the  bay  of  New- 
tek a  Utile  eastward  of  the  town  of  Newark. 
'  issamaquoddy  Bay.    It  is  in  reality  the  estu- 
f  Sr.  Croix  river,  and  forms  the  NE.  bounda- 
if  the  United  States  on  the  Atlantic  ocean.  It 
m\  miles  long  and  6  wide,  and  contains  a  num- 
Jwf  small  islands,  the  principal  of  which  are 
»e  Moose,  Dudley,  &c. 

^  .tssarowitz,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Servia,  near 
ilfcver  Morava,  33  miles  ESE.  of  Belgrade,  and 
it?,  of  Orsova.   Lon.  21  16  E.,  lat.  45  6  N. 
'Ipso,  cape  of  Peru,  lying  under  the  equator,  in 
#8  58  W. 

WPsage,  seaport  in  Spain,  in  Biscay,  60  miles 
Kl  Bilboa.  It  is  a  station  for  the  Sgpmish  men 
Mr.  Lon.  2  4  W.,  lat.  43  21  N. 
•  Ms*aro,  cape  on  the  coast  of  Janna,  in  Greece, 
'-MfNen  the  gulfs  of  Armiro  and  Zielon. 
•imssarvan,  town  in  the  island  of  Java,  in  the  E. 
Iflfc.    Lon.  114  15  E.,  lat.  7°  S. 

fcsau,  city  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Bavaria, 
cwl  of  a  bishopric  of  the  same  name.  It  is  di- 
vipinto  four  parts,  namely — the  town  of  Passau, 
kpft,  Iltzstadt,  and  the  quarter  in  which  the 
<wpal  palace  is  built.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
«»f  the  Inn  and  Iltz,  62  miles  E.  of  Ratisbon, 
*Wi5  W.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  13  37  E.,  lat.  48 

hsenheim,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Oberland,  70 
4s.  of  Koningsberg.    Lon.  20  50  E.,  lat.  53 

I  Bsaro,  Cape,  ancient  Pachynum,  remarkable 
cafcf  the  island  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val-di-Noto,  to 
Hill  of  the  town  of  that  name,  and  joins  the 
'-"<<•!  i  coast  of  this  island  to  the  southern.  It  has 
•imto  protect  the  country  from  the  incursions  of 
arbary  corsairs,  who  are  often  very  trouble- 
wfen  the  coast.    Lon.  15  22  E.,  lat.  36  35  N. 

fsigniano,  town  of  Italy,  lately  in  the  terri- 
t0»fJ"  the  church,  on  the  Luke  Perugia,  17  ms. 
&|tof  Perugia.    Lon.  12  5  E.,  lat.  43  16  N. 

fsyunk,  tp.,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.  It  joins 
tlnUithern  boundary  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
c»fcling  thence  to  the  river  Schuylkill  on  the  W., 
>  <1  elaware  on  the  S. 

P'vy,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Paris,  near 
tndhiim  of  St.  Denis.  Here  is  a  considerable 
iiwiHicture  for  speedily  bleaching  cotton  and  linen 

•P''o,  or  St.  Juan  de  Pasto,  town  of  New 


Granada,  in  Popayan,  seated  in  a  valley,  120  ms. 
E.  by  E.  of  Quito.    Lon  76  55  W.,  lat.  1  50  N. 

Pastrana,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  32 
ms.  E.  of  Madrid. 

Patagonia,  country  in  the  most  southern  part  of 
South  America,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Paraguay 
and  Chili,  and  extending  1,100  ms.  on  the  eastern 
coast,  from  Rio-de-la  Plata  to  the  straits  of  Magel- 
lan. This  country  has  no  timber  in  the  S.  parts, 
though  the  N.  contains  an  immense  quantity,  and 
numerous  flocks  of  cattle.  The  E.  coast  is  gene- 
rally low.  The  principal  harbor  is  that  of  port  St. 
Julian. 

Patak,  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Latorezza,  25 
ms.  SSE.  of  Cassovia. 

Patana,  city  and  district  of  Mysore. — See  Se- 
ringapatam.. 

Patani,  town  on  the  NE.  coast  of  the  peninsu- 
la of  Maylaya,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  well-defended  harbor.  The  inhabit- 
ants have  some  trade  with  the  Chinese.  It  is  300 
ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Malacca.  Lon.  100  50  E.,  lat. 
7  5  N. 

Patapsco,  river  of  Md.,  rising  in  the  NW.  part 
of  Baltimore  co  ,  and,  flowing  SE.,  the  various 
|  creeks  unite  about  15  ms.  W.  from  Baltimore,  and 
thence  separating  Anne  Arundel  from  Baltimore 
co.,  continues  15  ms.  to  the  bridge  on  the  Balti- 
more and  Washington  road.  Hero  it  turns  toNE., 
and,  flowing  in  that  direction  about  6  ms.,  joins 
the  lower  part  of  Baltimore  harbor,  below  the  la- 
zaretto, where,  spreading  into  a  wide  bay,  and 
turning  SE.  10  or  12  ms.,  opens  into  the  Ohesa- 
i  peake  bay  between  North  point  anil  Bodkin  point, 
j  It  is  navigable  to  its  junction  with  Baltimore  har- 
bor for  the  largest  class  of  merchant  vessels. 

Patay,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loiret,  and 
late  province  of  Orleannois.  It  is  25  ms.  NW.  of 
Orleans.    Lon.  I  49  E  ,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Patchogue,  post  office  on  the  S.  side  of  Long 
island,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  50  ms.  E.  from  the  city 
of  New  York. 

Patahuca,  or  Palioca,  town  of  Mexico. — See 
Paehuca. 

Pateli. — See  Pufala. 

Paterno,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona,  built 
on  the  site  of  Hybla,  once  so  famous  for  its  deli- 
cious honey,  and  is  15  ms.  W.  of  Catania.  Lon. 
15  14  E.,  lat.  27  35  N. 

Palhead,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  2  ms. 
W.  of  Dysart,  long  famous  for  its  manufacture  of 
nails,  and  now  includingdifferent  branches  of  weav- 
ing woolen  and  linen. 

Patmos,  or  Patino,  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
lying  26  ms.  S.  of  the  isle  of  Samos.  It  is  20  ms. 
in  circumference,  and  one  of  the  most  barren  in  the 
Archipelago.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Greek 
Christians,  sailors,  or  ship  builders,  and  have  some 
trade  in  cotton  and  stockings  of  their  own  manu- 
facture. The  women  are  generally  pretty,  but  they 
disfigure  themselves  by  the  excessive  use  of  paint. 
On  this  island  St.  John  wrote  the  Apocalypse. 
Lon.  26  24  E  ,  lat.  37  24  N. 

Paina,  city  of  Himloostan,  capital  of  Bahao, 
seated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganges,  opposite 
the  influx  of  the  Gurjduck.  The  buildings  are 
high,  but  the  streets  are  narrow.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade,  400  ms.  NW.  from  Calcutta. 
Lon.  85  0  E.,  lat.  25  25  N. 

699 


PAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PAU 


Pafoka,  river  of  the  United  States,  in  la.,  rising 
in  Orange  and  Crawford  cos.,  and  flowing  thence 
in  a  western  direction,  by  comparative  courses, 
about  80  ms.  above  Dubois,  Pike,  and'Gibson  cos., 
falls  into  the  Wabash  3  ms.  below  the  mouth  of 
White  river. 

Patruna. — See  Pastrana. 

Patras,  ancient  Patrsea.  The  name  of  Patras  is 
an  Italian  corruption  of  that  of  Patraea.  This  town 
stands  on  a  small  bay,  at  the  extreme  NW.  angle 
of  the  Morea,  and  about  20  ms.  SE.  from  Messa- 
longhi,  on  the  opposite  shore  of  the  gulf,  or  strait 
of  Lepanto.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  declivi- 
ty of  the  mountain  Vodi.  The  higher  part  is  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  the  port,  and  in  that  quarter 
are  all  the  best  houses,  surrounded,  as  usual,  with 
gardens.  "  Nothing,  certainly,"  says  Hobhouse, 
"  can  be  more  pleasant  than  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  town,  which  is  one  blooming  garden  of  orange 
and  lemon  plantations,  of  olive  groves,  vineyards, 
and  currant  grounds.  The  fruit  trees  and  the  vine 
clothe  the  sides  of  the  hill  behind  the  town  to  a 
considerable  height ;  the  currants  are  on  the  flats 
below,  and  run  along  the  line  of  coast  to  the  S.  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach.  Both  on  the  plain  and 
on  the  sides  of  the  hills,  there  is  a  great  quantity 
of  the  9mall  shrub  called  glykorizzo  by  the  Greeks, 
and  which  is  our  liquorice." 

Like  every  part  of  mariiime  Greece,  Patras  is 
liable  to  be  visited  by  contagious  autumnal  fevers 
and  agues. 

Whilst  in  the  hands  of  the  Turks,  it  was  gov- 
erned by  a  bay,  like  Ceron,  Modon,  Navarino, 
Misitra,  Argos,  and  Corinth.  It  is  inhabited  by  a 
mixed  population  of  Turks,  Greeks,  Franks,  and 
Jews  Turks  1,000,  Greeks  6,000,  with  about 
2,000  Franks  and  Jews.  Exports,  oranges,  olives, 
cotton  from  Lepanto,  but  particularly  currants; 
imports,  European  goods  generally. 

Patria,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Terri 
di  Lavori,  so  named  from  a  lake  near  which  it  is 
situated,  13  ms.  NW.  of  Naples. 

Patriarch,  literally  chief  of  a  family  from  Pa- 
tria, {family  and  archos  ruler.)  In  the  Chris- 
tian church  it  has  been  adopted  tor  a  high  ecclesi- 
asti  al  order  ;  such  were  the  patriarchs  of  Constan- 
tinople and  other  places.  It  has  been  observed 
that  the  Governments  which  have  pretended  to 
proceed  upon  the  patriarchal  principle  are  the  most 
despotic. 

Pairica,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the 
church  and  Campagna  di  Roma,  8  ms.  E.  of  Ostia. 
About  a  mile  from  this  place  is  a  hill  called  Monte 
di  Lavano,  which  some  have  thought  to  be  ancient 
Lavinum. 

Patrick,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  N.  Car.  S.,  the 
Blue  ridge,  or  Grayson  and  Montgomery,  W., 
Franklin  N.,  and  Henry  E.  Length  along  N. 
C.  48  ms.,  mean  width  15;  area  600  sq.  ms.  It 
is  drained  by  Irwin,  Mayo,  and  Dan  rivers.  The 
surface  pleasantly  diversified,  and  soil  of  middling 
quality.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,089  ;  and  in  1810,  8,032. 

Patrick,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Patrick  co.,  Va., 
45  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Evansville,  and  by  post 
road  270  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Patrick's  Salt  Works,  Perry  co.,  Ky.,  by  post 
road  87  ms.  SE.  from  Frankfort. 

Patricksville,  village,  Craven  co.,  N.  C,  near 
Newburn. 
700 


Patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  province  of  Italy  > 
the  Ecclesiastical  State.  It  is  35  ms.  in  length  1 
30  in  breadth,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Orvieto,  j 
the  E.  by  Umbria  and  Sabina,  on  the  S.  by  C  . 
pagna  di-Roma,  and  on  the  SW.  by  the  sea.  . 
terbo  is  the  capital. 

Patrington,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  Ea-t  Ri  » 
of  Yorkshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  5C  I 
SE.  of  York,  and  191  N.  of  London.  Lon.  § 
E.,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Pattensen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circrf 
Lower  Saxony,  and  principality  of  Caleml  , 
formerly  a  fortified  town.  It  is  6  miles  S.  of  I . 
over. 

Patterson,  town,  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y.  Pojn 

1820,  1,578.  Village,  Essex  co  ,  N.  J.,  or  e 

Passaic  river,  at  its  lowest  and  greatest  falls  J 

i  ms.  N.  from  Newark,  and  18  ms.  NW.  frorjV 
Y.  It  is  one  of  the  most  advantageously  bUi  d 
places  in  the  United  States  for  manufacturin  j 
tablishments,  several  of  which  are  in  operatioi  it 

,  contains  also  a  bank  and  a  printing  office. 
Patti,  episcopal  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Vj  i. 

|  Demonia,  28  ms.  W.  of  Messina.  Lon.  15  2., 

!  lat.  38  1 1  N. 

I  Paftonsburg,  village  on  James  river,  Bole  rt 
co.,  Va.,  12  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Fincastle,  d 
!  by  post  road  189  ms.  W.  from  Richmond. 
I  Patucket  falls,  in  Merrimack  river,  Midd  * 
!  co.,  Mass.,  between  Chelmsford  and  Dracu  )r 
I  Patucket  bridge,  a  short  distance  above  the  it  h 
!  of  Concord  river.  The  descent  of  these  fills  ;1 
j  feet,  which  is  obviated  by  a  side  canal  of  one  le 
I  and  a  halfe  The  village  of  Patucket,  or  Pal  et 
bridge,  contains  several  manufacturing 
jmems,  and  a  post  office.  The  Middlesex  al 
!  leaves  Merrimack  river  about  2  miles  abovitp 
tucket. 

Pattun,  ox  Put  tan,  town  of  Hindoostanpi$ 
in  the  country  of  Guzerat,  and  capital  of  ar 
of  the  same  name,   132  ms.  SW.  of  Oudi 
jLon.  72  30  E.,  lat.  23  45  N. 
I     Patuxent,  river  of  Md.,  rising  in  the  nor  n 
j  part  of  Montgomery  and  the  N  W.  part  of  )m 
more    cos.,  and,  flowing   SE.,  by  compaiW 
i  courses,  40  ms.,   separates  Anne  Arundel 
j  Montgomery  and  Prince  George's  cos.  It  has  iw 
[reached  within  10  ms.  of  the  Chesapeake,  a  n- 
j  napolis,  and,  turning  to  nearly  S.,  follows  very 
'  ly  the  general  curve  of  the  Chesapeake  aboi 
I  ms.,  falls  into  that  bay  by  a  wide  estuary, 
|  20  ms.  from  that  of  the  Potomac.    It  admit;  »■ 
isels  of  250  tons  to  Nottingham,  46  ms.,  folk  ng 
!  the  inflexions  of  the  river  above  its  mouth, 

Pau,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Lowe|r 
renees,  and  late  province  of  Beam,  with  acle, 
where  Henry  IV.  was  born.    It  is  seated  c«i 
eminence,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs  the 
i  Gave,  97  ms.  S.  of  Bordeaux.    Lon.  0  4  W  it. 
j  43  15  N. 

Pavia,  ancient  and  fortified  town  of  Italy,  i  ^ 
!  duchy  of  Milan,  with  a  celebrated  universiMB 
the  Tesino,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  15  ms.  °' 
Milan.    Lon.  9  15  E.,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Paul,  St.,  parish  of  Charleston  district, 

 Town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Str;  w 

Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois,  1C  ms.  W  m 
of  Arras.    Lon.  2  30  E.,  lat.  50  24  N. 

Paul,  St.,  town  of  S.  America,  in  Brazil  ^ 


PAW  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PEA 


prince  of  St.  Vincent ;  it  is  surrounded  by  moun- 
ts and  thick  forests.    Lon.  45  52  W.,  lat.  23 

aul-de-  Fennouilledes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
jf  ard,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  seated 
ji  ne  river  Egli,  among  mountains,  30  ms.  N.  of 
MHtpellier.    Lon.  3  58  E.,  lat.  44  7  N. 

aul  les-Vence,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
I  ar,  and  late  province  of  Provence,  5  ms.  W. 
■ice,  and  450  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  13  E., 
,j  43  42  N. 

aul  trois- Chateaux,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
I  of  Drome,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny, 
I  J  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  1 6  ms.  S.  of  Monte- 
,j,r.    Lon,  4  47  E  ,  lat.  44  21  N. 

auld,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citetiore, 
a«d  near  the  sea,  in  a  fertile,  and  well  culti- 
•3 1  country,  12  ms.  W.  of  Cosenza.  Lon. 
H  E.,  lat.  39  24  N. 

aulding,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  by  la.,  W., 
fciams  N.,  Henry  and  Putnam  E.,  and  Van- 
*<  S.  Length  24  ms.,  mean  width  18,  area 
4fisq.  ms.  This  co.  was  formed  in  1820,  out 
rf  e  new  purchase.  Maumee  river  crosses  its 
iciern  side. 

>tyiulin's  kill,  river  of  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  rises 
r*  Frankford,  and  flowing  SW.  falls  into  the 
Jtvvare,  between  the  villages  of  Columbia  and 
jfcwlton,  18  ms.  by  land  above  Easton. 

uilograd,  small  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
«ent  of  Catharinenslaf,  32  ms.  E.  of  that 
ofai.  Lon.  35  54  E.,  lat.  47  10  N. 
>  ivoasan,  episcopal  seaport  of  Africa,  in  the 
W  St.  Thomas,  with  a  fort  and  a  good  harbor, 
•longs  to  Portugal,  and  lies  under  the  equator, 
1*0.  8  30  W. 

h\iusi/ippo,  mountain  of  Italy,  5  ms.  from  Puz- 
. el  celebrated  for  a  grotto,  which  is  a  subterran- 

ei  passage  through  the  mountain,  near  a  mile 
Apgth,  about  20  feet  in  breadth,  and  30  to  40 
.1  ight. 

\tuck,  town  of  Western  Prussia,  in  Pome- 
ifi  25  ms.  NW,  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  18  41  E., 
ial.4  44  N. 

\wling,s,  town,  Duchess  co  ,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
Won.  Pop.  in  18 :0,  1,756,  in  1820,  1,804. 
^'.wcatuck,  small  river  of  Conn.,  and  R.  I., 
i*  ng,  for  about  10  ms.,  the  limit  between  the 
••States.  It  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  13 
ami.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 

j  '.wlet,  small  river  of  N.  Y.,  and  Vt.,  rises  in 
iwiington  co.  of  the  former,  and  Rutland  of 
ifcjitier,  and  flows  into  Pultney  river  at  White- 

'iil  Town  in  the  southern  part  of  Rutland, 

44rt.,  35  ms.  N.  from  Bennington. 

■iwtucket,  river,  or  rather  creek,  rising  in  the 
part  of  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  and  flowing 
rMj  S.,  falls  into  Seekhonk  river,  4  ms.  NE. 
Providence.     This  stream  gains  its  only 

Hquence  by  its  falls  at  Pawtucket. 

riwtucket,  village  at  the  falls  of  Pawtucket 
WM  4  ms.  NE.  from  Providence.  It  is  partly 
ui  |i  tp.  of  North  Providence,  and  partly  in  that 

>f  ,ekhonk,  in  Mass.  The  fall  of  water  here  is 
afci  50  feet;  presenting  one  of  the  finest  manu- 
mit ing  establishments  of  the  U.  S.  The  natural 
adv  tages  have  been  extensively  improved.  There 
arei  Pawtucket  and  vicinity,  besides  a  number 
of »|er  manufactories,  10  cotton  mills,  two  cast- 


ing furnaces,  six  shops  for  constructing  machinery, 
two  anchor  shops,  a  nail  factory,  iwo  slitting  mills, 
two  screw  factories,  three  or  four  grain  mills,  and 
blacksmith  shops,  taylors,  &c.  Pop.  of  the  tp. 
in  1820,  2,420. 

Pawtuxet,  river  of  R.  I.,  rising  in  Providence 
and  Kent  cos.,  and  flowing  E.  enters  Narragan- 
sett  bay,  5  ms.  below  Providence.  From  its  num- 
erous falls,  this  stream  affords  great  facility  of 
water  power.  Upwards  of  40  cotton  factories 
are  on  it  and  its  branches. 

Pawtuxet,  village  and  port  of  entry  on  both 
sides  of  Pawtuxet  river  at  its  mouth,  partly  in 
Providence,  and  partly  in  Kent  cos.  It  contains 
numerous  factories,  a  bank,  an  academy  with 
usually  70  students. 

Paxton,  town,   Worcester  co.,   Mass.,  9  ms. 

NW.  from  Worcester.  SW.  tp.  Ross  co.,  O., 

It  contains  the  village  of  Bainbridge. 

Paxton,  Lower,  tp.  Dauphin  co.,  Penn  ,  6 
ms.  E.  fiom  Harrisburg. 

Paxton,  Middle,  tp.,  Dauphin  co.,  Penn.,  on 
the  Susquehannah  river,  10  ms.  above  Harrisburg. 

Paxton,  Upper,  NW.  tp.,  Dauphin  co.,  Penn., 
on  the  Susquehannah,  25  ms.  above  Harrisburg. 

Paynesville,  village,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  C, 
130  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Paynesville.   See  Paynesville,  Geauga,  co.,  O. 

Paz,  La.,  city  of  the  United  Provinces  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  in  Peru,  near  the  SE.  part  of  Lake 
Titiaca.    Lon.  8  35  E.,  lat.  17  15  S. 

Peace  river. — See  Mackenzie's  river. 

Peacham,  village  and  tp.,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt., 
19  ms.  SE.  from  Montpelier.  It  is  the  seat  of 
an  academy. 

Peach  bottom,  village  in  the  SE.  part  of  York 

co.,  Penn.,  30  ms.  SE.  from  York.  SE.  tp.  of 

York  co.,  Penn. 

Peachtovjn,  village,  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y. 

Peacock's,  store,  and  post  office,  Montgomery 
co.,  N.  C. 

Peaks  of  Otter,  part  of  the  Blue  ridge  in  Bed- 
ford co.,  Va.,  rising  to  upwards  of  4,000  feet. 
They  are  the  most  elevated  ground  in  the  United 
States,  SW.  from  the  Catskill  mountains. 

Pea  Pack,  post  office,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  42 
ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Pearlington,  village,  Hancock  co.,  Miss.,  56 
ms.  SE.  from  Jackson. 

Pearl  Islands,  islands  lying  in  the  bay  of  Pana- 
ma, in  S.  America. 

Pearl  river,  of  La.  and  Miss.,  rises  in  the  lat- 
ter as  high  as  N.  lat.  33°,  from  whence  it 
flows  SW.  about  80  ms.,  and  S.  80,  where  it 
turns  to  SSE.,  flowing  in  that  direction  40  ms., 
crossing  the  31°  N.  lat.  and  enters  Lou.,  having 
an  entire  course  in  Miss.,  of  200  ms.  In  La., 
it  continues  SSE.  70  ms.,  to  its  junction  with 
the  Rigolets,  after  an  entire  comparative  course 
of  270  ms.  Below  N.  lat.  31°  Pearl  river  is  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Miss,  and  La.  The 
general  character  of  the  country  watered  by  the 
Pearl  river,  is  unfavorable  to  agriculture  or  navi- 
gation. With  partial  exceptions,  pine  covers  the 
surface,  with,  as  usual,  a  thin  sterile  soil.  Schoon- 
ers cannot  enter  the  Pearl  in  consequence  of  a 
raft  of  timber. 

Pearlton,  village,  Hancock  co.,  Miss.,  50  ms. 
SE.  from  Jackson. 

701 


PEE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PEK 


Pease,  NE.  tp.  Belmont  co.,  0.  Pop.  1820, 
2,019. 

Peconic,  bay  and  river  of  Suffolk  co.,  Long  Is- 
land, N.  Y.  Peconic  river,  rises  in  the  tp.  of 
Brookhaven,  and  flows  a  little  N.  of  E.  20  ms. 
into  Peconic  bay.  Great  Peconic  bay  is  the  bot- 
tom of  the  gulf  which  extends  E.  and  W.  between 
the  two  eastern  peninsulas  of  Long  Island,  and 
lies  between  Southampton  and  Southold,  having 
River-head  to  the  W. 

Peckatonokee,  river,  extreme  NW.  branch  of 
Rock  river,  rises  in  the  angle  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Wisconsin  rivers,  S.  of  the  latter,  and 
E.  of  the  former.  After  a  course  of  about  50  ms. 
in  Iowa  and  Green  cos.  of  Wisconsin,  to  the 
southeastward,  it  enters  111  ,  winds  to  the  eastward, 
and  after  flowing  in  that  direction  about  40  ms. 
over  Stephenson  and  Winnebago  cos.,  falls  into 
Rock  river  near  the  NE.  angle  of  the  latter  county. 

Pecquencour,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
N.,  and  late  province  of  Hainault,  sealed  on  the 
Scarpe,  5  ms.  E.  of  Douay.  Lon.  3  16  E.,  lat. 
50  23  N- 

Pedee,  river  which  rises  in  N.  C,  and  is  here! 
called  Yadkin  river,  and  entering  S.  C,  it  takes! 
the  name  of  Pedee,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  12  ms.  below  Georgetown.  The  mouth  is  I 
called  Winyaw  bay.  The  Pedee  is  navigable  for 
vessels  of  60  or  70  tons,  upwards  of  200  ms. 

Pedena,  town  of  Italy,  in  Istria,  25  ms.  SE.  ofj 
Capo  d'lstria.    Lon.  14  30  E.,  lat.  45  34  N.  | 

Pederneira,  seaport  town  of  Portugal,  in  the! 
province  of  Estramadura,  18  ms.  NE.  of  Peniche. 
Lon.  8  6  W.,  lat.  39  51  N. 

Pedie,  town  of  Sumatra,  40  ms.  E.  of  Achen.  j 
Lon.  96  36  E.,  lat.  5  22  N. 

Pedlar  s  Mills,  post  office,  Amherst  co.,  Va., 
by  postroad  150  ms.  W  from  Richmond. 

Pedro,  Point,  the  most  northern  point  of  the 
island  of  Ceylon,  opposite  Point  Calymere,  on 
the  continent  of  India.  Lon.  80  27  E.,  lat.  9  52  N. 

Pedro,  St.,  one  of  the  isiands  in  the  S.  Pacific 
ocean,  called  Marquesas.  Lon.  138  51  W.,  lat.  j 
9  58  S. 

Pee  Pee,  tp.  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio,  20  ms.  below  j 
Chilicolhe.    Pop.  in  1820,  654. 

Peebles,  capital  of  Peebleshire  Scotland,  on  the 
Tweed,  over  which  is  a  bridge.  It  has  manu-| 
factures  of  carpets  and  serges.  It  is  22  ms  S.  of  I 
Edinburgh.    Lon.  3  7  W.,  lat.  55  36  N. 

Peebles  Tavern,  post  office,  Northampton  co. 
N.  C,  by  postroad  80  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Peebleshire  Tweeddale,  co.  of  Scotland,  bound 
ed  on  the  E.  by  Selkirkshire,  on  the  N.  by  Edin 
burgshire,  W.  by  Lanerkshire,  and  S.  by  Dum-I 
friesshire  and  contains  308  sq.  ms.,  is  28  ms. 
long,  and  18  where  broadest.  The  climate  is 
temperate,  and  the  air  clear.  This  co  yields 
limestone,  &c,  with  every  necessary  of  life.  The 
chief  manufactures  are  shoes  and  thread.  Pop.  in 
1801,  8,735;  in  181 1,  9,935  ;  and  in  1821,  10,046. 

Peekskill,  town,  West  Chester  co.,  N.  Y., 
lying  on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  river,  50  ms.  N. 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  about  10  below  the 
fort  at  West  Point. 

Peel,  town  of  the  Isle  of  Man.     It  is  situated 
on  a  spacious  bay,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  which 
is  Peel  isle,  a  rock  of  great  magnitude  and  height. 
Lon.  4  40  W.,  lat  54  13  N. 
702 


Peeled  Oak,  village  Bath  co.,  Ky.,  by  post  J 
73  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Peeling,  town,  Grafton  county,  New  Hj  . 
shire. 

Peer,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  hish<  c 
of  Liege,  24  ms.  NN  W.  of  Maestricht.  Lo  i 
20  E.,  lat.  51  8  N. 

Pesee. — See  Peaths. 

Pegau,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Sax  , 
on  the  river  Ulster,  58  ms.  W.  of  Dresden.  ]  . 
12  22  E.,  lat.  51  13  N. 

Pegnafiel,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile  ^ 
the  Douero,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Valladolid.  Lorn* 
W.,  lat.  41  41  N. 

Pegna-Macor,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  r.  . 
ince  of  Beira,  with  a  castle,  40  ms.  NW.  of  . 
cantara     Lon.  6  32  W.,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Pegnaranda,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas 
capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  30  ms.  ii 
of  Olmedo.    Lon.  4  8  W.,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Pegu,  kingdom  of  Asia,  now  a  part  of  i 
Birman  empire,  lying  to  the  SE.  of  Bengal,  t 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Burraah,  on  the  W.  d 
S.  by  the  ocean,  and  on  the  E.  by  Laos  and  S  , 
Its  products  are,  timber  for  building,  eleph; 
elephants'  teeth,  bees'  wax,  lac,  saltpetre,  iron.  I 
tin,  petroleum,  very  fine  rubies,  small  diamonds.,  d 
plenty  of  lead,  of  which  they  make  their  mo  . 
It  is  very  fruitful  in  corn,  roots,  pulse,  and  fr >. 
Pegu  was  an  independent  kingdom  till  1751,  v  n 
it  was  reduced  by  the  king  of  Burmah,  toe 

state  of  a  dependent   province.  Town  a 

kingdom  of  the  same  name,  in  Asia,  on  a  mm 
the  same  name,  520  ms.  S.  of  Ava.  Lon.  9  0 
E.,  lat  18  10  N. 

Pejepscot,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  3C ;. 
N.  from  Portland. 

Peine,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  di  y 
of  Brunswick.    It  is  17  ms.  W.  of  Brunsw 
Lon.  10  19  E.,  lat.  32  25  N. 

Peipus,  large  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  Govern  I 
of  Livonia.  From  which  issues  the  river  Nan, 
bv  which  it,  has  a  communication  at  Narva  h 
the  gulf  of  Finland. 

Peischore,  or  Piskour,  city  of  Hindoostan  >• 
per,  in  the  province  of  Cabul.  It  is  subject  I  e 
king  of  Candahar,  and  is  50  ms.  NW.  of  Atl  i 
Lon.  69  54  E.,  lat.  32  44  N. 

Peilz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Sax  ! 
and  marche  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  vicinit  >f 
which  iron  mines  are  wrought  to  advantage,  <1 
manufactures  of  pitch  and  turpentine  are  ca  & 
on  to  a  great  extent.  It  is  30  ms.  SSYV>f 
Frankfort  on  the  Oder.  Lon.  8  35  E.,  lal| 
5  N. 

Peking,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Cliin;  n 
the  province  of  Pe-tche-li.  Its  name  signified 
Northern  Court,  to  distinguish  it  from  im 
king,  the  Southern  Court,  where  the  emperor  I 
merly  resided.  The  capital  forms  an  oblong  sqi  h 
and  is  divided  into  two  ciiies,  one  inhabited 
Chinese,  the  other  by  Tartars.  These  two  ei*» 
exclusive  of  the  suburbs,  are  nearly  11  ms.  in r- 
cumference.  A  Russian  church  is  established  '« 
with  a  seminary,  in  which  the  students  are  I 
milted  to  reside,  for  the  purpose  of  learning  i« 
Chinese  language.  Since  this  establishment  n  y 
interesting  publications  have  appeared  at  Pe«- 
burg  relative  to  the  laws,  history,  and  geogr.  J 


PEM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PEN 


,1  hina,  translated  from  the  originals  published  at 
P«ng.  This  city  is  500  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Nan- 
M.    Lon.  116  14  E.,  lat.  39  54  N. 

elagnisi,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  in  the 
\  iterranean  sea,  8  ms.  in  circumference.  Lon. 
J42  E.,  lat.  39  30  N. 

degrino,  Mount,  promontory  on  the  N.  coast 
..f  e  island  of  Sicily  nearly  2  ms.  VV.  of  Pa- 
in. The  prospect  from  this  mount  is  beautiful 
intensive  ;  most  of  the  Lipari  Islands  are  dis- 


ed  in  a  clear  day,  and  also  a  large  portion  of  i  or  branch  of  Merrimack  river, 
it  ^tna,  although  at  a  short  distance  of  al-  !  nipisseogee,  at  Sanbomton. 


co.,  W.  Y.,  S.  from  the  Tonnewanto  reservation, 
and  25  ms.  E.  from  Buffalo. 

Pembroke  county,  SW.  extremity  of  Wales, 
derives  its  name  from  Pembroke,  the  co.  town, 
and  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Carmarthenshire,  on 
theNE.  by  Cardiganshire,  and  on  all  other  sides 
by  the  Irish  sea.  It  extends  in  length  from  N.  to 
S.  35  ms.,  and  from  E.  to  W.  29,  and  is  about 
140  in  circumference. 

Pemigewasset,  river  of  N.  H.,  the  main  source 
It  joins  the  Win- 


Pena  Garcia,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  with 
a  castle.  It  is  6  ms.  E.  of  Idanha  Velha.  Lon. 
6  6  W.,  lat.  39  40  N. 

Penalva,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  seated  on 
a  hill,  with  a  castle,  8  ms.  S.  of  Coimbra.  Lon. 
8  17  W.,  lat.  40  4  N. 

Penauiier,  a  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aude, 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  4  ms.  N.  of  Car- 
cassone.    Lon.  2  25  E.,  lat.  43  18  N. 

Pendele,  ancient  Pentelicus,  mountain  of 
Greece,  in  xAttica.  ENE.  from  Athens  8  ms., 
rises  Mount  Pendele,  a  much  higher  ridge  than 
that  of  Trelo-Vouni.  Pendele  extends  from  the 
N.  nearly,  and  is  an  embranchment  of  Brilessus ; 
the  latter  itself  a  spur  of  or  rather  continuation  of 
Mount  Parnes,  separating  Attica  from  Bceotia. 
The  justly  celebrated  plain  of  Marathon  extends 
from  the  Brilessus  and  Pentelicus,  sloping  east- 
ward towards  the  straits  of  Negroponte,  ancient 
Euripas. 

Pendennis,  castle  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on  a 
hill  of  the  same  name,  on  Falmouth  bay.  It  lies 
a  little  to  the  SE.  of  Falmouth.  Lon.  5  30  W., 
lat.  50  10  N. 

Pendleton,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Rockingham 
and  Augusta  SE.,  Bath  SW.,  Randolph  NW., 
and  Hardy  NE.  Length  50  ms.,  mean  width  22, 
area  1,100  sq.  ms..  Its  surface  is  very  mountain- 
ous. From  the  NW.  angle,  Green  Briar  river 
flows  SW.  into  the  Great  Kenhawa  ;  in  its  SW. 
angle  rise  Jackson's  and  Cowpasturc,  branches  of 
James  river.  The  far  greater  part,  however,  of  its 
superfices  is  drained  by  the  head  branches  of  the  S. 
branch  of  Potomac.  Soil  generally  rocky  and 
barren.  Chief  town,  Franklin.  Pop.  in  1840, 
y,  town  of  Congo,  capital  of  a  province  of  6,940.    Ctl.  lat.  38  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  17  W. 

le  name.    Lon.  18  25  E.,  lat.  7  30  S.        |  Town  of  Pendleton,  S.  C,  on  a  branch  of 

&a,  or  Penda,  island  in  the  Ea*t  Indian  [the  Savannah  river,  1 00  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 


the  whole  length  of  Sicily. 
lew  Islands,  were,  in  all  probability,  first  dis- 
ecl  by  the  Spaniards  of  the  Philippines,  and 
em  called  the  Paloo  islands  from  the  tall  palm 
that  grow  there  in  great  number,  and  which, 
distance,  have  the  appearance  of  masts  of 
I  The  word  palos,  in  the  Spanish  language, 
limes  signifying  a  mast. 
lham,  tp.  in  the  co.  of  Lincoln,  U.  C  ,  lies 
:  S.  of  Louth,  and  is  watered  by  the  Chippe- 

•  Welland.  Town,  Rockingham  co.,  N. 

15  ms.  W.  by  S.  from  Newbury  port,  and  36 

,  from  Boston.  Town,   Hampshire  co., 

I,  about  80  ms.  VV.  from  Boston.  Town, 

ichcster  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  East  river,  20  ms. 
utrie  city  of  New  York. 

,'issa,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
iry  of  the  same  name,  seated  near  the  Dan- 
15  ms.  N.  of  Buda.    Lon.  18  20  E.,  lat.  47 

i'issane,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
k|is  of  the  Rhone,  15  ms.  WNW.  of  Aix. 
r5;21  E.,  lat.  43  26  N. 
I  la,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Janna, 
k.  W.  of  Salonichi.    Lon.  21  53  E.,  lat.  40 

Kenn,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
lever  Loire,  situated  on  the  Loire,  with  a 
I  for  small  vessels,  10  ms.  N.  of  Nantes, 
i  SE.  of  Painbceuf.    Lon.  1  44  W.,  lat.  47 

Fbso,  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  35  ms. 
.  .  Bari.    Lon.  16  20  E.,  lat.  41  26  N. 
maquid  bay  and  point,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 
I  Dint  is  at  lon.  W.  C.  7  30  E.,  lat,  43  37  N. 
t 


flying  near  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  extend- 
|.)ut  100  ms.  in  circumference.  It  is  gov- 
fciw  a  king  tributary  to  the  Portuguese.  Lon. 
3  „  lat.  5  20  S. 

fibridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Herefordshire, 
tftt  Arrow,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Hereford,  and 
41'NW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  42  W.,  lat.  52 

P  broke,  capital  of  Pembrokeshire,  Eng.  It 
*e  -d  on  the  innermost  creek  of  Milford  Haven, 
*  uich  are  two  bridges,  but  the  navigation  to 
wiecoine  injured  by  the  rubbish  of  the  lime- 
WBjuarries  near  it,  237  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Lon- 

n.  Lon.  4  55  W.,  lat.  51  45  N.  Town, 

•ckgham  co.,  N.  1L,  situated  on  the  E.  side 
Mrimack  river,  about  40  ms.  W.  of  Ports- 

MMi    Pop.  in  1820,  about  1,150.  Town, 

yntith  co.,  Mass.,  about  4  ms.  E.  of  Hanover, 
nkjNW.  of  Plymouth,  Town,  Genessee 


Lat.  34  38  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  42  W.  Co.,Ky. 

bounded  by  Harrison  S.,  Grant  W.,  Campbell  N., 
Ohio  river  NE.,  and  Bracken  E.  Length  20  ms., 
mean  with  17,  area  340  sq.  ms.,  surface  very  much 
broken,  and  soil  sterile.  The  two  main  forks  of 
Licking  river  unite  in  this  co.  at  Falmouth,  the 
seat  of  justice.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,086.  Ctl.  lat, 
38  44  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  10  W. 

Pendleton,  court  house  and  post  office,  Pendle- 
ton district,  S.  C. 

Pendulum.  This  most  simple  of  all  instru- 
ments of  art  or  science,  loses  its  immense  power 
in  the  modesty  of  its  appearance.  Who,  if  the 
operation  came  before  them  for  the  first  time, 
would  suppose  that  a  weight  suspended  to  the  end  of 
a  cord  and  set  in  motion  contained  the  elements  of 
the  most  perfect  measurer  of  time,  and  also  the 
most  powerful  of  all  mechanic  forces  ]  Such  is, 
however,  the  pendulum.    When  the  mason  raises 

703 


PEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PEN 


a  stone  of  many  tons  weight  to  the  required  height 
by  means  of  a  crane,  and  then  adjusts  it  by  the 
means  of  a  weight  being  suspended  to  the  end  of 
a  cord,  he  is  really  Ufing  that  mechanic  power 
by  which  the  greatest  weight  is  moved  by  the  least 
force.  Though  never  ranked  as  such,  the  pendu- 
lum is,  we  see,  a  most  efficient  mechanic  power. 
By  the  pendulum  also  is  proven  increase  of  weight 
advancing  from  the  equator  towards  the  poles  of 
the  earth,  as  it  has  to  be  lengthened  in  order  to 
preserve  equal  measure  of  time,  or  shortened  in 
the  opposite  direction. 

Penn  field,  town  and  NE.  tp.  Monroe  co.,  N. 
Y.t  on  Genundegut  bay,  6  ms.  E.  from  Rochester. 

 Tp.,  New  Brunswick,  on  the  bay  of  Fundy, 

Charlotte  co. 

Penemunder,  fortress  of  Germany,  in  Prussian 
Pomerania,  seated  in  the  isle  of  Usedom,  at  the 
mouths  of  the  Pene  and  Oder,  in  the  Baltic  sea. 
Lon.  14  16  E.,  lat.  54  16  N. 

Peneas. — See  Salembriu. 

Penguin  island  and  Bay,  lie  on  the  coast  of 
Patagonia,  182  ms.  N.  of  Port  St.  Julian.  Lat. 
47  48  S. 

Peniche,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  with  a  good  harbor  and  a  citadel,  34  ms.  N. 
of  Lisbon.    Lon.  9  5  E.,  lat.  39  16  -N. 

Penick,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Multe,  8  ms.  E.  of  Altenberg. 
Lon.  12  44  E.,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Peniscola,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  seated 
on  a  high  point  of  land,  on  the  Mediterranean,  60 
ms.  N.1>f  Valencia.    Lon.  1°  E.,  lat.  40  29  N. 

Penishehr,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  and 
capital  of  a  district  in  the  country  of  Cabul,  46 
ms.  N.  of  Cabul.    Lon.  68  14  E.",  lat.  35  16  N. 

Penkridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire, 
principally  noted  for  its  horse  fairs.  It  is  6  ms. 
«.  of  Stafford,  and  129  NW.  of  London.  Lon. 
2°  W.,  lat.  32  54  N. 

Penkurn,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Anterior  Pomerania,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Stettin. 

Penmaenmhar,  once  tremendous  precipice  in 
Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  overhanging  the  sea,  but 
now  safely  crossed  by  a  good  road.  It  is  4  ms. 
SW.  of  A  hereon  way. 

Pennajhr,  town  of  Spain,  in  Anurias,  seated 
on  the  Astra,  14  ms.  SW.  of  Oviedo.  Lon.  5 
56  W.,  lat.  43  15  N.  Town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, seated  near  the  Xcnil,  10  ms.  N.  of  Ec- 
Lon.  4  12  W.,  lat.  37  44  N. 
Perm,  tp.,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.,  adjoining  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  the  Northern  Liberties,  Spring 
Garden,  and  extending  up  the  Schuylkill  to  Rox 

borough.     Pop.  1820,  3,105.  Tp.,  Chester 

co.,  Pa.,  between  Elk  and  Whi  e  Clag  creeks,  40 

ms.  SW.  by  N.  from  Philadelphia.  Southern 

tp.,  Morgan  co.,  O. 

Penn,  East,  tp.,  Northampton  co.,  Pa.,  on  th 
right  bank  of  Lehigh  river,  adjoining  Schuylkill 
and  Lehigh  cos.    Pop.  1820,  1,882. 

Penn,  West,  NE.  tp.,  Schuylkill  co.,  Pa.,  ad 
joining  Northampton  and  Lehigh  cos. 

Pennar,  river,  which  has  its  rise  in  the  king 
dom  of  Mysore,  in  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan, 
and  watering  Gooty,  Gandicotta,  Cuddapab,  and 
Vellore,  enters  the  bay  of  Bengal  at  Gangapatnam. 

Pennington,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  9 
ms.  NNYY .  from  Trenton. 
704 


Pennon,  fort  of  Africa,  seated  on  a  small  ii  J 
before  the  harbor  of  Algiers. 

Pennon  de  Velez,  very  important  seaport  of  r. 
bary,  seated  on  a  rock  in  the  Mediterranean,  ir 
the  town  of  Velez.  It  was  built  by  the  Span  ls 
in  1508,  taken  by  the  Moors  in  1522,  and  ret  n 
in  1664.  It  is  75  ms.  E.  of  Ceuta.  Lon.  4°  " 
lat.  35  25  N. 

Perm's  Creek,  river  of  Pa.,  which  rises  i  )e 
SE.  part  of  Centre  co.,  flows  E.  through  C  re 
and  Union,  passes  by  New  Berlin,  and  falls  to 
the  Susquehannah  at  Seling's  Grove,  after  a  k 
parative  course  of  50  ms. 

Penn's  Valley,  in  the  SE.  part  of  Centre  co.,fl 
between  the  Brush  and  Path  Valley  mountai, 

Pennsborough,  East,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  i*, 
on  both  sides  of  Connedogwinet  creek,  extei  ig 
from  the  Susquehannah  river  to  within  3  ms.  a 
Carlisle.    Pop.  1810,  2,365;  in  1820,  3,51  2 

Pcnnsboraugh,  West,  tp.,  Cumberland »,, 
Pa..  lying  on  the  Connedogwinet  creek,  coir,  n- 
cing  3  ms.  W.  from  Carlisle,  and  extendinlS 
ms.  up  the  creek.    Pop.  1820,  1,553. 

Pennsborough,  village,  Lycoming  co.,  Pi  ji| 
the  Susquehannah  river,  below  the  mouth  of  n- 
cy  creek.  Village,  Wood  co.,  Va. 

Pennsbury,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  th  ?. 
side  of  Brandywine  creek,  adjoining  the  St  I 
Delaware  and  Delaware  co.    Pop,  1820,  79  j'j 

Penn's  Store,  post  office,  Patrick  co  ,  Va.  50 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Pennsylvania.    This  name  is  derived  fro  he 
surname  of  William  Penn,  and  Sylvan,  vm 
and  means  literally  Penn's  woods.    Thou  It 
the  epoch  when  the  name  was  imposed  thiB 
features  of  the  country  it  was  in  future  to  m 
nate  were  in  great  part  unknown  to  those  ho 
were-its  authors,  no  term  could  be  more  app^p 
ate.    Few,  if  any,  regions  of  equal  extent, ; 
one  continuous  body,  ever  bore,  in  a  state  (| 
ture,  a  more  dense  forest.    Pennsylvania  v. 
expanse  of  woods,  in  the  strictest  acceptat 
the  word. 

As  now  limited,  Pennsylvania  extends  fre^ 
lat.  39  43  to  N.  lat.  42  16,  and  from  2  20 
3  36  W.  from  W.  C. 


Pennsylvania  is  bounded,  in  common  with 
Delaware,  from  the  Delaware  river,  by  a 
circular  line  around  Newcastle  co.,  to  the 
NE.  limits  of  Cecil  co.,  Md.  - 

Due  N.  to  NE.  angle  of  Md. 

Along  the  northern  limit  of  Md.  - 

In  common  with  Va.,  from  the  NW.  angio 
of  Md.  to  the  SW.  angle  of  Greene  co. 

Due  N.,  in  common  with  Ohio  and  Brooke 
cos.,  Va.,  to  the  Ohio  river 

Continuing  the  last  noted  limit,  in  common 
with  Ohio,  to  Lake  Erie 

Along  the  SE.  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to  the 
western  limit  of  N.  Y. 

Due  S.,  along  Chautauqua  co.,  N.  Y.,  to 
N.  lat.  42°     -  - 

Thence  due  E.,  in  common  with  N.  Y-» 


i 


to  the  right  bank  of  Delaware  river 
Down  the  Delaware,  to  the  NE.  angle  of 
the  State  of  Delaware  - 


; 


Having  an  entire  outline  of 


.  96 


PEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PEN 


'he  greatest  length  of  Pennsylvania  is  due  W.  | 
fin  Bristol,  on  the  Delaware  river,  to  the  eastern  j 
bier  of  Ohio  co.,  Va.,  through  356'  of  Ion.,  | 
a  ig  N.  Iat.  40  0.  This  distance,  on  that  line  of 
y,  is  equal  to  315  American  statute  ms. 

'he  greatest  breadth  176  ms.,  from  the  Va. 
li1  to  the  extreme  northern  angle  on  Lake  Erie.  I 
reneral  breadth,  188  ms. 

'he  area  of  Pennsylvania  has  been  variously 
st'jJ,  but  probably  never  accurately  determined. 
Ii  wth  Morse's  and  Worcester's  Gazetteers,  the 
•lirficies  are  given  at  46,000  sq.  ms.  Other 
n  orities  vary,  but  I  find,  from  comparing  the  j 
3t  maps  and  from  calculating  the  rhombs  and 
pH  occnpied  by  the  State,  that  Pennsylvania  in- 
I  es  above  47,000  sq.  ms.  Rejecting  the  frac- 
Htl  excess,  and  using  that  curve  superficies,  the 
3tj;  will  contain  thirty  million  and  eighty  thous-  [ 
ar  statute  acres. 

lie  following  general  view  of  the  mountain 
ir.  river  systems  of  Pa.  is  apparently  more  in  de- 1 
alhan  compatible  with  the  general  brevity  of  j 
ih  treatise,  but  I  have  chosen  the  central  posi- j 
I  of  Pa.  in  order  to  give  a  connected  perspective 
•1  le  geographical  structure  of  that  part  of  the 
I .  through  which  a  line  of  canal  and  railroad 
o  nunication  from  Chesapeake  bay  to  the  Ohio 
<i'y  is  traced. 

le  mountains  of  Pa.  obtrude  themselves  at  the  i 
\tt »lance  on  a  map  as  the  most  prominent  of  its 
Uftjal  features.    No  even  tolerably  good  survey 
•  a  ig  ever  been  made  of  the  mountains  of  this 
i4gn,  and  many  important  chains  having  been 
MEly  omitted,  a  lucid  classification  is  attended 
Mgreat  difficulty.  Some  of  the  collateral  chains 
kmlo  overlooked  I  have  supplied  from  personal 
»/ation,  but  no  doubt  much  remains  to  be  add- I 
«4t|  rectified  by  future  research, 
•fie  structure  and  position  of  its  mountains  has 
MM  to  Pa.  an  aspect  peculiar  to  itself.  The 
nplachian  system  in  the  U.  S.  generally  extends 
inuiJirection  deviating  not  very  essentially  from 
^Uto  NE.  ;  but  in  Pa.  the  whole  system  is  in- 1 
MM  from  that  course,  and  passes  the  State  in  a 
H'litine  direction.    Towards  the  S.  boundary, 
&| puntains  lie  about  NNE.,  gradually  inclining 
*tm\  eastward ly  as  they  penetrate  northwards  ;  | 
■  >d  i  the  central  counties  many  of  the  chains  lie  I 
Ml|  E.  and  W.,  but,  as  they  extend  towards1 
■•»•  )rthern  border  of  the  State,  they  again  im-  | 
v-eruibly  incline  to  the  NE.,  and  enter  N.  Y.  ! 
**4\.  J.  in  nearly  that  direction. 

Sji  influence  of  the  mountains  in  modifying  j 
M  iieral  features  is  very  obvious,  far  beyond  | 
any  chains  or  ridges  are  sufficiently  eleva- 
be  classed  as  parts  of  the  Appalachian  sys- j 
tariJ  It  will  be,  however,  shown  in  the  progress 
W  ti»  review  that  the  mountain  system  is  very 
••oc-too  greatly  restricted,  not  alone  in  Pa.,  but 
'  *o;  Md.,  Va.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J. 
V'hout  attending  to  minor  chains,  the  moun- 
Pa.,  advancing  from  the  SE.  to  NW,,  are 

-  f<,)WS  ; 

*■  iUgh  omitted  in  most  maps,  a  chain  enters 
'ae  A  boundary  of  York  co.,  and,  cut  by  the  Sus 
q^w  niah  river,  rises  in  and  traverses  Lancaster 
co.,  jtween  Pequea  and  Octorara  creeks,  and 
06lwin  the  sources  of  the  Conestoga  and  Brandy - 
w»nebparates  for  a  short  distance  Lancaster  and 

5S* 


Chester  cos.  Continuing  between  Berks  and  Ches- 
ter, it  is  interrupted  by  the  Schuylkill  above  Potts- 
town.  Rising  again,  and  stretching  NE.,  it  forms, 
1st,  the  boundary  between  Montgomery  and  Berks  ; 
thence  between  Lehigh  and  Bucks,  and,  separating 
Northampton  from  Bucks,  reaches  the  Delaware. 
Pursuing  a  NE.  course  through  N.  J.,  separating 
Sussex  from  Huntingdon,  Morris,  and  Bergen  cos., 
enters  N.  Y.  between  the  sources  of  the  Wallkill 
and  Passaic  rivers,  and,  extending  in  broken  ridges 
through  the  SE.  part  of  Orange  co.,  forms  the 
highlands  near  West  Point. 

The  almost  uniform  neglect  of  professed  geogra- 
phers, respecting  this  strongly  marked  feature,  at- 
tests the  infancy  of  the  science  in  the  U.  S.  After 
having  formed  the  celebrated  masses  on  both  sides 
of  the  Hudson,  between  Newburg  and  West  Point, 
the  ridge  continues  NE.,  separating  Putnam  from 
Dutchess  county.  Inflecting  to  the  N.,  and  form- 
ing the  separating  ridge  between  the  waters  of  the 
Hudson  and  Housatonic  rivers,  stretches  through 
the  eastern  part  of  Dutchess,  Columbia,  and  Rens- 
salaer  cos.  Along  the  two  latter,  however,  the 
ridge  under  review  forms,  in  reality,  the  separating 
boundary  between  N.  Y.  and  Mass. ;  and,  entering 
the  S  W.  angle  of  Vermont,  continues  through  that 
State,  by  the  name  of  Green  mountains,  into  L.  C. 
Thus  prominent  and  continuous,  from  the  Susque- 
hannah  to  the  NE.,  this  part  of  the  Appalachian 
system  is  equally  so  through  Maryland,  Virginia, 
and  North  Carolina.  Passing  over  Harford,  Bal- 
timore, Anne  Arundel,  and  Montgomery  cos,,  in 
Maryland,  it  falls  into  the  Potomac  12  ms.  above 
Georgetown,  and  extends  into  Virginia,  in  Fairfax 
co.  Varying  in  distance  from  20  to  30  ms.,  the 
Great  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Ridge,  and  the  ridge  we 
have  been  tracing,  traverses  Virginia,  into  North 
Carolina.  Leaving  Virginia  in  Henry,  and  enter- 
ing North  Carolina  in  Stokes  co.,  with  its  farther 
range  I  am  unacquainted,  but  have  no  doubt  but 
that  it  is  distinctly  continued  over  the  Carolinas  and 
Georgia,  into  Alabama.  Though  the  structure  of 
the  Atlantic  slope  decidedly  evinces  a  conformity 
to  the  Appalachian  system,  far  below  the  SE. 
mountain,  it  is  the  terminating  continuous  ridge 
towards  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

Northwest  from,  and  nearly  parallel  to  the  South 
Mountain,  another  very  remarkable  ridge  traverses 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  similar  to  the 
former,  the  latter  is  unknown  in  either  of  these 
States  by  any  general  name.  Its  continuation  in 
New  York  is  designated  by  the  Shawangunk.  Be- 
tween the  Susquehannah  and  Potomac  it  is  termed, 
relatively,  the  South  mountain ;  and  in  Virginia 
and  the  Carolinas  it  forms  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  en- 
tering the  NW.  part  of  Georgia,  is  gradually  lost 
amongst  the  sources  of  Chatahooche  river. 

To  preserve  perspicuity,  I  have  adopted,  or 
rather  extended  the  name  Blue  Ridge  into  Penn- 
sylvania and  New  Jersey.  This  very  remarkable 
chain  of  the  Appalachian  system  enters  Pennsyl- 
vania on  its  southern  line,  and,  stretching  N.  be- 
tween Adams  and  Franklin  counties,  reaches  the 
southern  angle  of  Cumberland,  where  it  turns  to 
NE.,  and  extending  towards  the  Susquehannah, 
separates  Cumberland  from  Adams  and  York  cos' 
About  6  ms.  below  Harrisburg,  the  Blue  Ridge  is 
pierced  or  broken  by  the  Susquehannah,  and  again 
rising  below  the  mouth  of  Swatara,  crosses  the 

705 


PEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


PEN 


outhern  angle  of  Dauphin  ;  thence  known  as  the 
Conewago  hills,  separates  Lebanon  from  Lancaster 
co.,  enters  Berks,  and  reaches  the  Schuylkill  at 
Reading.  Continuing  through  Berks,  Lehigh,  and 
Northampton  cos.,  the  Blue  Ridge  passes  Allen- 
own,  Bethlehem,  and  Easton,  and  is  again  inter- 
rupted by  the  Delaware  below  the  latter  town. 
Extending  through  Sussex  co.,  the  Blue  Ridge 
enters  New  York,  and  is  finally  terminated  in  the 
Shawangunk,  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  river,  and 
amongst  the  branches  of  the  Walkill. 

In  one  respect,  the  Southeast  mountain  and 
Blue  Ridge,  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey, 
differ  from  other  sections  of  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem. The  two  chains  we  have  noticed,  are  formed 
of  links  more  detached  than  are  those  more  remote 
from  the  Atlantic  ocean;  but  otherwise,  in  respect 
to  component  matter,  range  and  vegetation  are  in 
every  place  well  marked  sections  of  the  general 
system.  The  very  unequal  elevation  of  their  va- 
rious parts,  may  perhaps  be  also  adduced  as  a 
characteristic  of  the  Southeast  mountain  and  Blue 
Ridge.  The  former  does  not,  it  is  probable,  in  any 
part  of  Pennsylvania  or  New  Jersey,  rise  to  1,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  whilst, 
in  New  York,  at  the  Highlands,  some  of  the  peaks, 
particularly  Butterhill,  exceeds  1,500  feet  elevation 
above  tide  water,  and  in  Massachusetts  and  Ver- 
mont, towers  to  near  3,000  feet.  If  taken  gener- 
ally, the  Blue  Ridge,  in  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey,  is  more  elevated  than  the  Southeast  moun- 
tain, yet  no  particular  part  of  the  former  rises  to 
an  equal  elevation  with  the  Highlands,  on  either 
bank  of  the  Hudson. 

In  Maryland  the  Blue  Ridge  assumes  a  very  dis- 
tinctive aspect,  and,  separating  Frederick  and 
Washington  cos.,  is  broken  by  the  Potomac  at 
Harper's  Ferry,  below  the  mouth  of  Shenandoah. 
This  fine  chain  crosses  and  adorns  Virginia  and  N. 
and  S.  Carolina.  In  one  remarkable  circumstance, 
the  Blue  Ridge  stands  alone  amongst  the  mountain 
chains  of  the  U.  S.  From  the  Susquehannah  to 
the  NW.  angle  of  S.  C,  in  a  distance  of  upwards 
of  500  ms.,  it  every  where  forms  a  county  demar- 
cation. 

The  third,  and  in  some  respects  the  most  re- 
markable chain  of  Pennsylvania,  is  the  Kittatinny. 
Known  by  divers  local  names,  the  Kittatinny,  in  a 
survey  advancing  from  SW.  to  NE.,  first  rises 
distinctively  in  Franklin  co.,  and,  like  other  chains 
in  the  southern  margin  of  Pennsylvania,  ranges  a 
little  E.  of  N  ;  but,  inflecting  more  to  the  NE., 
extends  to  the  Susquehannah,  separating  Cumber- 
land and  Perry  cos.  Five  miles  above  Harrisburg, 
the  Kittatinny  is  interrupted  by  the  Susquehannah. 
Broken,  also,  by  the  Swatara,  the  Schuylkill,  the 
Lehigh,  and  Delaware,  the  Kittatinny  enters  New 
Jersey,  through  which  it  passes  into  New  York 
and  forms,  by  its  continuation,  the  Catsbergs.  The 
general  aspect  of  the  Kittatinny  is  much  more  con- 
tinuous than  any  other  mountain  chain  of  Pennsyl- 
vania It  is,  however,  very  far  from  being  uniform 
in  elevation,  varying  from  800  to  perhaps  1,500 
feet  above  tide  water. 

Northwest  from  the  Kittatinny,  though  more 
elevated,  the  chains  are  much  less  distinctly  de- 
fined. Between  the  Kittatinny  mountain  and  the 
N.  branch  of  Susquehannah  river,  the  intermediate 
country  is  in  a  great  part  composed  of  high  rugged 
706 


mountains,  and  narrow,  deep,  and  precipitous  . 
leys.  This  is  the  most  sterile  and  least  imp*  . 
ble  part  of  Pennsylvania;  but  it  is  the  region  . 
ducing  the  most  extensive  masses  of  Anthn  > 
coal  known  on  the  globe. 

The  confusion  in  the  natural  arrangement  of  ? 
anthracite  section  of  Pennsylvania  is  more  . 
parent  than  real.  The  Kittatinny  mountain  1 
Susquehannah  river  lie  nearly  parallel  upward  f 
70  ms. ;  distant  from  each  other  about  35  ms  I 
intervening  space  is  filled  by  lateral  chains,  ri|? 
in  many  places  far  above  any  part  of  the  Kittati  I 
Amongst  these  chains  two  are  worthy  of  parti<  r 
notice,  and  serve  pre-eminently  to  elucidate  e 
very  peculiar  topography  of  interior  Pennsyb;  I 

Bedford  and  Franklin  cos.  are  separated  a 
chain,  there  known  as  Cove  mountain.  W  a 
change  of  name,  to  Tuscarora  mountain,  the  1  -r 
chain  separates  Franklin  from  Huntingdon,  d 
Perry  from  Mifflin,  and  reaches  the  Susquehai  h 
nearly  opposite  the  southern  extremity  of  •. 
thumberland  co.  Rising  again  below  the  Ma  i- 
tango  river,  and  broken  into  vast  links,  the  c  n 
divides,  into  nearly  equal  parts,  the  space  beti  n 
the  Kittatinny  mountains  and  the  main  Inane  )f 
Susquehannah  river.  Broad  mountain,  pass<  n 
the  road  from  Easton  and  Bethlehem  to  Ben  t, 
is  one  of  the  great  links  of  this  central  chain.  1  h 
its  extension  NE.,  towards  the  Delaware,  I  an  i- 
acquainted. 

More  accurate  surveys  would,  it  is  more  n 
probable,  identify  Sideling  Hill,  of  Bedford  .. 
Jack's  mountain,  of  Huntingdon,  and  Mifflin,  id 
the  central  chains  of  Union,  Columbia,  md  t- 
zerne  cos.  The  chain  which  rises  on  bon  I  is 
of  the  Susquehannah,  in  Luzerne,  is  amongs  w 
most  interesting  features,  not  only  in  the  U,(tif- 
but  in  the  world.  The  very  peculiar  structure  o  <» 
valley  will  be  noticed  more  appropriately  i» 
treating  of  the  rivers  of  that  part  of  Pennsylvj* 
In  the  present  instance,  it  is  the  mountair  to 
have  before  us,  and  to  which  our  attention  i  li- 
rected.-  Below  Sunbury,  a  chain  commence: 
if  my  supposition  is  correct,  is  continued  B|  I 
Susquehannah,  along  its  left  shore;  this  cbw 
crossed  by  the  river  above  Danville,  and  Ml 
above  Catawissa.  From  the  latter  place,  the  4} 
stretches  to  the  NE.,  through  Columbia,  <l| 
Luzerne  by  the  name  of  Nescopeck  mountain  mI 
mingles  ultimately  with  other  chains,  and  is  tih 
nated  towards  the  southern  angle  of  Wayn  ft 
Nearly  parallel  to  the  Nescopeck,  and  with  a  a» 
paratively  narrow  intervening  valley,  another  tin 
leaves  the  Susquehannah  above  the  borouj  «f 
Northumberland,  and,  traversing  Northumb<  fld 
and  Columbia  cos.,  enters  Luzerne,  and  is  b  «B 
by  the  Susquehannah  16  ms.  below  Wilkes' *• 
Skirting  the  left  bank  about  8  ms.,  it  is  A 
crossed  by  the  river,  and  continuing  its  era* 
NE.,  passes  about  2£  ms  from  and  op; if 
Wilkesbarre.  Preserving  its  course  NE.,  it  fa 
the  third  and  last  time  crossed  by  the  Susqu  m- 
nah,  above  the  mouth  of  Lackawannock  cree  10 
ms.  above  Wilkesbarre,  and  stretching  towari  he 
Delaware,  is  lost  in  Wayne  co.  Beyond  the  »m 
branch  of  Susquehannah,  to  the  NW'.,  the  (in* 
lie  nearly  parallel  to  those  SE.  from  that 
The  structure  of  the  country  on  both  sides  ctjw 
Susquehannah  is  nearly  the  same.    The  ye  1* 


PEN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PEN 


cored  mines  of  anthracite  coal,  advancing  from 
SI  to  NW.,  cease  in  the  chain  immediately  op- 
I  e  Wilkesbarre. 

j  the  eye,  the  region  included  between  the  W. 
I  :-h  of  Susquehannah  and  the  Potomac  bears  a 
trg  analogy  to  that  between  the  W.  and  N. 
r fcbes  of  Susquehannah,  but  a  minute  scrutiny 
sps  a  great  change  advancing  SW.  towards 
v  orders  of  Maryland.    Soil  and  vegetation  both 
it  materially.    The  beech,  hemlock,  and  sugar- 
!;.e  forests  are  succeeded,  in  the  valleys,  by  oak, 
hfrjiry,  and  elm.    Thus  far,  the  entire  drain  of 
r%  sylvania  is  into  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The 
called  the  Alleghany  forms,  in  the  southern 
m  of  Pennsylvania,  the  dividing  ridge  between 
ie,  lantic  slope  and  the  valley  of  Ohio. 

jleghany  mountain  has,  no  doubt,  from  this 
irmstance,  received  its  pre-eminence  among  the 
»  tain  chains  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
Vpnia.    Only  about  60  miles  of  its  range  in  the 
mcj  r  State,  however,  does  separate  the  sources  of 
i:m  reams  of  the  two  great  natural  sections — the 
.aII  tic  slope  and  Ohio  valley.    The  Alleghany 
us  leaving  Alleghany  county,  Maryland,  sepa- 
inltBedford  and  Somerset  counties,  and,  extend- 
BWi  a  northerly  direction,  also  separates  the  NW. 
ar  f  Bedford  trom  the  SE.  part  of  Cambria  co. 
At  i  extreme  northern  angle  of  Bedford,  the  Al- 
mmy  turns  to  NE.,  and  is  thence  drained  on 
iodides  by  the  tributary  streams  of  the  Susque 
mh.  Discharging  the  waters  of  the  W.  branch 
toff  NW.,  and  those  of  the  Juniata  and  Bald 
■■rivers  to  the  SE.,  the  Alleghany  reaches  the 
•■ranch  of  Susquehannah  at  the  mouth  of  Bald 
ftp  river. 

Be,  once  more,  the  defects  of  our  maps  are 
•mgly  apparent.  Lycoming  co.  is  delineated 
•*t»|no  mountain  chains  traversed  its  surface, 
iws  not  the  fact,  though  too  little  is  known  of 
thwirt  of  Pennsylvania  to  admit  a  classification 
■  t' mountains.  If  I  were  to  hazard  a  conjecture, 
I  Mid  make  the  chain  which  crosses  the  Sus- 
iroWhnah  in  Bradford  county,  near  to  and  below 
fjfcjida,  the  continuation  of  the  Alleghany.  It 
nwlrp  remarked,  that  it  is  only  in  a  few  places 
Bjcfand  those  immediately  in  its  spurs,  that  bit- 
Maps  coal  has  been  hitherto  discovered  in  Penn- 
iVWia  on  the  Atlantic  slope ;  whilst  this  mine- 
-  aunds  northwest  from  the  Alleghany  chain, 
flwcality  of  the  bituminous  coal  prevails  across 
4wole  State,  and  is  found  from  near  Towanda, 
H  Plnsylvania,  into  Maryland. 
•ijQrfar,  and  to  what  exent,  the  bituminous  coal 
*»Mon  spreads  into  Virginia,  I  am  unable  to  de- 
'ft'frte.  The  Alleghany  chain  may,  in  the  exist- 
'UWjte  of  our  mineralogical  knowledge,  be  view- 
**Kie  limit  between  the  two  species  of  coal  in  Pa. 

%tever  may  be  the  elevation  of  its  summit, 
•kTOe  of  the  Alleghany  chain  between  Bedford, 
3om;et,  and  Cambria  counties,  constitutes  the 
taiftl  of  land  between  the  Ohio  and  Atlantic 
'ideB^nd  forms  also  a  similar  demarcation  in  Ma- 
fyM  This  circumstance  is  entitled  to  our  serious 
,jiici  from  this  region  being  the  intended  route 
ol  tbChesapeake  and  Ohio  canal.  The  summit 
••wllr  Cumberland  road,  as  given  by  Mr.  Schri- 
ver,  2,825  feet. 

Asji  mountain  chain,  the  Alleghany  yields  in 
gram.tr  of  scenery,  and  in  elevation  above  its 


base,  to  not  only  the  Broad  mountain,  but  to  many 
other  chains  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

Chestnut  Ridge  is  the  next  chain  W.  of  the  Al- 
leghany ;  the  two  chains  extending  nearly  parallel, 
and  about  20  miles  asunder.  Though  compara- 
tively humble  in  respect  to  elevation,  Chestnut, 
Ridge  is  one  of  the  most  extended  chains  of  the 
system  to  which  it  appertains  ;  reaching  by  vari- 
ous local  names  over  Virginia  into  Tennessee,  and 
most  probably  into  Alabama.  As  placed  on  our 
maps,  Chestnut  Ridge  enters  Pennsylvania  at  the 
NW.  angle  of  Maryland,  and,  ranging  a  little  E. 
of  N.,  forms  the  boundary  between  Union  and 
Somerset ;  thence  between  Westmoreland  and  So- 
merset, and  finally  between  the  NE.  angle  of 
Westmoreland  and  the  S  W.  of  Cambria  county. 
At  the  extreme  NE.  angle  of  Westmoreland,  the 
Chestnut  Ridge  reaches  the  Kiskiminitas  river,  and, 
as  delineated,  its  termination.  So  far,  however, 
from  being  so  in  nature,  this  chain  preserves  its 
identity  through  the  State  further  north  than  any 
other  chain  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

Laurel  Hill  is  the  last  chain  of  the  system  in 
Pennsylvania.  What  has  been  already  observed 
respecting  the  comparatively  depressed  chains 
nearest  the  Atlantic  ocean  may  be  repeated  re- 
specting the  Chestnut  Ridge  and  the  Laurel  Hill, 
that,  though  not  very  elevated,  they  nevertheless 
exist  as  well  denned  mountain  chains.  The  latter 
is  a  very  extended  branch  of  the  system,  reaching 
from  the  northern  part  of  Pennsylvania  into  Ala- 
bama. This  chain  traverses  Virginia  by  various 
names;  separates  Virginia  from  Kentucky,  as  Cum- 
berland mountain  ;  traverses  Tennessee,  and  pen- 
etrates Alabama  under  the  latter  term,  and,  inter- 
rupted by  Tennessee  river,  it  forms  the  Muscle 
Shoals,  and  is  imperceptibly  merged  into  the  cen- 
tral hills  of  Alabama.  Like  many  others,  this  very 
lengthened  chain  is  delineated  defectively  in  every 
map  of  Pennsylvania  I  have  seen.  Similar  to 
Chestnut  Ridge,  Laurel  Hill  is  terminated  on  our 
maps  near  Kiskiminitas,  though,  in  reality,  extend- 
ing to  near  the  S.  boundary  of  New  York. 

In  addition  to  the  great  chains  we  have  been  sur- 
veying, many  of  minor  importance  might  be  noted, 
but  we  have  deemed  a  view  of  the  most  striking 
parts  sufficient. 

If  engrouped  into  one  view,  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania  exhibit  many  very  interesting  points 
of  observation.  The  Appalachian  system  is  here 
upwards  of  150  miles  wide,  whilst  the  particular 
chains  do  not  average  more  than  3  ms.,  if  so  much, 
in  breadth. 

Before  proceeding  further  in  our  review,  I  may 
be  permitted  to  observe,  that  mountains  are  con- 
sidered as  the  superlative  of  hills.  In  not  only 
Pennsylvania,  but  in  the  Appalachian  system  gen- 
erally, hills  and  mountains  are  not  only  specifical- 
ly, but  generically  distinct  features  of  nature.  If 
this  was  not  the  case,  the  slope  would,  in  most 
cases,  gradually  rise  from  the  mouths  to  the  sources 
of  rivers,  and  no  regular  ranges  of  elevated  ground 
could  be  found  crossing  the  streams  obliquely.  Ac- 
cording to  common  opinion,  the  mountains  of  the 
United  States  form  the  dividing  ridge  between  the 
waters  of  the  Atlantic  slope  and  those  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  St.  Lawrence  basins.  So  far,  howev- 
er, are  the  mountains  from  constituting  the  sepa- 
rating line  of  the  waters,  that  the  real  dividing 

707 


PEN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PEN 


ridge,  if  it  can  be  so  called,  crosses  the  mountains 
diagonally. 

The  Appalachian  system  is  formed,  as  we  have 
seen,  by  a  number  of  collateral  chains,  lying  nearly 
parallel ;  each  chain  is  again  formed  by  ridges, 
which  interlocking,  or  interrupted  by  rivers,  ex- 
tend generally  in  a  similar  direction  with  the  chain 
to  which  they  particularly  appertain.  The  chains 
differ  materially  from  each  other  in  elevation  and 
in  continuity.  In  some  of  the  chains  at  each  side 
of  the  system,  the  parts  are  of  very  unequal  height 
above  their  bases,  and  of  tide  water.  The  Southeast 
mountain  and  Blue  Ridge  are  prominent  examples. 

Ia  the  correct  solution  of  any  question  arising 
out  of  the  advance  or  distribution  of  population,  j 
the  determination  of  the  real  surface  covered  with} 
mountains,  would  afford  extremely  satisfactory  ele-j 
ment.  As  far  as  my  own  personal  observation  and 
the  present  state  of  our  geographical  knowledge  af 
ford  data,  I  have  estimated  the  extent  of  mountain 
base  in  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  best  maps,  care- 
fully measuring  every  chain,  the  entire  length  pro- 
duced amounts  to  a  small  excess  above  2,250  miles. 
If  the  latter  sum  is,  however,  taken,  and  3  miles 
allowed  for  the  mean  breadth  of  the  chains,  the 
mountain  area  will  be  6,750  square  miles,  or  very 
nearly  one-seventh  part  of  the  superfices  of  the  State. 

Before  examining  the  formations,  the  component 
soils  and  rocks,  we  proceed  to  view  the  river  val- 
ley of  Pennsylvania.  The  State  is  drained  by  the 
Delaware,  Susquehannah,  Ohio,  Potomac,  and 
Genessee  rivers,  and  at  the  extreme  NVV.  angle 
by  Lake  Erie. 

The  respective  river  basins,  or  rather  the  sec- 
tionsincluded  in  Pennsylvania,  are  of  very  une- 
qual extent  .  Delaware,  Susquehannah,  and  Ohio 
include  an  immense  proportion  of  the  whole  State, 
and  subdivided  it  naturally  into  the  eastern,  mid- 
dle, and  western  river  sections. 

The  following  tables  give  the  respective  area  of 
each,  and  also  the  smaller  sections  of  Potomac, 
Genessee,  and  Erie : 


Table— Continued. 


Counties. 


Luzerne  910  . 
Lycoming 
M»Kean  1-4  - 
Mifflin 

Northumberland 
Perry 
Potter  5-8 
Schuylkill  3  8 . 
Susquehannah 
Tioga 
Union 
York 

Total 

Genessee  drains  the  co.  of— 
Potter  1-8 

Potomac  drains  the  cos.  of— 
Adams  2  5 
Bedford  2  5 
Franklin  23  . 
Somerset  16. 

Total 

Lake  Erie  drains  the  co.  of- 
Erie  1-2 

Ohio  diains  the  cos.  of— 
Alleghany 
Armstrong 
Beaver 
Butler 
Cambria  3  5 
Clearfield  1-10 
Crawford 
Erie  12 
Fayette 
Greene 
Indiana  9-10 
Jefferson 
M;Kean3  4 
Mercer 
Potter  1-4 
Somerset  5  6 
Venango 
Warren 
Washington 
Westmoreland 

Total 


Sq.  ms. 


1,920 

2,510 
380 
910 
500 
550 
751) 
300 
910 

1,180 
600 

1,120 

21,390 


150 


2-20 
630 
560 
180 


1,590 


Acre 


1,22  i 

1,60'  ) 

24:  I 

58  ) 
32) 

35  ) 

46  ) 

19  ) 

58  ) 

75  j 

38  J 

71  ) 

13,66  0 


330 


810 
1,010 
690 
850 
800 
160 
1,040 
380 
900 
640 
680 
1,280 
1,140 
830 
520 
800 
1,200 
900 
900 
1,180 


16,760 


4(  0 
35  0 
11  0 

,01  0 


2  10 


5  10 

6  » 

4  10 

5  n 

5  » 

1  JO 


10,c 


Counties. 

Sq.  ms. 

Acres. 

Delaware  river  drains  the  cos.  of— 

Berks 

950 

608,000 

Bucks 

640 

409,600 

Chester  3-4 

550 

352.000 ; 

Delaware 

180 

115.200  1 

Lebanon  1-8  . 

40 

25,600  | 

Lehigh 

360 

230,400 ! 

Luzerne 

180 

115,200, 

Montgomery  . 

450 

2S8,000| 

Northampton  . 

1,100 

704,000  ! 

Philadelphia  . 

120 

76,800 

Pike 

850 

544,000 

Schuylkill  5-8 

500 

320,000 

Wayne 

790 

505,600 

Total 

6,710 

4,294,400 

Susquehannah  drains  the  cos.  of— 

Adams  3  5. 

350 

224,000 

Bedford  3-5  . 

1,000 

640,000 

Bradford 

1,260 

806,400 

Cambria  2  5. 

330 

211,200 

Centre 

1,460 

934,400 

Chester  1-4 

ISO 

111,200 

Clearfield  9-10 

1,450 

928,000 

Columbia 

630 

403,200 

Cumberland  . 

630 

403,200 

Dauphin        .              .  , 

550 

352,000 

Franklin  13. 

280 

179.200 

Huntingdon  . 

1,280 

819/200 

Indiana  110  . 

80 

51,200 

Lebanon  7 8  . 

280 

179,200 

70S 

Summary. 


Rivers 


Delaware  drains 
Susquehannah  drains 
Genessee  do 
Potomac  do 
Ohio  do 
Lake  Erie  do 

Total 


Without  reference  to  the  comparatively  ■  )* 
river  sections  of  Potomac,  Genessee,  and  w» 
the  surface  of  Pennsylvania  is  subdivided!)* 
three  river  valleys,  Delaware,  Susquehanna!  9 

Ohio. 

The  range  of  the  rivers  of  Pennsylvania!^ 
of  the  most  interesting  subjects  in  all  physic?* 
ography.  It  may  be  assumed  as  a  gentral  f,cl 
pie  that  the  mountain  streams  particularly  i*1 
flow  NE.  or  SW.  along  the  mountain  valle  ° 
directly  at  right  angles  to  that  course  throut  ^ 
mountain  chains.  The  conformity  of  the  f 
courses  to  that  of  the  mountains  is,  in 


( 


PEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PEN 


rn  ner,  obvious  in  the  Delaware  and  Susque- 
uaiah. 

he  Delaware  rises  by  two  branches  in  the 
'V«ern  spurs  of  the  Catsbergs  ;  the  Cookquago 
)  e  NW.,  and  the  Popachton  to  the  SE.,  flow 
I  their  sources  SW.  about  50  ms.,  draining 
hware  co.,  N.  Y.  Reaching  within  about  5 
From  the  NE.  angle  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
Vquago  turns  to  SE.,  and,  continuing  that 
rase  5  or  6  ms.,  receives  the  Popachton.  The 
and  streams  maintain  a  SE.  course  50  ms  ,  to 
ibinouth  of  the  Nevisirik,  and  northern  extrem- 


only  two,  the  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill,  are  of  a 
considerable  magnitude. 

From  the  position  of  their  valleys  as  channels 
of  intercommunication,  and  from  the  mineral 
treasures  found  along  their  mountain  sources,  the 
Schuylkill  and  Lehigh  have  already  become  of 
great  importance.  The  Lehigh  rises  by  various 
mountain  branches  of  Northampton,  Pike,  Wayne, 
and  Luzerne  cos.,  uniting  below  Stoddartsville, 
and  forming  a  small  but  precipitous  river  current, 
which  pouring  first  to  the  SW.,  gradually  turns 
S.   and  SE.,   passes  Mauchchunk  village,  and 


es  the  NW.  foot  of  the  Kittatinny  chain, 
t  which  it  turns  to  the  SW.,  35  ms.,  to  the 
h  of  Broadhead's  creek,  from  Pike  and  North- 
!on  cos.    Winding  to  the  S.,  the  Delaware, 


through  Kittatinny,  and  continuing  to  the  SE. 
meets  the  NW.  base  of  the  Blue  Ridgn  at  Allen- 
town.  Here  it  turns  to  the  NE.  along  the  base 
of  the  latter  chain,  and  passing  Bethlehem  joins 
the  entrance  of  Broadhead's  creek,  breaks ,  Del  iware  at  Easton.  The  Lehigh  is  truly  a  mountain 
l  the  Kittatinny,  and  enters  the  fine  valley  |  torrent.  There  is  no  other  stream  of  equal  length  in 

At  the  j  the  U.  S.  which  presents  so  great  a  difference  of 


3n  that  chain  and  the  Blue  ridge. 


.  base  of  the  latter,  at  Easton,  the  river  again  level  between  the  points  of  source  and  discharge. 
;  a  mountain  pass,  and  5  ms.  further  down  In  a  comparative  course,  it  is  about  25  ms. 
ler  through  the  SE.  mountain.  At  the  SE.  i  from  Stoddartsville  to  Mauchchunk,  and  the  fall 
of  the  latter  chain  this  river  once  more  as-  in  the  intermediate  distance  845  feet.  Ten  ms. 
s  a  SE.  course  after  having  meandered  through  in  a  direct  line  below  Mauchchunk,  the  Lehigh 
".ittatinny  valley  about  30  ms.  j  passes  the  Kittatinny,  and  falls  245  feet  in  that 

Trenton,  35  ms.  below  the  SE.  mountain,  |  short  space.  From  the  Lehigh  water  gap,  or 
Delaware  passes  the  primitive  ledge  and  meets  passage  through  the  Kittatinny,  to  its  junction 
de ;  and  5  ms.  below,  near  Bristol  and  Bor-with  the  Delaware,  it  falls  205  feet,  in  a  compara- 
wn,  again  turns  to  SW.  Passing  along  or  |  tive  course  of  35  ms.  The  entire  fall  from  Stod- 
the  primitive  rock  this  now  widening  stream  ■  dartsville  to  Easton,  1,210  feet;  comparative 
hues  about  40  ms.,  receiving  near  Philadel-  j  course  70  ms.  From  the  junction  of  its  constit- 
the  Schuylkill  from  the  NW.  Forming  its  uent  branches  below  Stoddartsville  to  its  extreme 
Ireat  bend  5  or  6  ms.  below  Newcastle,  the  |  source,  about  15  or  20  ms.,  giving  an  entire  com- 
ijf  Delaware  opens  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  in  i  par itive  length  lo  the  Lehigh,  of  near  100  ms. 
r  direction.  The  fall  above  Stoddartsville,  probably  amounts 

jje  entire  length  of  the  Delaware  is,  by  com-  to  500  feet;  and  if  so,  this  rapid  river  falls  up- 
t|ve  courses,  from  the  Catsbergs  to  the  Atlantic  |  wards  of  1,700  feet  in  100  ms.;  and  what  may  be 
:  310  ms.,  not  quite  one-half  being  tide  water,  considered  in  a  peculiar  manner  remarkable,  no 
tjgh  rolling  over  numerous  rapids,  no  cataracts,  j  actual  cataract  worthy  notice,  exists  in  all  its 
ti  proper  meaning  of  the  term,  interrupt  the  i  course.  Above  the  water  g;ip,  the  bed  of  the 
nation  of  the  Delaware,  which,  at  times  of  Lehigh  lies  at  the  base  of  steep  or  precipitous 


•ately  high  water,  reach,  by  both  constituent 
lies,  into  N.  Y.  The  general  course  is,  with 
ing  deviation,  to  the  W.,  S.,  and  N.,  the 
;s  of  the  Cookquago  and  Popachton  being 
learly  in  similar  longitude  with  Cape  May. 
i  viewed  on  a  map,  the  various  sections  of 
ver  h;ive  the  appearance  of  having  been  ar- 
J  artificially,  the  two  lower  bends  strongly 
;ig  the  geological  influence  of  the  mountain 
i.  Though  but  little  elevated  above  the 
:.ry  surface  of  the  country  through  which  it 
,  the  great  primitive  ledge  pursues  a  direc- 
i  rnarkably  similar  to  that  of  the  Appalachian 
v.    From  Bristol  to  its  terminating  bend  be- 


rnountains,  rising  in  most  places  from  the  margin 
of  the  stream.  The  scenery  is  in  a  peculiar  man- 
ner wild,  bold,  picturesque,  and  romantic.  Be- 
low the  Kittatinny,  the  features  of  nature  are  less 
grand  along  the  banks,  but  still  follow,  in  a  rich 
succession  of  strongly  contrasted  and  elegant  land- 
scape. The  varied  character  of  its  shores  is  pre- 
served to  its  final  egress  into  its  recipient  at  Eas- 
ton, and  at  all  future  time  this  river  will  afford  an 
ample  reward  to  the  traveller. 

The  Lehigh  is  now  rendered  navigable  by  dams 
and  falling  locks  for  some  distance  above  the 
Mauchchunk.  This  very  useful  and  arduous 
work  has  been  effected  by  the  Lehigh  Coal  and 


ewcastle,  the  Delaware  river  flows-down  the  |  Navigation  Company,  under  the  direction  of  Messrs. 


largin  of  the  primitive,  separating  the  sandy 
N  of  N.  J.,  from  the  micaceous  soil  of  Penn. 
Ilel. 

Le  every  other  primary  stream  of  the  Atlantic 
»p  the  navigation  of  the  Delaware  is  less  facile 
Wi  the  early  stage  of  settlement,  but  admits 
W>  of  considerable  draught  to  the  foot  of  its 
M  rapid;  and  ships  of  the  largest  class  to 
^«jae  mouth  of  the  Schuylkill. 
S'ilar  to  the  Susquehannah  and  the  Potomac, 
*  elaware  receiver  nearly  all  its  large  tribu- 
reams  from  the  NW.    Of  these  confluents 


White  and  Haz  ud,  the  superintending  engineers. 
The  discovery  of  anthracite  coal,  made  in  the 
vicinity,  led  to  the  improvement  of  the  liver  navi- 
gation. By  reference  to  the  maps,  it  will  be  seen, 
that  the  coal  strata  between  the  Lehigh  and 
Schuylkill,  are  in  the  transition  or  inclined  region 
of  rocks.  It  may  be  observed  that  rivers  flowing 
over  transition  rocks,  are,  in  most  instances,  very 
much  impeded  by  rapids,  but  very  seldom  have 
perpendicular  falls.  Real  cataracts  almost  uni- 
formly exist  in  secondary  formation. 

The  Schuylkill  rises  in  and  drains  about  the 

709 


PEN 


five-eighths  of  Schuylkill  co.  Formed  by  two 
branches,  which  unite  immediately  above  and 
pass  through  the  Kittatinny  mountains  7  ms.  SE. 
from  Orwicksburg.  Below  the  water  gap,  or 
passage  through  the  Kittatinny,  the  Schuylkill 
turns  to  nearly  S.,  in  which  direction  it  conti- 
nues through  the  Blue  Ridge  at  Reading,  after 
having  received  Maiden  creek  from  the  NE.,  and 
the  Tulpehocken  above  that  town,  from  the  NVV. 
Below  the  Blue  Ridge  this  river  again  winds  to 
SE.,  passes  the  Southeast  mountain  above  Potts- 
town,  and  receiving  the  Perkiomen  and  some 
lesser  creeks  from  the  N.,  crosses  the  primitive 
ledge  above,  and  joins  the  Delaware  below 
Philadelphia. 

The  entire  length  of  the  Schuylkill,  by  com- 
parative courses,  is  about  100  ms.,  20  above  and 
80  below  the  Kittatinny  mountains. 

A  strong  resemblance  is  perceivable  between 
the  Schuylkill  and  the  Lehigh,  though  the  scenery 
around  the  former  is  less  rugged  than  that  which 
skirts  the  latter  stream.  Flowing  from  the  same 
mountain  valley,  the  soil  and  mineral  productions 
are  in  a  great  measure  similar  on  the  two  rivers. 
I  may  here  observe,  that  in  the  distribution  of  the 
anthracite  coal,  very  great  diversity  exists  be- 
tween the  situation  of  the  mass  on  the  Mauch 
chunk  mountain,  and  any  other  with  which  I 
have  been  made  acquainted,  in  either  the  basins  of 
the  Delaware  or  Susquehannah.  That  on  the 
Mauchchunk  lies  in  an  immense  body  on  the 
ridge  of  the  mountain,  with  little  if  any  inclination 
to  the  horizon,  and  with  a  very  thin  stratum  of 
incumbent  earth.  The  mines  on  the  Schuylkill, 
and  those  near  Wilkesbarre,  dip  like  the  other  ac- 
companying incumbent  and  decumbent  strata. 

The  Schuylkill  is  now  navigable  by  canals  and 
locks  to  the  coal  mines,  10  ms.  above  Orwicks- 
burg. The  Union  Canal  Company  is  employed 
also  in  completing  a  connexion  between  the 
Susquehannah  and  Schuylkill,  by  the  Swatara 
and  Tulpehocken  valleys. 

The  Susquehannah,  in  many  other  other  re 
spects  remarkable,  is  peculiarly  so  as  rising  on  the 
central  secondary  formation,  and  piercing  the 
mountain  obliquely,  and  reaching  the  Atlantic 
tides,  after  having  passed  all  the  intermediate  for- 
mations. This  immense  stream  enters  Pa.,  by 
two  great  branches,  the  Susquehannah  proper, 
and  the  Chemung  or  Tioga.  I  have  often  had  oc- 
casion to  observe  that  every  river  had  its  own  in- 
dividual physiognomy.  This  observation  applies, 
in  a  very  striking  manner,  to  the  Susquehannah. 
The  general  bends  of  the  latter  stream  conform,  in 
an  astonishing  degree,  to  those  of  the  Delaware  ; 
and  a  comparative  view  on  a  map  must  convince 
every  mind  that  some  general  structure  of  the 
country  through  which  they  flow  must  have  mod- 
ified and  directed  the  respective  courses  of  those 
two  rivers.  Below  their  junction  at  Tioga  point, 
the  united  streams  of  the  Susquehannah  and  Che- 
mung flow  a  little  S.  of  E-,  15  ms.  to  the  foot  of 
the  Appalachian  system,  below  Towanda.  Leaving 
the  secondary  and  entering  on  the  transition,  the 
now  considerable  stream  turns  toSE.,  and,  follow- 
ing that  general  course  50  ms.,  breaks  through 
several  chains,  and  finally,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Lackawannock,  9  ms.  above  Wilkesbarre,  enters 
the  Wyoming  valley,  and  turns  to  S  W.,  continuing 
710 


he  latter  course  near  70  ms.  down  the  moun 
valleys,  to  Northumberland  and  Sunbury,  an  , 
the  mouth  of  the  west  branch.    Tn  the  entire  , 
tance  from  Tioga  point  to  Sunbury,  the  Susi  . 
hannah  receives  no  tributary  stream  of  40  ms 
direct  length.    The  Towanda,  Wyalusing,  Tt 
hannock,  Lackawannock,  Fishing  creek,  and  s  i 
lesser  branches,  are  mere  mountain  creeks,  ra 
but  not  more  than  from  25  to  35  ms.  gen  I 
course. 

Including  all  its  higher  NE.  branches,  the  f  . 
quehannah  is  peculiar  in  the  structure  of  its  . 
leys.  Wide  bottoms  of  two  and  sometimes  t  • 
stages  spread  along  the  convex  side  of  the  be  , 
whilst  mountains  of  more  or  less  elevation  ri»  i 
both  sides  of  these  spreading  vales.  Exuhe  t 
fertility  is,  at  a  single  step,  followed  by  roAy  I 
sterile  steeps.  The  natural  timber  of  the  bott  j 
is  in  a  great  measure  different  from  that  on  I 
mountains.  In  the  former,  sugar  maple,  b| 
walnut,  elm,  beech,  and  other  trees,  indicati\  f 
a  productive  soil,  abound  ;  on  the  slopes  of  ; 
mountains,  pine,  oak,  and  chestnut,  and  al » 
the  Lawahannock  hemlock,  are  the  prevalent  - 
ber  trees.  As  a  navigable  stream,  the  Susquel  - 
nah  is  much  less  interrupted  by  rapids  or  dan  • 
ous  shoals  than,  from  the  tortuous  course  it  - 
sues  through  an  extensive  mountain  system,  c  J 
be  expected.  It  is  also  remarkable  that  when  * 
various  branches  of  this  river  pass  the  respec  e 
chains,  rapids  seldom,  and  perpendicular  falls  • 
where,  exist. 

The  western  branch  is,  in  all  its  extent,  a  I 
of  Pennsylvania.  Rising  far  within  the  seeon  y 
formation,  its  extreme  western  source  in  Ind  a 
reaches  within  less  than  35  ms.  from  the  Altai 
ny  river,  at  Kittanning.  Flowing  NE.  abouO? 
ms.  across  Clearfield,  it  receives  the  Sinnama  i- 
ning  from  the  NW.,  in  the  S W.  angle  of  Ly<  I 
ing  co.  Below  its  junction  with  the  Sinnarna  I 
ning,  the  west  branch  continues  NE.  15  ms.,  tl 
thence  to  SE.  20  ms.,  to  the  mouth  of  Bald  t  e 
creek,  fiom  Centre  co.  Below  Bald  Eagle,  e 
course  is  a  little  N.  of  E.,  35  ms.,  to  Penoil 
ough,  receiving  in  the  intermediate  distance  u 
the  N.  Pine  creek,  Lycoming,  and  Loytli  I 
From  Pennsborough  the  course  is  nearly  9.  & 
ms.,  to  the  mouth  of  the  NE.  branch,  and  35  n 
thence  to  that  of  the  Juniata.  It  may  be  oba<  j 
that  this  long  southern  reach  of  the  Susquehai  h 
has  its  counterpart  in  the  Delaware.  About  t  it 
ms  below  the  entrance  of  Juniata,  the  Susque  i- 
nah,  having  again  assumed  a  SE.  course,  fM 
the  Kittatinny  mountains,  and  10  ms.  below* 
chain  the  Blue  Ridge.  Maintaining  the  I* 
course  60  ms.  below  the  Blue  Ridge,  this  |* 
river  is  lost  in  the  tides  of  Chesapeake  bay 

Juniata,  the  SW.  branch  of  Susquehannah- 
ses  in  and  drains  the  northern  part  of  Bedfon  B 
The  sources  of  the  Juniata  are  in  the  eastern  s  1 
of  the  Alleghany  chain,  and,  flowing  20  ms.  n  l)J 
E.,  passes  Bedford,  and,  breaking  through  se  al 
mountain  chains,  turns  abrupily  to  a  course  t" 
tie  E.  of  N.  40  ms.,  and  receives  the  Franks  * 
branch  below  and  near  the  borough  of  Hung- 
don,  in  Huntingdon  co.  The  general  com  ol 
Frankstown  branch  is  from  the  N  W.  to  SE.  ld 
below  their  junction  the  united  streams  follow  at 
course  15  ms.,  breaking  through  Jack's  mow  ■ 


PEN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PEN 


■in  inflected  to  NE.,  the  Juniata  leaves  Hunt- 
inpn,  and  enters  Mifflin  co.,  and,  pursuing  that 
iliriion  near  30  ms.,  passes  Lewistown,  and, 
■j; i  winding  to  the  SE.,  breaks  through  Shade 
icitain  into  Tuscarora  valley.    Crossing  that 
Wk  in  a  course  of  10  ms.,  it  reaches  the  NW. 
bMof  Tuscarora  mountain,  down  which  it  flows 
»(  10  ms.,  where,  near  Millerstown,  it  pierces 
matter  mountain,  and,  once  more  turning  to 
E  enters  on  Perry  co.,  over  which  it  flows  15 
is  where  it  finally  mingles  with  the  Susque- 
ai  an- 
te every  other  branch  of  the  Susquehannah, 
ftihiata  is  as  remarkable  for  its  rapids  as  for 
I  :emption  from  perpendicular  falls.  Though 
filiating  in  and  having  its  entire  course  amongst 
.»y  mountains,  it  is  navigable  at  high  water  to 
,ieg  Bedford.     In  speculative  opinions  on  the 
and  most  suitable  route  to  form  a  water 
^(Wiiijnication  between  the  Chesapeake  basin  and 
teilley  of  Ohio,  the  Juniata  has  been  conspic- 
\:<ny  held  in  view.    In  such  investigations,  rel- 
\\ height  above  the  ocean  is  a  most  important 
rfwnt.    The  close  of  this  article  will  show  the 
>MKtl  difference  of  level  between  the  sources  and 
wi^of  the  Pennsylvania  rivers,  as  far  as  they 
tiivseen  ascertained  with  any  adequate  precision.  I 
1e  Potomac,  though  drawing  but  a  very  triv- 
imjft  of  its  waters  from  Pennsylvania,  demands 
i  teion  in  this  sketch,  from  the  probability  that 
tt^finnel  may  be  chosen  by  the  General  Govern- 
•  erasacanal  route  between  the  Atlantic  slope 
ardt'hio  valley.    The  Potomac  is  a  real  mount- 
4Rver,  deriving  its  sources  from  nearly  the 
hip>t  table  land  of  the  Appalachian  system.  The 
onjne  western  fountain  of  the  N.  branch  of  Po- 
tp^j  is  in  the  SE.  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  or 
B*jone  chain,  N.  lat.  39  10.    Flowing  NE. 
■"Hthe  toot  of  Alleghany  to  the  mouth  of  Sav- 
u;«  eek,  or  rather  river,  35  ms.,  the  Potomac 
tu«to  SE.  through  Will's  mountain  into  Cum- 
oeHid  valley,  which  it  crosses  about  10  ms., 
wpiit  is  again  turned  to  NE.  by  another  lateral 
nb|i!    Continuing  NE    25  ms.,  it  reaches  the 
tof^>f  Cumberland.    At  the  latter  place  occurs 
unttir  abrupt  bend,  through  a  mountain  pass, 
:  iii)  ,e  South  Branch  valley.    The  latter  stream 
n  ohuch  greater  magnitude  than  that  of  the  Po- 
proper,  rising  by  numerous  creeks  in  Pen- 
ce, Va.,  as  far  S.  as  N.  lat.  38  20.  In 
ral  comparative  course  of  100  ms.,  the  S. 
becomes  a  fine  navigable  river.    Below  the 
of  the  S.  branch,  the  Potomac  gradually 
a  NE.  direction,  which  it  preserves  about 
to  Hancock's  town,  where  it  turns  to  SE. 
rces  Sideling  Hill  chain,  and  in  a  few  ms. 
down  the  Kittatinny,  entering  the  Great 
heague  valley.     From  Hancock's  town 
ntrance  of  Conococheague  creek,  the  course 
otomac  is  a  little  S.  of  E.  25  ms.  Below 
r  creek,  the  river  inclines  to  SE.  by  S., 
to  the  N  W.  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
of  the  Shenandoah. 

g  in  and  draining  Augusta  co.,  Va.,  the 
ch  of  Shenandoah  rises  below  N.  lat.  38°. 
'J?!  nted  by  innumerable  mountain  streams,  it 
iwws  om  Augusta,  over  Rockingham  and  Shen- 
a«doj,  into  Frederick  co.,  where,  joined  by  the 
^ort ;>rarjCh}  and  continuing  a  general  course  of 


NE  ,  over  Frederick  and  Jefferson  cos.,  unites 
with  the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  about  150  ms.  At  their  junc- 
tion, the  volume  of  the  Shenandoah  yields  very 
little  in  magnitude  to  that  of  the  Potomac.  The 
united  waters  immediately  break  through  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and,  continuing  SE.  about  50  ms.,  min- 
gle with  the  Chesapeake  tides  at  Georgetown, 
within  the  D.  C.  The  general  comparative  course 
of  the  Potomac,  above  tide  water,  is,  by  the  South 
branch,  about  200,  by  the  Potomac  proper  150, 
and  by  the  Shenandoah  160  ms. 

Like  those  of  the  Delaware  and  Susquehannah, 
the  great  confluents  of  the  Potomac  are  from  the 
right  bank.  Savage  river  and  Will's  creek  from 
Alleghany,  Conococheague  from  Washington,  and 
Monococy  from  Frederick  co.,  Md..  are  compara- 
tively trivial,  when  compared  with  the  branches 
of  Potomac  derived  fr  >m  Va. 

At  Cumberland,  the  Potomac  reaches  within  5 
and  at  Hancock's  town  within  2  ms.  of  the  S. 
boundary  of  Pa.  The  extent  of  the  Potomac, 
valley  included,  in  that  State,  is  given  in  the  table. 

Leaving  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  viewing  a  gen- 
eral map  of  the  U.  S.,  we  at  once  perceive  a  great 
river  valley,  stretching  from  Pocahontas  co.,  Va., 
over  western  Pa.,  into  N.  Y.  This  valley  ex- 
tends nearly  due  N.  and  S.,  at  an  angle  of  about 
45°,  to  the  range  of  the  Appalachian  mountains, 
and  reaches  from  N.  lat.  38  30  to  N.  lat.  42  20. 
The  extremes  give  source  to  two  rivers — that  of  the 
N.  to  the  Alleghany,  and  that  of  the  S.  to  the 
Monongahela.  These  two  streams,  flowing  di- 
rectly towards  each  other,  meet  at  Pittsburg,  very 
nearly  at  the  middle  point  of  the  valley.  Their 
united  water,  taking  the  name  of  Ohio,  turns  to 
the  VV.,  or  rather  NW.,  as  far  as  the  entrance  of 
Big  Beaver  river.  With  a  very  partial  exception, 
western  Pa.  is  drained  by  the  Alleghany  and  Mo- 
nongahela.— See  articles  Ohio,  Mleghany,  and 
Monongahela. 

Though  the  lower  part  of  its  course  is  but  little 
inclined  W.  of  S.,  the  general  bends  of  the  Alle- 
ghany conform,  in  a  very  striking  manner,  to  the 
structure  of  the  Delaware,  Susquehannah,  and 
Potomac,  and  gives  another  conclusive  proof  of 
j  the  extension  of  the  Appalachian  system  far  be- 
yond  where  it  protrudes  elevated  mountain  chains. 
Having  its  source  in  Potter  co.,  Pa  ,  and  inter- 
I  locking  with  the  head  branches  of  the  Susquehan- 
nah and  Genessee,  the  Alleghany  flows  NW. 
'  about  50  ms.,  into  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y.  Ab- 
|  ruptly  turning  to  SW.,  and  preserving  that  gen- 
:  eral  course  nearly  100  ms.,  and  receiving  French 
creek  from  the  NW.,  it  thence  bends  to  SE.  40 
ms.,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mahoning.    About  the 
|  middle  of  the  latter  course,  Clarion  river  and  Red 
|  Bank  creek,  two  large  branches,  enter  from  the 
j  NE.    From  Mahoning  to  Pittsburg,  the  general 
I  course  is  again  SW.  about  50  ms. 

Kiskiminitas,  a  very  considerable  accessory 
stream  of  the  Alleghany  river,  rises  in  the  mount- 
ain valley  between  the  Alleghany  and  Chestnut 
Ridge  chains,  and,  flowing  NW.,  breaks  through 
Chestnut  Ridge  and  Laurel  Hill,  and,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  75  ms.,  unites  with  the  Alle- 
ghany near  midway  between  the  mouth  of  Maho- 
ning and  Pittsburg. 

Mahoning  and  Red  Bank  creeks  have  their 

711 


PEN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PEN 


sources  in  Chestnut  Ridge,  and  with  each  a  course 
of  about  35  ras.,  the  former  NW.  and  the  latter 
SW.,  join  the  Alleghany  in  Armstrong  co.  Cla- 
rion river  has  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
Sinnemahoning  and  the  Alleghany  river.  The 
Red  Bank,  rises  in  the  same  region  with  Clarion 
river  and  Sinnemahoning,  and  Mahoning  with 
Red  Bank  and  the  W.  branch  of  Susquehannah. 

In  point  of  surface  drained,  Kiskiminitas  is  the 
large-t  confluent  of  the  Alleghany,  and,  having 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  west  branch 
of  the  Susquehannah,  Juniata,  and  Youghiogany, 
seems  to  offer  to  the  eye  the  most  facile  link  of  in- 
tercommunication between  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio 
and  Susquehannah  N.  of  the  Potomac. 

Alleghany  river  receives  but  two  confluents  of 
moment  from  the  right:  those  are  French  and 
Conewango  creeks.  The  latter  rises  in  Chau- 
tauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  three  branches — the  Chau- 
tauque,  Casadauga,  and  Conewango.  These 
unite  in  N.  Y.,  and,  forming  a  navigable  stream, 
assumes  a  S.  course,  enters  Warren  co.,  Pa.,  anil 
falls  into  Alleghany  at  the  town  of  Warren,  after 
a  comparative  course  of  40  ms. 

French  creek  has  its  source  in  the  extreme  SW. 
angle  of  N.  Y.,  and,  increased  by  numerous  bran- 
ches from  Erie  and  Crawford  cos  ,  Pa.,  forms  a 
navigable  river  at  Meadville.  Flowing  to  the  SE. 
from  Meadville,  25  ms.,  French  creek  is  lost  in 
Alleghany  river,  at  Franklin,  Venango  co.  The 
entire  comparative  course  of  French  creek  is  about 
80  ms. 

There  is  no  other  feature  in  the  hydrography  of 
the  U.  S.  more  remarkable  than  the  country  from 
which  Chautauque  and  French  creek  have  their 
sources.  The  extreme  N  W.  waters  of  the  former 
flow  from  within  three  and  those  of  the  latter  from 
within  five  ms.  of  the  margin  of  Lake  Erie. 

Taken  as  in  a  state  of  nature,  the  Alleghany 
and  its  branches  are  the  recipients  of  the  northern 
part  of  the  great  western  basin  of  Pa.,  and  are  but 
little  impeded  by  falls,  though  rapid  as  to  current, 
from  the  declivity  of  their  plane  of  motion. 

The  Monongahela,  fojmed  by  two  branches,  the 
Monongahela  proper  and  Cheat  river,  rising  in 
Pocahontas,  Randolph,  Harrison,  Lewis,  Monon- 
gahela, and  Preston  cos.,  Va.,  unite  2  ms.  within 
the  S.  boundary  of  Pa.  The  general  length,  above 
Pa.,  about  100  ms.  in  nearly  a  N.  course.  Pre- 
serving the  latter  direction  60  ms.  in  Pa.,  and  re- 
ceiving the  Youghiogany  from  the  SE.,  the  Mon- 
ongahela mingles  with  the  Alleghany  at  Pittsburg, 
and  forms  the  Ohio. 

The  various  branches  of  the  Monongahela,  which 
derive  their  sources  from  the  western  chains  of  the 
Appalachian  system,  similar  to  the  Potomac,  claim 
a  more  than  ordinary  share  of  attention,  as  pre- 
senting the  connecting  links  of  a  proposed  line  of 
canal  improvement.  Cheat  river  flows  from  the 
northwestern  slope  of  Alleghany  mountain,  and, 
draining  the  eastern  part  of  Randolph  co. ,  passes 
Chestnut  ridge,  enters  Preston  co.,  and  there  a 
navigable  stream  continues  N.  to  within  5  ms. 
from  the  S.  boundary  of  Pa.  Turning  to  the  W., 
through  Laurel  Hill,  and  thence  NW  ,  crosses  the 
S.  line  of  Pa.,  and  unites  with  the  Monongahela. 

Youghiogany  rises  in  the  extreme  southwestern 
angle  of  Md-,  between  the  sources  of  Potomac  and 
712 


Cheat  rivers.  Pursuing  a  northern  course  r 
Md  into  Pa.,  and  augmented  by  Castleman's  r 
its  northern  branch,  the  Youghiogany  turn  0 
NW,,  and,  breaking  through  Chestnut  Ridge  J 
Laurel  Hill,  joins  the  Monongahela  at  McB  B 
port,  18  ms,  above  Pittsburg.  This  is  ak 
mountain  stream,  which,  in  all  seasons,  excej  n 
periods  of  long  drought,  contains  more  than  i  jj. 
cient  water  for  a  supply  of  the  most  capaciou  I 
nal ;  general  comparative  course  about  100 
30  in  Md.  and  70  in  Pa.  The  Voughio  J 
heads  with  the  Cheat  branch  of  Monongahela,  h 
the  N.  branch  of  Potomac,  and  by  Castlen  'j 
river  with  Juniata  and  Kiskiminitas.  Shouli  e 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal  be  seriously  u:  I 
taken,  the  channel  of  the  Youghiogany,  from  I 
tive  position,  presents  the  most  direct  route  to  te 
the  waters  of  the  Potomac  with  tho^e  of  Mi  1 
gahela. 

At  Pittsburg  the  Ohio  is  formed,  as  we  U 
seen,  by  the  confluent  waters  of  Alleghany  id 
Monongahela  The  former  is  the  principal  str  i, 
flowing  with  a  more  rapid  current  than  its  I 
From  Pittsburg  to  Beaver  river  the  Ohio  pu  eg 
a  NW.  course  25  ms.,  thence  winding  to  thi 7. 
20  ms.,  in  which  it  leave3  Pa.  and  enters  ( j. 
Within  the  latter  State,  the  Ohio  river  inflec  to 
a  course  a  little  W.  of  S.  70  ms.,  reaching  ir  «t 
direction  nearly  the  same  lat.  with  the  S.  boi  a- 
ry  of  Pa.  The  peculiar  courses  of  the  Mom  a- 
hela  and  Ohio  form  one  of  the  most  remarM 
intermediate  peninsulas  presented  by  the  topfl 
phy  of  the  U.  S.  The  two  streams  flow  in  a 
nearly  opposite  directions;  the  intervening  ce 
from  30  tj  40  ms.  wide,  and  with  a  mean  I<fl 
of  60  ms.  Though  hilly  rather  than  mounts!  a 
this  peninsula  is  elevated  to  from  600  to  1,00<2 
in  the  dividing  line  of  its  waters,  above  the  a? 
cent  rivers.  A  number  of  creeks,  none  of  vS 
can  exceed  a  comparative  course  of  25  ins* 
poured  from  the  interior  spine  into  the  resp«A 
recipients.  The  dividing  ridge  is  evidently  at 
tinued  north  of  Ohio  river,  broken  by  m 
stream  a  few  ms.  below  Pittsburg.  The  nor 9 
extension  is  continued,  inflecting  between  he 
western  sources  of  Alleghany  and  the  eim 
sources  of  Big  Beaver  river,  and  is  finally  lo 
the  southeastern  shores  of  Lake  Erie;  the  el 
em,  stretching  between  the  confluents  of  Obi  ad 
Monongahela  rivers,  mingles  with  the  Appt  hr 
ian  chains  between  the  sources  of  the  '.atte  nd 
Little  Kenawha.  This  ridge  is  the  westerri 
tress  of  the  upper  basin  of  Ohio,  and  affo  4 
striking  example  of  the  real  difference  betW'  • 
chain  of  hills  and  one  of  mountains. 

The  descent  from  the  rivers  to  the  western <g» 
of  Pa  is  so  gradual,  and  the  hills  scattered  in  <b 
promiscuous  winding,  through  the  sources  (  he 
streams,  that  an  ascent  of  600  or  TOO  feet  if 
few  ms.,  is  imperceptible;  on  the  contrary* 
mountain  chains  extend  in  regular  lines,  un  Itt- 
enced  in  their  direction  by  the  water  course;  n<l 
are  abrupt  and  steep  in  their  declivities,  he 
mountains  seem  to  have  existed  previous  to  th  i»" 
ers,  whilst  the  hills  appear  to  have  been  form  by 
the  abrasion  of  water. 

Big  Beaver,  the  first  river  which  enters  '°i 
pours  its  current  from  the  N.,  and  falls  into  re 


PEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PEN 


:i?nt  25  ms.  below  the  confluence  of  the  Alle- 
dtny  and  Monongahela.  Big  Beaver  is  formed 
b'the  Mahoning,  Shenango,  Neshanock,  and 
C  equenessing  creeks.  The  Shenango  rises  in 
A  tabula  co.,  Ohio,  and  Crawford  co  ,  Pa., 
Hin  12  ms.  from  the  SE.  shore  of  Lake  Erie, 
^-locking  sources  with  those  of  Grand  river, 
I  eaut,  and  French  creek,  and,  pursuing  a  near- 
y .  course  over  Mercer,  receives  the  Conequen- 
igig  from  the  NE.,  and,  entering  Beaver  co. , 
ji  a  with  the  Mahoning,  and  forms  Big  Beaver. 
Ihe  Mahoning  is  in  reality  the  main  branch, 
it  5  in  Oolumbiana,  Stark,  Trumbull,  and  Portage 
o  Ohio;  its  course  is  first  nearly  N.  30  ms., 
m par  Warren,  in  Trumbull.  Winding  to  SE., 
it  rsues  that  course  nearly  35  ms.,  entering  Pa. 
:|fe  SW.  angle  of  Mercer,  and  joining  the  She- 
mo  at  N.  lat.  41°,  about  2  ms.  within  Beaver 
&  Below  the  junction  of  the  Mahoning  and 
•iiango,  Big  Beaver  flows  a  little  E.  of  S.  20 
.  nto  Ohio  river.  Conequenessing  is  the  cast- 
er constituent  stream  of  Beaver,  draining  the  pen- 
i-  a  between  the  Alleghany,  Ohio,  Big  Beaver, 
nohenango  rivers. 

Kie  valley  of  Big  Beaver  is  nearly  circular,  and 
a  he',  70  ms.  diameter ;  area  3,850  sq.  ms.    It  is 

oiy  of  remark,  that  the  general  courses  are 
vr  on  a  direct  NW.  line;  of  the  Youghioga- 
;y  .low  the  mouth  of  Castleman's  river,  Monon- 
aia,  and  Ohio,  from  the  mouth  of  Youghioga- 
iy  I  that  of  Big  Beaver,  and  the  latter  and  Ma- 
Hg  to  about  3  mS  above  Warren.  This  range 
wlvigable  water  is  upwards  of  130  ins.  direct, 
■rom  180  to  200  ms.  following  the  sinuosities 
wm  streams. 

'fie  sources  of  the  Mahoning  interlock  with 
njof  the  Tuscarawas  branch  of  Muskingum, 
unJ  ayahoga  and  Grand  river,  of  Lake  Erie.  See 
iiB  ibles  of  level  under  the  heads  of  Columbia 
lint,  New  York,  Newton,  and  Virginia. 

«:  now  proceed  to  a  review  of  Pa.,  as  it  re- 
ptaj  political  and  moral  features.  Taken  as  a 
H  Pa.  is  divisible  into  three  great  sections,  of 
l«|nequal  extent.  The  smallest  but  much  best 
*wd  sections,  lies  SE.  from  the  Kittatinny  or 
i!0. mountain,  and  contains  about  one-third  of 

orampton,  all  Lehigh,  Bucks,  Berks,  Montgom- 
f?,  hiladelphia,  Del.,  Chester,  Lancaster,  Leba- 
i  early  one-half  of  Dauphin,  all  York,  Adams, 
■lerland,  and  nearly  all  Franklin  co.  The 
•ot  ainous  or  middle  section  extends  over  the 
tm  Wayne,  Pike,  two-thirds  of  Northampton, 
il  tsquehannah,  Bradford,  Luzerne,  Tioga,  Pot- 
WJcoming,  Columbia,  Northumberland,  Union, 
'•L  Clearfield,  Cambria.  Huntingdon,  Mifflin, 
one-half  of  Dauphin,  all  Schuylkill,  Bed- 
iHJnd  Somerset,  with  the  eastern  part  of  West- 
**<jnd  and  Fayette. 

T  western  hilly  section  includes  the  cos.  of 
lufiin,  Warren,  Jefferson,  Indiana,  Armstrong, 

ivjrd,  Venango,  Erie,  Mercer,  Beaver,  But- 
*i  leghany,  Washington,  Green,  and  the  west- 
H^rts  of  Fayette  and  Westmoreland. 
H|re  proceeding  to  give  the  geographical  de- 
nt (;the  State  in  general,  the  reader  is  presented 
'Uhiie  following  tables,  exhibiting  the  relative 
and  population  of  each  of  the  foregoing  sec- 
ure; the  pop.  stood  in  1820. 

!  90* 


Counties. 


Sq.  ms. 


Part  of  Northampton  east  of 

Kittatinny 
Lehigh 
Bucks 

Philadelphia  city  and  co. 
Montgomery 
Berks 

Chester  , . 

Delaware 
Lancaster 
Lebanon 

Lower  part  of  Dauphin 
York 
Adams 
Cumberland 
Franklin 

Total 

The  mountainous  or  mid 
die  section  contains— 
Wayne 
Pike 

Near  two  thirds  of  North 

ampton 
Susquehannah 
Bradfonl 
Luzerne 
Tioga 
Potter 
Lycoming 
Columbia 
Northumberland  - 
Part  of  Dauphin  - 
Schuylkill 
Union 
Mifflin 
Perry 
Centre 
Clearfield 
Hunterdon 
Bedford 
Somerset 
Cambria 

Part  of  Indiana  - 
Part  of  Westmoreland 
Part  of  Fayette 

Total 

Western  section  contains 
McKean 
Warren 
Erie 

Crawford 
Venango 
Jefferson 

W.part  of  Indiana 
W.  part  of  Westmoreland 
W.  part  of  Fayette 
Armstrong 
Alleghany 
Butler 
Mercer 
Beaver 
Green 
Washington 

Total 


400 
335 
600 
120 

450 
874 
738 
177 
928 
288 
230 
900 
528 
545 
756 


Pop. 


22,030 
18,895 
37,842 
137,097 
35,793 
46,275 
44,451 
14,810 
68,336 
16,968 
13,211 
38,759 
19,370 
23,606 
31,892 


To  sq. 
mile. 


720 
772 

710 
800 
1,174 
1,784 
1,100 
1,100 
2,290 
574 
457 
300 
745 
551 
826 
540 
1,370 
1,425 
1,185 
1,520 
1,066 
670 
300 
250 
336 


22,555 


1,442  I 
832 
720 
974 

1,114 

1,200 

-470 
814 
488 
941 
754 
785 
830 


569,355 


4,127 
2,894 

9,735 
9,960 
11,554 
20.027 
4,021 
186 
13,517 
17,621 
15,424 
8,442 
11,339 
18,619 
16,618 
11,342 
13,796 
2,342 
20,142 
20,248 
13,973 
3,287 
3,627 
4.216 
3,48S 


13,398 


260,505 


723 
1,976 
8,553 
9,397 
4,915 
^  561 
5,255 
26,344 
23,937 
10,324 
34,921 
10,193 
11,681 
15,340 
15,555 
40,038 


219,597 


Eastern  section 
Middle  section 
"Western  section 

Total 


43.932 


The  relative  density  of  population  in  Pennsyl- 
vania has  followed  the  quality  of  the  soil,  perhaps, 
less  than  in  any  State  of  the  United  States.  The 
above  table  exhibits  a  singular  inequality  in  the 
different  counties,  independent  of  either  soil  or 
commercial  facility.  It  is  seen  that  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  population  exists  on  a  small  fraction 
above  one-sixth  part  of  the  entire  area. 

713 


PEN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PEN 


The  following  table  exhibits  the  classified  popu- 
lation of  this  State,  agreeable  to  the  census  of  1810 
and  1820. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males      -  -  -  401,566 

Free  white  females    -  -  -  385,238 


Total  whites  - 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed  - 
Slaves  - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males  - 
Free  white  females  - 
All  other  persons. except  Indians,  not 
taxed  - 


Total  whites  - 

Free  persons  of  color,  males  - 
Free  persons  of  color,  females 
Slaves,  males 
Slaves,  females 

Total  population  in  1820 
Of  these : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  agriculture 
Do  manufactures 
Do  commerce 
Pop.  to  the  sq.  m.  23|  nearly. 


786,804 

22,492 
795 


810,091 

516,618 
500,476 


-  1,049,458 


10,728 
140,801 
60,215 
7,083 


Census  of  1 840 


EASTERN  PENNSYLVANIA. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  • 

15  to  20  • 

20  to  30  ■ 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  • 

50  to  60  • 

60  to  70  - 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 
90  to  100  - 

100  and  upwards 


Males. 


73,305 
57,424 
50,829 
45,796 
80.768 
53,195 
33,799 
20,007 
10,504 
4,639 
1,170 
106 


Females. 


70,271 
57,273 
49,572 
50,429 
85,175 
51,3-8 
33,777 
21,647 
12,148 
5,748 
1,593 
183 
10 


431,578 

439,214 
431,578 

Total  whites  - 



870,792 

Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtolO 
10  t  o  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

4,729 
4,612 
4,186 
2,973 
1,106 
32 

4,763 
5,866 
5,132 
3,233 
1,262 
25 

17,638 

20,281 
17,638 

Total  free  colored 
Total  slaves 

37,919 
33 

Total  colored 

37,952 

Aggregate 

908,744 

White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 

Do.  above  25  -  ... 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  -  - 

Private  charge 

Do.  total  insane,  &c. 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at 
All  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are  employed  in 

Mining 
Agriculture 
Commerce 

Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Do.  stuoents  in 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in 

Number  of  scholars  at  public  charge 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write  - 


Population  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  by  cou  % 
from  the  census  of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


Males.     Fer  i. 


0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
SO  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total 


Free  colored  persons. — Ages. 


0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  free  colored 
Slaves 


Aggregate 


76,175 
59,927 
50,693 
44,029 
71,856 
46,226 
30,567 
17,926 
9,764 
4,565 
1,283 
134 
27 

413,192 


Males. 


■ 

I 


Fe  es. 


1,516 
1,580 
996 
724 
294 
4 

5,114 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  14  to  25  - 
Do.  above  25  - 

Total  do.  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  . 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots 


714 


PEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PEN 


isane  and  idiots  at— 
c  charge  - 
rivate  charge 


to  tal 


3d  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are— 
md  dumb 

ind  .... 
sane  and  idiots 

number  of  persons  employed  in— 


ire 


ctures  and  trades 
ion  on  the  ocean 
lis,  lakes,  and  rivers 
I  professions 

ere  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
ities  or  colleges 
ents  in 

ies  and  grammar  schools 
ents  in 

and  common  schools 

lars  in  ... 

i  at  public  charge 

imber  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of 
annot  read  and  write 


679 


21 

26 
74 

2,681 
127,651 
4,029  | 
37,617  | 
140  I 
1,749  | 
2,638  ! 
812 

6 

692  j 
84 
3,665  ! 
3,072 
101,418 
39,974 


Total  of  persons  employed  in— 
Mining  - 

Agriculture  .... 
Commerce  .... 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners,  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
Universities  or  Colleges 
Students  in  do. 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 

Students  in  do.  ... 

Primary  and  common  schools 

Scholars  in  do. 

Scholars  at  public  chargR 

Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write  - 


4,603 
207,533 
15,333 
105.863 
1,815 
3,951 
6<706 
1,251 
20 
2,034 
290 
15,970 
4,968 
179,989 
73,908 

33,940 


Population  of  Pennsylvania,  by  counties,  from 
the  census  o/1840. 


age, 


17,053  i  Counties. 


Jill  Pennsylvania. 


Whites.— Ages. 


X)  - 

upwards 


'otal  whites 


Males.  Females. 


149,480 
117,351 
101,522 
89.825 
152,624 
99,421 
64,366 
37,933 
20,268 
9,224 
2,453 
240 
63 


844,770 


141,786  I 
115,570 
97,972  j 
96,692  I 
153,803  ! 
92,864  ! 
60,838  ( 
97.965 
21,007 
9,783 
2,725 
316 
24 


831,345 
844,770 


1,676,115 


Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

upwards 

6,245 
6.192 
5,182 
3,697 
.  1,400 
33 

6,264 
7,426 
6,071 
3,806 
1,505 
30 

12 

20 
0 
0 
3 
0 

8 
8 
1 
0 
11 
1 

22,752 

25.102 
22,752 

35 

29 
35 

47,854 

64 

SUMMARY. 

1,676.115 

47!854 
'  64 

1,724,033 

< 3r?ons  of  the  foregoing  who  are— 
a  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
r|  14  to  25 
He  25  - 

225 
225 
331 

'{deaf  and  dumb 

781 
540 

'•ie  and  idiots  at- 
c\arge  - 

469 
1,477 

ites  insane,  &c. 

1,946 

EASTERN  PA. 

Adams 

Berks 

Bucks 

Chester 

Cumberland 

Dauphin 

Delaware  - 

Franklin 

Lancaster  • 

Lebanon 

Lehigh 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Northampton 

Perry 

Philadelphia 
Pike 

Schuylkill  - 

Wayne 

York 

Total  - 

WESTERN  PA. 

Alleehany 
Clinton 
Warren 
Bedford 
Mifflin 
Columbia 
Green 
Susquehan 
Fayette 
Washington 
Butler 
Armstrong 
Juniata 
Beaver 
Northu'land 
Indiana 
Union 
Erie 
Huntingdon 
Lycoming 
Venango 
Somerset 
McKean 
Centie 
Tioga 
Jefferson 
Potter 
Westm'land 
Crawford 
Mercer 
Cambria 
Luzerne 
Clearfield 
Bradford 

Total 


White 


11,188 
32,313 
•23,435 
26,625 
15,043 
14,894 

9,239 
17,955 
40,781 
10,733 
12,89c 

5,135 
24.523 
20,531 

8.564 
111887 

1,946 
14,937 

6,227 
22,924 


431578 


11,164 
31,730 
22,933 
26,547 
14,890 
14,267 

9,219 
17,805 
40,417 
11,036 
12,856 

4,694 
22,036 
20,001 

8,378 
126317 

1,737 
13,791 

5,532 
23,112 


Free  col. 


439214 


39,982  39,135 
4,331  3,916 
4,891  4,347 

14,802  14,063 
6.492  6,152 

12,286  11,906 
9.510  9,223 


10,766 
16,129 
20,232 
11,527 
14,309 
5,512 
14,76 


10,332 
15,9-0 
19,932 
10,790 
13,944 
5,459 
14,342 


10,109  9,813 
10,470  10,157 
ll,360i  11,340 
16,282  14,9o2 
18,146!  16,831 
1 1,381 1  10,909 


9,350, 
9,971 
1,562 
10,453; 
H,0l2 


8,523 
9,597 
1,408 
9,738 
7,417 


3,826  3,368 

1,753  1,617 
21,183  21,225 
16,566l  15,04. 
16,576)  15,969 

5.7781  5,380 
23,56 1 1  20,230 

4,0831  3,694 
17,219  15,389 

113192  392131 


337 
283 
937 
2,187 
492 
449 
720 
979 
1,534 
50 
23 
29 
362 
92 
81 
8,316 
74 
177 
20 
496 

17636 


1,076 
43 
23 
261 
220 
36 
205 
49 
705 
557 
33 
56 
63 
139 
56 
S3 
49 
62 
254 
1S5 
16 
45 
3 
160 
34 
23 
1 

177 
63 

169 
47 

107 
35 
77 

5,114 


353 
241 
802 
1,956 
504 
508 
613 
1,054 
1 
53 
10 
21 
316 
72 
73 
11515 
75 
14 
19 
477 

20281 


1,042 
33 
17 
209 
207 
39 
208 
46 
759 
55  b 
28 
56 
45 
127 
49 
72 
35 
38 
253 
174 


4,821 


Slaves. 


18 


13 


u 


715 


PEN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PEP 


The  foregoing  tables,  giving  the  results  of  the 
census  of  1840,  will  serve  to  exhibit  the  progress 
and  changes  of  population  relatively  in  the  respec- 
tive parts  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  previous  period  of 
20  years. 

Wheat  and  wheat  flour  are  the  most  valuable  of 
the  vegetable  staples  of  Pa.,  but  large  quantities  of 
wrought  articles,  and  also  rye,  oats,  salted  provi- 
sions, fruits,  whiskey,  live  stock,  iron  in  all  forms 
of  bar  iron  and  hollow  ware,  flaxseed,  &c,  are  ex- 
ported. 

Pennytown,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  10 
ms.  NNW.  from  Trenton. 

Peno,  town,  Pike  co.,  Mo. 

Ifenobscot  river,  fails  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  30 
ms.  NE.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec.  The 
basin  of  the  Penobscot  is  150  ms.  in  length,  with 
a  mean  width  of  55  ms.  The  sources  reach  above 
N.  lat.  46°,  and  interlock  with  those  of  Chaudiere, 
branch  of  St.  Lawrence,  those  of  St.  John's  river, 
of  New  Brunswick  and  Maine,  and  those  of  Ken- 
nebec. This  basin  extends  over  an  area  of  8,000 
sq.  ms.  The  tide  ascends  to  the  town  of  Bangor, 
50  ins.  above  the  entrance  of  the  bay.  Though 
draining  less  surface  than  the  Kennebec  and  An- 
droscoggin, the  Penobscot  is  more  navigable  than 
either,  and  is  considered  as  the  principal  stream  of 
Maine.  Falls  do  not  immediately  occur  on  the 
Penobscot  at  the  head  of  the  tide.  Boat  naviga- 
tion remains  uninterrupted  20  ms.  further  inland. 
Timber  and  fish  are  the  chief  staples  exported  from 
this  fine  river,  the  former  in  immense  quantities. 

From  Penobscot  bay  to  that  of  Passamaquoddy, 
in  a  distance  of  about  100  ms.,  a  number  of  small 
rivers  enter  the  Atlantic  ocean,  the  principal  of 
which  arc,  Union  river,  Narraguagus  river,  Plea- 
sant river,  Chandler's  river,  Machias,  and  East 
rivers. 

Union  river  falls  into  the  Blackhill  bay,  the  Na- 
roguagus  into  Pigeonhill,  orNaraguagus  bay,  Plea- 
sant river  into  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  Chand- 
ler's river  into  English  bay,  and  Machias  and  East 
rivers  into  Machias  bay.  None  of  those  streams 
have  sources  60  ms.  inland,  and  though  in  a  very 
remarkable  manner  supplied  with  convenient  hnr- 
bors,  the  inland  commerce  of  the  country  is  very 
confined. 

Penobscot,  co.  of  Me.,  bounded  by  Washington 
E.,  Hancock  S.,  Kennebec  SW.,  Somerset  VV., 
and  Lower  Canada  N.  This  county  embraces  the 
central  parts  of  the  State  on  Penobscot  and  St. 
John's  rivers.  Its  extent  cannot  be  very  accurate- 
ly determined.  Most  of  its  area  remains  an  unset- 
tled wilderness.  Staple,  lumber.  Chief  town, 
Bangor.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,870;  and  in  1840, 
45,705.  N.  lat.  45°,  and  Ion.  W.  C  8°  E.  in- 
tersect in  the  southern  part  of  this  county. 

Penobscot,  bay  of  Me.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Penobscot.  It  is  long  and  capacious,  and  its  E. 
side  is  lined  with  a  cluster  of  small  islands. 

Penobscot,  seaport  and  town,  Hancock  co.,  Me., 
on  the  right  side  of  Penobscot  bay,  10  ms.  above 
Casline,  and  30  below  Bangor.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  commerce,  and  in  1818  the  shipping 
owned  there  exceeded  24,000  tons. 

Penrise,  seaport  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire, 
on  the  Bristol  channel,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Carmarthen, 
and  219  W.  of  London.  Lon.  4  12  W,,  lat.  51 
37  N. 

716 


Penrith,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  ] 
the  rivers  Eymot  and  Lowther,  18  ms.  S.  of  (  . 
lisle,  and  280  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  52  1 
lat.  54  40  N. 

Penryn,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  c  i 
creek  of  Falmouth  Haven,  has  a  great  trade  in  ; 
Pilchard  and  Newfoundland  fisheries,  3  ms.  N 
of  Falmouth,  and  266  W.  by  S.  of  London.  I 
4  59  W.,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Pensa. — See  Penza. 

Pensacola,  capital  of  West  Florida,  seated  i  ( 
bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  forms  a 
commodious  harbor,  where  vessels  may  ride  se  ; 
from  every  wind.  The  harbor  of  Pensacola  is  i  , 
commodious,  and  good  anchorage.  It  is  the  d  . 
est  haven  of  the  United  States  on  the  nurt!  i 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  admitting  -'esse  f 
20  feet  draught;  the  depth,  however,  gradi  f 
shallows  towards  the  shore.  This  city  was  foi  • 
ed  by  the  Spaniards  in  1699  by  Don  Andre  (  i 
Riola,  and  stands  at  N.  lat.  30  23,  lon.  1  19  . 
of  Wr.  C. — See  article  Mississippi  river,  sec  J 
Pensacola. 

The  town  of  Pensacola  is  built  along  the  N.  e 
of  the  bay,  on  a  sandy  plain.  Pop.  about  2,i  . 
Lon.  W.  C.  9  50  W.,  lat.  30  25  N. 

Pensance,  or  Penzance,  seaport  of  Eng.  i 
Cornwall,  on  a  creek  of  Mountsbay,  carries  ill 
considerable  traffic  in  shipping.  It  is  one  o!  e 
tin-coinage  towns,  12  ms.  E.  of  the  Land's  1  , 
and  281  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  5  35  ., 
lat.  50  1 1  N. 

Pens  ford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  r  d 
for  its  hats  and  bread,  and  seated  on  the  Che  7 
ms.  W.  of  Bath,  and  117  W.  by  S.  of  Lon  H 
Lon.  2  30  W.,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Pextatetjch,  Gr.,  Pente,  Jive  and  teuckos,\  c, 
and  is  literally  "five  books." 

Pentilicus. — See  Pendele. 

Pentellaria,  ancient  Cosyra,  island  in  the  1 1- 
iterranean,  between  Sicily  and  Cape  Bona.  t. 
36  55  N.,  lon.  11  55  E. 

Pentland  Frith,  dangerous  strait,  which  di  ;s 
the  Orkney  islands  from  Caithness-shire,  in  »'  t. 
It  is  24  ms.  long,  and  12  broad,  and  the  sea  is 
with  such  impetuous  force,  that  no  wind  can 
a  ship  against  the  current. 

Pentland  Hills,  ridge  of  mountains,  a  few  s. 
to  the  SW.  of  Edinburgh,  which  afford  trood  s- 
ture  for  sheep,  and  extend  about  10  ms.  from  I 
to  NE. 

Penza,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  aM 
vince  of  Kasan.  Its  capital,  of  the  same  narr  » 
on  the  Sura,  where  it  receives  the  rivulet  P(8, 
220  ms.  SW.  of  Kasan. 

Penzlein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxf, 
in  the  principality  of  Mecklenburg,  53  ms.  lof 
Stettin.    Lon.  15  36  E.,  lat.  53  30  N. 

Penn  yan,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Yates  •> 
N.  Y.,  is  situated  on  the  E.  and  W.  line,  bet  m 
the  tps.  of  Benton  and  Milo,  and  a  small  distce 
N.  of  the  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake,  16  ms.nearS. 
from  Geneva,  and  20  ms.  SSE.  of  Cananda;a. 
N.  lat.  42  41,  and  lon.  8'  W.  of  W.  C. 

Pepin,  lake  of  the  NW.  territory  of  the  IQ 
It  is,  in  reality,  only  an  expansion  of  the  M  s" 
sippi  river.    Lat.  43  50  N. 

Pepperell,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  40  «■ 
NW.  from  Boston. 


PER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PER 


equanock,  small  river,  N.  J.,  in  Bergen  and 
I  is  cos.  It  joins  Long  Pond  and  Rampough 
nv3,  at  Pompton,  to  form  Pompton  river. 

*quigny,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Somme, 
n  ate  province  of  Picardy,  on  the  river  Somme, 
Is.  SE.  of  Abbeville.  Lon.  2  5  R.,  lat.  49 
8  forth. 

ra,  suburb   of  Constantinople,  where  the 

m  ambassadors  usually  reside. 

ray,  St.,  village  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ar- 
>(!,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny.  Noted  for 
,im  incs,  and  is  41  ms.  NW.  of  Privas. 

rcaslaw,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
f  iof,  44  ms.  SE.  of  Kiof.  Lon.  31  50  E., 
*Q°  N. 

rche,  late  province  of  Fr.,  in  Orleannois,  35 
nong,  and  30  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by 


mdy,  on  the  W.  and  S.  by  Maine,  and  on  ;  See  article  Chronology. 


in  iron  mines,  and  the  air  is  pure  and  healthy.  It 
now  forms  the  dep.  of  Dordogne. 

Perigueux,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the 
dep.  of  Dordogne,  and  late  province  of  Perigord, 
with  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Venus,  and  an  am- 
phitheatre. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Isle,  50  ms. 
SW.  of  Limoges.    Lon.  48'  E.,  lat.  45  11  N. 

Perinda,  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the  province  of 
Dowlatabad,  188  ms.  NW.  of  Hydrabad,  Lon. 
75  50  E.,  lat.  18  33  N. 

Perinton,  town,  Monroe  co  ,  N.  Y.,  between 
Pittsford  and  Macedon.  The  tp.  lies  on  both  sides 
of  the  Erie  canal,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Rochester. 

Period,  Greek  peri,  around,  and  hodos,  a  road; 
in  astronomy,  the  time  employed  by  a  planet  to 
move  round  the  sun.  In  chronology,  a  certain 
number  of  years,  or  of  the  periods  of  the  earth. — 


Perkins,  tp.,  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  in  which  is  situ- 
It  is  now  included  in  the  I  ated  the  town  called  Sandusky  city. 

Perkinsonville,  village,  Amelia  co.,  Va.,  40 


i«  .  by  Beauce.    It  takes  its  name  from  a  forest 
tmi  pretty  fertile, 
epf  Orne. 


rche  river,  post  office,  on  a  small  creek,  so  !  ms.  W.  from  Petersburg. 
,  in  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.    The  creek  rises  by  '     Perkiomen,  river,  Pa.,  rises  in  the  eastern  an- 
il lake,   18  or  20  ms.  NE.  from  Sackctt's   gle  of  Berks,  the  southern  of  Lehigh,  and  western 


,and  falb  into  Black  river  bay,  4  ms.  below 
in  nsville. 

^rches  and  Cave,  Rapides  de,  on  the  south- 
erly branch  of  the  Ottawa  river,  immediately 
»c  le  Portages  des  Parresseux. 
i'dvalVs,  village,  Brunswickc  o.,  Va.,  68  ms.  j 
ha  W.  of  S.  from  Richmond. 

i-cy,  town  of  Northumberland  co.,L.  C.  «  j 

Ha  the  co.  of  Northumberland,  in  the  rear  and  ! 

I  Cramahe,  U.  C. 
l'dido,  small  bay  and  river,  forming  part  of 
e  mndary  between  Alabama  and  Florida.  The 
I  lo  rises  in  the  pine  woods  NW.  of  Pensacola, 
■S,  10  or  15  ms.,  opens  into  a  narrow  and  j 
img  bay,  which  communicates  with  the  Gulf  j 
sice  by  a  narrow  outlet,  nearly  parallel  to  the  : 
n   of  the  Gulf.    From  the  foregoing  circum- 

ii^l,  and  the  flatness  of  the  coast,  the  entrance  j 

nine  Perdido  bay  is  imperceptible  at  a  very 

^distance,  hence  its  name. 
1-ekop. — See  Precop. 

i  eczas,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
l  >.  the  same  name,  50  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Tockay. 
b^22  26  E.,  lat.  48  30  N. 

iga,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Albania, 
^te  the  island  of  Corfu.    Lon.  20  19  E.,  lat. 

■  N. 

/  %ama,  town  of  Turkev,  in  Romania,  60  ms. 
■  *if  Adrianople.  Lon.  25  55  E.,  lat.  41  10  N. 

t  %amo,  town  of  Natolia.    Here  parchment 

*  vented.  It  is  seated  on  the  Germasti,  15 
f'fclDm  its  mouth,  and  37  N.  of  Smyrna.  Lon. 
27U1E.,  lat.  39  5  N. 

fia,  town  of  Irac  Agemi,  in  Persia,  90  ms. 
'^'•■'Ispahan.    Lon.  51  26  E.,  lat.  32  10  N. 

tiac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aude,  and 
ovince  of  Languedoc.  It  is  celebrated  for 
1   8  works,  and  is  6  ms.  SW.  of  Narbonne. 

fjapatam,  town  of  Hindoostan,  24  ms.  SW. 
'  Sngapatam.    Lon.  76  31  E.,  lat.  12  15  N. 

f  jgord,  late  province  of  Fr.,  83  ms.  long  and 
6u  tad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Angoumois  and 
Mate,  on  the  E.  by  Querci  and  Limosin,  on  the 
S"  bAgenois  and  Bazodois,  and  on  the  W.  by 
°  u  lois,  Angoumois,  and  Saintonge.  It  abounds 


of  Bucks.  It  flows  nearly  S.  through  Montgom- 
ery co.  into  Schuylkill,  which  it  enters  6  ms.  by 
land  above  Norristown. 

Perkiomen  and  Skippack,  central  tp.,  Mont- 
gomery co.,  Pa.,  25  ms.  NW.  from  Philadelphia. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,146. 

Perleberg,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of 
the  Marche  of  Priegnitz,  62  ms.  NW.  from  Ber- 
lin.   Lat.  53  25  N.,  lon.  12  36  E. 

Perm,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  prov- 
ince of  Casan.  It  is  divided  into  two  provinces, 
Perm  and  Catharinburgh.  The  government  of 
Perm  includes  a  great  part  of  the  E.  of  European 

Russia,  extending  from  Viatka  to  Tobolsk  . 

Capital  of  the  Russian  government  of  Perm,  on 
the  Kama.  Lon.  56  26  E.,  lat  58°  N.  Upwards 
of  900  ms.  E.  by  S.  from  St.  Petersburg. 

Pernalla,  town  of  the  Deccan,  in  the  province 
of  Guzerat,  20  ms.  W.  of  Durarapour.  Lon.  72 
53  E.,  lat.  20  35  N. 

Pernambuco,  captain  generalship  of  Brasil,  and 
the  most  easterly  political  subdivision  of  America. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  N.,  NE.,  E., 
and  SE.,  the  captain  generalship  of  Bahia  SW., 
and  Maranham  W.  It  is  about  400  ms.  each  side  ; 
area  160,000  sq.  ms.  ;  extending  from  lat.  3°  to 
11°  S.  Capital,  Pernambuco  or  Olinda.  Lon. 
W.  C.  from  36°  to  41°  E. 

Pernambuco,  or  Olinda,  city  of  Brasil,  and 
capital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
composed  of  three  towns,  Recife,  St.  Antonios,  and 
Bona  Vista,  united  by  bridges  ;  Pernambuco  proper 
is  the  lower  town  ;  Olinda  stands  on  high  ground 
3  ms.  distant.  The  Portuguese  call  Recife  or 
Pernambuco  the  capital ;  but  in  a  commercial, 
mora],  or  political  point  of  view  the  whole  com- 
pose only  one  city.  Pop.  65,000.  Lon.  W.  C. 
37  10  E.,  lat.  7  20  S. 

Perne,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Mouihs  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of 
Provence.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated 
orator  Feechier,  bishop  of  Nismes,  and  a  little  to 
the  W.  of  Apt. 

Perneau,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Livonia,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 

717 


PER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PER 


name,  35  ms.  N.  of  Riga.  Lon.  23  37  E.,  lat. 
58  27  N. 

Pernes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of  the 
straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois,  on 
the  Clarence,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Arras.  Lon.  2  31 
E.,  lat.  58  26  N. 

Perno,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Nyland,  on  the  coast  of  the  Baltic,  36  ms.  E.  of 
Helsingfors.    Lon.  25  40  E.,  lat  60  30  N, 

Pernov,  fortified  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Riga.  It  is  defended  by  a  castle,  and  is 
92  ms.  N.  of  Riga.  Lon.  24  30  E.,  lat.  58 
30  N. 

Peronne,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Somme, 
and  late  province  of  Picardy,  on  the  Somme,  27 
ms.  SW.  of  Cambray,  and  80  E.  by  N.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  3  2  E.  lat.  49  55  N. 

Perote,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  State  of  Vera 
Cruz,  about  75  ms.  NW.  from  the  city  of  Vera 
Cruz,  and  1 10  nearly  E.  from  Mexico.  Lon.  W. 
C.  97  10  W.,  lat.  19  30  N.  Near  this  city  rises 
the  vast  mountain  called  by  the  Spaniards  Coffre 
de  Perote,  the  Naughcampatepetl  of  the  Aztecs, 
13,414  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico.   It  is  distant  from  the  Peak  d'Orizaba  32  ms. 

Perousa,  town  of  Piedmont,  the  chief  place  of 
a  valley  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Cluson,  16  ms.  SW.  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  18  E., 
lat.  44  59. 

Perpignan,  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  dep. 
of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of 
Roussillon,  with  a  university.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tet,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  100  ms.  SE.  of  Bor- 
deaux.   Lon.  3°  E.,  lat.  42  41  N. 

Perquimans,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Albemarle 
sound  S.,  Chowan  co  W.,  Gates  NW.,  and  Pas- 
quotank NE.  and  E.  Length  20  ms.,  mean 
width  10,  area  200  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally 
level,  and  part  marshy.  Soil  tolerably  productive. 
Chief  town,  Hartford.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,859  ; 
and  in  1840,  7,346.  Ctl.  lat.  36  10  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  1  32  E. 

Perry,  town,  Washington  co.,  Maine,  25  ms. 

NE.  from  Machias.  Town,  Genessee  co.,  N. 

Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,317,  Co.,  Pa.,  bounded 

by  Cumberland  8.,  Franklin  SW.,  Mifflin  NW., 
and  the  Susquehannah  river  or  Dauphin  SE. 
Length  38  ms.,  mean  width  14,  area  540  sq.  ms. 
This  co.  was  taken  from  Cumberland  in  1820,  and 
comprises  Shermans  and  Tuscarora  valleys,  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  peninsula  between  the  Snsque 
hannah  and  Juniatta  rivers,  extending  from  the 
Blue  or  Kitlatinny  to  the  Tuscarora  mountain.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Susquehannah  and  Juniata  rivers, 
and  by  Sherman's  and  other  creeks.  The  soil  is 
generally  productive  in  grain,  fruit,  and  pasturage. 
Chief  town,  Landisburg  Pop.  in  1820,  11,342  ; 
und  in  1840,  17,096.    Ctl.  lat.  40  23  N.,  lon. 

W.  C.  20'  W.  Village,  Venango  co.,  Penn. 

 Co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Harlan  S.,  Clay  W  , 

Estille  NW.,  Pike  N.,  and  Floyd  E.  Length  50 
ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  ;  surface 
hilly  and  broken  generally,  and  in  part  mountain- 
ous. Kentucky  river  rises  in  the  southern  part  of 
this  co.    Ctl.  lat.  37  30,  lon.  W.  C.  6  8  W. 

Pop.  in  1840,  3,089.  Interior  co.  of  Ohio, 

bounded  on  the  N.  by  Licking  co.,  E.  by  Mus- 
kingum and  Morgan,  S.  by  Athens  and  Hocking, 
on  the  W.  by  Fairfield  co.    It  is  24  ms.  long  by 
718 


18  broad,  containing  400  sq.  ms.  A  considerable  t 
of  Perry  co.  is  hilly  and  somewhat  hard  of  till 
It  is,  however,  found  to  be  excellent  for  the  '. 
duction  of  wheat.    Stonecoal  is  found  in  sev  | 
places.    'It  contains  the  post  town  of  Some 
the  seat  of  justice,  and  Thornville;  beside  T  / 
Reading,  Lexington,  and  Burlington,  of  less  . 
portance.    It  has  no  considerable  stream  of  w  r 
within  its  limits  ;  some  of  the  tributary  branc 
however,  of  the  Muskingum  and  Hockhocking  . 
ers  rise  in  this  co.    Pop.  in  1820,  8,429 ;  an  i 
1840,  19,344.    Ctl.  lat.  39  47  N.,  lon.  W.  <  $ 

16  W  Town,  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  situated  - 

tween  Painesville  and  Madison,  on  the  soutl  j 
shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Pop.  in  1820,  614.-. 
Tp.,  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  and  in  which  is  situated  a 

town  of  Kendall.    Pop.  in  1820,  607.  ri 

Wayne  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  558.  '  j 

Shelby  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  the  southern  bor » 

of  Tuscarawas  co..  Ohio,  in  which  is  situatec  a 

village  of  Westchester.  Tp.,  Muskingum  , 

Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  543.  Tp.,  Gallia  , 

Ohio.  Northern  tp.,  Brown  co.,  Ohio.   J . 

in  1820,  666.  Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.-- 

NE.  tp„  Licking  co.,  Ohio.  S.  tp.,  Fair  i 

co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  612.  Tp.,  Rich  J 

co.,  Ohio.  Co.,  Ia.,  bounded  by  Ohio  r 

SE.  and  S.,  Spencer  W.,  Dubois'  NW.,  d 
Crawford  N.  and  NE.  Length  28  ms.,  n  j 
width  15,  area  about  400  sq.  ms.  Surface  I 
ken,  and  soil  fertile.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,330;  d 
in  1840,  4,  655.    Ctl.  lat.  38  10  N.,  lon.  W  . 

9  30  W.  Co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Wayn  ,, 

Hardin  SW.,  Henderson  W.,  Carroll  N  , 
Humphries  N.,  and  Hickman  E.  Length  33  , 
mean  width  26,  area  825  sq.  ms.  Tennessee 
flows  N.  through  the  western  part  of  this  co. 
in  1820,  2,384;  and  in  1840,  7,419.  Ctl.  la 

40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  11°  W.  Central  cc  if 

Alabama,  bounded  by  Dallas  S.,  Green  W.,  ' 
caloosa  NW.,  Bibb  NE.,  and  Autauga  SE. 
haba  river  flows  across  this  co.  from  N.  to  S 
viding  it  into  almost  equal  sections.  Ctl.  la'  2 
48  N.  lon.  W.  C.  10  W.    Pop.  in  1840,  1! 

 Co.,  Mississippi,  bounded  by  Jackson  d 

Hancock  S.,  Marion  W.,  Covington  N.,  d 
Green  E.  Length  30  ma.,  breadth  30,  area 
sq.  ms.  Surface  moderately  hilly,  soil,  exce  .o 
a  very  small  extent  near  the  6tream,  is  sterile,  id 
covered  with  pine  timber.  Leaf  river,  the 
NW.  confluent  of  the  Pascagoula,  flows  thn  k 
this  county.  Staple,  cotton.  Pop.  in  1  \ 
2,037.    Ctl.  lat.  31  12  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  13°  ? 

 C.  H.  and  post  office,  Perry  co.,  Ky.  - 

C.  H.  and  post  office.  Perry  co.,  Alabarm  n 
Cahaba  river,  50  ms.  SSE.  from  Tuscaloosa,  it 
33  45  IN.,  lon.  W.  C  9  59  W. 

Perryopolis,  village  in  the  lower  or  norl 
part  of  Fayette  county,  Pennsylvania,  16  mi!  a 
little  W.  of  N.  from  Uniontown,  and  8  NE.  tn 
Brownsville. 

Perry sburg,  NW.  post  town,  Cattaraugus 
N.  Y.,  on  Cattaraugus  creek,  30  ms.  8.  m 

Buffalo.  Town,  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  at  ;he  I  er 

rapids  of  Maumee  river,  and  on  the  right  bai  ot 
that  stream,  135  ms.  NNW.  from  Columbus  W 
ms.  SW.  from  Detroit,  and  50  ms.  SW.  by'- 
from  the  Bass  islands  in  Lake  Erie.  Pof'n 
1840,  1,065. 


PER  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PES 


'erry's  Mills,  village,  Tatnall  co.,  Ga.,  115 
ai  SE.  from  Milledgeville. 

'errysville,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  7  ms. 
Worn  Pittsburg,  on  the  road  from  that  city  to 

nony. 

erryville,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.  

/  ige,  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  62  ms.  NNE.  from 

;,imbus.  Village,  Mercer  co.,  Ky.,  4  ms.  S. 

I  Frankfort. 

errysville,  village,  Perry  co.,  Mo.,  about  80 

ni  little  E.  of  S.from  St.  Louis.  Village, 

?fty  co.,  Tenn.,  by  postroad  112  ms.  SW.  by 

A  from  Murfreesborough.  Village,  Mercer 

oKy.,  40  ms.  SW.  from  Lexington.  Town, 

■  co.,  111.,  on  Kaskaskias  river,  15  ms.  be- 
j^andalia. 

main,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Pegu,  near 
.  i3r  of  the  same  name,  132  ms.  SW.  of  Pegu. 
jD  94  55  W.  lat.  16  45  N. 

rsepolis,  one  of  the  ancient  capital  cities 
f  ersia,  properly  so  called.    Its  magnificent 
rii  are  50  ms.  NE.  of  Schiras,  and  200  SE.  of 
%ian.    Lon.  56  20  E.,  lat.  30  10  N. 

rsepolis,  (the  Persian  city,)  is  a  name  purely 
drj;,  and  unknown  to  either  the  ancient  or 
incrn  Persians.    The  latter  call  the  ruins  of 
tht  ity  "Tacht  a  Jemsheed,'/  or  the  Palace  of  Jems- 
et  and  "Tchehil  Minar,"  the  Forty  Towers. 

rshore,  town  of  Eng.  in  Worcestershire, 
ivtta  manufacture  of  stockings  on  the  Avon,  9 
w;3SE.  of  Worcester,  and   106  WNW.  of 

0  on. 

.rsia,  Gulf  of,  sea  or  inland  lake  between 
en  and  Arabia.  The  entrance  near  Ormus  is 
.Jtibove  30  ms.  over,  but  within  it  is  from 
i  Ho  250  in  breadth,  and  the  length  from  Ormus 
ttM(!  mouth  of  the  Euphrates  is  500  ms.  The 
-mem  side  is  particularly  celebrated  for  its  pearl 

wsia,  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  Southern 
Affc  In  our  books,  this  term  is  used  specifically 
***  i  immense  kingdom  extending  from  the  In- 
Mincean  to  the  Caspian  sea,  and  from  the  Euph- 
ralfco  the  Indus  river.    In  modern  times,  if  it 
•e /as  so,  this  part  of  Asia  has  not  at  any  period 
*  united  into  one  sovereignty,  and  now  con- 
win  two  distinct  empires,  Persia  in  the  West, 
>'id  fghanistan  in  the  East,  whilst  the  tribes  of 
•Am,  and  the  princes  of  the  Makran  in  the  S., 
"*>se  petty  and  independent  States.  These 
isions  are  not  merely  political,  they  are 
n-^.d,  and  founded  on  difference  of  language  and 
*>4*.l  position — See  Asia,  p.  84. 

1  .ton,  co.  N.  C,  bounded  by  Virginia  N., 
'8ilie  E.,  Orange  S.,  and  Caswell  W.     It  is 

i  aire  of  20  ms.  each  side,  area  400  sq.  ras. 

Extreme  NW.  sources  of  Neuse  and  Pam- 
1  o 'vers  rise  in  the  SE.  angle  of   this  co.,  J 

its  NW.  part  is  drained  by  the  SE.  con- 
huti;  of  Dan  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,029  ;  and 
l"  1  0,  9,790.    Central  lat.  36  22  N.,  lon.  W. 

W. 

t  th,  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Perth-  | 
8"»«jonthe  SW.  side  of  the  Tay,  which  is  navi- 
8aWjfor  small  vessels,  but  the  largest  vessels  are  I 
°°lifl  to  unload  at  Newberg.  The  salmon  ! 
ho&<  is  a  great  article  of  trade ;  and  it  has  con-  [ 
siiehle  manufacture  of  linen  and  cotton  goods,  : 
ieatt^  boots,  shoes,  and  gloves.    In  1811,  the  j 


number  of  inhabitants  was  17,000.  It  is  35  ms. 
N,  by  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  3  20  W.,  lat. 
56  24  N.,  Pop.  of  the  co.  in  1801,  126,336;  in 
1811,  135,093,  and  in  1821,  139,050. 

Perth  Amboy,  seaport,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  seated 
on  a  neck  of  land,  between  the  river  Raritan,  and 
Staten  Island  Sound.  Its  situation  is  high  and 
healthy.  It  lies  open  to  Sandy  Hook,  and  is  one 
of  the  best  harbors  on  the  continent.    It  is  25  ms. 

I  SW.  of  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  798.    Lon.  75° 

j  W.  lat.,  40  35  N. 

j     Perthes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and 

i  Marne,  6  ms.  SSW.  of  Melun.  Town  of  Fr., 

j  in  the  dep.,  of  Upper  Marne,  6  ms.  NW.  of  St. 
I  Dizier. 

|     Pertigi,  town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  19  ms. 

i  SE.  of  Castel  Aragonese. 

Pertuis,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Mouths 

;  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  Provence,  10 

j  ms.  N.  of  Aix,  and  27  of  Marseilles.  Lon.  5  36 
E.,  lat.  43  44  N. 

Perturbation,  term  in  astronomy  serving  to 

j  designate  deviations  of  planetary  paths,  from  the 
form  of  regular  ellipses,  occasioned  by  the  mu- 

j  trjal  attractions  of  the  planets,  when  approaching 

I  and  receding. 

Peru,  late  province  of  Spain,  in  S.  America. 

!  It  lies  between  lat.  1  30  N.,  and  25  10  S.,  being 

j  nearly  2,000  ms.  long  from  N.  to  S.,  and  350  in 
breadth.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Popayan, 
on  the  E.  by  the  country  of  the  Amazons  and 
Paraguay,  on  the  S.  by  Chili  and  La  Plata,  and 
on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lima  is  the 
capital. — See  America,  p.  53. 

Peru,  is  now,  (1826,)  completely  independent 
of  Spain  ;  part  has  been  incorporated  with  Colom- 
bia, part  with  La  Plata,  and  the  residue  forms  the 
Republic  of  Bolivia.  The  staple  commodities  of 
this  great  country,  include  nearly  all  that  is  valuable 

in  the  vegetable  and  mineral  kingdoms.  Town, 

Bennington  co.,  Vt.,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Benning- 
ton. Town,  Berkshire  co.,   Mass.    Pop.  in 

1820,  748.  Town,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 

Lake  Champlain,  nearly  opposite  Burlington,  and 
on  the  Riviere  aux  Sables  in  the  SW.  corner  of 

the  co.  Village,  Huron  co.,  O.,  by  postroad 

130  ms.  N.  from  Columbus. 

Perugia,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Perugino,  with 
a  university,  on  a  hill,  75  ms.  N.  of  Rome. 
Lon.  12  20  E.,  lat.  43  6  N. 

Perugia,  lake  of  Italy,  of  a  circular  form,  al- 
most 5  ms.  in  diameter.  It  is  8  ms.  from  the  city 
of  that  name,  in  the  province  of  Perugino. 

Perugino,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiasti- 
cal State,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Tuscany,  on 
the  S.  by  Orvietano,  on  the  E.,  by  the  duchies  of 
Spoletto  and  Urbino,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  city 
of  Citta  Castellana.  It  is  25  ms.  in  length,  and 
near  as  much  in  breadth.  The  air  is  pure,  and 
the  soil  fertile  in  corn  and  good  wine.  The  capi- 
tal is  Perugia. 

Pesaro,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Urbino, 
the  harbor  is  excellent ;  the  environs  are  remarka- 
ble for  producing  good  figs,  of  which  large  quan- 
tities are  sent  to  Venice.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, at  the  mouth  of  the  Foglia,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,   17  ms.  ENE.  of  Urbino,  and  130  of 

Rome.    Lon.  13  2  E.,  lat.  43  52  N. 

Pescara,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore, 

719 


PET 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PET 


at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  8  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Civitadi-Penna, 
and  100  NE.  Naples.  Lon.  15  2  E.,  lat.  42  27 
North. 

Peschiera,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese,  on 
Mincio,  which  proceeds  from  the  Garda,  16  miles 
W.  of  Verona.  Longitude  11  4  E.,  latitude  45  26 
North. 

Peseta,  town  of  Tuscany,  noted  for  the  excel- 
lent oil  it  produces.  It  is  10  ms.  SW.  of  Pistola. 
Lon.  11  22  E.,  lat.  43  47  N. 

Pesenas,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Herault, 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  delightfully  seated 
on  the  river  Pein,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Beziers.  Lon. 
3  34  E.,  lat.  43  28  N. 

Peshawer,  river  of  Afghanistan,  often  named, 
also,  river  of  Cabool,  rises  in  the  mountain  gorges 
near  the  city  of  Ghiznee,  and  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  the  Helmund,  and,  flowing  eastward 
about  150  miles  to  Jellalabad,  having  passed  the 
city  of  Cabool,  receives  the  Koma  river  from  the 
N.,  inflects  to  SE.  by  E.,  and  in  that  direction 
through  about  100  miles,  falls  into  the  W.  side  of 
the  Indus  nearly  opposite  Attock. 

Peshawer,  city  of  Afghanistan,  from  which  the 
river  of  that  name  is  so  called,  is  not,  however, 
situated  on,  but  at  some  distance  from  its  southern 
shore.  Lat  34  8  N.,  lon.  71  32  E.  of  London, 
about  N  W.  by  W.  from  Attock. 

Pest,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  on  the  Danube,  opposite  Bu- 
da,  35  ms.  SE.  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18  25  E.,  lat. 
47  24  N. 

Petaw,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Sty- 
ria,  on  the  Drave,  100  miles  S.  of  Vienna.  Lon. 
15  36  E.,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Pe-tcheli,  Tcheli,  or  Li-pa-fou,  the  principal 
province  of  China,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  great 
wall  and  part  of  Tartary,  on  the  E.  by  the  Yel- 
low sea,  on  the  S.  by  Chang-tong  and  Honan, 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  mountains  of  Chansi.  It 
contains  nine  cities  of  the  first  class,  which  have 
several  others  under  their  jurisdiction.  The  tem- 
perature of  the  air  in  this  province  does  not  seem 
to  agree  with  its  latitude  ;  for,  although  Pe-tcheli 
extends  no  further  than  42°  N.,  yet  all  its  riv- 
ers are  so  much  frozen  during  four  months  in  the 
year  that  wagons  with  the  heaviest  loads  may  safe- 
ly pass  them.  The  soil  is  sandy,  and  produces 
very  little  rice,  but  it  abounds  with  all  other  kinds  \ 
of  grain,  and  with  the  greater  part  of  the  fruit  trees  ! 
we  have  in  Europe.    Peking  is  the  capital. 

Peter  and  Paul,  St.  Petropawloskoi,  seaport 
of  Kamtschatka,  in  the  Russian  government  of 
Irkutzk.  The  town  consists  of  some  miserable  log- 
houses  and  a  few  conical  huts.  Lon.  158  43  E., 
lat.  53°  N- 

Peterhoff,  in  Russia,  is  situated  about  20  miles 
from  Petersburg,  and  distinguished  for  its  palace  J 
and  garden. 

Peterborough,  city  of  England,  in  Northamp-  i 
tonshire,  on  the  Nen,  over  which  is  a  bridge  into  ! 
Huntingdonshire.    It  carries  on  a  trade  in  corn,  j 
coal,  and  timber.    It  is  42  miles  NE.  Northamp- 
ton, and  81  N.  of  London.    Lon.  10'  W.,  lat.  52 
30  N. 

Peterborough,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Oneida  creek,  30  miles  SW.  from  Utica.    In  this 
place  is  a  State  arsenal,  and  factories  of  cotton  and 
720 


woolen  goods,  and  glass  ware.  Town,  s 

borough  co.,  N.  H.,  on  Contoocook  river,  u 
40  ms.  SW.  from  Concord.  It  is  a  place  of  r 
extensive  manufactures,  amongst  which  gril 
cotton  and  one  woolen  factory.  Pop.  in  n 
1,500. 

Peters,  tp.,  Franklin  county,  Pennsylvani  >e 
j  tween  the  E  branch  of  Conogocheague  and  i  tl 
mountain,  10  ms.  W.  from  Chambersburg.  p 
in  1820,  2,776. 

Peter,  St.,  parish  of  Beaufort  district,  'M 
Carolina. 

Peterhead,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen  n 
i  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ogie,  on  the  most  ea  lj 
!  point  of  Scotland.  It  has  an  excellent  harbo  le 
|  fended  by  a  pier,  which  can  contain  40  or  5i  * 
j  sels  in  perfect  safety.  A  considerable  trade  i  ir 
j  ried  on  directly  to  the  Baltic  for  iron,  nem[  n 
i-and  other  articles.  It  has  likewise  a  mutual  in 
I  of  sewing  thread.  It  is  a  little  to  the  W.of  jl 
i  annes,  and  34  ms.  NE.  of  Aberdeen.  Lea  I 
I  W.,  lat.  57  28  N. 

Petersburg,  metropolis  of  the  Russian  er  1 
j  in  the  government  of  the  same  name,  is  sil  ■ 
on  the  river  Neva,  near  the  gulf  of  Finlaru  nt 
is  built  partly  upon  some  islands  in  the  mo  a 
that  river,  and  partly  upon  the  continent.    8 1 
as  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  tbegrou  l 
which  Petersburg  now  stands  was  only  a  va  10- 
:  rass,  occupied  by  a  few  fishermen's  huts.  Pel  M 
!  Great  first  began  this  city  in  1703.  He  built  z  ial 
'  hut  for  himself,  and  some  wretched  wooden  1  ik 
In  1710,  the  Count  Golovkin  built  the  first  n 
of  brick,  and  the  next  year,  the  emperor,  wi  hid 
own  hand,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  house  ■ 
same  materials.    From  these  small  beginning  m 
the  imperial  city  of  Petersburg  ;  and,  in  less  iu 
nine  years  after  the  wooden  hovels  were  first  4* 
led,  the  seat  of  empire  was  transferred  from  Of 
j  cow  to  this  place.    The  streets  in  gener  an 
j  broad  and  spacious,  and  three  of  the  prill 
(  one*-,  which  meet  in  a  point  at  the  admirait  an 
j  at  least  two  miles  in  length.    Most  of  the  an 
paved,  but  a  few  are  still  suffered  to  remain  t  rsj 
with  planks. 

The  views  upon  the  banks  of  the  Neva  ( ibj 
the  grandest  and  most  lively  scenes  imac 
That  river  is  in  many  places  as  broad  fjfl 
Thames  at  London  ;  it  is  also  deep,  rapid, 
transparent  as  crystal ;  and  its  banks  are  h 
each  side  with  a  continued  range  of  grand  H 
ings.   On  the  N.  the  fortress,  the  Academy  ( >tt 
ences,  and  the  Academy  of  Arts,  are  the  mo  tri 
king  objects.    On  the  opposite  side  are  the  in  n» 
palace,  the  admiralty,  the  mansions  of  many  R  n 
nobles,  and  the  English  line,  so  called,  b 
is  mostly  occupied  by  English  merchants, 
front  of  these  buildings,  on  the  south  side,  J^j 
quay,  which  extends  three  miles,  except  wl 
is  interrupted  by  the  admiralty;  and  the  Nei^j 
ring  the  whole  of  that  space,  has  been  emb 
by  order  of  the  late  empress,  by  a  wall,  p 
and  pavement  of  hewn  granite.    Petersburg,  t  % 
more  compact  than  the  other  Russian  citie  >U 
bears  a  resemblance  to  the  towns  of  that  v 
being  built  in  a  very  straggling  manner.  F 
low  and  marshy  situation,  it  is  subject  to  i 
tions,  which  have  sometimes  risen  so  higl  3 


threaten  the  town  with  a  total  submersion 


PET 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PFU 


,psite  divisions  of  Petersburg,  situated  on  each 
;i(  of  the  Neva,  are  connected  by  a  bridge  on 
uooons,  which,  on  account  of  the  large  masses 
()f:e  driven  down  the  stream  from  Ladoga,  is 
is  lly  removed  when  they  first  make  their  ap- 
jeince;  and,  for  a  few  day?,  till  the  river  is  fro- 
zfhard  enough  to  bear  carriages,  there  is  no  com- 
,  ication  between  the  opposite  parls  of  the  town. 

nong  the  noblest  ornaments  of  Petersburg,  is 
n  |uestrian  statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  erected  by 
Harine  II.,  in  1782.    It  is  of  colossal  size,  and 
s  on  a  huge  pedestal  of  rock,  brought  there 
at  >at  expense.    Within  the  walls  of  the  fortress 
[i  i!  cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  in  which 
•posited  the  remains  of  Peter  the  Great,  and 
;>f  ;  successive  sovereigns,  except  Peter  II.,  who 
aiuried  at  Moscow.    Petersburg  is  355  miles 
I  of  Moscow,  750  NE.  of  Vienna,  525  NE. 
fipenhagen,  and  300  NE.  of  Stockholm.  Lon. 
m  E.,  lat.  69  fiO  N. 

Jersburg,  port  of  entry  and  village,  in  Din- 
wjte  co.,  Va.,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Appo- 
m-x  river,  in  lat.  37  12  N.,  and  lon.  78  8  W. 
Uli',2  miles  S.  of  Richmond,  and  79  W.  of  the 
>rgh  of  Norfolk.    This  is  a  place  of  considera- 
e  ide  in  cotton,  grain,  flour,  and  tobacco  ;  the 
eWts  of  one  year  having  amounted  to  1,390,000 
Being  in  the  centre  of  one  of  the  earliest 
eltl  parts  of  the  Stale,  it  is  surrounded  by  a 
wieiy  and  populous  country. 
•  ne  situation  of  Petersburg  is  peculiarly  well 
adhlid  to  both  commerce  and  manufactures.  The 
faUsi  Appomattox  present  excellent  sites  for  ma- 
\*Mijy,  whilst  a  canal  cut  around  them  obviates 
iwiatural  impediment  to  navigation.    It  occu 
piesirt  of  three  counties.    The  body  of  the  place 
ir>inwiddie,  but  it  also  comprises  the  village  of 
.a  ford,  in  Prince  George  co.,  and  Powhatan, 
mi  (esterfield  co.    This  town,  from  some  local 
Wjisin  a  remarkable  manner  exposed  to  fires. 
tirsburg,  town,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  25 
ilcNE.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,248. 
-—village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  47  ms.  from  Har- 

Ihll;.  Village,  8  ms.  SE.  from  Gettysburg, 

4w:  co.,  Pa.  Village  of  Perry  co.,  Pa.,  on 

Ui4  ;ht  bank  of  Susquehannah  river,  15  miles 

i'"J*Harrisburg.  Town,  Elbert  co.,  Georgia, 

'«  t  right  bank  of  Savannah  river,  on  the  point 
tr  junction  of  Broad  and  Savannah  rivers,  35 

niw.bove  Augusta.  Village,  Woodward  co., 

Kyijn  Kentucky  river,  15  miles  above  Frankfort, 
■'—♦■pall  town  on  the  eastern  border  of  Colum- 
bia co.,  Ohio.  Village,  Boone  co.,  Ky.  

Vil^,  Pike  co  ,  Indiana,  156  miles  SSE.  from 
ImWipolis. 

Prsdorf,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
^jid,  24  ms.  E.  of  Koningsberg. 

P  rsfield,  borough  of  England,  in  Hampshire, 
•  tl  Loddon,  18  miles  NE.  of  Portsmouth,  and 
Wfr.  of  London.    Longitude  58'  W.,  latitude 

P>,rshagen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  princi- 
pnHt1of  Minden,  seated  on  the  Weser,  3  ms. 
'  m  Mnden,  and  37  W.  of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  6 
I  52  25  N. 

Pcrsham,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  25 
W  W.  of  Worcester,  and  66  W.  of  Boston  ; 
&brahof  Chicapee  river  passes  by  this  town. 
*VB10,  1,499  ;  in  1820,  1,623. 
M 


Peterstown,  village,  Monroe  co.,  Va. 

Petersville,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  20  ms. 
NE.  from  Frederick. 

Peterwaradin,  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the  Dan- 
ube, between  the  Save  and  Drave,  35  ms.  NW.  of 
Belgrade.    Lon.  20  30  E,,  lat.  45  26  N. 

Petherton,  town  of  England,  in  Somersetshire, 
on  the  Parret,  18  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Wells,  and 
133  W..by  S.  of  London.  Lon  2  41  E.,  lat.  50 
56  N. 

Petigliano,  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Siennese, 
45  msrSE.of  Sienna.  Lon.  11  42  E.,  lat.  42 
23  N. 

Petit  Guave,  seaport  of  St.  Domingo,  on  a  bay 
at  the  W.  end  of  the  island.  Lon.  72  52  W., 
lat.  28  27  N. 

Petoune,  city  of  Eastern  Chinese  Tartary,  in 
the  department  of  Kirin,  on  the  Songari,  1 12  ms. 
N.  by  E.  of  Kirin,  and  600  NE.  of  Peking.  Lon, 
124  55  E.,  lat.  45  3  N. 

Petrikow,  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Siradia,  80  ms.  SW.  of  Warsaw.  Lon. 
19  46  E.,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Petrina,  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  on  the  Pe- 
trina,  27  ms.  E.  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  16°  E.,  lat. 
46°  N. 

Pettaw,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Sty- 
ria,  on  the  Drave,  28  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Gratz.  Lon. 
15  37  E.,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Pettapolly,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast 
of  Coromandel.    Lon.  80  46  E.,  lat.  15  49  N. 

Petty  cur  y  harbor  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  one 
mile  from  Kinghorn,  in  the  Frith  of  Forth. 

Petworth,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  near  the 
Arun,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Chichester,  and  49  SW.  of 
London.    Lon.  34'  W.,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Pevensey,  village  of  England,  in  Sussex,  on  a 
small  river  which  runs  into  a  bay  of  the  English 
channel,  called  Pevensey  harbor,  14  ms.  WSW. 
of  Hastings. 

Peytonsburg,  small  village,  Pittsylvania  co., 
Va.,  45  ms.  S.  from  Lunch  burg. 

Pua.r£,  Fr.  and  Eng.  light-house,  Gr.  pharos. 

Phases,  Gr.  phaino,  to  appear,  to  show,  &c 
As  an  astronomical  term,  it  expresses  those  differ- 
ent apparent  changes  which  the  planets  undergo, 
as  seen  from  the  earth,  but  especially  applied  to 
those  of  the  moon. 

Pfafenhoffen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Ilm,  19  ms.  NW.  of  Katisbon.  Lon. 
12  3  E.,  lat.  49  27  N. 

Pfalgel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  witn  a  convent,  formerly  a  palace  of  the 
kings  of  the  Franks.    It  is  3  ms.  NE.  of  Treves. 

Pfirt,  or  Forette,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Al- 
sace, 10  ms.  W.  of  Basil.  Lon.  7  20  E.,  lat.  47 
37  N. 

Pforlsheim,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  marquisate 
of  Baden  Durlach,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Entz,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Durlach.  Lon.  9  46  E., 
lat.  48  57  N. 

Pfriemb,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Bavaria, 
with  a  castle,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Pfrient  and  Nab,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Amberg.  Lon. 
12  21  E.,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Pfullendorf,  imperial  town  of  Suabia,  seated 
on  the  Andalspatch,  37  ms.  of  Ulm.  Lon.  9  27 
W.,  lat.  48  8  N. 

721 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PHI 


Phanagoria,  small  and  beautiful  island  of  Asia, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  strait  of  CafTa — See  Taman. 

Pharos,  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
opposite  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  the  space  between 
which  and  the  continent  forms  an  extensive  har- 
bor. It  has  a  communication  with  the  continent 
by  a  strong  causeway  and  bridge.  It  formerly  had 
an  exceedingly  high  tower  upon  it,  called  the  Pha- 
ros, and  on  the  top  of  it  were  lights  for  ^he  direc- 
tion of  ships.    Lon.  31  11  E.,  lat.  30  24  N. 

Pharsalia,  now  Pharza,  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Janna,  in  the  plains  of  which  some 
suppose  the  decisive  battle  was  fought  between 
Csesar  and  Pompey,  in  48  B.  C.  Seated  on  the 
Enipens,  10  ms.  S.  of  Larissa.  Village,  Che- 
nango co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  NW.  from  Norwich. 

Phasis,  river  of  Asia,  which  crosses  Mingrelia, 
and  falls  into  the  Black  sea, 

Phelps,  NE.  town,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  about 
200  ms.  W.  of  Albany.  Pop.  1810,  3,408;  in 
1820,  5,688. 

Philadelphia,  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nato- 
lie,  seated  on  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Timolus,  in 
an  extensive  plain.  The  Greeks  retain  its  ancient 
name,  but  the  Turks  call  it  Allahijah.  It  contains 
1 1,000  inhabitants,  among  whom  are  2,000  Chris- 
tians. It  is  40  ms.  ESE.  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  28 
15  E.,  lat.  38  28  N. 

Philadelphia,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Delaware 
river  SE.,  Delaware  co.  SW.,  Montgomery  co. 
NW.,  and  Bucks  co.  NE.  Length  18,  mean 
width  7  ms.,  area  about  120  sq.  ms.,  exclusive  of 
the  space  occupied  by  Philadelphia  and  its  suburbs. 

The  distinction  made  in  the  returns  of  the  cen- 
sus of  1820,  between  the  city  and  co.  of  Philadel- 
phia, gives  a  very  inadequate  representation  of  the 
respective  population  of  each.  To  all  commercial 
and  moral  purposes,  Philadelphia  embraces  the 
city,  properly  so  called,  Southwark,  Spring  Gar- 
den, the  incorporated  Northern  Liberties,  and 
Kensington.  With  the  aggregate  pop.  of  these 
sections,  the  city  contained  in  1820,  108,809  in- 
habitants, and  the  co.  proper,  separate  from  the 
city,  28,288. 

With  all  this  deduction,  Philadelphia  co.  is  one 
of  the  most  densely  populated  cos.  in  the  U.  S- 
Besides  the  city  of  Philadelphia  and  its  suburbs, 
the  co.  contains  the  borough  of  Frankford  and  vil- 
lages of  West  Philadelphia,  Hamilton,  Mantua, 
Germantown,  Holmesburg,  Bustletown,  and  some 
others  of  lesser  note. 

Philadelphia,  the  second  largest  city  in  the  U. 
S  ,  in  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa.,  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  Schuylkill  rivers,  5  ms.  above  their  junc- 
tion. The  original  city  was  a  parallelogram,  ex- 
tending W.  from  the  Delaware  to  a  little  W.  of 
Schuylkill  about  12,000  feet,  or  a  small  fraction 
above  2  ms.,  and  N.  and  S.  5,700  feet,  or  a  little 
more  than  a  mile.  In  the  advance  of  commerce 
and  other  business,  the  buildings  were  naturally 
extended  along  the  main  stream,  the  Delaware, 
and  now  reach  from  the  lower  part  of  Southwark 
to  Gunner's  run,  the  upper  part  of  Kensington, 
near  4  ms.,  and  along  Market  street  from  one  river 
to  the  other.  The  N.  and  S.  streets  amount  to 
23,  those  from  E.  to  W.  14,  in  the  city  proper. 
Except  Dock  street,  those  of  the  city  cross  at  right 
angles.  That  regularity  is  not,  however,  extend- 
ed to  the  Liberties.  In  the  latter  the  streets  inter- 
722 


sect  in  most  instances  with  more  or  less  obliqi 
Besides  the  main  or  principal  streets,  the  city  \ 
Liberties  are  diversified  by  a  great  number  of 
nor  streets,  lanes,  and  alleys.    The  streets 
much  in  width.    Broad  street  is  113,  Hig  r 
Market  100,  Mulberry  or  Arch  street  60  feet,  d 
the  others  of  various  widths. 

The  site  of  Philadelphia  was  originally  but  e 
diversified  by  elevations.  The  lower  part  J 
level,  and  the  upper  waving  ;  the  whole  comj;  d 
of  an  alluvial  deposite  of  sand  and  gravel,  ove  J 
by  a  thin  stratum  of  vegetable  earth.  Com  n 
sewers  have  been  formed  under  most  of  the  n 
streets,  which  carry  the  filth  into  the  Delav 
and  preserve  the  health  and  contribute  to  the  I 
venience  of  the  inhabitants.  No  city  in  the  (  5. 
is  so  well  supplied  with  excellent  water.  e 
works  erected  on  the  Schuylkill  to  elevate  the  t- 
ter  into  a  reservoir  and  the  reservoir  itself  e 
works  which  would  do  honor  to  any  city,  n 
enormous  dam  has  been  erected  in  the  rive  y 
which  wheels  are  set  in  motion,  which  raise  ,e 
water  into  a  reservoir.  This  depository  of  tk  .* 
placed  on  an  eminence  above  every  other  pa  if 
the  site  of  the  city.  Pipes  are  thence  contir  I, 
which  convey  the  water  to  every  part  of  the  y 
proper. 

As  a  commercial  port,  Philadelphia,  fron  ,e 
peculiar  features  of  the  Delaware  river,  is  e 
liable  to  be  impeded  by  ice  than  is  either  N.  k 
or  Baltimore ;  but  independent  of  that  cir  i- 
stance,  the  former  possesses,  perhaps,  as  man)  t- 
ural  advantages  as  either  of  the  others. 

As  a  manufacturing  city,  Philadelphia  is  fii  n 
the  Union.  It  would  be  useless  to  spet.'fj  ie 
number  or  value  of  each  article  ;  it  may  suffi<  ;o 
say  that,  in  the  city,  Liberties,  and  environ;  1- 
most  every  object  of  necessity,  and  some  of  i  i- 
ment  and  luxury  are  produced.  Accordin  to 
Coxe's  View,  the  value  of  manufactured  ar  es 
produced  here  in  1810  exceeded  $16,000,3. 
Printing  is  very  extensively  carried  into  opers  a, 
both  in  the  production  of  books  and  public  p  & 

The  inland  trade  of  Pennsylvania  is  very  e  i- 
sive.  This  city  competes  with  New  Fork,  * 
Orleans,  and  Baltimore,  in  the  supply  of  tl  n- 
habitants  in  the  basin  of  Mississippi.  Unde  ie 
articles  Lehigh,  Delaware,  Schuylkill,  and  s- 
quehannah,  may  be  seen  the  various  natural  !  Ill 
ties  of  external  and  internal  water  communion 
open  to  Philadelphia;  and  under  the  same  id 
other  articles  are  noticed  the  artificial  opera; 
either  performed,  in  progress,  or  designed,  t  id 
the  natural  facilities,  or  remove  the  impedimei  to 
intercommunication. 

The  U.  S.  navy  yard  at  Philadelphia  com  es 
a  part  of  Southwark.  The  depth  of  water  is  fi- 
cient  for  launching  vessels  of  the  first  class  ut 
not  of  floating  them  with  their  guns,  crews  oi 
other  necessary  lading.  Before  being  prepare  or 
sea,  ships  of  the  line  have  to  be  removed  w 
down  the  Delaware. 

The  environs  of  Philadelphia  have  been  tty 
admired  for  soft,  and  yet  varied  scenery.  ne 
banks  of  the  Schuylkill  are  much  more  pictur  ue 
than  those  of  the  Delaware,  and  the  forme  lso 
much  more  extensively  and  tastefully  impr 
Pratt's  gardens  above,  and  Barton's  below  the  J» 
are  indeed  elegant  and  rich  additions  to  a  p  ire 


PHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PHI 


red  more  seductive  by  contrast  with  the  two 
tillages  of  Hamilton  and  Mantua,  and  two 
iful  and  noble  bridges  which  connect  those 
es  to  the  city  ;  the  whole  intermingled  with 
rous  detached  seats,  and  crowned  by  the  ar- 
1  cascade,  locks,  water  works,  and  reservoir 
ir  Mount. 

ken  together,  if  we  engroup  its  advantages 
isadvantages,  if  we  consider  the  order  of  its 
ns,  the  cleanliness  and  regularity  of  its  streets, 
s  well  cultivated  and  abundant  neighborhood, 
f  be  doubted  whether  mere  is  concentrated  in 
ther  place  to  minister  to  human  comfort  and 
erity. 

Population  in  1810. 
white  males      -  -  -  23,240 

white  females   -  24,128 

Total  whites     -  -  -  47,368 

her  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

ed  -  -  -  6,352 

■  "   »S  •■   '  2 

Total  population  in  1810  -  53,722 

Population  in  1820. 

white  males      -  25,785 

rhite  females  -  -  .  29,232 
-r  persons,  except  Indians,  nt»t 

1,203 

otal  whites     -  56,220 

'rsons  of  color,  males  -          -  3,156 

rsons  of  color,  females           -  4,423 

females        -  3 

tl  population  in  1820  -  63,802 

foreigners  not  naturalized    -  777 
J  in  agriculture         -  -  156 

d  in  manufactures     -  -  6,100 

1  in  commerce  -  -  2,984 

preceding  table  includes  only  the  pop.  of 
elphia  from  the  S.  side  of  Vine  to  the  N. 
Cedar,  or  South  street  inclusive.  See  Phil- 
ia  co.  The  incorporated  suburbs  of  Phila- 
contained,  in  1820,  45,007  inhabitants, 


assed : 

ers  not  naturalized     -          -  672 
in  agriculture         -  63 
in  manufactures     -          -  3,475 
in  commerce          -          -  481 
bining  these  separate  elements,  the  pro- 
pop,  of  the  city  and  suburbs  will  stand  as 

in  agriculture         -          -  219 

in  manufactures      -          -  9,575 

in  commerce          -          -  3,465 


government  of  Philadelphia  is  vested  in  a 
aldermen,  recorder,  and  select  and  cora- 
ncils. 

Progressive  population. 

43,527 


92,247 
108,809 
167,811 
-  200,000 


The  latter  two  numbers  include  the  adjacent 
villages  which,  to  all  commercial  and  social  pur- 
poses, are  parts  of  the  city,  though  by  the  census 
of  1840,  the  aggregate  of  the  city,  properly  so 
called,  amounted  to  only  93,365. 

Philadelphia,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y. ;  by 

post  road  173  ms.  N  W.  from  Albany.  V ill. , 

on  the  northern  border  of  Monroe  co.,  Tenn.,  and 
on  Sweet  Water  creek,  about  35  ms.  SW.  from 
Knoxville. 

Philanthropy,  village,  Butler  co.,  O.,  122  ms. 
SW.  from  Columbus. 

Philathi,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Alba- 
nia, 10  or  12  ms.  S.  from  Butrinto.  From  Bu- 
trinto,  along  the  coast  of  the  channel  of  Corfu,  it 
is  about  10  ms.  to  Keraha,  the  principal  port  of 
the  inhabitants  of  a  district  whose  chief  town  is 
Philathi,  and  which,  as  the  word  imports  in  mod- 
ern Greek,  abounds  in  Olives.  The  Philatheotes 
inhabit,  for  the  distance  of  16  or  17  ms.  to  the 
eastward,  both  banks  of  a  river  that  appears  to  cor- 
respond with  the  Thyamis  of  Thucydides  and 
Strabo,  and  to  amount  to  between  6,000  and  8,000 
inhabitants,  mostly  Christians.  To  the  E.  and 
SE.  from  Philathi  extends  the  mountainous  dis- 
trict of  Margiriti. 

Philips,  town  in  the  extreme  western  part  of 
Somerset  co.,  Me.,  and  on  the  head  of  Sandy 
river,  109  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Portland. 
 Town,  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Hudson  riv- 
er, nearly  opposite  West  Point.  Co.  of  Ark., 

lying  along  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Francis  rivers. 
Chief  town,  St.  Helena,  on  the  Mississippi.  Cen- 
tral lat.  35  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  14°  W. 

Philipsburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  7  ms. 
S.  of  Spire,  and  40  NE.  of  Strasburg.    Lon.  8 

33  E.,  lat.  49  12  N.  Village,  Orange  co.,  N. 

Y.  Village,  Warren  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  Dela- 
ware river,  nearly  opposite  Easton,  in  Pa.  

Village  on  Mushannon  creek,  Centre  co.,  Pa., 

20  ms.  SE.  from  Clearfield.  Village,  Jefferson 

co.,  O.,  70  ms.  below  Steubenville,  and  on  the 
Ohio  river. 

Philips- Norton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somerset- 
shire, 7  ms.  S.  of  Bath.  Lon.  2  16  W.,  lat.  52 
16  N. 

Philip stadt,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Wermeland, 
seated  in  a  hilly  and  rocky  country,  abounding  in 
iron  mines,  between  two  lakes,  and  watered  by  a 
rivulet.  It  is  20  ms.  NE.  of  Carlstadt.  and  140 
N  W.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  14  1 0  E. ,  lat.  59  30  N. 

Philip's  Store,  post  office,  Nash  co.,  N.  C.  ;  by 
postroad  60  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Philipston,  village,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.  ;  by 
postroad  67  ms.  from  Boston. 

Philipstown,  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
King's  co.,  40  ms.  W.  of  Dublin.  Lon.  7  3  W., 
lat.  53  18  N. 

Philipsville,  village  of  the  parish  of  New  Feli- 
ciana, La. 

Philipville,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
North,  and  late  province  of  Hainault,  on  an  emi- 
nence, 25  ms.  SE.  of  Mons,  and  125  N.  by  E. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  4  24  E.,  lat.  50  7  N. 

Philippi,  ancient  town  of  Macedonia.  It  was 
near  this  place,  commonly  called  the  plains  of 
Philippi,  where  Cassius  and  Brutus,  two  of  the 
assasinators  of  Ca3sar,  were  defeated  by  Augustus 

723 


PIA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PIC 


and  Mark  Antony,  in  42  B.  C.  It  is  67  ms.  E. 
of  Salonichi.    Lon.  24  25  E.,  lat.  40°  N. 

Philippina. — See  Samar. 

Philippine,  town  of  Flanders,  on  an  arm  of  the 
Scheldt,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Flushing.  Lon.  3  51  E., 
lat.  51  16  N. 

Philippine  Islands,  islands  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
discovered  by  Magellan  in  1521.  They  are  said 
to  be  about  1,200  in  number,  of  which  400  are 
considerable.  The  principal  are  Luconia,'  Minda- 
nao, Samar,  Matsbate,  Mindoro  Luban,  Panay, 
Leyte,  Bohol,  Zebu,  Negros  St.  John's  Xolo,  and 
Abyo.  The  air  is  very  hot  and  moist,  and  the 
soil  fertile  in  rice  and  many  other  useful  vegetables 
and  fruits.  Lon.  117  13  to  120  50  E.,  lat.  6  30 
to  18  15  N. 

Philippines,  New,  otherwise  called  Palaos  and 
Carolinas,  islands  in  the  N.  Pacific  ocean,  to  the 
E.  of  the  most  southern  of  the  Philippine  islands. 
There  are  about  32  in  all,  between  the  equator  and 
the  Ladrones ;  but  they  are  very  little  known  to 
the  Europeans. 

fJhilippoli,  town  of  European  Turkey,  on  the 
Marizza  river,  82  ms.  NW.  from  Adrianople. 
Lat.  42  15  N.,  lon.  24  50  E. 

Phillips,  co.,  Ark.,  bounded  by  Monroe  W., 
St.  Francis  co.  N.,  and  on  SE.,  and  S.  by 
the  Mississippi  river.  As  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
improved  map  of  the  United  States,  the  outlines 
approach  very  nearly  to  a  right  angled  triangle  ; 
base  a  N.  and  S.  line,  54  ms.  ;  perpendicular  E. 
and  W.,  32  ;  the  hypothenuse  being  the  general 
course  of  the  Mississippi  river;  area  864  sq.  ms. 
Cent.  lat.  34  30,  lon.  W.  C.  13  45  W.  With 
but  little  exception,  it  is  flat  and  liable  to  annual 
submersion.  Chief  town,  Helena.  Pop.  1830, 
1,152;  and  in  1840,  3,547. 

Philone,  village,  Franklin  co.,  O.,  14  ms.  from 
Columbus. 

Phippsburg,  village,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  42  ms. 
from  Portland. 

Phtsics,  from  Greek  root  phussis,  nature — the 
science  of  Natural  Things. 

Pianeza,  town  and  castle  of  Piedmont,  seated 
on  the  Dora,  8  ms.  from  Turin. 

Pianoza,  island  of  Italy,  off  the  coast  of  Tusca- 
ny, 6  ms.  S.  of  that  of  Elba.  It  is  level  and  low, 
as  the  name  imports.  Lon.  10  34  E.,  lat.  42 
46  N. 

Piast,  a  term  in  Polish  history,  derived  from 
the  personal  name  of  a  peasant  of  Cujavia,  on 
whose  head  the  crown  was  placed  at  the  death  of 
Popiel  A.  D.  830.  Piast  was  the  founder  of  a 
dynasty  which  terminated,  in  the  direct  line,  in 
John  Cassimir,  1608,  or  endured  838  years.  This 
dynasty,  indeed,  twice  passed  by  females  to  for- 
eign houses  ;  and  in  Hediviga,  daughter  of  Louis, 
king  of  Hungary  and  Poland,  and  wife  of  Jagel- 
lon,  or  Wladislaus  V,  the  blood  of  Piast  ceased  to 
exist,  as  Hediviga  died  childless  ;  but  it  was  in 
consequence  of  their  intermarriage  that  Jagellon 
possessed  and  transmitted  the  crown  to  his  de- 
scendants. Therefore,  though  his  blood  failed, 
the  authority  of  Piast  was  perpetuated  in  the  Ja- 
gellon family.  Again,  in  1587,  the  crown  passed 
to  the  Swedish  family  of  Wasa,  through  Cathe- 
rine, daughter  of  Sigismund  I,  and  sister  of  Sigis- 
mund  II,  Augustus,  who  intermarried  with  John, 
king  of  Sweden.  They  were  succeeded  on  the 
724 


the  throne  of  Poland  by  their  son  Sigismunc  f 
and  he  again  by  two  of  his  sons,  Wladislau:  J{ 
and  John  Cassimir.  The  latter  abdicated  in  !  g 
and  terminated  the  last  shadow  of  the  Piast  s- 
tory.  Long,  however,  before  the  extinction  (  ie 
Piast  line  of  succession,  the  royal  authority  ii  > 
land  had  become  elective  and  worse  than  non  jt 
John  Cassimir  predicted  the  dissolution  of  hi  a- 
tion,  and  named  the  partitioning  Powers. 

Piava,  river  which  rises  in  the  mountai  of 
Tyrol,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  h  iq 
mouths,  a  little  N.  of  Venice. 

Picardy,  late  province  of  France,  boundt  )n 
the  N.  by  Hainault,  Artois,  and  the  straits  oi  i>. 
ver,  on  the  E.  by  Champagne,  on  the  S.  b.ji 
isle  of  France,  and  on  the  W.  by  Normand  id 
the  English  channel.  It  now  forms  the  d<  of 
Somme. 

Pichincha,  volcanic  mountain  in  S.  Am  a, 
near  Quito,  only  1 1'  S.  of  the  equator,  ig 
15,939  feet  above  the  ocean. 

Picighitone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  c  i- 
lan,  with  a  castle,  in  which  Francis  I,  of  Fr  e, 
was  imprisoned.  It  is  seated  on  the  Serio,  I  u. 
NW.  of  Cremona,  and  36  SE.  of  Milan,  n. 
10  4  E.,  lat.  45  16  N. 

Pickaway,  co.,  O.,  bounded  by  Ross  S.,  y. 
ette  W.,  Madison  NW.,  Delaware  N.,  Faiii 
E.,  and  Hocking  SE.  Length  22,  width  21  .; 
area  about  4?0  sq.  ms.  A  considerable  port  of 
the  land,  especially  on  the  eastern  side  of  ^  >lo 
river,  is  of  a  very  superior  quality,  and  pro  « 
immense  quantities  of  the  different  kinds  of  j  ni 
It  has  the  four  varieties  of  woodland,  barrpn,  n, 
and  prairie.  The  plain  land  equals,  and  pe  pe 
excels,  any  other  land  in  the  western  count  or 
the  production  of  wheat,  generally  producing  mi 
40  to  45  bushels  per  acre  of  the  first  quality  he 
prairies  are  best  for  corn  and  grass,  and  the bj  ns 
produce  excellent  pastures.  These  three  kiit^ 
lands  probably  compose  one- fifth  part  of  thefl 
of  the  co.  ;  the  other  four-fifths  being  now,  ( ifl* 
long  since,  heavily  timbered."  Scioto  river  ns 
from  N.  to  S.,  through  nearly  the  middle  o  he 
co.  The  other  principal  streams  are  Lower  al- 
nut,  Darby,  and  Deer  creeks.  Pop.  in  0, 
13,149.   Cent.  lat.  39  48  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  V. 

Pickaway,  tp.  of  the  co.  just  described.  f» 
in  1820,  1,908. 

Pickaway  Plains,  remarkable  level  and  il« 
body  of  land  in  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  3  ms.  JW 
Circleville.  These  plains  lie  a  little  E.  fron  ci- 
oto  river,  in  somewhat  a  circular  or  rather  an  ip- 
tical  form,  with  the  longest  diameter  from  l>  to 
SW.,  being  about  7  ms.  in  that  direction  13| 
from  NW.  to  SE.  These  are  natural  plains,  th« 
out  a  tree  or  a  shrub  within  reach  of  the  ejf  ■ 
cepting  along  the  distant  borders  in  th?  surr  )<!• 
ing  horizon. 

Pickens,  co.,  Alabama,  bounded  W.  by 
bigbee  river,  S.  by  Greene  co.,  E.  by  Tusca  sa. 
NE.  by  Jefferson,  and  N.  by  Marion  ;  length 
and  mean  width  about  30  ms.,  area  1,200  scns- 
N.  lat.  33  20,  and  lon.  W.  C.  11'  W.,  intefl 
near  the  centre  of  this  city.  Pop.  in  1840,  17 18. 

Pickens,  northwestern  district  of  S.  C,  bad 
ed  by  Tennessee  N.,  Georgia  W.,  Anderso 
trict,  S.  Car.,  S.,  and  Greenville  E. ;  leng  « 
ms.  E.  and  W.,  and  breadth  22  N.  to  S.,re« 


PIG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PIK 


9  sq.  ms.  N.  Iat.  34  40,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  6' 
V,  intersect  near  the  centre,  slope  southwardly, 
ai  drained  hy  the  sources  of  the  Savannah  river. 

P.  in  1840,  14,356.  C.  H.  and  post  office, 

Pcens  co.,  Alabama. 

'ickensville,  Pendleton  district,  S.  C,  near  Sa- 
Wi  river,  135  ms.  above  Columbia,  and  15  NE. 
fr  i  Pendleton. 

'ickering,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  North  Riding 
Yorkshire,  26  ms.  NE.  of  York.    Lon.  38 

V  lat.  54  15  N.  Town  of  York  eo.,  U.  C, 

make  Ontario  E.  from  York. 

ickeit's  Valley,  post  office,  Greenville,  S.  C, 
bj'ost  road  123  ms.,  NW.  from  Columbia. 

ico,  the  largest  and  most  populous  of  the 
M-es  or  Western  inlands,  so  called  from  a  lofty 
,  ntain  on  it,  rising  to  upwards  of  7,000  feet, 
it  oduces  a  great  quantity  of  wine.    Lon.  28 
^V.,  lat.  38  29  N. 

ictou,  small  island  on  the  coast  of  Nova  Sco- 
ij  Lat.  45  46  N. 

iedmont,  literally  "foot  of  the  mountains ," 
»»'her  vague  and  now  obsolete  name  for  what 
»i formerly  a  part  of  Lombardy,  but  now  be- 
ioi >  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and  lies  at  the  foot 
of  e  Alps.  It  contains  many  high  mountains, 
•trig  which  are  rich  and  fruitful  valleys,  as  pop- 
.ksas  any  part  of  Iialy.  In  the  mountains  are 
r*»s  of  several  kinds.  This  country  has  a  great 
tm  in  raw  silk  ;  and  it  produces  also  corn,  rice, 
m  fruits,  hemp,  flax,  and  cattle.  Turin  is  the 
ifil. 

£p?za,  populous  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Si- 
flwe,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  25  ms.  SE.  of 
Sfeio,  and  56  S.  of  Florence.  Lon.  1 1  42  E., 
Ial!3°  N. 

uprra  la  Moutier,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the 
tUfraf  ISivernois,  and  late  province  of  Nivernois. 
i  i seated  in  a  bottom  surrounded  by  mountains, 
a(K  ear  a  lake,  which  renders  the  air  unwhole- 
cq*  15  ms.  NW.  of  Moulins,  and  150  S.  of 
P*  Lon.  3  13  E.,  lat.  46  48  N. 
qlprcy,  tp.,  Coos  co.,  N.  H. 

ifcrmont,  town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.  Pop.  in 
fll,017. 

rpont,  town  in  the  eastern  border  of  Ashta- 
,  adjoining  the  Pa.  State  line.    Tt  is  10 
>ng  and  5  broad. 

repoint,  village  near  the  centre  of  St.  Law- 
,  N.  Y,  35  ms.  SE.  from  Ogdensburg,  and 
road  224  ms.  NNW.  from  Albany. 
re,  St.,  small  desert  island  near  iNewfound- 

Lon.  56°  W.,  lat.  46  39  N.  The  cap- 

Martinico,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island. 

»l  21  W.,  lat.  14  1  N.  Small  island  of 

rland,  in  the  lake  of  Neufchatel. 
,  St.,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  near 

Island,  small  island  8  ms.  from  the 
)f  Malabar  and  15  from  the  town  of  Onore. 
n  5  E.,  lat.  14  1  N. 

xerol,  town  of  Piedmont,  at  the  entrance 
valley  of  Pesura.    It  is  seated  on  the  Clu- 
<5  ms.  SW.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  30  E..  Iat. 

ney,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aube,  and 
le  rovince  of  Champagne,   12  ms.   NE.  of 
roji.    Lon.  4  25,  lat.  48  20  N. 
P  Point,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md.,  on  Patux 


cut  river*,  23  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Washing- 
ton City. 

Pike,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  NE.  by  Sullivan  co., 
N.  Y.,  SE.  by  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  SW.  by  North- 
ampton, and  NW.  by  Luzerne  and  Wayne; 
length  31,  width  25  ms.  ;  area  772  sq,  ms.  ;  sur- 
face hilly,  or  rather  mountainous,  and  soil  locky 
and  barren  generally.  Chief  town,  Milford.  Pop. 
in  1820,  2,894;  and  in  in  1840,  3,832.  Ctl. 
lat.  41  20  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  50  E. 

Pike,  co.  of  Georgia,  bounded  N.  by  Fayette 
and  Henry,  by  Butts  and  Monroe  E.,  Upson  S., 
and  Flint  river,  separating  it  from  Merriwether, 
W.  It  lies  in  form  of  a  parallelogram,  22  ms.  E. 
and  W.,  18  ms  N.  and  S.  ;  area  about  400  sq. 
ms.  Cil.  lat.  33  8,  lon.  7  30  W.  from  W.  C. 
Chief  town,  Zebulon.    Pop.  in  1840,  9,176. 

Pike,  co.  of  Alabama,  bounded  by  Covington 
and  Dallas  S.,  Butler  W.,  Montgomery  NW., 
Macon  NE.,  and  Barbour  E.  and  SE.  ;  length 
from  NE.  to  SW.  50  ms..  mean  breadth  18,  and 
area  900  sq.  ms.  Central  lat.  31  50,  lon.  9'  W. 
from  W.  C.  Slope  SW.,  and  in  that  direction 
drained  by  the  Patsaliga,  Conecuh,  and  Pea 
branches  of  Escambia  river.    Pop.  1840,  10,108. 

Pike,  co,  of  Mississippi,  bounded  by  La.  S., 
Amite  W.,  Lawrence  N.,  and  Marion  E.  ;  length 
27,  width  30  ms.  ;  area  about  800  sq.  ms. ;  sur- 
face generally  uneven  rather  than  hilly,  and  soil, 
except  along  the  streams,  sterile,  and  timbered  with 
pine.  Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Holmsville. 
Pop.  in  1820,  4,438;  and  in  1840,  6,151.  Ctl. 
lat.  31  12  N.,  lon.  13  10  W. 

Pike,  one  of  the  extreme  eastern  cos.  of  Ky., 
bounded  by  Harland  and  Perry  SW.,  by  Perry  W., 
by  Floyd  N.,  and  by  Cumberland  mountain  or  Rus- 
sell and  Tazewell  cos.,  Va.  SE.  ;  length  50,  and 
mean  width  15  ms.,  area  750  sq.  ms.  Kentucky 
river,  and  some  of  the  southern  branches  of  Big 
Sandy  river,  rise  in  this  co.  Ctl.  Iat.  37  25  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  5  33  W.    Pop.  1840.  3,567. 

Pike,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  S.  by  Scioto,  SW. 
by  Adams,  W.  by  Highland,  N.  by  Ross,  and  E. 
by  Hocking  and  Jackson  ;  length  32,  breadth  15 
ms.,  area  400  sq.  ms.  Some  fertile  tracts  exist, 
and  much  second  rate  soil,  though  the  largest 
share  of  its  surface  is  rough  and  hilly.  Scioto  river 
passes  through  near  the  middle  of  the  co.  Chief 
town,  Piketon.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,253 ;  and  in 
1840,  7,626. 

Pike,  co.  of  Illinois,  bounded  by  Callaway  and 
Greene  SE.,  E.  and  NE.  by  Morgan,  N.  by 
Brown  and  Adams,  and  by  the  Mississippi  river, 
separating  it  from  Pike  and  Ralls  cos.,  Missouri, 
W.  and  SW.  Greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.  50 
ms.,  greatest  breadth  30,  mean  breadth  20,  and 
area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Pittsfield,  the  co.  seat,  is 
near  the  centre.  N.  lat.  39  38,  and  lon.  13  35 
W.  of  W.  C.  Pop.  in  1840,  10,646.  The  Illi- 
nois river  traverses  this  co.,  and  divides  it  into 
two  unequal  parts,  the  larger  lying  between  the 
Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers.— See  Pittsfield  of 
this  co. 

Pike,  co.  of  Indiana,  bounded  by  Warwick  S., 
Gibson  W.,  White  river  or  Knox  and  Daviess  N., 
and  Dubois  E. ;  length  24,  breadth  17  ms.,  area 
410  sq.  ms.  Patoka,  branch  of  the  Wabash, 
passes  through  the  middle  of  this  co.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,472;  and  in  1840,  4,769. 

725 


PIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


PIP 


Pike,  co.  of  Missouri,  bounded  by  Lincoln  and  j 
Montgomery  S.,  by  Ralls  W.  and  NW.,  and  by 
Mississippi  river  E.  This  co.  would  average  about 
20  ms.  sq.,  or  400  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Louisi- 
ana. Pop,  in  1820,  3,747;  and  in  1840,  10,646; 
but  including  then  a  large  space  N.  of  Missouri 
river,  now  included  in  other  cos.  Ctl.  lat.  29  20 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  13  45  W. 

Pike,  co.  of  Arkansas,  bounded  by  Clark  E., 
Hempstead  S.,  Sevier  W  ,  and  Hot  spring  N. 
Length  from  E.  to  W.  30  ms.,  breadth  18,  and 
area  540  sq.  ms.  Slope  SE.,  and  drained  by  the 
higher  branches  of  Little  Missouri.  As  placed  on 
Bradford's  map,  Zebulon,  the  co.  seat,  stands  on 
Little  Missouri,  about  45  ms.  SW.  from  Hot 
spring  C.  H.  N.  lat.  34  8,  Ion,  W.  C.  16  25 
W.    Pop.  of  the  co.  in  1840,  969. 

Pike,  town,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y..    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,622.— Village,  Bradford  co.,  Pa.  

Tp.,  Knox  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Perry  co.,  Ohio. 

 NW.  tp.  Madison  co.,  O.  Tp.,  Wayne 

co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  the  southern  part  of  Stark 

co.,  Ohio  NW.  tp.  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 

in  1820,  536.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Pike  co., 

Kentucky. 

Pikeland,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW. 
side  of  Schuylkill,  between  Charleston  and  Vin- 
cent tps.,  20  ms.  N.  W.  from  Philadelphia.  Pop. 
in  1820,  1,221. 

Pike  Run,  tp.,  Washington  c,  Pa.,  on  Mo- 
nongahela  river,  commencing  nearly  opposite 
Brownsville,  and  extending  to  the  NW. 

Pikesville,  village,  Baltimore  co.,  Md. 

Piketo?i,  seat  of  justice,  Pike  co.,  O.,  situated 
in  Seal  tp.,,  and  on  the  E.  bank  of  Scioto  river, 

19  ms.  below  Chilicothe,  and  26  above  Ports- 
mouth. N.  lat.  59  7;  and  Ion.  5  59  W.  from  W. 
C.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1840,  1,835. 

Pikeville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Bledsoe 
co.,  Tenn  ,  on  the  Sequachee  river,  80  ms.  a  little 
S.  of  E.  from  Murfreesborough.  Lat.  35  38  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  8  11  W.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Marion  co.,  Alabama,  about  70  ms.  NW. 
from  Tuscaloosa 

Pilcamayo,  river  of  South  America,  in  the 
United  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  rising  in  the  Andes, 
near  Potosi,  and,  flowing  SE.,  joins  the  Paraguay 
below  Assumption,  after  a  comparative  course  of 
about  800  ms. — See  Paraguay. 

Pilesgrove,  tp.,  Salem  co.,  N.  J. 

Pillau,  strong  seaport  of  Prussia,  on  the  Baltic, 

20  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Koningsberg,  of  which  it  is 
the  port.    Lon.  20  20  E.,  lat.  54  38  N. 

Pilsen,  strong  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Misa  and  Watto,  47  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Prague. 
Lon.  13  55  E.,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Pilsna,  Pilsno,  or  Piltzow,  town  of  Little  Po- 
land, in  the  palatinate  of  Sandomir,  seated  on  the 
Wilfate,  50  ms.  E.  of  Cracow.  Lon.  21  10  E., 
lat.  50°  N. 

Pilten,  town  of  Courland,  capital  of  a  fertile 
territory  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  river 
Windaw,  between  Goldingen  and  Windaw.  Lon. 
22  10  E  ,  lat  57  15  N. 

Pinckney,  town,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.  Village, 

Montgomery  co.,  Mo.,  on  the  Missouri  river,  about 
60  ms.  from  St.  Louis. 

Pinckneyville,  town  and  scat  of  justice,  Union 
726 


district,  S.  C,  on  Broad  river,  75  ms.  above  | 

lumbia.  Village,  Wilkinson  co.,  Miss.,  al  t 

50  ms.  S.  from  Natchez. 

Pind  Dadun  Khan,  city  of  the  Punjaub,  sti  . 
ing  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jelum  river, 
nearly  at  middislance  between  Lahore  and  Alt  , 
and  about  120  ms.  from  each.    It  is  subject  to  > 
Seiks. 

Pindus  Mountains,  now  Metzovo,  or  Mezz  , 
an  embranchment  of  the  Htemus,  separating  . 
bania  from  Thessaly. 

Pine,  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  on  Pine  cree  5 
ms.  N.  from  Pittsburg.  Pop  in  1820,  795.-  . 
Tp.,  Lycoming  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  W.  branr:  f 
Susquehannah,  above  the  mouth  of  Pine  cr  . 

Pine  Creek,  river  of  Pa.,  rising  "in  Potter  \ 
Tioga  cos.,  interlocking  sources  with  A  llegh  , 
Gennessee,  and  Tioga  rivers,  flows  S.,  ei  g 
Clinton,  and  falls  into  the  W.  branch  of  Sus  - 
hannah  river  13  ms  by  land  above  Williams 
after  a  comparative  course  of  60  ms. 

Pine  Grove,  southern  tp.  of  Schuylkill  co.,  , 
on  the  head  of  Swatara  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,  I 
 Village,  Warren  co.,  Pa. 

Pine  Grove  Mills,  post  office,  Centre  co.,  1 

Pine  Hill,  village,  York  district,  S.  C,  by  it 
road  606  ms.  NNW.  from  Columbia. 

Pine's  Bridge,  post  office,  Westchester  co.  . 
York. 

Pines,  Isle  of,  considerable  island  in  the  S.  y 
cific  ocean,  lying  on  the  S.  of  New  Caledonia,  $• 
covered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1774.  Lon.  16  8 
E.,  lat.  22  38  S. 

Pineville,  village  in  the  northern  part  of  Chs  s- 
ton  district,  S.  C,  50  ms.  N.  from  Charieato 

Ping'leang-fou,  one  of  the  most  conside  le 
cities  of  the  western  part  of  the  province  of  C  1 
si,  in  China.    Lon.  106  25  E.,  lat.  35  30  5 

Pinnel,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Ti 
Montes,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  nam  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Colia  ami  I 
nel,  25  ms.  N.  of  Guarda.    Lon.  6  40  W.  L 
40  46  N. 

Pinnenburg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  irl 
duchy  of  Holstein,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  it 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Owe,  15  ms .  NV  of 
Hamburg.    Lon.  9  40  E.,  lat.  53  46  N. 

Pinos,  uninhabited  island  in  the  Weft  Ir  s, 
on  the  S.  side  of  Cuba,  from  which  it  is  sepa  21I 
by  a  deep  strait.  It  is  25  ms.  long  and  15  b  d, 
and  has  excellent  pastures.  Lon.  82  33  W.  it. 
22  2  N. 

Pinsko,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of  a  terr  y» 
and  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lo  26 
20  E.,  lat,  52  18  N. 

Piombino,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  p- 
ital  of  the  principality  of  the  same  name.  « 
seated  on  a  bay,  40  miles  S.  of  Leghorn,  ai  60 
SW.  of  Florence.    Lon.  10  23  E.,  lat.  42  f| 

 Principality  of  Tuscany,  lying  on  the  M 

terranean.  The  island  of  Elba  depends  jip<  it. 
and  has  its  own  prince,  under  the  protection  °e 
King  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Piperno,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  F  >■» 
50  miles  SE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  36  E.,i'41 
39  N. 

Piping  Tree,  King  William  co.,  Va.,  14^ 
from  W.  C,  and  22  E.  from  Richmond. 
Pipley,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  B<  al> 


PIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


PIT 


wlh  formerly  had  English  and  Dutch  factories, 
:usnow  only  inhabited  by  fishermen.  It  is  seat- 
ed n  a  river,  15  ins.  W.  of  Balasore.  Lon.  68 
■I  .,  lat.  21  20  N. 

'qua,  town,  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  70  ms.  W.  by 
,  om  Urbana.    It  is  the  seat  of  the  NW.  land 
o$  of  Ohio. 

que  Montallier,  highest  mountain  of  the  Py- 
>i  s.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  pike.  Lon.  0  22 
iVllat.  42  51  N. 

rano,  seaport  of  Istria,  on  a  peninsula  formed 
i.y  e  bay  of  Largone,  10  ms.  S.  of  Capo  d'Istria. 
U>  14  1  E.,  lat.  45  40  N. 

uritz,  town  of  further  Pomerania,  seated  near 
.^ake  Maldui,  12  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  New  Star- 

^masens,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
<e  Ponts.    It  is  13  ms.  E.  of  Deux  Ponts. 

j-na,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia.  It  is 
a  p  e  of  considerable  trade,  situated  on  the  Elbe, 
i'i  K  SE.  of  Dresden. 

ia,  city  of  Tuscany,  capital  of  the  Pisano, 
audi  archbishop's  see,  with  a  university.  The 

ve\rno  runs  through  Pisa,  and  over  it  are  three 
uiis,  one  of  which  is  constructed  of  marble; 
ihd  iere  is  a  canal  hence  to  Leghorn.  It  is  seat- 
d  ia  fertile  plain,  at  a  small  distance  from  the 
<iW3rranean,  1 1  miles  NNE.  of  Leghorn,  and 

*  by  S.  of  Florence.    Lon.  10  23  E.,  lat. 
■  N. 

lano,  territory  of  Tuscany,  lying  W.  of  the 
ffWtino,  on  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  47  ms. 
■oUgjnd  25  broad;  abounds  in  corn,  oil,  wine, 

«1  well  cultivated.    Pisa  is  the  capital. 

fba,  town  of  Peru,  with  a  good  road  for  ships, 
^OilesSSE.  of  Lima.  Lon  76  15  W.,  lat. 
i  S. 

P.adores. — See  Pong-hou. 

Pataqua,  river  of  Me.  and  N.  H.,  rises  in 
lorl  o.  of  the  former,  and  Strafford  and  Hillsbo- 
•OWcos.  of  the  latter.  It  is  composed  of  a  num- 
*M [miner  streams,  which  unite  in  Great  bay, 
M\e  from  thence  discharged  into  the  Atlantic 
<-<*  forming  the  fine  basin  of  Portsmouth  har- 

M||rhis  river  gains  importance,  as  forming  a 
•if  separation  between  Me.  and  N.  H.,  and 
romHe  noble  haven  at  its  mouth,  but  does  not  ex- 

d  )  ms.  in  comparative  course. 

Mataquis,  river  of  Maine,  composed  of  two 
•«^js,  the  Piscataquis  and  Sebec,  both  rising  in 

'•Bret,  and,  flowing  eastward  into  Penobscot 
<>■»  d  uniting  about  35  ms.  NW.  by  N.  from 
Below  their  junction,  the  united  streams 
llfjun  augmented  by  Pleasant  river,  entering 

**pe  NW.  After  a  comparative  course  of 
^0  miles,  the  Piscataquis  falls  into  Penob- 
^Mer,  40  miles  abuve  Banger.    Mouth  at  lat. 

'ntaquoy,  village,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H., 
«n..SW.  from  Concord. 

^  iitaway,  tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.,  about 
-  m  NE.  of  Princeton.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,475; 

11  1  0,  2,648.  Town,  Prince  George's  co., 

kltNjms.  N.  of  Port  Tobacco,  36  SW.  of  An- 
•Wj  and  18  S.  of  W.  C. 

"vlo,  the  most  northern  cape  of  Natolia, 

•  ,cbrojects  into  the   Black  sea  opposite  the 

"*fur. — See  Peishore. 


Pistola,  handsome  and  considerable  town  of  Ita- 
ly, in  Tuscany.  It  is  seated  on  a  fertile  plain,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  and  near  the  river  Stel- 
la, 20  ms.  NW.  of  Florence,  and  30  NE.  of  Pisa. 
Lon.  11  29  E.,  lat.  43  35  N. 

Piicaiily  Wells,  some  remarkable  saline  springs 
near  Perth,  in  Scotland,  deemed  beneficial  in  scor- 
butic cases. 

'Pitch  Landing,  post  office,  Hertford  co  ,  N.  C, 
by  post  road  164  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Raleigh. 

Pithea,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Bothnia, 
seated  on  a  small  island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pithea, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  is  joined  to  the  conti- 
nent by  a  wooden  bridge,  and  is  80  ms.  SW.  of 
Tornea.    Lon.  22  40  E.,  lat.  65  11  N. 

Pitman's,  St.,  post  office,  Charles  co  ,  Mo.,  41 
ms.  from  St.  Charles. 

Pitt,  co.  of  N.  C,  on  both  sides  of  Tar  river, 
bounded  by  Beaufort  SE.,  Craven  S.,  Greene 
SW.,  Edgecomb  NW.,  and  Martin  NE.  ;  length 
28  las.,  mean  width  23;  area  about  640  sq.  ms. 
Surface  level.  Chief  town,  Greenville.  Pop.  in 
1820,  10,001  ;  and  in  1840,  12,109.  Central  lat. 
35  32  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  25  W. 

Pittenween,  seaport  in  Fifeshire,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  23  ms.  NE.  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  2  49  W.,  lat.  56  12  N. 

Pittsborough,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Chat- 
ham co.,  N.  C.  It  is  famous  for  pure  air  and  wa- 
ter, and  stands  on  a  rising  ground,  in  a  rich  and 
well  cultivated  country,  26  ms.  W.  of  Raleigh.  It 
contains  an  academy,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 
Lat.  35^2  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  12  W. 

Pittsburg,  city  of  Pa  ,  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Alleghany  co.,  on  the  point  above  the  confluence 
of  Monongahela  and  Alleghany  rivers,  230  ms. 
from  Baltimore,  282  from  Philadelphia,  and  1,935 
ms.  by  water  above  New  Orleans.  Lat.  40  27  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  3  2  W. 

Pittsburg  occupies  an  alluvial  plain  and  part  of 
the  adjacent  hill,  and  lies  in  the  form  of  a  triangle. 
It  is  admirably  siYuated  for  trade  and  manufactures. 
The  two  fine  streams,  which  unite  before  its  sa- 
lient point,  open  to  its  citizens  an  immense  surface,  { 
comprising  part  of  west  N.  Y.  and  Va.,  and  all 
west  Pa.,  whilst  the  Ohio  connects  it  with  the  wide 
basin  below.  The  adjacent  hills  abound  with 
mineral  coal,  lying  upwards  of  300  feet  above  the 
streets  of  the  city.  Tt  has  already  become  the  the- 
atre of  great  manufacturing  establishments.  In 
Pittsburg  and  the  adjacent  villages  of  Alleghany 
and  Birmingham,  there  are  in  operation  numerous 
steam  mills,  glass  houses,  air  furnaces,  breweries, 
a  number  of  distilleries,  with  an  indefinite  number 
of  blacksmith's  shops,  slitting  mills,  woolen  and 
cotton  cloth  factories,  rolling  and  slitting  mills,  full- 
ing mills,  potteries,  blast  furnaces,  flour  mills,  boat 
yards,  &c.  Glass  of  every  description  is  made  in 
this  place,  from  window  glass  and  porter  bottles  to 
the  finest  cut  crystal  glass.  Steamboat  building  is 
carried  on  here  very  extensively  and  skilfully. 

In  a  commercial  point  of  view,  this  city  is  com- 
posed of  Pittsburg,  properly  so  called,  the  North- 
ern Liberties,  extending  from  the  city  up  the  Alle- 
ghany, the  village  of  Alleghany,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  Alleghany  river,  a  street  extending  up  Mo- 
nongahela from  the  city,  and  another  directly  op- 
posite on  the  W.  side  of  that  stream,  and  lastly 
Birmingham,  also,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Monon- 

727 


PIT  GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


PLA 


gahela,  about  half  a  mile  above  the  city.  The  va" 
rious  manufactories  and  workshops  are  scattered 
promiscuously  through  these  several  places. 

The  progressive  population  has  been  during  this 
current  century  rather  rapid  than  otherwise,  though 
unequal  in  the  decennial  periods. 
1800  -  -  1,000 

1822  -  -      10,000  city  and  environs 

1826  -  -      10,515  city 

1830  -  -      12,568  do. 

1840  -  -  33,625 

This  latter  number  is  the  aggregate  of  Pittsburg 
city,  Alleghany  city,  and  the  boroughs  of  Law- 
renceville  and  Birmingham. 

Three  fine  bridges  connect  Pittsburg  with  the 
adjacent  country,  one  over  each  river.  Except  in 
very  clear  and  moderately  windy  weather,  the  view 
of  Pittsburg  is  far  from  pleasing,  as  the  atmosphere 
is  generally  surcharged  with  a  heavy  load  of  smoke  ; 
but  when  the  air  is  rendered  clear  by  wind,  few 
places  can  present  a  series  of  views  more  interest- 
ing. The  two  rivers,  their  bridges,  numerous 
manufactories,  the  varied  hills,  and  other  objects, 
are  engrouped  with  great  variety  of  effect.  Here 
also  terminates,  on  the  western  side,  the  canal  part 
of  the  Pennsylvania  line  of  internal  improvement, 
by  an  aqueduct  over  the  Alleghany  river,  leading 
into  a  large  reservoir  situated  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  city.  Pittsburg  is  and  must  remain  an  im- 
mense entrepot  between  the  Atlantic  border  and 
wide  spread  interior. 

Pittsfield,  village,  Somerset  co  ,  Me.,  98  ms. 

northward  from   Portland.  Town,  Berkshire 

co.,  Mass.,  40  ms.  W.  from  Northampton.  This 
place  contains  a  bank,  a  printing  office,  three 
houses  of  public  worship,  an  academy,  and  a  num- 
ber of  manufactories.    Pop.  in  1810,2,665;  in 

1820,  2,768;  and  in  1840,  3,747.  Town, 

Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  15  ms.  NW.  from  Con- 
cord. Town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.  Town,  Ot- 
sego co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  SW.  from  Cooperstown. 

 Seat  of  justice,  Pike  co.,  Mo.*,  stands  near  the 

centre  of  the  co.,  about  80  ms.  in  a  line  NNW.  of 
St.  Louis,  and  60  ms.  in  nearly  the  same  direction 
from  Alton. 

Pittsford,  town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  on  Otter 
river,  35  ms;  W.  from  Windsor.  Town,  Mon- 
roe co.,  New  York,  20  ms.  NVV.  from  Canan- 
daigua. 

Pittsgrove,  town,  Salem  co.,  N.  J.,  30  ms.  S. 
from  Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,040. 

Pittston,  town,  Kennebec  co".,  Me.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Kennebec  river,  18  ms.  N.  of  Wiscasset, 

and  opposite  to  Gardiner.  Town,  Hunterdon 

co.,  N.  J.,  9  ms.  NW.  of  Flemington,  and  36 

from  Trenton,  in  the  same  direction.  Town, 

Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  lying  at  the  junction  of  Lacka- 
wannock  with  the  E.  branch  of  Susquehannah 
river,  9  ms.  NE.  of  Wilkesbarre,  and  8  NE.  from 
Northumberland. 

Pittstown,  town,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  ms. 
NE.  from  Albany,    Pop.  in  1820,  3,772. 

Pittsylvania,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  N.  O.  S., 
Henry  and  Franklin  cos.,  in  Va.,  W.,  Roanoke 
river,  or  Bedford  and  Campbell  N.,  and  Halifax  E. 
Length  36,  mean  width  28  ms. ;  area  1,000  sq.  ms. 
Beside  Roanoke,  this  area  is  watered  by  Bannister 
and  Dan  rivers.  Surface  moderately  hilly  ;  soil 
generally  productive  near  the  water  courses.  Chief 
728 


town,  Danville.  Pop.  in  1820,  21,313.  ,r 
central  lat.,  see  next  article. 

Pittsylvania,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Pittsyb  a 
co.,  -Va.,  on  Bannister  river,  by  post  road  17( , 
SW.  from  Richmond.    Lat.  36  46  N.,  Ion 
C.  2  16  W. 

Piura,  city  and  province  of  Peru.  The  v 
stands  25  ms.  ESE.  from  Payata.  Lon.  M  : 
3  36  W.,  lat.  5  11  S.    Pop.  7,000. 

Placencia,  town  of  Spain,  in  Esframadur;  n 
a  small  river  of  the  same  name,  flowing  int.  e 
Alagon.    N.  lat.  40  6,  W.  lon.  6  50. 

Placentia,  ancient  city  of  Italy,  in  the  duel  ,f 
Parma,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po,  s  \ 
midway  between  the  cities  of  Parma  and  M  I 

N.  lat.  44  55,  E.  lon.  10  12.  Spacious  b;  n 

the  E.  coast  of  Newfoundland  Lon.  YV.  C.  n 
22  to  23  E.,  central  lat.  47  25  N. 

Plain,  river,  III.  Tp.,  Stark  co.,  O.  M 

in  1820,  899.  Tp.,  Wayne  co.,  O.,  W.  I 

Wooster.    Pop.  in  1820,  506.  Tp.,  Fra  n 

co.,  O.  Village,  Wayne  co.,  O. 

Plainjield,  village,  Washington  co.,  Vt.  0 

ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Montpelier.  Town,  j. 

shire  co.,  N.  H.,  42  ms.  NW.  from  Concord,  o 
academy  for  the  education  of  indigent  young  I 
designed  for  the  clerical  profession,  was  establ  <j 

here  in  1813.    Pop.  in  1820,1,460.  T  i, 

Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  21  ms.  W.  from  N  I 

hampton.  Town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.,  15  i. 

NE.  from  Norwich,  and  29  of  New  London  It 
is  the  seat  of  an  academy.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,  I 

in  1820,  2,097.  Town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  V  » 

ms.  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  in  1810,  2.11;  a 

1820,  1,611.  Town,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  i  I 

SW.  from  Newark.  Tp.,  Northampton 

Pa.,  between  More  and  Lower  Bethel  tps. ,  o  ie 
W.  side  of  Delaware.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,43(.  a 

1820,  1,127.  Village,  Coshocton  coM  OM 

ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Painville,  town,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y. 

Plaistow,  village,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  Hfl 
shire. 

Planes,  river,  or  Des  Plaines,  one  of  the  m 
stituents  of  Illinois  river,  rises  in  Wisconsin, ■ 
cine  co.,  and  flowing  thence,  southwardly,  al  st 
exactly  parallel  to  Lake  Michigan,  about  65  .f 
to  9  or  10  ms.  SW.  from  Chicago,  where  it  in  ti 
to  SW  60  ms.  to  its  junction  with  KankakiB 
form  the  Illinois  river. 

Planet,  from  Greek  root  plane,  wandering  U 
an  age  beyond  our  records,  it  was  no  doubt  b- 
served  that  some  stars  changed  their  relative  pi  m 
whilst  the  greatest  number  remained  fixed,  tm 
other  words,  maintained  the  same  relative  pro  A 
amongst  themselves.  Thus  the  term  "wandf 
was  given  to  the  planets  before  it  was  known  if 
they  shifted  their  places  relatively. 

Plaquemine,  outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  H'% 
above  New  Orleans,  36  above  the  efflux  of* 
fourche,  and  96  below  that  of  Atchafalaya.  T  Ml 
the  principal  channel  of  water  communicatioi  »• 
tween  Attacapas  and  Opelousas,  and  the  ban  o\ 
the  Mississippi.  It  is,  however,  only  at  seasc  of 
high  flood  that  water  is  discharged  into  the  »• 
queraine.  It  joins  Atchafalaya  after  a  wing 
course  of  15  ms. 

Plaquemine  Brule,  small  river  of  Louisim"" 
Opelousas.    It  is  the  eastern  branch  of  Meruit  m 


PL  A  GEOGRAPHICAL 


•e  and  the  drain  of  the  central  prairies  of  Ope- 
a.u 

iiquemine  Bend,  remarkable  bend  of  the  Mis- 
I  ii  river,  70  ms.  below  New  Orleans.  Fort 
.  lilip  stands  on  this  bend,  on  the  left  bank  of 
)  ?er. 

1  quemine,  SE.  parish  of  Louisiana,  bounded 
t  Gulf  of  Mexico  NE.  and  8.,  and  by  the 
ri  of  Orleans  W.  and  NW.  Length  from  the 
,i^;h  Turn  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  75, 
i eb  width  13  ms.  ;  area  about  2,355  sq.  iris, 
rjfclt  along  the  margin  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
bfi|the  Plaquemine  bend,  along  Bayou  Terre  au 
(<fil  and  a  few  other  confined  slips,  the  surface 
I'fH  parish  is  an  immense  grassy  morass,  naked 
fclper,  and  utterly  unfit  for  cultivation.  The 
LrAfhere  arable,  is  exuberantly  fertile.  Staples, 
mi  cotton,  and  rice.  The  orange  tree  flourishes 
i»here  than  in  any  other  part  of  Louisiana- 
Mi  the  Plaquemine  bend,  the  arable  margin  of 
\Mssissippi  terminates.  The  Mississippi  mean- 
erf  nough  it  from  NW  to  SE.  Pop.  in  1820, 
M:  and  in  1840,  5,060.  Central  lat.  29  30 
ii  L  W.  C.  12  30  W. 

•timuemines,  or  Fort  St.  Philip,  fort  and  post 
ifi^on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  70 
w/jlow  New  Orleans.    Lat.  29  22  N.,lon.  W. 

\4p  W. 

P^sey,  Plains  of,  in  Bengal,  about  30  ms. 
»moorshedabad,  and  70  from  Calcutta.  This 
i>o|jmemorable  for  the  great  victory  gained  by 
IrtWl  Clive,  in  1757,  over  the  nabob  Surajah 
town;  by  which  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
NH  extensive  British  empire  in  Hindoostan. 

island  of  Peru,  on  the  coast  of  Quito, 
J»4lided  by  inaccessible  rocks,  and  about  5  ms. 

•And  4  broad.  Rich  and  populous  town  of 

-  capital  of  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos,  with 
■  >u  bishop's  see.    It  is  seated  on  the  Chimao, 
Mfii.  SE.  of  Cusco.    Lon.  63  40  W.,  lat.  19 
3.  th. 

Jib,  or  Rio  de  la  Plata,  large  river  of  S. 
intoia,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  three  great 
wpParaguay,  Uraguay,  and  Parana.  It  crosses 
•fcy,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  ocean  in  lat.  35° 

Bis  150  ms.  broad  at  its  mouth.  At  Monte 
flfrn  fort,  above  100  ms.  up  the  river,  the  land 
l«|t|)  be  discerned  on  either  shore,  when  a  ves- 
'I  t$\  the  middle  of  the  channel ;  and  at  Buenos 
.''♦pOO  ms.  higher,  the  opposite  shore  is  not  to 
»dfc|rned  from  that  town.  The  Rio  de  la  Plata 
!*f?!r  of  the  first  rank,  and  peculiar  in  the  struc- 
.Wtm\  its  basin.  The  Parana  rises  within  less 
W  '0  ms.  from  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  the 
'*Wyo  still  nearer  the  Pacific.  Those  sources 
"*!  t.  20°  are  distant  from  each  other  1,700 
•»  Ml  flowing  towards  each  other,  and  directly 
ootjj  respective  oceans,  into  the  interior  of  the 
u»Umt,  where  they  ultimately  unite  with  many 
*»e*  reams,  to  form  that  immense  assemblage  of 
v&'*'iamed  Rio  de  la  Plata.  The  space  drained 
y  th^iumerous  confluents  of  the  La  Plata  ex- 
efid*(300,000  Sq.  ms.,  and  very  nearly  equals 
&•  ktjn  of  the  Mississippi.  The  bay  below  Bue- 
A  es  is  rather  a  wide  estuary  than  a  river. — 
**p  irana  Paraguay. 

PtiEkv,  table  land.  This  term,  though  not 
>fopei  introduced  into  the  English  language, 
">ent  3  so  with  propriety  and  convenience,  as  it 
2* 


DICTIONARY.  PLE 


expresses  in  one  word  what  demands,  without  its 
aid,  circumlocution.  A  plateau,  or  table  land,  in 
physical  geography,  means  extensive  elevated  re- 
gions, such  as  Central  Asia,  but  applies  to  other 
tracts  of  similar  nature,  though  much  less  in  extent, 
such  as  Bohemia,  central  Spain,  and  many  inter- 
vening valleys  between  mountain  chains  in  America 
and  other  parts  of  the  earth. 

Platina,  Spanish  root,  plata,  silver.  A  metal 
white  like  silver,  whence  the  name.  The  heaviest 
of  all  known  substances  ;  in  hardness  scarce  yield- 
ing to  iron ;  tenacity  between  copper  and  silver, 
and  the  most  difficult  of  fusion  of  all  metals.  Al- 
loyed with  copper,  it  takes  an  admirable  polish,  and 
not  being  subject  to  rust,  renders  it  invaluable  as 
reflectors  in  telescopes. 

Platte,  La,  river,  U.  S.,  rises  in  the  Rocky 
mountains,  about  29°  W.  from  Washington,  be- 
tween lat.  39°  and  42°  N.  Its  general  course  is 
nearly  due  E.,  and  comparative  length  600  ms.  It 
falls  into  the  Missouri  at  lon.  W.  C.  18  50,  lat.  41° 
N.,  and  about  600  ms.  by  water  above  the  junction 
of  Missouri  and  Mississippi. 

Plattekill,  tp.,  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Hudson 
river,  22  ms.  below  Kingston. 

Plattsburs;,  town  and  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  N. 
Y.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  63  ms. 
S.  from  Montreal,  and  112  N.  from  Whitehall.  It 
is  a  flourishing  village,  containing  the  ordinary  co. 
buildings,  several  manufactories,  and  mercantile 
stores.  This  town  has  been  consecrated  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  I  J.  S.,  by  the  splendid  and  decisive 
naval  victory  gained  before  it,  September  11th, 
1814,  by  the  American  fleet  commanded  by  Com- 
modore Macdonough,  over  a  British  squadron  com- 
manded by  Commodore  Downie.  Population  in 
1840,  6,416. 

Plawen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg, 
seated  on  a  small  river  which  falls  into  the  Elbe, 
near  a  take  of  the  same  name,  17  ms.  S.  of  Gus- 
trow.  Lon.  12  13  E.,  lat.  53  40  N.  Hand- 
some town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of*  Upper 
Saxony,  in  Voigtland,  seated  on  the  Elster,  67  ms. 
SW.  of  Dresden.    Lon.  12  17  E.,  lat.  50  32  N. 

Pleasant,  tp.,  in  the  SW.  corner  of  Franklin 

co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  in  the  SE.  corner  of  Madison 

co.,  Ohio. 

Pleasant,  tp.,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Clark 
co.,  O.  Tp.,  Brown  co.,  O.,  in  which  is  situa- 
ted the  town  of  Ripley. 

Pleasant  Exchange,  post  office,  Henderson  co., 
Tenn. 

Pleasant  Garden,  post  office,  Maury  co.,  Term., 
55  ms.  southwesterly  from  Murfreesborough. 

Pleasant  Gardens,  post  office,  Burks  co.,  N. 
C,  by  postroad  190  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Pleasant  Grove,  village,  Lunenburg  co.,  Va., 

50  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Petersburg.  Village, 

Orange  co.,  N.  C,  about  40  ms.  NW.  from 

Raleigh.  Post  office,  Greenville  district,  S.  C, 

118  ms.,  NW.  from  Columbus.  Post  office, 

Henry  co.,  Ga. 

Pleasant  Hill,  post  office,  Wythe  co.,  Va., 
285  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Pleasant  Level,  post  office,  Warren  co.,  Ky., 
by  postroad  167  ms.  S.  from  Columbus.  Vil- 
lage, Monroe,  co.  Ala. 

Pleasant  Plains,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Tenn. 

729  ' 


PLY 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


POI 


Pleasant  Ridge,  post  office,  Greene  co.,  Ala. 

Pleasant  Valley,  village,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y., 
7  ms.  SE.  from  Poughkeepsie.  It  is  the  seat  of 
an  extensive  cotton,  and  some  other  manufactures. 

 Village,  Putnam,  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Hudson 

river,  nearly  opposite  West  Point.  Post  office, 

Sussex  co  ,  N.  J.,  60  ms.  N.  from  Trenton.  

Post  office,  Fairfax  co.,  Va.,  28  ms.  from  W.  C. 

Pleasantvilk,  Shelby  co.,  Ala.,  116  ms.  north- 
easterly from  Cahaba. 

Pleiburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carinthia, 
seated  on  the  river  Fei^tez,  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, 25  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Plesis,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  184  ms., 
ISW.  from  Albany. 

PLExiPOTEkTiABY,  from  plenus,  full,  and 
potential pow er.  This  title  is  given  most  frequen- 
tly to  ambassadors  extraordinary  sent  with  full 
powers  to  negociate  for  some  specific  object. 

Plough  and  Harrow,  post  office,  Augusta  co., 
Va.,  137  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

P/uckamin,  village,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J.,  7 
ms.  N.  from  Somerville,  and  44  a  little  E.  of  N. 
from  Trenton. 

Plum  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Mass.,  between 
Ipswich  and  Newburyport,  9  ms.  long,  and  one 
broad. 

Plumb,  E.  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Penn.,  on  the 
left  side  of  the  Alleghany  river,  8  ms.  above 
Pittsburg. 

Plumpstead,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Penn.,  on  the 
Delaware,  30  ms.  nearly  due  N.  from  Philadel- 
phia.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,790. 

Plymouth,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  Plym  and  Tamar;  and 
next  to  Portsmouth,  is  the  most  considerable  har- 
bor in  Eng.,  for  men-of-war.  There  are,  properly 
speaking,  three  harbors,  called  Catwater,  Sutton 
Pool,  and  Harmouze.  The  first  is  the  mouth  of 
the  Plym,  and  affords  a  safe  and  commodious  har- 
bor the  merchant  ships,  but  is  seldom  entered  by 
ships  of  war.  The  second  is  frequented  by  mer- 
chant ships  only,  is  almost  surrounded  by  the 
houses  of  the  town,  and  has  lately  heen  further 
secured  by  an  extensive  pier.  The  third  is  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Tamar,  and  is  the  harbor  for  the 
reception  of  the  British  navy,  being  fitted  with 
moorings  for  about  100  sail,  and  having  good 
anchorage  for  a  much  greater  number.  Adjoining 
to  it,  are  docks,  arsenals,  and  other  conveniences 
for  the  building  and  fitting  out  of  ships  of  war. 
It  carries  on  a  considerable  foreign  and  domestic 
trade  ;  and  is  43  ms.  SW.  of  Exeter,  and  216  W. 
by  S.  of  London.    Lon.  4  10  W.,  lat.  50  22  N. 

 Town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  33  ms.  SE.  from 

Haverhill,  and  79  NW.  from  Portsmouth.  Pop. 
in  1820,  983. 

Plymouth,  co.,  Mass.  ;  bounded  by  Cape  Cod 
and  Boston  Bays  NE.,  Barnstable  co.,  and  Buz- 
zard's bay  SE  ,  Bristol  co.,  in  Mass.,  SW.,  and 
Norfolk  N  W.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20  ; 
area  600  sq.  ms.  Taunton  river  rises  in  this  co., 
and  flows  SW.  towards  Narragansett  bay.  It  is 
original  seat  of  the  colonization  of  New  England. 
Chief  town,  Plymouth.  Pop.  in  1820,  38,136; 
and  in  1840,  47,373.  Central  lat.  42°  N.,  lon. 
W.  C,  6  13  W. 

Plymouth,  capital  of  Plymouth  co.  Mass.,  42 
ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Boston,  and  23  NW.  of  Barns- 
730 


stable,  in  lat.  41  58  N.,  and  lon.  70  30  . 
This  is  a  town  and  port  of  entry,  and  was  3 
first  town  planted  by  English  emigrants  in  I  1 
England  ;  and  as  such  is  respected  by  the  pre  t 
inhabitants,  the  rock  on  which  their  fathers'  Ian  J 
having  been  removed  to  the  centre  of  the  t( 
Pop.  in  1820,  4,348;  and  in  1840,  5,281.-- 
Village,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  15  ms.  SE.  by  E.  :  n 
Rutland. — — Town,  Litchfield  co.,  Conn.    j  C 

in  1820,  1,758.  Town,  Chenango  co.,N. 

8  ms.  NW.  from  Norwich.  Town,  Luz  e 

tp.,  Penn.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Susquehan  1, 

opposite  Wilkesbarre.  Town,  Montgomery  I 

Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  inuDil 

tely  beiow  Norristown.  Town,  Washin  n 

co  ,  N.  C,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Roanoke  r  I 
near  Albemarle  sound,  18  ms.  S.  of  Edenton.-  - 
Town,  the  northern  limits  of  Richmond  co.  I. 

Plymouth  Meeting  House,  Montgomery  ., 
Pa„  30  ms.  NW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Plymton,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshi  7 
ms.  E.  of  Plymouth,  and  218  W.  by  S.  of  I 

don.    Lon.  4°  W.,  lat.,  50  22  N.  T  i, 

Plymouth  co  ,  Mass.    Pop.  in  1820,  930.  i 

Plynlimmon  Hills,  va?t  and  lofty  mountai  af 
Wales,  partly  in  Montgomeryshire,  and  \  ly 
in  Cardiganshire.  The  Severn,  the  Wye,  id 
other  rivers,  have  their  source  in  this  mour)  l. 

Po,  celebrated  river  of  Italy,  which  ha  tt 
source  at  Mount  Viso,  in  Piedmont.  It  is 
through  Montferrat,  the  Milanese,  and  I 
tuan  ;  thence  on  the  borders  of  the  Parmesan  id 
a  part  of  the  Modenese  ;  and  having  enteredt 
Ferrarese,  it  divides  at  Ficherulolo,  and  flow  to 
the  Gulf  of  Venice,  by  four  principal  mouths  la 
its  course  it  receives  several  rivers,  and  ;n 
overflows  its  banks,  as  most  of  those  river  e- 
scend  from  the  Alps,  and  are  increased  b\  aj 
melting  of  the  snow.  The  entire  length  r  he 
Po,  by  comparative  courses,  is  about  260W 
The  basin  of  the  Po  occupies  nearly  the  wh  <rf 

northern  Italy.  River  of  China,  in  the  > 

vince  of  Kiangsi,  which  empties  itself  inl  h6 
Lake  Poyanghou,  a  small  distance  irom  >a- 
tcheon-fou. 

PocMington,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  E.  rid  of 
Yorkshire,  on  a  stream  which  falls  into  the  er- 
went,  14  ms.  E.  of  York,  and  196  N.  by  Vof 
London.    Lon.  0  40  W.,  53  58  N. 

Pocomoke,  river  of  Md.  It  rises  in  Wor  ter 
co.,  and  runs  through  the  co.,  in  a  SW.  dir  on 
into  Pocomoke  bay. 

Pocotaligo,  village,  Beaufort  district,  S.  (  bj 
postroad  187  ms.  nearly  S.  from  Celumbi;  nd 
70  W.  from  Charleston. 

Pod es stat,  magistrates  created  in  A.  '8, 
by  the  Emperor  Frederic  Barbarossa,  as  jud'Ol 
such  of  the  Italian  cities  as  were  subject  to  th  W- 
man  empire.  They  were  officers  clothed  with  ea 
civil  and  military  (often  very  oppressive)  [ '« 

Podolia,  province  of  Russia,  in  the  SE.  J;0 
Poland.  The  Dniester  separates  it  from  Mo  »" 
on  the  SW.,  and  the  Bog  crosses  it  from  h 
E.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower.  in» 
inieck  is  the  capital  ©f  the  former,  and  Bre  at 
of  the  latter. 

Poictou,  late  province  of  France,  bourn  01 
the  N.  by  Bretagne,  Anjou,  and  Touraine  1  ^ 
Touraine,  Berry,  and  Marche  S.,  by  Angoi315 


POL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


POL 


Sitonge,  and  Aunis,  and  W.  by  the  bay  of  Bis- 
Ci  It  is  fertile  in  corn  and  wine.  It  now 
fois  the  three  departments  of  Vendee,  Vienne, 
at  Two  Sevres. 

^oindexters  Store,  post  office,  Louisa  co.,  Va., 
I  ns.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

'oint,  tp.,  Northumberland  co.,  Pa.,  includ- 
I  the  village  of  Northumberland,  on  the  point 
l^een  the  two  great  branches  of  the  Susque- 
uiah  river  above  their  junction.    Pop.  in  1820, 


in  our  books  as  one  of  the  great  subdivisions  of 
Europe.  That  part  of  Poland  subject  to  Russia, 
it  is  true,  is  still  known  by  that  name,  but  is  as  ef- 
fectually a  province  as  is  any  other  fragment  of 
that  empire. 

Poland,  as  it  stood  before  its  dismemberment, 
was  an  extensive,  fertile,  but  generally  badly  cul- 
tivated country.  The  towns  of  Poland  are  for  the 
most  part  built  of  wood,  and  the  villages  consist  of 
mean  cottages,  or  huts.  The  country  is  so  fertile 
in  corn  in  many  places  that  it  supplies  Sweden  and 
oint  Chicot,  village  of  Arkansaw,  on  the  bank  Holland  with  large  quantities,  and  it  has  extensive 
ie  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansaw  \  pastures.    Peat,  ochre,  chalk,  belemnites,  agate, 

j  chalcedony,  cornelians,  onyxes,  jasper,  rock  crys- 
oint  Coupee,  parish  of  Lou.;  bounded  by  the  i  tal,  amethysts,  garnets,  topazes,  sapphires,  and 
sippi  river  NE.,  the  parish  of  West  Baton  even  rubies  and  diamonds,  are  found  in  Poland  , 

Length  34,  also,  talc,  spar,  lapis  talaminaris,  coal,  iron,  lead, 
It  |  and  quicksilver.  Here  is  much  leather,  fur,  hemp, 
ts  one  undeviating  plain,  washed  on  one  j  flax,  saltpetre,  alum,  manna,   honey,  and  wax; 
the  Mississippi  river,  and  on  another  by  j  and  there  are  mines  of  salt  of  a  great  depth,  out  of 
the  intermediate  space  cut  by  J  which  is  dug  rocksalt.    Horses  are  numerous,  very 

strong,  swift,  and  beautiful;  and  horned  cattle  are 
bred  in  such  numbers  that  above  80,000  are  driven 
every  year  out  of  the  country.  The  principal  riv- 
ers are  the  Dneiper,  Vistula,  Bug,  Niemen,  Dnies- 


S.,  and  Atchafalaya  river  W. 
vidth  18  ms.  ;  area  about  600  sq.  ms. 


I  Atchafalaya 

a  erous  interlocking  bayous,  is  generally  liable 
mual  submersion.  The  banks  of  the  Atchafa- 
I  are  equally  subject  to  inundation  with  the 
*  r  parts  of  the  country.  The  only  arable  sur- 
acbeingthe  banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  Fausse !  ter,  and  Bog. 


jre. — See  Fausse  Riviere. 
2;  and  in  1840,  7,898. 
Ion.  W.  C,  14  42  W 


Pop.  in  1820,|  Poland,  recent  kingdom  of  Europe.  The  cen- 
Central  lat.,  30  jtial  provinces  of  Poland  were  recently  formed  into 
j  a  kingdom,  of  which  the  emperor  of  Russia  was 
oint  Harmar,  village  is  that  part  of  Marietta,  .king.  Some  considerable  share  of  the  ancient  lib- 
le  S.  bank  of  (he  Muskingum  river,  Wash-  erties  of  Poland  were  preserved.  Though  subject 
m  co.,  O.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  both  to  the  same  monarch  with  Russia,  Poland  enjoys, 
)hio  and  Muskingum  rivers.    It  is  a  corpora-  if  no  more,  at  least  nominally,  a  much  more  liberal 

form  of  government  than  the  other  parts  of  Russia- 
Very  liberal  principles  of  religious  toleration  pre- 
vail. This  State  is  subdivided  into  the  palatinates 
of  Cracow,  Sendomir,  Kalish,  Lublin,  Plock,  Mas- 
sovia.  Podlachia,  and  Augustow.  Area  47,060 
sq.  miles.  Pop.  2,800,000. — See  Gallacia,  Prus- 
;e  and  seat  of  justice,  Mason  co.  Va.,  on  the  \sia,  #c. 
above  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  and  Great  J  Table  of  the  superficial  extent  of  Poland  m 
iawa  rivers.    N.  lat.  38  58,  Ion.  W.  C,  5°  1772,  previous  to  the  first  partition  by  Russia, 

by  postroad  352  ms.,  W.  from  W.  C.  j  Austria,  and  Prussia. 

i,  Clermont,  co.,  O.,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the! 
river,  immediately  below  the  mouth  of  In-  j  Between  N.  lat 
river.    It  contains  about  25  houses,  imme- 
ly  below  the  mouth  of  Indian  creek,  21  ms. ! 


ind  in  1840,  had  a  pop.  of  692 
rint  Pabaddie,  village,   on  Missouri  river, 
klin  co.,  Mo.,  30  ms.  above  St.  Charles. 
untopolis,  village,  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  by 
oad  190  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus. 
■dnt  Pleasant,  village,  Windham  co.,  Vt.  


i.westwardly  from  William-burg,  and  21  or  22  j 

ft  Cincinnati.  Village,   Martin  co,,   la.,  S 

Sjus.  SSW.  from  Indianapolis. 

int  Pemove,  village,  Pulaski  co.,  Arkansaw, 
)  s  from  Little  Rock. 

issy,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  Isle  of 
r.ce,  seated  near  the  forest  of  St.  Germaine,  j 
Is.,  NW.  of  Paris.     Lon.  2  12  E.,  lat.  48  | 

Atiers,  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  dep.  of 
ne,  and  late  province  of  Poitou.    Its  popula- 
■S  not  in  proportion  to  its  extent;  for  it  in- 
Ws  a  number  of  gardens  and  fields  within  its 
1 1 ;  and  the  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  more 
»U  6,000.    This  town  is  seated  on  a  hill,  on 
Wver  Clain,  52  miles  SW.  of  Tours,  and  120 
E.  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  25'  E.,  lat.  46  35  N. 
Aks  run,  post  office,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa. 
land,  formerly  an  independent  State  of  Eu- 
but  now  absorbed  by  Russia,  Prussia,  and 
'•u^ia.    Notwithstanding  the  entire  annihilation 
!  M  kingdom,  the  name  of  Poland  is  retained 


47°  and  48c 

48  and  49 

49  and  50 

50  and  51 

51  and  52 

52  and  53 

53  and  54 

54  and  55 

55  and  56 

56  and  57 


Sq.  miles. 
1,080 
19,284 
34,617 
35,259 
42,224 
44,280 
42,249 
22,512 
24,723 
16,050 

282,278 


Poland,  or  Minot,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me., 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Androscoggin  river,  26  ms. 
N.  of  Portland. 

Poland,  SE.  town,  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  on  Ma- 
honing river,  and  upon  the  road  from  Pittsburg  to 
Warren.  Distance  from  the  latter  place  18  miles, 
65  from  the  former,  and  175  NE.  from  Columbus. 
Pop.  in  1820,  990. 

Polar  Regions.  From  the  discoveries  made  by 
Captain  Parry  in  1819,  it  is  now  determined  that 
the  Polar  sea  to  the  N.  from  America,  is  filled 
with  islands  and  inlets.    That  really  great  naviga- 

731 


POL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


POL 


tor  wintered  in  1819  and  1820,  at  Ion.  114°  W. 
from  London,  37°  W.  from  W.  C,  and  at  lat. 
74°  N.    Since  his  return  to  Europe  in  1820,  Cap- 
tain Parry  has  made  another  voyage  to  the  Polar  j 
seas,  and  again  wintered  in  those  regions,  but  was| 
unable  to  penetrate  as  far  west  as  he  did  in  the 
previous  voyage.    It  is  now  generally  admitted,  j 
that  if  a  passage  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans  exists,  it  can  only  be  explored,  if  at  all 
practicable,  by  proceeding  from  W.  to  E, — See 
Earth. 

Polemauch,  pronounced  polemark,  from  the! 
Greek,  and  means  literally  commander  in  chief  of\ 
the  army.  They  were  the  third  in  rank  of  the! 
nine  Archons.  As  generalissimo  of  the  army,  Cal- 
limachus,  then  polemarch,  generously  and  wisely 
surrendered  his  command,  and  induced  the  other 
generals  to  follow  his  example,  to  Miltiades  on  the 
invasion  of  Attica  by  the  Persians  under  Datis  and 
Artaphernes,  and  the  ever  glorious  victory  at  Mar- 
athon was  one  of  the  consequences,  and  another 
was  the  equally  glorious  death  of  Callimachus  on 
that  memorable  day  and  field.  In  aftertimes  the 
office  of  polemarch  became  purely  civil. 

Pole,  Greek,  root  poles,  to  turn,  or  turn  round. 
The  star  we  now  call  the  North  Pole  star,  is  Al- 
ruccaba  in  the  tail  of  the  Lesser  Bear.  In  common 
opinion,  this  star  is  really  in  that  point  of  the  hea- 
vens around  which  the  other  northern  stars  appear  to 
revolve  ;  such  is  not,  however,  the  fact.  Alruccaba 
is  upwards  of  a  degree  from  the  real  vanishing 
point  of  the  earth's  axis. 

Poleron. — See  Pooloroon. 

Polesia,  name  given  to  the  palatinate  of  Brzes- 
cia,  in  Lithuania. 

Polesinodi-Rovigo,  province  of  Italy,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Paduan,  on  the  S.  by  the  Fer- 
rarese,  on  the  E.  by  the  Dogado,  and  on  the  W. 
by  the  Verone.  It  is  42  miles  long  and  17  broad, 
and  is  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures.  Rovigo  is  the 
capital. 

Pol,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois, 
noted  for  its  fine  mineral  waters.  It  is  16  miles 
NW.  of  Arras. 

Policandro,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  one  of 
the  Cyclades,  20  ms.  in  circumference.  Here  are 
a  few  villages,  a  castle,  and  a  harbor;  but  it  con- 
sists in  general  of  nothing  but  barren  rocks  and 
mountains.  It  lies  between  Milo  and  Paros.  Lou. 
25  31  E.,  lat.  36  32  N. 

Polieastro,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Cite- 
riore,  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  68  ms.  SE.  of 
Naples.    Lon.  15  40  E.,  lat.  40  15  N. 

Polignano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  on 
a  craggy  rock,  near  the  sea,  16  miles  E.  of  Bari. 
Lon.  17  24  E.,  lat.  41  25  N. 

Polina,  town  of  Albania,  12  ms.  S.  of  Durazzo. 
Lon.  19  20  E.,  lat.  42  42  N\ 

Poligni,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Jura, 
and  late  province  of  Franche  Compte,  seated  on  a 
rivulet,  52  ms.  SW.  of  Besancon.  Lon  5  55  E., 
46  50  N. 

Pons,  original  meaning  probably  concentration, 
enters  as  a  suffix  to  an  immense  number  of  exist- 
ing names  of  cities,  towns,  villages,  &c,  and  from 
which  comes  metropolis,  principal  city.  The 
Turks,  who  cannot  pronounce polis,  change  it  to  holi. 

Polito,  or  Polizzi,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val- 
732 


di-Demona,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Mad  , 
30  ms.  SE.  of  Palermo.  Lon.  13  53  E.,  lai  g 
4  N. 

Pollockshaws,  considerable  manufacturing  n 
of  Scotland,  in  Renfrewshire,  seated  on  the  >r 
White  Cart. 

Polotsk,  government  of  the  Russian  en  > 
formed  of  part  of  a  palatinate  of  Lithuania.  5. 
membered  from  Poland  by  the  treaty  of  partiti  n 
1772.  Its  products  are  chiefly  grain,  hemp,  b 
and  pasture ;  and  the  forests  furnish  great  a  ). 
dance  of  masts,  planks,  oak  for  ship-buil  * 
pitch,  tar,  &c,  which  are  chiefly  sent  dowr  ie 

Dwina  to  Riga.  Strong  town  of  Russia,  i. 

tal  of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  seat*  n 
the  Dwina,  at  the  mouth  of  the  small  river  Pi  i, 
50  ms.  SW.  of  Vitepsh.  Lon.  27  50  E.,  la  5 
43  N. 

Polsley's  Mills,  post  office,  Monongahela  c  J 
ty,  Virginia. 

Polten,  St.,  town  of  Lower  Austria,  seate  n 
the  Drasam,  which  falls  into  the  Danube  I 
Holniesburgh,  8  ms.  from  V'ienna. 

Polynesia,  distinctive  name  given  to  the  I 
merous  islands  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  E.  from  s- 
tral  Asia.  The  term  Polynesia,  or  ' '  Man:  1 
lands,"  was  adopted  by  the  Portuguese  autlu  n 
the  earliest  period  of  European  discovery  k  ie 
western  Pacific,  and  then  applied  to  the  Molu  j, 
Philippines,  and  indefinitely  E.  and  NE.  m 
Java.  The  president  di  Brosses  afterwards  ex  I 
ed  the  name,  and  applied  it  to  designate  all  lb  1- 
numerable  islands  from  the  Marians  to  0*  a 
and  Easter  island.  By  Malte  Brun,  the  clas^  i- 
tion  of  de  Brosses  is  adopted,  and  in  the  ebb  to 
work  of  the  former,  Polynesia  forms  the  ea  n 
grand  section  of  Oceanica.  Thus  delineated.  )- 
lynesia  comprises  Pelew  islands,  Marian  Mi  s, 
Mulgrave*  group,  Feejee  islands,  Friendly  isl  s, 
Navigaior's  islands,  Society  islands,  (better  k\  n 
by  its  principal  island  Otaheite,)  Easter  isl;  s, 
Marquesas  Archipelago,  and  many  others  de  i- 
ed  and  of  various  superfices. 

Polynesia  extends  from  W.  to  E.  through  >° 
of  lon.  on  both  sides  of  the  equator,  encir  ig 
one-fourth  part  of  the  earth,  and  embracing  a  x- 
tent  of  6,200  ms.  North'and  south,  these  ni  r- 
ous  groups  spread  beyond  each  tropic,  and  c  e- 
quently  through  near  50°  of  lat.,  or  overS,46(  s. 
This  space  exceeds  that  of  Asia,  but  the  isl  of 
Polynesia  are  mere  dots  on  an  immense  sui  e. 
Over  upwards  of  20,000,000  sq.  miles  it  is  d  I 
ful  whether  much  more  than  the  onethousi  th 
part  is  land.  Those  spots,  are,  however,  ■ 
abodes  of  eternal  spring,  summer  and  autumn  ii- 
ted.  Every  thing  but  man,  smiles.  The  ne^ 
picture  is  never-fading  bloom  ;  the  moral  is  'k* 
ness  rendered  visible.  In  the  advancing  po  »• 
tion  of  the  two  Americas,  we  have  a  vista  0}  ed 
to  view,  though  dimly,  the  future  destinatu  of 
Polynesia.  It  is  not  prophecy,  but  induction  ra 
passt  events,  to  say  that  the  Pacific  isles  =( 
become  resting  places  and  marts  of  intercdmnH 
cation  between  America,  and  Asia,  and  wt r11 
Oceanica. 

When  first  discovered,  though  so  widely  d' 
from  each  other,  the  islands  from  Asia  to  An  cs 
were  found  inhabited  by  a  race  of  men  who  tm 
the  same  general  language,  broken  into  varioi » 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PON 


al.  s.    This  language  was  also  found  evidently  to 
■  a  common  origin  with  the  Malay  ;  and  again 
tb  Malay  dialects  have  been  traced  to  Madagas- 
a    To  what  an  undefined  field  of  conjecture  are 
v.ed,  on  a  review  of  this  broken  volume  of  hu- 
n  history  !    The  Oceanian  negro  is  found  also 
i  ulhwestern  Polynesia,  but  inferior  in  number, 
I  far  below  the  Malay  in  intellectual  improve- 
rs great  section  of  the  earth  remains  but  im- 
c  ctly  explored,   large  spaces  on  the  Pacific 
c<)  have  not  been  traversed  by  any  civilized  dis- 
ctier, who  has  made  his  researches  known  to 
it  ublic.    Similar  to  central  Africa,  and  in  some 
it  ure  central  Asia,  and  to  the  western  parts  of 
1  America,  Polynesia  has  been  discovered,  but 
I  'iTectually  surveyed. — See  article  Australia, 
M-al  Asia,  <$rc. 

meguc,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  near 
If  ?illes. 

.merania,  duchy  of  Pussian  Germany,  in  the 
cm  of  Upper  Saxony,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
fSno,  on  the  E.  by  western  Prussia  and  Poland, 
ie.  S.  by  Brandenburg,  and  on  the  W.  by 

;  lenlierg.  It  is  watered  by  several  rivers,  of 
wfcli  the  Oder,  Brecknitz,  Pene,  Ucker,  Rega, 
Vtrnet,  Wipper,  Ihna,  Stolphen,  and  Lebo,  are 
ie  ost  considerable.  The  air  is  pretty  cold,  but 
ronlmsated  by  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  which 
a  »  ds  in  pastures  and  corn,  of  which  a  great 
ipality  is  exported.  It  is  a  flat  country,  contain- 
mflany  lakes,  woods,  and  forests,  and  has  sev- 
e?4ltood  harbors,  particularly  Stettin  and  Stral- 
wm  It  is  250  miles  long,  and  75  broad,  and  di- 
•ilainto  Hither  and  Further  Pomerania.  Both, 
•Klihe  island  of  Rugen,  belong  to  the  kingdom 
<y  Fssia.    Stettin  is  the  capital. 

Inereila,  district  of  Polish  or  Western  Prus 
sia,jhich,  in  the  partition  of  Poland,  fell  to  the 
shtirof  the  king  of  Prussia.    Dantzic  is  cap- 

1 

fifret,  town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.,  16  ms.  N. 

tCiterbury,  and  36  NE.  of  Hartford  Tp., 

#p>orco..  Vt.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Watergueche 
ms.  NW.  of  Windsor. 

Fiona,  the  principal  of  the  Orkney  islands  

^mainland. 

Pipet,  tp.,  Ohautauque  co.,  N.  Y  ,  on  Lnke 
it  feontaining  the  villages  of  Dunkirk  and  Fre- 

H 

Pipey,  one  of  the  military  tps.  of  Onondaga  | 
»  1 1.  Y.,  lying  between  Manlius  and  Fabius, 
»b4)  ms.  S.  of  Salt  lake. 

Pvpey  West  Hill,  village,  Onondaga  co.,  N. 

i  the  tp.  of  Pompey,  by  post  road  8  ms. 
^•Vffrom  Manlius  Square. 

Hpton,  village,  Bergen  co..  N.  J. 

P'desturia,  town  of  Italy,  in  Montferrat,  seat- 
«  o»he  S.  side  of  the  Po,  33  ms.  E.  of  Turin. 
Uj  35  E.,  lat.  45  2  N. 

ftiicherry,  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast 

3\>mandel.  It  is  100  ms.  S.  of  Madras.  Lon. 
W  ,  lat.  11  56  N. 

Piiico,  small  uninhabited  island  of  the  Archi- 
in  the  Gulf  of  Zeiton,  near  the  coa^t  of 

Ptrtwille,  village,  Kssex  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post 
rondttf  ms.  n.  from  Albany. 

1  fcrrada,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  on  the 


river  Sill,  40  ms.  SW.  of  Leon.  Lon.  6  6  W., 
lat.  42  30  N. 

Pone  hou,  islands  in  the  Chinese  sea.  They 
lie  E.  of  the  coast  of  Fokien,  and  form  an  archi- 
pelago between  the  port  of  Emouy  and  the  ii-land 
of  Formosa.    They  are  only  sand  banks  or  rock*. 

Pons,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  and  late  province  of  Saintonge, 
10  ms.  S.  of  Saintes.  Lon,  30'  W.,  lat.  45  36  N. 

Pons,  St.,  in  the  department  of  Herault,  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is  24  ms.  N.  of 
Narbonne.  Lon.  2  47  E  ,  lat.  43  29  N. 
Pontafella. — See  Pontefa. 
Pont-a-Mousson,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine, 
with  a  university.  It  is  seated  on  the  Moselle, 
which  divides  it  into  two  parts,  2  ms.  NW.  of 
Nancy.    Lon.  6  16  E.,  lat.  48  43  N. 

Pont  Arlier,  town  of  Franee,  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  and  late  province  of  Franche  Comte,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Doubs,  near  Mount  Jura.  It  is  a 
commodious  passage  into  Switzerland.  Lon.  6  26 
E.,  lat.  46  55  N. 

Pont  Audemer,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
seated  on  the  Eille,  13  ms.  E.  of  Harfleur,  and  85 
NW.  of  Paris     Lon.  35'  E.,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Pontchar train,  lake  of  La.,  between  the  high 
lands  of  St.  Tammany  and  the  alluvion  of  the 
Mississippi.  Both  Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas 
appear  to  be  the  remains  of  a  large  bay  which  has 
been  partially  filled,  or  rather  interrupted,  by  allu- 
vion. From  the  pass  of  Manchac  to  that  of  the 
Rigolets,  Lake  Pontchartrain  is  about  30  ms.  in 
length,  its  greatest  width  22  ms..  and  medium 
depth  18  feet.  The  shores  of  this  lake  towards 
the  Mississippi  are  low  and  marshy,  on  the  side  of 
St.  Tammany  more  firm,  but  fiat.  Very  little 
timber  grows  on  the  Mississippi  side  of  the  lake; 
on  the  opposite  shores  are  forests  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Tangipao  to  that  of  Pearl  river. 

Pont  dt  V -Arche,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
on  the  Seine,  5  ms.  N.  of  Louviers,  and  62  NW. 
of  Paris.    Lon.  1  15  E.,  lat.  49  5  N. 

Pont-de  Ce,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou, 
seated  on  the  Loire,  3  ms  from  Angers,  and  178 
SW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  29' W.,  lat.  47  25  N. 

Pont-de-Lima,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre- 
Douero-e-Minho,  on  the  Lima,  over  which  is  a 
magnificent  bridge,  13  ms.  NW.  of  Braga,  190 
N.  of  Lisbon,  and  178  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  29' 
W.,  lat.  41  51  N. 

Pont-de-  Vaux,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  and  late  province  of  Bresse,  seated 
on  the  Res^ousse,  8  ms.  S.  from  Macon.  Lon.  4  55 
E.,  lat,  46  28  N. 

Pont-de-  Vesle,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  and  late  province  of  Bresse,  on  the  Vesle,  12 
ms  W.  of  Bourg.  Lon.  5  4  E.,  lat.  46  16  N. 
Pont-du-Gard. — See  Gard. 
Pontefa,  or  Pontefella,  town  of  Germany,  in 
Carinthia,  seated  on  the  Fella,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  that  leads  to  the  best  passage  over  the  Alps. 
It  is  20  ms.  NW.  of  Friuli.  Lon.  13°  E-,  lat. 
46  25  N. 

Poniefract,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  the  W.  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  in  a  very  rich  soil,  and  noted  for  its 

733 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


POP 


large  plantations  of  liquorice,  22  ms.  S  W.  of  York, 
and  175  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  18  W.,  lat. 
53  42  N. 

Ponte-Stura,  town  of  Italy,  in  Monlferrat,  seat- 
ed at  the  confluence  of  the  Stura  and  Po,  3  ms. 
SW.  ofCasal. 

Ponte  Vedra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  on  the 
Leris,  and  famous  for  its  fishery  of  pilchards.  It 
is  10  ms.  E.  of  Porto  Nova.  Lon.  S  27  W.,  lat. 
42  20  N. 

Pont  Gibaut,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy  de  Dome,  and  late  province  of  Au- 
vergne.  Near  this  place  is  the  village  of  Rore, 
with  a  silver  mine,  10  ms.  WNVV.  of  Clermont. 
Lon.  2  58  E.,  lat.  45  51  N. 

Ponthiamas,  a  small  independent  State  of  Chin 
India,  founded  in  1705  by  a  Chinese  merchant  of 
the  name  of  Kiang-si.  Its  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  the  W.  cost  ol  Cambodia. 

Pontiac,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Oakland 
co  ,  Mich.,  on  Huron  river  of  Lake  Sf  Clair.  It 
stands  in  a  very  fertile  district,  and  bids  fair  to  be- 
come a  place  of  considerable  consequence. 

Pont  ivy,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  seated 
on  the  river  Blavei. 

Pont  VEveque,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
seated  on  the  Tonque,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Lisieux. 
Lon.  6'  E.,  lat.  49  17  N. 

Pontoise,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of 
France.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  Oise 
and  Vienne,  with  a  bridge  over  the  former,  whence 
it  takes  its  name.  It  is  43  ms.  SE.  of  Rouen,  and 
27  NW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  1 1  E.,  lat.  49  3  N. 

Pont  Orson,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Channel,  and  late  province  of  Normandy, 
seated  on  the  Coesnon,  20  ms.  E.  of  St.  Malo. 
Lon.  1  30  W  ,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Hont  Remoli,  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  strong 
castle,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  40  ms. 
E.  of  Genoa,  and  66  NW.  of  Florence.  Lon.  9 
40  E.,  lat.  44  25  N. 

Pont  St.  Esprit,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Card,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc, 
on  the  Rhone,  over  which  is  one  of  the  finest 
bridges  in  Europe,  consisting  of  19  great  and  four 
small  arches.  Pont  St.  Esprit  is  17  ms.  S.  of 
Viviers,  and  55  NE.  of  Montpelier.  Lon.  4  46 
E.,  lat.  44  13  N. 

Pont  St.  Maixence,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  late  province  of 
the  Isle  of  France,  seated  on  the  Oise,  5  ms.  N. 
of  Sens.    Lon.  2  40  E.,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Pont-sur- Seine,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aube,  and  late  province  of  Cham- 
pagne, on  the  Seine,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Troves,  and 
55  SE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  40  E.,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Pont  sur-Yonne,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne,  and  late  province  of  Burgun- 
dy, 8  ms.  NW.  of  Sens.  Lon.  3  14  E.,  lat.  48 
16  N. 

Ponttpool,  town  in  Monmouthshire,  on  the  river 
Avon,  and  is  15  ms.  SW.  of  Monmouth,  and  146 
W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  3  6  W.,  lat.  51  42 
North. 

Pont-y-Pridd.  — See  Taaf. 
Ponza,  or  Pontia,  small  island  in  the  Mediter- 
734 


ranean  sea,  to  which  many  illustrious  Ror  5 
were  formerly  banished.    Lon.  13  10  E.,  hit  } 

53  N. 

Poole,  borough  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  D( 
shire.    It  is  40  ms.  WSW.  of  Winchester,  \ 
105  W.  bvS.  of  London.    Lon.  2°  W.,  |a'  o 
42  N. 

Poolesville,  town  in  the  NW.  part  of  !\  | 
gomery  co.,  Md.,  33  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C.  0 
Village,  Spartanburg  district,  S.  C. 

Pooloroon,  or  Noleron,  one  of  the  Bandnisi 
100  ms.  SE.  of  Amboyna.    Lon.  130°  E.,  j 
20  S. 

Pooloway,  one  of  the  Spice  or  Banda  islam 

Poona,  former  residence  of  the  Peshwa  or  >. 
ereign  of  the  Mahrattas,  is  situated  on  the  ea  n 
side  of  the  western  Ghauts,  100  ms.  SE.  I 
Bombay,  and  in  the  province  of  Berar  tndc  i. 
N.  lat.' 18  30,  lon.  74  2  E.  It  is  indiffer  I 
built,  open,  and  defenceless.  Here  are  the  rt  to 
fountains  of  the  Moota  Moola  river,  which  r- 
wards  joins  the  Beema,  a  tributary  of  the  Kn  l 
and  during  the  rainy  season  a  light  boat  ml 
navigated  hence  to  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  The! 
of  Poona  is  estimated  at  150,000.  Thirt;  s. 
NW.  from  Poona,  and  nearly  due  E.  from  i- 
bay,  exist  the  remarkable  excavations  of  (L 
sculptured  over,  not  with  Brachminical  figure  a 
those  of  those  of  Elephanta,  but  with  emblei  of 
the  Budhist,  or  of  the  Jain  religion.  Figui  of 
elephants,  men,  and  of  Buddha,  only  seen  at  it- 
li,  and  these  only  on  the  capitals  of  the  p  t 
The  cave  is  highly  magnificent.  It  has  el  ot 
hexagonal  columns,  supporting  a  roof  ribbed  to 
teak  wood  cut  so  as  to  fit  the  cave  exactly.  I 
portico  is  highly  labored,  and  contains  som  g- 
ures  remarkable  for  gracefulness  of  design. 

Poonah,  town  of  the  deccan  of  Hindoost;  in 
Visiapour.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  western  A> 
ratta  empire,  100  ms.  SE.  of  Bombay.  \a% 
5.5  E.,  lat.  18  30  N. 

Porander,  fortress  of  the  deccan  of  Hindo  m, 
in  Visiapour,  on  a  mountain,  18  ms.  ESm 
Poonah. 

Poote,  La  ,  small  town  of  France,  in  the  'f 
of  Mayenne,  6  ms.  WSW.  of  Alencon.  * 

Popachton,  river,  one  of  the  higher  cont  it» 
of  Delaware  river,  rises  in  Greene  co.,  N.  Y  ail 
thence  flowing  into  Delaware  co.,  contin  • 
SW.  course  of  50  ms.  into  Delaware  river.  4 

Popacton,  post  office,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Ifl 

Popayan,  province  of  New  Granada,  be.  W 
on  the  S  by  Peru,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  I|§ 
ocean.  A  chain  of  barren  mountains  runs  tbl 
the  country  from  N.  to  S.,  and  the  soil  nefl 
sea  is  flat,  marshy,  and  often  flooded  by  the  t* 

 Capital  of  a  province  of  that  name,  in  w 

Granada,  upwards  of  5,900  feet  above  the  It  « 
the  ocean,  240  ms.  NE.  of  Quito.  Lon.  W  J 
5  E.,  lat  2  35  N. 

Pope,  co.  of  Illinois,  bounded  SE.  and  by 
Ohio  river,  W.  by  Johnson,  and  N.  and  N 
Gallatin.    Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20  « 
611  sq.  ms.  This  county  lies  opposite  to  the  u« 
of  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers. 
town,  Golconda.    Pop.  in  1840,  4,094. 

Poplar  Grove,  post  office,  Dinwiddie  co-,  ^ 

ms.  S.  from  Richmond.  Post  office,  Nev  93 

district,  S.  C,  46  ms.  NW.  from  Columbn 


POR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  POR 


hlar  Plains,  village,  Fleming  co.,  Ky.,  a  lit- 
|p.  ;  ofE.,  106  ms.  from  Frankfort. 

}-)lar  Ridge,  post  office  in  the  SW.  part  of 
.ayira  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  15  ms.  NNW.  from 
tnai,  and  nearly  a  similar  distance  above  Cayuga 

f\ilar  Springs,  village,  NW,  angle  of  Anne 
irallel  co.,  M<J.,  35  ms.  N.  from  W.  C. 
filartown,  village,  Worcester  co.,  Md. 
fi/zn,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  19  ms 
.  om  Portsmouth. 

fwcatepetl,  volcanic  mountain  of  Mexico,  in 
rising  to  the  great  elevation  of  17,716  feet 
:i»0'  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Lon.  W.  C.  21  30 
Wt.  19  0  N.,  45  ms.  SE.  from  Mexico. 

Fsneck,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  princi- 
nliiof  Altenburg.  Ii  has  manufactures  of  cloth 
■  d  ather,  and  is  seated  on  the  Gams,  near  its 
.  atx  with  the  Orla,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Saalfield. 

Ftage,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  Columbiana 
•il.  Stark  S.,  Medina  W.,  Cuyahoga  NW., 
jet  a  N.,  and  Trumbull  E.  Length  30  ms., 
r<ti  24;  area  720  sq.  ms.    This  county  was 

iod  from  the  interesting  fact  that  it  contains  the 
i  mortage  of  one  mile  between  the  navigable 
.vafc  of  Cuyahoga  and  Tuscarawas  rivers.  It  is 
:yt||j  route  that  a  canal  is  projected  to  connect 
ivr  hio  waters  with  Lake  Erie.  The  land  is 
reoejly  high,  elevated,  and  considerably  broken. 
Jbfiown,  Ravenna.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,095;  and 
p.  MO,  22,965.    For  central  lat.,  see  Ravenna, 

rte  co.,  Ohio. 

wage  Dessieux,  village,  St.  Charles  co  ,  Mo., 
v5  m  from  St.  Charles. 

Mk  au  Prince,  seaport  of  St.  Domingo,  seated 
•  a  ay  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island,  of  which 
mrt  is  the  capital.  It  was  taken  by  the  English 
tp<4 valists  in  1794,  but  the  whole  island  has 
«H;nce  evacuated  bv  the  English.  Lon.  72  10 
A'.,  t.  18  45  N. 

P  Byron,  village,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y. 

jftf  Conway,  village,  King  George  co.,  Va., 
•J  fc*  road  65  ms.  S.  from  W.  C. 

P  Deposit,  village,  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  on  the  left 
>*nk:if  Susquehannah  river,  at  the  head  of  tide 
rate  and  about  one  mile  below  the  lower  bridge 
•n  U  stream,  5  ms.  above  and  N.  from  Havre  de 

P<  Elizabeth,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  N.  J., 
virion  the  E.  side  of  Maurice  river,  25  ms.  N. 
>»' fa  May  C.  H. 

IfyrE  Ottoman,  or  Ottoman  Porte,  Turk- 
•bwj  for  the  court  of  their  sultans,  from  the  an 
<i«at,trabian  Kaliffs,  who  regarded  the  door  of 
Wttejte  to  their  palace  the  porte,  or  door  par  ex- 

1         tp.,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  34  ms.  SWT.  from 

I'qAi  Tp.,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lake  On 

»'<o  Pop.  in  1820,  850.  Town  on  the  Ohio 

'  «rn  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  879. 

fier  Bridge,  village,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  45  ms. 
NWirom  Portland. 

Piersville,  Dubois  co.,  Ia.,  post  office  and  seat 
**  j«jice,  situated  on  Patoka  river,  by  post  road 
s.  SSW.  from  Indianapolis,  and  50  ms. 
SE.  ->m  Vincennes.  Lat.  38  26  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

■<•  «. 

Pi   Gibson/sesit  of  justice  for  Claiborne  co., 
on  the  waters  of  the  Bayou  Pierre,  45  ms. 


NE.  of  Natchez,  and  12  ms.  E.  of  Ihe  Mississippi 
river,  contains  a  branch  of  the  State  Bank,  hand- 
gome  court-house,  and  100  dwelling-houses,  some 
of  which  are  in  fine  taste,  and  about  800  inhab- 
itants. The  circumjacent  lands  are  of  excellent 
quality,  and  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation  as  cotton 
plantations. 

Port  Glasgow,  post  office,  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y. 

Port  Jackson,  so  named  by  Captain  Cook,  a 
large  bay  on  the  coast  of  New  South  Wales,  3 
leagues  and  a  half  N.  of  Cape  Banks.  The  capes 
that  form  its  entrance  are  high,  rugged,  and  per- 
pendicular cliffs.  On  proceeding  within,  in  1788, 
Governor  Philip  discovered  a  large  branch  extend- 
ing to  the  S.,  and  found  himself  perfectly  land- 
locked, with  a  good  depth  of  water  ;  and  finding 
also  that  the  country  was  greatly  superior  to  that 
round  Botany  Bay,  he  determined  to  fix  a  colony 
of  convicts  here,  which  had  been  originally  in- 
tended for  Botany  Bay.  Lon.  151  28  E.,  lat.  33 
50  S. 

Portici,  village  4  ms.  ESE.  of  the  city  of  Na- 
ples, situated  on  the  seaside,  near  Mount  Vesuvius, 

Port  Kent,  village,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y. 

Portland,  peninsula  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire, 
surrounded  with  inaccessible  rocks,  except  at  the 
landing  place.  Its  S.  extremity,  called  Portland 
point,  is  in  lon.  2  29  W.,  lat.  50  29  N. 

Portland,  port  of  entry,  village,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice for  Cumberland  co.,  Me.  It  is  situated  in  the 
lat.  of  4;>  40  N.,  and  lon.  of  69  52  WT.,  on  a  point 
of  land  in  Casco  bay,  about  50  ms.  SW.  of  Wis. 
casset,  and  64  NE.  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  The 
harbor  is  safe  and  commodious,  and,  being  near  the 
ocean,  is  seldom  encumbered  with  ice.  The  trade 
of  the  city  is  very  considerable  in  the  fisheries,  in 
lumber,  and  ship  building.  It  contains  two  banks, 
an  insurance  office,  and  8  or  10  places  of  public 
worship.  A  light-house,  on  Portland  Head,  fa- 
cilitates the  entrance  into  the  harbor.  Portland  is 
very  considerably  the  largest  town  in  Maine.  Pop. 
in  1810,  7,169  fin  1820,  8,531  ;  in  1830,  12,601  ; 
and  in  1840,  15,218. 

If  the  following  extract  from  the  National  Intel- 
ligencer of  September  19,  1825,  was  much  more 
diffusive,  I  would  still  give  it  insertion  under  the 
head  of  Portland,  Maine  ;  no  liberal  reader  will  ask 
why. 

The  School  System  of  the  Eastern  States  de- 
serves to  be  admired  and  imitated  by  the  rest  of  the 
Union.  It  is  the  only  system  by  which  the  bene- 
fits of  education  can  be  made  as  diffusive  as  they 
should  be  in  this  country.  The  following  state- 
ment strikingly  exemplifies  how  generally  the  peo- 
ple of  that  part  of  the  Union  are  induced  by  the 
system  to  avail  themselves  of  its  advantages  The 
town  of  Portland,  in  Maine,  embracing  a  pop.  of 
9,000  or  10,000,  contains,  by  a  late  report,  the  fol- 
lowing public  schools,  in  which,  at  the  annual  ex- 
amination, the  number  of  pupils  were  found  which 
is  annexed  to  each.  These  are  exclusive  of  the 
private  seminaries  of  instruction. 

Portland,  Sept.  6. — Portland  Public  Schools. — 
On  Thursday  and  Friday  last  week  was  the  annual 
examination  of  the  public  schools  in  this  town. 
The  school  committee,  together  with  several  gen- 
tlemen of  the  town  and  seme  strangers,  visited  the 
several  public  schools,  and  went  through  a  minute 
and  patient  examination  of  the  pupils  in  the  va- 

735 


POR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


POR 


rious  branches  of  instruction  to  which  they  had  at- 
tended. The  state  of  the  schools  generally  was 
such  as  to  give  a  high  degree  of  satisfaction  to  all 
who  visited  thetn,  and  a  most  cheering  promise  of 
their  future  usefulness.  The  number  of  pupils  in 
the  several  schools  on  the  day  of  examination  were 
as  follows : 

Mr.  Libby's,  classicai        -  -  -  107 

Mr.  Jackson's,  monitorial   -  -  -  182 

Mr.  Junkins's,  North  school  -  -  133 

Miss  Thrasher's,  Centre  school      -  -  121 

Miss  Kidder's,  West  school  -  -  136 

Miss  Hodgkins's,  primary  school    -  -  132 

Miss  Powell's,  do.  -  128 

Miss  Talbot's,  do.  -  -  76 

Miss  Baker's,  colored        -  -  -  23 


Total 


-  1,038 


Portland,  town,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lake 

Erie.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,162.  Village,  Jefferson 

co.,  Ky.,  below  Louisville.  Village,  Dallas  co., 

Al;i.,  16  ms.  from  Cahaba. 

Port  V  Orient. — See  Orient. 

Port  Louis,  strong  town  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Morbihan,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  with 
a  good  harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Blanet,  27  ins. 

W.  of  Vannes.  Lon.  3  18  W.,  lat.  47  40  N  

French  fortress,  on  the  SW.  coast  of  Hispaniola. 
Lon.  73  16  W.,  lat  18  18  N.  Town  and  har- 
bor of  the  Isle  of  France.  Lon.  57  28  E.,  lat. 
20  9  S. 

Port  Mahon,  excellent  harbor  in  the  island  of 
Minorca,  defended  by  one  of  the  strongest  citadels 
in  Europe.  Near  it  is  the  little  trading  town  of  Ma- 
hon. Lon.  3  48  E.,  lat.  39  50  N. — See  hi  lips  y 
Fort  St. 

Porto  Bello,  seaport  of  North  America,  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  having  a  large, 
commodious  harbor,  with  good  anchorage  and  shel- 
ter for  ships  ;  its  entrance  is  narrow,  and  defend- 
ed by  several  forts.  It  is  70  miles  N.  of  Panama, 
and  300  W.  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  80  45  W.,  lat. 
9  33  N. 

Porto  Cavallo,  seaport  of  Colombia,  on  the  coast 
of  Carracas.    Lon.  W.  C.  9  10  E.,  lat.  10  25  N. 

Porto  del  Principe,  seaport  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Cuba,  with  a  good  harbor.  Lon.  78  15  W.,  lat. 
21  52  N. 

Porto  Espana,  capital  of  the  island  of  Trinidad, 
is  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  and  on 
the  northwestern  part  of  the  island.  Lat.  10  35 
N.,  Ion.  from  London  61  38  W.,  and  15  27  E. 
of  W.  C. 

Porto  Farina,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis, 
to  the  W.  of  the  ruins  of  Carthage,  and  30  ms.  N. 
of  Tunis.    Lon.  10  16  E.,  lat.  37  12  N. 

Porto  Ferrajo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Isle  of  El- 
ba, with  a  good  citadel.    It  is  seated  on  a  long. 


Porto  Gruaro,  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli  o. 
Lema,  15  ms.  W.  of  Marano. 

Porto  Hercole,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the  Sta 
Pres)dn,  4  ms.  S.  of  Orbitello.  Lon  11  is 
lat.  42  14  N.  M 
Porto  Longone,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Is 
Elba,  on  the  E.  end  of  the  island,  8  ms  SV 
Piombino.    Lon.  10  10  E.,  lat.  42  52  N 

Porto  Nova,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the  pro 
of  Galhcia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Leris  5/ 
of  Orense.    Lon.  8  36  W.,  lat.  42  19N 

Porto  Pedro,  seaport  of  the  island  of  Mai  1 
Lon.  2  41  E.,  lat.  39  37  N. 

Porto  Pray  a,  town  and  bay  of  St.  Jago,  0 
14  53^  Is,ands-      I'<>n.  23  29  W, 

Porto  Rico.  See  Juan-de-Puerto  Ricn 
Porto  Santa  Maria,  seaport  of  Spain,  seat  j 
the  Bay  of  Cadiz.  It  is  a  populous  p 
taming  nearly  10,000  inhabitants,  whose  p  kj 
pal  trade  is  in  salt.  It  is  7  ms.  N.  of  Cadiz  ' 
Porto  Santo,  island  of  the  Atlantic,  the  le  0 
the  Madeiras,  15  ms.  in  circumference.  It  h  I 
harbor,  but  good  anchorage  in  the  road.  Lo  f 
25  W.,  lat.  32  58  N. 

Porto  Seguro,  capital  of  a  government  0  u 
same  hame,  in  Brazil.  It  is  seated  in  a  j  |£ 
country,  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  at  the  moutf  s 
nver  that  flows  into  the  Atlantic.  Lon  3  ,0 
W.,  lat.  17°  S. 

Porto  Vcchio,   seaport  of  Corsica,  sceted  a 
bay  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island,  40  ms  I  of 
Sardinia.    Lon.  9  20  E.,  lat.  41  42  N.  I 
Porto  Venerea,  seaport  of  Italy,  on  the  cc^dl 
Genoa,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  8d1 


a  good  hi  'nti 


to  lW 


It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  seated  on  th 
a  hill,  at  the  top  of  which  is  a  fort,  45  ms  S 
Genoa.    Lon.  9  38  E.,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Port  Paix,  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  | 
mingo,  in  the  West  Indies,  with 
Lon.  72  55  W.,  lat.  19  58  N. 

Port  Penn,  village,  New  Castle  co 
the  mouth  of  a  small  creek,  opposite 
island,  8  ms.  S.  of  New  Castle. 

Port  Patrick,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  W 
shire,  confined  by  the  sea  on  one  side,  and  j 
other  by  over  hanging  rocks  and  hills. 
107  ms.  SW.  of  Edinburgh,  and  487  N\M 
London. 

Portree,  town  of  Skve,  one  of  the  1 
islands  of  Scotland.    The  chief  trade  of  th  « 
habitants  is  in  black  cattle,  and  small  horses*! 
kelp. 

Port  Republic,  village,  Rockingham  co. 
by  postroad  149  ms.  SW.  l,v  W.  from  W.  C  nd 
131  NW.  from  Richmond.  * 
Port  Roseway.    See  Shelburne. 
Port  Poyal,  seaport  of  Jamaica,  6 
Spanish  Town,  and  as  much  by  water 


high,  and  steep  point  of  land,  W.  of  the  bay  of  i  Kingston.     Lon.   76  45  W.    lat.  18°  N — 


the  same  name,  which  has  two  forts.  It  is  40  ms 
NW.  of  Orbitello,  and  60  S.  by  E.  of  Leghorn. 
This  place  has  gained  just  celebrity  from  being  the 
residence  of  Napoleon,  from  May  4th,  1814,  until 
February  26th,  1815.  Lon.  10  25  E.,  lat.  42 
38  N. 

Porto  Galeto,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  on  a  small  river,  8  ms.  N.  of  Bilboa.  Lon. 
3  11  W.,  lat.  43  22  N. 
736 


Town  and  fort  of  the  island  of  Martinico,  2  ns. 
SE.  of  St.  Pierre.    Lon.  61  9  W.,  lat.  14  IV. 

Port  Royal,  island  of  S.  C,  lies  be;  eu 
Broad  river  on  the  W.,  W'hale  sound  i\.  no! 
Beaufort  entrance  E.  It  is  flat  and  in  partmaiji 
soil  however,  where  sufficiently  elevated  for, 'rij 
culture,  is  fertile.  It  is  about  18  ms.  Jong  ilb 
a  mean  width  of  5  ms.,  and  forms  part  of  *l 
fort  district,  and  contains  the  fine  harbor  aniiwf 


POR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  POR 


i  eaufort.  Town  in  Nova  Scotia.    See  An- 

iio>lis. 

ort  Royal,  village  and  port  of  Caroline  co., 
I  on  the  left  bank  of  Rappahannoc,  30  ms. 
I  v  Fredericksburg,  and  by  postroad  65  ms. 

3.  from  Richmond.     Pop.  about  1,500.  

i  ge,  Morgan  co.,  Ia.,  about  40  ms.  SW.  from 

ii  inapolis.  Village  on  Red  River,  Montgo- 

H  co.,  Tenn.,  45  ms.  WNW.  from  Nashville. 

irtsea,  island  of  Eng.,  between  Chichester 
a  md  the  harbor  of  Portsmouth,  in  Hampshire, 
t  a  low  tract  of  considerable  extent,  separated 

0  the  mainland  by  a  creek,  over  which  is  a 
i>iije.  At  the  SW.  extremity  of  it,  is  situated 
:  u)wn  of  Portsmouth. 

rtsmouih,  seaport  and  borough  of  Eng.  in 
pshire,  on  the  Isle  of  Portsea.  It  is  the  most 
or  derable  haven  for  men-of-war  in  Eng.  The 
►  iirnus  harbor  is  made  by  a  bay,  running  up 
>«!!en  the  island  and  an  opposite  peninsula, 
i  ii\g  a  narrow  entrance  commanded  by  the  town 
tioorts.  Portsmouth  is  the  most  strongly  forti- 
rittilace  in  Great  Britain.  It  is  20  ms.  SSE.  of 
./rhester,  and  72  SW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  1 
W.lat.,  50  49  N. 

Msmou1h>  town,  seat  of  justice,  and  port  of 
tritj,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.  It  is  seated  on 
tii«;  bank  of  the  Piscataqua  river  and  harbor, 
mli  43  9  N.,  and  lon.  70  76  W.  at  the  dis- 
laotof  22  ms.  N.  of  Newburyport,  and  56  NE. 
<■'  iston.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
IV  ,  and  the  trade  extensive.  From  the  ex- 
.ape  tides,  the  harbor  is  very  seldom  frozen, 
completely  land-locked,  and  admits  vessels  of 

1  ft  rgest  class.  The  main  entrance  is  about  a 
<  <hMe,  between  the  Kitterry  shore  and  Great 
i«la|,  and  well  defended  by  Forts  Constitution 

id  cClary.  Depth  from  eight  to  ten  fathoms. 
■  ii  own  contains  the  ordinary  co.,  buildings, 
"Ui  tate  banks,  eight  places  of  public  worship, 
in  iouse,  female  asylum,  athenseum,  an  acad- 
•'uqfl.wo  market  houses,  and  three  or  four  insur- 
ciffices.  It  it  is  situated  between  Newport 
dJristol.  Pop.  in  1810,  6,934;  in  1820, 
M  and  in  1840,  7,887. 

lismouih,  town,  Newport  co.,  R.  I.  Pop. 

Hi  1,795;  in  1820,  1,645.  Village,  Nor- 

tif L  Va.,  situated  on  Elizabeth  river,  oppo- 
the  borough  of  Norfolk,  41  ms.  SE.  of 
<%nsburg,  and  28  NE.  of  Suffolk,  on  Nanse- 
aofr  river.     It  supports  a  considerable  trade. 

p  bove  2,000.  Village  and  seat  of  justice, 

*a;Btp.,  Scioto  co.,  O.,  on  the  eastern  bank 
i^to  river,  just  above  its  junction  with  the 
k*c,  It  contains  a  court  house  and  jail,  a  bank, 

i  W ling  office,  one  bookstore,  and  six  mercan- 
t,J  *res  and  two  commission  warehouses,  which 
•  flty  extensive  business.  Distance  45  ins. 
'•■  »\  Chilicothe,  and  90  in  the  same  direction 
"in  olumbus.  Pop.  527.  N.  lat.  38  48,  W. 
54.    Pop.  ofthetp.  1840,  1,844. 

Ptsvilfe,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y. 

°«f  Tobacco,  vill.  and  seat  of  justice,  Charles 
H  id.,  on  a  small  river  of  the  same  name, 
1W>g  by  a  comparatively  wide  mouth  into  the 
river.  N.  lat.  38  20,  lon.  W.  C.  3'  E. 
Jisfc..  Dy  p0gtroa(i  34  ras.  s.  from  W.  C,  and 
11  ij.  from  Annapolis.    Pop.  500. 

William,  village  and  seat  of  justice.,  Gal- 
>3* 


latin  co.,  Ky.,  on  the  point  of  confluences  of 
Kentucky  and  Ohio  rivers.  Lat.  38  40  IN.,  lon. 
W.  C.  8  5  W.,  and  distant  44  ms.  NW.  from 
Frankfort. 

Portugal,  the  most  western  country  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  about  310  ms.  in  length  and  150 
in  breadth.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Duero, 
the  Tajo,  orDouro,  the  Guadiana,  the  Minho,  and 
the  Munda,  or  Mondego.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  E.  and  N. 
by  Spain.  Though  Spain  and  Portugal  are  in  the 
same  climate,  yet  the  air  of  the  latter  is  much 
more  temperate  than  that  of  the  former  on  account 
of  the  neighborhood  of  the  sea,  and  being  less  ele- 
vated. The  mountain  chains  of  the  peninsula 
generally  extend  E.  and  W.,  and  most  of  those  of 
Spain  reach  into  Portugal.  The  vegetable  pro- 
ductions are  very  much  varied,  consisting  of  wheat, 
oats,  barley,  olives,  apples,  peaches,  oranges,  lem- 
ons, wines,  &c.  Silk  is  made  in  abundance,  and 
of  excellent  quality.  Wine  is  the  chief  article  of 
export,  but  salt  and  wool  are  also  produced  and 
exported,  in  ordinary  years,  to  the  amount  of  one 
million  and  a  half  of  dollars. 

The  recent  revolutions  in  Europe  and  the  Bra- 
zils have  very  materially  affected  the  foreign  and 
domestic  relations  of  Portugal. — See  Brazil. 

The  Portuguese  monarchy  comprises  in  Europe 
Portugal,  divided  into  six  provinces: 

Entre  Douero  e-Minho,  extreme  NW.  Chief 
city,  Oporto.    Pop.  883,000. 

Tras-os-Montes,  extreme  NE.  Chief  city,  Mir- 
anda.   Pop.  310,000. 

Beira,  between  Entre  Douero-e-Minho,  Trasos- 
Montes,  and  Estramadura  and  Alem-Tejo."  Chief 
city,  Coimbra.    Pop.  1,024,000. 

Estramadura,  bounded  by  Beira  NE.,  Alem- 
Tejo  E.  and  SE.,  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  W. 
Chief  city,  Lisbon.    Pop.  811,000. 

Alem-Tejo,  bounded  by  Beira  N.,  Estramadura 
NW.,  Spain  E  ,  Algarva  S.,  and  Atlantic  ocean 
SW.    Chief  city,  Evora.    Pop.  359,000. 

Algarva,  bounded  by  Alem-Tejo  N.,  Spain  E., 
and  the  Atlantic  ocean  S.  and  W.  Chief  city, 
Faro.    Pop.  113,000. 

Summary  of  European  Portugal. 


Provinces. 

Extent,  sq.  ms. 

Population. 

Entre  Douero-e-Minho  - 
T ras  os  Monies 
Beira 

Estramadura 
Alem  Tejo 
Algarva 

2,775 
3,920 
8,325 
9,620 
9,945 
2,000 

883,000 
3t0,0(O 
1,024,000 
811.000 
359,000 
113,000 

Totals 

36,585 

3,500,000 

Foreign  Possessions  of  Portugal. 

In  Asia  :  vice  royalty  of  the  Indus,  with  the 
government  of  Macao,  having  Goa  for  capital ; 
province'of  Salsette,  capital  Damao  or  Diu,  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar.    Supposed  pop.  500,000. 

Oceania  :  the  island  of  Timor,  almost  the  whole 
of  Solor  or  Flores,  and  smaller  islands.  Pop. 
45,000. 

Africa  :  Azores,  group  of,  capital  Terceira, 
with  a  population  of  220,000. 

Madeira,  Porto  Santo,  and  smaller  islands, 
Pop,  100,000, 

739 


POT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  POT 


Cape  Verd,  province,  comprising  the  islands  of 
St.  Jago,  Fogo,  Brava,  San  Nicolao,  Santo  An- 
tao,  Mayo,  St.  Vincent,  Sal,  and  Santa  Luzia  ; 
also,  on  the  coast  of  Senegambia,Cacheu  and  Bis- 
sao.    Pop.  70,000. 

On  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  Mozambique. 
Pop.  290,000. 

Western  coast,  Angola  and  Congo,  St.  Thome, 
&c.     Pop.  375,000. 

Summary. 
European  Portugal  - 
Vice-royalty  of  the  Indies 
Oceania  - 

Azores  ... 
Madeira,  &c. 
Cape  Verd  - 
Angola,  Congo,  &c. 
Mozambique 


Total  pop.  of  the  monarchy 


3,500,000 
500,000 
45,000 
220,000 
100,000 
70,000 
375,000 
290,000 

5,100,000 


Posen,  fortified  city  of  Great  Poland,  capital  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  university. 
It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  27  ms.  W.  hy  S. 

of  Gnesna.    Lon.  17°  W.,  lat.  52  24  N.  

Government  of  Prussian  Poland,  of  which  Posen 
is  the  capital. 

Posey,  SW.  co.,  Ia.,  occupying  the  peninsula 
between  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers,  and  bound- 
ed by  Gibson  N.  and  Vandenburg  E.  Length  30 
ms.,  mean  width  14;  area  about  430  sq.  ms. 
Chief  town,  Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  1820,  4,061. 
Lat.  38°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  44  W. 

Post  Mill,  village  and  post  office,  Orange  qo., 
Vt.,  54  ms.  N.  from  Montpelier. 

Post  Oak,  springs  and  post  6ff.ce,  Roane  co., 
Tenn. 

Poti,  or  Potik,  town  and  seaport  of  Russia,  on 
the  left  bank  and  near  the  mouth  of  the  Phasis  or 
Rioni  river,  on  the  extreme  eastern  shore  of  the 
Black  sea,  N.  lat.  42  20.  It  is  the  mart  of  Min- 
grelia,  Imireti,  Guria,  and  Georgia,  and  amongst 
the  cessions  made  by  Turkey  to  Russia  in  the 
treaty  of  September,  1829. 

Potomac,  river  of  Va  ,  Md.,  and  Pa.,  is  a  slr»  am 
of  incalculable  importance  in  the  interior  or  inland 
navigation  uf  the  U.  S.  If  we  turn  our  eye  to  a 
map  of  Va.,  we  perceive  the  extreme  northwestern 
sources  of  James  river  flowing  to  the  SW.,  along 
the  mountain  valleys;  and,  extending  our  view  to 
the  headwaters  of  Potomac,  we  behold  them  flow- 
ing parallel  to  each  other  NE.,  also  down  the 
mountain  valleys;  and  in  the  latter  case  we  are 
struck  with  the  very  remarkable  fact,  that  the  Po- 
tomac rises  W.  of  all  the  ridges  of  the  Appalachian 
system,  except  that  denominated  Laurel  Hill — the 
SW.  angle  of  Md.,  or  extreme  western  source  of 
the  Potomac,  having  the  residue  of  the  collateral 
ridges  to  pierce  in  its  progress  towards  its  recipi- 
ent, the  Chesapeake  bay.  This  peculiar  structure 
of  the  river  valleys  of  the  U.  S.  yields  an  unequal- 
led facility  of  forming  inland  water  communica- 
tion through  a  very  broad,  chain  of  mountains. 
Before  proceeding  to  describe  the  Potomac,  it  may 
be  remarked  that  the  Appalachian  or  Alleghany 
system  of  mountains  does  not  form  the  dividing 
ridge  which  separates  the  waters  flowing  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean  from  those  which  enter  the  Missis- 
73S. 


sippi  basin,  but  that  the  separating  river  line 
the  mountains  obliquely. 

The  Potomac,  draining  the  valleys  of  the 
palachian  mountains  from  N.  lat  38  25  to 
unites  its  various  branches  before  piercing  the 
Ridge,  which  it  finally  effects  at  Harper's  F 
60  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C.  Below  its  pa 
through  the  Blue  Ridge  to  its  egress  into  C 
peake  bay  is  about  200  ms.,  following  the  ^ 
ings  of  the  stream.  The  tide  ascends  to  Ge 
town,  3  ms.  above  the  capitol  in  Washin 
where  it  is  arrested  by  the  gneiss  range  of  r 
Ships  of  the  largest  class  are  navigated  to  the 
yard,  one  mile  below  the  capitol.  Like  all 
tributaries  of  Chesapeake  bay,  the  Potorn?< 
low  the  head  of  tide  water,  opens  gradually  i 
long  narrow  bay.  By  a  singular  caprice  of 
torn,  the  Stsquehannah  is  considered  a>  ten 
ting  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  whilsf,  in 
what  is  known  by  the  name  of  Chesapeake  I 
merely  the  continuation  of  that  noble  river; 
I  in  strictness,  James  river,  York  river,  Rapps 
nock  river,  and  Potomac,  are  its  tributaries. 

The  sources  of  Cheat  river  branch  of  tbe 
nongahela,  rise  in  Randolph  co.,  Va.,  in  the 
j  valley  with  the  Potomac  and  those  of  the  Yo 
;  ogany,  with  a  single  intervening  ridge  sepai 
'  them  from  those  of  the  Potomac,  partly  in 
dolph  and  Monongahela  cos.,  in  Va.,  and  j 
|  in  Alleghany  co.,  Md.    Thus  here  again  o 
i  the  second  instance  of  advancing  from  the 
jN.,of  the  origin  of  waters  flowing  into  lh* 
j  opposite  systems  of  the  Mexican  gulf  and  th 
lantic  ocean,  without  an  intervening  moot 
and  yet  am  dst  the  Appalachian  ridges.  Th 
culiar  features  we  have  neneed  in  this  secti 
country  has  drawn  the  attention  of  per.-oi;s  ir 
ing  into  the  subject  of  canal  connection  bet 
the  two  river  systems. 

The  SE.  and  main  source  of  the  Potomac 
'in  Pendleton  co.,  Va  ,  at  lat.  31  25  N.,  an 
next  considerable  stream  of  the  valley,  the  Sh 
doah,  rises  in  Augusta  co.y  as  fir  S  as  IS 
38°.  The  latter  overheads  the  sources  of 
and  Rappahannock  rivers,  and  interlocks  wit 
sources  of  James  river;  the  middle  ridge  o 
Appalachian,  or  the  mountain  properly  calk 
Kittatinny,  ranges  between  the  Potomac  \ 
and  the  Shenandoah.  Both  rivers  ami  all 
branches  flow  to  the  NE.,  down  the  mou 
valleys.  The  Potomac  continues  in  that  din 
as  far  as  N.  lat.  39  41,  within  2  ms.  of  the 
boundary  of  jPa.,  whence  it  turns  at  light  ai 
pierces  the  Kittatinny  mountain,  and  flows  t 
SE.  Forty  ms.  by  comparative  courses,  belo 
passage  through  the  Kittatinny,  the  Potorof 
ceives  the  Shenandoah  from  the  SW.,  an. 
united  waters  here  pierce  the  Blue  Ridge, 
latter  passage  of  the  Potomac,  through  anotl 
the  Appalachian  ridges,  is  known  as  the  celel 
Harper's  Ferry.  At  their  junction  the  Pd 
has  flowed  by  comparative  courses  1  GO,  an 
Shenandoah  120  ms. 

From  Harper's  Ferry  to  the  head  of  tide  v 
or  to  where  the  Potomac  quits  the  primitivi 
enters  the  alluvial  sea  border  formation,  is  5C 
and  thence  continuing  by  a  general  course 
and  by  comparative  courses  100  ms.,  that  rr 
lost  in  the  Chesapeake  bay  at  N.  lat,  38°,  h 


POT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


POT 


re  ined  exactly  the  lat.  of  the  sources  of  Shenan- 
dci-  The  entire  length  of  the  Potomac  valley  is 
I  ms.,  presenting  a  very  remarkable  channel,  j 
VI  v  of  its  minor  valleys  are  composed  of  very  j 
>ructive  soil,  and  already  an  immense  amount  of 
,,ruce  is  reared  within  it,  and  transported  to  the 
A'nlic  ports. 

may  be  remarked  that  tobacco,  as  a  staple 

0  nodity  in  large  quantities,  may  be  considered 
jBiinited  by  this  valley,  whilst  wheat,  rye,  and 
iQ»pple,  as  staples,  may  be  viewed  as  commenc- 
?0f  From  the  peculiar  form  of  the  valley,  and 
ti»  the  very  great  difference  of  elevation  of  its 

a  l  it  presents  a  greater  variety  of  climate  than 
,  oil  be,  upon  a  first  glance  upon  its  extent  and 
omon  on  a  map,  believed  probable.  If  climate 
..Brhe  features  of  nature  are  both  taken  into  the 

y.  mt,  the  Potomac  presents  the  most  favorable 
i*  ies  of  any  river  in  the  Susquehannah  basin 
(Oiect  a  water  communication  between  the  At- 
i«:  ocean  and  the  valley  of  Ohio. 

4r;  e  Potomac,  in  its  natural  state,  is  the  most 
arable  branch  of  the  Susquehannah.  Ships  of 
Mflj.urden  can  be  brought  up  to  the  navy  yard  at  j 

v?:iington,  5  ms.  below  the  extreme  head  of  tide  , 
mm-  Washington  is  upwards  of  100  ms.  in  a; 
-•in  line,  and  following  the  Chesapeake  bay  and  ' 
Ntoac  river,  about  200  ms.  distant  from  the  At- ' 

0  ocean.  Washington  is,  therefore,  the  point' 
Mjb  U.  S,  to  which  the  largest  vessels  can  be  j 
ttjhted  the  furthest  into  the  interior  of  the  con- 
fess 

vmtosi,  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  jurisdiction  to 
mm  of  Charcos.    Here  are  some  of  the  best  sib 
rt {lines  in  all   America,   in  a  mountain  in  | 
Ml  form  of  a  sugar  loaf.    Silver  was  former- 1 
tpv\y  abundant  in  this  place,  but  the  mines 
«f  j»w  much  exhausted,  or  at  least  little  is  got  in 
m  rison  of  what  was  formerly.    The  country 
Mil  is  so  naked  and  barren  that  the  inhabitants  j 
§§pir  provisions  from  the  neighboring  provinces.  I 
Slated  at  the  bottom  oe^he  mountain  of  Po- 
H0  ms.  WNW^of  &vica.    Lon.  W.  C.  9 
IM  lat.  19  50  S. 

vRwt,  or  Ma ie-au- Burton,  town  and  seat  of 
mL  Washington  co.,  Mo.,  70  ms.  WSW. 
■■St.  Louis,  and  55  W.  from  St.  Genevieve. 
Hjfhoolcraft,  who  visited  this  town,  states  that, 
l'  tf;  epoch  of  his  visit,  (1818,)  it  contained  80 
mm,  a  court  house,  jail,  and  academy,  3  stores, 
.  JLleries,  2  Hour  mills,  9  lead  furnaces,  1  saw 
nilmd  a  post  office.  This  traveller  describes 
mm  as  a  handsome  eminence,  a  little  N.  of  the 
mn>al  mines,  and  separated  irorn  Mine  a  Bur- 
oar^  Mine  creek.  It  is  is  environed  by  about  40 
''d  ines,  within  a  radius  of  20  ins.  Lat.  37  56 
■  L  W.  C.  13  24. 
fbsi  San  Louis,  formerly  an  intendency,  now 
if;  of  Mexico,  bounded  S.  by  Queretaro  and 
*utyxuato,  W.  by  Zacatecas,  N.  by  New  Leon, 
«»•  feTaumalipas  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 

1  •    Vera  Cruz.    Length  from  X.  to  S.  200 

ean  width  about  95,  area  19,000  sq.  ms. 

1  mibetween  lat.  21  40  and  24  20  IS.,  and  from 
atn  \.  C.  21  10  to  24°  W. 

ft  new  independent  State  of  San  Louis  Poto- 
>»  co  )rises  the  former  province  of  San  Louis  in 
"» inndency  of  much  greater  extent.  Though 

Ii'!:ed  area,  San  Louis  presents  a  very  great 


inequality  of  climate,  seasons,  and  of  vegetable 
and  mineral  production.  The  western  part  com- 
mences on  the  elevated  table  land  of  Anahuac,  at, 
perhaps,  from  5,000  to  8,000  feet  above  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  Falling  from  this  aerial  height  to  the 
bar  of  Tampico,  the  traveller,  in  a  few  days,  ex- 
periences a  change  of  temperature  equal  to  15°  of 
latitude. 

Crossed  almost  centricaliy  by  the  northern  tro- 
pic, and  its  parts  differing  so  much  in  relative 
height,  the  air  of  this  small  State  exhibits  all  the 
meteorological  phenomena,  usually  found  from  the 
tropics  to  lat.  39°.  Humboldt,  speaking  of  the 
intendency,  observes:  "Of  the  whole  intendency 
of  San  Louis  Potosi,  only  that  part  which  adjoins 
the  province  of  Zacatecas,  in  which  are  the  rich 
mines  of  Charcas,  Guadalcazar,  and  Catorce,  ia  a 
cold  and  mountainous  country."  The  mountain 
region,  reverted  to  by  this  acute  observer,  is  the 
western  part  of  the  new  State,  and  contains  its 
capital.  San  Louis  is  very  deficient  in  rivers  or 
harbors,  but  rich  in  soil  and  mineral  wealth.  Upon 
Tanner's  map,  the  pop.  is  stated  at  174,957.  This 
would  yield  a  distributive  pop.  of  a  fraction  above 
10  to  the  sq.  m. 

Potosi,  San  Louis,  city  of  Mexico,  and  seat  of 
government  for  the  State  of  San  Louis  Potosi.  It 
is  situated  on  the  high  table  land  of  Anahuac,  near 
the  source  of  the  river  Panuco,  264  ms.  NNW  . 
from  the  city  of  Mexico.  Lat.  22  3  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  23  25  W.    Pop.  15,000. 

Potsdam,  city  of  Prussia,  in  the  middle  marche 
of  Brandenburg,  with  a  palace  belonging -to  the 
king  of  Prussia.  It  is  the  most  elegant  and 
singular  city  in  Europe,  on  an  island  10  ms  in 
circumference,  formed  by  the  rivers  Spree  and  Ha- 
vel, 12  ms.  W.  of  Berlin.    Lon.  13  46  E.,  lat. 

51  52  N.  Province  of  German  Prussia,  com- 

prehending  the  Ucker  mark,  the  maik  of  Preig- 
nitz,  and  the  greatest  part  of  the  Middle  mark.  It 
lies  between  Pomerania,  West  Prussia,  and  Saxo- 
ny. -Town,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  (New  York,  on 

Racket  river,  about  90  ms.  W.  from  Plattsburg. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,911. 

Potter,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Alleghany  co.,  IV. 
Y.,  N„  Steuben,  N.  Y.,  NE.,  Tioga  co.,  Pa,, 
E.,  Lycoming  SE.  and  S.,  and  McKean  W. 
Length  37,  breadth  30  ms.,  area  1,100  sq.  ms. 
This  co.  extends  over  an  extensive  table  land,  from 
which  the  rivers  flow  like  radii  from  a  common 
centre;  Alleghany  flows  jNW.  into  N.  Y.,  the 
extreme  SW.  sources  of  Tioga  river  flow  NE.  also 
into  N.  Y.,  whilst  in  the  intermediate  space  Gen- 
es?ee  rises,  and,  flowing  Pi.,  pursues  its  course 
towards  Lake  Ontario.  Pine  creek,  Kettle  creek, 
the  Sinamahoning,  and  Driftwood  branches  of  the 
W.  branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  all  rise  in  the 
southern  section  of  this  co.,  and  flows  S.  All  these 
streams  rise  near  Coudersport,  and  very  near  the 
centre  ol  the  co.  Pop.  in.  1820,  4,836;  and  in 
1840,  3,371.  Central  lat.  41  45  N.,  Ion.  W 
C.  1°  W. 

Potter,  SE.  tp.  of  Centre  co.,  Pa.    Pop.  1820, 
1,810. 

Potter  s  Hollow,  village,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pofterstoivn,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  Y.,  12 
ms  NW.  by  W.  from  Somerville. 

Pottiesville,  village,  Louisa  co.,  Va.,  about  60 
ms.  from  Richmond. 

739 


PRA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PRE 


Potton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bedfordshire,  12  ms. 
E.  of  Bedford,  and  48  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  18'  W.,  lat.  52  UN. 

Pottsgrove,  upper  tp,  of  Montgomery  co. ,  I'n 
on  the  Schuylkill.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,822. 

Pottstown,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  in 
Pottsgrove  tp.,  on  the  Schuylkill,  16  ms.  below 
Reading. 

Pottsville,  village,  Schuylkill  co.,  Pa. 

Poughhcepsie,  town,  the  capital  of  Dutchess  co., 
N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Hudson  river, 
47  ms.  S.  of  the  city  of  Hudson,  and  85  N.  of  the 
city  of  N.  Y.  The  village  of  Poughkeep^ie  is  on 
an  elevated  plain,  and  has  a  neat  and  even  roman- 
tic appearance.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  man- 
ufactures, and  has,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  co. 
buildings,  an  academy  and  five  or  six  places  of 
public  worship.  Pop.  in  1810,  4,670;  in  1820, 
5,726  ;  and  in  1840,  10,006. 

Poundridge,  village,  West  Chester  co.,  N.  Y. 

PoweVs  River,  the  NW.  branch  of  Tennessee, 
rises  in  Scott  and  Lee  cos.,  flows  SW.,  and  en- 
ters Claiborne  co.,  Tenn.,  and  joins  Clinch  river 
at  Grantsborough,  in  the  southern  part  of  Camp- 
bell co. 

Powells  Mountain,  an  Appalachian  ridge,  ex- 
tending between  Clinch  and  PowePs  rivers,  in 
Scott  and  Lee  cos.,  Va.,  and  in  Claiborne  co., 
Tenn. 

Powell's  Tavern,  post  office,  Goochland  co., 
Va.*  27  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Powell's  Valley,  partly  in  Va.,  and  partly  in 
Tenn.,  spreads  between  Powell's  and  Cumberland 
mountains. 

Powelton,  town,  Hancock  co  ,  Ga.,  on  the 
right  side  of  the  Ogeeche,  near  its  source,  35  ms. 
NJN'E.  from  Milledgeville.  It  ii  the  seat  of  an 
academy. 

Powhatan,  or  Pohatan,  co.  of  Va.,  on  James 
river,  bounded  by  Chesterfield  SE-,  Appomattox 
river  or  Amelia  S.,  Cumberland  W. ,  and  James 
river  or  Goochland  N.  Length  20,  mean  width 
16  ms;  area  320  sq.  ms.  Its  chief  town,  Scotts- 
ville,  is  about  25  ms.  nearly  W.  from  Richmond. 
Pop.  in  1S20,  8,292;  in  1-840,  7,921. 

Pragmatic,  Greek  root  prasso,  to  do,  or  to 
practise.  From  this  source  comes  pragmatic 
sanction.  In  France,  during  the  three  first  races 
of  its  kings,  this  title  was  given  to  royal  acts  made 
in  concert  with  the  grandees.  In  Germany,  prag- 
matic sanctions  were  the  resolutions  made  by  the 
general  diet  of  the  empire. 

The  title  of  pragmatic  sanction  has  been,  at 
a  much  more  recent  date,  made  remarkable  from 
that  constitution  or  settlement  made  in  1772  by 
the  emperor  Charles  VI,  in  favor  of  his  daughter 
Maria  Theresa,  securing  to  her  and  heirs  the  suc- 
cession, he  having  no  sons.  This  pragmatic  sanc- 
tion was  confirmed  by  the  imperial  diet,  and  guar- 
antied by  many  of  the  other  Powers  of  Europe. 

The  Council  of  Basil,  which  terminated  its  sit- 
tings in  1449,  made,  during  its  session,  several 
decrees  in  regard  to  the  church.  These  decrees 
were  in  part  adopted  by  the  French  nation,  and 
served  as  base  to  the  famous  pragmatic  sanction 
which  Charles  VII  caused  to  be  drawn  up  at  Bour- 
ges  in  1438,  and  whose  stipulations  formed  the 
constitution,  in  great  part,  of  what  has  been  called 
"  The  Liberties  of  the  Galilean  Church.''  The 
740 


example  of  the  French  was  speedily  followet  I 
the  Germans,  who  acceded  to  those  decrees  at  5 
diet  of  Mayence,  1439. 

Prague,  capital  city  of  Bohemia,  on  both  i  8 
of  the  Muldau,  5  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  the  I 
raun.  It  is  the  military  headquarters,  seat  ol  e 
highest  courts  of  justice,  and  the  general  w  r 
rendezvous  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  Bohe 
The  climate,  though  cold,  is  healthy.  The  un  j 
sity  of  Prague  was  instituted  in  1348  by  Ch  , 
IV.,  and  is  the  most  ancient  in  Germany.  g 
still  a  very  flourishing  institution.  Lat.  50  5 
Ion.  14  25  E.  ;  160  ms.  English  NW.  frorr  ' 
enna,  70  SSE.  from  Dresden,  and  170  a  littl  I 
of  S.  from  Berlin. 

Prairie,  tp  ,  Wayne  co.,  O.,  6  ms  S.  q 

Wooster.    Pop.  1820,  706.  Tp.  in  the  ■  ! 

em  limits  of  Franklin  co.,  O.    Pop.  1820,  j, 

Prairie  Creek,  village,  Vigo  co.,  Ia.,  95  «, 
SW.  by  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Prairie  du  Chien,  settlement  on  the  left  k 
of  the  Mississippi  river,  Crawford  co.,  Midi  !( 
above  the  mouth  of  Wisconsin  river.  It  is  ai  I 
cient  settlement,  made  by  French  traders.  « 
U.  S.  Fort  Crawford  stands  in  this  settlemen' 

Prairie  du  Roche,  village,  Randolph  co..  |. 
It  is  the  same  village  named  often  Prairie  di  y- 
cher. — See  Prairie  du  Rocher. 

Prairie  Mound,  village,  Lillard  co.,  Mo. 

Prairie  du  Rocher,  tp.,  Randolph  co.,  Ill  J 
ms.  from  Kaskaskias. 

Prallsville,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.  il 

Praltsburg,  town,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.  M 
1820,  1,377. 

Prattsville,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  o  i« 
road  from  Hancockstown  to  Cumberland,  id 
nearly  midway  between  those  places,  and  by  ,U 
road  115  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C. 

Praya  — See  Porta  Praya. 

Preble,  co.  of  O.,  bounded  by  la  W.,  l  it 
N=,  Montgomery  E.,  and  Butler  S.  Lengt.  1, 
breadth  18  ms.  ;  area  432  sq.  ms.  Surface  n- 
erally  level,  and  soil  productive  in  grain,  i  tt 

and  pasturage.    Chief  town,  Eaton.  To, 

Cortland  co  ,  N.  Y.    Pop,  1840,  19,482. 

Precessiox,  or,  far  more  correctly,  Recess 
of  the  equinoxes.  This  term  is  used  fo  e>  a» 
an  annual  change  of  place  of  equinoxial  p  s, 
arising  from  a  slow  but  constant  defleMon  c  ae 
earth's  axis  from  its  parallelism  of  50".  i  anm  y- 
The  solar  year  is  365  days,  5  hours,  48  mir  *, 
and  52  seconds  ;  the  sidereal  year  is  365  deS 
hours,  9  minutes,  and  12  seconds  :  ditferei  of 
time  20  minutes  and  20  seconds,  which  the  t»- 
real  year  exceeds  the  solar ;  or  the  earth  cornes  «B 
equinox  to  equinox  1,220  seconds  sooner  «n 
from  star  to  star ;  and  hence  the  recession  <* 
ward  of  the  equinoxial  points. 

Precop,  or  Perecop,  town  and  fortress  of  !*• 
sia,  in  the  government  of  Catharinenshf,  ant  § 
vince  of  Taurida,  seated  on  the  isthmus  that  n* 
the  Crimea  to  the  continent.  A  deep  treir  * 
ms.  in  length,  is  cut  across  the  isthmus,  over  I  ch 
is  a  bridge,  and  upon  that  a  vaulted  gate,  w 
the  Golden  Gate  of  the  Tartars.  Lon.  35  3  >•> 
lat.  46  8  N. 

Precopia,  town  of  European  Turkey,  ir. ier- 
via,  on  the  river  Morave,  20  ms.  W.  from 
1     Pregel,  river  of  East  Prussia,  which  issues  >» 


PRE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PRI 


ne  ake  Angerburg,  and,  flowing  by  Insterburg, 
I  a,  and  Konig*burg,  enters  the  eastern  extrem- 

I  the  Frisch  Haff. 
semislau,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
e.  iurg,  with  a  strong  castle,  and  a  Greek  and 
at  bishop's  see.    It  is  seated  on  the  river  Sa- 

,aJ)  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Lemburg.   Lon.  2l°  E., 

,Li9°  N. 

jenzlo,  town  of  Brandenburg,  capital  of  the 
Mark.  It  contains  6  churches,  and  has 
i  c  sideiable  trade  in  corn,  tobacco,  and  cattle, 
tlieated  on  the  lake  and  river  Ucher,  60  ms. 

^  .  of  Berlin.    Lon.  13  50  E.,  lat.  53  J  9  N. 

lirau,  town  of  Moravia,  capital  of  a  circle  of 
n«  me  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Beczwa,  13 
nME.  of  Olmutz.    Lon.  17  29  E.,  lat.  49 

isburg,  fortified  city,  capital  of  Lower  Hun- 
Jj  with  a  strong  castle  on  a  hill.  It  is  seated 
tfA  Danube,  which  is  here  very  rapid,  and 
m250  yards  in  breadth.  The  inhabitants  are 
iS  ted  at  27,000.  Here  the  States  of  Hungary 
tok  heir  assemblies,  and  in  the  cathedral  the  sov- 
>rdiji  is  crowned.    In  December,  1805,  a  treaty 

p;e  was  concluded  here  between  Austria  and 
9m).  Presburg  is  31  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Vienna, 
inli)  WNW.  of  Buda.    Lon.  17  7  E.,  lat.  48 

/  sburg,  or  Posonyi-  Varmegye,  palatinate  of 
ruinry,  of  which  Presburg  is  the  capital. 

f,scot,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire.  Here 
iter  anufactures  of  watch  movements,  pinion 
Tifctsmall  files,  and  coarse  earthen  ware,  and 
•n»  it  are  many  coal  mines.    It  is  8  ms.  E. 

ijn  jiverpool. 

.mcott,  village  of  U.  C,  on  St.  Lawrence, 

•:«r  opposite  Ogdensburg.  Village,  Hamp- 

rultio.,  Mass.,  70  ms.  westerly  from  Boston. 
Pis/ey's,  Abbeville  district,  S.  C. 
mjttan,  town,  New  London  co  ,  Ct.,  on  the 
IrfB  of  the  river  Thames,  15  ms.  above  New 

mfn.    Pop.  18'*0,  1,899.  1  own,  Chenan- 

M  N.  Y.    The  tp.  of  Preston  lies  W.  of 
Aofc|:h;  the  post  office  106  ms.  W.  from  Alba- 
iY«M-County,   Virginia,  bounded  by  Monon- 
rtkt  county  N.,  Alleghany  county,  Maryland, 
wfj.ndolph  co.,   Virginia,  S.,  and  Harrison 
vV.»  jjength  26,  mean  width  16  ms.  ;  area  416 
fli Surface  either   hilly  or  mountainous. 
^Mriver,  or  the  SE.  branch  of  Monongahela,  i 
io^hrough  it  from  S.  to  N.    Pop.  in  1820,  j 
UM  and  in  1840,  6,866.    Cent.  lat.  39  17 
i  „  I).  W.  C.  2  45  VV. 
Iklon  Hollow,  po  t  office,  Albany  co.,  N. 

«'Ut  20  ms.  from  Albany. 
fhtomberg,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Floyd 
°-,r!'.,  on  the  west  branch  of  Big  Sandy  river, 
•  (Kroad  209  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Frankfort. 
*M  f  44  N.,  lon.  VV.  C.  5  36  W. 
ftiionoille,  village,  Rhea  co.,  Tenn.,  140  ms. 
1  p(road  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Murfreesborough. 
P*\esa,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Alba- 
«'•  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Nicopolis,  built 
•J  ttoiemperor  Augustus,  in  memory  of  his  vic- 
uvy  I'er  Anthony.    It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
AfJulf  of  Arta,  70  ms.  NW.  of  Lepanto. 
U>n.JL  5  E.,  lat.  39  14  N. 

Pi\ritVs  Knob,  village,  Barren  co.,  Ky.,  144 
ms.  fci.W.  from  Frankfort. 


Price's  Tavern,  and  post  office,  Louisa  co., 
Va.,  60  ms.  N  VV.  from  Richmond. 

Priestford,  village,  Hartford  county,  Mary- 
land. 

Prince  Edward,  co.  of  U.  C,  occupying  a  pe- 
ninsula between  Lake  Ontario  and  the  bay  of 
Quinti. 

Prince  Edward,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Lunen- 
berg  SE.,  Charlotte  S.  and  SW.,  Buckingham 
NW.,  Cumberland  or  Appomattox  river  N.,  Ame- 
lia NE.,  and  Nottaway  E.  Length  25,  mean 
width  10  ms.  ;  area  250  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Appomattox.  Chief  town,  Farm- 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  12,557;  and  in  1840,  14,069. 
Cent.  lat.  37  12  N.,  lon  W.  C.  1  30  W. 

The  following  additional  information  respecting 
this  co.  was  forwarded  to  the  publishers  of  the  for- 
mer edition,  and  continued  in  this  from  the  im- 
portance of  its  contents. 

The  co.  derives  great  advantage  from  the  nav- 
igation of  the  Appomattox.  A  large  part  is  fer- 
tile, well  watered,  and  highly  cultivated.  Indus- 
try and  economy  characterize  the  inhabitants.  The 
most  numerous  religious  denominations  are  the 
Methodist  and  Baptist ;  there  are  3  Presbyterian 
churches.  An  English  school  is  kept  in  every 
neighborhood  ;  6  or  8  valuable  classic  schools  are 
maintained ;  and  great  attention  is  given  by  the 
more  wealthy  citizens  to  female  education.  Va- 
rious benevolent  associations  are  formed  for  the 
distribution  of  bibles  and  tracts,  for  the  support  of 
Sabbath  schools,  and  for  educating  indigent  and 
promising  youth. 

Hampden  Sydney  College,  in  this  co.,  has  an 
elevated,  dry,  and  remarkably  healthy  situation, 
80  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond,  and  central  to  the 
southern  section  of  Va.  The  college  was  founded 
in  1775. 

The  charter  is  as  liberal  and  ample  as  that  of 
any  college  in  the  TJ.  S.  The  corporation  con- 
sists of  27  men,  most  of  whom  are  graduates  of 
other  colleges.  The  laws  of  the  corporation, 
which  relate  to  the  instruction  and  to  the  inter 
nal  government  of  the  college,  are  committed  to 
the  faculty,  consisting  of  the  president,  professors, 
and  tutors. 

The  following  professorships  have  been  estab- 
lished ;  the  president  is  the  professor  of  Mental 
Philosophy,  Rhetoric,  Moral  Philosophy,  and  Na- 
tural Law.  The  professor  of  Chemistry  and  Na- 
tural Philosophy,  of  Mathematics,  and  of  the 
Learned  Languages. 

The  apparatus  is  adequate  to  a  very  liberal  course* 
of  experiments  in  chemistry  and  natural  philosophy, 
A  collection  of  valuable  specimens  is  the  com- 
mencement of  a  mineralogical  cabinet.  The  col- 
lege library,  with  those  belonging  to  the  Philan- 
thropic, the  Union,  and  Philosophical  societies, 
exceed  2,000  select  volumes.  The  permanent 
funds  of  the  college  consist  in  land,  and  bank  stock. 
By  a  provision  of  the  Legislature,  it  will  receive 
more  ample  endowment. 

There  is  also  a  valuable  academy,  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  faculty,  in  which  those  studies  only 
are  taught  that  are  required  for  the  admission  into 
the  lowest  colle^  class.  The  college  year  has  two 
sessions;  the  winter  session,  six  months,  com- 
mences with  November  and  ends  with  April.  The 
summer  session  commences  with  June,  and  ends 

741 


PRI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PRI 


with  the  college  commencement,  on  the  last  Thurs- 
day in  September. 

The  expenses  are — 
For  board,  $10  a  month,  $100  for  the  year. 

For  tuition,       „     4       do         40  do 
For  room  rent  and 

servants  I        do         10  do 

Amount  $15  $150 

There  is  no  town  or  village  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
college,  and  the  students  are  distinguished  for 
virtue  and  order. 

COURSE  OF  STUDIES. 


ACADEMY  ATTACHED  TO  THE  COLLEGE. 

Adam's 


Latin 


Murray's   English  Grammar 
Grammar. 

Sacred  History  ;  Mair's  Introduction  ;  Caesar's 
Commentaries. 

Elements  of  Geography  and  Ancient  History  ; 
Valpey's  Greek  Grammar,  and  the  Greek  Testa- 
ment ;  Virgil  and  Latin  Prosody. 

Classical  Dictionary ;  Tooke's  Pantheon,  and 
Adam's  Roman  Antiquities,  to  be  consulted  and 
studied  so  that  the  student  may  explain  al!  classic 
allusions. 

Dalzel's  Collectanea  Grseca  Minora;  Sallust  and 
Webber's  Arithmetic  as  far  as  Proportion. 

COLLEGE. 

Each  class  has  two  studies,  and  a  daily  recitation 
in  each  study,  except  the  senior. 

Freshman  Class. —  Winter  session. 

Cicero's  Orations;  Graeca  Majora — the  historians, 
Xenophon,  Plato,  Herodotus,  and  Thucydides. 

Webber's  Arithmetic,  and  Day's  Algebra. 
Summer  session. 

Playfair's  Euclid,  4  books;  and  Graeca  Majora — 
the  orators,  Lysias,  IsocrUes,  and  Demosthenes. 

English  Grammar,  Murray's  8vo.  vol.,  and 
Blair's  Rhetoric. 

Composition  every  four  weeks  through  the  year. 
Sophomore  Class.  —  Winter  session. 

Hedge's  Logic;  Morse's  Geography,  8vo.  vol.; 
Tytler's  Elements  of  History,  and  Chronology. 

Livy  with  Roman  Antiquities  continued;  and 
Graeca  Majora — the  critics,  Aristotle,  Dionysius, 
and  Longinus. 

Summer  session. 

Euclid,  including  the  supplements;  Day's  plain 
Trigonometry  and  Logarithms,  and  Mensuration 
of  Superfices  and  Solids. 

Graeca  Majora— the  poets,  Homer,  Sophocles, 
Euripides,  &c.,  with  Greek  versification. 

Composition  every  three  weeks  through  the  year. 
Junior  Class. —  Winter  session. 

Gorbam's  Chemistry,  8vo.  2  vols.,  with  Experi- 
ments, &c,  and  its  application  to  Agriculture; 
Mineralogy. 

Day's  Surveying  and  Navigation;  and  Conic 
Sections. 
Spherical 


Fluxions. 

Enfield's 
ments,  &c. 
742 


Geometry    and   Trigonometry,  and 

Summer  session. 
Natural    Philosophy,   with  Experi- 


Horace — Editio  Expurgata  with  Latin  Pre  m 
Compositions  every  two  weeks  through  the  | 

Senior  Class.  —  Winter  session. 
Stewart's  Philosophy  of  the  Mind  ;  Catrq  ft 
Philosophy  of  Rhetoric,  and  Paley's  Moral  an  o 
litical  Philosophy. 

Summer  session. 

Enfield's  Astronomy ;  and  Laws  of  Natnr  ru 
of  Nations,  by  Vattel. 

Dissertations  every  two  weeks,  and  forei  ki 
every  four  weeks  through  the  year. 

The  seniors  are  required  to  review  the  mo  I 
portant  studies  of  the  course. 

The  members  of  each  class  declaim  in  I 
once  in  four  weeks — the  senior  members  pron  i« 
original  orations. 

Prince  Edward,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  ]  k* 
Edward  co.,  Va 

Prince  Frederick,  village  and  seat  of  ji  m 
Calvert  co.,  Md.,  40  ms.  nearly  S.  from  Ar  *> 
lis.    Lat.  38  32  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  26'  E. 

Prince  George's,  co.,  Md..  bounded  by  n- 
gomery  co.,  in  Md.,  NW.,  District  of  Col  ia 
and  Potomac  river  W.,  Charles  co.  S.,  an  M 
tuxent  river  E.  and  NE.  Length  30  ms.,  m 
width  17  ;  area,  510  sq.  ms.  Surface  r 
hilly,  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief  m 
Upper  Marlborough.  Pop.  in  1820,  20,216  nil 
in  1840,  19,539.  Central  lat.  38  40  N.,  lo-  ti 
C.  13'  E. 

Prince  Georgts,  co  ,  Va.,  bounded  by  ics 
river  and  Appomattox  river  N..  Dinwiddie  ct  Vr( 
Sussex  and  Surry  SE.,  and  James  river  E.  Iff 
26  ms.,  mean  width  12  ;  area  312  sq.  ms.  'to 
southern  side  of  this  co.  is  drained  by  the  \  m 
sources  of  the  Nottaway  and  Btackwater  5H 
Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  tolerably  p  uc 
tive.  Pop.  in  1820,  8",030;  and  in  1840,  Wft 
Central  lat.  37  7  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  20'  W. 

Prince  of  Wales  island,  or  Pub  Pinang.  oi 
100  19  E.,  lat.  5  25  N.  It  lies  oil  the  Mai  pe 
ninsula.  An  English  fort  and  factory  has  e  t« 
here  since  1786,  and  has  become  a  very  imr  anf 
mart  commanding  the  trade  of  the  j-traiis  o  It 
lacca. 

Prince  of  Wales  Cape,  the  most  westeii 
tremity  of  all  America,  hitherto  known,  disc 
by  Captain  Cook  in  1778.    Lon.  1G8  5  Wl 
65  46  N. 

Prince  of  Wales,  Fort,  the  most  norther  i 
tlement  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  seat 
the  W.  side  of  Hudson's  Bay,  at  the  mo 
Churchill  river.    Lon.  94  7  W.,  lat.  58  47 
Prince's  Bridge,  post  office,  Chatham  »'>j| 
Princess  Ann,  vill  ige  and  seat  of  justice,  >n> 
erset  co.,  Md.,  at  the  head  of  the  Manokin 
eastern  shore,  about  90  ms.  SE.  from  W. 
is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and  contaii  th 
county  buildings,  3  places  of  public  worship,  W 
bank. 

Princess  Ann,  SE.  co.,  Va.,  bounded  M 
Atlantic  ocean  E.,  Currituck  co.,  in  N.  < 
Xorfolk  co.  W.,  and  Chesapeake,  or  rather  yn 
haven  bay  N.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  widt  10 
area  300  sq.  ms.    Chief  town,  Kempsville.  °P 

in  1810,  7,285.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  r'n 

cess  Anne  co.,  Va.,  20  ms.  from  Norfolk,  ai1 
SE.  by  E.  from  Richmond. 


PRI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PRO 


i  cinceton,  village,  Worcester  co  ,  Ma>s.,  18  ms.      Principato,  province  of  Naples,  divided  into 

,   tie  W.  of  N.  from  Worcester.  Village,  Principato  Ulteriore  and  Principato  Citeriore — 

rielnectaiiy  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  ms.  from'  Albany,  i  that  is,  the  Further  and  Hither  Principality.  Prin- 

JVi,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,    16  ms,  N.  from  cipato  Citeriore  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Princi- 

V;ester.  Wachusett  mountain,  rising  to  near  pato  Ulteriore  and  Terra-di-Lavora,  on  the  W.  and 
),()  feet  above  the  ocean  level,  stands  in  the  N.  j  S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  E.  by  Basilicata. 

if  this  tp.  Town  and  seat  of  a  college,  in  lit  is  60  miles  long  and  30  broad  ;  the  soil  is  fertile 

.WE.  part  of  Mercer  co.,  N.  J.,  18  ms.  SW.  in  wine,  corn,  oil,  and  saffron  ;  and  it  has  a  great 
ew  Brunswick,  10  ms.  IN'E.  of  Trenton,  and  deal  of  silk  and  several  mineral  springs.  Salerno 
m)  Philadelphia,  in  lat.  40  22  N.,  and  Ion.  74  is  the  capital.  Principato  Ulteriore  is  bounded  on 
;4  '.  The  college  erected  here,  called  Nassau-  the  N.  by  the  Molise  and  Terra-di-Lavora,  on  the 
iil;ollege,  founded  in  1738,  is  a  handsome  stone  W.  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  S.  by  Principato 

utng,  180  feet  wide  by  54  deep,  placed  on  a  Citeriore,  and  on  the  E.  by  Capitanata.  It  is  37 
^eminence  that  commands  a  pleasing  view  of  ms.  long  and  30  broad. 

htl'jacent  country.  The  presidents  have  been  Prisdenia,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Bos- 
jt|uished  for  learning  and  piety,  and  the  insti-  nia,  on  the  Drinn,  32  miles  NE.  of  Albanapolis, 
uti  has  produced  men  of  extensive  usefulness  in  and  195  N.  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  21  3  E  ,  lat.  42°  N. 
tin  and  State.  Pristina,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Servia, 

Ii  college  library  contains  about  8,000  vol-  on  the  Rusca,  58  ms.  NW.  of  Nissa,  and  150  SE. 
it  with  a  fine  philosophical  apparatus,  and  a  of  Belgrade.    Lon.  22  5  E.,  lat.  42  43  N. 
treasure  of  science ;  an  orrery  constructed  by  I     Pritzwalk,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
!)•  lebrated  David  Rittenhouse ;  and  a  valuable  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  fmarche  of  Prignitz,  44  ms. 
f  mineralogy  and  natural  historv  in  general.  N.  of  Brandenburg,  and  54  N  W.  of  Berlin.  Lon. 
'  vice  presi-  12  13  E.,  lat.  53  9  N. 

Privets,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardeche,  and 
professor  of  mathematics  and  mechanical  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  on  a  hill,  near  the  con- 
ihy,  and  a  professor  of  chemistry,  experi-  fluence  of  three  small  rivers,  16  ms.  N.  of  Viviers, 
philosophy,  and  natural  history;  with  three  Lon.  4  41  W.,  lat.  44  45  N. 
Students  about  120.  Procita,  island  of  Italy,  in  the  gulf  of  Naples, 

ding  to  Dr.  Morse,  the  number  of  persons  near  that  of  Ischia.  It  is  8  ms.  in  circumference, 
I  in  this  college  from  its  foundation  were  and  very  fertile  and  populous.  The  capital,  of  the 
)f  vvhoni  1,023  were  living  in  1815.  An-  ,  same  name,  is  a  small  fortified  place,  on  a  high 
ount  of  collegiate  and  other  expenses  for  a  craggy  rock,  by  the  sea  side.    Lon.  14  8  E.,  lat. 


faculty  consists  of  a  president, 
ho  is  professor  of  languages  and  belles  let- 


it  this  college,  §225. 
logical  seminarv  was  formed  here  in  1812, 


40  42  N. 

Pr  actor  sville, 


llage,  Windsor  co  ,  Vt.,  by  post 


:tic  and  polemic,  theology,  and  the  other  of 
>tical  history.    Students  about  70. 
:eton,  village,  Caldwell  co.,  Ky.,  60  ms. 


General   Assembly  of   the   Presbyterian  !  road  88  ms.  S.  from  Montpelier. 

The  edifice  for  this  institution  is  a  spa- '  Prodano,  anciently  Spectaria,  island  in  the  Med- 
one  building,  standing  to  the  E.  of  the  iterranean,  near  the  W.  coast  of  the  Morea.  It 
m  Princeton  to  Trenton,  a  little  S.  of  the  is  36  miles  SSE.  of  Zante.  Lon.  21  24  E  ,  lat. 
The  foundation  has  two  professors,  one:  37  15  N. 

Prolegomena,  nearly  synonymous  with  preface, 
or  preparatory  remarks,  to  explain  what  is  to  follow. 
Pkoletaire,  proletarius,  Latin,  used  by  the 

.  W.  from  Russelville.  Village,  Butler  Romans  as  a  term  of  contempt  for  the  mass  of  poor 

6  ms.  E.  from  Hamilton,  and  19  ms.  N.  J  persons  who  furnished  to  the  republic  only  chil- 

incinnati.  Town  and  seat  of  justice,  dren — proles.    This  term,  now  adopted  with  an 

co.,  la  ,  containing  about  100  houses,  and  [acceptation,  meaning  the  common  people,  and  re- 
abitants,  30  ms.  S.  from  Vincennes,  and  ;  spectfully,  also,  into  the  French  language,  has  not, 
i  equal  distance  from  Evansville,  on  Ohio,  j  however,  until  recently,  been  introduced  into  their 
:e  Wiiliam,  tp.  of  York  co.,  N.  Brunswick.  I  Lexicons.  It  is  not  found  in  the  Dictionary  of  the 
:e  William,  county,  Virginia,  bounded  by  j  Academy,  (edition  1814,)  but  is  in  that  of  Lan- 
:  river  E.,  Stafford  co.  SE.,  Fauquier  SW.  jdais,  1834.  It  is  introduced  in  this  our  Dictionary 
,  Loudoun  N.,  and  the  Occoquon  river,  orjfrom  the  evidence  it  affords  of  the  estimation  in 
NE  ;  length  30  ms.,  mean  with  10,  area  ]  which  were  held,  not  the  slaves,  but  even  the  mass 
Chief  towns,  Haymarket  and  Dum- jr^f  free  but  poor  people  by  the  Romans,  and  how 

much  the  import  of  a  word  depends  on  the  tone  of 
thinking,  and,  finally,  from  the  proof  it  gives  in  its 
modern  acceptation  of  the  increased  value  set  on 
human  life,  mdependent  of  externals. 

Pron,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Burmah,  seated 
on  the  Menan,  200  ms.  NW.  of  Pegu.  Lon.  94° 
E.,  lat.  17  50  N. 

Propagaxde.  Thus  abridged  is  the  general  title 
given  to  the  congregation  De  Propaganda  Fide, 
established  at  Rome  in  1622,  by  Gregory,  XV., 
for  the  propagation  of  the  Faith.  There  was,  in 
1649,  established  in  England  a  society  with  the 
America,  so  named  by  Captain  Cook  in  j  same  title  and  for  like  purpose.    Indeed,  any  mis- 

isionary  society  established  with  a  view  to  propa- 

743 


Surface  near  the  Potomac  very  hilly,  and 
iy.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,419;  and  in  1840, 
Central  lat.  38  38  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  30'  W. 
•e  William  Henry's  Island,  island  in  the 
oeean,  lying  WNW.  of  Tench's  i>land. 
tty  high,  and  70  miles  in  circuit.  A  high 
in  rising  in  the  centre  of  it  was  called 

Philip.    Lon.  149  30  E  ,  lat.  I  32  S.  

If  the  South  Pacific  ocean,  discovered  by 
iWallis  in  1767.     Lon.  141  6  W.,  lat. 

William's  Sound  Gulf,  on  the  northwest 


PRO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PRU 


gate  the  Christian  religion,  is  really  a  society  de 
propaganda  fide. 

Prospect,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Penobscot  river,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Belfast  and 
7  S.  of  Fnnkfort,  all  lying  on  the  same  river.  Pop. 

in  1810,  1,300;  and  in  1820,  1,771.  Town, 

Prince  Edward  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  105  miles 
SW.  from  Richmond. 

Prospect  Hillt  village,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y., 

23  ms.  from  Albany.  Post  office,  Fairfax  co., 

Va.,  14  miles  N.  by  W.  from  W.  O.  Village, 

Caswell  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  88  miles  NW. 
from  Raleigh. 

Provence,  late  province  of  France,  138  miles 
long,  and  100  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Dau- 
phiny,  on  the  S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  W. 
by  the  river  Rhone,  which  separates  it  from  Lan- 
guedoc,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Alps  and  the  river 
Var.  The  air  near  the  Alps  and  Dauphiny  is  cold, 
on  the  seacoast  hot,  and  in  the  middle,  temperate. 
In  that  which  was  called  Upper  Provence,  the  soil 
is  fertile  in  corn  and  pastures,  but  in  Lower  Pro- 
vence dry  and  sandy.  It  produces,  however,  wine, 
oil,  figs,  almonds,  prunes,  and  pomegrantes,  along 
the  seacoast  from  Toulon  to  Nice.    There  are  or- 


1840,  whites 
colored 


-  21  ! 

-  1  ! 


Total  -  -  -  -  23 

Providence,  northern  co.  of  Rhode  Island,  bo  [ 
ed  by  Connecticut  W.,  Massachusetts  N.  am 
and  Kent  county,  in  Rhode  Island,  S.  ;  lengi  ( 
ms.,  width  18,  area  360  sq.  miles.  Surface  , 
erally  hilly,  and  soil  of  mixed  and  middling  c  i 
ty.  It  is  drained  by  the  various  branches  of  y 
vidence  river.  Chief  town,  Providence.  Po  r 
1820,  35,726  ;  and  in  1840,  city  of  Providenc  ( 
residue  of  the  co.,  58,073. 

Providence,  town,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  oi  u 
W.  side  of  the  Hudson,  25  miles  N.  of  All  I 

 Tp.,  Essex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  Passaic,  1  $, 

W.  from  Newark.  Town,  Luzerne  co.,  P  L 

on  both  sides  of  Lackawannock,  1 0  ms.  NE.  n 

Wilkesbarre.  Tp.,  Bedford  co.,  Pa.,  on  h 

sides  of  the  great  road  from  Chambersburg  to  J. 

ford,  and  SE.  from  Juniata  river.  One  o  ie 

least  of  the  Bahama  islands,  but  the  best  of  * 
planted  by  the  English.  It  lies  200  ms.  E.  ol  > 

rida.    Lon.  77  1  W.,  lat.  24  50  N.  Islar  m 

the  Atlantic,  150  miles  E.  of  the  coast  of  Ni  i- 


ange  and  citron  trees  in  the  open  fields,  and  many  Igua.  Lon.  80  44  W.,  lat.  13  25  N.  I 
medicinal  plants,  mineral  waters,  and  mines  of  sev- 1  Providence,  North,  tp.,  Providence  co.,  F  to 
eral  kinds.  Provence  now  forms  the  departments  Island,  immediately  N.  from  the  city  of  Provid  e. 
of  Var,  the  Lower  Alps,  and  the  Mouths  of  the  |  Pop.  in  1820,  2,420. 

Rhone.  Providence,  Nether,  tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Pa  e- 

Providence,  capital  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island,  j  tween  Crum  and  Ridley  creeks,  12  miles  W  h 
a  town  and  port  of  entry,  situate  in  Providence  j  from  Philadelphia. 


county,  and  on  Providence  river,  near  the  head  of 
Naragansett  bay,  and  in  lat.  41  49  N.,  and  lon. 
71  23  W.  It  lies  30  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Newport, 
and  45  SW.  of  Boston.  The  harbor  is  safe  and 
commodious,  though  inferior  to  that  of  Newport. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns,  compar- 
ed to  its  extent,  in  the  United  States,  and  the  most 
manufacturing  in  proportion  to  population.  The  j  creek 
manufactures  of  cotton  cloths  employ  in  Provi-  Providence,  lake,  Louisiana,  in  Concordia,  <* 
dence  and  vicinity  above  100  factories — the  mass  of  a  bend  of  the  Mississippi  river  ;  from  this 
the  business  and  capital  of  which  centre  in  that  city,  j  sues  the  source  of  the  Tensaw  river.  It  is  » 
The  manufacturing  and  commercial  prosperity  |  ated  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  40  ms.  abov  he 
of  Providence  have  advanced  together.  The  amount  J  Yazoo.  Town,  Mecklenburg  co.,  N.  C  ty 


Providence,  Upper,  tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Pe  - 
above  the  preceding. 

Providence,  Lower,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,t^ 
on  the  Schuylkill,  below  the  mouth  of  Perki 
creek. 

Providence,  Upper,  tp.,  Montgomery  co., 
on  the  Schuylkill,  above  the  mouth  of  Perki  en 


of  shipping  approaches  20,000  tons,  a  considerable 
part  of  which  is  engaged  in  the  cotton  trade. 

Brown  University,  in  Providence,  was  original- 
ly established  in  Warren  in  176.4,  and,  in  1770, 
removed  to  Providence.  It  possesses  a  president 
and  eight  professors,  in  mathematics,  natural  phi- 
losophy, of  law,  of  moral  philosophy  and  meta- 
physics, of  oratory,  belles  lettres,  of  anatomy  and 
surgery,  of  materia  medica  and  botany,  of  the  the- 
ory and  practice  of  physic,  and  of  chemistry.  The 
library  exceeds  5,000  volumes.  The  philosophical 
apparatus  is  extensive.  The  whole  institution  is 
highly  respectable  and  flourishing.  Number  of  stu- 
dents usually  about  120. 

Progressive  population  of  Providence  in — 
1810,  whites 


colored 

Total 

1820,  whites 
colored 

Total 
744 


9,200 
871 


10,071 


10,788 
979 


-  11,767 


post  road  177  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Providence  Inn,  post  office,  Chesterfield  3., 
Va.,  27  ms.  from  Richmond. 

Providence  Meeting-house,  Delaware  co., 

Provinceton,  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.. Id 
sterile  spot  at  the  point  of  Cape  Cod,  and  en 
principally  in  catching,  curing,  and  vendinjsb, 
which  has  rendered  the  inhabitants  hardy  ai 
pert  mariners.  It  lies  in  lat.  42  N.,  and  1; 
9  W.  ;  about  140  ms.  SE.  of  Boston  by 
and  about  50  by  water. 

Provins,  town  of  France,  in  the  departrr 
Seine  and  Marne,  and  late  province  of  th: 
of  France,  on  the  Vouzie,  30  ms.  5JE.  of  M 
and  47  SE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  22  E.,  lsfl 
34  N. 

Prowellsville,  village,  York  co.,  Pa.,  7  i  8 
from  Harrisburg. 

Pruck,  town  of  Austria,  seated  on  the 
22  ms.  SW.  of  Presburg,  and  22  SE.  of  V  ia| 
Lon.  16  58  E.,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Prucc,  town  of  Germany,  in  Styria,  seal  ^ 
the  Muehr,  66  ms.  SW.  of  Vienna.  Lon 
E  ,  lat.  47  24  N. 


PSK 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PUE 


runty  town,  village,  Harrison  co.,  Va  ,  on  the 

0  from  Clarksburg  eastward,  and  at  the  ferry 

1  the  E.  fork  of  Monongahela  river,  17  ms. 
X  by  E.  from  Chrksburg,  and  by  post  road  210 
insi  little  N.  of  VV  from  VV.  C. 

'ussia,  Kingdom  of  The  KingJom  of  Prus- 
sian situated,  like  Austria,  nearly  in  the  centre  of 
I  pe,  and,  like  it,  is  composed  of  various  coun- 
I  provinces,  and  districts,  inhabited  by  people 
f  fferent  nations  and  languages,  and  who  have 
lotronger  bond  of  union  than  that  of  being 
pUd  in  one  sovereignty.  Exclusive  of  Neuf- 
i»(  1  and  of  some  small  isolated  districts  in  Saxony, 


the  kingdom  is  formed  of  two  large,  unequal,  and 
distinct  tracts  of  country,  separated  from  each 
other  by  the  German  States  of  Hanover,  Bruns- 
wick, Hesse,*  Nassau,  and  the  Kingdom  and  Duch- 
ies of  Saxony.  Outline  very  irregular  ;  of  course 
no  definite  mean  length  or  breadth  can  be  given. 
Distance  from  the  southwestern  to  the  northeastern 
extremes  something  above  700  Eng.  ms.  The  ag- 
gregate area  in  English  sq.  ms  ,  93,603. 

The  kingdom  is  divided,  exclusive  of  Neufcha- 
tel,  into  eight  provinces,  and  those  subdivided  into 
twenty  five  governments,  (Regierungs  bezerhe,) 
and  still  further  portioned  into  328  circles. 


TABLE  OF  PROVINCES  AND  GOVERNMENTS  OF  PRUSSIA. 


)f  the  provinces  and  gov- 
ernments. 


Area  of  Pop.  of 
Provs.  in  Provs.  to 
in  Eng.  En 
sq.  ms.  mile 


e  of  Prussia 
nent  of  Koenigsberg 
nent  of  Gumbinnen 
nent  of  Dantzic 
nent  of  Marienwerder 
3  of  Posnania  - 
oentofPosen  - 
nent  of  Bromberg 
i  of  Brandenburg 
lent  of  Frankfort 
nent  of  Potzdam 
}  of  Pomerania 
uent  of  Ste'tin 
aent  of  Cuestrin 
nent  of  Stralsund 
;  of  Saxony 
lent  of  Magdeburg 
lent  of  Meiseburg 
lent  of  Erfurt  - 
s  of  Silesia  - 
lent  of  Breslau 
lent  of  Oppeln 
lent  of  Liegnkz 
)  of  Westphalia 
lent  of  Munster 
lent  of  Minden 
lent  of  Arnsberg 
'of  the  Rhine 
lent  of  (Jolosne 
lent  of  Dusseldorf 
lent  of  Coblenz 
lent  of  Treves 
napelle 


22,000 

10,000 
13,644 
10*740 

8,600 

13,846 

6,973 

7,800 

93,603 


Population 


120 

117 
127 

92 

181 
121 
190 
317 


746,462 
558,192 
849,218 
499,001 

788,578 
381,123 

736,089 
1,005,322 

464,440 
365,417 
160,428 

596,981 
652,591 
312,615 

1,027,799 
807,893 
844,281 

405,275 
417.276 
503,916 

426,694 
766,837 
461,907 
446,796 
371,489 


14,098,125 


Protestants. 


Catholic. 


Capitals. 


£  1,138,842 
|  416,664 


I 

\  3,909,831 

i 


222,649 
1,412,836 
1,027,799 


l,019,a38 


121,974 


8,604,748 


158,625 

400,730 
352,564 


41,924 


88,627 
1,241,999 


1,115,993 


1,503,193 


5,294,303 


Koenigberg 
Gumbinnen 
Dantzic 
Marienwerde 

Posen 
Bromberg 

Frankfort 
Berlin 

Stettin 

Cuestrin 

Stralsund 


Breslau 
Oppeln 
Leigniiz 

Munster 
Minden 
Arnsberg 

Cologne 
Dusseldorf 
Coblenz 
Treves 

Aix-la-Chapelle 


Population. 


67,941 
5,635 

61,102 
4.929 


16,056 
236,830 

32,191 
4,809 
15,869 

51,046 
8,823 
25,127 

90,000 
4,896 
9,617 

17,570 
8,959 
2,970 

65,441 
28,710 
14,838 
15,318 
36,809 


Pfssiacomprises  a  part  of  that  great  plain  which, 
>^ncing  in  France,  extends  to  the  extreme 
iitkistern  angle  of  Europe  with  a  general  NW. 
9p\  Advancing  from  W.  to  E.  Prussia  is  tra- 
WHnr  drained  by  the  rivers  Rhine,  Ems,  Weser, 
W)der,  Vistula,  Pregel,  and  Niemen.  With 
srf  jrtial  exceptions  the  surface  is  level,  with  a 
"i  tper  sterile,  though  cultivated  by  a  popula- 
W  ling  above  150  to  the  English  sq.  m.  Were 
*  eiire  zone  of  the  U.  S.  from  ocean  to  ocean 
datively  thus  peopled,  they  would  exceed 
iff*|undred  millions.  Prussia,  from  Upper  Si- 
9H,[t.  49  50,  extends  to  Polangen  on  the  Baltic, 
554,  or  a  small  space  above  5°  of  N.  lat. 
">Boae  northern  inclination  and  exposure  of  its 
>rt*«  the  winters  of  Prussia  are  colder  than 
"^i  Southern  Sweden  and  the  Danish  islands. 

Pr\h,  river  of  Poland  which  rises  in  Red  Rus- 
a>  i  he  mountain  of  Crapach,  crosses  part  of 
«  P  itinate  of  Lemburg,  runs  through  all  Mol- 
ma,md  falls  into  the  Danube. 

Psif,  or  Pleskof,  government  of  Russia,  for- 
4* 


merly  comprised  in  the  government  of  Novo- 
gorod. 

Pskof,  or  Pleskof,  an  archiepiscopal  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Velika,  80  ms.  S.  of  Narva,  and  150 
S-  by  W.  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  27  52  E.,  lat.  57 
58  N. 

Pshof  Pleskof,  lake  of  Russia,  in  a  government 
of  the  same  name. 

Puckholi,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the 
province  of  Lahore.  Lon.  72  5  E.,  lat.  33  45  N. 

Pudder,  river  of  Hindoostan  proper,  which 
rises  in  the  SW.  part  of  Agimere,  divides  the 
provinces  of  Cutch  and  Guzerat,  and  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Cutch. 

Pudoga,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Olonetz.  It  lies  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  lake  Onez- 
koe,  108  ms.  E.  of  Olenetz.  Lon.  36  30  E  ,  lat. 
61  36  N. 

Puebla,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  seated 
near  the  Guadiana,  15  ms.  W.  of  Meridad.  Lon. 
6  23  W  ,  lat.  38  42  N. 

745 


PUL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PUL 


Puebla-de-los- Angeles,  formerly  an  intendancy, 
now  a  Stale  of  Mexico,  bounded  by  the  Pacific 
ocean  S.,  Mexico  W.,  Querataro  NW.,  Vera  Cruz 
NE.,  and  Oaxaca  E.  and  SE.  Length  350  ms., 
mean  breadth  53,  area  18,441  sq.  ms.  This  State 
extends  from  16  57  W.,  Ion.  to  20  40  N.  lat., 
and  is  entirely  within  the  tropics.  Above  lat.  18° 
Puebla  spreads  into  an  immense  plain  from  5,900 
to  6,560  feet  elevation,  and  highly  productive  in 
wheat,  maize,  agaue,  and  fruit  trees.  Puebla  may 
properly,  like  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  and  Mechoacan, 
divided  into  the  mountains  and  oceanic  regions. 
Below  N.  lat  18°,  along  the  small  river  Yopez,  to 
the  Pacific,  the  country  falls  from  5,000  feet  to  the 
level  of  that  ocean.  The  population  is  concen- 
trated upon  the  elevated  and  salubrious  table  land, 
and  though  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  sugar, 
indigo,  cotton,  and  great  variety  of  tropical  pro- 
ductions, the  southeastern  slope  is  left  in  great 
part  a  wilderness.  The  population  given  on  Tan- 
ner's map  (1825)  is  1,212,495.  This  mass,  or  at 
least  one  million,  exists  upon  about  10,000  sq.  ms., 
affording  a  distributive  population  to  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  State  of  100  to  the  sq.  m.  Under 
the  head  of  Pyramids  of  America,  the  reader 
will  see  a  condensed  view  of  the  immense  re- 
mains of  antiquity  found  in  Puebla. — See  also 
Popocatepetl. 

This  State,  rich  in  manufactures  and  vegetable 
produce,  has  little  metallic  wealth  in  its  bowels,  or 
if  the  precious  ores  exist  they  have  not  been  dis- 
covered. Salt  and  marble  abound.  External  com 
merce  inconsiderable.  The  most  remarkable  cities 
and  towns  are  Puebla-de-los-Angeles,  Tlascala, 
Cholula,  Atlixco,  Tehuecande-los-Grenadas,  Tep- 
eyaca  or  Tepeyacac,  and  Huajocinco  or  Huezot- 
zinco.  The  small  territory  of  Tlascala  is  enclosed 
within  the  State  of  Pluebla. 

Puebla-de-los  Angeles,  city  of  Mexico  and  cap- 
ital of  the  State  of  the  same  name.  This  fine  city 
was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1531,  on  the 
plain  of  Acaxete  or  Cuitlaxoapan.  It  is  the  fourth 
city  of  Spanish  America  according  to  Humboldt, 
who  states  that  it  is  only  exceeded  by  Mexico, 
Guanaxuato,  and  Havannah.  Pop.  in  1803,  from 
Humboldt,  67,800;  and  in  1825,  by  Tanner's 
map,  100,000.  Lat.  19°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  21° 
W.,  87  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Mexico,  and  160  ms. 
WNW.  from  Vera  Cruz 

Puent-del-arcobispo,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estra- 
madura,  on  the  river  Tajo,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some bridge,  40  ms.  SW.  of  Teledo.  Lon.  4  15 
W.,  lat  39  38  N. 

Puente-delo-Reyne,  town  of  Spain,  in  Na- 
varre, seated  on  the  river  Agra,  10  mi.  SW.  of 
Pampeluna.    Lon,  4  39  W.,  lat.  42  41  N. 

Puerto  Pello,  Puerto  Rico,  &c. — See  Porto 
Bello,  Porto  Rico,  &c. 

Pughtown,  town,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  French 
creek,  35  ms.  NW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Puglia,  modern  name  of  the  ancient  Apulia, 
containing  the  three  provinces  of  Capatanata,  Ba- 
ri,  and  Otranto,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples. 

Pulaon,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  lying  on  the 
"W.  side  of  the  Philippines.  It  is  very  fertile,  and 
subject  to  its  own  king,  who  is  tributary  to  that  of 
Borneo.    Lon.  129  12  E.,  lat.  9  30  N. 

Pulaski,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Telfair  SE., 
746 


Houston  SW.,  Monroe  NW.,  Twiggs  N.,  d 
Laurens  NE.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width 
and  area  490  sq.  ms.  Little  Oakmulgee  river  s 
in  the  NE.  angle,  and  traverses  the  entire  le  h 
of  this  county,  and  the  main  Oakmulgee  also  pi  s 
through  its  SW.  side.  Chief  town,  Hartford. 
in  1820,  5,223;  and  in  1840,  5,389.  Centra  t 
32  18  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  16  W. 

Pulaski,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Cumbei  d 
river,  or  Wayne,  S.,  Adair  W.,  Casey  and  | 
coin  NW.,  Rockcastle  NE.,  and  Rockcastle  r  4 
or  White,  E.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  !, 
and  area  about  800  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Bo  I 
set.    Pop.  in  1820,  7,597;  and  in  1840,  9,  I 

Pulaski,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  1  >g 
co.,  Ten.,  on  Richland  branch  of  Elk  rive  !i 
miles  NW.  from  Huntsville,  and  80  mile.:  S.  n 
Nashville. 

Pulaski,  co.  of  Mo.,  on  the  head  branch  )( 
the  Gasconade  river.  Under  the  name  of  Pu  i, 
a  space  of  more  than  2,000  sq.  ms.  are  inch  1, 
and  which,  in  the  advance  of  settlement,  «ri  •>* 
divided  into  several  counties.  The  NE.  t, 
bounding  on  Crawford,  Gasconade,  and  1\  er 
cos.,  will,  it  is  probable,  retain  the  original  n  e. 
— See  Waynesville,  Pulaski  co.  Pop.  in  1H 
6,529. 

Pulaski,  co.  of  Ark.,  bounded  S.  by  Jeffe  i, 
by  Saline  SW.,  Conway  NW  ,  White  NE.  id 
Monroe  and  Arkansas  cos.  E.  It  is  traversi  iy 
the  Arkansas  river ;  the  area  exceeding  1,60'  I 
ms.  N.  lat.  35°,  and  lon.  15°  W.  of  W.  f  I 
tersect  in  the  northern  part  of  this  county,  p. 
in  1840,  5,350. 

Pulhely,  maritime  town  of  Wales,  in  Ca  r- 
vonshire,  seated  at  the  head  of  an  inlet  of  f  li- 
gan  bay,  between  two  rivers,  6  ms.  S.  of  N<  n, 
and  143  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  4  15  W.I 
52  52  N. 

Pulo-Canton,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  Cftoi 
coast  of  Cochin-China.  Lon.  109  35  E.,  la  15 
10  N. 

Pulo-Condore,  the  name  of  several  islands  he 
Indian  ocean,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  on!  oe 
inhabited.  It  is  13  ms.  in  length,  and  9  in  hre  h, 
but  in  some  places  not  above  a  mile  over.  n. 
107  20  E.,  lat.  8  40  N. 

Puis  Dindiyg,  island  in  the  Indian  oceai  on 
the  W.  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca.  I 
longs  to  the  Dutch. 

Puli-Pinang. — See  Prince  of  Wales  islai  I 

Pulo  Timon,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  o  hi 
E.  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca.  It  is  en 
touched  at  for  taking  in  wood,  water,  and  fl 
refreshments,  and  there  is  great  plenty  of  en 
turtles.    Lon.  104  25  E.,  lat.  2  0  N. 

Pulo-Uby,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  yifg 
good  water  and  plenty  of  wood.  It  lies  at  t(  ■ 
trance  of  the  bay  of  Siam,  and  is  20  ms.  in  cii  in- 
ference.   Lon.  105  56  E.,  lat.  8  25  N. 

Pulo  Way,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  ne:  he 
N.  point  of  that  of  Sumatra.  It  is  the  larg.  « 
the  islands  that  form  the  entrance  of  the  chan  oi 
Achem,  and  is  peopled  by  men  banished  >m 
Achem.    Lon.  95  39  E.,  lat.  5  50  N. 

Pultausk,  town  of  Gre.it  Poland,  in  the  pfc 
nate  of  Massovia,  seated  on  the  Nareu,  20  I* 
NE.  of  Warsaw.    Lon.  21  47  E.,  lat.  50  3(  • 

Pulteney,  town,  Sieuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  W • )D1 


PUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PUY 


Jitked  lake.  30  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Ca- 
.alaigua,  and  15  NNE.  from  Bath.  Pop.  in 
I,  1,162. 

ulteneyville,  village,  Wayne  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Ontario,  15  ms.  NNE.  from  Lyons. 

•dtney,  village  and  tp  ,  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  9 
intbelow  Wheeling. 

iltowa,  fortified  town  of  the  Ukraine,  100  ms. 
;\  of  Belgorod.    Lon.  34  35  E.,  lat.  49  26  N.  j 

t,na,  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  35  ms.  long; 
u  12  broad,  lying  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of 
hull,  115  N.  of  Paita.    Lon.  81  6  W.,  ]at. 

S. 

ma,  town  of  S.  America,  on  Lake  Chucnito. 
id  W.  C.  G  34  E.  lat.  16  20  S. 

\mch  Hall,  village,  Caroline  co.,  Md. 

knjaab,  Punjnud,  or  Five  Rivers,  a  general 
Hilary  indefinite  name  used  in  our  books  for  that 
uar»f  Indostan  drained  by  the  various  branches  of 
i  ie  eat  southeastern  confluent  of  the  Indus.  Mr. 
fJuj?s observes,  that  "the  name  of  Punjnud,  or 
i  ivRivers,  is  unknown  to  the  natives,"  and  we 
un;ntitle  the  united  stream  the  Acessines  of  the 
fab,  Gurrah,  or  Chenaub,  the  name  of  the  Five 
liwjs  being  lost  in  that  of  the  great  stream.  It  is 
t  ix  is  to  observe  that  this  fact  is  expressly  men- 
•  orl  by  Arrian  :  "  The  Acessines  (Chenaub)  re- 
lakil  its  name  till  it  falls  at  last  into  the  Indus, 
artqt  has  received  three  other  rivers."  TheSut- 
ivdi'  or  Hesudrus,  is  not  mentioned  by  Alexan- 
dei'itstorians.  These  united  rivers  form  a  noble 
jiieli,  and  the  banks  of  the  Chenaub  are  free  from 
me  lick  tamarisk  jungles  of  the  Indus. — See  Che- 
'u  river. 

t\nguteague,  village,  Accomack  co.,  Va.,  7j 
ma.-- W.  from  Drummonton,  and  about  120,  in  a 
ire  line,  NE.  by  E.  from  Richmond. 
lyab. — See  Panjaub. 

lito-dcl-Guda,  capital  of  St.  Michael,  one  of 
iha  pres,  with  a  strong  castle  and  a  harbor.  Lon. 
45*4  W.,  Iat  37  47  N' 

hixelawny,  village,  Jefferson  co..  Pa.,  on 
miring  creek,  70  ms.  NE.  from  Pittsburg,  and 
i&.]ti.  by  E.  from  Kittanning. 

Ivbeck,  Isle  of,  a  rough  and  healthy  tract  of 
mig!  in  Dorsetshire,  to  the  S.  of  Poole  bay.  It  is 
>u  ed  by  the  sea  and  rivers,  and  is  famous  for 
t*  b  ie  quarries. 

f  -cell's  Store,  post  office,  Loudoun  co.,  Va., 
In  r  from  W.  C. 

Pchena,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
iirlftJa,  60  ms.  W.  of  Carthagena.  Lon.  2  5 
W.iit.  37  19  N. 

P\ fleet,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on  the 

na  :s,  noted  for  its  extensive  lime  works,  and  a 
4'?«;iagazine  of  gunpowder. 

t\merens,  town  of  New  Holland,  so  called 
fi'Uai  brook  of  the  same  name,  on  which  it  isseat- 
>aV  it  is  10  ms.  N.  of  Amsterdam,  and  13  SE.  of 

Pyburgh,  town  of  the  U.  S.  in  Ga.p  built  by 
<*  coky  of  Swiss,  on  the  river  Savannah,  30 
DM  IVV.  of  the  town  of  Savannah.  Lon.  80 
'  '  V,  lat.  22  22.  N. 

"fihiavo,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  coun- 
ty ojthe  Orisons,  3  ms.  N.  from  a  lake  of  the 
sarmjame.  It  is  17  ms.  WSW.  of  Borneo,  and 
*()  lt  of  Chiavcnna.    Lon.  9  40  E.,  lat.  46 


Pushaw,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  10  ms.  N. 
from  Bangor,  and  by  postroad  160  ms.  NE.  from 
Portland. 

Putala,  mountain  of  Great  Thibet,  7  ms.  E.  of 
Lassa.  On  its  summit  is  the  palace  of  the  Grand 
Lama,  the  high  priest  and  sovereign  of  Thibet. 

Put-in- Bay,  bay  of  the  southern  Bass  island, 
in  Lake  Erie.  It  has  two  entrances  between  two 
of  the  i-lands,  is  well  sheltered,  and  of  sufficient 
depth  for  a  frigate  of  the  first  class.  It  was  about 
5  ms.  W.  of  this  bay,  that  on  the  10th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1813,  Commodore  Perry  captured  a 
British  squadron  under  Commodore  Barclay.  The 
group  of  Bass  islands  belong  to  Huron  co.,  O. 
Distant  about  20  ms.  N.  from  Sandusky  bay. 

Putnam,  tp  ,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  30  ms.  N. 
from  Wiscasset.    Pop  in  1820,  652. 

Putnam,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  the  Hudson 
river  W.,  Dutchess  co.  N.,  Conn.  E.,  and  West 
Chester  co.,  S.  Length  22  ms  ,  mean  width  12, 
area  264  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  hilly,  but 
soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pasturage. 
In  the  ceusus  of  1810,  Putman  was  included  in 
Dutchess  co.  Chief  town,  Carmel.  Pop.  in  1840, 
12,825.     Central  lat.  41   25  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 

3  17  E.  Town,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y,  on 

Lake  Champlain,  30  ms.  N.  from  Sandyhill. 
Pop.  in  1820,  892. 

Putnam,  co.,  O  ,  bounded  by  Henry  N.,  Han. 
cock  E  ,  Allen  S.,  and  W.  by  Vanwert  and 
Paulding.  It  is  24  ms.  sq  ,  and  contains  576  sq. 
ms.  It  is  watered  by  the  Auglaize,  Hog,  and 
Blanchard's  rivers.  Surface  generally  level,  in 
part  wet,  and  even  marshy,  with  very  favorable 
exceptions  of  rolling,  well  watered,  and  very  pro- 
ductive soil.    Pop.  1840,  5,189. 

Putnam,  co  ,  Ga.,  bounded  by  Oconee  river, 
or  Hancock  SE.,  Baldwin  and  Jones  S.,  Jasper 
W.,  Morgan  N.,  and  Oconee  river,  or  Greene 
NE.  Length  20  ms.,  mean  width  18  ;  area  360 
sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Eatonton.  Pop.  in  1820, 
15,475.  Central  lat.  33  20  N.,  lon.  W.  C,  6 
22  VV. 

Putnam,  town,  Muskingum  co.,  O.,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Muskingum  river,  opposite  Zanes- 
ville.  A  substantial  wooden  bridge  on  stone  piers, 
unites  the  two  towns. 

Putney,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  seated  on 

the  Thames,  5  ms.  WSW.  of  London.  Town, 

Windham  co.,  Vt.,  on  Connecticut  river,  33  ms. 
S.  from  Windsor. 

Putumayo,  or  lea,  river  of  S.  America,  rising 
in  Quito,  flows  E.  about  300  ms.,  takes  the 
name  of  lea,  turns  to  SE.,  and  continues  into  the 
Amazon.    Lon.  W.  C.  8°  E.,  lat.  3°  S. 

Puy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Loire, 
and  late  province  of  Velay,  seated  on  the  mountain 
Ani*,  near  the  river  Loire.  Puy  has  manufac- 
tures of  lace  and  silk  stuffs,  and  is  45  ms.  NE.  of 
Mende. 

Puycei'da,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  and 
capital  of  Cerdagna,  between  the  Carol  and  Segra, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  53  ms.  W.  of  Per- 
pignan,  and  67  NW.  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  50 
E.,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Puy-de-Dome,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containing  part  of 
the  late  province  of  Auvergne.  This  department 
includes  almost  all  Limagne,  a  territory  about  12 
leagues  long,  by  6  broad,  one  of  the  most  pleasant 

747 


PYR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


PYR 


and  fertile  in  Fr. ;  in  which  are  seen,  under  the 
same  point  of  view,  orchards,  meadows,  vineyards, 
arable  land,  in  a  word,  every  kind  of  cultivation 
imaginable.  The  borders  of  this  basin,  or  cir- 
cular plain,  are  mountains  now  covered  with  habi- 
tations, herbs,  and  flocks,  but  once  so  many  vol- 
canoes, which  exhibited  to  the  inspection  of  the 
learned,  the  most  extraordinary  phenomena. 
Clermont  is  the  capital  of  this  department. 

Puyen-Anjou,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Maine  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Anjou,  10 
ms.  SW.  of  Saumur,  and  260  of  Paris.  Lon.  0 
13  W.,  lat.  47  6  N. 

Puylaarans,  town  ofFr.,  in  the  dep  of  Tarn, 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  8  ms.  SW,  of 
Castres,  and  23  E.  of  Toulouse.  Lon.  1  57  E., 
lat.  43  35  N. 

Puzzoli,  celebrated,  but  now  inconsiderable 
town  of  Italy,  on  the  bay  of  Naples,  10  ms.  W., 
of  Naples. 

Puzzolana,  usually  called  water  lime,  it  is  the 
pulvus  puteolanus  of  the  Romans.  Puteolean 
powder  from  the  town  of  Puteolif,  where  it  was 
first  discovered.  It  is  a  light,  porous,  and  friable 
mineral  of  a  red  colour,  and  is  generally  supposed 
to  derive  its  orign  from  concreted  volcanic  ashes, 
thrown  out  from  Vesuvius,  near  to  which  moun- 
tain the  town  of  Puteoli  is  si'uated. 

Pyl;e  Caspi;e. — See  Caspian  Gates. 

Pyramid,  Greek  pur,  as  the  Pyramid  ends  in 
a  point  like  flame.  The  Pyramid  differs  from  the 
cone  as  the  sides  of  the  former  are  triangles,  that 
of  the  latter  (for  strictly  speaking  it  has  but  one 
side)  is  curvilinear.  The  pyramid  may  rest  upon 
or  have  for  a  base,  a  triangle,  square,  or  any 
polygon,  and  from  which  comes  the  name  of  any 
pyramid  in  particular,  triangular,  quadrangular, 
polygonal,  &c 

Pyramids  of  Egypt,  structures  formerly  count- 
ed one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world,  They 
are  built  upon  a  rock,  at  the  foot  of  the  high 
mountains  which  accompany  the  Nile  in  its 
course,  and  separate  Egypt  from  Lybia.  Various 
have  been  the  conjectures  how  and  when  they 
were  built,  yet  no  two  authors  agree,  exactly  about 
them ;  however,  this  is  certain,  that  they  are  ex- 
tremely ancient,  and  that  there  is  no  account,  in 
any  author  of  creJit,  when  or  for  what  reason  they 
were  founded. 

Pyramids,  Teocatli,  and  other  ruins  of  North 
America.  The  stupendous  magnitude  of  those 
monuments  of  antiquity  on  some  parts  of  this  con- 
tinent is  very  little  known.  They  are  spread  over 
an  immense  space  of  country  in  the  empire  of 
Mexico.    They  consist  of: 

Cholula,  situated  in  the  intendancy  of  Puebla, 
N.  lat.  19  2  W.,  lon.  W.  C.  21  13.  This  py- 
ramid consists  of  four  stages,  perpendicular  eleva- 
tion 177  feet,  and  the  horizontal  breadth  of  the 
base  1,423  feet.  Its  sides  are  exactly  parallel  to 
the  meridians  and  parallels  of  lat  ,  and  constructed 
of  alternate  strata  of  brick  and  clay.  It  is  matter 
of  real  astonishment  to  find  the  similarity  of  form 
and  constituent  material  between  this  Mexican 
monument,  and  that  of  the  temple  of  Belus,  at 
Babylon,  and  the  pyramids  of  Muischich,  Das- 
hour,  near  Sahara,  in  Egypt. 

The  immense  platform  of  this  truncated  pyra- 
mid has  an  area  of  45,208  sq.  feet,  whose  sides 
74S 


exceed  212.5  feet.  From  this  platform  is  st  in 
clear  weather,  the  volcanoes  of  Puebla,  Pe  0| 
Orizaba,  and  the  mountains  of  Matlacueye. 

The  pyramid  of  Cholula,  and  that  of  Tin  jh 
Itzaqual,.  are  very  nearly  of  equal  height,  id 
about  10  feet  higher  than  the  Mycerinus,  or  rd 
in  elevation  of  the  group  of  Ghize.  Its  len;  o| 
base  exceeds  that  of  all  similar  monuments  id 
by  travellers  on  either  continent ;  and  is  a  1 
double  that  of  Cheops.  It  has  been  sup  ed 
that  this  vast  edifice  was  formed  by  an  incrus  on 
of  clay  and  brick  around  a  natural  hill;  ;a 
road  cut  through  part  of  the  first,  or  lower  i  je, 
favors  the  supposition,  that  it  is  entirely  arti  al. 
Though  dilapidated  by  time,  and  no  doub!  ch 
depressed,  yet  its  height,  and  the  length  its 
base  are  still  8  to  1,  while  that  of  Ghize  is  ill 
nearly.  It  has  long  been  observed,  that  a  r-  lai 
gradation  of  symmetrical  pyramids  surroui  to 
larger  of  those  of  Egypt.  Mr.  Grobert  ha:  ib. 
Iished  a  drawing  of  the  regular  disposition  •  hi 
small  pyramids,  which  environ  the  Cheop  nd 
Mycerinus  at  Ghize.  The  Teocalli  at  Cfc  It, 
and  Teotihuican,  are  in  an  analogous  manne  u- 
rounded  by  lesser  monuments.  To  the  W.  he 
former,  stand  two  prismatical  masses,  now  led 
Alcosac,  and  Cerro  de  la  Cruz. 

To  the  NE.  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  .he 
Lake  of  Tezcuco,  in  the  Mexican  valley,  a  he 
remains  of  the  Teocalli,  or  temple  of  the  su  nd 
moon,  or  pyramids  of  Teotihuican,  consist;  ol 
two  truncated  pyramids,  called  in  the  Azte  in- 
guage  Tonatiuh  Ytzaqual,  house  of  the  sun  nd 
Metzli  Ytzaqual,  house  of  the  moon.  Ace  ng 
to  the  admeasurement  made  by  a  Mexicat  )r. 
Orteyza,  the  house  of  the  sun,  which  it  wl 
southern,  has  in  its  present  state,  a  base  o  *M 
feet,  and  171  feet  perpendicular  elevation,  'he 
house  of  the  moon  has  a  lesser  base,  and  i  M 
135  feet  perpendicular  height.  Those  monu  uli 
from  their  form  would  seem  to  have  bei  the 
models  from  which  the  other  Teocallies  of  A  i« 
were  constructed.  The  Aztec  nations  fou  bj 
the  Spaniards  in  New  Spain,  attributed  the  r* 
mids  of  Teotihuican  to  the  Toultccs,  conseq  itlj 
they  must  have  been  created  above  1,000  irs 
Siguenza  believes  them  to  be  the  product  o 
the  Omecs  ;  if  so,  they  are  three  or  four  cei  'ie< 
still  more  ancient,  than  if  constructed  b  th< 
Toultecs. 

The  faces  of  these  edifices  are  within  52'  ar 
exact  conformity  to  the  meridians  and  pat  ils 
Their  interior  is  clay  mixed  with  small  s  «i 
encrusted  by  a  shell  of  porous  amygdaloid.  '  c« 
of  a  bed  of  lime  covering  the  stones  are  still  i  ble 
Time,  the  inroads  of  vegetation,  and  h« 
curiosity,  are  here,  as  in  all  similar  cases,  ( ng 
ing  the  pyramidal  to  the  conical  figure,  by  e  "»[ 
the  features  of  the  outer  crust.  The  origin  vas 
composed  of  four  stages,  again  subdivide  oh 
steps  of  a  little  more  than  three  feet.  A  w  '»! 
staircase  of  a  large  hewn  stories  formerly  Ik 
the  top.  The  Tonatiuh  Ytzaqual  has.  acc  Mi 
to  Orteyza,  a  cubic  mass  of  32,743,201  cub  ee 
To  pierce  such  enormous  bodies  is  a  very  d  a»l 
undertaking;  it  is  therefore  not  easy  to  deMn 
the  problem,  whether  they  are  natural  e\e\  on 
modified  by  the  hand  of  man,  or  entirely  art"" 
M.  Humboldt  inclines  to  the  latter  supp  101 


PYR 


PtEOCtRAPHICAL  dictionary. 


PYR 


I  |  din?  those  of  Mexico,   and  supports  his 
on  by  their  isolated  position  on  plains.  That 
of  Teotihuican  are  the  products  of  art,  is 
red  almost  certain  by  the  circumstance  of  a 

)'  of  smaller  pyramids  surrounding  the  larger. 
I'biS  lesser  monuments  of  about  30  feet  elevation, 
d  from  the  four  faces  of  the  larger  pyramids  in 
v«jttreets  in  exact  conformity  to  the  meridians 
a*karallels.  They  amount  to  many  hundreds, 
aiKire  more  abundant  5*.  of  the  temple  of  the 
1001,  than  towards  the  temple  of  the  sun.  Ac- 
c«r(ig  to  the  traditions  of  the  natives,  these 
«.ri»?r  pyramids  were  dedicated  to  the  stars, 
j  b«  is  little  doubt  but  that  they  served  as  sepul- 
ri»j  to  the  chiefs  of  tribes.  The  whole  plain 
i>or  formerly  in  the  Azteca,  and  Toulteca  lan  -  j 
i.-j»s,  the  name  of  Micaotl,  or  road  of  the  dead. 

Yiat  analogies,"  says  Humboldt,  "with  the! 
Dftiinents  of  the  ancient  continent !  This  Toul- 1 
.c.or  Olmec,)  nation,  arriving  on  the  Mexican 
oiltri  the  7th  century,  (or  more  early,)  con- 1 
;:ro?d  on  a  uniform  plan,  several  of  these 
>j|nil  monuments,  those  truncated  pyramids,  j 
Hfilby  layers,  like  the  temple  of  Belus  at 
Hibloo.      Whence  did  they  derive  the  model  of  i 

e^difices]     Were  they  of  Mogul  race  ?    Did  i 

e>escend  from  the  coomon  stock  with  the] 
.'ijise,  the  Hiongnu,  and  the  Japanese?"  Or 
nororobably,  were  they  not  a  race  whose  civili- ' 

nil  was  indigenous  "?  The  pyramidal  form  of  i 
flis,  and  their  N.  and  S.  and  E.  and  W.  posi- 
"••le  the  result  of  obvious  natural  causes,  ap- 1 
mre)  to  all  mankind. 

Aither  ancient  monument  is  the  military  en-  j 
re*|nent  of  Xochicalco,  situated  to  the  SSW.  of  j 
4aefevaca,  near  Tetlama.    It  is  an  insulated  j 

li3S0  feet  elevation,  surrounded  with  trenches,  i 
•djtihto  5  stages  or  terraces,  covered  with  ma- 
Mi  the  whole  farming  a  truncated  pyramid,  | 
«hti  faces  correspond  to  the  cardinal  points,  j 

ie  isaltic  and  porphyry  stones  are  covered  with 
wy^yphics,  the  most  striking  of  which  are 
rootles  spouting  water  and  men  sitting  in  the  ! 
of^gged  position  of  Asiatics.  The  platform  of 
us  onument  contains  more  than  96,825  feet. 

hwi  M.  de  Humboldt  calls  this  a  fortress,  it 

■jheem,  from  its  form,  to  have  had  an  analo- ! 

>  is  ;e  with  the  pyramids  of  Cholula  and  Teoti-  j 
'  ca    Edifices,  however,  answering  the  double  | 

P'  of  forts  and  temples,  have  been  found  in1 

>  &  parts  of  the  earth,  in  very  distant  ages.  j 
'1  most  remarkable  monument  of  antiquity  in  | 

1  »«ra,  for  the  elegance  and  symmetry  of  its  or-  j 
is  the  ruins  of  the  palace  or  temple  of 
1  la  n  Oixaca.    The  walls  of  Mitla  are  decor- 
Ith  Grecques,  anu  labyrinths,  in  Mosaic,  of 
tU'orphyry  stones.     Mitla  was  called  by  the 
*t»t|Miquitlan,  or  place  of  sadness.    It  appears 
''"l  is  form,  and  from  tradition,  to  have  been  a 
*lTOcrected  over  the  tombs  of  the  kings.  It, 
louse  of  mourning,  to  which  the  monarch 
-Urtto  deposite  and  weep  over  the  remains  of  a 
'H»vj  relative,  and  where  he  himself  was  one 
%  tjepose  with  the  ashes  of  his  fa;hers     It  is 
1  incipient  siages  of  civilization  that  these  col- 
>su|  Monuments  are  erected  for  the  dead.  In 
'Rypj  in  India,  in  America,   the  founders  are 
'   a  d  the  fragments  of  their  own  mausoleums. 
[»alace  tombs  of  Mitla  form  three  edifices 


symmetrically  arranged,  and  in  a  very  romantic 
situation.  The  principal  and  best  preserved  edi- 
fice is  about  130  feet  in  length;  a  stairway  leads 
to  a  subterranean  vault,  88  by  26  feet.  This 
gloomy  recess  is  also  ornamented  with  Grecques. 

But  what  particularly  distinguishes  the  ruins  of 
Mitla  from  every  other  remain  of  Aztec  architec- 
ture is  6  porphyry  columns,  which  are  placed  in 
and  support  the  ceiling  of  an  immense  hall.  The 
columns,  the  only  ones  yet  found  in  America,  evince 
the  infancy  of  art,  having  neither  l»ase  nor  capital. 
Each  is  composed  of  a  single  block  of  amphibolous 
porphyry.  They  are  16.4  feet  in  height,  and  their 
proportions,  12  modules  or  6  diameters,  conse- 
quently would  be  higher  than  the  Tuscan,  if  the  in- 
ferior diameter  of  the  columns  of  Mitla  were  not  in 
the  proportion  of  three  to  two  to  their  upper  di  - 
ameter. 

A  striking  analogy  has  been  observed  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  interior  apartments  of  Mitla,  and 
in  the  monuments  of  upper  Egypt,  drawn  by  De- 
non.  In  the  ruins  of  Mitla  have  been  found  paint- 
ings representing  warlike  trophies  and  trophies. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  intendencv  of  Vera 
Cruz,  W.  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tecolutla, 
two  leagues  distant  from  the  great  Indian  village  of 
Papantla,  we  meet  with  a  pyramidal  edifice  of 
great  antiquity.  This  singular  remain  is  of  late 
discovery,  not  being  known  to  the  Spaniards  above 
60  years.  The  pyramid  of  Papantla  is  not  com- 
pose! of  clay  and  bricks,  mixed  with  basaltic 
stones,  and  faced  with  a  wall  of  amygdaloid,  like 
those  of  Cholula  and  Teotihuican;  the  materials 
employed  in  the  construction  of  those  of  Papantla 
are  enormous  stones  very  regularly  cut.  Mortar  is 
still  distinguishable  in  the  seams.  The  stones  are 
carved  full  of  hieroglyphics. 

The  base  of  this  pyramid  is  an  exact  square, 
each  side  having  82  feet ;  its  perpendicular  height 
is  about  60  feet.  The  pyramid  of  Papantla  is  not 
so  remarkable  for  its  mass  as  for  its  symmetry,  the 
fine  polish  of  the  stones,  and  their  very  regular  cut. 
It  is  like  all  the  other  Mexican  Tocalli,  erected  iu 
stages,  six  remain  distinguishable,  and  a  seventh 
appears  to  be  concealed  by  the  vegetation  which 
covers  its  outside  to  its  summit.  A  great  stair  of 
57  steps  conducts  to  the  truncated  top  or  platform. 
On  each  side  of  the  great  stair  is  a  small  stair ;  on 
each  side  are  hieroglyphics,  in  which  the  figures 
of  serpents  and  crocodiles  in  relievo  are  visible. 
Each  story  contains  a  great  number  of  square 
niches  symmetrically  distributed.  In  the  first  story 
is  24  on  each  side,  in  the  second  20,  and  in  the 
third  16. 

At  an  immense  distance  from  the  monuments  of 
Mexico,  near  the  Rio  Gila,  are  found  very  exten- 
sive ruins  of  an  ancient  Aztec  city,  in  the  midst  of 
which  is  the  edifice,  called  by  pre-eminence,  la 
Casa  Grande,  laid  out  in  exact  conformity  to  the 
four  cardinal  points.  The  ruins  spread  over  more 
than  a  square  league  of  ground.  The  Casa  Grande 
is  445  by  276  feet,  constructed  with  clay.  The 
walls  are  3  feet  1 1  inches  in  thickness.  It  is' still  per- 
ceptible that  this  edifice  had  three  stories  and  a  ter- 
race. The  stair  was  on  the  outside.  A  similar 
construction  is  still  preserved  in  all  the  villages  of 
the  independent  Indians  of  the  Moqui,  NW.  from 
New  Mexico.  The  ruins  are  on  a  plain,  where 
the  remains  of  a  canal  are  yet  visible  which  serv- 

749 


PYR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  PYR 


ed  to  conduct  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Gila  to  the 
city.  The  whole  plain  is  covered  with  broken 
pitchers  and  pot?,  painted  blue,  red,  and  white. 
Amongst  these  fragments  are  found  pieces  of  obsi- 
dian,  (ilztli,)  from  which  the  Mexicans  formed 
their  knives  and  razors.  The  Indians  of  the  Rio 
Gila  yet  retain  a  great  share  of  their  ancient  civili- 
zation, and  in  their  architecture  and  household  fur 
niture  much  of  the  perfection  of  their  ancient  arts. 

To  these  ruins,  in  Mexico  and  the  internal  pro- 
vince, may  be  added  the  remains  found  in  the  ba- 
sin of  the  Mississippi.  The  latter  are  indeed  much 
more  diminutive  than  the  former,  and  built  on  an 
entirely  different  plan.  A  connexion  between  thej 
remains  in  Mexico  and  those  in  Mississippi  basin 
has  been  supposed,  but  seems  unsupported  by  any 
conclusive  testimony  arising  from  analogy.  Obsi- 
dian is  entirely  wanting  in  the  fragments  of  domes- 
tic utensils  and  military  weapons  found  in  the 
Mississippi  ruins.  The  pottery  is  also  different  in 
the  two  regions.  But  the  most  decisive  circum- 
stance, evincing  an  entire  disconnection,  is  that  in 
the  intermediate  countries  no  remains  similar  to 
either  are  found.  The  solidity,  extent,  and  hier- 
oglyphic sculpture,  found  on  so  large  a  scale  in 
the  Mexican  monuments,  evince  a  state  of  science, 
art,  and  civilization,  at  least  as  far  advanced  as 
that  of  Egypt  at  the  period  when  the  pyramids 
were  constructed,  whilst  the  rudeness,  simplicity, 
and  absence  of  all  mental  representation  in  their 
structures,  prove  that  the  ancient  inhabitants  of 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  were  not  more,  if  as  far  ad- 
vanced in  the  arts  of  civilized  life  as  the  present 
tribes  of  South  Sea  islanders.  These  expressions 
I  am  induced  to  modify.  On  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  the  remains  at  Marietta,  in  the  Slate  of  0., 
there  is  no  doubt  of  their  construction  being  found- 
ed on  the  same  principles,  and  for  like  purposes, 
with  those  at  Mexico.  Remains  of  Teocali,  of  no 
small  magnitude,  exist  at  Marietta,  and  evince, 
with  other  remains  there  and  elsewhere  in  the 
West,  a  very  considerable  advance  in  the  arts. 

The  most  remarkable  circumstance,  however, 
respecting  the  North  American  ruins,  is  their  al- 
most entire  non-existence,  on  the  Atlantic  slope, 
E.  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  the  aboriginal  na- 
tions seem  to  have  been  at  all  limes  purely  savage, 
whilst  traces  of  agricultural  life  are  frequent  and 
striking  W.  of  the  Alleghany  ridge,  in  all  the  in- 
termediate stages,  from  the  barrow  of  Ohio  to  the 
superb  vast  edifices  of  Puebla,  Oaxaca,  Mexico, 
and  the  Rio  Gila. 

It  may  be  observed,  respecting  all  the  pyramidal 
structures  yet  known,  from  the  temple  of  Belus  to 
the  most  rude  barrow,  that  they  are  on  alluvial 
soil,  in  most  instances  on  plains,  and  that  the 
founders,  and  the  real  purposes  for  which  erected, 
are  alike  lost  in  the  darkness  of  past  time. 

Pyramids  of  Teotihualican,  in  Mexico. — At  a 
recent  meeting  of  the  London  Geographical  Society, 
acommunication  was  read  from  Lieutenant  Glennie, 
descriptive  of  these  interesting  memorials. 

The  village  of  Teotihualcan  is  in  lat.  19  43  N., 
and  in  Ion.  98  51  W.,  variation  of  the  magnetic 
needle,  9  49  E.  The  village  is  elevated  7,492 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  pyramids  are 
distant  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  it.  The 
largest  is  727  feet  sq.  at  its  base,  and  221  feet 
high,  with  two  of  its  sides  parallel  to  the  meridian 
750 


A  rampart  of  about  30  feet  in  height  surr  b 
this  pyramid  at  ihe  distance  of  350  feet  fro  ts 
base,  or.  the  north  side  of  which  are  the  re  Q8 
of  a  flight  of  steps,  with  a  road  leading  from  ,m 
in  a  northerly  direction,  covered  with  a  whi  e- 
merit.  The  remains  of  steps  are  also  fou  on 
the  pyramids,  which  were  covered  with  the  ne 
sort  of  white  cement,  as  well  as  broad  terrac  j. 
tending  across  the  sides.  The  number  of  lr» 
mids  surrounding  the  large  one,  was  estimat  by 
Mr.  Glennie,  at  above  200,  varying  in  their d  U 
sions.  They  are  all  constructed  with  vc  or 
stones,  and  plaster  from  the  adjacent  so  tU 
coated  with  white  cement,  and  the  ground 
tween  their  bases  seems  formerly  to  have  be 
cupied  as  street?,  being  also  covered  with  th<  m 
sort  of  cement.  One  of  the  smaller  pyramii  .-as 
covered  with  a  kind  of  broken  pottery,  ornan  :ed 
with  curious  figures  and  devices;  and  im 
neighborhood  of  these  edifices  abundance  of  tall 
figures  were  found,  such  as  heads,  arms,  leg;  c, 
moulded  in  clay,  and  hardened  in  fire.-  idt 
National  Gazette,  Aug.  23,  1831. 

Pyrenean  mountains,  or  Pyrenees,  a  rge 
chain  of  mountains,  the  principal  of  which  in 
the  kingdom  of  Spain,  which  they  divide  om 
France;  the  general  range  equals  the  \[% 
height,  and  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  tc 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  200  ms.  in  length,  and  in 
breadth.  They  begin  near  the  harbor  of  Ve  w, 
in  Rousillon,  and  run  as  far  as  Fontarabia.  en 
Rousillon  they  divide  into  two'principal  bra  es, 
one  of  separates  Rousillon  from  Languedo  mil 
is  called  Antipyrenee,  and  the  other,  which  pi- 
rates it  from  Catalonia,  is  denominated  (  k 
Pertuise.  Over  them  are  many  passages,  iffl 
extremely  difficult,  and  bi  tween  them  sever  fer- 
tile valleys.  The  first  and  greatest  is  by  Ba  tie 
to  St.  Sebastian's.  This  road,  for  about  22  le  les, 
lies  through  the  Pyrenees.  The  second 
from  Perpignan  to  Barcelona,  a  distance  of  .''a» 
through  the  mountains,  where,  in  many  i 
100  armed  peasants  may  arrest  the  march  an 
army,  and  where  neither  houses,  provisioi  do 
accommodations,  can  be  found.  The  thir  »a» 
leads  from  Bayonne  to  Pampeluna,  the  cap!« 
Navarre  ;  this  difficult  defile  is  only  passal  be 
tween  the  months  of  May  and  October.  dii 
fourth  road  is  that  which  leads  from  Terbes,  Bi 
goree,  to  Saragossa.  It  is  a  tract  merely  p<  ou 
to  muleteers  during  the  summer,  but  in  win  th 
wolves  and  snows  render  it  totally  impasaabi) 

There  are  nearly  60  other  narrow  passes,  h 
openings,  most  of  which  are  rugged,  intricai »» 
hardly  passable  for  laden  beasts,  and  evetlH 
are  frequently  blocked  up  with  snow. — See  elf 
Maladetta  and  Mountains. 

Pyrenees,  Eastern,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containi  th 
late  province  of  Rousillon.  Although  gre  p 
of  the  country  is  mountainous,  it  is  fertili " 
ducing  corn,  excellent  wines,  olives,  orang'  aj> 
leather,  of  a  superior  quality.  Perpignan 
capital. 

Pyrenees,  Lower,  dep.  of  Fr,,  containi 
late  provinces  of  Basques  and  Beam.    Pau  t« 
capital. — See  Navarre. 

Pyrenees,  Upper,  dep.  of  Fr.,  contain 
late  provinces  of  Bigorre.  Here  are  excellent  rst 
and  good  pasturage.    The  valleys  are  very 


QUA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


QUE 


irrhing  rye,  millet,  Spanish  corn,  and  flax.  The 
,  )i  tains  have  mines  of  lead,  iron,  and  copper, 
,,d  jarries  of  slate,  marble,  and  jasper.  Tarbes 
tt  capital. 

l-mont,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  a  county  of 
16  me  name,  subject  to  the  prince  of  Waldeck, 
ritU  castle,  the  residence  of  the  governor.  Near 

11  mineral  waters,  well  known  to  all  Europe, 
nd  \ien  frequented  by  persons  of  the  highest  rank, 
nijeferred  to  those  of  Spa.  It  is  40  ras.  SW.  of 

I  iri    Lon.  9  20  E.,  lat.  52  0  N. 

f\-na,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom  of 
mx  y,  in  Misnia.  It  has  a  castle,  on  a  moun- 
11a  lied  Sonnenstein,  which  has  been  used  some- 
itHjis  a  State  prison.  Near  it  is  a  fine  quarry 
(  «ne,  which  is  transported  to  different  places 
r  tlfriver  Elbe,    Pyrna  is  seated  on  the  Elbe, 

1  lies  SE.  of  Dresden.    Lon.  13  56  E.,  lat. 

6L 

P:eck,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Pra- 
mnteated  on  the  Attoway,  near  the  Muldaw,  50 
»,   of  Prague.    Lon.  14  46  E.,  lat.  49  16  N. 

Q. 

Q  cha,  lake  of  La.,  between  the  Mississippi 
ml  i.rrataria  bay.  The  country  adjacent  to  the 
uaa  lake  is  an  open  grassy  marsh. 

Qdin,  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  seated  on  the 
.te.ietween  EIne  and  Dander,  and  remarkable 
r    eat  number  of  valuable  and  ancient  monu- 

(Mira,  and  Vancouver's  Island,  on  the  Paci- 
c.  acjt  of  North  America,  extending  from  the 
laiUf  St.  Juan  de  Fuca  to  Queen  Charlotte's 

n.  250  miles  long,  by  50  mean  width  ;  area 
IM  sq.  ms.  Lat.  50°  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C. 
r  l,  intersect  in  the  western  part  of  this  is- 
ii.l.  ts  general  position  is  lengthwise  from  NW. 

vSfc  The  Wakash  Indians  inhabit  this  desolate 
*ioi   Between  N.  lat.  47°  and  51°. 

-A  Iriburgium.  — See  Schenk. 

^wkenbrugge^  or  Quackenbvrg,  town  of  West- 
)ilit(in  the  bishopric  of  Osnaburg,  seated  on  the 
•ta«<22  ms.  W.  of  Osnaburg.  Lon.  8  20  E., 
t.  5j46  N. 

hdrant. — See  Cadron,  Pulaski  co.,  Ark. 
')u:er  Hill,  village  in  the  southeast  angle  of 
ucljis  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  20  ms.  E.  from  Fish- 
'  "Ige. 

<Ju:er  Springs,  post  office,  by  post  road  30 
*.;  Lfrom  Albany. 

^ucertown,  village,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
aia  |ad  from  Philadelphia  to  Bethlehem,  37  ms. 
i"'  V,  from  the  former,  and  15  S.  from  the  latter. 

is  Beat,  small  village,  in  a  single  street,  along 
tnu  road. 

g-ping-fuu,  city  of  China,  in  the  N.  part 
*  e  heli,  between  the  provinces  of  Chang-long 
d  ft  nan. 

«  g  si,  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
•  uyloei-tcheou  and  Hou-quang,  on  the  W.  by 
n  and  the  kingdom  of  Tonquin,  on  the  S. 
I  thiftulf  of  Tonquin  and  the  province  of  Quang- 
"'K,  d  on  the  E.  by  the  same  and  Hou-quang. 
liei-  g-fou  is  the  capital. 
yuig-tong,  the  most  considerable  of  the  south - 
*a  Pr  inces  of  China,  bounded  on  the  NE.  by 


Fo-kien,  on  the  N.  by  Ci  ang  si,  on  the  W.  by 
Quang-si  and  the  kingdom  of  Ton-king  ;  the  rest 
is  washed  by  the  sea.  Canton  is  the  capital,  but 
the  viceroy  resides  at  Chaoking. 

Quantieo  Mills,  village,  Somerset  co.,  Md  ,  30 
ms.  SE.  trom  Cambridge. 

Quarlesville,  village,  Brunswick  co.,  Va.,  by 
post  road  72  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Richmond. 

Quarten,  town  of  Switzerland,  near  the  Lake 
Wellenstadt,  5  ms.  E.  of  Glarus. 

Quatre  Bras,  hamlet  or  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Namur,  7  ms.  W.  from  Ligny.  The 
French  authors  name  the  battle  of  Waterloo  from 
this  place,  or  from  Mount  St.  Jean. 

Quebec,  city  and  capital  of  British  America,  on 
the  left  bank  of  St.  Lawrence  river,  about  400  ms 
above  the  sea,  and  180  below  Montreal.  Lon.  W. 
C.  5  10  E.,  lat.  46  50  N.  By  a  recent  census, 
(1841,)  the  pop.  of  this  city  was  31,793. 

This  city  stands  upon  a  point  of  land  the  sa- 
lient projection  of  a  range  of  heights  between  St. 
Lawrence  and  Charles  river.  The  ground  rises 
from  an  alluvial  slip  along  the  harbor  to  the  sum- 
mit of  Cape  Diamond  350  feet.  It  is  divided  into 
the  upper  and  lower  towns,  the  whole  fortified  with 
every  advantage  of  natural  position  and  resource  of 
art.  The  principal  buildings — the  Catholic  cathe- 
dral, Jesuit's  college,  (now  barracks,)  Protestant 
Metropolitan  church,  Hotel  Dieu,  or  female  hos- 
pital, Ursuline  convent,  general  hospital,  and  the 
artillery  barracks. 

The  basin,  or  harbor,  is  very  spacious,  and  with 
a  depth  of  28  fathoms.  The  commercial  relations 
are  extensive  and  increasing.  In  its  actual  state, 
Quebec  is  a  place  of  primary  importance  as  a  mart 
of  trade;  the  capital  of  extensive  territories  and 
post  of  great  strength  and  capacity  as  a  military 
station. 

Queda,  kingdom  in  the  peninsula,  beyond  the 
Ganges.  It  has  a  harbor,  300  ms.  N.  of  the  city 
of  Malacca.    Lon.  100  5  E.,  lat.  7  5  N. 

Quedlinburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  the  principality  of  Anhalt.  It  is  10  ms. 
SE.  of  Halberstadt.    Lon.  11  34  E.,  lat.  52  1  N. 

Queen  Ann,  co.  of  Md.,  on  the  Eastern  shore, 
bounded  by  Kent  co.,  in  Del.,  E.,  Caroline  co., 
Md.,  SE., 'Talbot  S.,  Chesapeake  bay  SW.,  and 
Chester  river,  or  Kent  co.,  Md.,  NW.  Including 
Kent  island,  this  county  i3  40  ms.  long,  with  a 
mean  with  of  10  ;  area  400  sq  ms.  Chief  town, 
Centreville.  Pop.  in  1820,  14,952;  and  in  1840, 
12,633.    Central  lat.  39°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1°  E. 

Queen  Ann,  village,  Prince  George's  co.,  Md., 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Patuxent,  25  ms.  E.  from 
W.  C. 

Queenborough,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  in 
the  Isle  of  Shepey,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Canterbury, 
and  45  ins.  E.  of  London.  Lon.  0  48  E.,  lat.  51 
26  N. 

Queen  Charlotte's  Cape,  promontory  of  the  is- 
land of  Southern  Georgia.  Lon.  36  1 1  W.,  lat. 
54  32  S. 

Queen  Charlotte's  Foreland,  cape  ol  the  is- 
land of  New  Caledonia,  Lon.  167  12  E.,  lat.  22 
15  S. 

Queen  Charlotte's  island,  island  in  the  S.  Pa- 
cific ocean,  6  ms.  long  and  1  broad,  discovered  by 
Captain  Wallis,  in  1767.  Lon.  138  4  W.,  lat. 
19  18  S. 

751 


QUE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Queen  Charlotte's  sound,  sound  at  the  N.  ex-  j  56  ms.,  area  13,482  sq.  ms.  Pop.  755,000.  s 
tremity  of  the  S.  island  of  New  Zealand,  near  tributive  pop.  56  to  the  sq.  m.    Queretarc  ! 


Cook's  strait,    l^on.  174  13  Bi.,  lat.  41  b  «.         [between  lat.   20u  and  21  50  N  ,   but  the  I 
Queen's,  co.  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  Bay  of  j  difference  of  level  renders  its  climate  like  tl  : 
Fundy.  '  Mexico,  Puebla,  and  Mechoacan,  as  compn  | 

Queen's,  co.  of  New  Brunswick,  on  both  sides  |  sive  in  relative  temperature  as  if  its  northern  b.  j 
of  St.  John's  river.    Chief  town,  Gagetown.  |  ary  reached  N.  lat.  37°    Queretaro,  the  ca  | 

Queen's,  middle  co.  of  Long  island,  bounded  by  \  stands  on  the  high  table  land  of  Anahuac,  i  I 
the  Atlantic  ocean  S.,  King's  co.  SW.,  New  York  j  western  extremity  of  the  State  ;  the  bo.ly  o  n 
strait  and  Long  Island  sound  N.,  and  Suffolk  co. 
E.    Length  26,  mean  width  14  ms.  ;  area  364  sq. 
ms.     Surface  hilly  on  the  N.  side  towards  the 
sound,  gradually  subsiding  into  an  alluvian  plain 


latter,  however,  sloping  rapidly  down  the  M  „> 
zuema  river,  from  an  elevation  of  6,000  fe<  I 
wards  the  low  coasts  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico  I 
change  of  air  is  equally  abrupt,  from  the  hea  u 


along  the  Atlantic  ocean.  Soil  generally  produc-  j  breezes  of  the  elevated  plains  to  the  burning  h 
tive  in  grain,  fruits,  and  pasturage.  Chief  towns,  of  the  sea  coast.  Queretaro  formed,  before  (I  I 
Jamaica,  Flushing,  Hempstead,  and  Jericho.  Pop.  J  cent  changes,  a  part  of  the  intendancy  of  M<  o, 


in  1840,  30,324.  Central  lat.  40  50  N.,  Ion.  W 
C.  4  20  E. 

Queensborough,  village,  Pendleton  district,  S. 

C,  130  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia.  Small  vil 

lage  in  Warren  tp.,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  13  ms 
E.  by  N.  from  New  Philadelphia. 

Queen's  county,  shire  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  j 
of  Leinster,  30  ms.  long  and  29  broad,  bounded  I 
on  the  N.  by  King's  co.,  on  the  E.  by  Kildare,  on  j 
the  SE.  by  Catherlough,  on  the  S.  by  Kilkenny,  | 
and  on  the  W.  by  King's  co.  and  Tipperary.  Ma- 1 
ryborough  is  the  capital. 

Queen's  Ferry,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Linlith- 
gowshire,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  9  ms.  W.  of  Edin- 
burgh.    Lon.  3  20  W.,  lat.  56  0  N. 

Queenstown,  U.  C,  situated  upon  the  Niaraga 
river,  about  ?  ms.  above  Newark ;  it  is  at  the  head 
of  the  navigation  for  ships,  and  the  portage,  occa- 
stoned  by  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  commences  here.  ' 
There  are  huts  enough  to  receive  a  regiment. 

Queenestown,  village,  Queen  Ann's  co.,  Md.,  on 
Chester  river,  33  ms.  SE.  from  Baltimore. 

Queil-ling-fou,  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  prov 
ince  of  Quang-si 

called  quei,  which  grows  on  a  tree  resembling  a 
laurel,  and  emits  such  a  sweet  and  agreeable  odour 
that  the  whole  country  is  perfumed  by  it.  It  is 
180  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Canton.  Lon.  109  55  E., 
lat.  25  30  N. 

Quemahoning,  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Penn.  It  is 
situated  around  Stoystown,  on  Quemahoning 
creek . 

Quentin,  St.,  strong  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aisne,  and  late  province  of  Picardy. 
Here  is  a  considerable  manufacture  of  lawns  and 
cambrics.    It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the 


Querfurt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Sa  y, 
j  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  | 
i  ject  to  the  prince  of  Saxe  Weissenfels.  It  I 
|  ms,  SE.  of  Mansfeldt.    Lon.  12  20  E.,  hi 

■  27  N. 

I     Quergenency,  island  of  the  Mediterranea  m 
j  the  coa.st  of  Tripoli.    It  has  a  fort  and  sever:  I 
lages. 

Quesnoy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  I>  h, 
and  late  province  of  French  Hainault,  on  a  »e 
plain,  along  the  little  river  Ronelle,  9  ms.  S  of 
Valenciennes,  and  122  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  10 
E.,  lat.  50  15  N. 

Quiberon,  peninsula  of  Fr.,  in  the  de  of 
Morbihan,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  i  ae 
N.  of  Belleisle.    It  has  a  village  of  the  ae 
name,  and  a  fort  on  the  bay  of  Quiberon.  M 
Quibo,  island  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  lying  <  he 


coast  of  Veragua,  in  New  Spain.  Hern 
great  number  of  monkeys  and  fallow  deer. 

Quibletown,  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  N. 
ms.  N.  from  New  Brunswick. 

Quicaro,  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  ne: 
It  has  its  name  from  a  flower  coast  of  Veragua,  in  Mexico,  about  20  ms, 
and  6  broad.    Lon.  82  30  W.,  lat.  7  25  N. 

Quicourre,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  branch  of  1 
souri,  rising  with  the  North  fork  of  Platte  ;r, 
and,  flowing  E.,  falls  into  Missouri  at  lon.  V  C. 
I  1 1°  W.,  at  lat.  42  45  N.,  after  a  course  of 
300  ms. 

!     Quilleboeuf,  town  of  France,  in  the  depar 
;  of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of  Norm  ij, 
seated  on  the  Seine,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Caujebe<nd 
I  22  W.  of  Rouen. 

Quillmanci,  town  of  Africa,  on  the  co  of 
Zanguebar,  in  the  kingdom  of  Melinda.  It 
uated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  i  »i 


Lon.  39  4; 


river  Somme,  21  ms.  S.  of  Camhray,  and  83  N 

by  E.  of  Paris.    Lon.  3  29  E.,  lat.  49  50  N.       I  and  belongs  to  the  Portuguese 

Querci,  late  province  of  France,  baunded  on  j  lat.  3  30  S. 
the  N.  by  Limosin,  on  the  E.  by  Rouergue,  and  I     Quillato,  city  and  province  of  Chili.  Th'tJ 
Auvergne,  on  the  S.  by  Languedoc,  and  on  the  '  stands  on  the  river  Aconcagua.    Lon.  W 
W.  by  Perigord.    It  was  divided  into  Upper  and  j  42  E.,  lat.  32  50  S. 
Lower;  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits.  It 
now  forms  the  department  of  Lot. 

Queretaro,  city  of  Mexico  and  capital  of  the 
State  of  the  same,  95  ms.  NW.  from  the  city  of 
Mexico.  It  is  the  most  extensive  manufacturing 
city  of  Spanish  America.  Pop.  40,000.  Lat.  20 
36  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  23  11  W. 

Queretaro,  State  of  Mexico,  bounded  S.  by 
Mexico,  W.  by  Guanaxuato,  N.  by  San  Louis  Po- 
tosi,  NE.  by  Vera  Cruz,  and  SE.  by  Puebla. 
Length  from  E.  to  W.  160,  mean  breadth  about 
752 


Quilou,  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Zanguebar 
a  small  citadel.    It  is  tributary  to  the  Portut*, 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  300  ms.  N.  otffl 
zambique.    Lon.  39  9  E.,  lat.  9  30  S. 

Quylon,  or  Coy  lon,  Dutch  factory  on  the  ^ 
of  Malabar,  in  Travancore,  14  ms.  NNW.  o  n- 
jengo,  taken  by  the  English  in  1795.  Lo;  76 
32  E.,  lat.  9  2  N. 

Quimper,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 'n' 
isterre,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  at  the 
fluence  of  the  Oder  and  Benaudet,  30  ms.  £ 


RAB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RAG 


I  it,  and  332  W.  by  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  2W., 
,at!7  58  N. 

uincey,  town,  Norfolk  cc>.,  Mass  ,  9  ms.  SE. 

re  Boston.  Village,  Adams  co.,  III.,  situated 

)tiie  E.  or  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river.  N. 
,at39  56,  lon.  14  6  W.  from  W.  C,  about  160 
rodby  water  above  St.  Louis,  and  150  N\V.  by 
\froin  Vandalia.  Pop.  by  the  census  of  1840, 
2,}9.    It  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co. 

dndin,  mountain  pass  between  the  cities  of 
Hoyan  and  Santa  Fe. 

unity  Bay  of  which  may  be  considered 
uinghout  as  a  harbor,  is  formed  by  a  large  penin- 
•.al  consisting  of  the  tps.  of  Ameliasburgh,  So- 
ru. barg,  t»nd  Marysburg,  forming  Prince  Ed- 
ymco.,  U.  C,  extending  from  Lake  Ontario 
Vff'f  Kingston. 

Hito,  late  audience  of  New  Granada,  now  i 
i  ecnce  of  Colombia,  bounded  N.  by  Santa  Fe, 
JV  the  Portuguese  dominions,  S.  by  Peru,  and 
W  y  the  Pacific  ocean.  Length  from  E.  to  W. 
>')(and  breadth  500  ms.,  area  450,000  sq.  ms. — 
Colombia. 

<  ito,  city  of  New  Granada,  and  capital  of  the 
orr.ice  of  Quito.  It  is  situated  in  about  lat.  13' 
fi^jn.  W.  C.  1  10  W.,  on  the  elevated  volcanic 
ugii  of  Pichincha,  9,500  feet  above  the  level  of 
ne  icific  ocean.  It  is  the  most  elevated  large 
ciiy)f  the  globe,  and  its  inhabitants  enjoy  an  un 
eqp;ed  equality  of  temperature.  The  country 
UjAvever,  subject  to  earthquakes  and  almost 
iyij;howers  of  rain.    Pop.  70,000. 

it'xos  and  Maxos,  undefined  terms  for  the 
<  <*t  i  part  of  Quito. 

tfzina,  chain  of  mountains  in  the  kingdom 
o!  h,  100  ms.  in  length,  extending  from  the 
k*«  of  Gret  to  the  river  Nocor. 

^y'a,  kingdom  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  which 
PMfcfe  from  Sierra  Leone  to  the  Grain  coast. 


K. 


R\b,  town  and  fortress  of  Lower  Hungary, 
of  Javerin,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Raab 
iabt'z,  not  far  from  the  Danube,  28  ms.  SSE.  of 
Itofc  rg.    Lon.  17  45  E.,  lat.  47  38  N. 

tyeaur,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
»f  KUa,  74  ms.  NE.  of  Ougien,  and  214  SSW. 
i  Aa.    Lon.  76  56  E.,  lat.  24  2  N. 

mza,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland,  be- 
w«|.he  mainland  of  Ross-shire  and  the  isle  of 

/t  It  is  12  ms.  long  and  4  broad.  Lon.  6° 
it.  57  32  N. 

kisteins,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
4  Urn,   on  the  river  Tarn,  18  ms.  NE.  of 

ul  se. 

diit,  seaport  of  Algiers,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Jaiijtg,  between  Fez  and  Tangier.  Lon.  5  28 
-V 34  40  N. 

Hcnstein,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
"aateon  the  river  Ottava,  21  ms.  WSW.  of  Ra- 

tffitai,  co.,  Georgia,  between  Chessatee  and 
-'liatiooche  rivers,  having  Habersham  E.,  and 
Ml  li.  Pop.  in  1820,  524.  Ctl.  lat.  34  30 
lj.  W.  C.  7°  W.  This  is  only  the  NW. 
;,J  ol  hat  part  of  Georgia  reclaimed  from  the  In- 
lian8.iut  is  situated  near  100  ms.  E.  from  the 
5* 


actual  NW.  angle  of  Georgia  on  Tennessee  river. 
Pop.  in  1840,  1,912. 

Racca,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Diarbekir, 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Belos  with  the  Euphrates. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Old  Racca,  once  a  mag- 
nificent city.  It  is  110  ms.  S.  by  W.  from  Diar- 
bekir.   Lon.  40  10  E.,  lat.  36  5  N. 

Raccoon  Fork  and  post  office,  Culpeper  co., 
Va.,  by  post  road  about  100  ms.  N.NW.  from 
Richmond. 

Rachore,  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country  of 
Golconda,  capital  of  a  district  subject  tothenizam 
of  the  Deccan.  It  is  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Kisna, 
80  ms.  SW.  of  Hydrabad.  Lon.  78  3  E.,  lat. 
16  22  N. 

Rachel,  river,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  northern  part 
of  Hamilton  co.,  and  flows  N.  into  Long  lake, 
from  which  it  again  issues  in  the  NE.  angle 
of  the  co.,  thence  crosses  the  SW.  angle  of  Frank- 
lin, and  enters  St.  Lawrence  co.,  through  which 
it  passes  into  St.  Lawrence  river,  2  ms.  above  St, 
Regis,  after  a  comparative  course  of  120  ms. 

Rackelon,  village,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  Racket  river,  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation,  20 
ms.  E.  from  Hamilton,  on  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Raclia,  small  uninhabited  island  of  the  Archi- 
pelago, near  that  of  Nio. 

Raconi,  populous  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  in  a 
pleasant  plain,  on  the  rivers  Grana  and  Macra, 
6  ms.  from  Carignano.  Lon.  7  46  E..  lat.  44 
39  N. 

Radeberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
in  the  Margravate  of  Messin,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Dres- 
den.   Lon.  13  56  E.,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Radicofani,  town  of  Tuscany,  on  a  mountain, 
56  ms.  SE.  of  Sienna.  Lon.  1 1  40  E.,  lat.  42 
42  N. 

Radmandorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  Camiola, 
near  the  source  of  the  river  Save,  16  ms.  W.  of 
Crainburg. 

Radnor,  tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Penn.,  in  the  NE. 
corner  of  the  county,  and  joining  Lower  Merion 
in  Montgomery  county. 

Radnor,  New,  borough  of  Wales,  in  Radnor- 
shire, 24  ms.  NW.  of  Hereford,  and  156  WNW. 
of  London.    Lon.  2  45  W.,  lat.  52  10  N. 

Radnorshire,  county  of  S.  Wales,  30  ms.  long 
and  25  broad,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Shropshire 
and  Herefordshire,  on  the  NW.  by  Cardiganshire, 
on  the  S.  and  SW.  by  Brecknockshire,  and  on  the 
N.  by  Montgomeryshire.  Its  principal  rivers  are 
the  Wye  and  the  Tend  ;  the  former  dividing  it 
from  Brecknockshire,  and  the  latter  from  Shrop- 
shire. The  soil  in  general  is  but  indifferent,  yet 
some  places  produce  corn,  particularly  the  eastern 
and  southern  parts ;  but  in  the  northern  and  west- 
ern, which  are  mountainous,  the  land  is  chiefly 
stocked  with  horned  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats.  Pop. 
in  1810,  1,905;  in  1811,  20,900;  and  in  1821, 
23,073. 

Radom,  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Sandomir,  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  a  brook  that  falls  into  the  Vistula, 
30  miles  N.  of  Sandomir,  and  50  S.  of  Warsaw. 
Lon.  21  1  E.,  lat.  51  25  N. 

Ragivolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan,  seated 
between  Mantua  and  Reggio,  42  ms.  from  each. 

Ragusa,  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val-di-Nota, 
near  the  river  Maulo,  12  ms.  N.  of  Modica.  Lon. 

753 


RAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RAM 


14  59  E.,  lat.  37°  N.  City  of  Dalmalia,  capi- 
tal of  the  Ragusan  ;  it  is  2  miles  in  circumference, 
and  strong  by  situation,  having  an  inaccessible 
mountain  on  the  land  side,  and  a  strong  fort  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade,  and  is  60  ms.  NW.  of  Scutari.  Lon.  18  10 
E.,  lat.  42  50  N. 

Rahway,  small  river  or  creek  of  Essex  and  Mid- 
dlesex cos.,  N.  J.,  falls  into  Staten  Island  sound 

4  miles  from  Newark,  bay.  Town,  Middlesex, 

co.,  N.  J.,  on  Rahway  river,  5  miles  SW.  from 
Elizabethtown. 

Ragusen,  or  Ragusan  Dalmalia,  territory  of 
Dalmatia,  lying  along  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Ven 
ice,  about  55  miles  in  length,  and  20  in  breadth 
Ragusa  is  the  capital. 

Raja,  or  Radja,  hence  roi,  and  English  adjec- 
tives royal,  reign,  &c. — See  article  King. 

Rajkpootana,  or  Adjemere;  which  latter  see. 

Rajepoots,  one  of  the  tribes  or  people  who  in 
habit  the  province  of  Adjemere,  to  which  they  fre- 
quently give  name.  They  are  called  Rhatore  Raje- 
poots, are  large  and  muscular,  with  Jewish  features 

Rajapour,  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  50 
ms.  N.  of  Goa.    Lon.  73  50  E.,  lat.  17  19  N. 

Rajemal,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  Bengal, 
formerly  a  place  of  great  trade,  but.  now  in  a  ruin- 
ous state.  It  is  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  in  a  romantic,  but  not  pleasant  situation, 
190  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Calcutta. 

Rain,  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  seated  on  the 
Acha,  near  the  Lech,  5  ms.  E.  of  Donawert.  Lon. 

11  12  E.,  lat.  48  50  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in 

Styria,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Save,  68  miles  S.  of 
Gratz.    Lon.  15  32  E.,  lat  46  20  N. 

Rains's  Tavern  and  post  office,  Cumberland 
county,  Va.,  by  post  road  72  miles  westerly  from 
Richmond. 

Rain  Lake,  or  Long  Lake,  lake  of  North  Ame- 
rica, lying  to  the  W.  of  Lake  Superior,  and  to  the 
E.  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  a  river.  It  is  nearly  100  miles  long, 
but  in  no  part  more  than  20  wide.  The  conflu- 
ents of  Lake  Rain  are  the  extreme  southeastern 
sources  of  Severn  river.  Lat.  48°  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
16°  W. 

Raisin,  river  of  Michigan,  rises  in  the  level  ta- 
ble land  of  the  peninsula,  with  St.  Joseph's  river 
of  Lake  Michigan,  Tiffin's  river,  branch  of  Mau- 
mee  and  Huron  of  Erie.  Course  SSE.  100  miles, 
enters  Lake  Erie  20  ms.  SW.  from  the  mouth  of 
Detroit  river.  It  is  impeded  with  rapids  near  its 
mouth,  but  navigable  above  and  below. 

Ra  sins,  Riviere,  Aux,  runs  through  the  town, 
ships  of  Osnabruck,  Cornwall,  and  Charlotten- 
burg,  emptying  itself  into  Lake  St.  Francis,  near 
the  SE.  angle  of  the  latter  township,  Cornwall  co., 
Upper  Canada. 

Raisin  Isles,  in  Lake  St.  Francis,  Upper  Cana- 
da, lies  between  the  mouth  of  the  river  Aux  Rai- 
sin and  the  point  of  that  name  ;  they  are  small 
and  rocky. 

Raisin,  Poinle,  in  Lake  St.  Francis,  Upper  Ca- 
nada, lies  to  the  E.  of  Pointe  au  Lac. 

Raisonville,  village,  Michigan. 

Raleigh,  village  and  seat  of  justice  of  Wake  co., 
and  also  capital  of  North  Carolina,  situated  on  the 
754 


SW.  side  of  Neuse  river,  60  miles  N.  by  E 
Fayetteville,  and  123  NW.  of  Newbern.*  The 
of  Government  was  fixed  here  in  1791.    It  |ie 
lat.  25  44  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  1  48  W.  Thi 
a  very  regularly  built  village,  and  contains  the 
dinary  county  and  State  buildings  in  elegant  st 
Beside  the  State  and  county  buildings,  it  cont  i 
a  bank,  theatre,  and  two  academies.    In  the  i  . 
tie  of  the  town  stands  Union  square  of  10  ac 
and  in  the  centre  of  this  square  the  Slate  ho 
From  Union  square,  branches  at  right  anglei  > 
each  other  four  large  streets  of  99  feet  in  wi 
These  wide  streets  subdivide  the  town  into  I 
quarters,  which  are  again  subdivided  by  four  o  r 
streets  of  56  feet  width,  with  central  squares  of  r 
acres  each.    Pop.  in  1840,  2,244. 

Raleigh,  village,  Union  county,  Ky.,  on  <  > 
river,  3  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Wabash,  an  ) 

ms.  by  water  above  Shawneetown.  Tp.  in  3 

co.  of  Essex,  Upper  Canada,  lies  W.  of  Haiw  , 
the  Thames  bounding  it  on  the  N.,  and  Lake  e 
to  the  southward 

Ralphsville,  tp  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  at  e 
mouth  of  Ashtabula  river. 

Ramah,  village,  Wilkinson  co  ,  Ga.,  33  r  3 
S.  from  Milledgeville. 

Ramapaugh,  small  river,  Bergen  county,  N  , 
rises  in  N.  Y.,  in  Rockland  co.,  flows  S.  int<  . 
J.,  and  joins  Long  Pond  and  Pequanock  rive  t 

Pompton,  to  form  Pompton  river.  Iron  w  3 

and  post  office,  Rockland  co.,  N.  Y  ,  on  K:  3 
paugh  river,  35  miles  nearly  N.  from  the  ci  if 
New  York. 

Rambert  le  Joug,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  de  )f 
Ain,  and  late  province  of  Bresse,  near  a  brani  >f 
Mont  Jura.    Lon.  5  30  E.,  lat.  45  53  N. 

Rambervilliers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  0  e 
Vosges,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  30  ms.  ',. 
of  Nancy.    Lon.  6  44  E.,  lat.  48  21  N. 

Rambouillet,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  i  ie 
and  Oise,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  Fn  \ 
It  is  37  ms.  SW.  of  Paris. 

Ramehead,  promontory  of  Cornwallis,  Eng  1, 
SW.  of  Plymouth,  at  the  entrance  of  Plvir  Ji 
sound.    Lon.  4  20  W.,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Ramera,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aulic  id 
late  province  of  Champagne,  seated  on  the  P  e, 
18  miles  NE.  of  Troyes.  Lon.  4  30  E.,  la 
32  N. 

Ramillies,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  N«  iH 
lands,  in  Brabant,  10  miles  N.  of  Namur,  ar  i4 
SE.  of  Brussels.    Lon.  4  50  E.,  lat.  50  39 

Rammckens,  seaport  of  the  Isle  of  Walcli  n, 
in  the  province  of  Zealand,  4  ms.  S.  of  .Middle  g. 
Lon.  3  40  E  ,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Rammelsberg,  a  lofty,  steep,  and  exte  * 
mountain  of  Germany,  in  that  part  of  the  12 
Forest,  which  lies  within  the  principally  of  u- 
benhagen.  On  this  mountain  are  12  silver  n  US 
and  at  the  foot  of  it  is  seated  the  city  of  Gosl 

Rampano,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  i  h6 
Morea.    Lon.  20  17  E.,  lat.  36  54  N. 

Ramsaysburg,  village,  Sussex  co  ,  N.  J  ?5 
ms.  by  post  road  N.  from  Trenton. 

Ramsbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire,  not  tor 
its  fine  beer.  It  is  46  miles  E.  of  Bristol,  ai  69 
W.  of  London. 

Ramsey,  town  of  England,  in  Huntingdon  re, 
seated  in  the  fens,  near  the  meies  of  Ramse n" 


RAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RAP 


■  

Aiittlescy.  It  is  12  ms.  NE.  of  Huntingdon,  and 
6  N.  of  London.  Lon.  19'  W.,  lat.  52  26  N. 
--Island  of  England,  on  the  coast  of  Pembroke- 
s  e,  2  ms.  long,  and  H  broad.  Near  it  are  sev- 
e  dangerous  rocks,  frequented  ill  the  breeding 
si.on  by  vast  multitudes  of  seafowl,  and  known 
h  ho  name  of  the  Bishoj)  and  his  Clerks.  This  is- 
kl  is  4  ms.  W.  of  St.  David's,  and  17  NW.  of 
Mford  Haven.    Lon.  5  20  W.,  lat.  51  55  N. 

lamsgnte,  seaport  of  England,  in  Kent,  in  the 
I  of  f  hanet,  4  ms.  S.  of  Margate,  10  ENE.  of 
Citerburv,  and  73  ESE.  of  London.  Lon.  1  30 
C  lat.  51  22  N. 

'aadallstown,  village,  Baltimore  co.,  Md.,  42 
ir  from  W.  C. 

landallsville,  village,  Robeson  co.,  N.  C,  by 
p,  road  88  ms.  SSW.  from  Raleigh. 

Randolph,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  5  ms.  S. 
>  )uincy,  and  15  S.  of  Boston.     Pop.  in  1810, 

WO;  and  in   1820,  1,546.  Town,  Orange 

I  Vt.,  35  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Windsor,  on  the 
ri  r  Connectic  ut,  and  about  the  same  distance  N. 

of  Rutland.    It  contains  an  academy.  

f  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.  Tp.,  Morris  co.,  N. 

J.|Pop.  in  1820,  1,252.  One  of  the  southern 

tois  of  Portage,  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Montgom- 

«rjco.,  Ohio. 

undulph  ,  now  Jasper,  co.,  Ga. — See  Jasper. 

.andolph,  county,  Virginia,  bounded  by  Green- 
land Kenawha  53  VV.,  Lewis  and  Harrison  W., 
Mjmngahela  and  Preston  N.,  Hardy  NE.,  and 
'  He.ton  E.  ;  length  SO  miles,  mean  width  35, 
ir  2,800  square  miles.  Surface  generally  hilly, 
iwjin  part  mountainous.  Gauley  and  Elk  rivers, 
I  ches  of  Kenawha,  rise  in  its  SW.  section  ;  but 
hrreat  body  of  the  county  is  drained  by  the  Mo- 
lcrahela  and  its  confluents.  Chief  town,  Bev- 
*i  Pop.  in  1820,  3,350;  and  in  1840,  6,208. 
i.jj39°N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  3°  W.  intersect  in 
•jcounty. 

andolph,  county,  North  Carolina,  bounded  by 
VI  re  SE.,  Montgomery  S.,  Rowan  W.,  Guilford 
V  and  Chatham  E  It  is  36  miles  square,  area 
1,»6  sq.  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Deep  river,  and 
>y  Vhite  and  Uwharee,  branches  of  Yadkin  river, 
iu  astern  borders  are  about  55  ms.  W.  from  Ra- 
m.  Population  in  1820,  11,325;  and  in  1840, 
IS 75.  Central  lat.  35  40  N.,  lon.  V/.  C.  2 
K  iY. 

andolph,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Randolph 
tnBaker  S.,  Lee  E.,  Stewart  N.,  and  Chatta- 
nc  hie  river  W.,  separating  it  from  Barbour  co., 
A«  Length  from  E.  to  W.  40  ms.,  breadth  22, 
inprea  880  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  32°  and  lon.  8° 
^Vof  VV.  C.  intersect  in  the  SW.  part  of  this 
co.  Chief  town,  Lumpkin.    Pop.  1840,  8,276. 

indo/ph,  co.,  Mo.,  bounded  by  Howard  and 
tt'ie  S.,  Audrain  and  Monroe  E.,  Macon  N., 
inCharlton  VV.  It  is  nearly  a  square  of  22  ms., 
•inside;  484  sq.  ms.  area.  Chief  town,  Hums 
v»l  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co„  at  N.  lat. 
393,  lon.  W.  C.  15  24  W.,  78  ms.  a  little  W. 
off.  from  Jefferson.     Pop.  1840,  7,198. 

:ndolph,  co.  of  la.,  bounded  by  the  State  of 
,  Wayne  co.  in  la.  S.,  and  the  Indian  coun- 
lr>  n  all  other  sides.   Length  along  Ohio  36  ms., 

"i  width  15;  area  540  sq.  ms.  Mississiniwa 
of  Wabash,  and  White  river  branch  of 

1  "i,  rise  in  this  co.    Chief  town,  Jacksonbor- 


ough.    Pop.  1820,  1,808;  and  in  1840,  10,684. 
Cent.  lat.  40  12  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  50  W. 

Randolph,  co.  of  III.,  bounded  by  the  Missis- 
sippi river  SW.,  Monroe  co.  W.,  St.  Clair  and 
Washington  N.,  Jefferson  and  Franklin  E.,  and 
Jackson  SE.  Length  54  ms.,  mean  width  16  ; 
area  about  860  sq.  ms.  Kaskaskias  river  passes 
through  and  enters  the  Mississippi  in  this  co. 
Chief  town,  Kaskaskias.  Pop.  1820,  3,492;  and 
in  1840.  7,944.  Cent.  lat.  38°  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
12  42  W. 

Rangniiz,  town  of  Eastern  Prussia,  on  the  riv- 
er Psiemen,  55  ms.  E.  of  Koningsberg.  Lon.  22 
40  E.,  lat.  55  6  N. 

Rangoon,  {Victory  achieved,)  city  of 'the  Neth- 
er India,  on  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Irawaddy, 
3  ms.  above  its  mouth.  This  is  a  city  of  recent, 
formation,  built  about  the  middle  of  last  century 
by  Alompra,  and  made  the  capital  of  the  Birman 
empire.  It  has  become  also  a  great  mart  of  trade, 
for  the  exchange  of  Asiatic  and  European  articles. 
Pop.  30,000.    Lon.  96  9  E.,  lat.  16  47  N. 

Ranis,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  with 
la  castle  on  a  mountain,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Newstadt. 
I  Rannxh  Loch,  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  N.  part 
j  of  Perthshire,  11  ms.  in  length. 

Ransoni's  Bridge,  and  post  office,  Nash  co.,  N. 
jC;  by  postroad  72  ms.  NE  from  Raleigh. 

Rantampour,  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
[circarof  the  same  name,  in  the  country  of  Agi- 
|  mere.  It  is  96  ms.  E.  of  Agimere,  and  105  WSW. 
|ofAgra.    Lon.  76  57  E.,  lat.  26  35  N. 

Rantzow,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Holstein,  24  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Lubec. 

Raolconda,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Visiapour, 
near  which  is  a  rich  diamond  mine,  20  ms.  NNW. 
of  Sollapour. 

Raon  VEtape,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Meurte,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Etabe  and 
Meurte,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Nancy. 

Rapallo,  town  of  the  territory  of  Genoa,  seated 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  16  ms.  ESE.  of  Ge- 
noa. 

Raphoe,  tow  n  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Donegal. 
It  is  11  ms.  SW.  of  Londonderry,  and  21  NE.  of 

Donegal.  Tp.,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  between 

Warwick  and  Mountjoy,  and  is  watered  by  the 
Clvcktsalungy  creek.    Pop.  1820,  3,216. 

Rapid  Ann,  river,  Va., rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge, 
in  Madison  and  Orange  cos.,  between  which  the 
main  branch,  by  the  name  of  Conway  river,  flows 
SE.  to  the  SE.  mountain  ;  turns  thence  NE.  be- 
tween Madison  and  Orange,  and  between  Orange 
and  Culpeper,  and  finally  between  Culpeper  and 
SpottsyWania,  and  joins  the  Rappahannock  10  ms. 
above  Fredericksburg. 

Rapide,  parish,  La.,  bounded  by  Opelousas  S. 
Natchitoches  W.  and  NW.,  Wachitau  and  Ca- 
tahoola  N.,  Concordia  E.,  and  Avoyelles  SE. 
Length  55  ms.,  mean  width  43;  area  2,300  sq. 
ms. — the  surface  considerably  varied.  Extensive 
tracts  of  hilly  pine  woods  spread  in  the  northern 
and  southern  sections;  whilst  alluvial  borders  of 
first-rate  soil  skirt  Red  river,  bayou  Bceuf,  bayou 
Rapide,  and  some  other  streams.  Red  river  winds 
nearly  through  the  middle  of  the  parish.  Staple, 
cotton.  Chief  town,  Alexandria.  Pop.  in  1820, 
6,065  ;  and  in  1840,  14,132.  Central  lat.  31  18 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  15  30  W. 

755  ' 


RAT  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  RAV 


Rapid  Plat,  hie  au,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
in  front  of  the  tp.  of  Matilda,  containing  about  200 
acres.  The  soil  is  good,  and  lies  partly  in  front  of 
the  tp.  of  Williamsburg,  U.  C. 

Rappahannock,  river,  Va  ,  rises  in  Culpeper 
and  Fauquier  cos.,  by  two  sources,  Thornton's  and 
Hedgeman's  rivers;  general  course  SE.,  to  its 
junction  with  Rapid  Ann,  10  ms.  above  Frede 
ricksburg.  A  short  distance  above  the  latter 
place,  it  is  precipitated  over  rapids,  and  meets  the 
tide.  It  thence  continues  SE.  100  ms.,  and  opens 
into  Chesapeake  bay,  between  Windmill  and  Stin- 
gray points.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing 
10  feet  water  to  Fredericksburg.  Descending,  it 
passes  by  Fredericksburg,  Port  Royal,  Leeds,  Ta- 
pahannock,  and  Urbanna  Measures  have  been 
taken  to  remove  by  side  canals  the  impediment  to 
boat  navigation  in  this  stream  above  tide  water. 
 Co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Fauquier  NE.,  Cul- 
peper SE.,  Madison  SW.,  and  the  Blue  Ridge, 
separating  it  from  Page  and  Warren  cos.,  W. 
Length  from  SW.  to  NE.  20  ms. ;  mean  breadth 
15  ms. ;  and  area  300  sq.  ms.    Pop.  1840,  9,257. 

Rappahannock  Academy,  and  post  office,  Car 
oline  co.,  Va.,  75  ms.  S.  from  W.  C,  and  70  a 
little  E.  of  N.  from  Richmond. 

Rapperschweil,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Zuiich,  seated  on  a  neck  of  land  that  ad 
vances  into  the  lake  of  Zurich,  over  which  is  a 
wooden  bridge,  1,850  feet  long.  It  is  1 1  ms  SE. 
of  Zurich,  and  20  NW..  of  Glaris. 

Rapps,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  river  Teya,  8 
ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Horn. 

Raritan,  river,  N.  J.,  rises  in  Morris,  Somer- 
set, and  Hunterdon  cos.,  by  three  branches — 
North  Branch,  South  Branch,  and  Millstone  riv- 
er.— See  Millstone  river.  The  North  and  South 
branches  unite  in  Somerset,  15  ms.,  and  receive 
Millstone  river  from  the  S.,  9  ms.  above  New 
Brunswick,  where  it  meets  the  tide,  Hence  it 
flows  9  ms.  nearly  E.  into  Raritan  bay,  between 
Perth  Amboy  and  South  Amboy.    It  is  navigable 

for  sloops  and  steamboats  to  New  Brunswick.  

Bay  of  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  opens  in  a  triangular 
form,  between  the  mouth  of  Raritan  river  and  Sta- 
ten  island  sound  and  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.  It  is 
limited  on  the  E.  by  Sandy  Hook  and  the  SW. 

point  of  Long  Island.  Village,  Somerset  co., 

N.  J.,  12  ms.  above  New  Brunswick. 

Rascio. — See  Ratzia. 

Raseborg,  seapoit  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  can- 
ton in  Nyland,  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  37  ms. 
SE.  of  Abo.    Lon.  23  18  E.,  lat.  60  16  N. 

Rasen,  or  Market  Rasin,  town  of  Eng.  in  Lin 
colnshire,  on  a  branch  of  the  Ankam,  14  ms.  NE. 
of  Lincoln,  and  150  N.  of  London.    Lon.  10' 
W.,  lat.  53  23  N. 

Rasacolmo,  cape  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  near 
a  town  of  the  same  name,  W.  of  Cape  Faro  and 
N.  of  Messina. 

Rastadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Saltzburg,  seated 
on  the  Ens,  48  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Saltzburg.  Lon. 

14  10  E.,  lat.  47  31  N.  Town  of  Suabia,  in 

Baden,  on  the  Merg,  near  the  Rhine,  4  ms.  N.  <>f 
Baden,  and  24  SW.  of  Philipsburg.  Lon.  8  14 
E.,  lat.  48  54  N. 

Ratenau,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  middle 
marche  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  Havel,  15 
756 


ms.  NW.  of  Brandenburg.    Lon,  13  49  E., 
52  46  N. 

Ratenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Ty 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  river  Inn.  Lon.  1 
E.,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Ralhburne  Settlement,  and  post  office,  Steu 
co.,  N.  Y. 

Rathmines,  a  remarkable  place  in  Ireland,  i 
2  ms.  from  Dublin,  where  the  Duke  of  Orm 
was  defeated  by  the  Parliament  forces  in  1649. 

Katibor,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  duch  ' 
the  same  name,  on  the  Oder,  in  a  country  fe 
in  corn  and  fruits,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Troppau, 
142  E.  of  Prague.  Lon.  17  54  E.,  lat.  50  11 
Ratisbon,  town  of  Bavaria,  55  ms.  SE.  of 
remburg,  62  N.  by  E.  of  Munich,  and  195 
by  N.  of  Vienna.    Lon.  12  5  E.,  lat.  28  58 
Ratisbon  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dam 
opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Regen  river,  whem  I 
is  often  called  Regensberg.    It  is  the  Regim ? 
the  Romans. 

Ratolezel,  strong  town  of  Suabia,  on  that 
of  the  Lake  of  Constance  called  Boden  See, 
ms.  W.  of  the  city  of  Constance. 
Rattan. — See  Ruattan. 
Ratezburg,  fortified  town  of  Lower  Saxony  i 
the  duchy  of  Saxe-Lawenburg.    From  the  1 1 
of  Ratezburg  issues  the  river  Waknitz,  which  j  i 
the  Trave,  near  Lubec,  and  thus  facilitates  s 
communication  by  water  between  Lubec  and  t!  s 
parts.    Ratezburg  is  12  ms,  SE.  of  Lubec,  I 
12  N.  ofLawenburg.  Lon.  10  49  E.,  lat  53  45'. 

Ratzia,  or  Rascia,  the  eastern  division  of  S  ■ 
vonia,  subjecj  to  Austria.  It  takes  its  name  1 1 
the  river  Rasca,  which  falls  into  the  Morave,  I 
the  inhabitants  are  called  Rascians. 

Raubsville,  village,  Northampton  co.,  Pa. 
Rava,  town  of  Great  Poland,  capital  of  a  pi  • 
inate  of  the  same  name,  and  seated  in  a  mo  5 
covered  with  water  that  proceeds  from  the  i  r 
Rava,  by  which  it  is  surrounded.    It  is  55 
SW.  of  Warsaw.    Lon.  19  55  E.,  lat.  51  51. 

Ravello,  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Principato  ( ■ 
riorc,  10  ms.  W.  of  Salerno,  and  25  SE.  of  I 
pies.    Lon.  14  41  E.,  lat.  40  36  N. 

Ravenglass,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberl;, 
on  an  inlet  of  the  Irish  sea,  between  the  Mite  1 
Esk,  which,  with  the  Irt,  fall  into  this  inlet,  1 
form  a  good  harbor.  It  is  24  ms.  S.  of  Coc  • 
mouth,  and  284  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  il 
W.,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Ravenna,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Roma,!, 
near  the  river  Mantone,  37  ms.  SE.  of  Fen , 
and  162  N.  of  Rome.    Lon.  12  5  E.,  lat.  4<> 

N.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Portage  , 

O.,  on  a  southern  branch  of  Cuyahoga  river  5 
ms.  SE.  of  Cleveland.  Lat.  41  10  N.,  Ion.  I 
C.  4  22  W.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  1840,  1,542.-- 
Tp.,  Portage  co.,  O.,  including  the  cu  tow  f 
the  same  name. 

Ravensberg,  co.  of  Germany,  in  Westph  , 
lying  S.  of  the  bishoprics  of  Minden  andO- 
burg.  It  belongs  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  i J 
called  from  a  castle  of  the  same  name.  HereJ 
is  the  capital. 

Ravarnsburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia  i 
the  Cheuss,  15  ms.  N.  by  W.  ofLindau.  I| 
9  40  E.,  lat.  47  59  N. 


REA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RED 


Rcnstein,  town  of  Brabant,  capital  of  a  co.  of 
B  tne  name,  seated  on  the  Maese,  on  the  con- 
,esf  Guelderland,  10  ras.  SW.  of  Nimeguen. 
■  35  E.,  lat.  51  46  N. 
Rey,  the  Hydraotes  of  the  ancients,  an  eastern 
an  of  the  Indus,  rising  in  Cashmere,  and  flow- 
ur  W.  by  Lahore,  falls  into  the  Indus  20  ms. 
u^Moultan,  after  a  comparative  course  of  300 
„.  it  receives  in  its  course  the  Chelum  and  Che- 
mbi  The  Ravey  is  the  middlemost,  and  next  to 
e  fctledge,  the  most  considerable  stream  of  the 
u«i.  These  rivers,  in  our  ordinary  maps,  are 
nio  enter  the  Indus  separately  ;  but  recent  in- 
naton  seems  to  confirm  the  authority  of  Pliny, 
bo  ited  their  junction  with  each  other  before 
•efatg  the  main  recipient. 

Atitz,  small  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
ulnda.  It  possesses  a  considerable  manufacture 
ck,  24  ms.  S.  of  Posen. 

jibichebourg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
tftiof  Hesse  Cassel,  4  ms.  N.  of  Marpurg, 
mISSSW.  of  Cassel.    Lon.  8  46  E.,  lat.  50 
Nth. 

rtoa,  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  the  palatinate 

rial,  56  ms.  SW.  of  Warsaw. 

tkt,iy,  town,  Middlesex  county,  N.  J. — See 

time,  river  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  one  of  the 
e  ^branches  of  the  Indus. — See  Ravey. 
liU\ingsburg,  village,  Rockingham  co.,N.  C, 
pohroad  130  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh.  * 
J.anond,  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  26  ms. 

.  ito  Portland.    Pop.  1820,  1,388.  Town, 

jcwham  co.,  N.  H.,  21  ms.  W.  from  Ports- 
>i*j  Pop.  in  1820,  901. 
<\a%ham,  town,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  W. 
le  o^aunton  river,  between  Berkley  and  Mans- 
iu ;  uarkable  as  being  the  place  where  the  first  j 
]{t>  ;  British  America  was  erected  in  1652. 
#■1810,  1,154;  in  1820,  1,071. 
A^oum  Branch,  main  constituent  of  Juniata 
w,  es  in  Bedford  county,  deriving  its  most  re- 
■te  f\irces  from  the  eastern'  slope  of  the  Alle- 
myiain  of  the  Appalachian  mountains;  flow- 
'  '.luce  eastward,  receiving  confluents  from  the 
*unt!i  valleys  to  the  N.  and  S.,  about  30  ms. 
a  ly  ong  N.  lat.  40°,  turns  thence  NNE.,  and 
*  */  rugged,  and,  in  the  particular  bends,  tor- 
1  <  arse,  joins  Frankstown  branch  2  ms.  below 
'•ugh  of  Huntingdon,  to  form  the  Juniata, 
t  mtire  comparative  course  of  70  ms.  The 
iey  ,  Raystown  Branch  lies  between  that  of 
ii'Mwn  Branch  and  the  sources  of  the  small 
'•Iwern  creeks  of  the  Potomac. 
iw'-eld,  village,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  7  ms. 
f*J  Augusta.     Pop.  in  1820,  1,511. 
tbHouse,  and  post  office,  Charlotte  co.,  Va., 
f**bad  1 14  ms.  S  W.  from  Richmond. 
Ji^ig,  borough  of  England,  and  the  co.  town 
i  er  hire.    Its  chief  trade  is  in  malt.    It  is 
'led   the  Kennel,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
>a<a<j26ms.  SSE.  of  Oxford,  and  39  W.  of 

Lon.  52'  W.,  lat.  51  28  N.  Town, 

<Wlek  co.,  Mass.,  about  14  ms.  N.  of  Boston. 

>'1810,  2,228;  in  1820,  2,797  Tp., 

"  ie  co.,  Ct.,  on  Aspatuck  river,  between  Rep- 

1  aniRidgefield.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,628.  

^geSieuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  NE.  from 
'op.  in  1820,  3,009.  Borough  and 


capital  of  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  NE.  bank  of  the 
river  Schuylkill,  54  ms.  N W.  of  Philadelphia,  and 
53  E.  of  Harrisburg.    This  town  is  conveniently 
situated  for  internal  commerce,  being  the  entrepot 
of  vast  quantities  of  grain  and  lumber  that  are 
brought  hither,  and  rafted  or  conveyed  in  long 
boats  to  Philadelphia  and  its  vicinity.    Reading  is 
a  regularly  laid  out,  and  very  nearly  built  town, 
situated  in  a  fertile  and  well  cultivated  country.  A 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  and  justlv 
distinguished  for  industrious  habits.    The  improve- 
ments  in  the  navigation  of  the  Schuylkill  and  Union 
canals  conduce  in  a  high  degree  to  the  prosperity 
of  Reading,  and  renders  it  one  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing interior  towns  of  the  State. 
Progressive  population  in — 
1810       -  3,462 
1820       -  4>332 
1830  6  8ft0 

1840       -  8,410 
Reading,  NE.  tp.,  Adams  co.,  Pa  ,  between 
Bermudian  and  Conesiogoe  creeks,  12  ms.  NE. 

from  Gettysburg.   Pop.  in  1820,  833.  Village,' 

Hamilton  co.,  O.,  10  ms.N.  from  Cincinnati  

Tp.,  Perry  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,821. 

Reading,  North  Parish,  town  in  the  NE.  part 
of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  18  ms.  N.  from 
Boston. 

Readington,  tp.,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  17  ms. 
NW.  from  New  Brunswick. 

Readyville,  village,  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  Stone's  river,  15  ms.  E.  from  Murfreesborough, 
and  40  SE.  from  Nashville. 

Realejo,  town  of  Central  Americ.i,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Nicaragua,  on  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  ocean, 
18  ms.  NW.  from  Leon.  Lon.  W.  C.  10  50 
W.,  lat.  12  45  N. 

Realmont,  town  of  Fr ,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Garonne,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  31  ms. 
NE.  of  Toulouse.    Lon.  2°  E.,  lat.  43  50  N. 

liealvilh,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot,  8  ms. 
NE.  of  Montauban.    Lon.  1  24  E.,  lat.  44  7  N. 

Reamstown,  village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  15  ms. 
NE.  of  Lancaster,  and  the  same  distance  SW.  of 
Reading. 

Rebel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower 
Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated  on  the 
Lake  Muritz,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Gustrow.  Lon  12 
36  E.,  lat.  53  32  N. 

Rebnick,  populous  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
in  Waliachia,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
river  Aluta,  45  ms.  SW.  of  Targowisco. 

Reccan. — See  Aracan. 

Recannato,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Ancona,  near  the  river  Munsone,  14  ms. 
S.  of  Ancona,  and  110  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon  13 
34  E.,  lat.  43  24  N. 

Recklinhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Cologne,  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Lippe,  20  ms.  W.  of  Ham.  Lon 
8  36  E.,  lat.  51  27  N. 

Rectortown,  town,  Fauquier  co.,  Va. 

Red  Bank,  river,  Pa.,  in  Jefferson  and  Arm- 
strong cos.,  rises  in  the  former,  flows  W.,  and 

falls  into  Alleghany  river  into  the  latter  NE. 

tp.,  Armstrong  co.,  Pa.  Post  office,  Colleton 

district,  S.  C,  86  ms  SSE.  from  Columbia,  and 
1 50  ms.  NW.  from  Charleston. 
\   Red  Bridge,  post  office,  Hawkins  co.,  Tenn., 

757 


RED 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RED 


by  post  road  240  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Murfrees- 
borough. 

Red  Creek,  post  office,  Wayne  co.,  N.  Y.,  N. 
from  the  Erie  canal,  and  about  10  ms.  W.  from 
Lyons. 

Redding,  village,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  25  ms.  W. 
from  New  Haven. 

Redding  Town  House,  village,  Fairfield  co., 
Ct.,  Redding  township. 

Redfield,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y. 

Red  Hill,  post  office,  Kershaw  district,  S.  C, 
53  ms.  northeasterly  from  Columbia. 

Red  Hook,  town  on  the  left  bank  of  Hudson 
river,  in  the  NW.  part  of  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  50 
ms.  below  Aibany. 

Red  Hook  Landing,  village  on  Hudson  river,  in 
the  extreme  NW.  angle  of  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y., 
47  ms.  below  Albany. 

Red  House,  post  office  in  the  NE.  part  of  Cas- 
well co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  110  ms.  NW.  from 
Raleigh. 

Red  Mills,  village,  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y. 

Redon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Tsle  and 
Vilaine,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne.  It  serves 
as  a  mart  for  the  commerce  of  Rennes,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Vilaine,  225  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  10W.,  lat.  37  48  N. 

Red  river,  branch  of  Assinniboin,  rises  near  the 
sources  of  Mississippi,  flows  N.  about  300  ms., 
and  joins  the  Assinniboin  70  ms.  ahove  Lake  Win- 
nipec.  Lord  Selkirk's  settlement  is  near  their 
junction. 

Red  river,  branch  of  the  Mississippi  river.  This 
stream  rises  in  the  mountainous  prairies  E.  of 
Santa  Fe  of  New  Mexico,  between  N.  lat.  32°  and 
35°,  W.  lon.  W.  C.  28°,  flows  in  nearly  an  east- 
ern direction,  over  11°  of  lon.,  610  ms.  in  a  direct 
line,  but  at  least  800  in  a  comparative  course,  to 
where  it  turns  to  the  SE.  and  enters  Louisiana, 
and  thence  continuing  the  latter  course  300  ms.,  it 
joins  the  Mississippi  at  N.  lat.  31  1  W.,  lon.  W. 
C.  14  45. 

Red  river  is  formed  by  a  number  of  tributary 
streams,  the  principal  of  which  are  False  Ouachitta, 
Blue  River,  Kimitchie,  and  Vasseux.  All  these 
streams  unite  near  the  former  Panis  Villages, 
about  350  ms.  below  the  sources  of  Red  river.  The 
Vasseux  rises  in  the  Great  Prairie,  about  N.  lat. 
34°,  and  W.  Ion.  W.  C.  20°.  The  Kimitchie 
and  Vasseux  rise  in  the  same  ridge,  and  pursue 
very  nearly  a  similar  course,  each  joining  Red 
river,  after  a  course  of  about  200  ms.  Little  river 
of  the  north  falls  into  Red  river,  a  short  dis- 
tance above  the  NW.  angle  of  Louisiana.  It  rises 
in  the  Maserne  mountains,  is  a  clear,  beautiful, 
and  pure  stream  of  water,  of  about  150  ms.  in 
length.  From  the  source  ol  Red  river  to  the  mouth 
of  Little  river  of  the  N.,  is  about  600  ms.  in  a  di- 
rect line,  but  much  farther  by  comparative  course. 
Little  river  of  the  S.  rises  in  the  prairies  S.  of  Red 
river,  and  about  40  ms.  SE.  off  the  Panis  Villages, 
it  runs  nearly  E.  150  ms.,  and  falls  into  Red  river 
in  Louisiana.  The  distance  from  the  source  of 
Red  river  to  the  mouth  of  Little  river  of  the  S.,  is 
about  the  same  as  to  Little  river  of  the  N.,  600  ms. 
in  a  direct  line;  but  estimating  the  distance  along- 
the  meanders  of  either  False  Ouachitta,  Blue  river, 
or  Red  river  proper,  and  it  must  exceed  a  thousand 
miles.  The  Red  river  winds  along  the  great  in- 
758 


clined  plain,  dividing  it  into  two  part?,  formi  hi 
limits  between  the  waters  which  flow  into  th  u| 
of  Mexico,  and  those  entering  the  Mississippi  hi 
country  from  whence  Red  river  draws  its  wj  % 
a  vast  prairie,  except  along  the  banks  of  the  w 
and  even  there,  the  very  little  timber  is  dwa  ,hi 
most  abundant  species  is  a  variety  of  the  r<  n, 
or  black  locust,  called  by  the  hunters  mus  ten 
wood.  The  range  of  low  mountains  is  ext  ^ 
naked  of  timber. 

After  the  junction  of  Blue  river,  Red  river  n 
vigable  for  boats  of  large  size  during  the  oj 
floods  ;  timber  becomes  more  frequent,  and  c  rg, 
er  size.  At  the  mouth  of  Vasseux,  pin«  fill 
curs  on  the  S.  side  ;  the  banks  are  elevated  m 
inundation,  and  the  land  of  good  quality,  'hi 
river  here  is  much  wider  than  near  the  Mi»  jg 
From  the  Panis  villages  to  near  the  Avoyell  thi 
banks  of  Red  river  will  admit  settlement,  a  n 
ny  of  its  tributary  streams  will,  in  some  futi  pe 
riod,  be  the  abode  of  civilized  man.  The  iki 
are  alternately  either  woodland  or  prairie  m 
within  20  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Little  i  ra 
the  S.  Many  spots  along  the  river  are  cov<  b\ 
strong  cane.  The  waters  coming  into  R(  v« 
from  Mount  Cerne  are  pure  and  limpid,  bu  m 
of  Red  river  and  its  southern  branches  are  b  I 
and  turbid.  Below  the  mouth  of  Little  rive  lh< 
S.,  Red  river  assumes  a  S.  course  upwards  i(W 
ms.  in  a  direct  line. 

The  immense  volume  of  water  brought  d<  lj 
Red  river  cannot  be  contained  within  its  bai  (to 
ring  the  season  of  flood,  and  about  N.  lat.  i  tk( 
alluvial  overflow  commences.    Here  the  r  di 
vides  into  a  number  of  channels;  the  face  A 
ture  change*,  the  shores  become  low,  thesp  li 
timber,  such  as  are  generally  found  uponth  1 
of  the  Mississippi  in  corresponding  iatituc  < 
cept  where  the  winding  of  the  stream  a  fir >! 
approaches  the  river.    The  river  is  now  fill  « 
islands  and  interlocking  channels.    A  c  l 
lakes  also  commences  on  each  side,  which,  «U 
the  river,  occupies  "the  interval  between 
on  each  side.    These  lakes  serve  as  a  nati  * 
posite  to  the  accumulating  mass  of  water 
down  from  the  higher  branches  of  the  riv< 
most  remarkable  of  these  lakes  are  Bndcau  i«j 
neau,  and  Black  lakes,  on  the  left,  and  iss 
Natchitoches,  Spanish  lake,  and  Cado  Uke  ilh 
right  side  of  Red  river. 

On  reviewing  this  part  of  Red  river,  belwith 
Grand  Ecor,  4  ms.  above  Natchitoches,  ar  4g 
Bodcau,  it  appears  that  the  intermediate  ipi  i 
once  a  lake,  which  has  been  gradually  filleJ 
accumulation  of  earth  from  the  abta-ion  of  Wf 
ter  on  the  banks  of  Red  river  and  its  m  «•« 
tributaries.    The  lakes  which  now  exist  a  J 
the  valleys  of  considerable  streams  comaiui;| 
with  Red  river,  whose  mouths  have  been  i  «« 
by  the  alluvion  of  Red  river,  and  natura  * 
formed  from  hill  to  hill.    The  beds  of  the** 
lakes  are  much  lower  than  the  surface  ol  t  ru 
at  high  water,  though  higher  than  the  ch;  * 
the  rivers.    In  autumn  and  the  early  part  *jj 
ter,  when  the  waters  have  been  drained  by  3 
pression  of  the  river,  much  of  the  ground 
by  the  spring  floods  in  those  lakes  beco 
land,  and  exhibits  meadows  of  succulent  l)98 
In  the  channels  of  most,  there  is  consequt  1 


ED 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RED 


flux  and  reflux,  as  the  water  in  the  river 
preponderate  in  height.  When  Red  river 
ces  its  annual  rise,  the  currents  are  set 
into  the  lakes,  which,  gradually  filling, 
leir  flood  into  the  river  with  equal  velocity, 
e  depression  of  the  river  by  the  summer 
ins  to  take  place.  This  flux  and  reflux  is 
I.  The  connecting  channels  are  never 
ost  of  the  lakes  have  the  pine  woods  on 
of  them,  from  which  issue  fine  clear  creeks 
r,  whose  pellucid  currents  compensate  to 
bitants  for  the  unpalatable  waters  of  Red 
Were  it  not  for  those  spacious  depositories 
atchitoches,  the  fine  alluvial  border  of  Red 
low  that  territory,  would  be  much  more 
1  in  extent,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  whole 
nore  precarious.  From  the  upper  part  of 
istineau  to  the  lower  settlement  on  Red 
iposite  Avoyelles,  or  even  to  the  mouth  of 
ver,  the  lands  are  sufficiently  high  and  fer- 
cultivation  on  both  banks,  and  in  every 
one  side.  The  high  lands,  or  pine  for- 
sue  each  side  nearly  the  same  course  with 
.  On  the  right  bank  the  pine  bluffs  reach 
bank  for  the  first  place  below  the  alluvial 
ive  ;  4  ms.  lower  down,  the  pine  hills  again 
b  liver  at  the  town  of  Natchitoches,  and 
r  three  other  places  still  lower  down,  the 
s  again  reach  the  river,  with  a  rocky  base ; 
e  Bayou  Rapide,  the  high  grounds  on  the 
it  the  river  entirely,  and  continue  SE.  to- 
elousas.  On  the  left  bank,  the  pine  hills 
river  below  the  alluvial  tract  at  Campte, 
bove  Natchitoches,  but  follow  the  bank 
r  4  ms.,  when  they  retire,  and  do  not  again 
the  bank  until  nearly  opposite  the  rapids, 
hich  some  few  bluffs  lie  along  the  banks, 
f  which  is  the  Ecor  a  Cheniere,  opposite 
i.  From  Ecor  a  Cheniere  to  the  mouth, 
flows  over  an  alluvial  flat,  annually  over- 


m 

is  generally,  though  very  erroneously  call 
ft  of  Red  river,  is  merely  what  I  have  no 
maze  of  islands  and  channels,  through 
lough  difficult,  boats  of  any  requisite  size 
Bjtmducted  at  high  water.    The  raft,  as  it  is 
not  so  great  an  impediment  to  the  navi 
>f  Red  river  as  is  the  rapids  at  Loui 
Hlhe  Ohio,  much  less  the  Muscle  shoals  in 

I  I  uis  of  Red  river  have  been  so  far  removed 
U>  der  that  part  of  the  river  navigable.  The 
|  J,  from  the  New  Orleans  Bulletin,  and 
peared  in  the  National  Intelligencer  Octo- 
b  843,  contains  new  information  of  no  or- 
due  as  regards  Red  river  and  its  main 
em  confluent,  the  Washitau  : 


The  Red  River  country. 
ew  Orleans  Bulletin  gives  the  following 
cription  of  the  fertility  of  the  Red  river 

amount  of  cotton  shipped  to  this  city  out 
d  river  and  its  tributaries  last  season  could 
been  less  than  200,000  bales,  which, 
the  low  pries  for  which  the  last  crop  was 
dd  amount  to  about  $5,000,000.  This 
nless  the  crop  be  indeed  very  short,  the 
will  be  still  greater,  and  if  the  navigation 


of  the  stream  were  improved,  and  the  communica- 
tion between  it  and  the  Mississippi  placed  beyond 
contingency,  every  year  would  add  immensely  to 
the  population,  and  of  course  to  the  exports  of  the 
valley. 

'♦But  the  sale  and  shipment  of  this  large  amount 
of  cotton,  near  one-tenth  of  the  whole  product  of 
the  United  States,  is  not  all  the  advantage  which 
this  city  derives  from  the  trade  of  Red  river.  A 
very  large  part  of  the  money  obtained  for  the  exports 
of  the  river  is  expended  here  for  return  supplies,  so 
that  directly  and  indirectly  the  commerce  of  the 
river  with  New  Orleans  cannot  fall  short  of  $10,- 
000,000.  This  trade,  however,  is  in  its  infancy  ; 
for  the  valley  contains  most  excellent  cotton  lands 
to  a  sufficient  extent  to  produce  more  of  that  sta- 
ple than  is  now  raised  in  the  Union  ;  and  it  has, 
besides,  a  climate  and  soil  adapted  to  the  culture  of 
overy  article  the  growth  of  a  temperate  zone.  Red 
river  alone  has  a  navigation  of  about  1,500  miles, 
running  through  5  degrees  of  latitude  and  12  of 
longitude.  Besides  this,  Black  river,  Wachita, 
and  the  Tensas,  are  important  rivers,  navigable  by 
steamboats  several  months  in  the  year  ;  connecting 
with  them  and  with  the  main  stream  are  innumer- 
acle  smaller  rivers,  lakes,  and  bayous,  many  of 
them  navigable.  All  these  streams  deposite  an  al- 
luvion of  incomparable  richness ;  they  form,  in  the 
aggregate,  a  steamboat  navigation  of  at  least  2,500 
miles,  and  embrace  a  surface  of  country  capable  of 
sustaining  at  a  moderate  estimate  5,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

"The  lower  parts  of  Red  river  and  the  entire 
valleys  of  Black  river  and  the  Wachita  are  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  the  cotton  culture,  and  will  pro- 
duce more  bales  to  the  acre  probably  than  any  oth- 
er extensive  districts.  The  upper  parts  of  Red 
river,  however,  are  suitable  for  wheat  and  the  other 
small  grains,  and  for  nearly  all  the  articles  which 
are  produced  tn  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  and  the 
Upper  Mississippi,  and  not  for  these  alone,  but  for 
many  others  which,  from  the  severity  of  the  cli- 
mate in  those  regions,  cannot  be  made  to  advan- 
tage. The  upper  part  of  Red  river  is  indeed  pre- 
ferable in  all  respects,  particularly  for  the  mildness 
of  the  climate,  the  greater  convenience  of  the  mar- 
kets, and  the  greater  ease  with  which  farms  can 
be  opened  and  improved,  to  the  wild  lands  of  the 
Northwest.  As  soon  as  the  difficulties  are  settled 
between  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  assurance  of  peace 
is  given,  these  advantages  will  attract  the  attention 
they  deserve,  and  draw  off  a  large  part  of  the  tide 
of  emigration  now  setting  towards  the  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi and  Missouri.  This  emigration  consists  in 
the  main  of  hardy  and  enterprising  farmers — young 
men  of  small  means  but  strong  energies  from  the 
Middle  and  Western  Slates — a  kind  of  population 
which  will  form  the  strength  of  the  country,  and 
along  our  frontiers  be  better  than  a  line  of  garri- 
sons. The  whole  of  these  vast  and  fertile  regions 
which  we  have  mentioned  are  still  in  large  part 
solitudes,  but  they  invite  the  hand  of  industry  and 
enterprise,  and  can  only  be  prevented  from  teem- 
ing with  human  life,  and  swelling  the  avenues  of 
commerce  with  the  richest  products  of  agriculture, 
by  a  degree  of  blindness  and  fatuity  not  to  be  sup- 
posed."— See  Washitau  river. 

Red  River,  small  river,  Ky.,  rises  in  Morgan, 
and,  flowing  W.,  crosses  Morgan  and  Montgom- 

759 


REE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


REI 


ery,  thence  forms  the  boundary  between  Clark 
and  Estil  cos.,  falls  into  Ky.  river  after  a  compar- 
ative course  of  about  50  ms.  Small  river  of 

Tenn.  and  Ky.,  rises  in  Todd,  Logan  and  Simp 
son  cos.  of  the  latter,  and,  after  draining  part  of 
Robertson  and  Montgomery  cos.  of  the  former, 
falls  into  Tennessee  at  Clarksville  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  70  ms.  Forge  and  post  office, 

Montgomery  co.,  Tenn.,  40  ms.  NW.  from  Nash- 
ville. 

Red  River  Iron  Works  and  post  office,  on  Red 
river  of  Estil  co.,  Ky.,  77  ms.  SE.  from  Frank- 
fort. 

Red  Sea,  extending  1,300  ms.  from  N.  to  S.,and 
200  in  the  widest  part  from  E  to  W.  It  divides 
Arabia  from  Africa,  and  is  separated  from  the 
Mediterranean  sea  on  the  N.,  by  the  isthmus  of 
Suez,  and  communicates  by  the  straits  of  Babel- 
rnandeb  on  the  S.  with  the  Arabian  sea  and  the  In- 
dian ocean.  The  Red  sea  is  the  most  extensive 
known  sheet  of  water  which  receives  no  river  of 
considerable  magnitude.  The  general  course  of 
the  Nile  is  very  nearly  parallel  to  the.  Red  sea, 
but  the  intervening  space,  varying  from  50  to  200 
miles  is  mountainous.  On  the  African  side  the 
mountains  rise  in  most  places  from  the  immediate 
shores;  on  that  of  Arabia  a  mountainous  chain 
extends  parallel  to  the  Red  sea,  but  about  80  ms. 
inland. 

The  bottom  and  shores  of  the  Red  sea,  so  far 
from  being  red,  "are  covered,"  says  Malte  Brun, 
**  with  a  carpet  of  greenish  coral ;  in  calm  weather 
the  bottom,  when  it  comes  into  view,  is  not  unlike 
a  series  of  verdant  submarine  forests  or  meadows." 
The  shores  of  the  Red  sea  and  Persian  gulf  are 
composed  in  great  part  of  shell  limestone  rocks. 
The  Red  sea  was  called  by  the  Hebrews  Balir- 
Sooph,  i.  e.  the  sea  of  Algae,  seaweed. 

From  its  range  and  position,  viewed  on  a  map 
of  the  world,  the  Red  sea  appears  to  present  the 
most  natural  opening  between  the  Indian  and 
Mediterranean  seas  ;  but  many  causes,  natural  and 
political,  combine  to  withdraw  the  civilized  nations 
of  Europe  and  Asia  from  this  the  most  ancient 
channel  of  intercommunication.  The  Red  sea 
and  Persian  Gulfs  are  obstructed  by  small  and  nu- 
merous isles,  sunk  rocks,  and  sand  banks  ;  and  the 
entire  shores  of  the  former  are  in  an  unequalled 
manner  barren  and  barbarous.  The  regular  mon- 
soons, and  also  changing  winds,  render  the  tides 
unequal  and  very  uncertain  in  their  revolutions. 
But  the  most  powerful  of  all  causes,  which  have 
operated  to  change  the  commercial  route  of  na- 
tions, are  the  magnetic  needle  and  improvements 
in  ship  manufacture.  The  circuitous  but  open 
route  by  the  Atlantic  and  Indian  oceans,  with  the 
safe  and  commodious  modern  vessels  supplied  with 
instruments  which  demand  only  a  taper's  light  to 
direct  the  mariner  amid  surrounding  darkness  and 
storm,  will  be,  perhaps,  forever  preferred  to  a  more 
direct  but  obstructed  passage. 

Red  Stone,  tp.,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  situated  on 
the  E.  side  of  Monongahela  river,  and  is  watered 
by  a  creek  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1,224;  in  1820,  1,207. 

Reedsborough,  town  of  Bennington  co.,  Vt. 

Reed's  Mills,  post  office,  at  the  vill.  of  Charles- 
ton, Jackson  co.,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Jackson  C.  H., 
and  76  SE.  of  Columbus. 
760 


Reedy  Island,  small  island  of  Newcastle 
Delaware,  in  Delaware  river,  45  ms,  below  ]  I 
delphia,  and  J  5  ms.  below  Wilmington. 

Reesville,  village,  Montgomery  co  ,  Pa.,  ;  I 
a  little  W.  of  S.  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  Sc  I 
kill  river  from  Norristown,  and  1G  ms.  NW  m 
Philadelphia. 

Reeve's,  post  office,  Hall  co.,  Georgia. 

Refraction,  applied  to  air,  means  to  bre  0r 
bend  the  rays  of  light.  Hence  we  cannot  be  I 
ly  said  to  see  in  its  actual  position  any  distal  b- 
ject  if  it  is  not  directly  in  either  the  zenith  i  S- 
dir;  and,  again,  it  is  by  means  of  refraction  \  ee 
the  sun  and  moon  some  time  before  rising  an  it- 
ting,  and  enjoy  more  light  than  we  could  di  je 
rays  actually  pass  along  right  lines. 

Rcgensberg,  handsome  town  of  Switzerlai  in 
the  canton  of  Zuric,  capital  of  a  bailiwick  <» 
same  name,  seated  on  a  rock,  called  the  Lagc  e 
10  ms.  N  W.  of  Zuric. 

Regenstein,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  ii:bj 
bishopric  of  Halberstadt,  6  miles  S.  of  Halber  It, 
and  7  W.  of  Quedlingburg.  Lon.  41'  E.,  h  il 
26  N. 

Regent's  Town,  settlement  of  liberated  n<  es 
on  W.  Africa,  in  the  colony  of  Sierra  Leone 

Reggio,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Cell 
Ulteriore,  with  a  woolen  manufacture.  1 1 
large  and  populous  place,  and  is  seated  o  be 
strait  of  Messina,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Messina,  an  ^0 
S.  of  Naples.  Lon.  16°  E.,  lat.  30°  4  N  j 
Duchy  of  Italy,  included  in  that  of  Modeii  It 
produces  a  great  deal  of  silk.  It  is  all  snbjt  to 
the  duke  of  Modena,  except  the  marquisate  <  it, 
Martin,  which  is  subject  to  a  prince  of  tha;  i  *. 

 Ancient  episcopal  city  of  Italy,  in  a  du<  of 

the  same  name,  in  a  fertile  country,  15  miles  V, 
of  Modena,  and  80  SE.  of  Milan.  Lon.  11  % 
lat.  44  43  N. 

Reggina,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Ci% 
Citeriore,  14  ms.  N.  of  Cosenza.  Lon.  16  'm 
lat.  39  34  N. 

Regnano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimo  of 
St.  Peter,  It  is  thinly  inhabited,  and  is  seate<  iar 
the  Tiber,  17  ms.  N.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  3  V 
lat.  42  11  N. 

Regniers  Mills,  post  office,  Washington  «• 
ty,  Ohio,  120  miles  SE.  by  E.  from  Colu  W- 
This  post  office  is  in  the  township  of  Aureliu  he 
most  northern  of  the  county,  and  on  Duck  ;k> 
about  15  ms.  very  nearly  due  N.  from  Marie 

Rehoboth,  village,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  42  les 
S.  by  W.  of  Boston,  and  3  eastward  from  * 

dence,  R.I.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,740.  Hu  ed 

of  Sussex  county,  Del.,  on  the  Atlantic  ocea  nd 
Delaware  bay,  between  Rehoboth  bay  ami  ^ 

Spring  creek.    Pop.  1820,  1,657.  Bay  ^ 

Atlantic  ocean,  in  Sussex  county,  Del.  It  I)  ne 
same  inlet  with  Indian  river. 

Rehrersburg,  or  Rehrersiown,  village  i-jj6 
NW.  part  of  Berks  co..  Penn.  46  miles  a  lit  N. 
of  E.  from  Harrisburg,  and  15  ms.  NE.  froa> 
anon. 

Reichenau,  island  of  Germany,  in  Siiibia,  »>• 

lower  lake  of  Constance.  Town  of  Swilze  ai> 

in  the  country  of  the  Grisons.  It  is  seated'8 
rich  and  fertile  valley,  upon  the  conflux  of  tl  ■» 
branches  which  form  the  Rhine.  Reichena*7 
ms.  SW.  of  Coir. 


REN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RET 


dchcnbach,  river  of  Switzerland,  which  has  its 
sous  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Welterhorn,  and  rolls 
,n  umerous  cataracts  down  the  steep  sides  of 
Molt  Sheidec,  till  unites  with  the  river  Aar  near 

e  ngen.    It  conveys  into  the  Aar  the  gold  dust 

■  i  found  in  the  bed  of  that  river.  Town  of 

t  >lnia,  in  Silesia,  capitol  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
naB<    It  is  seated  on  the  little  river  Peil. 

ichen.be.rg,  castle  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 


pt  Rhine,  and  county  of  Catzenelenbcgen.  It 
lied  on  a  mountain  near  the  Rhine,  and  be 
rmto  the  prince  of  Hesse  Rheinfeldt.  Lon.  7 
rfl  lat.  50  4  N. 

ichenfells,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
ar  hia,  24  miles  E.  of  Muhran.  Lon.  14  4  E., 
.  '  9  N 

Iichenall,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Bava- 
L|i  the  Sala,  with  a  rich  salt  spring,  9  miles 
»V)f  Saltzhurg,  and  64  SW.  of  Munich.  Lon. 
B.,  lat.  47  28  N. 

IvMnstein,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia,  fa- 
nror  the  silver  mines  in  its  neighborhood.  It 
l!ns-  W.  of  Groteskaw. 

M:hskofen,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
ait  with  a  castle. 

his  Store,  and  post  office,  Copiah  co.,  Miss., 

rjPt  road  52  mi]es  from  Jackson.  And  post 

m  Moore  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  53  ms. 
W  'rom  Raleigh. 

Rfs,  post  office,  Franklin  co.,  Georgia. 
Rferscheid,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
mi  Rhine,  and  archbishopric  of  Cologne,  capi- 
itit  co.  of  the  same  name.    It  is  32  ms.  SW. 

Cogne,  and  42  W.  of  Coblentz.  Lon.  6  50 
Jj.  50  20  N. 

Bp&er^,  or  Rheinsberg,  small  town  of  Prus- 
»^ :|  the  northern  part  of  Brandenbarg,  about 
i  Ejlish  ms.  NNW.  of  Berlin,  and  25  NE.  by 
fjn  Havelburg.  It  is  situated  on  and  takes  its 
iwrom  the  small  river  Rein.  Pop.  1,500.  This 
MlVas  the  residence  of  Frederick  II.  the  eight 
revious  to  his  accession  to  the  throne  of  Prus- 
Un  of  hi-  brother  Henry  afterwards,  who  died 
(■is  interred  here. 

Jmtnburg,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
otrad,  near  which  is  an  ancient  castle,  78 
»•  ^V.  of  Kenigsberg.    Lon.  20  5  E  ,  lat.  53 

Siterstovon,  village,  Baltimore  co.,  Md.,  15 
jtijVW.  of  Baltimore,  and  63  N.  by  E.  from 
Gjngton  city. 

-Effexdi,  Arabic  reis,  Chief,  and  Turkish 
fefj  Chancellor,  and  often  Secretary  of  State 
AWPurkish  empire. 

iit  otrtstown,  town,  Sumter  district,  8.  C. 
tmdiox,  city  of  New  Granada,  and  capital  of 
•  pjvince  of  Rio  del  Hacha,  73  ms.  E.  by  N.  of 
■Martha. 

rttiremont,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
i^L  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  on  the  river 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vosages,  42  ms.  S. 
I  B|)f  Nancy.  Lon.  6  47  E  ,  lat.  48  3  N. 

It  sen,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  35  ms.  N. 
*j|r»me.    Pop.  in  1820,  912. 

St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Mouths 
tMihone,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Aries. 
Hiisburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
[,wt,  Saxony,  and  duchv  of  Holstein,  12  miles 
E.  •  Sleswick.    Lon.  10  6  E.f  lat  54  30  N. 
•6* 


Renfrew,  the  co.  town  of  Renfrewshire,  Scot., 
on  the  Clyde,  ne>r  the  mouth  of  the  Cart,  10  ms. 
E.  by  S.  of  Port  Glasgow,  and  45  W.  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  4  26  W.,  lat.  55  51  N. 

Renfrewshire,  co.  of  Scot  ,  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  Ayrshire,  on  the  E.  by  Lanarkshire,  and  on  the 
N.  and  W.  by  the  Clyde  river,  which  divides  it 
on  the  W.  from  Argyleshire,  and  on  the  N.  from 
Dunbartonshire,  extending  30  miles  from  N.  to  S., 
and  13,  where  broadest,  from  E.  to  W.  Pop. 
in  1801,  72,596;  in  1811,  78,056 ;  and  in  1821, 
112,175. 

Rennebon,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Strasburg,  10  ms  E.  of  Strasburg. 

Rennes,  city  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Isle  and 
Wilaine,  and  late  province  of  Bretagne.  The  in- 
habitants are  computed  at  35,000,  on  the  Vilaine, 
which  divides  it  into  two  parts,  58  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Nantes,  and  42  SE.  of  St.  Malo.  Lon.  1 
36  W.,  lat.  48  7  N. 

Rensselaer,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Hudson 
river  W.,  Washington  co.  N.,  Vermont  NE., 
Vlass.  E-,  and  Columbia  co.  S. ;  length  30  miles, 
mean  width  20,  area  600  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly, 
but  soil  productive  in  grain,  pasturasje,  and  fruit. 
Chief  towns,  Troy,  Larisingburg,  and  Greensburg. 
Pop.  in  1820,  40,153;  and  in  1840,  60,259.  Ctl. 
lat.  42  42  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  30  E. 

Rensselaer,  village,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  12 
miles  E.  from  Albany,  remarkable  for  a  manufac- 
tory of  window  glass. 

Rensselaerville,  Albany  co.,N.  Y.,  24  ms.  SW. 
from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,435. 

Renty,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Pas  de  Ca- 
lais, on  the  river  Aa,  50  ms.  NW.  of  Arras. 

Reole,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Gironde, 
seated  on  the  Garonne,  20  miles  SE.  of  Bordeaux. 

Repaille,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Mount 
Blanc,  on  a  river  which  runs  into  the  lake  of  Ge- 
neva, 20  ms.  NE.  of  Geneva. 

Repeham,  town  of  England,  in  Norfolk,  in  a 
valley,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Norwich,  and  111  NE.  of 
London. 

Reppen,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New 
Mark,  16  ms.  SSE.  of  Custrin. 

Repton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  8  miles 
SS  W.  of  Derby.  Here  is  a  noted  free  school,  which 
appears  to  have  been  the  refectory  of  a  priory. 

Requena,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  castle  and  a  considerable  manufacture  of  silks,  on 
a  hill,  on  the  borders  of  "Valencia,  64  ms.  ESE.  of 
Cuenza.    Lon.  1  9  W.,  lat.  39  44  N. 

Resht,  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  Cilhan.  It  is 
seated  on  the  SW.  coast  of  the  Caspian  sea,  in  a 
fertile  plain,  surrounded  with  high  mountains,  110 
ms.  N.  of  Casbin.    Lon.  52  16  E.,  lat.  37  18  N. 

Resolution  Island,  small  island  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  so  called  from  the  ship  Resolution,  in  which 
Capt.  Cook  made  his  second  voyage  to  that  ocean. 
Lon.  141  45  W.,  lat.  17  23  S. 

Ressif,  or  rtcif.  French ;  arrecife,  Spanish,  from 
the  Arabic,  a  breaker  or  ledge,  of  rocks  nearly  on  a 
level  with,  or,  if  under  the  water,  very  near  the 
surface. 

Retford,  East,  borough  of  England,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, on  the  Idle,  30  ms.  N.  of  Nottingham, 
and  144  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  48'  W.,lat. 
53  22  N. 

Rethel,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Ardennes, 

761 


REZ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RHI 


and  late  province  of  Champagne,  near  the  river 
Aisne,  20  miles  NE.  of  Reims,  and  108  NE.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  4  26  E.,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Retimo,  town  of  Candia;  it  abounds  in  silk, 
wool,  honey,  wax,  laudanum,  and  oil.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island,  in  a  pleasant  co., 
45  ms.  from  Candia.  Lon.  24  45  E.,  lat.  35  22  N. 

Revel,  strong  seaport  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  Esthonia.  There  is  a  college  with 
four  professors.  It  has  become  a  place  of  great 
trade  since  the  Russians  obtained  possession  of  it ; 
and  there  are  two  great  fairs  in  May  and  Septem- 
ber, frequented  by  English  and  Dutch  merchants. 
It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  partly  in  a  pleas- 
ant plain,  and  partly  on  a  mountain,  85  ms.  SE.  of 
Abo,  and  133  W.  by  S.  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  23 
57  E.,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Revel,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Ga- 
ronne, and  late  provime  of  Languedoc,  9  ms.  N. 

of  St.  Papoul.     Lon.  2  10  E.,  lat.  43  26  N.  

Government  of  Russia. — See  Esthonia. 

Revello,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  in  the  mar- 
quisate  of  Saluzzo,  near  the  Po.  It  is  seated  on 
the  top  of  a  very  high  mountain,  and  is  strongly 
fortified  both  by  nature  and  art.  It  is  3  ms.  NW. 
of  Saluzzo. 

Revero,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan, 
seated  on  the  river  Po,  opposite  Ostiglia,  10  miles 
NE.  of  Mirandola,  and  20  SE.  of  Mantua.  Lon. 
1  9  E.,  lat.  44  58  N. 

Reuss- Greitz  and  Reuss- Lobenstein,  two  petty 
but  independent  States  of  Central  Germany,  be- 
tween Prussia  and  Bavaria. 

Reus,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia.  It  has  a 
considerable  trade  in  wine,  brandy,  and  nuts.  It 
is  seated  in  the  middle  of  a  most  fruitful  plain, 

35  ms.  NE.  of  Tortosa,  and  60  WSW.  of 
Barcelona. 

Reuss,  river  of  Switzerland,  which  uses  in  the 
lake  of  Locendro,  beiween  the  mountains  of  Pe- 
tlna  and  Locendro,  flows  through  the  lake  of  Lu- 
cerne, and  the  town  of  that  name,  and,  joining  the 
Aar,  falls  into  the  Rhine  below  Zurzach. 

Reutlingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Wirtemburg,  on  the  Echetz,  near 
the  Neckar,  10  ms.  E.  of  Tubingen,  and  37  S.  of 
Stutgard.    Lon.  9  10  E.,  lat.  48  31  N. 

Reux,  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Hainault,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Mons. 

Revolution,  in  astronomy,  the  return  of  a 
planet  to  its  place  of  departure.  Year  is  one  and 
the  most  remarkable  of  astronomical  revolutions. 

Rewah,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province  of 
Allahabad,  57  ms.  SSW.  of  that  place.    Lon.  81 

36  E.,  lat.  24  35  N. 

Reyna,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  3  ms. 
from  Lerna,  and  in  a  territory  abounding  in  wine 
and  cattle. 

Reynoldsburg,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Hum- 
phries co  ,  Tenn.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Tenn. 
river,  120  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Murfrees- 
borough,  and  83  W.  from  Nashville. 

Rezan,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Government  of  Moscow.  It  contains 
12  districts,  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  and  populous. 

 -City  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of 

the  same  name.    It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Trubesh  and  Occa,  100  ms.  NE.  of  Moscow. 
Lon.  40  37  E.,  lat.  54  55  N. 
762 


Rhe,  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Fr.,  in  the  ( 
of  Lower  Charente.    It  is  4  leagues  long  ar  ; 
broad,  and  very  populous,  8  ms.  W.  of  Kochi 
St.  Martin  is  the  capital. 

Rhea,  co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  by  McMinn  S 
the  Cherokee  lands  and  Hamilton  co.  SW.,  B  . 
soe  W.  and  NW.,  and  Rowan  NE.  Length  , 
mean  width  20  ms.,  area  600  sq.  ms.  It  exo  3 
along  both  sides  of  Tennessee,  above  the  mou  f 
Hiwassee  river.  Pop,  in  1820,  4,215;  an  i 
1840,  3,985.  Oil.  lat.  3540N.,  lon.  W.  C.  746  I 

Rheatown,  village,  Greene  co.,  Tenn.,  by  I 
jroad  270  ms.  E.  from  Nashville. 

Rheda,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  V  v 
jphalia,  and  co.  of  Lingen,  10  ms.  N.  of  Lips  I 
I  Lon.  7  22  E.,  lat.  51  47  N. 

Rheims,  ancient  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  depart  it 
of  Marne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  e 
inhabitants  are  computed  to  be  30,000.  Her  e 
manufactures  of  flannel,  coverlets,  and  other  x  |. 
en  stuffs,  on  the  river  Vesse,  72  ms.  N.  of  Tr  s, 
and  75  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  8  E.,  lat.  49  1  I 

Rheinau,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Thurgau,  Ji 
an  abbey,  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Rhine  e- 
tween  SchafTenhausen  and  Eglisau. 

Rheinbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cin  of 
Lower  Khine,  and  electorate  of  Cologne,  51  s. 
E.  of  Liege.    Lon.  6  9  E.,  lat.  51  39  N. 

Rheinberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elec1  te 
of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  40  ms.  of 
Cnlogne,  and  40  SE.  of  Guelderland.  L  6 
39  E.,  lat.  51  29  N. 

Rheinec,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  archhisr  % 
of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  34  ms.  SS  of 

[Cologne.  Lon.  7  23  E.,  lat.  50  27  N.  '  »n 

I  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the  Rheinthal,  v  a 
! castle,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  near  the  lake  of  n- 
stance.    Lon.  9  23  E.,  lat.  47  41  N. 

Rheinfeld,  castle  of  Germany,  in  the  cii  of 
Lower  Rhine,  and  co.  of  the  same  name. 
15  ms.  S.  of  Coblentz. 

Rheinfelden,  strong  town  of  Suabia,  8  rr  E. 
of  Basle.    Lon.  7  46  E.,  lat.  47  36  N. 

Rheirtgau,  district  of  Germany,  on  the  E  de 
of  the  Rhine,  extending  from  Neider  Walk  to 
Lorrich.  The  vine  is  here  chiefly  culti  °i- 
Elfeld  is  the  capital. 

Rheinhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
opric  of  .Spire.  It  is  situated  on  the  Rhine, 
SE.  of  Spire. 

Rheinland,  port  of  South  Holland,  lyii 
both  sides  of  the  Rhine.    Leyden  is  thecapi 

Rheinmagfn,  or  Remagan,  town  of  We  ha 
lia, near  the  Rhine,  19  ms.  NNW.  of  Co  itt 
Lon.  6  30  E.,  lat.  50  38  N. 

Rheinsabern,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  sb 
opric  of  Spire,  with  a  castle,  15  ms.  S.  of 

Rheinthal,  fertile  valley  of  Switzerland,  in! 
along  the  Rhine.  It  belongs  to  the  8  ancier.  an 
tons,  and  to  that  of  Appenzel.  The  Proi  an 
inhabitants  are  the  most  numerous. 

Rheinwald,  large  valley  in  the  country  j* 
Grisons,  so  called  from  the  Hinder  Rhine,  * 
rises  at  the  distance  of  12  ms.  and  runs  tl  Jg 
the  valley.    Splugen  is  the  capital. 

Rhenen,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Holla  1 
Utrecht,  on  the  Leek,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Ulf" 
Lon.  5  22  E.,  lat.  51  50  N. 

Rhine,  great  and  remarkable  river  of  E  'P 


RHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


RHI 


w:h  rises  in  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
gft.    It  is  formed  of  three  streams  the  Further 
ftie  from  the  head  of  the  valley  of  Disentis,  the 
MJie  Rhine  from  the  valley  of  Medelo,  an  ap- 
oelage  of  St.  Gothard,  and  the  Hither  or  Upper 
R  le  from  the  mount  Avicula.    The  first  two 
•.(rnts  united  is  called  the  Lower  Rhine,  which 
reives  the  Upper  Rhine  at  Richinau  ;  and  the, 
ieht  is  here  about  6,180  feet  above  the  sea.) 
Firing  by  Coire,  at  the  distance  of  a  mile,  the  j 
She  here  becomes  navigable  for  rafts.    It  is  soon 
it  the  boundary  -between  the  Rheinthal  and  a 
«tory  of  Austria,  and  passes  through  the  lake  j 
afvunstance  from  E.  to  W.    Leaving  this  lake! 
t  comes  the  boundary  between  Switzerland  and1 
■Suia,  flowing  by  Schaffahausen  (below  which  h, 
Hs  a  celebrated  cataract)  to  Basil.    At  Basil! 
h  iver  turns  to  theN.,  and  flows  thence  to  Hol-j 
H  in  part  which  course  it  becomes  the  barrier  be- 
Wt-n  France  and  Germany,  gives  name  to  the! 
'wGerman  circles  of  the  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine,  | 
Hrj  many  considerable  cities  and  towns,  and  re- 
fltfss  some  large  rivers.    Below  Emmerick,  in 
bluchy  of  Cleves,  it  divides  into  two  streams. 
"Br,;  which  bends  to  the  W.,  and  flows  by  Nime- 
gur,  is  called  the  Waal,  but  loses  that  name  on 
iptnction  with  the  Meuse,  at  Gorcum.    Below  j 
(Uum  it  divides  into  four  principal  branches, ! 
o?ing  the  isles  of  Ysselmonde,   Voorn,  and  I 
rW«lackee ;  the  most  northern  branch  is  called. 
tbMerwe,  and,  passing  by  Rotterdam  and  Schie- 1 
m  is  joined  by  the  branch  from  the  S.  side  of 
\filmonde,  and  enters  the  German  ocean  below  '■ 
JM ;  the  other  two  branches  make  their  exit  atj 
JMoetsluys  and  Goree.  The  other  stream,  which  j 
Wbranched  off  to  the  NW.,  below  Emmerick,  j 
r«ins  its  name;  but  below  Huessen  another! 
tatehes  off  to  the  X.  takes  the  name  of  Yssel,  j 
.•enters  the  Zuider  Zee  below  Campen.  The 
«i^iver  proceeds  W.  by  Arnheim  to  Duerslede, 
»f*h  it  again  divides  into  two  streams;  that  to 
■^eft  is  called  the  Leek,  and  enters  the  Merwe  j 
i*Ke  Rotterdam.   The  branch  to  the  right,  which. 
,it»is  its  name,  passes  on  to  Utrecht,  where  it  J 
dHes  once  more  into  two  stream?,  the  smaller: 
v  called  the  Vecht,  which  i una  N.  into  the 
/2»-er  Zee,  at  Muyden  ;  and  the  other,  the  remains  j 
aflie  noble  Rhine,  flows  W.   by  Woerden  to; 
i«jlen,  where  it  divides  into  several  channels,  and] 
nftward  is  lost  among  hilis  of  sand  near  the  vil- 
*l$of  Catwyck. 

ie  basin  of  the  Rhine  is  about  400  ms.  long 
%i  S:  to  N.,  with  a  mean  width  of  about  200  ; 
n80,000  sq.  ms.  Lying  between  lat.  46°  and 
S»jN.,  this  basin  slopes  from  the  high  valleys  of 
^zerland  into  the  Zuider  Zee,  and  falls  about 
't'O  feet  in  7°  of  lat.  Advancing  upwards,  on 
rtifight  shore  the  Rhine  receives  from  Germany 
tHdppe,  Rhur,  Lahn,  Mayn,  and  Neckar.  On 
tteft  or  western  side  the  confluents  are  less  nu- 
GHus,  but  of  much  greater  magnitude.  The 
unfed  streams  of  the  Reuss  and  Aar  from  Switz- 
**j|d,  the  Moselle  and  the  Maese  from  France 
•■ihe  Netherlands,  are  large  streams,  particu- 
toj  the  two  latter. 

slow  Basle  the  Rhine,  though  at  low  water 
'mjded  by  shallows  in  some  places,  is,  how- 
«V  navigable  to  its  confluence  with  the  Maese. 
■I  boats  ascend  to  Basle,  and  the  large  Dutch 


boats  120  by  12  feet,  with  6  feet  draught  and  150 
tons  burden,  are  navigated  to  Strasburg.  Cologne 
is  the  great  mart  of  the  Rhine,  goods  being  here 
transshipped  into  large  vessels  called  Cologne 
ships,  which  proceed  to  and  from  Holland.  The 
Moselle  is  navigable  from  Coblentz  to  Metz,  in 
Loiraine,  with  large  and  with  small  boats  to  Nancy. 
The  Maese  is  the  most  important  confluent  of  the 
Rhine  is  upwards  of  300  ms.  comparaiive  course, 
and  navigable  in  nearly  its  length.  The  Rhine  is, 
in  brief,  a  noble  line  of  entrance  into  the  central 
and  best  cultivated  regions  of  Europe,  and  con- 
tains upon  its  basin  the  most  dense  population  of 
any  river  of  the  earth  of  equal  superficies.  It  is 
difficult  to  fix  the  aggregate  population  of  this 
highly  cultivated  tract;  but  it  may  be  safely  as- 
sumed at  a  minimum  of  15.000,000.  The  Rhine 
and  its  branches  drain  a  great  part  of  Switzerland 
and  Wirtemberg,  Western  Germany,  and  Eastern 
France,  and  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  kingdoms 
of  Holland  and  Belgium. 

Rhinebeck,  village,  Dutchess  co.,N.  Y.,  16  ms. 
W.  from  Poughkeepsie,  and  26  S.  from  Hudson. 

Rhinebeck. — See  Rhynebeck. 

Rhine,  Lower,  formerly  a  circle  of  Germany, 
It  extended  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine,  from  the 
circle  of  Suabia  on  the  S.,  to  that  of  Westphalia 
on  the  N.,  containing  the  late  electorates  of  Mentz, 
Treves,  and  Cologne,  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine, 
the  duchy  of  Westphalia,  and  the  co.  of  Lower 
Isenburg.  It  now  belongs  to  Bavaria.  Depart- 
ment of  Fr.,  containing  the  late  province  of  Lower 
Alsace.    Strasburg  i3  the  capital. 

Rhinegrave,  from  the  old  German  name  of  the 
Rhein  and  Graaf,  count,  or  guard  of  the  Rhine, 
formerly  applied  to  the  governors  of  cities  along 
that  river.  The  title  is  still  retained  by  some  of 
the  Khenane  princes, 

Rhine,  Upper,  department  of  France,  contain- 
ing the  late  province  of  Upper  Alsace.    Colmar  is 

the  capital.  Formerly  a  circle  of  Germany.  It 

extended  across  the  Rhine,  from  the  province  of 
Lorraine,  in  France,  on  the  S.,  to  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony  on  the  N.,  and  was  nearly  inter- 
sected by  the  palaiinate  of  the  Rhine.  It  included 
the  landgravate  of  Hesse,  Wetteravia,  the  cos.  of 
C:itzenellenbogen  and  Waldec,  the  imperial  town 
of  Frankfort,  the  bishoprics  of  Fulda,  Spire,  and 
Worms,  and  the  duchy  of  Deux  Ponts. 

Rhine,  Palatinate  of  the,  late  electorate  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  archbishoprics  of  Mentz  and  Treves, 
E.  by  Franconia,  S.  by  Suabia,  and  W.  by  France, 

Rhode  Island,  island  of  the  U.  States,  a  part  of 
Rhode  Island  State,  and  from  which  that  small 
member  of  our  confederacy  takes  its  name.  It  is 
15  ms.  long,  with  a  mean  width  of  2^  ms.,  and  is 
included  in  Newport  co.  The  name  of  this  island 
was  imposed  by  the  Dutch,  and,  contrary  to  com^ 
mon  opinion,  means  Red  Island. 

Rhode  Island,  State  of  the  U.  S.,  bounded  by 
the  Atlantic  oceant  S.  and  SE.,  Connecticut  W  , 
and  Massachusetts  N.,  NE.,  and  E. 

Miles. 

Having  an  outline  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  -  40 
Along  Connecticut  -  -  50 

Along  Massachusetts       -  -  -  70 

Having  an  outline  of  -  160 

Extending  from  lat.  41  18  to  43  1  N. 

763 


RHO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RHO 


Area,  exclusive  of  water,  1,200  sq.  ms.,  equal 
to  768,000  acres. 

It  is,  for  its  extent,  a  very  diversified  State.  The 
NW.  part  is  hilly  and  hroken,  but  gradually  sub- 
siding to  level  lad  advancing  towards  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  The  i.-lands  are  most  delightfully  varie- 
gated by  gentle  slopes  and  swells.  The  State  is 
composed  of  three  sections:  that  part  W.  of  Nar- 
ragansett bay  bordering  on  Connecticut,  the  islands 
of  Rhode  Island,  Connanieut,  Prudence,  and  a 
few  of  lesser  note,  and  two  small  slips  on  the  E. 
side  of  Narragansett  bay.  The  soil  of  this  Stale 
is  as  various  as  are  the  features  of  its  geography, 
thin  and  rocky  to  the  NW.,  level  and  in  part 
marshy  SE.,  but  in  the  islands  and  in  many  of  the 
capes  jutting  into  Narragansett  bay,  exuberantly 
fertile. 

Khode  Island  is  the  most  manufacturing  section 
of  the  U.  8.  in  proportion  to  its  population.  Cot- 
ton is  the  chief  subject  of  manufacture.  Including 
those  on  Massachusetts,  near  Providence,  and 
owned  in  that  city,  more  than  100  cotton  factories 
are  in  operation  in  that  vicinity.  The  commerciil 
prosperity  of  this  State  has  kept  pace  with  its  man- 
ufacturing industry.  The  amount  of  tonnage  ex- 
ceeds 40,000,  and  more  than  half  the  amount  of 
exports  of  domestic  produce.  The  exports  in  1820 
amounted  to  more  than  $1,072,000. 

In  no  part  of  the  U.  S.  has  banking  been  car- 
ried to  such  an  extent.  There  are  in  Providence 
6  banking  institutions,  Newport  6,  Bristol  5, 
Smithfield  3,  Westerly  2,  and  at  Warren,  Paw- 
tucket,  Patuxet,  Cranston,  Gloucester,  Burril- 
ville,  Scituate,  Coventry,  Greenwich,  Wickford, 
and  S.  Kingston,  1  each;  33  in  all. 

Common  schools  have  met  with  no  legislative 
support  in  Rhode  Island,  though  the  interests  of 
education  have  not  been  neglected.  See  Provi- 
dence. Academies  exist  in  most  of  the  towns,  and 
private  day  schools  are  scattered  over  the  State  in 
almost  every  neighborhood.  The  number  of  Bap- 
tist congregations  57,  Friends  18,  Congregation- 
alists  11,  Episcopalians  5,  Moravians  1,  and  Jews  1. 

Population  in  IS  10. 

Free  white  males         -  -  35,743 

Do.   do.    females       -  -  -  37,471 


Of  these  :  Foreigners  not  naturalized  - 
Engaged  in  agriculture  -  -  \\ 

Engaged  in  manufactures 
Engaged  in  commerce  = 

Population  to  the  sq.  m.,  69. 

Population  of  Rhode  Island,  by  the  etni 
1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5  • 

5  io  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  • 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  5  )  - 

50  to  60  • 

60  to  70  - 

70  io  SO  * 

SO  to  90  - 
90  to  100  . 

110  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males.  Fe 


7,121 
5,947 
5,969 
5,659 
9,878 
6.79S 
4,45- 
2,799 
1,570 
8b2 
2S7 
20 


Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


OtolO 
10  io  24 
24  to  3S 


36  to  55  . 
55  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  free 'colored 
Slaves 


Total  colored 
Aggregate 


Males. 


355 
368 
319 
212 
109 
0 

Tils 


Total  whites 
All  other  persons  except  Indians,  not 
taxed  .... 
Slaves  - 

Total  population  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males 
Do.   do.   females  - 
All  other  persons  except  Indians,  not 
taxed  - 


73,214 

3,609 
108 


76.931 


38,492 
40,921 

44 


Total  whites     -  -  -  79,457 

Free  persons  of  color,  males  -  -  1,587 

Do.          do.      females  -  -  1,967 

Slaves,  males   -          .  -  -  18 

Do.    females  30 


Total  population  in  1820  -  83,059 

764 


White  persons  of  the  forpgoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25  • 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Insane  and  idiots  au- 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge 

Total  insane  and  idiots  • 
Colored  persons  in  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 

Blind  .... 
Do.  insane  and  idiots 

All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in- 
Mining  .... 
Agriculture 
Commerce 

Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  service*  • 

Universities  or  colleges 

Do.  students  in  ... 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 

Do.  students  in 

Primary  and  common  schools 

Do.  scholars  in 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -  " 

White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 
or  write 


RHO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


RIB 


■Mion  of  Rhode  Island  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


unties 

Whites. 

Free  col. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

■3 

B 
% 

s 

Females. 

Males. 

Females. 

|  Males. 
|  Females. 

ence 
ogton  • 

R.  Island 

27.389 
7,969 
6,766 
6,084 
3,151 

29,090 
8,3:4 
7,047 
6.687 
3,U77 

681 
226 
244 
147 
115 

912 
33 
267 
163 
130 

-\\ 
i!  i 

58,073 
16.874 
14,324 
13,033 
6,^76 

51,352 

54,225'  1,413 
1 

1,825 

108830 

Alps,  the  rise  of  the  former  commences  near  its 
source,  whilst  that  of  the  latter  commences  near 
ils  estuary.  As  a  navigable  channel,  the  Rhone 
is  very  defective.  Shifting  sands  at  its  mouths 
render  the  entrance  shallow  and  uncertain.  The 
depth  is  sometimes  reduced  to  4  feet.  About  10 
ms.  below  Geneva,  the  Rhone  proper  passes  under 
a  natural  bridge.  Its  fall  in  1\  ms.  207  feet. 
The  level  of  the  lake  of  Geneva,  according  to 
De  Luc,  is  1,202  feet  above  that  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean; where  the  river  disappears,  954,  and  539 
at  Lyons.  The  Soane,  and  the  main  stream  be- 
low their  junction,  are  more  navigable  than  the 
Rhone  proper.  Various  projects  of  uniting  the 
waters  of  the  Rhone  to  those  of  the  Rhine,  Seine, 
and  Loire,  have  been  conceived,  but  in  no  in- 


stance fully  executed,  if  we  excepf  that  of  the 
Loire  from  the  Saone.  Thrj  latter  canal  line  is 
called  the  "  Canal  of  the  Centre"  or  Charolois. 
It  rises  from  the  Loire,  240  feet  to  the  summit 
level.  The  descent  from  the  summit  level  is  400 
feet  to  the  Saone.  There  are  30  locks  on  the 
Loire  slope,  and  50  on  that  of  the  Saone.  The 
whole  length  of  the  canal  is  71  English  ms.,  the 


Progressive  population. 
II  ...  76,931 

83,059 
97,199 

4  108.830 
I  e  of  increase  in  30  years:  for  1,000  at  the 
g  ling,  1,414  at  the  end  of  the  period.  Such 
tilemands  135  years  to  double  the  population. 

itdes,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  at  the  en- !  length  of  each  lock  100,  breadth  16,  and  the 
«*t  of  the  Gulf  of  Macri,  40  ms.  long,  and  15  canal  itself  30  feet  wide  at  bottom,  48  at  the 
■«    The  soil  is  pretty  fertile,  but  badly  culti-  water  surface,  and  5|  deep.    The  chief  trade  is 

U    This  island  is  much  celebrated  in  ancient  wine,  timber,  coals,  corn,  and  promiscuous  nier- 

d  odern  history.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  i  chandise,  in  4,000  boats  annually.  The  basin  of  the 
n  obstinate  resistance,  1523,  and  the  small  j  Rhone,  below  lat.  45°  N.,  is  the  true  southern 
mt  of  knights  that  remained  afterwards  re-  >  climate  of  Fr.,  the  region  of  the  olive,  pome- 
I  to  Malta.  A  pacha  is  the  governor  general  granate,  and  most  abundant  vines.  Though  the 
1  t  island,  who  presides  over  civil  justice  and  j  departments  W.  of  the  Rhone,  towards  the  Py- 
lilij-y  discipline.  renean  mountains,  are  placed  much  farther  S., 

fj'efes,  capital  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  was ,  the  temperature  is  much  lower  than  near  the 
arttly  9  ms.  in  circumference,  but  the  present ,  Lower  Rhone.     A  glance  on  the  map  of  Fr.  ex- 

*  occupies  only  a  quarter  of  the  extent  of  the;  hibtts  the  cause. 

n«tcity.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  with  a  nar-  Rhone,  mouths  of  the,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containing 
n  itrance  between  two  rocks,  on  which  are  2  I  part  of  the  late  province  of  Provence.  Aix  is  the 
MN  to  defend  the  passage.    It  is  inhabited  by  capital. 

ir  and  Jews,  for  the  Christians  are  obliged  to  Rhone  and  Loire,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the 
i\§,the  suburbs,  they  not  being  suffered  to  .be  late  provinces  of  Forez  and  Lyonnois.  The  capital 

the  walls  in  the  night  time.    Lon.  28  25  j  [s  Lyons. 
1.*  L  36  24  N.  Rhyaidergowy,  town  of  Wales,  in  Radnor- 

R  dez.    See  Rodez.  shire,  near  a  cataract  of  the  river  Wye.    It  is  20 

u,  large  river  of  Europe,  which  rises  in  ms.  WNW.  of  New  Radnor,  and  177  of  London 
•land,  from  the  glacier  of  Furca,  between  Lon.  3  27  W.,  lat.  52  17  N. 

rocky  mountains  of   Glechterberg  and      Rhynbeck,  town,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 

E.  side  of  the  Hudson  river,  65  ms.  S.  of  Albany, 
and  30  S.  of  Hudson.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,729. 

Rhynds,  or  Rinnsof  Galloway,  the  W.  division 
of  Wigtonshire,  divided  from  the  other  parts  of 
the  county  by  Loch  Ryan  and  the  bay  of  Luce. 
Rhyney. — See  Rumney. 
Ribadavia.  — See  Rivadavia. 
Ribadeo,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gallieia.    It  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Eo,  and  is  15  ms. 
NE.  of  Mondonedo.     Lon.  7  2  W.,  lat.  43 
50  N. 

Ribas,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  on  the 
river  Xarma,  8  ms.  from  Madrid. 
Ribau-Pierre. — See  Rupolfstein. 
Ribble,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  runs  across  Lancashire,  and 
falls  into  the  Irish  sea  below  Preston. 

Riberia  Grande,  town  of  St.  Jago,  the  princi- 
pal of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  with  a  good  har- 
bor. It  is  seated  between  two  high  mountains. 
Lon.  23  24  W.,  lat.  15°  N. 

765 


Crossing  the  Vallais,  it  runs  through 
jke  and  city  of  Geneva,  and  there  re- 
Uhe  river  Arve.  After  which,  it  widens,  and 
jjs  navigable  near  Seissel,  then  running 

0  Lyons,  and  receiving  several  uther  streams, 
>  'arly  the  river  Saone,  continues  its  course 

,  and  passing  by  Orange,  Avignon,  and 
s  it  falls,  to  the  westward  of  Marseilles,  into 
Kliterranean,  by  three  mouths.    The  Rhone 

urces  interlocking  with  those  of  the  Po, 
rj  Seine,  and  Loire.  By  its  most  northern 
fljint,  the  Saone,  the  basin  of  the  Rhone 

1  N.  lat.  48°,  and  extends  to  43  20 ;  the 
\  350  ms.,  mean  width  about  150,  area 
5?  sq.  ms.  The  reverse  of  the  Rhine,  the 
If  the  Rhone  basin  is  to  the  S.  This  differ- 
■  direction  and  slope  affords  means  to  ac- 
nifor  the  very  unequal  inundations  of  these 
»  vers.  The  floods  of  the  Rhine  are  fre- 
nir  excessive,  those  of  the  Rhone  generally 
3»jte,  because,  though  both  flow  from  the 


RIC  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RIC 


Ribemont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne,  I 
and  late  province  of  Pirardy,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  river  Oise,  10  ms.  W.  by  S.  of 
St.  Quintin.    Lon.  3  21  E  ,  lat.  49  48  N. 

Riberac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.,  of  Dordogne, 
17  ms.  E.  of  Perigneax,  and  27  SSE.  of  An- 
goulesme.    Lon.  1  5  E.,  lat.  45  15  N. 

Ribnik,  episcopal  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Wallachia,  44  ms.  S.  of  Herrnanstadt, 
and  130  ESE.  of  Tenneswar.  Lon.  23  40  E., 
lat.  45  19  N. 

Ribnitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  with  a  nunnery  for 
noble  women,  it  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic, 
12  ms.  N.  of  Rostock.  Lon.  12  35  E.,  lat.  54 
10  N. 

Riceborough,  port,  village,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Liberty  co.,  Ga.,  near  the  head  of  Newport  river, 
which  is,  however,  navigable  thus  far  for  sloops ; 
34  ms.  SSW.  from  Savannnah.  Lat.  31  45  N., 
Ion.  W.  C  4  26  VV. 

Richards's  post  office,  Harrison  co.,  0.,  by  post- 
road  141  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Columbus. 

Richardson's,  post  office,  Green  co.,  Ala. 

Richardsonville,  village,  Edgefield  district,  S.  C, 
74  ms.  by  postroad  VV.  from  Columbia. 

Richelieu,  co.,  L.  C,  no  St.  Lawrence  and 
Richelieu  rivers,  and  extending  SE.  from  the 

former  to  the  N.  boundary  of  Vermont.  River 

ofL.  C. — See  Sore  lie.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the 

dep.  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of 
Poitou,  on  the  Amable  and  Vide;  27  ms.  N.  of 
Poitiers,  and  152  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  20  E., 
lat.  47  2  N. 

Richfield,  town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  75  ms.  W. 

of  Albany.    Pop.  hi  1820,  1,772.  Thriving 

agricultural  tp.,  Ashtabula  co.,  O.,  situated  on 
Grand  river,  immediately  S.  of  Austinburg. — — 
NE.  corner  tp.,  Medina  co  ,  O. 

Richford,  town,  Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  on  Mis- 

sisque  river,  44  ms.  NE.  from  Burlington.  

Village,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y. 

Richhill,  NW.  tp.  of  Green  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
head  of  the  SE.  fork  of  Wheeling,  and  the  mid- 
dle fork  of  Ten-mile  creek.  Pop.  in  1810,  716, 
in  1820,  687.  Tp.,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Mus- 
kingum co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  706. 

Richland,  town  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lake 

Ontario.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,728.  One  of  the 

NW.  tps.  of  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  heads  of 
Tohickon  creek,  35  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,385. 

Richland,  one  of  the  southern  tps.  of  Venango 
co.,  Pa.,  on  the  point  between  Alleghany  river 
and  Toby's  creek,  above  their  junction.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,031. 

Richland,  central  district  of  S.  C,  on  the 
peninsula  between  the  Wateree  and  Congaree 
rivers,  with  Fairfield  and  Kershaw  districts  N. 
Length  40,  mean  widih  12  ms.,  area  480  sq.  ms. 
Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  productive. 
Staple,  cotton.  Chief  town,  Columbia.  Pop. 
in  1820,  12,321 ;  and  in  1840,  16,397.  Central 
lat.  34°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  48  W. 

Richland,  co.,  O.,  bounded  N.  by  Huron,  E. 
by  Wayne,  S.  by  Knox,  and  W.  by  Marion  and 
Crawford  cos.  It  is  30  ms.  square,  containing 
900  sq.  ms.  The  co.  embraces  a  tract  of  country 
high  and  elevated.  The  principal  streams  are 
766 


j  numerous  branches  of  Mohiccan  creek  and  , 
headwaters  of  Sandusky  and  Whetstone  ri 
Chief  town,  Mansfield.    Pop.  in  1820,  9 
and  in  1840,  44,532.  Central  lat.  40  45  N ' 

W.  C.  5  33  W.  Village,  Onslow  co.,  N 

Tp.,  Belmont  co.,  O.,  in  which  is  situated 
Clairsville,  the  co.  seat.    Pop.  in  1820,  3, 

 Tp.,  Guernsey  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820, 

 Tp.  in  the  NE.  corner  of  Clinton  co  ' 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,056.  Tp.  in  the  non  \ 

borders  of  Jackson  co.  Tp.  in  the  eastern  \ 

of  Fairfield  co.  O.,  in  which  Rushville  is  situ  j 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,071.  Small  river  of  T 

rises  in  Maury,  and  traversing  by  a  sou  « 
course,  Giles  co.,  passes  the  village  of  Pu1 1 
and  falls  into  Elk  river,  after  a  comparative  c  a 
of  about  30  ms. 

Richland  Creek,  post  office  in  the  nor  q 
part  of  Gdes  co.,  Term.,  70  ms.  SW.  fiora  •. 
freesborough. 

Richland  Hill,  post  office,  Feliciana  p  i, 
La.,  98  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  New  Orleans 

Richmond,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  the  I  h 
Riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  has  a  manufacU  )f 
woolen  stockings,  caps,  &c.,  on  the  Swal  0 
ms.  NW.  of  York,  and  230  NNW.  of  Loi  ». 
Lon.  1  35  W.,  lat.  54  28  N. 

Richmond,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  le 
tide  of  the  Thames  reaches  just  to  this  vi  e, 
which  is  60  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  it,  a  g  ir 
distance  than  the  tide  is  carried  by  any  othei  ft 

in  Europe,  9  ms.  above   London.  Vijl 

Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  44  ms.,  by  postroad  from  rt- 
land. — -Town,  Chittenden  co  ,  Vt.,  on1  ft 

river,  13  ms.  SE.  from  Burlington.  '1% 

Cheshire  co  ,  N.  H.,  47  ms.  SW.  from  Co  i 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,391.  Town,  Berkshh  )., 

Mass.  Town,   Washington  co.,  R.  1  on 

Wood  river,  30  ms.  SSW.  from  Providence:  >p. 

in  1820,  1,423.  Town,  Ontario  co.,  I& 

on  Hemlock  and  Honeoye  lakes,  15  rns.  V. 
j  from  Canandaigua.  Pop.  1820,  2,765. 
Richmond,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  commensurati  ilh 
Staten  island,  and  is  the  extreme  southern  of 
the  State.  This  fine  and  beautiful  island  ii  pa- 
rated  from  Long  Island  by  the  Narrows,  oi »« 
part  of  N.  Y.  harbor ;  from  Middlesex  and  w 
cos.,  N.  J.,  by  Staten  Island  sound;  anc  om 
Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  by  Amboy  bay.  I  *» 
by  not  very  gentle  acclivitie3  to  hills  cf  ccn  «• 
ble  elevation.  The  soil  is  generally  ferti  md 
well  cultivated.  Length  12,  mean  width  »-i 
area  48  sq.  ms.  The  N.  Y.  Lazaretto  is  to 
NE.  shore  of  Staten  island,  distant  above  u 
from  the  Battery,  in  the  city  of  N.  Y.  Chief". 
Richmond.  Pop.  in  1820,  6,135;  and  in  «. 
10,965.    Cent.  lat.  40  39  N.,  lon.  W.  C M 

E.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Rich  mo  ^-i 

N.  Y.,  near  the  centre  of  Staten  Island,  o» 

SW.  from  the  Lazaretto.  Town,  site  01 

the  head  of  a  small  stream,  to  which  it  gtvesfl 
about  2  ms.  W.  of  Delaware  river.  It  is  tb 
main  road  from  Easton  to  the  Delaware  & 
Gap,  about  16  ms.  from  Easton,  and  abou 
W.  of  Delaware  river,  in  Upper  Mount  tw 
tp.,  Northampton  co.,  Pa. 

Richmond,  city  and  metropolis  of  Va.,  >ale 
in  the  co.  of  Henrico,  on  the  N.  side  of  *J 
river,  at  the  termination  of  the  falls,  obo 


tic 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RIC 


.  a  ve  the  termination  of  the  river,  Ion.  77  31 
.,1.  37  30  N.,  21  ms.  N.  of  Petersburg,  and 
4  lj.  W.  of  S.  from  the  city  of  Washington. 
ier«re  about  1,400  houses,  of  which  probably 
irelian  1,000  are  of  brick,  generally  covered 
thvqte,  the  rest  of  wood.  The  buildings  in 
ctirjnd  are  generally  plain,  without  much  dis- 
iWarchitectural  taste  or  reference  to  other  ob- 
tain utility.  To  this  remark  there  are,  how- 
fry  [>me  exceptions.  Had  the  model  of  the 
jitoeen  equalled  by  its  execution,  it  would  be 
}  fust  building  in  the  U.  S.  Its  proportions 
i  pfectly  correct,  and  its  plan  chaste ;  and 
frt  i^it  is,  when  seen  from  a  distance,  as  is  of- 
i  Acase,  it  seems  to  rise  in  great  grandeur  and 
»Uh»efore  the  spectator.  The  public  square 
tvl'ih  the  capitol  stands  contains  about  eight 
rt^iid  has  been  enclosed  by  a  substantial  rail- 
s' '  ist  iron.  Many  other  improvements  have 
eloigned  and  in  part  executed,  which,  when 
npfced,  will  render  it  a  place  of  greater  beauty. 
T|»fOwn  of  Richmond  was  established  by  an 
c  of  tie  General  Assembly  of  Va.,  in  the  year 
l%[id  the  seat  of  Government  for  the  State 
is  Unoved  from  Williamsburg  in  1780;  at 
icheriod  the  pop.  may  be  conjectured  at  500 
r?ar!  In  the  year  1822,  the  numler  of inhab- 
mtli'  the  city,  and  of  such  of  the  suburbs  as 
e  imediately  connected  with  it,  may  fairly  be 
tedht4 1 6  to  18,000,  a  majority  being  white  per- 
1'his  rapid  increase  of  pop.  during  the  last 
i  ytti  may  in  part  be  ascribed  to  the  transfer  of 
•  *Wof  Government,  with  its  attendant  advan- 
gewut  as  the  number  of  officers  connected 
itttU  State  Government  is  not  considerable,  and 
e  colts  of  higher  jurisdiction,  which  for  a  few 
wiu  in  the  capital,  have  since  been  branched 
i  ich  a  manner  that  their  sessions  are  held 
b  places,  other  causes  must  be  sought  for  to 
for  the  whole  effect  produced  in  the  pe- 
)d  II  mentioned.  The  very  fruitful  country 
ird»g  on  James  river,  above  its  falls,  was  par- 
ti imperfectly  cultivated,  and  the  impossi- 
iit)Kj obtaining  a  navigation  through  the  rapids 
K  tely  above  Richmond  had  deprived  the  in- 
»bittk  of  a  free  use  of  the  river  for  the  transpor- 
ts I  the  products  of  the  State.  In  the  year 
ve  canal  was  so  far  completed  that  all  diffi- 
iltjrklpassing  the  rapids  was  removed,  and  grad- 
>lw|tice  that  time,  the  navigation  has  been  suc- 
wifcj  used  for  250  ms.  above  Richmond,  pass- 
g  tbfange  of  the  Blue  Ridge  to  the  foot  of  the 
1'egljiy  mountains. 

Sware  the  advantages  which  Richmond  pos- 
wes  bove  the  falls,  nor  are  those  which  she 
«a*8|s  below  of  less  importance  ;  for  a  distance 
nail?  150  ms.,  James  river  meanders  through 
J  uotinmonly  productive  country,  and  the  depih 
•*  is  sufficient  to  bring  vessels  drawing  15 
v  ?r  to  a  distance  not  exceeding  3  ms.  from 
ie  cit  A  bar  of  sand,  about  350  feet  in  width, 
rwi  le  only  obstruction  to  the  month  of  the 
'ek,  h">ch  forms  a  safe  harbor  for  more  than  300 
m  ofjjssels,  drawing  12  feet  water,  in  the  cen- 
e  of  Je  city.  As  to  her  exports,  Richmond  is 
mat  f'oraMy  situated  for  enjoying  a  monopoly 
1  th«-jal  business;  is  the  first  port  in  the  United 
laves  j  well  for  quality  as  quantity  of  tobacco; 
n^  is  pt  much  behind  any  other  city  in  the  arti- 


cle of  flour,  which,  from  a  variety  of  circumstan- 
ces attached  to  her  local  situation,  is  always  ready 
for  market  there  some  months  sooner  than  in  other 
places. 

The  natural  situation  of  Richmond  is  beautiful 
and  even  romantic.  Shokoe  and  Richmond  Hills 
stand  opposite  to  each  other,  with  Shokoe  creek, 
a  bold  and  lively  stream,  between  them.  The  city 
is  spread  over  those  hills,  and  along  the  margin  of 
the  river  the  hills  have  been  thrown  into  various 
undulations,  and  present  a  great  many  points  from 
which  different  views  may  be  taken,  highly  pic- 
turesque and  beautiful.  The  falls  of  the  river, 
which  descends  more  than  6  ms. ;  the  island ;  the 
town  of  Manchester,  connected  by  two  bridges 
with  Richmond  ;  the  rich  plantations  adjoining  the 
town  ;  the  river,  winding  and  stretching  below  to 
a  great  extent ;  the  waving  hills  on  the  N.  side, 
and  the  valley  through  which  Shokoe  creek  pass- 
es— are  the  principal  objects  on  which  the  eye 
fixes  ;  and  from  every  eminence  they  arc  seen  in 
some  new  form,  and  under  some  new  coloring  of 
light  and  shade,  the  whole  presenting  the  three 
great  requisites  of  landscape,  viz  :  grandeur,  beau- 
ty, and  variety.  Besides,  Richmond  is  one  of 
the  healthiest  cities  in  the  United  States,  or  per- 
haps in  the  world.  The  annual  amount  of  deaths 
on  an  average  is  one  in  eighty-Jive.  It  has  never 
been  visited  by  yellow  fever  or  any  violent  and 
desolating  disease. 

Population  of  Richmond  in  1840. 


Whites.— Agrs. 


0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  GO 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
DO  to  100 

1U0  and  upwards. 


Colored 
Total 


Males. 

Females. 

730 

814 

512 

548 

517 

55'J 

732 

726 

1,413 

1,201 

832 

G56 

427 

438 

180 

207 

73 

91 

15 

33 

4 

S 

X 

5,435 

5,283 

5,435 

10,713 

9,435 

20,153 

In  1810: 
Whites  - 
Colored  - 

Total 
In  1820 : 
Whites  - 
Colored  - 

Total 
In  1840  : 
Whiles  - 
Colored  - 


Progressive  population. 


-  4,798 

-  4,937 

-  9,725 

«  6,445 

-  6,622 

-  12,067 

-  10,718 

-  9,435 


Total 
Richmond,  co. 
river  SW.,  Westmoreland  N.  and^NE.,  North um 

767  ' 


20,153 

Va.,  bounded  by  Rappahannock 


RID  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  RID 


berland  E.,  and. Lancaster  SE.  Length  20  ms., 
mean  width  8;  area  160  sq.  ms.  Chief  town, 
Dunkirk.  Pop.  1820,  5,706;  in  1840,  5,965. 
Cent.  lat.  37°  N-,  Ion.  W.  C.  17'  E. 

Richmond,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  S.  C. 
SW.,  Yadkin  river  W.,  Montgomery  and  Moore 
N.,  Cumberland  E.,  and  Robeson  »E.  Length 
45  ms.,  mean  width  18  ;  art  a  about  800  sq.  ms. 
Chief  town,  Rockingham.  Pop.  1820,  7,537; 
in  1840,  8,909.  Cent.  lat.  35°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
2  38  VV. 

Richmond,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  by  Savannah 
river  E.,  Burke  S  ,  Briar  river  or  Jefferson  SW., 
and  Columbia  NW.  Length  28  ms.,  mean  width 
13;  area  364  sq.  ms.  Its  chief  town,  Augusta, 
is  in  the  NE.  angle,  on  Savannah  river.  Pop. 
1820,8,608;  and  in  1840,  11,932.  Cent.  lat. 
33  23  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  5  W. 

Richmond,  New. — See  New  Richmond. 

Richmond,  court  house  and  post  office,  Rich- 
mond co.,  N.  C. — £ee  Rockingham. 

Richmond,  village  in  the  SE.  part  of  Ross  co., 
O.,  on  Salt  creek,  one  mile  from  its  mouth,  14 

ms.  SE.  from  Chillicothe.  Village,  Jefferson 

co.,  O.  ;  by  post  road  161  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from 

Columbus.  Village,  Wayne  cc,  la.  ;  by  post 

road  63  ms.  E.  from  Indianapolis.  Village  and 

seat  of  justice,  Madison  co.,  Ky.,  30  ms  SSE. 
from  Lexington,  and  53  SE.  from  Frankfort,  Lat. 

37  47  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  1 1  W.  Court  house 

and  post  office,  Richmond  co.,  Va.  ;  by  post  road 
62  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond,  capital  of  the  State. 
 Village,  Henry  co.,  Ala. 

Richmondshire,  district  of  Eng.,  in  the  North 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  noted  for  the  industry  of  its 
inhabitants,  who  manufacture  knit  stockings  and 
other  coarse  goods.  Many  lead  mines  are  in  this 
district,  of  which  Richmond  is  the  chief  town. 

Richmondville,  village,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.  ; 
by  post  road  36  ms.  westerly  from  Albany. 

Ritchtenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Anterior  Pomerania,  28  ms.  ENE.  of  Rostock. 
Lon.  12  50  E.,  lat.  54  10  N. 

Richwoods,  village,  Morgan  co.,  Va. ;  by  post 
road  98  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C. 

Rickmansworth,  town  in  Eng.,  in  Hertford- 
shire, on  the  river  Coin,  8  ms.  SW.  of  St.  Al- 
bans, and  18  WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  0  16 
E.,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Rideau,  river  of  Canada,  a  southern  branch  of 
Ottawas.  This  stream  has  given  name  to  the 
Rideau  canal,  and  its  channel  forms  part  of  that 
very  important  improvement.  The  Rideau  river 
issues  from  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Johnstown  district,  U.  C.  This  lake 
extends  in  a  direction  from  SW.  to  NE.,  25  ms., 
then  contracts  into  a  river,  which,  maintaining  the 
same  general  direction  about  60  ms.,  falls  into  the 
Ottawa  river  about  90  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the 
latter  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

The  higher  part  of  the  canal  leaves  the  head  of 
St.  Lawrence  at  Kingston,  and  in  a  NE.  direction 
of  about  30  ms.  enters  the  Rideau  Lake.  I  have 
inserted  the  following  from  the  Providence  Journ- 
al, and  by  reprint  from  the  National  Intelligencer, 
a3  I  regard  the  canal  routes  of  Welland  and  Rideau 
as  little,  if  any,  le  s  channels  of  commerce  to  the 
United  States  than  to  the  British  provinces  : 

tf  The  Rideau  canal  connects  the  St.  Lawrence 
768 


with  the  Ottawa,  terminating  a  few  miles  bi 
King  ton.    It  strikes  the  Ottawa  at  the  foo  ' 
Chaudiere  falls.  Its  length  is  135  ms. ;  its  bre 
is  without  limit.    The  construction  of  this  ca 
if  it  may  be  so  called,  is  peculiar  to  itself,  ar 
the  only  instance  within  my  knowledge  of  aw  ' 
communication  on  the  same  plan.    It  is  eut 
formed  by  connecting  a  chain  of  lakes  by  I  i 
and  dams,  instead  of  making  excavations.  Ne  ; 
a  tow-path  nor  road  is  necessary,  as  the  navigi 
is  performed  exclusively  by  steamboats,  and 
ges  towed  by  them,  similar  to  those  on  the  IN  t 
river.    On  the  summit  level  of  the  canal  is  Ri( 
lake,  about  25  ms.  in  length.  It  is  283  feet  a  | 
the  Ottawa,  where  it  enters  the  river,  and  154  [ 
above  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Kingston,  where  j 
water  is  on  a  level  with  Lake  Ontario,    Fi  . 
seven  locks  are  required  for  the  ascent  ana  u'esi 
which  are  built  on  a  scale  sufficiently  !arg<  t 
steamboats  to  pass.  Their  length  142  feet,  brb  i 
33  feet.    They  are  built  of  large  blocks  of  si 
in  the  most  substantial  manner.    In  order  to  r  > 
the  necessary  levels,  twenty  dams  are  require  t 
great  strength  and  durability,  which  throw  t 
the  water  to  a  great  distance,  converting  some  • 
dred  thousand  acres  of  forest  lands  into  lakes.  i, 
great  change  has  consequently  been  produci  i 
the  natural  appearance  of  the  country.    In  se  1 
instances,  says  Mr.  Taggart,  the  engineer,  a  i 
not  more  than  24  feet  high  and  180  feet  v , 
throws  the  rapids  and  rivers  into  a  still  sheet  a » 
it  for  a  distance  of  more  than  20  ms.    The  1 1 
also  back  the  waters  up  creeks,  ravines,  and  ,• 
leys  ;  and,  instead  of  making  one  canal,  they  a 
numerous  canals  of  various  ramifications,  vi  It 
will  all  tend  greatly  to  the  improvement  of  a  j 
fertile  country.    Much  of  the  land  drowned  b  c 
raising  of  the  dams  is  of  little  value — far  less  n 
the  cost  of  making  excavations.    The  Ridea  i- 
nal  was  made  by  the  British  Government,  a » 
expense  of  about  two  and  a  half  millions  of  do  i. 
One  important  object  which  the  British  Go' i- 
ment  had  in  view  in  making  so  great  an  on ', 
was  to  complete  an  inland  communication  o  4 
greatest  importance  in  time  of  war.    Withou  n 
channel,  all  intercourse  by  water  would  be  it 
off,  and  supplies  could  not  be  sent  from  ont  :• 
lion  of  the  province  to  the  other. 

'•The  St.  Lawrence  canal  is  another  it 
work,  built  by  the  province.  Like  tha  Rii > 
it  is  adapted  to  ship  and  steamboat  navigs  i. 
But,  from  all  I  can  learn,  it  has  proved  a  bad  > 
ulation  and  of  very  little  use,  as  steamboats  * 
pass  down  the  rapids  alongside  of  it,  with  pit* 
safety,  in  one-tenth  the  time  it  would  take  tow 
through  the  canal.  In  returning,  they  pa1  ip 
the  Ottawa  river,  and  through  the  Rideau  carta 
Lake  Ontario. 

"  The  British  can  now  send  their  uteamboiflf 
schooners  from  the  sea  by  means  of  the  Riueai  i» 
Welland  canals  to  Lake  Michigan.  I  have  » 
several  vessels  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  loaded  & 
the  produce  of  Illinois  and  Michigan,  on  theii  if 
to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  and,  if  necessary,  5f 
might  proceed  to  England." 

Ridge,  village,  St.  Mary's  co.,  Md.,  5  my 

from  Point  Lookout.  Village,  Edgefield* 

trict,  S.  C,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Edgefield,  arW 
SW.  by  W.  from  Columbia. 


RIM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RIU 


dgebury,  village,  near  the  western  border  o 
(  aield  co.,  Ct.,  35  ms.  W.  from  New  Haven. 

—  Village,    Orange  co.,    N.    Y.  Village, 

fiord  co.,  Pa. 

dgcjield,  town  in  the  western  part  of  r  airfield 
co.'Jt ,  7  ms.  8.  from  Ridgebury,  and  35  a  little 
a.  W.  from  New  Haven.  Tp.,  Huron  co., 


Jgeville,  western  town, 
^.Town,  Warren  co.,  0., 
©;nbus. 

jlgeway,  village  and  tp, 
I  ear  Oak  Orchard  river. 
llley,  tp.,  Delaware  co., 


Cuyahoga  co.,  O. 
70  ms.  SW.  from 

,  Genesee  co.,  N. 

Pa.,  on  Delaware 
ritft  between  Lower  Darby  and  Providence,  10 
m^W.  of  Philadelphia.    Pop.  1820,  893. 

jsburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
vVfcahalia,  and  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name. 
ItEeated  on  the  river  Ems,  12  ms.  NNW.  of 
pfiborn.    Lon.  8  50  E.,  lat.  51  55  N. 

town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoleto, 
lalB  on  the  river  Velino,  near  the  Lake  Rieti,  27 
njl  by  E.  of  Spoleto,  and  27  NE.  of  Rome. 
!,<*13  5  E.,  lat.  42  23  N. 

flux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Ga- 
rofr  and  late  province  of  Languedoc.  It  is 
tert  on  (he  Rise,  24  ms.  SW.  of  Toulouse,  and 


■nt  fruits,  35  ms.  NE.  of  Aix,  and  50  NE 
Tilon.    Lon.  6  22  E.,  lat.  43  51  N. 
Ra,  government  of  Russia. — Sec  Livonia. 
See,  strong  and  populous  town  of  Russia,  cap 


Rimini,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  in  a  fertile 
plain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Marrechia,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Venice,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Ravenna,  and  145  N. 
by  E.  of  Rome.    Lon.  12  39  E  ,  lat.  44  4  N. 

Rimmegen,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Juliers,  seated  on  the  Rhine. 

Rincoping,  or  Rinkibbing,  town  of  Denmark, 
in  N.  Jutland,  seated  on  the  W.  coast,  50  ms.  N. 
by  W.  of  Ripen. 

Rindge,  tp.,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  between  Jaf- 
fray  and  Fitzwilliam  tps.   Pop.  in  1820,  1,298. 

Ringleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Saxony,  and  principality  of  Eisenach,  26 
ms.  ENE.  of  Eisenach.  Lon.  It  25  E.,  lat.  51 
5  North. 

Ringo's,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  29  ms. 
W.  by  S.  of  New  Brunswick,  and  19  N.  by  W. 
of  Trenton. 

Ringsted,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  Isle  of  Zea- 
land, 40  ms.  SW.  of  Copenhagan.  Lon.  12  10 
E.,  lat.  55  28  N. 

Ringwood,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  with  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  worsted  knit  hose, 
seated  on  the  Avon,  30  ms.  SW.  of  Winchester, 
and  91  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  I  41  W., 
lat.  50  49  N. 

Rintlen,  or  Rinteln,  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
of  Narbonne.  Lon.  1  17  E.,  lat.  43  16  N.  I  phalia,  in  the  co.  of  Schawenburg,  with  a  univer- 
town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Alps.,  ]  sity.    It  is  subject  to  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cas- 
!  province  of  Provence,  on  the  river  Au-j  sel,  and  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  15  ms.  SE.  of 
in  a  plain  abounding  with  good  wine  and!  Minden,  and  35  SW.  of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  20  E., 

~    lat.  52  13  N. 

Rio-de-la  Hacha,  small  province  of  Colombia, 
;  on  a  peninsula  between  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela  on 
j  the  E.,  and  a  bay  of  the  Caribbean  sea  on  the  W. 
the  government  of  Livonia.    Next  to  Pe- 1  Rio-dc  la-Hacha,  the  capital,  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
it  is  the  most  commercial  place  in  the  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  100  ms.  E.  of  St. 

Martha.    Lon.  72  34  W.,  lat.  1 1  30  N. 

Rio-de-la- Madalena,  river  of  New  Granada, 


n  empire.  The  principal  exports  are  corn, 
flax,  iron,  timber,  masts,  leather,  and  tal- 


Within  the  fortifications  are  9,000  inhabi-  which,  taking  its  rise  in  the  mountains  N.  of  Po- 


id  in  the  suburbs  15,000.    Riga  is  5  ms.  payan, 


N.,  and  falls  into  the  Caribbean  sea 


mouth  of  the  Dwina,  and  250  SE.  of  between  Carthagena  and  St.  Martha.     It  is  also 


olm.    Lon.  24  25  E.,  lat.  56  53  N.  

I  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Black  creek,  15; 
W.  from  Rochester.    Pop.   1820,  3,139. 
hud,  seigniory,  York  co.,  L.  C,  35  ms. 
in  Montreal. 

IU.ET9,  evidently  from  the  same  root  as  re- 
in French,  rigole  signifies  a  trench  or  drain, 
hlets,  name  of  one  of  the  straits  uniting 
sBorsrne  and  Pontchartrain,  and  into  which 


called  Rio  Grande. — See  Magdalena  river. 

Rio-de-la-Plata. — See  Plata. 

Rio-de-Miranda,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  of  Asturias,  and,  separating  that 
province  from  Gallicia,  enters  the  Bay  of  Biscay  at 
Ravedeo. 

Rio  Grande,  or  Jujni,  one  of  the  western 
branches  of  the  Paraguay  river,  S.  America. 

Rio  Grande,  river  of  Africa,  which  runs  from 


iver  is  discharged  by  several  mouths.    The  E.  to  W.  through  Negroland,  and  falls  into  the 


if  the  Rigolets  is  about  9  ms.  in  length,  hav-  Atlantic  ocean  in  11°  N.  lat 


•  River 


Brazil, 


it  9  feet  water  on  each  bar.    This  is  the  |  which  rises  near  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  runs  W. 
passage  from  Mobile,  Pensacola,  &c,  to 
rlealis. 

>lets  de  Bon  Dieu,  river  of  La.,  formed  by 
and  Black  Lake  rivers,  and  by  an  outlet  of 
!er,  4  ins.  above  Natchitoches.  It  falls  into 
jer  from  the  N.,  5,ms.  above  Alexandria, 
se  forming  an  island  of  about  50  ms.  in 
and  from  1  to  4  or  5  ms.  wide. 


tp. 


Oxford  co.,  Me.,  30  ms.  NVV.  from 


A,  creek  and  post  office,  Roane  co.,  Tenn. 

eek  enters  Tennessee  river,  about  3  ms. 
atie  mouth  of  Clinch,  and  nearly  an  equal 
I  S.  from  Kingston. 

inski,  seigniory,  Cornwallis  co.,  L.  C. 
97* 


into  the  Parana,  being  the  principal  branch  of  that 
river. 

Rio  Grande  d°l  Norie. — See  Mexico  and  Ta- 
maulipan. 

Rio  Janeiro,  river  which  rises  in  the  W.  moun- 
tains of  Brazil,  and,  running  E.  through  that 
country,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  St.  Sebas- 
tian. One  of  the  richest  provinces  of  Brazil, 

lying  near  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name.  It  produces  cotton,  sugar,  coffee, 
cocoa,  wheat,  rice,  pepper,  and  tobacco,  in  great 
abundance.  The  Portuguese  annually  export 
hence  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones.  St.  Sebas- 
tian is  the  capital. 

Riom,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy 

769 


RiS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROA 


de  Dome,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne,  seated 
on  a  hill,  in  a  pleasant  country,  8  ms.  NE.  of 
Clermont,  and  115  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  13  E., 
lat.  45  54  N. 

Rions,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gironde,  and 
late  province  of  Guienne,  seated  on  the  Garonne, 
18  ms.  SE.  of  Bordeaux. 

Ripa  Transone,  populous  and  strong  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  territory  of  the  church,  and  marquisate 
of  Ancona,  with  a  bishop's  see,  5  ms.  W.  of  the 
Gulf  of  Venice,  and  8  S.  of  Ferno.  Lon.  13  50 
E.,  lat.  42  59  N. 

Ripen,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland,  capi- 
tal of  a  diocess  of  the  same  name,  with  two  col- 
leges, a  good  harbor,  and  a  public  library.  The 
harbor,  which  has  contributed  greatly  to  the  pros 
perity  of  the  place,  is  at  a  small  distance,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Nipsaa,  55  ms.  NW.  of  Sles- 
wick,  and  60  S.  by  W.  of  Wiburg.  Lon.  9°  E., 
lat.  55  25  N. 

Ripley,  town  of  Eng. ,  in  the  W.  Riding  of  York- 
shire, on  the  Nyd,  23  ms.  WNVV.  of  York,  and 
221  N.  by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  30  W.,  lat. 

54  4  N.  Town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.  Town, 

Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lake  Erie.  Town 

and  seat  of  justice,  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  N.  or 
right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  50  ms.  above  Cincinnati. 
Lat.  38  49  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  45  W. 

Ripley,  co.,  Ia.,  bounded  by  Fayette  NW., 
Franklin  N. ,  Dearborn  E.,  Switzerland  SE.,  Jef- 
ferson S.,and  Jennings  W.  Length 27  ms.,  mean 
width  16  ;  and  area  432  sq,  ms.  It  is  an  elevated 
tract,  from  which  the  streams  flow  in  various  di- 
rections into  Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers.  Chief 
town,  Versailles.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,822;  and  in 
1840,  10,392.  For  central  lat.,  see  Versailles, 
Ripley  co.,  Ia. 

Ripley,  town  of  Bond  co.,  111.,  about  20  ms.  E. 
from  Edwardsville. 

Ripuari an,  differently  spelled  ripuarii,  ribu- 
raii,  or  ribuerii,  from  low  Latin,  riparii,  "People 
of  the  River,"  terms  used  in  the  middle  ages  to 
designate  Franks,  Gauls,  Burgundians,  Allemanii, 
Frisons,  Saxons,  and  others  of  the  northern  na- 
tions who  fixed  themselves  along  the  Rhine. 

Ripon,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  West  Yorkshire, 
noted  for  its  manufacture  of  hardwares,  particularly 
spurs,  and  the  market-place  is  one  of  the  finest 
squares  of  the  kind  in  England.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Ure,  28  ms.  NW.  of  York,  and  218  NNW. 
of  London.    Lon.  1  29  W.,  lat.  54  11  N. 

Riquier,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Somme, 
and  late  province  of  Picardy,  on  the  Cardon,  5  ms. 
NE.  of  Abbeville,  and  95  N.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  59 
E.,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Risborough,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Buckinghamshire; 
20  ms.  S.  of  Aylesbury,  and  37  WNW.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  42'  W.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Rising  Sun,  post  office",  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  18  ms. 

SW.  from  Wilmington  Village,  Dearborn  co., 

Ia-,  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  13  ms.  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Great  Miami. 

Risonville,  village,  Nottaway  co.,  Va.,  by  post- 
road  76  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Ristigouche,  river  and  harbor  of  New  Bruns- 
wick and  L.  C.  The  river  falls  into  Chaleur  bay, 
and  the  harbor  is  situated  at  the  junction.  The 
main  stream  of  Ristigouche  separates  L.  C.  and 
New  Brunswick. 
770 


Ritberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westphalii  ,p. 
ital  of  a  i  o.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Em  12 
ms.  NW.  of  Paderborn.    Lon.  8  42  E.,  ]  51 

52  North. 

Rittenhouse,  village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  b  osi 
road  C4  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

Riva,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bit  rj( 
of  Trent,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river,  (  jj( 
Garda,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Trent.  Lon.  11  f 
lat.  46  4  N. 

Rivadavia,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  provi  0| 
Gallicia.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  th<  id. 
ho  and  Avia,  and  the  circumjacent  country  al  idi 
with  the  best  wine  in  Spain.  It  is  15  ms.  V  ff, 
of  Orense.    Lon.  7  55  W.,  lat.  42  13. N. 

Rivadeo,  town  of  Spain,  in  GaNicia,  with  >od 
harbor.  It  stands  on  a  rock,  at  the  mouth  :be 
Rio  de  Miranda,  45  ms.  NNE.  of  Lugo.  V-]|B 
47  W.,  lat.  43  38  N. 

Rivallo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  I  ra, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  20  ms.  from  Naples.  - 

Rivalta,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  situ?  on 

the  Sangom,  6  ms.  SW.  of  Turin.  To« 

Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  situated  on  the  river  Ja, 
15  ms.  E.  of  Milan. 

Rivanna,  river  of  Virginia,  which  rises  ibe 
Blue  Ridge,  and,  after  running  a  SE.  court  allf 
into  James  river  near  the  town  of  Columbia  $k 
Albemarle  and  Fluvanna  cos. 

Rivarolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  llw 
river  Orio,  15  ms.  N.  of  Turin,  and  12  N  ;| 
Carmagnola. 

River  Bank,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  ^  bj 
post  road  94  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C,  and  100  W. 
from  Richmond. 

River  Head,  village,  New  London  co.,  <  M 

ms.  by  post  road  from  Hartford.  Tp.  of!  oik 

co.,  Long  Island.  The  village  of  River  H  ,  U 
this  tp.,  is  on  the  sound  nearly  opposite  Ne  3a 
ven,  in  Ct.  There  is  another  village  in  the* 
tp.  also  called  River  Head,  which  is  near,  am  W 
from  the  mouth  of  Peconic  river.  The  latte  lb( 
seat  of  justice  for  Suffolk  co  ,  78  ms  a  littlf'-i 
E.  from  the  city  of  N.  Y.  Lat.  40  56  N.,  I<  W 
C.  4  22  E.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1810,  1,7  j 
1820,  1,907  ;  and  in  1840,  2,449. 

Rivesaltics,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  I  *" 
Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Rousiilon.  1 1 
seated  on  the  Egly,  8  ms.  N.  of  Perpigoan,  <li 
famous  for  its  fine  wine. 

Rivoli,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  with  ia| 
nificent  castle,  9  ms.  W.  of  Turin.  Lon.  * 
E.,  lat.  45  4  N. 

Rivolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese,  il* 
on  the  Lake  Garda,  20  ms.  N  W.  of  Verona  * 
11  1  E.,  lat.  45  34  N. 

Rixeyville,  village,  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  bj 
road  67  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C,  and  117  m 
from  Richmond. 

Roa,  strong  town  of.Spain,  in  Old  Castil  nil 
a  citadel  and  a  castle.    It  is  seated  on  the  L  »o 
in  a  country  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  10  me 
of  Aranda,  and  70  N.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  3 
lat.  41  35  N. 

Roane,  co.,  Tenn  ,  bounded  by  Bloui&' 
McMinn  SE.,  Rhea  SW.,  Morgan  NW.,  '« 
son  N.,  and  Knox  NE.  Length  30  ms.;eal 
width  20  ;  area,  600  sq.  ms.  Surface  brokt  a» 
soil,  except  near  the  streams,  thin  and  stenM 


ROB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROC 


o;reat  branches  of  Tennessee  river,  the  Ten- 
ia proper  and  Holston,  unite  in  this  co.  below 
e  eat  of  justice,  Kingston.  Pop.  in  1820, 
■;  and  in  1840,  10,948.  Central  lat.  35  55 
,  m.  W.  C.  7  30  W. 
fins  creek,  Carter  co.,  Ten. 
linne,  populous  and  commercial  town  of  Fr., 
tl  dep.  of  Rhone  and  Loire,  and  late  province 
bnnois.  It  is  seated  on  the  Loire,  where  it  is 
navigable  for  barks.    Hence  the  merchandise 


Ten.,  65  ms.  by  post  road  SW.  from  Murfreesbo- 
rough. 

Roberts's  Store,  and  post  office,  Shelby  co.,  Ky., 
27  ms.  from  Frankfort. 

Robertsville,  village,  Bennington  co.,  Vt.,  by 
post  road  111  ms.  SSW.  from  Montpelier. 

Robertsville,  village  in  the  western  part  of  Beau- 
fort co  ,  S.  C,  40  ms.  N.  from  Savannah,  and  80 
W.  from  Charleston. 
Robeson,  tp.,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  opposite  to 
>ns,  Marseilles,  and  the  Levant,  is  conveyed  the  extreme  W.  angle  of  Alleghany  co.,  and  on 

the  Loire,  and  by  a  canal  into  the  Seine,  and  Raccoon  creek,  18  ms.  SW.  from  Pittsburg.  

!  to  Paris.  Lon.  4  12  E.,  lat.  46  13  N.  I  Tp  ,  Berks  co.,  Pa.,  on  Schuylkill  river,  between 
\noke,  island  on  the  coast  of  N.  C,  in  Albe-'  Alleghany  and  Hay  creeks,  5  ms.  below  Reading, 
co.    Lon.  76  0  W.,  lat.  35  50  N.  I     Robeson,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  S.  Carolina 

noke,  one  of  the  Atlantic  rivers  of  the  U.  S.,|SW.,  Richland  co.  W.,  Cumberland  N.,  Bladen 
and  N.  C.  It  is  formed  principally  by  theiE.,  and  Columbus  SE.  Length  33  ms.,  mean 
on  and  Dan  rivers  ;  but  as  Albemarle  sound  j  width  25  ;  area  825  sq.  ms.    It  is  drained  by  dif- 


ply  the  continuation  of  Roanoke,  Chowan 
Should  also  be  considered  one  of  its  branches, 
riing,  therefore,  Albemarle  sound  and  Chow- 
i  basin  of  Roanoke  extends  about  250  ms. 
j;th  from  NW.  by  W.  to  SE.  by  E.,  with  a 
i vidth  of  60  ms.,  embracing  an  area  of  15,- 
tj.  ms.  Geographic  position  between  lat. 
and  37£°  N.  Interlocking  sources  with 
{  river,  Great  Kenawha,  and  Pedee  rivers, 
note  mountain  branches  of  Roanoke  rise  on 
Ut  elevated  valleys  of  the  U.  S.  The  differ- 
f  level  between  the  higher  navigable  sections 
itnton  and  Dan  rivers  and  the  tide  in  Albe- 
sounJ  exceeds,  it  is  probable,  1,200  feet. 
Be  rises  as  high  as  Halifax,  but  the  Roanoke 
i  in  any  part  of  its  course,  navigable  in  pro- 
i  to  its  volume.  Sloops  and  shallops  ascend 
r0  ms.,  above  which  boats  are  used.  Mea- 
re,  however,  in  progress  to  render  this  fine 
(more  subservient  to  the  commercial  pros- 
>f  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  it  drains, 
sin  of  the  Roanoke  commences  the  cotton 
of  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  U.  S.  That 
lie  may  be,  indeed,  and  is  actually  cultivated 
'asin  of  the  Susquehannah,  but  it  is  only 


ferent  branches  of  Little  Pedee.  Chief  town,  Lam 
berton.  Pop.  in  1820,8,204;  and  in  1840,  10,370. 
Central  lat.  34  42,  lon.  W.  C.  2  11  W. 
Robeso>ts,  post  office,  Leon  co.,  Flo. 
Robil,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seaced  on  the  river 
Muretz. 

Robin  Hood,  post  office,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa. 

Robinson's,  post  office,  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  by  post 
road  80  ms.  westward  from  Columbus. 

Robinson,  tp.,  Alleghany  co,,  Pa.,  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Ohio  river,  between  Charter's  creek  and 
Montour's  run,  5  ms.  below  Pittsburg. 

Rocamadour,  petty  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lot,  23  ms.  N.  of  Cahors.  Lon.  1  32  E.,  lat. 
44  48  N. 

Rocca  d'-Anfo,  strong  town  of  Italy,  on  the 
Lake  Idro,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Trent.  Lon.  11  40  E., 
lat.  45  50  N. 

Rocello,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, near  which  is  a  celebrated  coral  fishery,  10 
miles  NE.  of  Gierace.  Lon.  16  47  E.,  lat.  38 
20  N. 

Rochdale,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  carries 
on  manufactures  of  baizes,  serges,  and  other  wool- 


Roanoke  that  the  temperature  and  length  I  en  goods.  It  is  seated  in  a  vale,  on  the  river  Roche 


ner  renders  cotton  a  valuable  crop. 


I  55  ms.  WSW.  of  York,  and  195  NNW.  of  Lon- 


loke,  village,  Mecklenburg  co.,  Va.,  by  post  don.    Lon.  2  18  W.,  lat.  53  38  N. 


•0  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 


Roche,  town  of  Switzerland,  subject  to  the  can- 


°m  island,  sometimes  called  Penguin  island,  I  ton  of  Bern,  which  has  here  a  director  of  salt  works. 


i'n,  sandy  island,  lying  at  the  entrance  of 
jbay,  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
S.,  lat.  33  50  S. 

nnstown,  village,  Washington  co 
id  277  ms.  NE.  from  Portland. 
Mown,  village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  on 
it  bank  of  Youghioghany  river,  22  miles 
jrom  Pittsburg.    It  is  a  small  village,  in  a 
-jitreet,  or  rather  line  of  houses,  facing  the 


mrtson,  co.  of  Ten.,  bounded  by  Ky.  N., 
*uroij-  E.,  Davidson  S.,  Dickson  SW.,  and 
rtontjimery  W.    Length  40  ms.,  mean  width 

1 5  |?a  600  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Springfield 
»ed  |er  rises  in  and  Cumberland  passes  through 
to  Sf.  angle  of  this  co.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,938  ; 
r"i  i  1840,  13,801.  For  central  latitude,  see 
Airfield. 

Rortson's  Store,  and  post  office,  Pittsylvania 

o.  V 


«1 


•tson's  Fork,  and  post  office,  Giles  co., 


Roche,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  in  the 
Lon.  |  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated 
jon  a  rock  near  the  river  Ourte,  22  ms.  S.  of  Liege, 
Me.,  by  land  32  NW.  of  Luxemburg.    Lon.  5  40  E  ,  lat. 
"  [50  15  N. 

Roche,  Bernard,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Morbihan,  and  late  province  of  Brittany,  seated  on 
the  river  Vilaine,  23  ms.  E.  of  Vannes. 

Roche  Chouart,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Up- 
per Vienne,  and  late  province  of  Poitou,  near  a 
small  river  that  falls  into  the  Vienne,  60  ms.  S. 
by  E.  of  Poitiers,  and  189  S.  by  W.  of  Paris, 
Lon.  0  53  E.,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Roche  Macheran,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Bel- 
gium, in  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  15  ms.  NE.  of 
Luxemburg.    Lon.  6  25  E.,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Roche  Possay,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  mineral  waters,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Creuse,  25  ms.  S.  of  Loches.  Lon.  0  50  E., 
lat.  46  45  N. 

771 


ROC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROC 


Roche-sur-Yon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ven-;by  families  who  settle  in  the  village.    Thep  n\ 
dee,  and  late  province  of  Poitou,  seated  near  the  population  is  10,818,  that  of  the  last  year  7, 
Yon,  20  ms.  NVV.  of  Lucon,  and  202  SW.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  31  W.,  lat.  46  40  X. 

Rochefort,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  in  the  census  of  1840  gave  for  Rochester  a  pi  0| 
the  territory  of  Luxemburg,  on  the  Somme,  sur-  20,191.    In  1812,  there  were  but  two  or  thr 
rounded  by  rocks,  50  ms.  NW.  of  Luxemburg,  dinary  buildings  on  the  site  of  this  mo  e- 


The  preceding  was  written  and  publishe  v. 
eral  years  since,  and  so  true  to  the  then  futur>  n 


Lon.  5  10  E.,  lat.  50  12  N.  Seaport  of  Fr.,  in 

the  dep.  of  Luver  Charente,  with  a  commodious 
harbor,  one  of  the  best  in  France.  It  stands  on 
the  Charente,  15  ms.  from  its  mouth.  It  has  a 
magnificent  hospital,  the  finest  hall  of  arms  in 
France,  a  noble  arsenal,  a  foundry  for  cannon, 
and  all  the  other  magazines  necessary  for  the  con- 
struction and  equipment  of  ships  of  war.  It  is  18 
m.=.  SSE.  of  Rochelle,  and  127  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
0  58  W.,  lat.  45  50  N.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the 


markable  and  flourishing  city.  The  entire  I  jn 
the  Genesee,  at  Rochester,  is  92  feet,  which,  th 
the  mass  of  water  in  the  river,  gives  a  pow  *. 
yond  calculation.  This  power  has  been  a  dy 
made  available  on  mills  and  other  factories  an 
extent  which  gives,  with  the  active  com mer  u- 
perinduced  by  the  Great  canal,  an  appe;  ce 
founded  on  reality  to  Rochester  of  being,  I  he 
amount  of  its  population,  amongst  the  mos  > 
ductive  cities  in  existence.    N.  lat.  43  9,  loi  V. 


dep.  of  Jura,  on  the  river  Doubs,  6  ms.  NE.  of  |  of  W.  C.  0  43. 


Dole,  and  22  WSW.  of  Besancon   Town  of 

Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Muyenne  and  Loire,  on  the  river 

Loire,  10  ms.  SSW.  of  Angers.  Town  of  Fr., 

in  the  dep.  of  Morbihan,  17  ms.  E.  of  Vannes, 
and  40  SW.  of  Rennes. 

Rochefoucault,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cha- 
rente, seated  on  the  Tardouere,  12  ms.  SW.  of 
Angouleme. 

Rochelle,  fortified  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Charente.  The  haven  is  surrounded  by  a 
prodigious  mole,  4,482  feet  in  extent.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a  considerable  trade,  especially 

in  wine,  brand}',  sugar,  salt,  paper,  linen,  and  ser-  i8  ms.  S.  from  Jamaica,  on  the  Atlantic  coas  It 
ges.     Rochelle  is  s-  ated  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  67  i  is  a  watering  place,  and  seat  of  summer  recre 


Rochetta,  town  of  Italy,  Niceco.,  16  ms  E. 
of  Nice.    Lr>n.  7  34  E.,  lat.  43  51  N. 

Rochford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  16  m?  E. 
of  Chelmsford,  and  40  N.  by  E.  of  London,  in. 
0  41  E  ,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Rochile,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  tei  <r» 
of  Leipsic,  with  copper  mines  and  a  nan'  ne 
bridge  over  the  Muldaw,  24  ms  SE.  of  L<  ic 
and  36  W.  of  Dresden.  Lon.  12  46  E.,  1  51 
10  N. 

Rock,  northern  tp  ,  Harrison  co.,  O. 
Rockmcay,  village,  Queen's  co.,  Long  I  id, 


ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Nantes,  and  220  SW.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  1  10  W.,  lat.  46  9  N. 

Rochemaure,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Ar- 
deche,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  8  miles  NNE.  of 
Viviers. 

Riche  Perce,  town  of  Mo.,  in  Howard  co. 

Rochester,  city  of  Eng.  in  Kent,  parted  from 
Stroud  on  the  W.  by  its  bridge,  and  is  contiguous 
to  Chatham  on  the  E.,  on  the  Medway,  26  ms. 
WNW.  of  Canterbury,  and  29  ESE.  of  London. 

Lon.  0  36  E.,  lat.  51* 23  N.  Village  of  Eng., 

in  Northumberland,  on  the  Watling  street,  NW. 
of  Otterbrun,  and  near  the  source  of  the  Read.  It 
h  is  some  Roman  altars,  inscriptions,  and  other  an- 
tiquities. Town,  Strafford  eo  ,  N.  H.,  on  the 

W.  aide  of  Salmon  Fall  river,  25  ms.  NW.  of 
Portsmouth.  Town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  35  ms. 

NW.  from  Windsor.  Town,  Plymouth  co.,  Ison  NE.,  and  Clay  E.    Length  85,  mean  lib 


Village,  Morris  co.,  N.  J.,  7  ms.  >  of 
Boonetown,  and  36  NW.  of  Newark. 

Rnckaway  Valley,  post  office,  Morris  ccN» 
J.,  75  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Rockbridge,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  the  ue 
Ridge,  or  Nelson  and  Amherst  cos.,  SE.,  B>  ird 
S.,  Botetourt  SW.  and  W\,  Bath  NW.,  an  n- 
gusta  NE.  Length  33,  mean  width  23,  area  >ut 
760  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the  North  er, 
branch  of  James  river,  which  unites  at  the  f  of 
the  Blue  ridge,  in  the  southern  angle  of  th*. 
Surface  pleasingly  diversified,  and  soil  gener  of 
middling  quality.  Pop.  1820,  11,945;  a  in 
1840,  14,284.  Central  lat.  37  50  N.,  lorfl. 
C.  2  30  W. 

Rockcastle,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Knox  ■ 
Pulaski  SW.,  Lincoln  and  Garrard  NW.,  I 


Mass.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Metapisset  river,  between 
"Wareham  and   New  Bedford.    Pop.  in  1820, 

3,034.  Town,  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  W. 

of  New  Paltz,  and  84  S  W.  of  Albany. 

Rochester,  very  flourishing  city  in  Monroe  co., 
N.  Y.,  on  Genesee  river,  at  its  lower  falls,  and 
where  the  Erie  canal  crosses  that  stream,  NW. 
from  Canandaigua,  and  NE.  from  Batavia,  about 
32  ms.  from  each. 

The  growth  and  rapid  increase  of  this  place  is 
beyond  a  parallel  in  our  country.  Its  situation  is 
g}  eminently  adapted  for  concentrating  the  com- 
merce of  our  Western  country,  by  means  of  the  ca 


15,  area  about  380  sq.  ms.  It  occupies  the  ;bt 
of  land  between  Kentucky  and  Cumberland  'H, 
being  drained  by  Dicks  river,  branch  of  the  f 
and  Rockcastle  branches  of  the  latter.  Chief  ra» 
Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  1820,  2,249  ;  and  in  m 
2,409.  Central  lat.  37  24  N.,  lon.  W.  C  H 
West. 

Rockdale,  village,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.,  c'hi 
left  side  of  French  creek,  commencing  about  Q< 
above  the  borough  of  Meadville.  Pop.  1820,  ?6 
Rockfish,  river,  Va.,  forms  part  of  the  bou  irj 
between  Albemarle  and  Nelson  cos.,  Va.,  an  lr 
into  James  river  from  the  N 


Id  Rockford,  village,  Surry  co.,  N.  C,  on  1  & 
st  river,  near  the  centre  of  the  co. ;  by  post  roa 


a,  on  the  road  from  thence  to  Steubenvill 
Rock  Hall,  village,  Kent  co.,  Md.,  on  I  * 


nal,  that  we  might  have  expected  in  time  it  wou 
become  a  flourishing  town.    But,  from  the  last 

census,  it  appears  that  the  increase  for  the  past  I  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh.  Village,^ 

year  is  upwards  of  3,000,  and  that,  although  352  carawas  co.,  Ohio,  7  ms.  E.  from  New  Pb 
new  dwellings  were  erected  during  the  season,  still  ph' 
they  cannot  supply  the  continued  demands  made  I 
772 


ROC  GEOGRAPHICAL 


.,j,of  Chesapeake  bay,  directly  opposite  the 
,  b  of  Patapsco  river. 

ickhill,  town,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  between  Rich- 
LKiid  Hilltown,  30  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia. 
|  or  1820,  1,067. 

kk  Hill  Mills,  Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  by  post 
t61  ms.  N.  from  Richmond. 

fckingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northampton - 
»hi«  on  the  Welland,  12  ms.  S.  of  Oakham,  and 

83 ] .  by  W.  of  London.  Town,  Windham 

cowi^t.,  lying  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  riv- 
er, |t  ms.  N.  of  Brattleborough,  and  6  ms.  from 
W*ole,  N.  H. 

hzkingham,  southeastern  co.,  N.  H.,  bounded 
bv  B  Atlantic  ocean  and  Essex  co  ,  Mass.,  E. 
andpE.,  Hillsborough  and  Merrimack  cos.,  N. 
H.Jv.  and  NW.,  and  by  Strafford  N.  Length 
i')  )>.,  mean  width  about  20,  area  800  sq  miles. 
It  i:  rained  by  numerous  small  branches  flowing 
itclreatbay  and  Merrimack  river.  The  surface 
ofljs  co.  is  finely  diversified  by  hill,  dale,  and 

■  e  nountain  scenery.  Soil  productive  in  fruits, 
grai  and  pasturage.  Chief  city,  Portsmouth, 
i  eral  lat  43°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  50  E.    In  the 

ems  of  1820,  Rockingham  had  a  pop.  of  55,256, 
jt  nce  that  period  the  NW.  tps.  have  been  de- 
iscH,  and  are  now  included  in  Merrimack  co. 
i  oj  1840,  45,771. 

i'.kingham,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  the  Blue 
Kid(,  or  Orange  co.,  SE.,  Augusta  SW.,  Pen- 
Ltlatj.  NW.,  Hardy  N.,  and  Shenandoah  NE. 
Ler  h  33  ms.,  mean  width  24,  area  about  800 
nq.  is.  The  N.  fork  rises  in,  and  the  main  branch 
)i  fcmanhoah  river  passes  through  this  co.  Surface 
geiililly  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous,  and  soil 
i    itldling  quality.    Chief  town,  Harrisonburg. 

)[  L820,  14,784.  Central  lat.  37  28  N.,  Ion. 
W.j.  1  50  W. 

bkingham,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Va.  N., 
C«kll  co.,  N.  C,  E.,  Guilford  S.,  and  Stokes 
W. | Length  28  ms.,  breadth  20,  area  560  sq. 
jn9.  lt  is  drained  by  Dan  river,  branch  of  Roan- 
okfllnd  by  the  sources  of  Cape  Tar  river.  Pop. 

>2  11,474.    Cil.  lat.  36  22  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2 

Jkingham,  or  Richmond  C.  H.,  post  office, 
xiondco.,  N  C,  on  Hitchcock  creek,  5  ms. 
a'jot  its  entrance  into  Yadkin  river,  about  100 
n»!W.  from  Raleigh.    Lat.  35  3  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C,  |49  W. 

1i  following  quaint  notice  deserves  a  place, 
Jrnore  than  one  home  truth  it  contains: 
Irk  Island  City.  At  the  mouth  of  Rock  river, 
WW  is  the  healthiest  stream  in  Illinois,  and 
ri  '^through  one  of  the  most  beautiful  countries 
>n  t  world,  is  an  islet  upon  which  the  U.  S.  post 
of  irt  Armstrong  has  been  many  years  esiablish- 

■  J-  Opposite  this  island,  at  the  point  where  Rock 
"■  'f  intersects  the  Mississippi,  is  the  peninsula 
lescbed  below,  where  a  new  town  is  springing 
up  derthe  absurd  name  of  "  Rock  Island  City." 
11  ;e,riould  think  that  the  Saukeeor  Ottagamie  di- 

ecnight  have  supplied  a  belter  epithet  to  those 
*b(iit  appears,  have  the  good  taste  and  the  good 
J«elij  to  treasure  at  least  some  mementos  of  the 
d  Nations  that  once  held  the  seat  of  their  pow- 
er tbn  this  celebrated  spot. — N.  Y.  American, 
lfkland,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Hudson  riv- 
.  Bergen  co.,  N,  J.,  SW.,  and  Orange  co., 


DICTIONARY.  ROC 


N.  Y.,  NW.  It  lies  in  form  of  a  triangle,  the 
base  23  ms.  along  Hudson,  and  each  other  side  19 
ms.,  with  an  area  of  about  180  sq.  ms.  Surface 
very  broken,  but  with  much  good  soil.  It  abounds 
also  in  iron  ore.  Chief  town,  Clarksburg.  Pop. 
1820,  8,837.  Central  lat.  41  9  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
3°  E. 

Rockland,  tp.,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.  Tp.,  Berks 

co.,  Pa.,  on  the  heads  of  Manataway  and  Sacony 
creeks,  10  ms.  NE.  from  Reading.  "  Pop.  1820, 
1,130. 

Rock  Landing,  village,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Roanoke  river,  at  the  head  of  the 
great  falls,  12  ms.  above  Halifax. 

Rock  Mills  and  post  office.  Pendleton  district, 
S.  C,  by  post  road  166  ms,  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Rockport,  village  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth 

of  Rocky  river,  Cuyahoga  co.,  O.  Village, 

Spencer  co.,  Ta.,  on  Ohio  river,  40  m*.  by  water 
above  the  mouth  of  Green  river,  and  by  post  road 
189  ms.  SSW.  from  Indianapolis. 

Rock  river,  river  of  Wisconsin  and  Illinois, 
rises  in  the  former,  and  composed  of  two  branches, 
Rock  river  the  eastern,  and  Peckatonakee  the 
western.  See  art.  Peckatonakee.  The  extreme 
source  of  Rock  river  is  in  Fond  du  Lac,  county 
Wisconsin,  as  high  as  North  latitude  42  40, 
and  less  than  20  ms.  from  the  southern  bay  of 
Winnebago  lake  of  Fox  river,  draining  by  its 
numerous  branches  part  of  Dane,  Portage,  Fond 
du  Lac,  Milwaukie,  and  Walworth  co?.,  and  all 
Dodge,  Jefferson,  and  Rock  cos.,  unites  with  the 
Peckatonakee  2  or  3  ms.  within  Illinois.  By 
comparative  courses  Rock  river  flows  about  100 
ms.  in  Wisconsin.  In  its  further  course  of  120 
ms.  in  III.,  it  receives  few  branches  whilst  travers- 
ing Winnebago,  Ogle,  Lee,  Whiteside,  Henry, 
and  Rock  Island  cos.,  until  its  junction  with  the 
Mississippi  at  Rock  Island  city.  N.  lat,  41  30, 
Ion.  W.  W.  O.  13  25 

Rock  Spring  and  post  office,  Nelson  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  118  ms.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Rock  Spring  and  post  office,  Pendleton  district, 
S.  C,  by  post  road  147  ms.  NW  from  Columbia. 

Rock  Stream  and  post  office,  Steuben  co.,  N. 
Y.,  by  post  road  245  rns.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from 
Albany. 

Rockville,  or  Montgomery  C.  H.,  village  and 
seat  of  justice,  Montgomery  co.,  Md  ,  on  the  road 
from  W.  C.  to  Frederick,  and  on  the  high  ground 
between  the  sources  of  Rock  creek  and  Watts's 
branch,  15  ms.  NNW.  from  W.  C,  28  SSE, 
from  Frederick,  and  about  35  SW.  from  Balti- 
more. The  situation  is  elevated  and  rolling.  Pop. 
1830,  555;  1840,  700.  Lat.  39  5  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  7§'  W. 

Rockville,  village,  Bucks  co..  Pa.  Village, 

Parke  co.,  Ia.,  by  post  road  80  ms.  W.  from  In- 
dianapolis. 

Rocky  Hill  and  post  office,  tp.  of  Weathersfield, 
Hartford  co.  Ct.,  4  ms.  from  Hartford. 

Rocky  Hill  and  post  office,  Barren  co.,  Ky.,  by 
post  road  155  ms.  SSW.  from  Frankfort. 

Rocky  Mount,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Frank- 
lin co.,  Va.,  40  ms.  S.  from  Fincastle,  and  by 
post  road  210  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Lat.  36  58  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  58  W.  Village, 

Nash  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  47  ms.  NE.  from 
Raleigh  Village  on  the  right  bank  of  Wateree 

773 


ROC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROM 


river,  and  in  the  extreme  NE.  angle  of  Fairfield 
district,  S.  C,  43  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Co- 
lumbia. 

Rocky  Mountains. — See  Chippewan. 

Rocky  Ridge,  village,  Trigg  co.,  Ky.,  by  post 
road  217  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Rocky  river,  of  N.  Carolina,  rises  by  numerous 
branches  in  Iredell  and  Rowan  counties.  These 
branches,  after  a  general  southern  course,  unite  in 
and  flow  from  the  extreme  southern  point  of  Ca- 
barras,  where  the  united  water  turn  abruptly  to 
the  E.,  and,  continuing  the  latter  course  between 
Montgomery  and  Anson,  fall  into  Yadkin  river, 
after  an  entire  comparative  course  of  35  ms. 

Rocky  Springs,  post  office,  Rockingham  co., 
N.  C,  by  post  road  146  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

 Post  office,  Granger  co.,  Tenn.,  about  230 

ms.  by  post  road  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Nashville. 

 Post  office,  Claiborne  co.,  Mis-.,  about  50 

ms.  NE.  from  Natchez. 

Rocoux,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, near  Liege. 

Rocroy,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  on  a  plain,  surrounded  by  forests,  26 
ms.  N.  of  Rethel.    Lon.  4  27  E.,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Rodach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Saxony,  and  principality  of  Coburg,  situated 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  6  ms.  WNVV.  of 
Coburg. 

Rodez,  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aveiron.  Here  are  some  manufactures  of 
gray  cloths  and  serges.  It  is  seated  in  the  midst 
of  mountains,  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  flows 
the  rapid  Averion,  30  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Mende. 
Lon.  2  39  E.,  lat.  44  21  N. 

Roding,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  which  rises 
near  Dunmow,  runs  S.  to  Ongar,  and  gives  the 
name  of  Rodings  to  this  part  of  the  co.  It  then 
flows,  between  Epping  and  Hainault  Forest,  to 
Barking,  below  which  it  falls  into  the  Thames. 

Rodman,  town,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  160  ms. 
NW.  from  Albany.    Pop.  1820,  1,735. 

Rodok,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Delhi,  60  ms.  WNW.  of  Delhi.  Lon. 
76  30  E.,  lat.  29  10  N. 

Rodosto,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Roma- 
nia, near  the  N.  bank  of  the  Marmora  sea,  70  ms. 
W.  from  Constantinople. 

Roer,  river  of  Westphalia,  which  rises  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  between  the  Rhine  and  Meuse, 
passes  by  the  town  of  Juliers,  and  falls  into  the 
Mease  above  Ruremonde. 

Roer,  or  Ruhr,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  waters  Arensburg, 
and  falls  into  the  Rhine  below  Diusberg.  This 
stream  rises  in  the  Teuteburg  mountains,  inter- 
locking sources  with  those  of  the  Lippe  and  We- 
ser.    Its  valley  lies  to  the  S.  of  that  of  the  Lippe. 

Roeux,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Hainault,  8  ms.  NE.  of  Mons.  Lon.  4  12  E., 
lat.  50  31  N; 

Rogonattour,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the 
country  of  Bengal,  106  ms.  SW.  of  Moorsheda- 
bad,  and  101  NW.  of  Calcutta. 

Rochaczow,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Dnieper  and  Ordwa,  37  ms.  NW.  of  Rzeczica, 
and  158  N.  of  Kiofo.  Lon.  30  40  E.,  lat.  53  2 
North. 

774 


Rochan,  town  of  France,  in  the  departme  >f 
Morbihan,  seated  on  the  Aoust,  20  ms.  N.  of 
nes     Lon.  2  42  W.,  lat.  48°  N. 

Rochilcund,  or  Rohilla,  territory  of  Hin  \> 
tan  proper,  whose  inhabitants  are  called  Roh  [ 
It  lies  to  the  E.  of  Delhi,  and  was  subject  ti  e 
nabob  of  Oude,  by  whom  it  was  conquer  n 
1774.  Bereilly  is  the  capital.  It  was  cerl  0 
the  British  in  1801,  and  is  now  included  i  e 
district  of  Bereilly. 

Rugerstown,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Mo.,  51  L 
SW.  from  St.  Louis,  on  Merrimack  river. 

Rogersville,  village,  Person  co.,  N.  C,  by  b 

road  96  ms.  NNW.  from  Raleigh  Vil 

near  mount  Dill,  in  the  southern  part  of  Pfc  >, 
ton  district,  S.  C,  by  postroad  162  ms.  NW.  bi  !f3 

from  Columbia.  Village  and  seat  of  ju.  I 

Hawkins  co.,  Tenn.,  on  the  right  bank  oil* 
Holston  river,  about  70  ms.,  above  Knoxvilii  [\ 
contains,  beside  the  co.  buildings,  an  r;cad 
bank,  and  printing  office.    Lat.  36  20  Bf., 
W.  C.  6  3  W. 

Rohilcund. — See  Rochilcund. 

Roldue,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ne 
lands,  in  the  duchy  of  Limburg,  capital  of  1 1 
ritory  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  7  mi  I 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle.   Longitude  6  6  E.,  lat.  5  5 
North. 

Rollrich  Stones,  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire,  I  if 
Stanton  Harcourt,  6  ms.  W.  of  Oxford.  It  a 
circle  of  stones  standing  upright,  which  the  I- 
gar  have  a  notion  were  men  petrified.  Ant  I 
ries  disagree  with  respect  to  the  origin  anc  - 
tention  of  this  ancient  monument. 

Rom,  or  Roem,  island  of  Denmark,  on  th  U 
coast  of  South  Jutland.  It  is  5  ms.  in  lei  i, 
and  half  as  much  in  breadth,  and  contains  c » 
villages. 

Romagna,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesi  • 
cal  State,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Ferra  t, 
on  the  S.  by  Tuscany  and  Urbino,  on  the  I  y 
the  Gulf  of  Venice,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  B  I 
nese  and  Tuscany.  It  is  fertile  in  corn,  v  , 
oil,  and  fruits,  and  has  also  mines,  mineral  wa  i, 
and  salt  works,  which  make  its  principal  reve  . 
Ravenna  is  the  capital. 

Romain  Motier,  town  of  Switzerland,  Pa;  e 
Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwic,  at  the  foot  of  a  m  I 
tain,  in  a  narrow  valley,  though  which  I « 
the  river  Diaz. 

Romania,  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  0 
ms.  long,  150  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  • 
garia,  on  the  E.  by  the  Black  sea,  on  theSy 
the  Archipelago  and  the  sea  of  Marmora,  an  I 
W.  by  Macedonia  and  Bulgaria.  It  was  forri  1 
called  Thrace,  and  is  the  largest  of  all  the  Tin  a 
provinces  in  Europe.  It  is  fruitful  in  corn,  i 
has  mines  of  silver,  lead,  and  alum.  It  is  di v  d 
into  three  sangiacates  or  governments ;  nan  • 
Kirkel,  of  which  Philipopoli  is  the  capital;  (J 
poli,  whose  capital  is  of  the  same  name  ;  and  - 
zantium,  Byzia,  or  Viza,  of  which  Constantin  e 
is  the  capital. 

Roma?w,  strong  and  populous  town  of  h » 
in  Bergomosco.  It  carries  on  a  great  tradi  I 
corn,  and  is  seated  on  a  river  that  runs  belVI 
the  Oglio  and  Serio. 

Romans,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Drc , 
seated  in  a  fine  plain,  on  the  river  Isere,  22  • 


ROM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROM 


I  of  Grenoble,  and  30  S.  of  Venice.    Lon.  5 
I   ,  lat.  45  2  N. 

sme,  celebrated  city  of  Italy,  in  Champagna 
una,  and  the  capital  of  the  Pope's  dominions, 
i  situate  on  the  Tiber,  over  which  it  has  four 
ricks.    The  walls  are  of  brick,  in  which  are  15 
eju;  and  its  whole  circumference,  including 
n/art  beyond  the  Tiber  and  all  belonging  to  the 
'•ijan,  is  upwards  of  16  ms. 
Ithe  Rev.  Enc,  vol.  50,  pp.  611  and  12,  is 
)0)  a  table  of  the  pop.  of  Rome  in  1830.  By 
nibble,  the  aggregate  was  then  147,383. 
lmlation  of  Rome. — According  to  the  late 
eoijs,  the  population  of  Rome  is  now  144,541, 
ic«an  increase  in  one  of  year  of  2,221.  There 
Tt|,  the  "Eternal  city"  33,689  families,  35 
mM)S,  1,490  priests,  1,984  monks  and  friars, 
.d  ,090  nuns.    The  Catholic  inhabitants  are 
iWteO  the  remainder  consists  of  Protestants. 
FMSat.  Evening  Post,  July  10,  1830—467. 

S  ie  of  the  principal  streets  are  of  considerable 
eug,  and  perfectly  straight.    That  called  the 
.dr  is  most  frequented.    The  shops  on  each 
■ide  re  three  or  four  feet  higher  than  the  street; 
mi  .ere  is  a  path  for  foot  passengers  on  a  level 
uttae  shops.     The  palaces,  of  which  there  are 
«ffli  in  this  street,  range  in  a  line  with  the 
HHik  have  no  courts  before  them.    The  Strada 
?eUL  and  the  Strada  di  Porta  Pia,  are  also  very 
uugind  noble  streets.    There  are   no  lamps 
ighf  in  the  streets  at  night;  and  all  Rome  would 
ie  itjitter  darkness,  were  it  not  for  the  candles 
vlatjthe  devotion  of  individuals  sometimes  place 
.efaithe  statues  of  the  Virgin  ;  these  appear  glim- 
aeii!;,  at  vast  intervals,  like  stars  in  a  cloudy 
gh    Rome  exhibits  a  strange  mixture  of  mag- 
i:<«c})t;and  interesting  and  of  common  objects; 
■iwonier  consists  of  palaces,  churches,  fountains, 
ud  ;ie  remains  of  antiquity  ;  the  lat  er  compre- 
eiti'll  the  rest  of  the  city.    The  church  of  St. 
'Gfcfin  the  opinion  of  many,  surpasses,  in  size 
utUgnificence,  the  finest  monuments  or  ancient 
rckfcture.    It  was  begun  to  be  built  in  1506, 
taill  in  1621,  and  is  entiiely  covered  both 
»ith|  and  without  with  marble.    Its  length  is 
3(1  let,  the  breadth  520,  and  the  height,  from 
e  t'ement  to  the  top  of  the  cross,  which  crowns 
'is  cbola,  450.    The  high  altar  under  the  cupo- 
8  it  feet  in  height,  and  of  an  extraordinary 
^licence.     A  complete  description  of  this 
hufi  and  of  its  statues,  basso-relievos,  columns, 
uu.  Irious  other  ornaments,  would  fill  volumes. 

*  thedral  of  St.  John  Lateran,  the  Romans 
ay»  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  churches  of 
toflM  and  the  mother  of  all  the  churches  in 
'hwndoin.  It  contains  the  Scala  Santa,  of 
Hwte  maible  steps,  brought  from  Jerusalem, 
>'  wLh  Christ  is  said  to*  have  ascended  to  the 
••Ittctof  Caiphas.  To  this  church  every  new 
'constantly  goes  first,  in  a  magnificent  pro- 
"si<i,  to  take  possession  of  the  holy  sec.  The 
>  it  on  is  the  most  perfect  of  the  Roman  teni- 
ae* jich  now  remain,  and  notwithstanding  the 
'cpreition  it  has  sustained  from  Goths,  Vandals, 
■  Ipe?,  is  still  a  beautiful  monument  of  Roman 
wte.fThe  pavilion  of  the  great  altar  of  St. 
?©tei^nd  the  four  wreathed  pillars  of  Corinthian 
>ra»s  fiich  supports  it,  were  formed  out  of  the 
'Pwltjf  the  Pantheon,  which,  after  1,900  years, 


has  still  a  probability  of  outliving  its  proud  capa- 
cious rival.    The  Pantheon,  originally  erected  to 
the  honor  of  all  the  gods,  is  now  become  a  Chris- 
tian temple,  dedicated  to  the  Virgin,  and  has 
obtained,  from  its  circular  form,  the  name  of  the 
Rotundo.    Its  height  is  150  feet,  and  its  width 
nearly  the  same.    There  are  no  pillars  to  support 
the  roof,  which  is  constructed  in  the  manner  of  a 
cupola  ?  neither  has  it  any  windows,  a  sufficiency 
of  light  being  admitted  through  a  central  open- 
ing in  the  dome.    As  the  Pantheon  is  the  most 
entire,  the  Amphitheatre  of  Vespasian  is  the  most 
stupendous  monument  of  antiquity    in  Rome. 
About  one-half  of  the  external  circuit  still  remains; 
from  which  a  pretty  exact  idea  may  be  formed  of 
the  original    structure    and   by  computation  it 
could  contain  85,000  spectators.    But  the  anti- 
quities of  Rome  are  too  numerous  to  be  minutely 
described ;  and  the  ancient  Forum,  now  a  cow- 
market,  and  the  beautiful  column  of  Trajan,  &c, 
must  be  passed  over.  The  Campidoglio,  built  by 
Michael  Angelo,  is  a  beautiful  structure,  standing 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Capitol,  so  long  the 
centre  of  the  empire  of  the  world.    The  body  of 
this  place  is  the  residence  of  the  Senators  of  Rome, 
and  the  wings  are  inhabited  by  the  cunservatores  of 
the  city.    The  Pope  has  three  superb  palaces, 
of  which  the  principal  is  the  Vatican,  near  St. 
Peter's  church.    The  library  of  this  palace  is  the 
largest  and  most  complete  in  the  world,  rich  es- 
pecially in  manuscripts,  in  all  languages,  and  of 
all  ages.  In  Rome,  tne  connoisseur  will  meet  with 
innumerable  paintings  by  the  greatest  masters, 
and  with  the  finest  works  of  sculpture,  &c.  Be- 
side the  university,  which  consists    of  several 
noble  colleges,  there  are  numerous  academies  and 
literary  societies.    The  castle  of  St.  Angelo  serves 
more  to  keep  the  city  in  awe,  than  to  repel  any 
foreign  attack.    Rome  was  formerly  the  metro- 
polis of  one  of  the  greatest  empires  that  has  ever 
existed,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  parent  of  all 
the  cities,  the  arts,  and  States  of  modern  Europe. 
The   ancient  Romans  were  governed  by  seven 
kings,  foi  about  230  years.    During  the  next 
488  years,  they  were  governed  by  consuls,  tri- 
bunes, decemvirs,   and  dictators,   in  their  turn. 
They  were  afterwards  governed  by  60  emperors, 
for  the  space  of  518  years.    Their  wars  with  the 
Carthaginians,  Spaniards,  Gauls,  Mithridates  of 
Pontus,    Parlhians,  and  Jews,   were  the  most 
noted.    The  Roman  empire  was  afterwards  much 
distracted  by  various  commotions,  and,  in  410, 
Rome  was  taken  and  burnt.    In  May,  1527, 
Rome  was  invested  by  the  army  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.;  and  the  general,  to  prevent  a  mutiny, 
promised  to  enrich  them  with  the  spoils  of  this 
opulent  city.    The  general,  however,  was  himself 
killed,  as  he  was  planting  a  scaling  ladder  against 
the  walls;  but  his  solders,  not  discouraged  by  his 
death,  mounted  to  the  assault  with  the  utmost 
valor,  and,  entering  the  city,  exercised  all  those 
brutalities  that  may  be  expected  from  ferocity  ag- 
gravated by  resistance.    In  the  wars  which  attend- 
ed the  French  revolution,  Rome  was  again  a  con- 
siderable sufferer.    Large  contributions,  and  se- 
vere military  exactions,  were  drawn  from  the  in- 
habitants; and  a  great  number  of  the  most  valu- 
able statues  and  paintings  were  sent  off  to  Paris. 
Rome  is  110  ms.  NW.  of  Naples,  410  SSW.  of 

775 


RON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROS 


Vienna,  and  600  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  12  29  E., 
I  at.  41  54  N. 

Rome,  tp,,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  22  rt*,  N. 
from  Augusta. 

Rome,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  at  the  head 
of  boat  navigation  in  the  Mohawk,  15  ms.  NVV. 
from  Utica.  It  occupies  the  site  of  Fort  Stanwix. 
It  is  alternately  with  Whitesborough,  the  seat  of 
justice  for  the  co.,  and  contains  the  co.  buildings, 
an  arsenal  belonging  to  the  U.  S.,  and  also  one 
to  the  State  of  N.  Y.  The  Erie  canal  passes 
about  one  fourth  of  a  mile  S.  from  this  village 
or  city.    Pop.  1840,  5,680. 

Rome,  village,  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road 

252  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus.  Village,  on  the 

bank  of  Ohio  river,  Perry  co.,  Ia.,  by  post  road 

145  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Indianapolis.  

E.  tp.,  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio,  on  Ohio  river.  

Tp.,  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

Romella,  general  name  given  by  the  Turks  to 
their  European  dominions.  Before  their  invasion 
of  Europe,  the  Turks,  and  indeed  in  the  middle 
ages  every  Mahometan  nation  denominated  the 
Romano-Greek  empire,  the  kingdom  of  Roum, 
C Rome,  J  from  the  Romans.  This  general  name 
is  perpetuated  in  Roumelia. 

Romenay,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of 
Saone  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  8 
ms.  SE.  of  Tournus,  and  15  NNE.  of  Macon. 
Lon.  5  5  E.,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Romerstadt,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Moravia,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  which  are  some  iron  mines. 
It  is  20  miles  NE.  of  Olmutz.  Lon.  17  45  E., 
lat.  52  20  N. 

Romlulden,  town  of  Franconia.  It  belongs  to 
the  duke  of  Saxe  Altenhurg. 

Romna,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Tchernigof,  28  ms.  SSE.  of  Tchernigof.  Lon. 
33  24  E",  lat.  50  36  N. 

Romney,  New,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Ky.,  seated 
in  a  marsh  of  the  same  name.  It  is  one  of  the 
cinque  ports.  It  is  reduced  to  a  small  place.  It 
is  71  ms.  SE.  of  London.  Lon.  I  5  E.,  lat.  51°  N. 

Romney,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Hampshire 
co.,  Va.,  on  the  S.  branch  of  Potomac  river,  50 
ms.  westward  of  Winchester.  Lat.  39  18  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  1  50  W. 

Romont,  or  Rudmonl,  strong  town  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  canton  of  Friburg,  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 10  ins.  from  Friburg,  and  12  from  Bern. 
Lon.  7  1  E.,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Romorentin,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Loire  and  Cher,  on  the  brook  Morentin,  which 
loses  itself  in  the  Saudre.  It  has  a  manufactory 
of  serges  and  cloi.hs,  which  serves  to  make  the 
place  known.  It  is  45  ms.  E.  of  Tours,  and  100 
S.  by  W.  of  Paris.    Lon.  1  47  E.,  lat.  47  23  N. 

Romsdal,  town  of  Norway.  It  is  the  capital 
of  a  provostship,  in  the  diocess  of  Drontheim, 
and  is  100  ms.  SSW.  of  Drontheim.  Lon.  7  54 
E.,  lat.  62  28  N. 

Romulus,  town,  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y.  It  is  s  tu- 
ated  on  the  E.  side  of  Seneca  lake,  and  between 
that  and  Cayuga  lake.    Pop.  in  1820,  3,698. 

Roncevallos,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  situ- 
ated in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  14  ms.  NNE. 
of  Pampeluna.     Lon.  1  25  W.,  lat.  42  54  N. 

Ronciglione,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  capital  of  a  small  district  of  the  same 
776 


name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tereia,  near  th  i6 
of  the  same  name,  12  ms.  S.  of  Viterbo,  £  24 
NNW.  of  Rome.    Lon.  12  32  E.,  lat,  42  1  \\ 

Ronda,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Granai  2fl 
ms.  NW.  of  Gibraltar,  and  62  SE.  of  ?  |e 
Lon.  5  12  W.,  lat.  36  40  N. 

Ronneburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Uppe  k 
ony,  and  principality  of  Altenhurg,  12  ms.  V, 
of  Altenhurg,  and  60  SW.  of  Dresden.  L  Eg 
7  E.,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Roney's  Point  and  post  office,  Ohio  co., 

Root,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  <■ 
NW.  from  Albany. 

Rootstown,  village,  Portage  co.,  Ohio. 

Roque,  St.,  large  village  of  Spain,  in  A  |g. 
sia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  isthmus  which  se[  tet 
Gibraltar  from  the  continent.  It  is  seated  be 
top  of  a  hill  overlooking  the  bay,  and  has;! 
■batteries  and  a  fort  at  each  end  to  defend  tb  ut 
which  run  across  the  isthmus. 

Roque  de  Morsan,  town  of  France,  in  t  U 
partment  of  Landes,  and  late  province  of  Gall 
jon  the  Douese,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Mont  de  MuiB 

Roquebrune,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  princ  ity 
|  of  Monaco,  near  the  sea,  3  ms.  from  Monac 

Roquemaure,  town  of  France,  in  the  <  jt. 
j  ment  of  Gard,  and  late  province  of  Lang  x, 
| near  the  Rhone  22  ms.  NE.  of  Nismes.  ]lA 
48  E.,  lat.  44  2.  N. 

Roquetas,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  10  ms.  SW.  \l- 
meria,  and  52  SE.  of  Granada.    Lon.  2 
lat.  46  51  N 

Rosana,  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palati:  r of 
Novogrodec,  seated  near  the  Zolva,  20  ms.  W. 
of  Novogrodec.    Lon.  25  45  E.,  lat.  55  3C4/ 

Rosario,  town  of  S.  America,  in  the  prut* 
of  Buenos  Ayres,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  .ra- 
guay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tecero  river,  abo  60 
ms.  N  W.  from  the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

Rosbach^  town  of  Saxony,  famous  for»'« 
obtained  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  over  the  F f 
and  the  army  of  the  empire,  in  1557. 

Rosckad,  trading  town  of  Switzerland, 
i  bailiwick  of  the  abbey  of  S.  Gallen,  with  a 
on  a  mountain.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  of  | 
j  stance. 

j  Roschild,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle  < 
land,  with  a  bishop's  see,  and  a  universiiy. 
[formerly  the  metropolis  of  Denmark,  and  tl 
dence  of  its  kings  ;  it  stands  at  a  small  d 
'  from  the  bay  of  Icefiord,  not  far  from  the  boi 
>  a  Small  bay,  16  ms.  W.  of  Copenhagen.  ■ 
12  15  E.,  lat.  55  43  N. 

Roscoe,  formerly  Caldersburg,  a  fine  pot  *11 
of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  vW 
side  of  the  Muskingum  river  and  Ohio,  d«! 
below  the  mouth  of  Walhonding  river,  and  p» 
site  the  post  town  of  Coshocton,  theco.  sea  A 
stated  in  the  Ohio  Gazetteer,  "the  Walbfl 
canal  here  unites  with  the  Ohio  canal  by  3  l<  3°' 
7  or  8  feet  lift  each,  and  will,  when  co.n  «> 
yield  an  incalculable  addition  to  the  present^61 
power."  Strong  and  commodious  bridged 
both  rivers  and  unite  the  two  towns  wit 
other  and  the  adjacent  country.  By  the  can  J»,! 
place  is  135  ms.  S.  of  Cleveland,  aid  i7<oB 
Portsmouth,  and  by  the  roads  30  N.  of  Zan«  » 
and  45  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Wooster. 


ROS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROS 


tscommon,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  .province  of 

;  aught,  50  ms.  long,  and  28  broad,  bounded 
i  E.  by  Longford  and  West  Meath,  on  the 
•  Sligo  and  Leitrim,  on  the  S.  by  Galway, 
Jn  the  W.  by  and  Galway  arid  Mayo.  It  is 
le  1  fruitful  country,  and  by  the  help  of  good 
j»ndry  yields  excellent  corn.  It  contains  59 
tiies,  and  sends  8  members  to  Parliament.  

>r  gh  of  Ireland,  in  a  co.  of  the  same  name, 
tUi  sessions  house  and  a  jail,  80  ms.  W.  of 
jfii.    Lon.  8  2  W.,  lat.  53  34  N. 

iicrca,  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tipperary,  26  ms. 
iSof  Kilkenny,  and  26  N.  of  Cashel. 

he,  tp.,  Stark  co.,  Ohio. 

ie  Island,  island  stretching  from  Pensacola 
nurd  along  the  coast  of  Florida  about  60  ms. 

fcjenerally  less  than  half  a  mile  wide,  low, 
a*  and  barren. 

heau,  or  CharlotMown,  capital  of  the  island 
>rtinico,  on  the  SW.  side  of  the  island, 
j  ?brugge,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
's ving  12  ms.  NW.  of  Ypres.  Lon.  2  28 
I  '.  50  49  N. 
Rzburg,  village  in  the  NE-  part  of  Armstrong 
,  a 

Htfield,  village,  Prince  William  co.,  Va.,  29 
t*.  uth westward  from  W.  C. 

R:  Hill  and  post  office,  Lee  co,,  Va.,  436 
v  .  vV.  by  W.  from  W.  C. 

Rdand,  village,  Cambria  co.,  Penn. 

Remati's,  village,  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  by  post 
m||33  ms.  easterly  from  Columbus. 

Jfcmills,  post  office,  Am  heist  co.,  Va.,  by 
0ft  ad  118  ms.  W.  from  Richmond. 

Mis,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on  the 
•gM  Roses,  in  the  Mediterranean,  15  ms.  NE. 
i  G.mne.  It  was-  taken  by  the  French  in  1693, 
8411795.    Lon.  3  I  E.,  lat.  42  16  N. 

Ac's  Bluff  and  post  office,  Dallas  co.,  Ala- 
inwDn  Alabima  river,  14  ms.  from  Cahaba. 

M&ville,  village,  Loudon  co.,  Va.,  by  post 
I  8  ms.  N.  from  Richmond,  and  35  NW. 
•'  W  from  W.  C.  Village  in  the  extreme 

•V.  mgle  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  and  in 
•rifJreek  tp.,  10  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from 
•affile,  12  miles  E.  of  Somerset,  co.  seat 
I  Pty  co.,  and  27  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  of  Lan- 

ntff^o.  seat  of  Fairfield  co.  Village,  Parke 

J,  by  post  road  109  ms.  westerly  from  In- 
a  lis." 

Ja^to,  town  of  Egypt,  seated  on  the  W. 

c  )f  the  Nile.  The  Egyptians  call  it  Ras- 
•t"i  ivl  account  it  one  of  the  pleasank;st  places 

•  dHcounlry.    It  has  a  great  manufacture  of 
''f*'*nd  other  coarse  linens;  but  its  chief  busi 
^••rt-he  carriage  of  goods  hence  to  Cairo  ;  for 

•  ^wpean  merchandise  is  brought  hither  from 
l**ilria  by  sea,  and  carried  hence  by  boats  to 
««rQ-rhe  Europeans  have  their  vice  consuls  and 

■>nere.  It  is  25  ms.  NE.  of  Alexandria, 
j  NW.  of  Cairo.    Lon.  36  45  E.,  lat.  31 

l&nian,  country  of  Asia,  lying  to  the  W.  of 
lU  tfitdom  of  Burrcah,  to  which  it  is  subject. 
tiQtrnne',  capital  of  Samogitia,  seated  on  the 
70  ms.  S.  of  Mittau,  and  188  NE.  of 
v  Lon.  23  45  E.,  lat.  55  30  N. 

t&rs-aux-Salines,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
-  the,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  famous 
S* 


for  its  salt  works.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meurthe,  9 
ms.  SE.  of  Nancy,  and  170  E.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
6  27  E.,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Bosieres  Cape,  cape,  L.  C,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  St.  Lawrence.  Lon.  6  27  W.,  lat.  48 
35  N. 

Bos  I  in,  most  pleasant  village  of  Scotland,  nea 
Edinburgh,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Esk,  noted 
for  its  beautiful  chapel  and  castle,  the  former  of 
which  is  the  most  entire  specimen  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture in  Scotland. 

Rusoy,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Stine  and 
Marne,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  Fr  ,  with  a 
magnificent  castle,  15  ms.  S.  of  Meaux.  Lon.  2 
59  E.,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Ross,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hertfordshire.  It  owes 
most  of  its  improvements  and  charitable  institu- 
tions to  John  Kyrle,  commonly  called  the  Man  of 
Ross,  whose  benevolent  character  is  so  interest- 
ingly delineated  by  the  pen  of  Pope.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Wye,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Hereford,  and  115 
W.  by  N."  of  London.  Lon.  2  25  W.,  lat.  51 
56  N. 

Boss-shire,  co.  of  Scotland,  in  general  (inclu- 
ding Tain  and  Cromarty,  which  last,  though  a 
small  co.  of  itself,  is  also  considered  as  a  part  of 
Ross-shire,)  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  isle  of 
Skye  and  the  Western  sea,  on  the  NE.  by  Suth- 
erlandshire,  on  the  E.  by  the  Friths  of  Murray 
and  Cromarty,  and  on  the  S.  by  Inverness-shire. 
The  form  is  very  irregular,  being  nearly  triangular, 
each  side  70  ms.  long,  exclusive  of  part  of  the 
isle  of  Lewis.  Pop.  in  1801,  55,343;  in  1811, 
60,553  ;  and  in  1821,  68,828. 

Ross,  maritime  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
Cork.  It  is  united  to  Cork  as  an  episcopal  see- 
and  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  20  ms. 
SW.  of  Kinsale.  Lon.  8  58  W.,  lat.  51  32  N., 
Ross,  New,  considerable  trading  town  of  Ireland, 
in  Wexford,  situated  on  the  Barrow,  which  is  nav- 
igable for  large  vessels  up  to  the  quay.  It  exports 
a  great  quantity  of  butter  and  beef.  It  is  11  ms. 
NE.  of  Waterford,  and  17  W.  of  Wexford.  Lon. 
6  58  W  ,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Ross,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by  Pickaway,  E. 
by  Hocking  and  Jackson,  S  by  Pike,  and  W.  by 
Highland  and  Fayette  cos.  It  is  34  ms.  long  from 
E.  to  W.,  and  22  broad  from  N.  to  S.,  containing 
about  650  sq.  ms.  The  land  is  generally  fertile, 
and  suitably  diversified  with  meadow  and  upland, 
the  latter  of  which  is  peculiarly  well  adapted  to  the 
production  of  grain.  The  principal  waters  are 
Scioto  river,  Paint,  Deer,  Kinnikinnick,  Little 
Walnut,  and  Salt  creeks.  Pop.  in  1820,  20,619; 
and  in  1840,  27,460.  Central  lat.  39  21  N.,  lon. 
W.  C.  6°  W. 

Ross,  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  on  Alleghany  and 

Ohio  rivers,  opposite  Piitsburg.  Hdly  tp.,  6 

ms.  sq.,  in  the  northern  part  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 
Big  Yellow  creek  meanders  through  thistp.  Pop. 

in   1820,   738.  Town,  Green  co.,  Ohio,  by 

post  road  51  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Columbus. 

Pop.  in  1820,  814.  Tp.,  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

Pop.  in  1820,  1,665. 

Rossano,  strong  and  populous  town  of  Italy,  in 
Naples,  in  Calabria  Citeriore,  3  ms.  from  the  Gulf 
of  Venice,  and  136  SE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  38 
E.,  lat,  39  49  N. 

Rossville,  village,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  Vi!- 

777 


HOT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ROU 


lage,  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  Miami 

river,  opposite  Hamilton.  Town,  New  Madrid 

co.,  Mo.  Town,  Ga.,  on  the  Cherokee  lands. 

It  stands  on  the  great  bend  of  Tennessee,  opposite 
Hamilton  co.,  about  70  ms.  NE.  from  Huntsville. 

Rossvil/e,  or  Rosstown,  town,  York  co.,  Pa., 
12  ms.  NW.  from  York. 

Rostock,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  with  a 
university  and  a  good  harbor,  on  the  river  Var- 
now,  3  ms.  from  the  Baltic,  12  N.  of  Gustrum, 
and  60  E.  of  Lubec.  It  is  a  place  of  much  trade, 
and  the  only  port  of  consequence  in  the  duchy. 
Lon.  12  15  E.,  lat.  54  8  N. 

Rostof,  large  and  archiepiscopal  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  government  of  Yaroslaf,  which  communi- 
cates with  the  Volga,  by  the  river  Kotorost,  95  ms. 
NE.  of  Moscow.    Lon.  40  25  E.,  lat.  7  5  N. 

Rostraver,  western  tp.,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa., 


paved.  Its  port  is  very  commodious;  for  the  . 
nals,  which  run  through  most  parts  of  the  t< 
bring  the  ships,  some  of  200  or  300  tons,  up  t<  e 
merchant's  door;  a  conveniency  for  loading  J 
unloading  which  is  not  to  be  found  in  other  pli  I 
a  great  advantage  they  have  here  for  commen  t 
that  the  Mease  is  open,  and  the  passage  free  n 
ice,  much  sooner  in  the  spring  than  in  the  Y  d 
Zuyder  Zee,  which  leads  to  Amsterdam,  jg 
seated  on  the  Merwe,  (the  most  northern  bt  h 
of  the  Maese,)  13  ms.  SE.  of  Hague,  an  ;o 
SS  W.  of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  4  28  E.,  lat.  5  ,6 

N.        One  of  the  Friendly  islands,  in  the  6  .h 

sea,  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Tasma  n 
1643.  Lon.  174  30  W.,  lat.  20  16  S. —  I 
lage,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y. 

Rottingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circ  ol 
Franconia,  and  bishoprick  of  Wurtzburg,  sit  ?d 
on  the  Tauber,  9  ms.  NE.  of  Mergentheim.  n. 


between  Youghiogany  and  Monongahela  rivers.  18  55  E.,  lat.  49  35  N. 


Pop.  in  1820,  1,679. 

Rota,  town  and  castle  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 


Rotweil,  city  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  hi  al  ce 
with  the  Swiss  cantons  since  the  year  151 S  A 


at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Cadiz,  7  ms.  N.  of  I  mile  and  a  half  from  this  place  is  a  famous  a  y, 


Cadiz,    Lon.  6  16  W.,  lat.  36  35  N.  One  of 

the  Ladrone  islands,  in  the  East  Indies. 

Rotas,  town  of  Bahar,  in  Hindoostan,  65  ms. 
SE.  of  Benares.    Lon.  83  50  E.,  lat.  24  50  N. 

Rotenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  and 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  12  ms.  NE. 
of  Nuremberg,  and  46  NW.  of  Ratisbon.  Lon. 
11  20  E.,  lat.  49  35  N.  Small  town  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  canton  of  Lucerne,  4  ms.  N.  of 
Lucerne. 

Rotenburg,  free  imperial  town  of  Bavaria,  in 
Franconia,  with  several  handsome  public  buildings, 
seated  on  the  Tauber,  15  ms.  NW.  of  Anspach. 
Lon.  10  23  E.,  lat.  49  23  N.  Town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Suabia,  and  co.  of  Hoenburg,  remarka- 
ble for  its  mineral  waters,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Neckar,  7  ms.  W.  of  Tubingen.    Lon.  8  55  E., 

lat.  48  28  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 

gravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  on  the  Fulde,  25  ms.  S. 
of  Cassel.    Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Roihbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northumberland,  9 
ms.  SW.  of  Almwick,  30  N.  by  W.  of  Newcastle, 
and  302  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Rother,  river  of  Eng.,  which  has  its  source  in 
Sussex,  divides  that  county  and  Kent  for  a  short 
space,  and  enters  the  channel  at  Rye. 

Rotherham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire;  the  iron  works  in  its  neighborhood, 
which  are  very  considerable,  render  it  very  famous. 
See  Masborough.  It  is  seated  on  the  Don,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  31  ms.  IN.  of  Nottingham, 
and  160  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  I  24  W., 
lat.  53  24  N. 

Rothsay,  town  of  Scot.,  in  the  Isle  of  Bute,  of 
which  it  is  the  capital,  70  ms.  W.  of  Edinburgh. 
Lon.  5  17  W.,  lat.  55  50  N. 

Rothwell,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northamptonshire, 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  15  ms.  NNE.  of  Northamp- 
ton, and  79  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  7  W., 
lat.  52  21  N. 

Rotterdam,  city  of  Holland,  with  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  in  the  Netherlands.  It  is  the  most 
considerable  place  in  Holland  for  size,  beauty  of  its 
buildings,  and  trade,  next  to  Amsterdam.  It  is  a 
large  and  populous  city,  of  a  triangular  figure, 
handsomely  built  of  brick,  the  streets  wide  and  well 
778 


where  they  receive  none  but  noble  women,  m 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  near  its  source,  anc  go 
near  the  Danube,  27  ms.  SSW.  of  Tubi  n. 
Lon.  8  44  E  ,  lat.  48  9  N. 

Rouen,  city  of  Fr.,  capital  of  the  dep.  of  J  •« 
Seine,  in  the  late  province  of  Normandy,  !  di 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  Seine,  and  is  7  ms.  ir- 
cuit ;  and  (its  six  suburbs  included)  iscompi  to 
contain  92,000  inhabitants.  In  the  market  ice 
is  a  statue  of  the  celebrated  Maid  of  Orleans  ho 
was  burnt  here  by  the  English  for  a  witch,  he 
suburb  of  St.  Sever,  situate  on  the  other  eile  :be 
Seine,  communicates  with  the  city  by  a  brie  4 
boats,  which  is  made  to  open  'so  as  to  adn  he 
passage  of  ships.  Rouen  is  the  birthplac 
two  Corneilles,  and  of  Fontenelle.  It  is 
SW.  of  Amiens,  and  70  NW.  of  Paris. 
2  E.,  lat.  49  26  N.  The  ancient  cathedral  bit 
city,  built  by  William  the  Conquerer,  was  re  itlf 
(in  1822)  consumed  by  fire.  Rouen  is  one  tg 
most  manufacturing  towns  on  the  contin 
Europe,  particularly  in  cotton,  woolen,  and 
goods.  The  annual  amount  of  its  manufaci 
at  least  $10,000,000. 

Roveredo,  or  Rovere,  town  of  Austria, 
Tyrol,  seated  on  the  Adige,  at  the  foot  J  a 
tain,  and  on  the  side  of  a  stream,  over  whi( 
bridge,  defended  by  two  large  towers  and  a 
castle  ;  the  French  took  possession  of  the  U 
1796,  after  having  defeated  the  Austrians  be  .'Jt 
but  they  were  obliged  to  abandon  it  soon  after  r<k 
It  is  8  ms.  S.  of  Trent.  Lon.  1 1  27  E.,  It  f 
North. 

Roverbella,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantu 
ms.  from  Mantua.    Lon.  10  42  E.,  bit.  45 

Rouergue,  late  province  of  France,  in  tl  or 
ernment  of  Guienne ;  bounded  on  the  E. 
Cevenese  and  Gevaudan  ;  on  the  W.  by  C 
on  the  N.  by  the  same  and  Auvergne ;  and 
S.  by  Languedoc.  It  is  75  m?.  long,  a 
broad ;  it  is  not  very  fertile,  but  feede  a  nun 
cattle,  and  has  mines  of  copper,  iron,  alum, 
and  sulphur.    It  now  forms  the  dep.  of  Avei 

Rouge,  small  but  important  river  of  Mic  w 
rises  about  25  or  30  ms.  NW.  from  Detroit, J"1 
first  S.,  and  thence  SE.,  and  falls  into 


ie 


ROX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RUD 


v  5  ms.  below  Detroit.    It  haa  16  feet  water 
i.,  and  thence  3  feet  8  ms. 
nigh  Creek  Church,  and  post  office,  Charlotte 
>.Va.,  by  post  road  114  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 
i,mond. 


Roxbury,  tp.,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  45  ms.  N.  from 

Windsor.    Pop.  700.  Tp.,  Cheshire  co.,  N. 

H.,  37  ms.  SW.  from  Concord.  Town,  Nor- 
folk co  ,  Mass.,  2  ms.  SW.  from  Boston,  of  which 

it  is  in  reality  a  suburb.  Town,  Litchfield  co., 

vigno,  town  of  Italy,  in  Istria,  with  two  good  J  Ct.,  35  ms.  i\W.  from  New  Haven.  Pop.  1820, 

rs,  and  quarries  of  fine  stone.    It  is  seated  in  1, 124.  Town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  V.,  56  ms. 

itory  which  produces  excellent  wine,  on  a  pe-  SW,  from  Albany.  Tp.,  Morris  co.,  N.  J., 

la  on  the  western  coast,  8  ms.  S.  of  Parenzo,  45  ms.  N.  from  Trenton.  Tp.,  Washington  co., 

2  of  Capo  d'Istria.    Lon.  14  2  E.,  lat.  45  !  Ohio. 

orth.  I     Roxbury,  or  Leverings>  in  Roxborough  tp., 

vigo,  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Polesino  di  Ro-  ;  village,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pa. 
lately  belonging  to  the  Venetians,  on  the  j     Roxent,  Cape,  or  Rock  of  Lisbon,  remarkable 
>,  37  ms.  SW.  of  Venice.    Lon.  12  14  E.,  !  mountain  and  promontory  in  Portugal,  lying  at 
5  38  N. — See  Polesino  di  Qovigo.  !  the  N.  entrance  of  the  Tagus,  22  ms.  W.  of  Lis- 

und  Lick,  Smith  county,  Tennessee,    by  bon.    Lon.  9  35  W.,  lat.  38  43  N. 

oad  60  miles  noith-northeast  from  Murfrees- '     Royal,  village,  Sampson  co.,  N,  C.  Island 

gh.  j  of  Lake  Superior. 

use's  Point,  village,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y.,  on      Royal  Oak,  village,  Oakland  co  ,  Mich. 

I.  cape  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain,  186  j     Royalton,  town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  on  White 

\.  from  Albany.  I  river,  28  ms.  N.  from  Windsor.    It  is  the  seat  of 

isselart,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  N.,  jan  academy.  Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  38 

ite  province  of  French  Flanders,  10  ms.  NE.  j  ms.  NVV.  from  Worcester.  Town,  Niagara 

res,  and  20  SE.  of  Ostend.    Lon.  3°  E.,  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  heads  of  Eighteen  Mile  creek. 

0  58  N.  J  Tp.  on  the  southern  side  of  Cuyahoga  co., 

mllon,  late  province  of  Fr.,  50  ms.  long  and  j  O.  Town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles  W. 

>ad ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Mediterra-  j  from  Lancaster, 
on  the  W.  by  Cerdagne,  on  the  N.   by  !     Royalton,  Centre,  post  office,  in  Royalton  tp., 
r  Languedoc,  and  on  the  S.  by  Catalonia,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y. 

vhich  it  is  separated  by  the  Pyrenees. — See  I  Royan,  onee  a  large  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
lees,  Eastern.  It  is  a  fertile  country,  and  partment  of  Lower  Charente,  and  late  province  of 
kuble  for  its  olive  trees.  jSaintonge,  now  almost  in  ruins,  seated  at  the 

van,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  S.  by  Montgom-  mouth  of  the  Garonne,  30  ms.  S.  of  Rochelle. 
id  Cabarras,  W.  by  Iredell,  N.  by  Surry  and  Lon.  57'  W.,  lat.  45  28  N. 

s,  and  E.  by  Guilford  and  Randolph.  Length  j  Royes,  town  ol'Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Somme,  and 
.,  mean  width  36,  area  1,440  sq.  ms.  The  ,  late  province  of  Picardy.  Some  mineral  waters 
stream  of  Yadkin  river  passes  through'it  ob-  i  were  lately  discovered  here.  It  is  12  ms.  NVV.  of 
r  from  NW,  to  SE.  Soil  productive  on  the  Noyon,  and  60  N.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  51 
is.     Chief  town,  Salisbury.    Pop.  1 S20,  j  E.,  lat.  49  46  N. 

0  ;  and  in  1840,  12,109.  The  apparent  di- j  Royston,  town  of  England,  in  Herts  and  Cam- 
ion of  pop.  is  explained  by  stating  that  Da-  |  bridgeshire,  in  a  fertile  vale,  15  ms.  S.  by  E.  of 

1  and  Davie  counties  have  been  formed  since  Huntingdon,  and  37  N.  of  London.  Lon.  l'E., 
from  what  was  included  in  Rowan.  In  1840  lat.  52  6  N. 

Ruatan,  island  of  Mexico,  in  the  bay  of  Hon- 
duras, 10  ms.  from  the  coast,  with  a  good  harbor, 
formerly  resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  log- 
12,109  wood. 

Rubiera,  small  but  strong  town  of  Italy,  one  of 
the  keys  of  the  Modenese,  seated  on  the  Seccia,  8 
ms.  NW.  of  Modcna.  Lon.  11  14  E.,  lat.  44 
39  N. 

Ruble,  Russian  money  of  account.  According 
to  Brewster's  Encyclopaedia,  art.  Money,  is  35.  Qd.  ; 
according  to  Rees,  art.  Money  is,  in  gold,  3s.  3|rf. ; 
according  to  Rees,  art.  Money  is,  in  silver,  '3s.  2$d. 
Make  Brun,  vol.  — ,  p.  632,  note,  says  the  ruble 
is  subject  to  great  fluctuation  ;  it  has  varied  from 
35.  2c?.  to  9d.  Piastre,  Turkish  money  of  account, 
is  as  variable  as  the  ruble.  From  1800  to  1825, 
the  piastre  varied  from  34  to  9g  cents..  In  both 
Rees  and  Brewster's  Dictionaries  the  piastre  is 
given  at  1 3s.  12c/.  sterling  to  23§  cents  nearly. 

Ruckersville,  village,  Elbert  co.,  Ga.,  80  ms. 
NE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Rudavj,  town  of  Prussia,  12  ms.  NNW.  from 
Konigsberg. 

Ruddle's  Mills,  post  office,  Bourbon  co.,  Ky., 
47  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Rudelstadt,  town  of  Gefmanv,  in  Upper  Saxo- 

779 


i'p.  of  the  three  cos.  stood  thus  : 
son         -  -  - 


14,606 
7,574 


34,289 

scil  lat.  35  47  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  35  W. 
Ice,  village,  in  the  NW.  angle  of  Franklin 
.,  lass.,  20  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Greenfield, 
Bl  in  a  similar  direction  from  Boston. 
I.vlandsville,  village,  Cecil  co.,  Md. 

t,  village,  Potter  co.,  Pa.,  by  post  road 
I  ;s.  NNW.  from  Harisburg. 
I  ".borough,  village,  Person  co.,N.  C,  80  ms. 
M,  from  Raleigh. 

t  :burgh,  village  and  castle  of  Scotland,  which 
tcjname  to  a  co.,  situated  near  the  Tiviot, 
W.  SW.  of  Berwick,  and  32  SE.  of  Edin- 

4    Lon.  2  47  W.,  lat.  55  46  N  Co.  of 

:o|nd,  formerly  called  Tiviotdale,  bounded  on 
*  by  Northumberland,  SE.  by  part  of  Cum- 
rld,  SSW.  by  Dumf.iesshire,  NW.  by  Sel- 
"k  ire,  and  N.  by  Berwickshire.  It  is  fruitful 
pture  and  corn,  especially  oats,  and  abounds 
thtieep,  horses,  and  black  cattle.  Pop.  1801, 
in  1811,  37,230;  and  in  1821,  40,892. 


RUN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RUS 


any,  in  the  landgravte  of  Thuringia  and  county  of 
Schwartzburg,  near  the  river  Sala. 

Rudesheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate 
of  Mentz,  3  ms.  from  Bingen.  Lon.  7  56  E.,  lat. 
49  49  X 

Rudisto. — See  Rodosto. 

Rudkiobing,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Langeland,  with  a  good  harbor,  and  a  considerable 
trade  in  corn  and  other  articles.  Lon.  10  45  E., 
lat.  55  1  N. 

Rudolfwerd,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  Car- 
niola.  It  belongs  to  Austria,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Gurk,  in  a  country  fertile  in  good  wine,  45  ms. 
SE.  of  Laubach.  Longitude  15  20  E.,  lat.  46  8 
North. 

Ruffac,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  seated 
on  the  Rotbach,  7  ms.  S.  of  Colmar,  and  17  JN  W. 
of  Basle.    Lon.  7  27  E.,  lat.  47  58  N. 

Ruffec,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  Cha- 
rente,  and  late  province  of  Angoumois.  seated  on 
the  Anche,  24  ms.  N.  of  Angouleme. 

Rugby,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire.  It  has 
a  famous  free  school,  and  is  11  ms.  SE.  of  Coven- 
try, and  85  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  12  W., 
lat.  52  24  N. 

Rugen,  island  of  the  Baltic,  on  the  coast  of 
Pomerania,  opposite  Stralsund,  about  23  ms.  long 
and  15  broad.  It  is  strong  both  by  ait  and  nature, 
and  abounds  in  corn  and  cattle.  The  chief  town 
is  Bergen. 

Rugenwald,  town  of  Pomerania,  the  chief  place 
of  the  duchy  of  Wenden.  It  is  subject  to  Prussia, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Wipper,  8  ms.  from  the  Bal- 
tic, and  35  INE.  of  Colberg.  Lon.  16  27  E.,  lat. 
54  35  N. 

Rugley,  town  of  Eng.,-  in  Staffordshire,  on  the 
S.  of  the  Trent,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Stafford,  and  126 
NYV.  of  London.    Lon.  1  48  W.,  52  57  N. 

Rumford,  town  of  England,  in  Essex,  12  miles 

ENE.  of  London.    Lon.  13'  E.,  51  36  N.  

Town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  20  ms.  N.  from  Paris. 

Pop.    1820,  871  Academy  and  post  office, 

King  William  co.,  Va.,  35  ms.  NE.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Rumilly,  town  of  Savoy,  on  an  elevated  plain, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Seram  and  Nepha,  5  ms. 
from  Annecy.    Lon.  6  10  E.,  lat.  45  56  N. 

Rumney,  or  Rhyney,  river  of  Wales,  which 
takes  its  rise  in  Brecknockshire,  divides  the  cos.  of 
Glamorgan  and  Monmouth,  and  enters  the  Bristol 
channel  to  theSE.  of  Cardiff. 

Rumney,  town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  7  ms.  N  W. 
from  Plymouth. 

Rumsey,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hamp- 
shire. It  carries  on  a  manufacture  of  shaloons, 
and  has  several  paper  and  corn  mills.  It  is  8  miles 
NNW.  of  Southampton,  and  74  W.  by  S.  of 
London.    Lon.  1  31  W.,  lat.  51  2  N. 

Rungpour,  town  of  Bengal,  in  Hindoostan 
proper,^  ms.  NE.  of  Mauldah,  and  106  NNE. 
of  Moorshedabad. 

Runic  Characters,  named  from  Teutonic 
run,  rune,  or  runa,  according  to  some,  and  by 
others  from  rtnna  or  rinna,  which,  in  most  north- 
ern idioms,  signify  to  run  rapidly.  The  runic 
characters  were  in  use  as  late  as  A.  D.  1,000 
They  were  a  species  of  hieroglyphics. 

Runkel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
7S0 


j  Westphalia,  on  the  Lahn,'14  ms.  E.  of  Na 
|Lon.  8  5  E.,  lat.  50  23  N. 
I  Runnymead,  celebrated  mead  of  England, 
jEgham,  in  Surry,  where  King  John  was  con 
|ed  to  sign  Magna  Charta  and  Charta  de  Foi 
\ in  1215. — See  Wraysbury. 

Rupel,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  kin 
J  of  Belgium,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Senn 
'Demen,  below  Mechlin.  It  runs  from  E.  to 
jand  falls  into  the  Scheldt  at  Rupelmonde. 

Rupelmonde,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belg 
I  in  Flanders,  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  opposit 
I  mouth  of  the  Rupel,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Antwerp 
22  NE.  of  Ghent.  Lon.  4  23  E.,  lat.  51  7 
Ruperdorf,  town  of  Koningratz,  in  Bolu 
4  ms.  NNW.  of  Biaunau. 

Rupert,  town,  Bennington  co.,  Vt.  Pop.  1 
Rupert,  Fort,  fort  in  N.  America,  belongi 
to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  seated  on  i\ 
end  of  Hudson's  bay.    Lon.  80°  W.,  lat.  51 
Rush,  village,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.    S?e  1 

ville,  Ontario  co.,  N.  N.  Western  tp.  of 

treco.,  Pa.  Tp.  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pa.,  oi 

head  of  Clark  and  Stony  creeks,  in  the  angli 
tween  Lebanon  and  Schuylkill  cos.  In  ♦hec< 
of  1820  Rush  was  included  with  Bethel  and 

Hanover.  One  of  the  western  tps.  of  Su: 

hannah  co.,  Pa.,  on  Wyalusing  creek,  8  ms. 

from  Montrose.  Tp  ,  Schuylkill  co.,  or 

borders  tof  Luzerne  and  Northampton  cos., 

 Tp.,  Northumberland  co.,  Pa.,  on  tin 

side  of  Susquehannah  river,  in  the  bend  opf 

Danville.  Co..  Ia.,  bounded  S.  by  Dec 

W.  by  Shelby,  NW.  by  Madison,  N.  by  H. 
E.  by  Fayette,  and  SE.  by  Franklin.  L< 
24  ms.,  breadth  18,  area  432  sq.  ms.  It  isdn 
by  various  branches  of  White  river.  For  ct 
lat.,  see  Rushville,  its  seat  of  justice. 

Rush  ford,  town  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y  

lage,  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  26  ms.  SW.  from  Zi 

ville.  Small  village  in  Middlesex  tp.,  or 

road  from  Bath  to  Canandaigua,  Ontario  co. 
Y.  The  village  is  almost  on  the  line  bet 
Yates  and  Ontario  cos.,  10  miles  a  little  E.  c 
from  Canandaigua. 

Rushville,  village  on  Rush  creek,  in  the  ea 
part  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  10  ms.  NE.  by  E. 

Lancaster.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  for 

,co.,  Ia.,  on  Flat  Rock  creek,  43  ins.  SE.  bj 
[from  Indianapolis.  Lat.  39  36  N.,  lon  W. 
28  W. 

Russ,  town  of  Lithuania,  at  the  mouth  ci 
river  Russ,  the  chief  branch  of  the  I\'iemer<,  21 
NW.  of  Tilsit. 

Russel,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Clinch  m 
tain,  or  Washington  co.,  SE.,  Scott  SW.,  C 
berland  mountain,  or  Ky.,  NW.,  and  Taz< 
NE.  Length  50  ms,,  mean  width  40  ;  area  2 
sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  Clinch  and  Powell 
ers,  branches  of  Tennessee,  and  by  the  W.  br; 
of  Sandy  river.  Surface  generally  broken,  I 
and  mountainous.  Soil  rocky  and  barren.  ( 
town,  Franklin.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,536;  an 
1840,  7,878.  Lat.  37°  N.  and  lon.  W.  C 
VV.  intersect  in  this  county. 

Russel,  co.  of  Ala.,  bounded  by  Barbour 
Macon  W.,  Chambers  N.,  and  E.  by  Chattai 
che  river,  separating  it  from  Muscogee  and  Si 
art  cos.,  Ga.    Length  from  N.  to  S.  36 


RUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RUS 


breadth  24  ;  and  area  864  sq.  ms.    Slope  to 

|  >:.  Chief  town,  Gerard.  Central  lat.  32  25, 
.11.  W.  of  W.  C.  6  20.  Pop.  in  1840,  13,513. 

fosef,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  15  ms.  W. 

a  Springfield,  and  by  post  road  74  ms.  SW.  by 

i.  'om  Boston.  Village  and  tp.,  St  Law- 

iritjco.,  N.  Y.,  25  ms.  $E.  from  Ogdensburg. 

RseVs,  post  office,  Yazoo  co.,  Miss. 

wmsehrille,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa   Village 

id  lat  of  justice  for  Logan  co.,  Ky.,  near  the 
iviiiig  ground  between  the  sources  of  Red  river, 
■Mil  of  Cumberland,  and  Muddy  river,  branch 
iften  river,  64  ms.  nearly  N.  from  Nashville, 
lit  30  SW.  from  Frankfort.    Pop.  in  1840, 

,«j  Lat.  36  50,  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  42  W.  

'in;,  Brown  co.,  Ohio.  Village  and  seat  of 

ram  for  Franklin  co.,  Ala.,  on  Cedar  creek, 
m<  of  Bear  creek,  25  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from 
loWse,  and  90  N.  from  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  34 
rS  Ion.  W.  C.  10  49  W. 

tkelshdm,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principal- 
i  o  Hesse-Darmstadt,  situate  on  the  Maine,  6 
of  Mentz,  and  13  NW.  of  Darmstadt. 

Rtvey,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Doubs,  34 
h.  3  by  S.  of  Besancon. 

Jtoka,  vast  empire,  partly  in  Asia  and  partly 
l  Bope,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Frozen  ocean, 
.  t  the  Pacific  ocean,  S.  by  Great  Tartary,  the 
tsph  sea,  Persia,  Turkey  in  Asia,  and  the 
taefeea,  and  W.  by  Turkey  in  Europe,  Poland, 
atttic  sea,  and  Sweden.  There  were  three 
»;»<;s  that  had  the  name  of  Russia,  namely  : 
attlssia,  which  formed  the  S.  part  of  Poland  ; 
►'tohlRussia,  which  comprehended  the  E.  part  of 
iibniia;  and  Black  Russia,  which  included  the 
fcmients  of  Kaluga,  Moscow,  Tula,  Rezan, 
olotjair,  and  Yaroslat ;  and  hence  his  Imperial 
»jd  takes  the  title  of"  Emperor  of  all  the  Rus- 

Anijiitry  of  such  vast  extent  must  lie  in  differ- 
Ll  cliates,  and  the  soil  and  products  must  be  as 
Here.  The  most  fertile  part  is  near  the  fron- 
ts tpoland,  insomuch  that  the  inhabitants  are 
>ie  i  supply  their  neighbors  with  corn.  The 
e»'»i»ually  breaks  up  between  the  18th  and  26ih 
Jl$\,  most  frequently  about  the  18th,  or  ten 
ives  a  century.  Latest  known,  12th  of  May — 
«ei|a  hundred  years.  The  same  river  generally 
mm  t  the  winter  towards  the  end  of  Novem- 
*.  gierally  on  the  20th — i.  e.  nine  times  in  one 
lr  years.  In  1826,  closed  26th  December; 
Wa,!i  the  28th  October.  The  N.  part  is  not 
•to  llder,  but  very  marshy,  and  overrun  with 
1  t!  inhabited  chiefly  by  wild  beasts.  The 
vi.trtaffords  a  variety  of  commodities,  which, 
ing  '  great  use  to  foreigners,  produce  a  con- 
leraj'  annual  balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  Rus- 
lie  home  commodities  are  chiefly  sables, 
i-s,  the  skins  of  black  and  white  foxes,  er 
■'■  es-pysenas,  lynxes,  bears,  panthers,  wolves, 
artm  white  hares,  8tc,  red  and  black  juchte,  or 
<  ia  leather,  which  for  color,  smell,  and  soft- 
■fcj  ifiot  equalled  in  the  world  ;  copper,  iron- 
1' .  Mow,  wax,  honey,  potash,  tar,  linseed  and 
•in  U  castor,  isinglass,  hemp,  Max,  thread,  sad 
Jlii,  lilimanco,  Siberian  musk,  soap,  feathers, 
nlier&c.  To  these  commodities  may  also  by 
ded  most  all  the  merchandise  of  China,  India, 
srsia.i'urkey,  and  some  European  countries. 


Land  communication  between  Europe  and  China. 
"According  to  accounts  from  Moscow,  the  propri- 
etors of  the  diligences  and  wagons  in  that  city  in- 
tend to  extend  their  communications  to  Warsaw, 
and,  in  the  course  of  next  year,  to  the  govern- 
ments of  TambofT,  Kasan,  Peren,  Tobolsk,  Irkutzk, 
Iakutzk,  to  Kiackta,  on  the  frontiers  of  China. 
Thus  there  will  be  direct  communication  by  land 
from  the  frontiers  of  China,  to  Petersburgh,  Mos- 
cow, Warsaw,  and  perhaps  to  Paris,  with  which 
view,  VI.  Muller,  the  head  of  the  Moscow  estab- 
lishment, intends  to  treat  with  the  messageries  of 
Paris.'' — German  paper. 

Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  internal  commerce 
may  be  formed  from  the  fact,  that  the  merchandise 
transported  by  inland  navigation,  in  Russia, 
amounted  in  1830  to  240,880, 1 55  rubles,  or  near- 
ly £11,000,000  sterling 

In  1724,  the  first  university  was  founded  that 
ever  was  in  Russia,  and  there  is  now  an  academy 
of  sciences  at  St.  Petersburgh,  supplied  with  emi- 
nent professors.  The  rising  generation  are  modern- 
izing their  antique  vestments  ;  the  stiff  embroidered 
napkin  is  supplanted  by  one  of  flowing  silk,  the 
jacket  and  petticoat  are  of  muslin,  or  other  fine 
stuffs,  and  the  plaid  is  exchanged  for  a  silk  or  satin 
cloak,  in  the  cold  season,  lined  with  fur.  The 
richer  class  of  females  wear  velvet  boots.  The  dress 
of  the  higher  ranks  is  after  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish fashion.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Dnieper, 
Volga,  Don,  Kuma,  Terek,  Kur,  Duna,  or  Dwina, 
Oby,  Jeniessey,  Lena,  Kavoma,  Anader,  &c. 
The  sovereigns  of  Russia  are  absolute.  They  were 
formerly  called  grand  dukes,  which  is  still  the  title 
of  the  heir  apparent.  They  afterwards  assumed 
the  title  of  czar,  and,  in  the  sequel,  that  of  empe- 
ror. The  natives  pronounce  the  word  czar  like 
tzar,  or  zaar. — See  Czar,  p.  260.  The  first  who 
bore  the  title  of  czar  was  ttasil,  son  of  John  Basi- 
lides,  who  freed  his  country  from  its  subjection  to 
the  Tartars,  about  the  year  1470.  The  title  of 
emperor  was  first  assumed  by  Peter  I.,  who,  by  his 
illustrious  actions,  justly  acquired  the  surname  of 
Great.  He  died  in  1725,  and  perhaps  no  country 
ever  exhibited,  in  so  short  a  time,  the  wonders  that 
may  be  effeeted  by  the  genius  and  exertions  of  one 
man. 

It  appears,  from  recent  documents,  that  in  Rus- 
sia the  number  of  persons  who  can  read  are  4,175,- 
995.—  Nat.  Int.,  July  27,  1843. 

The  principal  seaports  of  the  empire,  are  in  Eu- 
rope, Archangel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  northern 
Dwina  ;  Cronsdat,  Revel,  and  Riga,  in  the  Baltic; 
and  Sevastopol  and  Odessa,  in  the  Black  sea.  In 
Asia,  Astracan,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Volga  ; 
Ochotsk,  in  the  sea  of  Ochotska  ;  St.  Peter  and  Paul, 
in  Kamtschatca;  with  some  forts  and  factories  in 
America. 

Like  every  other  object  of  human  pursuit  in  this 
gigantic  empire,  literature  is  making  a  progress,  of 
which  the  inhabitants  of  other  countries  have  but 
very  inadequate  ideas,  in  brief,  if  we  can  form 
any  safe  anticipation  of  the  future  from  the  past, 
we  may  consider  the  greatness  of  this  colossal  po- 
litical mass  as  only  in  embryo.  It  is  a  singular, 
and  perhaps  a  solitary  fact,  that  whilst  the  real 
strength  of  Russia  was  daily  augmenting,  more 
than  a  century  has  now  passed  since  it  was  ruled 
by  a  man  of  military  ambition  and  genius — a  cir- 

781 


RUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


RUS 


cumstance  alone  wanting  to  prostrate  the  other 
Governments  of  Europe  and  Asia  in  broken  and 
scattered  fragments.  The  Government,  as  to  in- 
ternal police  and  external  policy,  is  a  despotism, 
controlled  and  directed  by  the  force  of  public  opin- 
ion and  a  most  powerful  aristocracy.  The  follow- 
ing extract,  from  the  Revue  Encyclopscdique,  con- 
tains, in  my  opinion,  the  best  brief  commentary  on 
Russian  history  and  policy  I  ever  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  peruse : 

"That  which  merits  the  deepest  attention  in 
the  policy  of  the  Russian  Government  is  exhibited 
in  the  art  of  assimilating  conquered  nations  with 
the  empire.    Since  the  times  of  Rome,  whose  laws 
seem  to  have  been  planned  for  the  conquest  of  the 
world,  no  country  has  been  constituted,  like  Rus- 
sia, for  the  extension  and  the  preservation  of  its 
acquisitions.    Russia,  like  Rome,  having  perceiv- 
ed it  necessary  to  form  her  empire  of  a  crowd  of 
nations,  differing  in  religion,  manners,  and  lan- 
guage, has  established  a  rule  allowing  to  each  all 
those  things  which  are  held  dearer  than  political 
existence.  Thus,  all  religions  are  equally  tolerated  ; 
nay,  more — they  are  equally  protected.  Thtir  exercise 
is  public  and  peaceable,  even  in  those  parts  of  the 
empire  inhabited  by  people  of  different  faiths.  Each 
religion  has  its  own  temples,  altars,  and  ministers.  I 
In  Petersburg,  for  example,  are  erected  places  of 
worship  for  Greeks,  Jews,  Roman  Catholics,  and  I 
Protestants,  in  all  their  varieties  of  Lutherans,  ! 
Calvinists,  &c.    In  the  southern  provinces  Islam- ! 
ism  is  freely  professed  by  those  who  obeyed  the  ' 
laws  of  Mahomet  before  they  were  reduced  to  the  I 
Russian  Government.    In  the  east,  there  are  still ! 
idolaters,  and  the  Government  does  not  persecute  | 
their  idolatry,  well  knowing  that,  in  the  course  of 
time,  by  the  progress  of  improvement,  men  will 
ri?e  of  themselves  to  a  purer  belief,  to  a  system  bet-  j 
ter  fitted  to  our  nature,  and  less  opposed  to  the 
majesty  of  the  Creator. 

"Russia  never  attempts,  by  violent  measures,  to 
to  make  conquered  nations  forget  the  language  of 
their  ancestors,  that  intellectal  inheritance,  with  I 
which  are  always  connected  so  many  delightful  re- 1 
collections  and  hereditary  virtues;  but  the  Govern- 
ment trusts  to  the  insensible  but  efficacious  opera-  j 
tion  of  those  relative  circumstances  which  render 
it  for  the  interest  of  every  man  to  learn  the  lan- ! 
guage  of  his  conqueror,  particularly  when  that  j 
conqueror  is  advancing,  with  bold  strides,  along 
the  path  of  civilization.  With  these  circumstances, 
also,  are  combined  all  those  which  flow  from  the  ,; 
intercourse  of  men  drawn  from  different  nations,  | 
and  assembled  in  the  same  camps  under  the  same 
standards ;  and,  finally,  all  the  motives  of  ambi- 
tion and  the  hope  of  private  or  public  fortune, 
which,  sooner  or  later,  induce  the  conquered  to  ac- 
quire and  to  employ  alone  the  language  of  the  con- 
queror. 

"  It  is  further  permitted  to  every  people  to  pre- 
serve its  own  customs  and  manners.  The  Tartars 
are  allowed  to  fight,  as  they  have  done  ever  since 
the  times  of  the  Parthians  and  Scythians;  the  I 
Government  having  contented  itself  with  forming 
chosen  bodies  of  this  irregular  cavalry,  to  place  j 
them  in  the  ranks  of  the  imperial  guard,  to  offer  j 
them  as  a  model  to  the  barbarous  bands  which,  by  \ 
degrees,  have  learnt  all  that  was  necessary  to  in-  j 
crease  their  force  in  discipline  and  exercise.  Al- 1 
782 


ready  40,000  Cossacs,  on  the  borders  of  the  n 
and  Danube,  are  organized  into  regular  mot  J 
lancers,  and  other  light  armed  troops,  with  || 
mounted  and  well  managed  light  artillery.  ;s 
immense  body  of  cavalry,  ready  at  the  first  s  i| 
to  march  in  a  body,  lives  encamped  in  a  terr  y 
which  furnishes  them  with  the  necessaries  of  > 
sistence. 

"  Military  enthusiasm  is  the  ruling  passion  ar  g 
these  tribes,  who  have  heretofore  never  knowr  9 
other  path  to  renown  than  that  of  battle.  V  I 
the  French  army  had  penetrated  into  the  int  m 
of  Russia  in  1812,  this  body  of  Tartar  cavalry  | 
like  one  man,  took  up  their  line  of  march  in  ;  ■ 
rible  winter,  hungry  for  their  prey,  and  pui  J 
without  pity  the  victims  of  a  devouring  cln  e. 
'  Companions !"  they  would  cry  to  each  o  r, 
enraged  at  the  valor  of  our  soldiers,  even  ir  ie 
midst  of  their  misery  and  nakedness — '  Coir  m 
ions,  what  a  shame  it  will  be  to  us  if  we  leave  m 
skeletons  to  rise  from  their  grave  and  escape  !' 
And,  so  saying,  they  would  throw  themselves  n 
the  remains  of  our  phalanxes  with  redoubled  /. 
This  is  the  support  which  Russia  may  rely  n 
obtaining,  in  time  of  need,  from  the  most  un  l- 
ized  part  of  her  population. 

"  We  must,  therefore,  acknowledge  this  i- 
greeable  but  incontestable  truth,  which  is  ft  I 
upon  us  by  an  examination  into  the  state  of  tbfl 
that  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Adriatic,  from  te 
mouths  of  the  Catarro  to  that  of  the  Vistoli  I 
unhappy  system  adopted  by  the  great  Gern  ic 
Powers  irresistibly  urges  the  inhabitants  c  n 
immense  zone  of  provinces  to  stretch  out  their  is 
towards  the  Muscovite  dominion.  German; j| 
but  one  way  to  escape  the  danger  which  tbre  m 
her;  and  that  is,  to  imitate  Russia  in  the  de[  of 
her  views,  and  the  generosity  of  her  measun  )• 
wards  her  subjects." 

Russian  Empire. — This  vast  empire  ex 
along  the  arctic  regions  of  Europe  and  Asia! 
seven  thousand  six  hundred  English  miles, 
immense  extent  of  country  is  divided  by 
ling's  straits  into  two  distinct  portions,  the  sn  er 
of  which  forms  the  NW.  extremity  of  Ann  a. 
Of  the  larger,  or  European  and  Asiatic  pom, 
the  breadth  varies  from  1,900  English  miles 
N.  and  S.  line,  extending  each  way  300  mil' 3. 
of  Moscow,  to  400  Eng.  miles  in  northeastern  A  m 
an  area  coming  so  near  that  we  may  give  the  r  ul 
sum  of  4,000,000  sq.  English  miles.    The  a  e- 
gate  population  has  been  estimated  at  56,641,  9» 
which  would  yield  a  mean  population  ot  bet  :n 
14  and  15  to  the  square  mile. 

Statistical  table  of  the  Russian  empire. 


Baltic  Provinces. 
St.  Petersburg 
Esthonia  . 
Livonia 
Courland  . 
Finland 

Great  Russia. 

Moscow 
Smolensk  . 
Pskof 
Tver 

Novogorod 


Area  in  sq. |  Popu  on 

geog'l  ms.     in  1 


11,360 
5,040 
13,216 
7,616 
108,496 

8,800 
15.264 
16,720 
17,952 
33,120 


i  i2 

lj3  22 
J'o  -66 


RUS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  RUT 


Table— Continued. 


Provinces. 


ieat  Russia— Continued. 

37,664 

236,070 

ngel  '. 

243,393 

240,896 

Ja 

110,080 

732,223 

aw   .              .  . 

12,912 

930,180 

ma  . 

23,008 

972.102 

nir  . 

13,296 

1,127,471 

ei-Novogorod 

14,048 

1,076,363 

ov 

18,432 

1,580,259 

11,312 

1,211,223 

8  464 

1117,687 

ea 

8,656 

917,537 

12,080 

1,342,912 

12,704 

1,507,022 

etz  . 

21,664 

1,494,223 

Little  Russia. 

12,768 

1.459,782 

igov . 

14.368 

i;312,592 

a 

11,992 

1,621,583 

of  . 

13,520 

1,171.456 

■rinoslaw  ■ 

18,976 

774,768 

on  . 

17,184 

607,949 

32,649 

543,020 

abia 

12,704 

5H3,666 

ossacks 

81,408 

527,472 

Western  Russia. 

18,592 

1,315,781 

9,120 

761,880 

k    !  ! 

12,448 

702,266 

ev  . 

13,184 

.  802,100 

31,723 

955,714 

nia  . 

17,168 

1,314,117 

a  . 

9,216 

1,548,155 

Lock . 

10,592 

261,014 

Kingdom  of  Kasan. 

,  orKasan 

17,664 

1,309,097 

39,952 

1,404,097 

43,536 

1,488,800 

rak  . 

18,256 

1,198,576 

10,784 

988,179 

ingdom  of  Astrakhan. 

ban . 

65,152 

103,288 

55,568 

1,543,477 

urg  . 

104,560 

1.595,343 

Siberia  . 

sk. 

1,790,203 

1,827,935 

ik. 
sk. 

ichatka. 

aucasian  Provinces 
Russian  America 
Poland. 

mir  . 


chia  . 

towu 


Totals 


Area  in  sq. 
geog'l  ms. 


79,136 
280,000 

3,382 
4,516 
5,139 
5,076 
4,640 
6,737 
3,648 
5,152 


3,689.392 


Population 
in  1336. 


Table— Continued. 


Population  of  towns 

Population  of  the  country,  peasants  or  serfa 

Nomades— Calmucks,  Kirshiz,  &c. 

In  the  trans-Caucasian  countries  . 

Grand  duchy  of  Finland 

In  the  Russian  American  territory 

In  the  late  kingdom  of  Poland 


Population. 


4,175,569 
44,826,588 
507,697 
1,378,297 
1,372,122 
60,963 
4,188,222 


60,136,902 


Remarks—  We  may  observe,  that  the  data  on  which 
the  tables  here  given  was  founded  is  seven  years  old  ;  and  if 
we  add  to  the  above  aggregate  500,U00  for  the  regular  army, 
and  (what  is  by  no  means~an  exaggeration)  4,000,000  for  nat- 
ural increase,  we  find  that  rising  65,000,000  would  be  the  ac- 
tual population  of  Russia. 

There  cannot  be  another  historical  error  more 
gross  than  that  of  regarding  the  rise  of  Russia  re- 
cent and  sudden.  The  acknowledged  foundation  of 
Novogorod  on  the  Ilmene,  (Great  Novogohod,) 
by  Ruric,  dates  A.  D.  864,  only  36  years  after  the 
dissolution  of  the  heptarchy,  and  commencement 
of  the  kingdom  of  England  by  Egbert.  That  its 
progress  has  been  attended  with  alternate  advances 
and  recessions,  is  only  to  say  that  the  progress  of 
Russia  has  been  in  accordance  with  that  of  all 
other  nations.  The  following  table  shows  the  gen- 
eral progressive  extent  and  population  of  this  em- 
pire during  nearly  the  period  comprised  in  the  last 
four  centuries. 


Years. 


1,808,944 
60,963 

489,000 
384,000 
740,000 
484,000 
458,000 
770,000 
350,000 
478,000 


56,641,689 


1462 
1505 
1584 
1645 
1689 
1725 
1762 
1796 
1825 
1843 


Sovereigns. 


Acces-ion  of  Iwan  (John)  III. 
Death  of  I  wan  III. 
Death  of  Iwan  IV. 
Death  of  Michael  Romanof  . 
Accession  of  Peter  I. 
Death  of  Peter  I.  . 
Accession  of  Catharine  II.  . 
At  her  death 
Death  of  Alexander 
.Now  in  the  18th  year  of  Nich- 
olas 


Extent  in 
sq.  ms. 


295,000 
594,(100 
2,008,000 
4,070,000 
4,222,000 
4,414,000 
5,113,000 
5,309,0011 
5,900,000 

6,000,000 


Popula- 
tion. 


6,000,000 
10,000,000 
12,000,000 
12,000,000 
15,000,000 
20,000.0!X) 
25,000;000 
36,000  000 
58,000,000 

70,000,000 


wording  to  a  more  recent  report,  the  popula 
0)f  the  Russian  empire,  not  including  the  regu 
"*  my,  amounts  to  60,136,902. 

Table  of  the  Russian  empire,  by  classes. 


Classes. 


f  of  the  Greek  or  National  church,  and 
r  families 

J  of  the  tolerated  religions  . 
s  by  birth 

s  by  merit,  {tiers  etat,)  third  estate 
toners  of  the  third  estate 
;oers  . 

v  Cossacks,  corps  upon,  in  Tchernomei- 
Jral,  Caucasus,  troops  of  the  line  in  Si- 
a,  irresular  detachments  of  Baskirs,  Cal. 
ks,&c. 


Population. 


503,805 
34,502 
538.860 
133,193 
424^90 
37,329 


1,932,165 


Note.— It *may  be  remarked,  that  the  extent  of  the  Russian 
empire  is  in  no  small  degree  difficult  to  determine.  The 
large  table  above  gives  the  extent  in  geographical  sq.  miles; 
the  latter  or  lesser  table  in  English  sq.  miles,  but  discordant 
when  reduced  to  a  common  standard.  This  part  of  Russian 
statistics  is,  however,  of  minor  importance,  and  depends 
much  on  the  extent  given  to  Russian  America. 

Russia,  village,  Herkimer  county,  N.  Y.,  near 
West  Canada  creek,  18  ms.  a  Jittle  W.  of  N.  from 
Herkimer,  and,  by  post  road,  95  miles  NW.  from 
Albany. 

Russia  Iron  Works,  village,  Clinton  co.,  N.  Y. 

Rustchuk,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danuhe,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Kara  Lorn,  40  ms.  E.  from  Nicopoli. 

Rutherford,  county  of  North  Carolina,  bounded 
by  {South  Carolina  S.,  Buncombe  W.,  Burke  N., 
and  Lincoln  E.  ;  length  40  miles,  width  25,  area 
1,000  sq.  miles.  Surface  generally  hilly,  and  in 
part  mountainous.  Soil,  except  near  the  streams, 
thin  and  sterile.  It  is  drained  by  Broad  river  and 
its  numerous  branches.  Chief  town,  Rutherford- 
ton.  Pop.  in  1840,  15,351.  Central  lat.  35  20 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  51  W. 

Rutherford,  county  of  Tennessee,  bounded  by 
Bedfoid  S.,  Williamson  SW.,  Davidson  NW., 
Wilson  NE  ,  and  Warren  E. ;  length  30  mile?, 

783 


i 


RYE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAB 


width  22,  area  610  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  Stone's  j  W.,  lat.  51  16  N.  Caledonia  co.,  Vt„  on  8 

river,  a  branch  of  Cumberland.    Chief  town,  Mur-  fright  side  of  Connecticut  river,  22  miles  E.  ifj 

freesborough.  Pop.  in  1820,  19,552;  and  in  1840, 1  Montpelier.    Pop.  1,000. 

24,280.    Ctl.  lat.  35  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  15  W.      Rymenaut,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  .  . 

Rutherfordlon,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Ruth- j  bant,  on  the  river  Dyle,  5  ms.  E.  from  Mechlii 
erford  co.,  N.  C,  45  miles  S.  from  Morgan  to  w  n.  |     RyncTs,  post  office,  Venango  co.,  Pa. 
It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy.    This  village  stands |     Ryswick,  village  in  Holland,  between  Hi  » 
in  a  very  healthy  county,  between  two  branches  of  !  and  Delft.    A  treaty  was  concluded  here,  in  Ll 

between  England,  Germany,  Holland,  France,  j 


Rzeczica,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  provinc  f 


s. 


Saaba,  kingdom  of  Negroland,  with  a  capiii 
the  same  name,  W.  of  Tombuctoo,  on  the  i 


Saada,  or  Saade,  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen, 


Broad  river,  about  5  miles  distant  from  each,  216 
miles  by  post  road  SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh.  Lat. 
35  21  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  55  W. 

Rutland,  small  county  in  England,  encircled  by  j  Lithuania,  and  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
the  counties  of  Lincoln,  Leicester,  and  Northamp- 1  name,  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Wyedszvc 
ton,  seeming  as  if  it  were  cut  out  of  the  two  for-  and  Dnieper,  25  ms.  N.  of  Kiof.  Lon.  35  5  ^ 
mer.  It  is  of  a  roundish  figure,  in  length  15  ms.,  lat.  50  32  N. 
and  in  breadth  10.  Pop.  in  1801,  16,356;  in  1811, 
16,380;  and  in  1821,  18,487. 

Rutland,  county,  Vermont,  bounded  by  Wash- 
ington co.,  N.  Y.,  SW.,  Lake  Champlain  NW., 
Addison  co.,  Vt.,  N.,  Windsor  E.,  and  Benning- 
ton S.  ;  length  40  ms.,  mean  width  23,  area  920 
sq.  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Poultney,  Pawlett,  and  |  Senegal 
Otter  rivers.  Surface  very  diversified,  from  alluvial 

plains,  and  even  marshes,  to  some  of  the  highest  'the  residence  of  a  sheik,  140  ms.  WNW.  of  Sa  (. 
summits  of  the  Green  mountains.    Soil  productive  :  Lon.  44  55  E.,  lat.  17  50  N. 
in  grain  and  pasturage.  Chief  town,  Rutland.  Pop.  j     Saalfeld,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  pri  - 
in  1820,  29,983;  and  in  1840,  30,699.    Ceniral !  pality  of  Altenburg.    Here  are  manufactures  f 
lat.  43  25  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4°  E.  [cloth,  and  of  gold  and  silk  stuffs.    It  stands  on  ) 

Rutland,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Rutland  co.,  jSaal,  34  miles  NNE.  of  Coburg,  and  46  SW  f 
Vt.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Otter  river,  about  55  ms. !  Altenburg.  Lon.  11  32  E.,  lat.  50  41  N.-I 
above  its  mouth,  57  N.  from  Bennington,  and  33 'Town  of  E.  Prussia,  seated  on  the  Lake  Meb  j 
above  Middlebury.    Population  in  1840,  2,708.  !  23  ms.  SE.  of  Marienburg. 

 Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  14  ms.  NW.  of!     Soar,  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of  Bij 

Worcester.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,231  ;  and  in  1820,  on  the  confines  of  Bohemia,  42  ms.  NW.  of  Br. 

1,262.  Town,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Black      Saarmund,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  J| 

river,  immediately  south  from  Watertown.  Vil-  j  die-mark,  6  ms.  S.  of  Potsdam. 

lage  and  tp.,  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.  Saatz,  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Eger,  48  in 

Rutledge,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Granger  WNW.  of  Prague, 
co.,  Tenn.,  25  ms.  NE.  from  Knoxville.  ♦    Saba,  island  of  the  W.  Indies,  12  miles  in  - 


Rutigliano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
5  ms.  SE.  of  Bari. 

Ruttunpour,  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  Orissa,  and 
the  capital  of  one  of  the  western  Mahratta  chiefs. 
Lon.  82  36  E.,  lat.  22  16  N. 

Ruvo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  16  ms. 
W.  of  Bari.    Lon.  16  44  E.,  lat.  41  26  N. 

Ruza,  town  of  Russia.  Lon.  36  2  E.,  lat.  55 
46  N. 

Ryacotta,  town  of  the  Mysore  country,  75  ms. 
S.  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  76  45  E.,  lat.  30  15  N. 


cumference,  inhabited  by  a  few  Dutch  fami . 
Lon.  63  17  W.,  lat.  17  39  N. 

Sabafsm,  Hebrew,  Zaba,  Lord;  that  systel  f 
religion  which  regards  the  sun,  moon,  and  st , 
as  objects  of  worship.  This  s-ystem  prevailed  f  l 
the  earliest  ages  in  southwestern  Asia,  and  vlj 
even  among  the  Jews,  partially  adopted,  thoug! 
their" prophets  decried,  as  may  be  seen  in  m' 
places  of  the  Scriptures. 

Sabanjar  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nab 
Here  all  the  roads  from  Asia  to  Constant i 


Ryan,  Loch,  lake  of  Eng.,  at  the  NW.  angle  of  i  meet,  60  miles  ENE.  of  Bursa,  and  62  ESE  f 

J      '  \„.  ~         .        ..    .  ,  !  r\  ._„..:  i„       T  —    on  /in  C  An  'in  K 


Wigtonshire.  The  sea  flows  into  it  through  a  nar 
row  pas*. 

Rydal  water,  lake  of  Eng.,  in  Westmoreland, 
a  little  to  the  W.  of  Ambleside. 

Rydrog,  town  of  Hindoostan,  128  miles  N.  of 
Seringapatam.  Longitude  76  52  E.,  lat.  14  40 
North. 

Rye,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  28  ms.  SSE. 
of  Maidstone,  and  63  SE.  of  London.    Lon.  45' 

E.,  lat.  51°  N.  Tp.,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H., 

4  ms.  S.  from  Portsmouth.  Town,  Westches- 
ter co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Long  Island  sound,  18  miles 

NE.  from  N.  Y.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,342.  SE. 

tp.  of  Perry  co.,  Pa.  It  is  situated  on  the  SW. 
side  of  .Juniata  river,  between  Big  Buffalo  and 
Sherman's  creeks. 

Ryegate,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  16  miles 
E.  of  Guilford,  and  21  SW.  of  London.  Lon.  15' 
7S4 


Constantinople.    Lon.  29  40  E.,  lat.  40  30  N 
Sabatz,  or  Sabacz,  town  of  European  Ttrrij 
in  Servia,  on  the  Drave,  22  miles  S.  of  Peterv- 
dein,  and  28°  W.  of  Belgrade. 

Sabi. — See  Xavier. 

Sabine,  river,  North  America,  rises  in  the  • 
public  of  Texas,  in  a  prairie  country,  about  lat.  5 
40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  18°  W.  It  pursue  a  ! 
course,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of  tho  Trii ' 
and  Little  river  of  the  S.,  a  branch  of  Red  rij 
AtN.  lat.  32°,  and  W.  lon.  W.  C.  17  25,  the  Sal  \ 
becomes  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and  'I  e  i 
and  of  course  between  the  U.  States  and  Te) 
It  is  at  this  point  a  considerable  stream,  40  or  I 
yards  wide,  and  at  high  water  navigable  for  wl 
of  considerable  size."  Though  rising  in  a  pra: 
country,  its  banks  at  lat.  32°,  are  covered  by  a  v 
dense  forest,  composed  of  pine,  oak,  hickory,  e . 


SAB 


s  ;et  gum,  black  gum,  ash,  and  many  other  gen- 
e  and  species  of  trees.  From  this  point  to  the 
piries  on  the  sea  coast,  the  mixture  of  timber  con- 
tiies  nearly  similar ;  the  W.  or  right  bank  is  higher 
tli  E.  or  left,  in  general.  High  bluffs  are  fre- 
q  nt,  and  in  some  places  rocky  precipices  occur 
oi'.he  former  bank,  but  no  place  on  the  latter;  the 
lc  banks  near  the  border  of  the  stream  are  mostly 
lileto  inundation  at  high  water;  the  soil  near 
tl  stream  is  uniformly  thin  and  sterile.  Many 
fi  creeks  of  clear  pure  water  flow  into  the  Sabine 
btiw  lat.  32°,  the  most  remarkable  from  the  left 
ti  Dugan's,  Darby's,  Toney's,  Lafitte's  bayou 
S,  bayou  Lenau,  Negritta,  bayou  Taureau,  and 
Lia  Concou.  From  the  right,  the  Nadaco,  Pat- 
rc  Barregas,  and  Waukahatcha,  are  the  princi- 
I  Below  lat.  32°,  the  Sabine  continues  SE.  near- 
y ;  lat.  31°,  reaches  its  extreme  E.  bend  ;  here  the 
rr  turns  to  SSW.,  and  at  N.  lat.  29  55  expands 
i)  a  lake  of  the  same  name  ;  about  20  ms.  above 
ib  lead  of  Sabine  Lake  the  timber  ceases,  though 
uibruptly  ;  but  JO  miles  below  the  head  of  the 
a  very  little  timber  is  to  be  seen.  The  banks 
>r  ioth  sides  are  low  and  flat  before  emerging 
n  the  prairies.  At  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  a 
>b  bank,  on  which  are  a  few  dwarf  trees :  along 
•  h  agunes  that  intersect  the  marsh  or  prairie,  a 
e'  trees  are  scattered,  but  the  residue  is  an  open 

I  iv  expanse.  Though  many  ledges  of  rocks  rise 
rc  the  stream  on  the  right  bank,  no  indications  of 
ni  rals  are  visible.  At  the  point  where  the  road 
e  een  Nacogdoches  and  Natchitoches  crosses 
in  Sabine,  there  is  a  salt  spring  on  the  Louisi- 
n  side,  but  where  the  salt  water  issues  the 
:rt id  is  liable  to  be  overflown  when  the  river  is 
hfcy  swelled  by  rains.  The  whole  length  of  the 
Saie  is  70  miles  above,  and  250  below  North 
!*ide  32°. 

bine  Lake  is  the  estuary  of  the  Sabine  and 
^eiez  rivers  ;  it  is  about  30  ms  long,  and  8  or 
0  liles  wide,  communicating  with  the  gulf  of 
1\Mco  by  a  narrow  channel  of  4  or  5  ms.  in  length, 
>inbout  400  yards  wide.    This  channel,  com- 
■iio/  known  as  the  mouth  of  Sabine  river,  is  at 
4.  9  24  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  17  4  W.    This  lake  is 
or  shallow,  generally  about  5  or  6  feet,  but  near 
ie  tores  not  more  than  2  or  3.    The  adjacent 
uuBiry  on  the  lake  and  outlet  is  one  wide  waste 
viijgss,  much  of  it  marsh,  cut  by  innumerable  la- 
({<*>!  and  small  ponds  or  lakes.    Four  ms.  SW. 
irot.be  mouth  of  the  Sabine,  the  Netchez  enters 
thine  from  the  N  VV.    A  bar  crosses  the  mouth 
ol  fj!  Sabine  outlet,  on  which,  at  ordinary  tides, 
ib  aut  3  feet  water.  The  tide  ascends  the  Sabine 
<»«nd  river  above  the  prairies, 
pina,  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastical 
'al  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Umbria,  on  the  E. 

II  I  pies,  on  the  S.  by  Campagna  di  Roma,  and 
OflM  W.  by  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter.  It  is  22 
ms. ,  length,  and  almost  as  much  in  breadth,  wa- 

-reuy  several  small  rivers,  and  abounding  in  oil 
and  ine.    Magliano  is  the  capital. 

S'ioncello,  peninsula  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  re- 
puW  of  Ragusa.  It  lies  to  the  S.  of  the  gulf  of 
NaMa,  and  to  the  N.  of  the  channel,  which  sep- 
arative islands  of  Curzola  and  Melida.  Town 

°f  D  natia,  situated  on  the  peninsula  of  the  same 
nam,45  ms.  NYV.  of  Ragusa.    Lon.  17  40  E., 
'at-  •!  20  N. 
99* 


Sabionetta,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese, capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  castle.  It  belongs  to  the  house  of  Austria,  and 
is  20  ms.  E.  of  Cremona,  and  20  SW.  of  Mantua. 
Lon.  10  30  E.,  lat.  45°  N. 

Sable,  seaport  of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  E 
coast  of  N.  Jutland,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  and  23  miles  NNE.  of  Alburg. 

Lon.  10   18  E.,  lat.  57  20  N.  Ancient  and 

populous  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Sarte.  In  its 
vicinity  are  wrought  some  quarries  of  black  marble. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Sarte,  25  miles  NE.  of  Angers, 
and  135  SW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  24'  W..  lat.  47  50 

N.  Small  river,  New  York,  flowing  into  Lake 

Champlain  between  Clinton  and  Essex  cos.  A 
few  miles  above  its  mouth  are  Adgate's  falls,  of  80 
feet  perpendicular. 

Sable,  Cape,  most  southerly  point  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, near  which  is  a  fine  cod  fishery.  Lon.  65  39 
W.,  lat.  43  23  N. 

Sable,  Isle,  isle  nearly  adjoining  to  Sable  Cape  ; 
the  coasts  of  both  are  most  commodiou-ly  situated 
for  fisheries. 

Sables  d'Alonne,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Vendee,  with  a  port  capable  of  containing  vessels 
of  150  tons.  It  is  seated  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  40 
ms.  W.  of  Fontenay  le  Compte.  Lon.  1  50  W., 
lat.  46  28  N. 

Sablestan,  province  of  Persia,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Candahar,  E.  by  Hindoostan,  S.  by  Mak- 
ran,  and  W.  by  Segestan.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  little  known  to  Europeans.  Bost  is  the 
capital.  Though  named  as  a  province  of  Persia, 
|  Sablestan  is  rather  a  vague  general  term,  for  coun- 
tries differing  in  language  and  government. 

Sabois,  village,  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  by  post 
road  142  ms.  N.  from  Portland. 

Sacandaga. — See  Sacondaga. 

Sacarappa,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  7  ms. 
from  Portland. 

Sackelt's  Harbor,  village  of  Hounsfield,  Jeffer- 
son co.,  N.  Y  ,  on  Black  River  bay,  at  the  E.  end 
of  Lake  Ontario.  The  harbor  is  land-locked,  and 
with  a  bold  shore  ;  has  depth  of  water  for  the  larg- 
est vessels  of  war,  many  of  which  were  built  and 
stationed  here  during  the  last  war  between  the  U.  S. 
and  England ;  it  is  now  a  naval  and  military  sta- 
tion. A  very  fine  suit  of  stone  barracks  have  been 
erected  upon  the  bay  shore,  about  one-quarter  of  a 
mile  E.  from  the  village.  It  is  about  80  miles 
NNW.  from  Utica.  The  whole  tp.  of  Hounsfield 
had  in  1840  a  pop.  of  4,146. 

Saco,  river,  N.  H.,  heads  in  the  White  moun- 
tains, interlocking  with  the  sources  of  the  Merri- 
mack, Connecticut,  and  the  Androscoggin  branch 
of  the  Kennebec.  This  river  is  only  navigable  by 
sea  vessels  7  ms.,  to  the  head  of  tide  water  at  Bid- 
deford.  Its  basin  is  about  6.5  ms.  in  length,  by  a 
mean  width  of  25,  comprising  an  area  of  upwards 
1,600  sq.  ms. 

Saco,  village  and  port  of  entiy,  York  co.,  Me., 
on  the  E.  side  of  Saco  river,  at  its  entrance  into 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Portland.  It  is 
well  situated  for  commercial  purposes,  and,  from 
its  proximity  to  the  falls  of  Saco,  for  a  manufactur- 
ing establishment.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,532;  and  in 
1840,  4,408. 

Sacondago,  river  of  New  York,  rises  in  Hamil- 
ton, flows  SE.  into  the  NE.  corner  of  Montgome- 

785 


SAG  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAI 


ry,  reaches  the  boundary  between  Montgomery 
and  Saratoga,  turns  abruptly  NE.,  and,  traversing 
Saratoga  county,  falls  into  the  Hudson  at  Jesup's 
falls,  after  a  comparative  course  of  about  50  miles. 

 Mountains  of  N.  Y.,  in  Hamilton  co.,  from 

which  flow  the  Sacondago,  Hudson,  Black,  and 
Grass  rivers. 

Sacondaga,  village  in  the  NE.  part  of  Mont- 
gomery county,  New  York,  45  miles  NW.  from 
Albany. 

Saddleback,  remarkable  mountain,  consisting 
of  two  summits,  in  the  NW.  corner  of  Berkshire 
co.,  Mass.  These  summits  rise,  that  to  the  S. 
3,000,  and  that  to  the  N.  2,400  feet  above  the 
ocean,  and  are  the  highest  land  in  Mass. 

Sadsbury,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Brandywine,  between  West  Cain  and  East 
Fallowfield,  adjoining  Lancaster  co. 

Sadsburyville,  village,  Chester  co.,  Penn.,  on 
the  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  20  ms. 
E.  from  the- latter,  and  45  W.  from  the  former. 

Saffi,  trading  town  of  Morocco,  with  a  castle. 
The  Portuguese  were  long  in  possession  of  it, 
but  they  forsook  it  in  1641.  It  is  surrounded  by 
several  eminences,  which  command  the  town. 
Lon.  8  58  W.,  lat.  32  28  N. 

Saga,  heroic  poems  or  epics  of  northern  Europe, 
composed  during  what  may  be  with  propriety 
called  the  heroic  ages  of  the  Danish,  Swedish,  and 
Norwegian  nations  of  those  regions.  The  Heims- 
kringla  of  Snorro  Sturlesson  is  a  collection  of 
many  of  the  finest  sagas.  The  classical  period  of 
those  works  closed  with  the  12th  century. 

Sagadohoc,  small  river  of  Maine,  branch  of 

Androscoggin.  Name  given  in  the  early  stages 

of  New  England  colonization,  to  the  NE.  part  of 
Me.,  from  Kennebec  river. 

Sagon,  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  principality 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  Bober  and  Queis,  62 
ms.  NW.  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  15  22  E.,  lat.  51 
42  N. 

Sagenaw,  bay  of  Mich.,  opening  from  Lake 
Huron  between  Point  aux  Barques  and  Point  au 
Sable.  It  extends  SSW.  about  60  m-.,  to  where 
it  receives  Sagenaw  river  from  the  interior  of  the 
peninsula.  The  mouth  of  Sagenaw  river  is  about 
120  ms.  N3SW.  from  Detroit. 

Sag  Harbor,  port  of  entry  and  village,  South- 
ampton tp.,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  at  the 
NE.  end  of  Long  Island,  at  the  bottom  of  Gard- 
ner's bay,  58  ms.  E.  of  Smithstown,  and  108  E. 
N.  of  the  city  of  N.  Y.  It  is  a  very  prosperous 
place,  containing  about  140  dwelling-houses,  two 
ropewalks,  three  large  salt  works,  and  about 
6,000  tons  of  shipping.  The  inhabitants  are  ex 
tensively  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery  and  manu- 
factory of  spermaceti  candles.  Pop.  in  1820 
1,296.  The  whole  tp.  of  Southampton  had  in 
1840  a  pop.  of  6,205 


Albanians  of  a  savage  temper;  and  whose  "i 
men  are  warriors,"  says  Poqueville. — Poquev, 
and  Hobhouse. 

Sahgalien-oula,  river  which  falls  into  the  i 
of  Kamtschatka,  opposite  the  island  of  Saghalii 
oula-hata. — See  Amur. 

Sahgalien  oitla  hata,  island  in  the  sea  of  Kai 
schatka,  in  about  145°  E.  Ion.,  and  from  50°  to  I 
N.  lat.,  belonging  to  the  Russians. 

Saghalienouta-hatun,  city  of  East  Chin 
Tartary,  in  the  department  of  Tcitcicar,  on 
S.  side  of  the  Saghalien-oula.  It  is  rich  i 
populous,  and  very  important  on  account  of 
situation,  as  it  secures  the  Mantchew  Tartars 
possession  of  extensive  deserts  covered  with  woo 
in  which  a  great  number  of  sables  are  fou 
Lon.  127  25  E.,  lat.  50°  N. 

Sagrez,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Algar 
with  a  harbor  and  a  fort,  4  ms.  W.  of  Cape 
Vincent,  and  125  S.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  9  4  A 
lat.  37  4  N. 

Saguenai,  large  branch  of  the  St.  Lawre 
river,  rising  in  the  recesses  of  Labrador,  and  fall 
into  St.  Lawrence  about  120  ms.  below  Quel 
The  Saguenai,  according  to  Bouchette,  is  a  \ 
considerable  river,  affording  a  good  harbor 
every  kind  of  shipping  at  its  mouth. 

Sagur,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the  j 
vince  of  Malwa,  situated  near  the  Bunnassrb 
87  ms.  NW.  of  Gurrah,  and  112  S.  of  A[ 
Lon.  78  53  E.,  lat.  23  45  N. 

Sahagun,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdorr 
Leon,  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  i 
17  ms.  from  Placentia.  Lon.  5  23  W.,  lat. 
33  N. 

Sahara,  or  Desert. — See  Africa,  pp.  18  and  . 

Said,  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  seated  on  the  > 
150  ms.,  S.  of  Cairo.  Lon.  3120  E.,  lat.  27  32 

St.  Albans,  village,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  30 
NE.  from  Norridgewock,  and  30  ms.  NW. 

W.  from  Bangor.  Town  and  seat  of  just 

Franklin  co.,  Vt.,  near  Lake  Charoplain,  23 
N.  from  Burlington.    It  is  the  seat,  of  an  acade  . 

Lat.  44  48  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  58  E.  ViM  , 

Licking  co.,  O. 

St.  Anthony's  Falls,  in  the  Mississippi  ri , 
lat.  44°  N.  The  entire  descent  is  about.  65  , 
consisting  of  a  perpendicular  fall  of  40,  a:  i 
rapid  above  and  below.  A  square  of  9  ms.  i  i 
side  was  purchased  from  the  Indians  around  s 
fall  by  the  Government  of  the  U.  S.,  in  1805,  1 
now  occupied  as  a  military  station  by  a  det  - 
ment  of  troops. 

St.  Antonio  de  Bejar,  town  or  post  of  M« 
and  capital  of  Texas,  N.  lat.  29  36,  lon.  W 
21  46  W.— See  Antonio  de  Bejar. 

St.  Augustine. — See  Augustine,  St. 

St.  Bartholomew. — See  Bartholomew. 

St.  Bernard's,  islands  in  the  S.  Pacific  occa 


Sagori,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania,  See  Eadie's  island 


about  36  ms.  N.  from  Joannini.  The  Sagorites 
who  live  on  the  flat  summits  of  the  mountains, 
anciently  called  Lingon,  are  most  of  them  petty 
traders,  and  their  commerce  with  foreigners  has 
given  them  a  gentleness  of  manners  and  disposi- 
tion to  be  found  in  no  other  inhabitants  of  Al- 
bania ;  on  the  contrary,  the  northwestern  declivi- 
ties of  the  mountains  of  Sagori,  which  verge  to 
wards  the  valley  of  Tepellene,  are  peopled  by 
786 


St.  Bernard,  Great,  one  of  the  elevated  ts 
of  the  Alps  between  Italy  and  Switzer  1 
It  rises  in  one  peak  11,000  feet  above  the  d 
of  the  sea.    It  is  one  of  the  great  Alpine  pas 

St.Carlos  de  Menterey,  capital  of  New  J- 
fornia,  on  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lou- 
C.  45°  W.,  lat.  37  30  N. 

St.  Catharine's,  island  of  Brazil.  SceC'*" 
vine's,  St. 


SAI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SAI 


S&  Charles,  co.,  Mo.,  bounded  by  the  Missis- 
s pi  and  Cuivre  rivers  N.  and  NE.,  Missouri 
r>rSE.,  and  Montgomery  co.  W.  It  occupies 
t  peninsula  between  the  Mississippi  and  Mis- 
s  ri,  above  their  junction,  being  about  35  ms. 
J.sr,  with  a  mean  width  of  12;  area  400  sq.  ms 
deftown,  St.  Charles.  Pop.  in  1820,3,970; 
•  in  1840,  7,911.  Central  lat.  38  47  N.,  Ion. 
\  Ok  13  25  W. 

>7.  Charles,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  St. 
lirles  co.,  Mo.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri 
r  r,  25  ms.  NW.  from  St.  Louis.  It  is  now 
t  seat  of  government  of  Missouri.  Lat.  38  45 
I  Ion.  W.  C.  13  20  W. 

>Y.  Charles,  parish  of  La.,  bounded  by  St.  John 
F nist  W.,  by  Lake  Maurepas,  Pass  of  Manchac, 


and  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  above  50  ms.  below 
the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  It  is  wide  and  naviga- 
ble, and  supposed  to  offer  the  most  eligible  com- 
munication from  Lake  Superior  to  the  Mississippi 
St.  Domingo. — See  Domingo,  St. 
St.  Etienne  de  Furand,  town  of  Fr.,  in  Rhone 
and  Loire,  27  ms.  SSW.  from  Lyons,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  very  rich  coal  mines.  It  has 
the  most  extensive  manufactory  of  fire  arms  in 
France. 

<SY.  Eustutius. — See  Eustatius,  St. 
St.  Francis,  river  of  L.  C.  and  Vt.,  rise9  in 
the  latter,  in  Orleans  and  Essex  cos.    Its  main 
sources  are  the  confluents  of  Lake  Memphrema- 
gog  and  Lake  St.  Francis,  the  latter  in  the  re- 
cesses of  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C.     Below  the 
Lake  Pontchartrain,  N.,  parish  of  St.  Bernard  (junction  of  its  two  great  branches,  the  united 
Length  30,  mean  width  10  ms.,  area  300  sq.  stream  flows  NNW.  into  St.  Lawrence  river,  at 
For  general  features,  soil,  and  staples,  see  the  head  of  Lake  St.  Peter. 

St.  Francis,  river  of  Me.— See  latter  part  of  art. 

Walloostook.  River,  branch  of  the  Mississippi. 

— See  Mississippi  basin. 

St.  Francisville,  village  and  seat  of  justice, 
parish  of  New  Feliciana,  La.  It  stands  on  a  bank 
elevated  70  or  80  feet,  and  about  one-fourth  of  a 
mile  from  the  influx  of  Bayou  Sara  into  the 
Mississippi,  170  ms.  above  New  Orleans,  and  152 
below  Natchez.  It  is  built  on  a  single  street,  ex- 
tending along  the  road  leading  from  the  mouth  of 
Bayou  Sara  into  the  interior  country.  Lon.  W. 
C.  14  28  W.,  lat.  30  42  N. 
Saint  Gall.— See  Gall,  St. 
Saint  Genevieve,  co.,  Missouri,  bounded  by  the 
Mississippi  NE.,  Perry  co.  SE.,  St.  Francis  SW. 
and  W.,  and  Jefferson  NE.  Length  26  ms., 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  520  sq.  ms.  The  Mis- 
sissippi washes  its  NE.,  and  its  western  section  is 
drained  by  St.  Francis  river.  Chief  town,  St. 
Genevieve.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,962;  and  in  1840, 
3,148.    Ctl.  lat.  37  50,  lon.  W.  C.  13  5. 

St.  Genevieve,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  St. 
Genevieve  co.,  Missouri,  stands  on  a  high  plain 
or  second  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  about  a  mile 
lately  opposite  that  town.    It  is  watered  by  j  from  its  bank,  on  Gabara  creek,  82  ms.  below  St. 
Mississippi  and    Kaskaskias   rivers.     Chief :  Louis,  and  109  above  the  mouth  of  Ohio.    It  is 
,  Cahokia.    Pop,  in  1820,  5,253;  and  in  ! tne  second  town  in  the  State  in  point  of  size  and 


J  Bernard.    Pop.  in  1820,   3,862.  Central 

1*30°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.   13  36  W.  Parish 

a  post  office,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  about 
5  us.  above  New  Orleans. 

Christopher's.— See  Christopher's,  St.,  or 
hKitts. 

'f.  Clair  Lake  —See  St.  Lawrence  Basin. 
I  Clair,  tp.,  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Mon- 
■)  abela  and  Ohio  rivers,  opposite  Pittsburg,  and 
I  veen  Chartier  and  Street's  creeks. 
'  !7.  Clair,  tp.,  Bedford  co.,  Pa.,  on  Dunning's 
ok,  6  ms.  N.  from  Bedford. 

t.  Clair,  co.,  Ala.,  bounded  by  Shelby  S., 
J<;rson  SW.,  Blount  NW,  Cherokee  lands  N., 
»i  Coosa  river  E.  It  is  about  35  ms.  square. 
I  race  hilly  and  broken  ;  drained  by  the  Coosa 
w  Cahaba  rivers.  Chief  town,  St.  Clairsville. 
f  .  in  1820,  4,166;  and  in  1840,  5,638.  Cen- 
*  lat.  33  48  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  25  W. 

t.  Clair,  co.,  III.,  bounded  by  the  Mississippi 
nrNW,  Madison  N.,  Washington  E.,  Ran- 
«h  SE.,  and  Monroe  SW.  Length  30,  mean 
w  h  24  ms.,  area  720  sq.  ms.  The  body  of  this 
cc  lies  SE.  from  St.  Louis,  commencing  im- 


Central  lat.  38  30  N.,  lon.  W. 
— Village,  Butler  co.,  opposite 


13,631. 
C  12  50  W. 
Hiilton. 

'.  Clairsville,  village,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y. 
--Village,  and  seat  of  justice,  Union  tp.,  Bel- 
^tco,  O,  11  ms.  W.  from  Wheeling,  Va., 
»  31  SW.  from  Steubenville.  It  is  a  flourish- 
;n  village,  the  site  in  a  peculiar  degree  high,  airy, 
«  pleasant.    Pop.  of  all  Union  tp.,  in  1840, 

Lat.  40  8  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  55  W.  

ige,  St.  Clair  co.,  Ala.,  on  Canoe  creek  of 
sa  river,  about  65  ms.  SSE.,  from  Hunts- 


'.  Clement's  Bay,  and  post  office,  St.  Mary's 
-'o  Md.,  74  ms.  southward  from  Annapolis. 

f*  Croix,  Schoodic,  or  Passamaquoddy,  river 
*jle.  and  New  Brunswick.  It  is  a  stream  of 
Qi  political  than  commercial  consequence,  form- 
ula national  boundary  in  all  its  length. — See 
P'lamaquoddy. 

Croix,  branch  of  the  Mississippi,  rises  at 
'*'46°  N.,  interlocking  sources  with  the  Bois 
a  e,  branch  of  Lake  Superior.     It  flows  SW. 


importance,  containing  an  academy,  12  or  15 
stores,  and  near  400  dwelling  houses.  It  has  gained 
great  advantages  from  becoming  the  principal  depot 
of  lead,  and  the  mart  of  supply  to  the  miners. 
The  town  and  district  of  St.  Genevieve  contained 
in  1840  a  pop.  of  1,607.  Lat.  37  58  N.,  lon. 
W.  C.  12  53  W. 

St.  George,  tp.,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,325. 

St.  George's,  village,  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware, 
12  ms.  SSW.  from  Wilmington. 
St.,  Germain. — See  Germain,  St. 
Saint  Helena,  island  of. — See  Africa,  p.  31. 
Saint  Helena,  island  on  the  coast  of  S.  C.,  13 
ms.  long  and  3  broad,  forming  a  part  of  Beaufort 
district,  between  St.   Helena  and  Port  Royal 
sounds. 

St.  Helena,  parish  of  La.,  bounded  by  lakes 
Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas,  and  Amite  river  S., 
Amite  river  or  East  Baton  Rouge,  and  New  Feli- 
ciana W.,  State  of  Mississippi  N.,  and  Tangipao 
river,  or  Washington,  and  St.  Tammany  E. 
Length  46,  mean  width  28  ms.,  area  about  1,300 

787 


SAI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SAI 


gq.  ms.  With  very  partial  exceptions  this  exten- 
sive parish  is  covered  with  pine,  with  a  sterile 
soil.  Beside  the  Amite  and  Tangipoo,  it  is  drained 
by  the  Tickfoha  river.  Chief  town,  St.  Helena. 
Pop.  in  1820,  3,026  ;  and  in  1840,  3,525.  For 
ctl.  lat.  see  St.  Helena,  village. 

St.  Helena,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  St.  Hel- 
ena parish,  La.,  on  the  Tickfoha  river,  about  35 
ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Baton  Rouge.  Lat.  30  35, 
Ion.  W.  C.  13  41  W. 

Saint  Ilia,  Great,  river  of  Ga  ,  rises  in  Tatnall, 
Telfair,  and  Irwin  cos.  by  a  number  of  branches 
which  enter  Appling.  In  the  latter  they  form  two 
streams,  Great  and  Little  Saint  Ilia,  which  cross 
Appling  and  unite  in  Wayne,  turn  S.,  enter  Cam- 
den, and,  winding  to  the  E.,  fall  into  St.  An- 
drew's sound,  after  a  comparative  course  of  140 
miles. 

St.  Inigoes,  village  in  the  lower  part  of  St. 
Mary's  co.,  Md.,  on  a  small  bay  of  St.  Mary's 
river,  93  ms.  SE.  from  W.  C. 

St.  James's  Church,  post  office,  Bedford  co., 
Va.,  by  post  road  146  ms,  SW.  by  W,  from 
Richmond. 

St.  James,  parish  of  La.,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Mississippi,  bounded  by  St.  John  E.,  Amite  river 
N.,  Ascension  W.,  and  Assumption  SW.  Area 
300  sq.  ms.  For  general  features  and  staples  see 
St.  Bernard.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,660  ;  and  in  1840, 
8,548.  Lat.  30°  N.,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  14°  W., 
intersect  in  this  parish  about  7  ms.  SE.  from  Don- 
aldsonville. 

Saint  John,  or  Prince  Edward's  Island,  island 
in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  W.  from  Cape  Bre- 
ton.   Chief  town,  Charlottetown. 

St.  John,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  E.  of 

Mindanao.    Lon.  126  39  E.,  lat.  9  30  N.  

One  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  be- 
longing to  the  Danes.  It  is  12  ms.  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  has  a  town  and  spacious  harbor.  Lon. 
65  10  W.,  lat.  18  10  N. 

St.  Johns,  co.  of  New  Brunswick. 

St.  John's,  the  only  river  of  considerable  mag- 
nitude which  enters  the  bay  of  Fundy.  This  no- 
ble stream  rises  in  Maine,  its  extreme  northern 
and  northwestern  sources  reaching  to  within  20 
ms.  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Flowing  first  to  the 
NE.,  thenE.,  and  finally  SE.  and  S.,  falls  into 
the  bay  of  Fundy  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  350  ms.,  forming  the  largest  stream  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  between  the  basin  of  the  Sus- 
quehannah  and  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The 
tide  flows  up  this  stream  upwards  of  80  ms.,  its 
mouth  between  St.  John  and  Castleton  is  narrow, 
and  impeded  by  a  ledge  of  rocks,  on  which  there 
is  only  17  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  The  St.  John 
is  very  difficult  of  entrance  from  the  violence  and 
eddying  of  the  tide,  and  the  incumbent  mass  of 
fresh  water  from  the  river. 

The  basin  of  St.  John  is  about  250  ms.  in 
length,  with  a  mean  width  of  100  ms.,  comprising 
an  area  of  25,000  sq.  ms.  In  its  natural  state  the 
St.  John  is  one  of  the  most  navigable  rivers  in  the 
Atlantic  system,  being  much  less  impeded  by  falls 
than  any  other  of  the  streams  entering  that  ocean 
between  the  Hudson  and  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
The  land  watered  by  either  the  main  river  or 
branches  are  also  more  fertile  than  that  contained 
in  the  other  river  basins  NE.  of  the  Connecticut. 
788 


I  In  point  of  climate  the  St.  John's  basin  reac 
the  48th°  of  N.  lat.,  and  terminates  in  the  At 
tic  coast  at  N.  lat.  45  10,  extending  through  r 

'3°  of  latitude. — See  Walloostook  River. 

St.  John's,  city  of  New  Brunswick,  at 
mouth  of  St.  John's  river.  It  is  situated  on 
vated  ground,  regularly  laid  out  and  well  bi 
and  contains  5  churches.  From  the  exces 
tides  at  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  river  the  barb< 
open  throughout  the  year. 

St.  John's,  lake  of  La.,  in  Concordia,  om 
bend  of  the  Mississippi.  Bayou  L'Argent  is 
outlet  from  the  river  to  the  lake,  and  leaves 
former  opposite  Fairchild's  island-,  15  ms.  at  ^ 

i  Natchez. 

j  St.  John's,  capital  of  the  island  of  Newfou 
land,  on  the  SE.  coast  of  the  island.  Lat.  , 
55  N.    Resident  pop.  about  12,000. 

St.  John's,  river  of  Florida,  rises  between 
26°  and  27°  N.,  and  following  first  NE.  about 
ms.,  approaches  within  6  ms.  of  the  Atlantic  oct, 
about  60  ms.  nearly  S.  from  Cape  Cannaveral 
thence  turns  N  W.,  but  curves  generally  with  , 

i  opposite  coast,  and  finally  falls  into  the  Atla 
ocean  at  lat.  30  12,  after  an  entire  compare 

[course  of  300  ms.  It  is  navigable  nearly  to. 
source. 

St.  John  Bapiiste,  parish,  La.,  on  both  side 
of  the  Mississippi  river,  above  St.  Charles  and 
tween  St.  James.  Area  about  150  sq.  ms.  1 
general  features  and  staples  see  St.  Bernard.  F 
in  1820,  3,854;  and  in  1840,  5,776.  Ctl. 
30  4  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  13  44  W. 

St.  Johnsburg,  town,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.,  J 
ms.  NE.  from  Montpelier.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,5 

 Village,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.,  on  Passamp  ;, 

river,  35  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Montpelier. 

St.  Johnsville,  town,  Montgomery  co.,  Va.,jtt 
ms.  NW.  by  VV.  from  Albany. 

Saint  Joseph's,  lake,  La.,  in  Concordia,  on  i 
bend  of  the  Mississippi,  nearly  opposite  the  mc  I 

of  Big  Black  river.  One  of  the  islands  in  I 

straits  of  St.  Mary,  between  Lakes  Superior  1 

Huron.  Small  island  on  the  coast  of  Mif- 

[sippi,  near  the  mouth  of  Pearl  river.  Rive: 

[Michigan,  rising  on  the  same  plain  with  Maun, 
but  flowing  NW.  into  Lake  Michigan. 

St.  Juan  de  Ulua,  island  and  very  strong  J 
tress  off  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz. 

St.  Landre,  or  Opelousas,  town  of  La.,  I 
seat  of  justice  for  the  parish  of  the  same  na 
situated  in  a  prairie  between  two  bodies  of  woi , 
about  a  half  a  mile  asunder,  on  a  small  stni 
which  forms  part  of  the  sources  of  both  TeJ 
and  Vermillion  livers;  the  Bayou  Fusillieren- 
ing  Teche,  and  the  other  Bayou  Bourbee,  torn  [ 
the  head  of  Vermillion.  St.  Landre  is  distarl 
ms.  SW.  of  its  port,  Bayou  Carron.  Theco- 
try  though  level  is  very  pleasant  and  heal!- 
Water  is  generally  found  only  in  wells;  spri' 
are  rare,  but  the  water  is  excellent,  cool,  and  lij  j 
The  streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles.  It  c  I 
tains  a  court-house,  jail,  a  few  public  houses  1 
stores,  50  or  60  houses,  and  about  200  inhabits 
Lat.  30  32  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  15  12  W. 

St.  Lawrence,  river,  N.  America,  in  the  U. 


and  Cabotia,  or  British  America. 

As  a  basin  of  inland  commerce,  it  may  inci 
be  truly  asserted  that  the  St.  Lawrence  st8» 


SAI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAI 


K  on  the  globe.  The  sublime  and  peculiar 
ares  of  that  unequalled  assemblage  of  fresh 
,-sr  seas  demand  more  than  ordinary  attention 
I  the  geographer  and  statistical  inquirer.  This 
mmse  basin  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
jarence  to  the  headwaters  of  Lake  Superior, 
lljjO  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  about  400  ms., 
-□■containing  an  area  of  upwards  of  500,000 
}  is. 

ie  tide  ascends  further  in  that  basin  than  in 
t»«}f  any  other  of  the  known  world,  or  upwards 

f  10  ms.  by  comparative  courses  from  the  gulf 
U  out  half  way  between  Quebec  and  Montreal. 
\fce  tide  water  to  Ogdensburg  the  navigation  of 

k  ver  is  much  impeded  by  shoals  and  rapids, 
v*>  in  no  place  actually  impassable  with  vessels, 
■jr  ascending  or  descending.    Ships  of  the  line 

•  f  e  first  class  are  navigated  as  high  as  Quebec, 
v  essels  of  400  tons  are  taken  to  Montreal, 
p  rdsof  550  ms.  from  the  gulf.    St.  Lawrence 

■  «b  is  subdivided  into  three  natural  sections  or 
<ecdary  basins.    First,  that  of  Lake  Superior 

Kits  tributary  streams ;  second,  that  of  Lakes 
rlbn,  Michigan,  and  Erie;  third,  that  of  Lake 

♦n'io  and  the  residue  of  the  rivers  to  tide  water. 

f  ese  in  order. 

ke  Superior  is  an  immense  reservoir,  elevated 
i»  the  level  of  the  Atlantic  tides  641  feet, 
•icxtending  over  a  square  of  300  ms.  each  side, 
rS.OOO  sq.  ms.     Of  this  expanse,  lake  Supe- 
Nffcself  occupies  a  triangle  of  350  ms.  base, 
t«P a  perpendicular  of  160  ms.,  or  embrac- 
es i  area  of  near  30,000  sq.  ms.    This  greatest 
•  water  lake  of  the  globe  extends  from  the 
<ili  of  St.   Mary  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Louis 
=4lilfollowing  the  windings  of  the  shore,  400 
«.  vith  50  to  150  ms.  in  width.  Sufficient 
lrf'of  water  is  every  where  found  for  the  largest 
So  much  of  the  shore  of  this  lake  is 
roAound,  as  to  render  its  navigation  in  a  high 
>!*fi!  dangerous,  and,  with  the  severity  of  the 
mme  and  sterility  of  its  adjacent  shores  in  most 
Mfc  will,  in  a  great  degree,  deprive  mankind  of 

■  nt  nefits  of  such  a  sheet  of  water  so  far  inland. 
-  1  pining  60,000  sq  ms.  of  land,  it  must  be  ob- 
Mfchat  an  immense  body  of  water  is  poured 
.  >lo  ake  Superior,  which,  besides  innumerable 
wfcir  streams,  receives  from  the  S.  Bois  Brule, 
klnuvaise,  Montreal,  Iron,  and  Huron  rivers  ; 
frmhe  N.,  Redstone;  from  the  NW.,  Grand 
Mtfe  river;  and  from  the  W.,  St.  Louis  river. 

I;  inland  route  to  the  sources  of  the  Missis- 

•  ^>.nd  adjacent  regions  is  by  the  channel  of  the 
j'te  The  following  distances  and  relative  ele- 
vWf  from  the  Fond  du  Lac,  or  mouth  of  St. 
ilJlriver,  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  are 
^W.ed  from  Schoolcraft's  travels  with  Governor 


18  148 


3  151 


8  12 
220  232 

18  250 


24 
26 
23 
35 


•the  mouth  of  St.  Louis  river  to 
'Southwest  Company's  House  - 
h  foot  of  the  Grand  Portage      -  2 
I*  Galley         -  -  2 

Us  head  of  Grand  Portage  -  7 

I  foot  of  the  Portage  aux  Co- 
jx  -  6  41 

t  head  of  the  Portage  aux  Co- 
jx  -  -  1$  42£ 

t  isle  aux  Plaie  -  -       3  f  45 1 

ti  isle  aux  Pins  -  6  '  5l| 


To  the  head  of  do    -  -  -         £  52 

To  the  foot  of  Grand  Rapids  -       2  54 

To  the  head  of  Grand  Rapids  -       6  60 

To  Glukie  Rapids    -  -  -       6  66 

To  head  of  do.         -  -  1  57 

To  Gross  Rocher     -  _  -      21  88 

To  mouth  of  Savannah  river  12  100 

To  the  portage  from  St.  Louis  river  -  24  124 
Over  the  Savannah  portage  -  -       6  130 

Down  another  Savannah  river  dis- 
charge, into  Sandy  Lake  - 
Southwest  Co.'s  House,  on  Sandy 
Lake       -  .  .  v 

Relative  elevations  in  the  foregoing  distances 
„  "      ,  Rise  in  feet, 

from  the  mouth  of  St.  Louis  river  to 

the  Southwest  Company's  House  -  4 
To  the  Galley,  4  ms.  further 
To  the  head  of  the  Grand  Portage  - 
To  the  foot  of  the  Portage  aux  Co- 

teaux  - 
To  the  head  of  the  Portage  aux  Co- 

teaux       -  .  -  _    42  392 

To  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  river  212.6  504.6 
To  the  Savannah  Portage    -  .     19  522.6 

To  the  head  of  the  west  Savannah  -  30  652.6 
We  thus  rind  the  extreme  summit  level  between 
Lake  Superior  and  Sandy  Lake  to  be  550.6  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  former,  in  a  direct  dis- 
tance of  about  70  ms.  If  this  estimate  is  correct, 
the  country  W.  of  Lake  Superior  has  a  rise,  in 
70  ms.,  of  within  90  4  feet,  as  much  as  from  tide 
water  in  the  Hudson  to  the  head  of  that  lake. 

Depression  from  the  summit  level  to  Sandy  Lake. 
To  the  first  rapid      -  2 
Descent  of  the  rapid  -  -  -        5  7 

Head  of  second  rapid  -  -        4  11 

Descent  of  second  rapid       -  -        8  19 

Thence  to  the  level  of  Sandy  Lake   -     4.6  23.6 

This  depression  taken  from  550.6  feet  leaves 
527  feet  as  the  elevation  of  the  surface  of  Sandy 
Lake  over  that  of  Lake  Superior.  Mr.  School- 
craft (page  261)  estimates  the  entire  fall  from  the 
summit  level,  through  Sandy  Lake,  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi, at  60  feet,  and  the  elevation  of  the  sour- 
ces of  that  river,  above  that  of  the  mouth  of  Sandy 
Lake  river,  at  162  feet. 

From  these  elements  we  have  36.4  feet  fall  from 
Sandy  Lake  into  the  Mississippi,  yielding  an  ele- 
vation of  that  stream  at  the  mouth  of  Sandy  Lake 
river,  above  the  surface  of  Lake  Superior,  of  490.6 
feet.  If  to  the  latter  sum  we  add  162  feet,  we 
have  652.6  feet,  as  the  elevation  of  the  sources  of 
Mississippi  river  above  the  surface  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. We  have  already  found  that  the  latter  lake 
was  elevated  641  feet  above  the  Atlantic  tides, 
which  sum,  added  to  652.6,  produces  1,293.6' 
say  in  round  numbers  1,300  feel,  as  the  elevation 
of  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  over  the  Atlantic 
tides.— See  article  Mississippi.  In  that  place  it 
will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Schoolcraft's  deduction  does 
not  agree  with  his  elements.  He  there  deduces 
1,330  feet  as  the  elevation  of  the  Mississippi 
sources.  But,  by  adding  together  611  feet,  the 
elevation  of  Lake  Superior,  550.6  feet,  rise  to  the 
intermediate  summit  level  between  Lake  Superior 
and  the  mouth  of  Sandy  Lake  river,  and  162  feet 
as  the  rise  of  the  Mississippi  river  from  Sandy 

789 


SAI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAI 


Lake  river  to  its  sources,  we  have  1,353.6  feet ; 
and  this  sum,  less  60  feet,  the  fall  from  the  sum- 
mit level  before  noticed,  to  the  mouth  of  Sandy 
Lake  river,  leaves,  as  before,  1,293.6  feet  as  the 
real  elevation  of  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 
*  By  the  river  of  the  Grand  Portage,  which  en- 
ters Lake  Superior  nearly  opposite  to  the  SW. 
end  of  Isle  Royal,  a  route  is  opened  with  the  wide 
uncultivated  expanse  upon  the  sources  of  the  Win- 
nepeg,  Assiniboin,  Red,  and  other  branches  of 
Saskashawin.  This  is  the  great  thoroughfare  of 
the  fur  trade. 

The  enormous  surplus  mass  of  the  waters  of 
Lake  Superior  are  discharged  at  the  falls  of  St. 
Mary,  N.  lat.  46  31,  by  a  fall  of  22  feet  10  inch- 
es, according  to  the  admeasurement  made  by  Col. 
Gratiot.  The  river  or  strait  of  St.  Mary's  is 
about  40  ms.  in  length,  and  connects  the  upper 
secondary  basin  of  St.  Lawrence  with  that  of  Lake 
Huron,  Michigan,  Erie,  and  their  confluent  wa- 
ters. The  latter  basin,  depressed  below  the  for- 
mer 76  feet,  spreads  over  a  parallelogram  of  500 
by  400  ms  ,  or  embracing  a  superfices  of  200,000 
sq.  ms.  Of  this  extent,  Lake  Huron  occupies 
20,000  sq.  ms,  Michigan  13,500,  and  Erie  15,000, 
or  over  an  aggregate  of  48,500  sq.  ms.  If  to  this 
we  add  1,500  sq.  ms.  for  Lake  St.  Clair  and  Ni- 
pissing,  other  smaller  lakes,  and  the  rivers,  we 
have,  in  round  numbers,  in  the  second  or  middle 
basin  of  St.  Lawrence,  fifty  thousand  square  ms. 
of  water,  or  one-fourth  part  of  the  entire  sur- 
face. 

The  middle  is  the  most  valuable  of  the  three 
minor  basins  of  St.  Lawrence.  In  point  of  cli- 
mate, it  reaches  from  N.  lat.  40  20  to  N.  lat.  47°. 
The  arable  surface  is  unequally  divided,  as  near 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  is  on  the  right  or  U.  S. 
side  of  the  chain  of  lakes.  It  would  be  needless  to 
enumerate  the  great  number  ol  rivers  which  every 
where  flow  from  the  adjacent  country  into  the 
lakes  ;  we  will  therefore  particularly  notice  only 
those  which,  from  their  position,  have  already 
or  may  become  noted  channels  of  inland  naviga- 
tion. 

Of  the  latter,  proceeding  from  W.  to  E.,  the 
first  which  demands  attention  is  Fox  river,  flow 
ing  into  Green  bay,  or  the  northwestern  arm  of 
Lake  Michigan.  The  entire  length  of  this  river  is 
260  ms.,  50  of  which  consist  of  lakes.  It  is  form- 
ed by  two  branches,  the  Vaseux  and  Portage  riv- 
ers, which  unite  15  ms.  from  Portage  from  the 
latter  to  the  Ouisconsin  branch  of  Mississippi 
The  Vaseux  flows  in  from  the  NW.,  and  from  its 
junction  with  the  Portage  river  to  Winnebago 
Lake  is  190  ms.,  following  the  windings  of  the 
stream.  In  this  distance,  Fox  river  in  most  pla- 
ces resembles  a  canal  or  strait  more  than  river,  its 
current  is  gentle,  and  often  expanded  into  lakes  of 
considerable  extent.  The  river  here  appears  to 
wind  across  a  valley,  which  is  terminated  by  a 
ridge  of  hills  crossing  between  Green  bay  and 
Winnebago  Lake.  The  latter  opens  above  the 
ridge  we  have  noticed,  and  extends  with  a  width 
of  5  or  6  ms.,  or  about  24  in  length.  The  adja- 
cent country  has  been  described  as  in  a  peculiar 
degree  fertile  and  agreeable  to  the  eye. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  Winnebago  Lake,  the 
river  changes  its  character :  the  shores  become 
rocky  and  precipitous,  and  the  bottom  of  the  stream 
790 


much  embarrassed  with  falls,  rapids,  and  si  9 
By  a  very  circuitous  channel  of  40  ms.,  thr  | 
this  mountain  pass,  the  navigation  is  obstruct  \\ 
the  Winnebago,  Little  Kakalin,  Grand  Kak  jjj 
and  the  Rock  Rapids.  From  the  foot  of  the  e 
to  the  head  of  Green  bay  is  about  6  ms  of  sr  tl 
water.  At  low  water,  late  in  the  summe)  k 
early  in  autumn,  the  navigation  of  the  mou  it 
pass  of  Fox  river  is  extremely  dangerous,  ft 
cult,  and  fatiguing,  but  during  the  spring  i  &, 
may  be  ascended  and  descended  with  eas  kj 
safety. 

Green  bay  extends  120  ms.  in  length,  in  |i 
'  rection  of  NNE.,  nearly  parallel  to  Lake  IV  j 
■  gan,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  wide  s  t, 
about  75  ms.  W.  from  the  straits  of  Michilm  j 
nac.  It  was  through  this  channel  that  th<  g 
discovery  was  made  of  the  Mississippi  river  n 
Canada,  and  it  has  long  continued  and  st  e 
mains  the  principal  route  from  the  Canadia  ei 
to  the  upper  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  Ths  1 
tance,  by  comparative  courses,  from  the  moi  o 
Green  bay  to  the  portage  from  the  Fox  to  i 
consin  rivers,  is  250  ms.,  and  down  the  e 
stream,  to  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi,  '>( 
ms.  ;  but  the  distance,  following  the  windii  o 
the  stream,  is  probably  one-third  more  tha  jj 
comparative  courses,  or  from  Lake  Michig;  t< 
the  Mississippi  about  530  ms. 

The  portage  from  the  Fox  to  the  Ouisc  it 
river  is  one  of  those  singular  situations  vvhic  hi 
interior  of  America  affords,  where  nature  seei  t< 
have  made  preparation  for  the  operation  of  h  u 
intercourse.  Both  rivers  originate  about  10(  is 
to  the  N.  of  the  portage,  but  at  the  latter  I 
they  approach  to  within  one  mile  and  a  hall  h< 
intervening  ground  level  prairie,  over  whi  a 
high  floods  loaded  canoes  are  navigated  frorr  n< 
stream  to  the  other.  This  circumstance  eslab  ia 
the  fact  of  the  facility  of  completing  the  conn  oi 
by  a  short  canal,  perhaps  without  locks. 

The  next  point  of  contact  between  the  nav  )l< 
waters  of  the  Canadian  sea  and  Mississippi  ri  ii 
near  the  SW.  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan.  ■ 
the  small  river  Chicago,  entering  Lake  Mick  n, 
heads  with  the  Theakiki  branch  of  Illinois,  d, 
from  the  nature  of  the  intermediate  country,  nf 
at  high  water  a  natural  uninterrupted  rout  >e- 
tween  those  two  great  sections  of  the  I  ed 
States. 

The  two  following  lists  of  land  and  water  i 
from  New  York  to  St.  Louis,  by  the  Ohi<  ad 
Illinois  routes,  will  exhibit  the  relative  distan  al 
a  single  glance  : 

Route  from  the  city  of  New  York  to  St.  Lou  by 
Hamilton,  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  Louu  k 
and  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers. 


Names  of  places. 


Newburg 

Cocheton 

Hamilton 

Pittsburg 

Steubenville 

Cincinnati 

Louisville 

Mouth  of  Ohio 

St.  Louis 


Miles. 


200 
261 
59 
263 
131 
393 
198 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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oefrom  the  city  of  N.  Y.  to  St.  Louis,  by  Al- 
,ny,  Buffalo,  Detroit,  Michilimackinac,  Lake 
.chigan,  Illinois,  and  Mississippi  rivers. 


Names  of  places. 

Miles. 

Miles. 

143 

j.daigua 

213 

356 

92 

448 

90 
90 

538 
628 

no 

738 

vratiot 

67 

805 

dimackinac  • 

190 

995 

jj  of  Chicago  river 

280 

1,275 

H)f  Illinois  river 

40 

1,315 

i  of  Illinois  river 

400 

1,715 

30 

1,745 

'ill  be  at  once  seen,  by  an  inspection  of  this 
that  the  difference  in  distance  by  the  two 
is  trifling;  and,  all  things  considered,  no 
Hversity  exists  naturally  in  the  facility  offered, 
lediraents  opposed  to  mercantile  transporta- 
but,  with  the  grand  canal  from  Albany  to 
o,  the  advantages  are  obviously  in  favor  of 
irthern  route. 

;  observations  upon  the  St.  Lawrence  basin 
be  indefinitely  enlarged,  but  we  must  close 
ineral  view  of  that  subject  with  a  few  brief 

awa  or  Grand  river  is  a  great  northern  branch 
Lawrence,  rising  in  the  imperfectly  known 
s  N.  from  Lake  Huron,  and,  flowing  SE.  by 
irative  courses  600  ms.,  falls  into  the  Coteau 
c  25  ms.  nearly  W.  from  the  city  of  Mon- 
The  Ottawa,  often  called  the  Grand  river, 
of  the  routes  pursued  by  the  Canadian  tra- 
who  ascend  that  river,  and,  by  a  short  por- 
snter  Lake  Nipissing,  and  from  the  latter  into 
Huron.  The  distance  from  Montreal  into 
Superior  is  one-third  longer  through  the  St. 
•nee  and  great  lakes  than  by  the  Ottawa  river, 
avigalion  of  the  latter  is  much  encumbered 
apids  and  shoals,  but  is  nevertheless  much 
nted,  from  its  superior  safety,  and  from  being 
ch  shorter. 

ltreal  is  extremely  well  situated  to  become 
ntre  of  a  very  extensive  inland  commerce.  It 
ady  such,  as  far  as  the  advance  of  population 
limit.  Standing  at  the  head  of  ship  naviga- 
i  his  city  is  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  point  of 
t  between  the  foreign  and  interior  commerce 
i  immense  expanse  of  country.  In  1831,  the 
ution  was  estimated  at  27,300;  at  present, 
I  it  is  probable  that  it  falls  little,  if  any,  un- 
',000. 

L  Chine  is  the  upper  port  of  Montreal,  and  sit- 
*  on  the  6ame  island  with  that  city,  and  at  the 
I  extremity  of  Lake  St.  Louis.  La  Chine  is 
i  entre  of  shipment  between  the  Upper  and 
If  provinces,  and  the  North  country.  In  May 
i'ovember,  boats,  to  and  from  various  parts  of 
M  Canada,  are  continually  arriving  and  de- 
r  g  from  this  place.  They  are  from  35  to  40 
*'i  length,  with  about  6  feet  beam  ;  their  usual 
•b  from  4  to  4£  tons.  They  are  worked  by 
r-i  mast,  and  sail,  drag-ropes  for  towing,  and 
looles  for  setting  them  through  the  strong  cur- 
sor rapids.  Four  men  manage  them  in  sum- 
Jr  They  bring  down  wheat,  flour,  salt  provis- 


ions, pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and  peltries.  They  are 
usually  navigated  in  squadrons  of  from  4  to  15 
boats,  in  order  to  enable  the  crews  to  aid  each  other 
in  passing  the  rapids. 

From  La  Chine,  the  bark  canoes  employed  by 
the  Northwest  Company  in  the  fur  trade  take  their 
departure.  Of  all  the  contrivances  for  transporting 
heavy  burdens  by  water,  these  vessels  are  perhaps 
the  most  extraordinary.  They  are  formed  by  a 
slight  frame,  to  which  the  bark  of  the  white  birch 
tree  (petula  alba)  in  slips  is  attached.  These  ca 
noes  are  the  lightest  of  all  navigable  vessels  to 
their  capacity.  It  is  the  latter  circumstance  which 
enables  the  Canadian  boatmen  to  perform  so  many 
long  and  fatiguing  portages  with  their  vessels  and 
cargo. 

With  these  light  canoes  the  traders  proceed  up 
the  Grand,  or  Ottawa  river,  to  the  SW.  branch,  by 
which,  and  a  chain  of  small  lakes,  they  reach  Ni- 
pissing;  through  it,  and  down  the  French  river, 
into  Lake  Huron  ;  along  its  southern  coast,  up  the 
narrows  of  St.  Mercy,  into  Lake  Superior;  and 
then,  by  its  northern  side,  to  the  Grand  Portage,  a 
distance  of  about  1,100  ms.  from  the  place  of  their 
departure.  From  the  Grand  Portage,  which  is  9 
ms.  across,  there  is  a  continuation  of  similar  toils 
and  bark  canoes  of  smaller  size,  through  chains  of 
lakes  and  streams  that  run  from  the  height  of  land 
westward,  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  Lake 
Winnepeg,  to  the  more  distant  establishments  of 
the  company  in  the  remote  regions  of  the  north- 
west country.  > 

From  the  city  of  Montreal  to  the  eastward,  the 
shores  are  from  15  to  20  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
St.  Lawrence ;  but,  in  the  opposite  direction, 
towards  La  Chine,  they  are  low.  Between  the 
Coteau  St.  Pierre  and  the  river  the  land  is  so  flat, 
and  particularly  near  the  small  Lake  St.  Pierre,  so 
marshy  as  to  induce  a  conjecture  that  it  was  once 
covered  with  water.  Over  this  place  it  is  intended 
to  cut  a  canal,  by  which  a  direct  communication 
would  be  formed  between  La  Chine  and  the  city, 
and  the  rapid  St  Louis  (intervening)  avoided. 

Near  the  head  of  Lake  St.  Louis  extends  the 
Point  des  Cascades,  and  in  the  river  lies  the  island 
des  Cascades,  which,  with  one  or  two  other  smaller 
ones,  break  the  current  of  the  river  at  its  entrance 
into  Lake  St.  Louis,  and  present  nearly  the  same 
effect  that  would  be  produced  by  the  most  violent 
tempest.  To  avoid  these,  a  canal,  usually  called 
the  Military  canal,  has  been  constructed  across  the 
point  of  land,  and  through  which  the  boats  pass  to 
the  locks  at  Le  Buiessen  ;  it  is  500  yards  in  length. 
At  a  place  near  Lorguil's  mill,  the  boats  going  up 
the  St.  Lawrence  are  unloaded,  and  their  freights 
transported  in  carts  to  the  village,  while  the  empty 
boats  are  towed  through  the  rapid  du  Coteau  des 
Coches.  At  Coteau  du  Cac,  just  above  the  river 
de  Lisle,  ascending  boats  again  enter  locks  to  avoid 
a  very  strong  rapid. 

We  may  now  take  a  brief  view  of  those  riverb 
by  which  a  water  communication  is  had  from  the 
TJ.  S.  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  Of  these,  the  most 
important  is  the  river  Richelieu,  which  flows  from 
the  Lake  Ghamplain,  in  a  northerly  course,  and 
unites  with  the  river  St.  Lawrence  at  the  town  of 
j  William  Henry.  The  navigation  is  carried  on  by 
boats,  canoes,  and  rafis.  From  its  junction  with 
the  St.  Lawrence,  decked  vessels  of  150  tons  may 

791 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


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ascend  12  or  14  ins.  ;  its  mouth  is  about  250  yards 
in  width,  and  this  continues  nearly  to  the  basin  of 
Chambly  ;  from  thence  to  the  Island  du  Portage, 
it  is  500  yards;  beyond  this,  it  is  double  that  ex- 
tent to  St.  John's,  from  whence  there  is  a  ship 
navigation  160  ms.  along  Lake  Champlain.  From 
the  basin  down  to  the  St.  Lawrence  the  current  is 
gentle,  notwithstanding  the  shoals  and  flats;  but, 
from  Lake  Champlain,  the  stream  is  in  some  places 
broken  by  rapids.  There  is  much  trade  upon  this 
important  navigation,  and  its  importance  is  une- 
quivocal. 

The  river  St.  Francis  is  also  an  important  line  of 
communication,  only  it  is  obstructed  by  a  number 
of  violent  rapids  ;  its  source  is  a  large  lake  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  tps.  of  Garthley  and  Coleraine  ; 
it  flows  in  a  SW.  direction  for  30  ms.,  then  nearly 
NW.  for  about  80  ms.,  and  falls  into  the  Lake  St. 
Peter ;  a  branch  connects  with  Lake  Memphrema- 
gog,  from  which  several  streams  descend  into  the 
State  of  Vt.  Notwithstanding  the  imperfection  of 
this  navigation,  much  trade  is  thereby  sent  to  the 
St.  Lawrence. — See  Rideau  Canal. 

St.  Lawrence,  northern  co.  of  N.  Y.,  on  St. 
Lawrence  river,  bounded  by  St.  Lawrence  NW., 
Franklin  co.,  of  N.  Y.,  E.,  Hamilton  and  Herki- 
mer cos.  S.,  and  Herkimer,  Lewis,  and  Jefferson 
SW.  Length  60  ms.,  mean  widih  44;  area 
2,640  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  Oswegatchie,  Grass, 
Racket,  and  St.  Regis  rivers.  The  surface  is  rather 
uneven  than  hilly  ;  and  much  of  the  river  soil  ex- 
cellent, and  all  exceedingly  well  timbered.  Chief 
towns,  Ogdensburg  and  Hamilton.  Pop.  in  1820, 
16,037  ;  and  in  1840,  56,706.  Central  lat.  44  30 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2°  E. 

St.  Leonard's,  town,  Calvert  co.,  Md.,  on  the 
W,  side  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  about  10  ms.  NW. 
of  Drumpoint,  12  ms.  NE.  of  the  town  of  Bene- 
dict, on  the  Potomac,  und  58  from  W.  C. 

St.  Louis,  co.  of  Missouri,  bounded  by  Missouri 
river  NW.,  Mississippi  E.,  Merrimack  river  S.,  and 
Franklin  co.  W.  Length  40  ms.,  mean  width  15  ; 
area  600  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,049  ;  and  in 
1840,  35,979.  Central  lat.  38  40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
13  20  W. 

Si.  Louis,  town  and  capital,  St.  Louis  co.,  Mo., 
on  the  right  l>ank  of  Mississippi,  18  ms.  below  the 
mouth  of  Missouri.  The  site  of  this  town  is  a 
gentle  acclivity,  terminating  in  a  plain  in  the  rear 
of  the  buildings.  The  whole  resting  on  a  lime- 
stone base.  The  houses  are  ranged  in  three  paral- 
lel streets,  rising  above  each  other  and  extending 
along  the  river  about  2  ms.  St  Louis  possesses 
some  pre-eminent  advantages  of  local  position.  It 
is  already,  and  must  continue,  the  principal  depot 
for  the  immense  regions  drained  by  those  numerous 
rivers,  the  congregated  waters  of  which  are  here 
collected  into  one  great  stream.  The  population  of 
this  place  has  very  rapidly  advanced.  In  1803, 
when  transferred  to  the  U.  S.,  the  inhabitants  fell 
short  of  1,000  ;  in  1816,  they  amounted  to  2,000; 
and  in  1820,  to  4,598.  In  1840,  the  city  of  St. 
Louis,  and  the  township  in  which  it  is  situated, 
contained  an  aggregate  population  of  35,979,  of 
whom  13,126  were  white  males,  and  8,379  white 
females;  total  whites,  21,505;  residue,  14,474, 
were  persons  of  color.  Lat.  38  46  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  12  58  W. 

St.  Louis,  river  of  the  NW.  Territory  of  the 
792 


U.  S.,  rising  between  Lake  Superior  and  the 
sissippi  river,  and,  flowing  S.,  turns  SE.,  \ 
finally  E.,  falls  into  the  extreme  western  U  f 
Lake  Superior     It  is  one  of  the  channels  of  ii 
communication  between  Lake  Superior  and 
sissippi  river.    See  St.  Lawrence  basin.  Th 
S.  NW.  Company  have  an  establishment  on  | 
river,  a  few  ms.  above  its  mouth. 

St.  Lucar  de  Barameda,  seaport  of  Spaii  jj 
the  mouth  of  the  Guadalquiver. 

St.  Malo,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  departr  t 
of  Morbihan.  It  has  a  spacious  harbor,  but  <  . 
cult  of  access,  on  account  of  the  rocks  that  sum  ] 
it ;  it  is  a  trading  place,  of  great  importance,  . 
fended  by  a  strong  castle.  St.  Malo  is  seate  i 
an  island,  united  to  the  main  land  by  a  cause\  . 
It  is  chiefly  inhabited  by  seafaring  men,  wh(  i 
time  of  war,  fit  out  a  great  many  privateers  j 
cruise  upon  the  English  coast,  17  ms.  NW.  of 
and  505  W.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  57  W.,  lat.  4ll 
North. 

St.  Marguirite,  seigniory,  St.  Maurice 
L.  C,  containing  the  t"wn  of  Three  Rivers. 

St.  Maria  de  Darien,  town  of  Colombia,  1 
capital  of  Darien,  on  a  small  river  flowing  ) 
Panama  bay.    Lon.  W.  C.  1°  W.,  lat.  8  4 

St.  Marino. — See  Marino,  St. 

St.  Mark's,  river  of  Florida,  rising  near  e 
mouth  of  St.  John's  river,  and  running  th  s 
nearly  S.,  and  parallel  to  the  sea  coast,  e 
course  of  this  little  but  curious  stream  is  a  t 
30  ms.,  falling  into  the  bay  or  harbor  of  St.  - 
gustine  ;  its  banks  mostly  swampy. 

St.  Martha,  provinco  of  Colombia,  in  J  v 
Granada,  bounded  N.  by  the  Spanish  Maui, 
by  Rio  de  la  Hacha,  S.  by  Santa  Fe,  and  W,  f 

Carthagena.  Capital  of  the  province  of  e 

same  name,  with  an  excellent  harbor,  about  ) 
ms.  NE.  from  Carthagena.  Lon.  W.  C.  2  I 
W.,  lat.  11  30  N. 

St.  Martha,  province  of  Terra  Firma,  bout  J 
on  the  N.  by  the  Caribbean  sea,  E.  by  Venezi , 
S.  by  New  Granada,  and  W.  by  Carthagena.  t 
is  a  mountainous  country,  but  abounds  with  P  3 
proper  to  the  climate,  and  there  are  mines  of  i 
and  precious  stones,  and  salt  works.  Here  e 
ridge  of  mountains  begin,  called  the  Andes,  w  b 
run  S.  the  whole  length  of  S.  America. 

St.  Martha,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  s  e 
name  in  Terra  Firma,  and  a  harbor  surrounde*  y 
high  mountains.  It  was  ouce  flourishing  and  i 
ulous,  when  the  Spanish  galleons  were  sent  ll  - 
er,  but  it  has  now  almost  come  to  nothing.  I 
air  about  the  town  is  wholesome,  and  the  ho  s 
are  built  of  canes  and  covered  mostly  with  pali  - 
to  leaves.  It  is  seated  on  one  of  the  mouth  I 
Rio  Grande,  1,000  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  the  Riot  a 
Hacha.    Lon.  73  56  W.,  lat.  11  24  N. 

St.  Martin,  town  of  France,  in  the  isle  of  I , 
with  a  harbor  and  a  strong  citadel,  15  ms-  W  I 
Rochelle.    Lon.  1  17  W.,  lat.  46  13  K. 

St.  Martin,  one  of  the  leeward  Caribbean  ■ 
lands,  in  the  West  Indies,  lying  tothalN'W'f 
St.  Bartholomew,  and  to  the  SW.  of  Angu  • 
It  is  42  ms.  in  circumference,  has  neither  ha  r 
nor  river,  but  several  salt  pits.  It  was  long  joi  $ 
possessed  by  the  French  and  Dutch,  but  at  e 
commencement  of  the  present  war  the  former  ve 
expelled  by  the  latter.  Lon.  63°  W\,  lat.  8  14  ■ 


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GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAI 


U.  Martin's,  village,  Worcester  co.,  Md.,  by 
ptroad  117  ms,  SE.  from  Annapolis. 

)t,  Martin's,  parish  of  Louisiana,  in  Attacapas, 
bonded  by  Opelousas  NW.  and  W.,  Gulf  of 
\rico  SW.,  Si.  Mary's  parish,  in  Attacapas, 
I ,  and  the  Atchafalaya  river  NE.  and  East. 
Lgth  80  ms.,  and  breadth  40;  area  3,200  sq. 
I  The  whole  of  this  parish  is  one  almost  unde- 
viing  plain.  The  shore  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
ccmorass,  rising  imperceptibly  into  dry  arable 
p.rie  land,  along  the  Teche  and  Vermilion  rivers 
I  some  intervening  strips.  The  land,  where  ar- 
il, highly  fertiie;  towards  the  Atchafalaya  liable 
tonnual  overflow,  but  thickly  wooded,  whilst  the 
fihwestern,  middle,  and  southern  sections,  pre- 
ie  an  expanse  of  prairie,  with  the  exceptions  of 
atjis  of  woods  along  the  margin  of  the  streams. 
Si »les,  cotton,  sugar,  beef,  hides,  tallow,  &c. 
ftftown,  St.  Martin's.  Pop.  in  1840,  15,233. 
m  Opelousas.  For  the  joint  census  of  the  two 
>a;hes,  or  co.  of  Attacapas,  see  St.  Mary's. 

Martinsville,  village  and  seat  ol  justice,  St. 
/I  tin's  parish,  Attacapas,  La  ,  on  the  right  bank 

i  te  Teche.  It  contains  a  Catholic  church,  an 
acjemy,  the  co.  buildings,  a  bank,  and  about  70 
»r 0  houses,  with  300  inhabitants.  • 

'.  Mary's,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa.  Vil- 
li ,  formerly  Fort  St.  Mary's,  Mercer  co.,  Ohio, 
afcjt  40  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Columbus,  and 
V2|N.  from  Cincinnati. 

['.  Mary's,  co.  of  Md.,  on  the  peninsula  be- 
twn  the  Potomac  and  Patuxent  rivers,  bounded 
by Ihesapeake  bay  SE.,  Potomac  river  SW-, 
<)tjles  county  NW.,  and  Patuxent  river  NE. 
Mjth  38  ms.,  mean  width  10,  area  380  sq.  ms. 
j»  town,  Leonard.  Pop.  1820,  12,974.  Ctl. 
,at!8  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  22'  E. 

.  Mary's,  river  of  the  U.  S.,  between  Georgia 

>nFlorida.  It  rises  partly  in  both,  and,  assum- 
'0|i  SE.  course,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  he- 
twin  Amelia  and  Cumberland  islands.  It  is  one 
nfie  most  navigable  of  the  southeastern  rivers  of 
tfci'J.  S.  ;  it  admits  at  iis  mouth  vessels  of  21 

ftttlraught,  and  those  of  14  feet  70  ms.  into  the 

ni  ior. 

.  Mary's,  seaport  and  village  in  Camden  co., 
fji|  on  the  left  bank  of  St.  Mary's  river,  9  ms. 
ab«3  its  mouth.  This  town  is,  from  its  position, 
a  |  ce  of  considerable  consequence  as  a  comrner- 
cW)ort,  but  since  the  cession  of  Florida  to  the 
ULj.  it  has  lost  much  of  its  consequence  as  a  na- 
a  nd  military  station.  It  is  80  ms.  by  land  S. 
ro  Darien,  between  which  exists  a  fine  channel 
f  land  communication.  Lat.  30  43  N..  Ion. 
WD.  4  40  W. 

.  Mary's,  river  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  rises  in 
ttyijtarmer,  and,  flowing  NW.  into  the  latter, 
n  the  St.  Joseph  at  Fort  Wayne  to  form  the 
if  nee.    It  is  navigable  at  high  water  almost  to 
■8  urce. — See  Maumee  and  St.  Lawrence  basin. 

■'■  Mary's,  strait  of,  between  Lakes  Supermi- 
ni luron.  The  cataract,  or  Sault  St.  Mary,  is 
1 5 us.  below  Lake  Superior,  at  N.  lat.  46  31. 
'Entire  fall,  from  the  level  of  Lake  Superior  to 
'^Df  Lake  Huron,  is  about  23  feet.  It  is,  how- 
«T<j  navigable  with  some  difficulty  for  canoes  and 
"0: .  Vessels  of  6  feet  draught,  ascend  to  the 
too  if  the  falls  ;  those  of  larger  size  are  compelled 
to  |Op  at  Sugar  island.  From  Lake  Huron  there 
100* 


are  two  passages :  the  one  on  the  NW.  side  for 
boats,  20  ms.,  and  the  other  on  the  NE.  side,  for 
vessels,  12  or  14  ms.  further,  or  about  35  ms.  By 
deepening  the  channel  in  one  place  a  short  dis- 
tance, it  is  said  that  vessels  of  any  size  can  ascend 
to  the  Sault.  The  U.  S.  Government  have  form- 
ed an  establishment  at  this  place. 

St.  Maura,  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  about 
50  ms.  in  circuit,  which  forms  part  of  the  republic 
of  Seven  Islands.  It  lies  near  the  coast  of  Alba- 
nia, 15  ms.  N.  of  the  island  of  Cephalonia.  Lon. 
20  46  E.,  lat.  38  40  N. 

St.  Michael,  the  most  fertile  and  populous  of 
the  Azores  or  Western  islands,  containing  about 
25,000  inhabitants,  and  producing  wheat  and  flax. 
Its  two  principal  harbars  are  Ponta  Delgada  and 
Villa  Franca ;  the  former  is  the  capital  of  the  is- 
land. Lon.  25  42  W.,  lat.  37  47  N  Borough 

of  Cornwall,  8  ms.  SW.  of  St.  Columb,  and  249 
W.  by  S.  of  London.    Lon.  4  52  W.,  lat.  50  23 

N.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of  Meuse, 

and  late  duchy  of  Bar.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
hospital  and  the  rich  library  of  a  late  Benedictine 
abbey.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  20  ms.  NE.  of 
Barle  Due,  and  165  E.  of  Paris.    Lon.  5  38  E., 

lat.  48  51  N.  Town  of  Peru,  in  the  province 

of  Quito.  It  was  the  first  Spanish  colony  in  Peru, 
and  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Piura,  225 
ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Quito.    Lon.  80  50  W.,  lat.  5' 

S.  Town,  Talbot  co.,  Md.,  on  the  W.  side  of 

St.  Michael's  river,  10  ms.  W.  of  Easton,  25  ms. 

SE.  of  Annapolis,  and  69  from  W.  C.  Seaport 

of  Guatemala,  seated  on  a  small  river,  180  ms.  SE. 
from  New  Guatemala.    Lat.  12  25  N.,  lon.  87,45 

W.  from  London.  Village,  Madison  co.,  Mo., 

on  a  branch  of  St.  Francis  river,  about  35  miles 
SW.  from  St.  Genevieve. 

St.  Philip's,  Fort,  strong  fortress  of  the  island 
of  Minorca,  which  defends  the  harbor  of  Port  Ma 
hon.    Lat.  39  50  N.,  lon.  3  48  E. 

St.  Salvador,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands. — See 
Guanahami. 

St.  Salvador,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo, 
on  a  craggy  mountain,  240  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Lo- 
ango.  Lon.  15  39  E.,  lat.  4  50  S. — ■ — Populous 
city  of  S.  America,  in  Brazil.  The  principal 
streets  are  large,  and  there  are  many  gardens  full 
of  great  variety  of  fruit  trees,  herbs,  and  flowers. 
The  chief  commodities  are  sugar,  tobacco,  woad 
for  dyers,  raw  hides,  tallow,  and  train-oil.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  bay  of  All  Saints-, 
120  ms.  SW.  of  Sergippy.  Lon.  40  10  W.,  lat. 
13  30  S.,  about  900  ms.  SSW.  of  Rio  Janiero. 
St.  Sebastian. — See  Sebastian,  St. 
St.  Simon's,  island  of  Ga  ,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Alatamaha. 

St.  Stephen's,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Wash- 
ington co.,  Ala.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Tombigbee, 
at  the  head  of  schooner  navigation.  It  is  the  seat 
of  an  academy,  with  two  instructors  and  60  or  70 
students,  and  a  printing  office. 

St.  Tammany,  town,  Mecklenberg  co  ,  Va., 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Roanoke,  42  ms.  above 
Halifax,  and  70  SSW.  from  Richmond.  Par- 
ish, La.,  bounded.by  Pearl  river  E.,  Lake  Borgne, 
the  Rigolets,  and  Lake  Pontchartrain  S.,  river 
Tangipao  or  St.  Helena  W.„  and  the  parish  of 
Washington  N.  It  is  watered  by  the  Pearl,  Bogue 
Chito,  Chifuncte,  and  Tangipao  river3.  Length 

7.93 


SAL 


(GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAL 


50,  mean  width  20  ms.  ;  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Sur- 
face towards  the  S.  level ;  in  the  northern  parts 
undulating.  Soil  generally  sterile,  and  timbered 
with  pine.  Chief  town,  Madisonville.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,723  ;  and  in  1810,  4,598.  Cent.  lat.  30 
30  N.,  Ion.  12  50  W.  from  W.  C. 

St.  Thomas,  formerly  Franklin  tp.,  and  village 
Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  on  Black  creek,  branch  of  Con- 
ococheague.  The  village  is  on  the  road  from 
Chambersburg  to  Bedford,  9  ms.  W.  from  the 
former.  Island  of  Africa,  lying  under  the  equa- 
tor, in  8°  E.  Ion.  It  was  discovered  in  1429,  and 
is  almost  round,  about  30  ms.  in  diameter.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  and  produces  plenty  of  sugar  canes. 
 One  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in  the  West  In- 
dies, with  a  harbor,  a  town,  and  a  fort,  15  ms.  in 
circumference,  and  belongs  to  the  Danes.  Lon. 

64  51  W.,lat.  18  21  N.  Archiepiscopal  town 

of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  subject 
to  the  Portuguese,  and  3  ms.  from  Madras.  Lon. 

80  25  E.,  lat.  13  2  N.  Town  of  Colombia,  in 

Guiana,  seated  on  the  Orinoco.  Lon.  63  30  W., 
lat.  7  6  N. 

Saintes,  three  of  the  Leeward  Caribbee  islands, 
in  the  West  Indies,  between  Guadaloupe  and  Do- 
minica. Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 

Charente,  on  an  eminence,  37  ms.  SSE.  of  Ro- 
chelle,  and  262  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  38'  W., 
lat.  45  54  N. 

Saintonge,  late  province  of  Fr.,  62  ms.  long 
and  30  broad,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Angoumois 
and  Perigord,  on  the  N.  by  Poitou  and  Aunis, 
on  the  W.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  S.  by 
Bourdelois  and  Giron.  It  now  forms,  with  the 
late  province  of  Aunis,  the  department  of  Lower 
Charente. 

St.  Vincent,  Cape,  the  SW.  promontory  of 
Portugal,  25  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Lagos.  Lon.  9° 
W.,  lat.  37  3  N. 

St.  Vincent,  one  of  the  Windward  Caribbee 
islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  55  ms.  W.  of  Barba- 
dos. It  is  24  miles  long  and  18  broad,  extremely 
fertile  for  the  raising  of  sugar  and  indigo;  and 
here  the  bread-fruit  trees  brought  from  Olaheite 
thrive  remarkably  well.    Kingston  is  the  capital. 

 Uninhabited  island  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 

and  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands.  There  is  a 
bay  on  the  N  W.  side  of  it,  and  near  it  are  caught 

vast  quantities  of  turtle.  Maritime  province  of 

Brazil,  in  S.  America.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  has  a  good  harbor.  Lon.  46  30  W.,  lat. 
24  15  S.  Strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, with  a  castle,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river 
Ebro,  138  ms.  NE.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  40  W., 
lat.  42  30  N. 

Sal,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  42  ms. 
in  circumference,  lying  to  the  E.  of  St.  Nicholas. 
It  has  its  name  from  the  great  quantity  of  salt 
made  here  from  the  sea  water,  which  overflows 
part  of  it  from  time  to  time.  It  is  300  ms.  W. 
from  the  coast  of  Africa.  Lon.  22  56  W.,  lat. 
16  38  N. 

Sala,  or  Salberg,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West- 
mania,  near  which  is  a  very  large  ancient  silver 
mine.  It  is  seated  on  a  river,  30  ms.  W.  of  Up- 
sal,  and  50  NW,  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  45  E., 
lat.  59  50  N. 

Salamanca,  city  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  with  a  fa- 
794 


mous  university,  consisting  of  24  colleges,  h 
are  magnificent  churches,  a  large  public  squ 
fine  fountains,  and  every  thing  that  can  contril 
to  the  beauty  and  commodiousness  of  the  c 
The  structure  called  the  Schools,  where  the  sci 
ces  are  taught,  is  very  large  and  curious.  Tl 
were  formerly  7,000  students,  when  the  Spai 
monarchy  was  in  a  flourishing  condition  ; 
there  are  now  upwards  of  4,000,  who  arc  do,  j 
like  priests,  having  their  heads  shaved,  and  wea: 
caps.    The  river  'formes,  which  washes  its  m 
has  a  bridge  over  it  300  paces  long,  built  by 
Romans.    Without  the  walls  is  a  fine  Rot 
causeway.    It  is  37  Kis.  SE.  of  Miranda,  and  i 
NW.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  5  16  W.,  lat.  41°  . 
Town  of  Yucatan,  140  ms.  S.  of  Campeai 
Lon.  89  58  W.,  lat.  17  55  N. 

Salanakem,  or  Salankemen,  town  of  Selavo  j 
on  the  Danube,  20  ms.  NW.  of  Belgrade,  am  \ 
SE.  of  Peterwardin.    Lon.  20  53  E.,  lat.  4.' 
North. 

Salbach,  village  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  2  . 
NE.  of  Baden.  Here  Mareschal  T urenne,  w  ? 
reconnoitring  the  enemy,  received  a  mortal  wou 

Salberg. — See  Sala. 

Salcey,  forest  of  Eng.,  in  the  S.  part  of  Pf<  - 
amptonshire. 

Salecto,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  'funis,  neai  I 
Mediterranean.    It  is  noted  for  the  ruins  ol 
ancient  castle,  and  is  22  ms.  SSE.  of  Mona 
Lon.  11  3  E.,  lat.  35  13  N. 

Salem,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H  ,  30  . 

SW.  from  Portsmouth  Tp.,  Orleans  co., 

50  ms.  N.  from  Montpelier.  Tp.,  New']  \ 

don  co.,  Ct.,  30  ms.  SE.  from  Hartford.  Po; 

1820,  1,053.  Capital  of  Essex  co.,  Mass,  1 

ing  a  town  as  well  as  port  of  entry.  It  is  site  d 
on  a  small  basin  of  the  sea,  13  ms.  NE.  of  [ 
ton,  and  about  2  to  the  W.  of  Marblehead.  s 
is  the  second  town  for  trade  and  pop.  in  M  , 
the  inhabitants  in  1810  being  12,613  ;  and  in  1  l| 
1 1,346  ;  and  in  1840,  15,082.  It  was  settle  y 
the  English  as  early  as  1628,  and  is  the  I 
known  Naumkeag  of  Indian  history.  The  ir  I 
itants  are  honorably  distinguished  for  their  ir  s- 
try  and  enterprise  in  commercial  pursuits.  J  * 
in  lat.  42  20  N.  and  lon.  71°  W.    The  hart  is 

defended  by  a  fort  and  citadel  Village,  w 

Haven  co.,  Ct.,  in  Waterbury,  16  ms.  NI r. 
from  New  Haven.  It  stands  on  the  left  or  st 
bank  of  Naugatuck,  or  Waterbury  river,  o  le 
main  turnpike  road  from  New  Haven  to  I  | 
field.  A  fine  wooden  bridge  here  crosses  ;he  ■ 

gatuck.  Town,  Washington  co.,  N.  V.  w 

village  stands  on  a  plain,  on  the  point  bet  1 
Batenkill  and  Black  creek,  30  ms.  NNE.  m 
Waterford,  and  is,  alternately  with  Sandy  II, 
the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co.    It  contains  an  d- 

emy.  Co.,  N.  J.,  bounded  by  Delaware  ay 

SW.  and  NW.,  Glouscester  co.  NE.,  and  (n- 
berland  co.  SE.    Length  20,  mean  width  15 
area  300  sq.  ms.    Surface  generally  level,  id 
soil,  though  sandy,  productive.    Chief  town 
lem.    Pop.  in  1820,  14,022;  in  1840,  16  4. 

Cent.  lat.  39  33  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  50  E.  r  I 

and  seat  of  justice,  Salem  co.,  N.  J.,  on 
creek,  3£  ms.  above  its  mouth.  It  has  four  ch  li- 
es and  an  academy  ;  34  ms.  SSE.  from  Phi  et 


SAL 


SAL 


Lat.  39  32  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  35  E.  

(eek  of  Salem  co.,  N.  J.,  rises  in  the  centre  of 
l  co.,  and  flows  nearly  W.,  passes  Sahm,  and 
♦  sinto  Delaware  bay  3£  ms.  below.    It  is  navi- 

{>le  for  vessels  of  50  tons  to  Salem.  Town, 

^jyne  co.,  Pa.,  on  Waullenpaupauk  creek,  10 

I  W.  from  Mount  iMaria.  Lower  tp.  of 

Izerne  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sus- 

qhannah  river.  Tp.,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa., 

A  from  Loyalhannon  river,  commencing  5  ms. 

f  from  Greenbury.  One  of  the  northern  tps. 

©Mercer  co.,  Pa.,  on  Little  Chenango  creek. 
-  - Wesi,  the  northern  tp.  of  Mercer  co.,  Pa., 

e.tiguous  to   the    preceding.  Village,  near 

Jiinoke  river,  Botetourt  co.,  Va.,  20  ms.  SW. 

fri  Fincastle.  Town,  Fauquier  co.,  Va.  

fpvn,  Stokes  co.,  N.  C,  planted  and  inhabited 
pally  by  Moravians,  who  have  an  academy 


which  it  flows  being  circular,  it  is  a  large  stream 
comparatively. 

Salerno,  seaport  of  Naples,  capital  of  Principato 
Citeriore,  with  a  university,  principally  lor  medi- 
cine. It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  27  ms.  SE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  53 
E.,  lat.  40  35  N. 

Salers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cantal,  and 
late  province  of  Auvergne,  among  the  mountains, 
9  ms.  N.  of  Aurillac. 

Salford,  Lower,  (p.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  be- 
tween Skippack  creek  and  the  NE.  branch  of  Per- 
kiomen,  10  ms.  NNW.  from  Norristown. 

Salford,  Upper,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  ad- 
jacent to  Lower  Salford,  and  W.  from  the  NE. 
branch  of  Perkiomen. 

Salies,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Py- 
renees, and  late  province  of  Gascony,  remarkable 


>ung  ladies,  resorted  to  from  various  parts  of  :  for  its  springs  of  salt  water,  from  which  the  white 


louthern  States,  and  situated  5  ms.  E.  by  S. 
'thania,  and  about  100  W.  by  N.  of  Raleigh, 


salt  is  made.    It  is  7  ms.  W.  of  Orthea. 

Salignac,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 


late  capital.  Village,  Sumter  district,  S.  j  Vienne,  and  late  province  of  Perigord,  10  ms.  S. 


ms.  E.  from  Sumter.  Village,  Bald 

co.,  Ga.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Oconee  river, 

ly  opposite  Milledgeville.  Village,  Clark 

Ga.,  53  ms.  N.  from  Milledgeville  Vil- 

,  Livingston  co.,  Ky.,  about  15  ms.  NE.  from 

mouth  of  Cumberland  river.  -NE.  tp.  and 

ige,  Ashtabula  co.,  O 

,vo  iron  works.  Tp.,  Jefferson  co,,  Ohio. 

-Tp.,  Tuscarawas  co.,  O.,  on  Muskingum 
r,  containing  the  village  of  Gnadenhutten  

of  the  northern  tps.  Muskingum  co.,  O.  

:  of  the  eastern  tps.  Monroe  co-,  O.  Tp., 

shington  co  ,  O.  Tp.,  Meigs  co.,  O.  

,  Champaign  co.,  O.  Town,  Columbiana 

O.,  10  ms.  northwestwardly  from  New  Lis- 

 Tp.,  Warren  co. ,  0.  Village,  Ran- 

h  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  O.,  12  ms.  NW.  from 

ton.  Vill.  and  seat  of  justice,  Washington 

i  la.,  on  Big  Blue  river,  35  ms.  NW.  from 
iisville,  Ky.  Lat.  30  37  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9° 
— -Village,  Marion  co.,  III.,  40  ms.  SSW. 

i  Vandalia.  V  illage,  Franklin  co.,  Tenn., 

ns.  SE.  from  Murfreesborough. 
alein  Fauquier,  post  village,  in  the  northern 

of  Faquier  co.,  Va.  ;  by  post  road  63  miles 
.from.  W.  C. 

\akm,  New. — See  New  Salem,  O. 
ilem  Bridge,  post  office,  New  Haven  co.,  Ct., 
oat  road  49  ms.  from  Hartford. 
ilem  Centre,  village  in  the  E-  part  Westches 


by  W.  of  Limoges.    Lon.  1  18  E.,  lat.  45  42  N. 

Salignas,  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  seated  on 
the  Deva,  8  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Vittoria,  and  28  SSE. 
ofBilboa.    Lon.  2  54  W.,  lat.  43  5  N. 

Salina,  town,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  50 
ms.  W.  from  Utica,  on  Onondaga  lake.  The  tp. 
fiie  tp.  contains  one  spreads  around  Onondaga  lake,  and  embraces  the 
villages  of  Salina,  Liverpool,  and  most  of  the  very 
rich  salt  springs  in  the  neighborhood.  Salina  vil- 
lage stands  cn  the  E.  side  of  the  lake,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  Erie  canal  by  a  side  cut  of  one 
mile  and  a  half.  Liverpool,  4  ms.  NW.  from  Sa- 
lina, is  about  similar  in  size  and  population.  The 
amount  of  salt  works  in  operation  exceeds  one 
hundred  and  thirty,  and  may  be  increased  to  any 
necessary  amount.  Gypsum  also  abounds  in  this 
vicinity.  Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1840,  11,013.— See 
Syracuse. 

Saline,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. It  consists  of  two  high  mountains  join- 
ed together  at  the  base,  and  lies  NW.  of  the  island 

of  Lipari.  Southern  tp.,  Columbiana  county, 

Ohio,  so  called  on  account  of  salt  springs  found 
;  within  its  limits,  along  the  banks  of  Yellow  creek. 

 Village,  Randolph  county,  Illinois.  River, 

Arkansas,  rises  about  20  ms.  NE.  from  the  warm 
I  springs  of  Ouachitta,  and,  flowing  nearly  S.,  falls 

into  Ouachitta  at  about  N.  lat.  33  40.  River, 

Arkansas,  a  branch  of  the  Little  river  of  the  North. 
River,  Louisiana,  rises  in  the  parish  of  Nat- 


N.  Y.,  50  miles  NNE.  from  the  city  of  chitoches,  flows  S.,  and  joins  Black  Lake  river  to 


ay  York.  form  the  Rigolet  de  Bon  Dieu.  River,  Illinois, 

alem  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Westmoreland  j  rises  in  White  and  Franklin  cos.,  flows  SE.  into 

-city,  Pennsylvania,  nine  miles  N.  from  Greens-  !  Gallatin  co.,  and  falls  into  Ohio  river  18  miles  be- 

'»:■  low  the  mouih  of  Wabash.    It  is  navigable  to  its 

alembria,  ancient  Peneus,  river  of  Greece,  in  j  main  forks,  30  miles.    The  United  States  possess 

Tssaly.  Thessaly  is  in  great  part  composed  of  j  salt  works  near  its  banks,  20  miles  from  the  Ohio, 
bbasin  of  the  Salembria,  4,000  sq.  miles,  and  a  I  Village  at  the  United  States  salt  works,  near 

Oiow  slip  o!  land  along  the  Thermaic  gulf,  i  his  j  Salina  river,  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois,  about  12  miles 

Wtil'ul  stream  rises,  by  innumerable  torrents,  in  j  above  its  mouth,  and  by  post  road  115  ms.  SSW. 

tb'mountains  between  Thessaly  and  Albania,  and  !  from  Vandalia. 

ix'/een  Thessaly  and  Macedonia;  these  small  |  Salines,  village,  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Missouri,  4 
•tarns  uniting,  the  Salembria  is  a  considerable  i  miles  below  St.  Genevieve.  In  its  vicinity  are  ex- 
rijr  at  Larissa,  below  which  it  pierces  the  chain  i  tensive  salt  works. 

oDssa,  and  forms  by  its  passage  into  the  JEgean  Salins,  town  of  Frauce,  in  the  dep.  of  Jura,  and 
sethe  classic  vale  of  Tempe.  The  entire  length  j  late  province  of  Franche  Comte,  remarkable  for  its 
oliie  Salembria  is  about  100  ms.,  but  the  basin  from  '  salt  works,  the  largest  of  which  is  in  the  middle  of 

795 


SAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAL 


the  town,  and  is  like  a  little  fortified  place.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  valley,  on  a  stream  that  has  its 
source  in  the  town,  29  miles  S.  of  Besancon,  and 
200  SE.  of  Paris.  Longitude  6  5  E.,  lat.  46  56 
North. 

Salt q.'ck,  or  salic,  ancient  law  of  France,  by 
which  females  were  excluded  from  the  crown,  and 
went  so  far  as  to  exclude  males  who  could  only 
claim  under  female  descent.  This  law  extended 
generally  to  all  inheritance  of  landed  estate.  French 
authors  are  far  from  being  agreed  upon  the  origin 
of  the  term  salic ;  it  was,  however,  most  probably 
derived  from  that  Frank  tribe  called  Salic. 

Salisbury,  or  New  Sarem,  episcopal  city  of  Eng- 
land, in  Wiltshire>  of  which  it  is  the  capital,  in  a 
chalky  soil,  on  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Bourn, 
Nadder,  Willey,  and  Avon,  by  whose  waters  it  is 
almost  surrounded.  It  has  manufactures  of  flan- 
nels, linsey,  hardware,  and  cutlery,  and  is  21  ms. 
NE.  of  Southampton,  and  33  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  42  W.,  lat.  51  3  N. 

Salisbury,  town,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Merrimack,  14  ms.  NW.  from 

Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,913.  Village  and 

post  office  in  the  preceding  township  ;  the  post  of 

fice  is  distinct  from  that  of  Salisbury.  Town 

and  tp  ,  Addison  co.,  Vt.  Town,  Essex  coun- 
ty, Mass.,  on  the  north  side  of  Merrimack  river,  4 
ms.  N.  of  Newburyporl,  and  46  N.  by  E.  of  Bos- 
ton. Town,  Litchfield  county,  Connecticut,  19 

miles  NW.  of  Litchfield,  and  60  of  New  Haven. 
Salisbury,  Connecticut,  is  remarkable  for  the  abun- 
dance and  richness  of  its  iron  pre,  which  is  very 
extensively  wrought,  and  manufactured  into  an- 
chors, screws,  scythes,  hoops,  gun  barrels,  &c. 

 Town,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  21  miles  NE. 

from  Utica.  Village,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.  

Town,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  in  the  NE.  side  of  the 
county,  on  the  headwaters  of  Pequea  creek,  12 
miles  E.  from  the  city  of  Lancaster.  Tp.,  Le- 
high county,  Pa.,  between  Saucon  creek,  Little  Le- 
high creek,  and  Lehigh  river.  Village,  Somer- 
set county,  Pa.,  20  miles  S.  from  Somerset.  

Village,  Somerset  co.,  Md.,  lying  on  the  N.  side 
of  Wiccomico  river,  near  the  confines  of  Delaware, 
20  miles  NW.  of  Snow  Hill,  and  33  S.  by  W.  of 

Lewistown,  near  Cape  Henlopen.  Village  and 

capital  of  Rowan  co.,  N.  C,  5  miles  S  W.  of  Yad- 
kin river,  34  miles  from  Salem,  in  the  same  direc- 
tion, 120  W.  from  Raleigh,  and  120  NW.  of  Fay- 
etteville.    Pop.  about  500.    Lat.  35  39  N.,  Ion. 

3  30  W.  Tp.,  Meigs  county,  Ohio.  Through 

this  tp.  runs  Leading  creek.  Village,  Wayne 

ounty,  Indiana. 

Salisbury  Village. — See  Salisbury,  Hillsbo- 
rough co.,  N.  H. 

Salle,  ancient  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  with  a  harbor  and  several  forts.  Its  harbor 
is  one  of  the  best  in  the  country,  and  yet,  on  ac- 
count of  a  bar  that  lies  across  it,  ships  of  the  small- 
est draught  are  forced  to  unload,  and  take  out  their 
guns  before  they  can  get  into  it.  It  is  100  miles 
W.  of  Fez,  and  150  S.  of  Gibraltar.  Lon-.  6  31 
W.,  lat.  34°  N. 

Salm,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Lux- 
emburg, 11  ms.  SSE.  of  Spa,  and  38  N.  of  Lux- 
emburg.   Lon.  5  55  E.,  lat.  50  25  N.  Town 

of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurthe,  and  late  province  of 
Lorraine,  seated  at  the  source  of  the  Sar,  20  miles 
796 


W.  of.Strasburg,  and  55  SE.  of  Nancy.  Lo  | 
15  E.,  lat.  48  34  N. 

Salmon  Creek,  stream  of  St.  Lawrence  cou 
N.  Y  ,  flows  NNW.  about  70  ms.,  enters  Lt  [ 
Canada  at  French  Mills,  and  falls  into  St.  L  . 
rence  river  at  the  head  of  Lake  St.  Francis.-  . 
Creek  of  New  York,  rises  in  Jefferson  and  L  s 
cos.,  enters  Oswego,  and  falls  into  Mexico  ba\  f 
Lake  Ontario,  20  miles  E.  from  the  mouth  of  . 
wego  river. 

Salmon-fall,  local  name  of  that  part  of  the 
cataqua  river,  below  Berwick  falls. 

Salo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bresciano,  on  > 
Lake  Digarpa,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Brescia.  Lon  | 
49  E.,  lat.  45  38  N. 

Salobrena,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  t 
carries  on  a  great  trade  in  sugar  and  fish,  ar  > 
seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  « 
s.ime  name,  12  ms.  E.  of  Almunecar,  and  3i 
of  Granada.    Lon.  3  30  W.,  lat.  36  31  N. 

Salon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  dep.  of  the  Monti  I 
the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  the  Prove 
seated  on  the  canal  of  Craponne,  20  ms.  NWf 
Aix.    Lon.  5  5  E.,  lat.  43  38  N. 

Salona,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  on  a  bay  of  j 
Gulf  of  Venice.    It  was  formerly  a  consider  : 
place,  and  its  ruins  show  that  it  was  10  ms.  in 
cumference.    It  is  18  ms.  N.  of  Spalatro.  I 
17  29  E.,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Salone,  town  of  Livadia.  The  inhabitants ; 
Christians  and  Turks,  pretty  equal  in  numl ; 
and  Jews  are  not  suffered  to  live  here.  It  is  se  I 
on  a  mountain,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  eita 
20  ms.  NE.  of  Lepanlo.  Lon.  23  1  E.,  lat  ! 
53  N. 

Salonichi,  ancient  Thessalonica,  a  seapor  f 
Turkey  in  Europe,  capital  of  Macedonia.  It  i  ) 
ms.  in  circumference,  and  a  place  of  great  tr  , 
carried  on  principally  by  the  Greek  Christians  1 
the  Jews,  the  former  of  which  have  30  churc  , 
and  the  latter  as  many  synagogues  ;  the  Ti  i 
have  also  a  few  mosques.  It  is  surrounded ! 
walls,  and  defended  on  the  land  side  by  a  citii , 
and  near  the  harbor  by  three  forts.  It  was  t,  i 
from  the  Venetians  by  the  Turks  in  1431.  s 
seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  the  same  na , 
partly  on  the  top  and  partly  on  the  side  of  a  , 
near  the  river  Vardar,  50  ms.  N.  of  Lari-sa,  I 
240  W.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  23  8  E.,  • 
40  41  N. 

Salop. — See  Shropshire. 

Salpe,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  on  a  e 
near  the  sea  It  is  noted  for  considerable  salt  wo  , 
and  is  23  ms.  S.  of  Manfredonia,  and  92  EI. 
of  Naples.    Lon.  16  10  E.,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Salses,  strong  castle  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  E  • 
em  Pyrenees,  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  na  . 
among  mountains,  10  ms.  N.  of  Perpign-in.  I  • 
3°  E.,  lat.  42  53  N. 

Salsetle,  fine  island  of  the  Deccan  of  Hind  - 
tan,  lying  off  the  coast  of  Concan,  to  the  NE  • 
Bombay,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narv 
strait  fordable  at  low  water.  It  is  about  15  • 
square,  and  fertile  in  rice,  fruits,  and  sugar  ca  • 
It  has  subterraneous  temples  cut  out  of  the  - 1 
rock  in  the  manner  of  those  of  Elephanta,  w  g 
appear  to  be  monuments  of  a  superstition  antf r 
to  that  of  the  Hindoos. 

Sakonna,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seJ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAM 


01  he  Lobregat,  44  ms.  NW.  of  Barcelona.  Lon. 
HE,  lat.  41  56  N. 

alta,  city  of  Buenos  Ayres,  in  a  province  of 
thsame  name,  on  Roquera,  a  river  flowing  into 
JjVermejo.  Lon.  W.  C.  10  30  E.,  lat.  24  40 
$1 — Province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  between  Potosi 
atjCordova,  *nd  between  Chili  and  Paraguay, 
ft  drained  by  the  Dulce,  Salado,  and  Vcnnejo. 
i.reen  lat.  23  30  and  29  30  S. 

lit  ash,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  on  the 
fijiiof  a  steep  hill,  6  ms.  NW.  of  Plymouth, 
m220  W.  bv  S.  of  London.  Loil.  4  17  W., 
ltt)0  25  N. 

dt  creek,  town,  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.  The 

#  office  is  9  ms.  SE.  from  Zanesville.  River 

ofjhio,  falls,  falls  into  Scioto  from  the  S.,  15 

jBfbelow  Chilicothe.  Tp.  of  Wayne  co.,  O. 

-Tp.,  Hockhocking  co.,  Ohio.  SE.  tp.  of 

lluway  co.,  Ohio,  including  the  village  of 
!Yon. 

-\Ucoats,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire, 
Ofti  resorted  to  as  a  watering  place.  It  has  a 
eajderable  trade  in  salt,  coal,  and  sail  cloth,  to 
mUt  with  a  rope-yard.  It  is  situated  on  the 
frt  of  Clyde,  10  ms.  NNW.  of  Ayr,  and  22 
Wof  Glasgow.  Longitude  4  45  W.,  lat.  55  39 

It  Hill,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Berks,  noted  for 
|>t  lie  situation  and  elegant  inns  It  is  on  the 
poMto  Bath,  22  ms.  W.  of  London. 

'atillo,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  State  of  Coa- 
mm  y  Texas.  This  city  is  on  the  confines  of 
Couiilla  and  New  Leon.  It  is  surrounded  by 
■■plains,  over  which  fresh  water  is  scarce.  The 
mm,  an  elevated  part  of  the  great  table  land  of 
Aljuac,  sloping  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
mme  Rio  Grande  del  Norte.  Pop.  6,000.  Lat. 
|N.,  lon.  W.  C.  24  5  W. 

pft  Point,  post  office,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y., 
bjf  Jst  road  85  ms.  S.  Irom  Albany. 
nWtt  river,  river  of  Kentucky,  formed  by  three 
brtjhes,  Salt  river,  Rolling  Fork,  and  Beech 
fM  all  rising  between  the  valleys  of  Kentucky 
•■treen  rivers,  and  draining  most  of  the  cos.  of 
Mlington,  Nelson,  Spencer,  and  Anderson, 
amHowing  generally  N  W.,  unite  and  enter  Ohio 
•tjWport,  between  Bullitt  and  Mead  cos.,  24 
onflow  Louisville. 

i  Ut  river,  river  of  Missouri,  entering  the  Mia 
*m,n  from  the  ,\W.,  about  100  ms  above  St.  ! 

ttza,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
c  ligdeburg.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  salt 
Mind  is  12  ms.  SSE.  from  Magdeburg.  Lon. 
■  E.,  lat.  53  3  N. 

btzburg,  formerly  an  independent  archbish- 
opfi  now  district  of  Lower  Austria,  70  ms.  long, 
a'«l)  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bavaria,  on 
by  Austria,  on  the  S.  by  Corinth  and  the 
Tm  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Tirol  and  Bavaria.  It 
1  »  ountainous  country,  but  pretty  fertile,  and 
coijns  mines  of  copper,  silver,  and  iron. 

*vzburg,  ancient  and  populous  city  of  Ger- 
D,>d  It  is  well  built,  and  near  it  are  some  con- 
*dtej)le  salt  works,  which  are  very  productive. 
"  tmerly  was  the  capital  of  an  independent 
"Hal  now  a  district  of  Lower  Austria.  The  uni- 
v«rg'  depends  on  the  Benedictine  monks.  It  is 
w*tj  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Saltz,  45  ms.  S. 


by  W.  of  Passavv,  and  155  W.  by  S  of  Vienna. 

Lon.  13  5  E.,  lat.  47  37  N. 

Snllzburg,  village  on  the  right  bank  of  Conne  - 
j  maugh  river,  and  in  the  extreme  southwestern  an- 

gle  of  Indiana  co.,  Pa.,  35  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
j  from  Pittsburg,  and  by  post  road  175  ms.  a  tittle 

N.  of  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Sallzwedel,  town  of  Piussia,  in  the  circle  of 
1  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  old  marche  of  Brandenburg, 
i  noted  for  its  flourishing  manufactures  of  cloth, 
|  serge,  and  stockings.    It  was  formerly  one  of  the 

Hanse  Towns,  and  is  situated  on  the  Jetze,  20  ms. 
1  NNW.  of  Gardeleben,  and  48  ENE.  of  Zell. 

Lon.  11  30  E.,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Salii,  village,  Madison  co.,  Ill,  70  ms.  from 
!  Vanaplia. 

Saluda,  river  of  S.  C,  which  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Pendleton  and  Greenville  districts,  and 
j  runs  in  a  SE.  course  till  it  it  joins  the  Congaree, 
j  opposite  the  city  of  Columbia. 

Saluter,  river  of  La.,  in  Nachitoches  and  Oua- 
I  chitta.  The  source  of  this  stream  is  on  the  line 
between  La.  and  Arkansas.  N.  lat.  33°  W., 
j  lon.  W.  C.  16  20,  interlocking  with  the  waters  of 
j  Datchet  and  Derbane,  and,  flowing  a  similar  course 
and  parallel  to  the  laiter,  falls  into  Ouachitta  3  ms. 
i  below  the  mouth  of  Barthelony  river.  The  coun- 
i  try  drained  by  the  Saluter  is  generally  pine  woods; 
[  soil  thin  and  sterile.  The  entire  length  of  the  Sa- 
;  luter  is  about  60  ms. 

Saluzzo,  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a  mar- 
!  quisate  of  the  same  name,  on  an  eminence  at  the 
,  foot  of  the  Alps,  near  the  river  Po,  22  ms.  S.  by 
|  W.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  37  E.,  lat.  44  44  N. 

Salvador,  St.,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands. — 
See  Guanahami 

Salvador,  St.,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo, 
on  a  craggy  mountain,  240  ms  E.  by  S.  of  Loan- 
go.    Lon.*  15  39  E.,  lat.  4  50  S.  « 

Salvador,  St.,  populous  city  of  South  America, 
in  Brazil.  The  principal  streets  are  large,  and 
there  are  many  gardens  full  of  great  variety  of 
fruit  trees,  herbs,  and  flowers.  The  chief  com- 
modities are  sugar,  tobacco,  woad  for  dyers,  raw 
hides,  tallow,  and  train  oil.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence  on  the  bay  of  All  Saints,  120  ms.  SW. 
of  Sergippy.    Lon.  40  10  W.,  lat.  13  30  S. 

Salvages,  small  uninhabited  islands,  lying  be- 
tween Madeira  and  the  Canaries,  27  leagues  N. 
of  point  Nogo,  inTeneriffe.  Lon.  15  54  W.,  lat. 
30°  N. 

Salvaterra,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura, 
with  a  royal  palace,  seated  on  the  Tago.  Lon.  7 
51  W.,  lat.  38  59  N.  Strong  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Beiro,  on  the  Elia,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Alcan- 
tara.   Lon.  6  14  W.,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Salvalierra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Galieia,  seated 
on  the  Minho,  56  ms.  S.  of  Compostello.  Lon. 

8  16  W.,  lat.  41  48  N.  Town  of  Spain,  in 

Biscay,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  St.  Adrian.  30  ms. 
E.  by  S.  of  Vittoria.  Lon.  2  17  W.,  lat.  42 
54  N. 

Salubrity,  village  in  the  eastern  part  of  Gads- 
den co.,  Florida,  14  ins.  westward  from  Talla- 
hassee. 

Samandrachi. — See  Samolhracia. 

Samarcand,  city  in  the  country  of  the  Usbec 
Tartars.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  empire  of  Tamar- 
lane.    It  carries  on  a  trade  in  excellent  fruits,  and 

797 


SAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


SAN 


is  pleasantly  seated  near  theSodge,  which  runs  in- 
oto  the  Amo  138  ins.  E.  by  N.  of  Bokhara.  This 
name  ought  to  be  written  Samarsand,  for  such  is 
the  pronunciation  by  the  natives.  Lon.  65  15 
E.,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Samar,  Philippina,  or  Tandago,  one  of  the 
Philippine  islands,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  SE.  of 
that  of  Luconia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
strait.  It  is  329  ins.  in  circumference,  and  is  full 
of  craggy  mountains,  among  which  are  fertile 
valleys. 

Samara,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Ufa,  situated  on  the  conflux  of  the  rivers  Salmisch 
and  Sakmara,  12  ms.  N.  of  Orenburg.    Lon.  55 

5  E.,  lat.  53  2  N.  Town  of  Russia,  in  the 

government  of  Simbirsk,  not  far  from  the  Volga. 

Lon.  49  26  E.,  lat.  53  20  N.  On  the  Red  sea. 

— See  Africa,  p.  10,  2d  col. 

Samarand,  populous  town  on  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island  of  Java. 

Samalhan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure, 
with  a  strong  casth-  on  a  mountain.  It  is  seated  in 
a  valley,  on  the  river  Save,  5  ms.  N.  from  Lom- 
bez.    Lon.  1°  E.,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Sumbullas,  island  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  isth- 
mus of  Darien,  not  inhabited,  but  claimed  by  the 
Spaniards. 

Sambas,  town  of  the  island  of  Borneo,  situated 
near  the  W.  coast.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  and  in  its  vicinity  dia- 
monds are  found.     Lon.  109°  E.,  lat.  2  23  N. 

Sambre,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which  rises 
in  Picardy,  and,  passing  by  Landrecy,  Maubeuge, 
Thun,  and  Charleroy,  falls  into  the  Maese  at 
Namur. 

Samogitia,  province  of  Poland,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Courland,  on  the  E.  by  Lithuania,  on 
the  W.  by  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  S.  by  Western 
Prussia,  being  about  175  ms.  long,  and  125 
broad.     Rosienne  is  the  principal  town. 

Samoids,  the  most  northern  nation  of  the  east- 
ern continent.    They  occupy  the  great  space  from 
the  Mezen  in  Eutopc,  to  the  Olensk  in  Asia, 
2,070  ms.  from  W.  to  E.,  with  an  extensive  in- 
land range,  from  the  Frozen  ocean,  from  270  to 
550  ms.    The  country  of  the  Samoids  is  a  bleak 
region  of  heath  and  morass,  frozen  and  covered 
with  snow  three-fourths  of  the  year.      "The  or- 
dinary stature  of  the  Samoids,"  says  Malte  Brun,  j 
"  is  from  4  to  5  feet ;  they  are  generally  squat,  | 
with  very  short  legs,  a  large  and  flat  head,  a  flat 
nose,  the  lower  part  of  the  face  very  projecting,  a  j 
wide  mouth,  very  large  ears,  and  a  very  scanty  ! 
beard  ;  their  eyes  are  small,  black,  and  angular ; 
their  skin  olive  colored,  hair  black  and  bristly." 

This  race  of  wandering  savages  does  not  ex- 
ceed 20,000,  over  a  space  of  at  least  800,000  sq. 
ms.  This  would  suppose  a  distributive  pop.  of  1 
human  being  to  40  sq.  ms.  They  are  subject  to 
Russia  nominally,  but  actually  free  nomades,  who 
live  by  the  chase  and  the  spoils  drawn  from  their 
vast  rivers  and  from  the  Arctic  ocean.  The  Sa- 
moids are  probably  Mongols  by  extraction. 

Samps,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  on  the  coast 
of  Natolia,  and  to  the  E.  of  the  isle  of  Nicaria. 
The  women  are  clothed  in  the  Turkish  manner, 
except  a  red  coif,  and  their  hair  hanging  down 
their  backs,  with  plates  of  silver,  or  block  tin,  fast- 
ened to  the  ends.  It  is  32  ms.  long,  22  broad, 
79S 


and  extremely  fertile.  It  abounds  with  pariri  $ 
wood  cocks,  snipes,  wood-pigeons,  thrushes,  ti  >. 
doves,  wheatears,  and  excellent  poultry.  '  t 
have  abundance  of  melons,  lentils,  kidney  b 
muscadine  grapes,  and  white  figs,  four  tim  ls 
big  as  the  common  sort,  but  not  so  well  ta  1. 
Their  silk  is  very  fine,  and  the  honey  and  | 
admirable.  They  have  iron  mines,  and  im  o| 
the  soil  is  of  rusty  color;  they  have  also  e  y 
stone,  and  all  the  mountains  are  of  white  in,  Q 
The  inhabitants,  about  12,000,  are  almo;  || 
Greeks,  and. have  a  bishop,  who  resides  at  C  j 
Lon.  27  13  E.,  lat.  37  46  N. 

Samolhracia,  now  called  Samaudr/ichi,  \\ 
island  of  the  Archipelago,  between  Stalii  i, 
and  the  coast  of  Romania,  and  N.  of  the  i>  1 
Imbro.  It  is  17  ms.  in  circumference,  ai  d  |  1 
well  cultivated.    Lon.  25  17  E.,  lat.  40  ;J4 

Samoycdrs,  nation  of  Asiatic  Russia. — Se  jj 
molds- 

Sampoo, — See  Burrampooler. 

Sampson,  co.,  N.  C;  bounded  by  New  I 
over  SE.,  Bladen  SW.,  Cumberland  W.,  ,  I 
son  N.,  Wayne  NE.,  and  Duplin  E.  Lil 
35,  mean  width  20  ms.,  area  700  sq.  ms.  I 
drained  by  Black  river  branch  of  Cape  Fear  r. 
The  court  house  is  about  55  ms.  NNW.  m 
Wilmington.  Lat.  35°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  2i  K 

Samptown,  village,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J. I 
ms.  SW.  from  Elizabethtown. 

Sam's  Creek,  post  office,  Frederick  co.,  ., 
15  ms.  NE.  from  Fredericktown. 

Samso,  or  Samsoi,  island  of  Denmark,  c  ie 
E.  coast  of  North  Jutland.  It  is  8  ms.  lone  iii 
3  broad,  and  very  fertile.  Lon.  10  33  E.  I 
55  2  N. 

Samson,  Si.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  e, 
and  late  province  of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  ei 
Rille,  5  ms.  from  Pontaudeiner. 

Sana,  or  Zona,  town  of  Peru,  and  capital  ! 
jurisdiction  in  the  bishopric  ofTruxillo.  Its  u 
ation  is  delightful,  and  adorned  with  the  if 
beautiful  flowers,  whence  it  receives  the  nai  ol 
Mirafloris.  It  is  90  ms.  N.  of  Truxillo.  >n 
78  30  W.  lat.  40  35  N. 

Sanaa,  capital  of  Arabia  Felix,  in  Yemei  'o 
per.  It  is  seated  among  mountains  and  lii  >r 
chards,  240  ms.  NNE.  of  Mocha,  and  450  J  Q 
Mecca.    Lon.  46  35  E.  lat.  17  28  N. 

San  Antonio  de  las  Cues,  city  of  Mexico,  b< 
State  of  Oaxaca,  130  ms.  SE.  from  the  (■ 
Mexico,  and  about  80  N.  from  that  of  Oaxac 

San  Bias  Point,  or  Cape  of,  is  the  north  at- 
ern  limit  of  the  Bay  of  Mandingo,  of  Colomt  it 
the  province  of  Panama.  Lat.  9  12  N.,  loil^ 
C.  1  58  W. 

Sa?i  Bias,  city  and  seaport  of  Mexico,  in  thor- 
nier Guadalaxara,  now  Jalisco,  at  the  mouth  « 
river  Santiago.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  depar 
of  the  marine,  but  in  summer  and  autumn  tl  in- 
salubrity of  the  climate  obliges  the  officers  aril 
habitants  to  seek  at  Tepic  a  cooler  and  more  hi  h) 
air.    Lon.  W.  C.  28  17  W.,  lat.  21  33  N 

Sandbach,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire, 
Welock,  26  ms.  E.  of  Chester,  and  161  NN  0 
London.    Lon.  2  28  W.,  lat.  53  8  N. 

Sanborntown,  town,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H 
ms.  NW.  from  Portsmouth. 

Sanborntown  Bridge,  and  post  office,  in  111 


SAN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAN 


oi  own  tp.,  N.  Hampshire,  23  ms,  NW.  from 
Oifcord, 

ncerre,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
II,  and  late  province  of  Berry.    In  its  neigh- 

iod  are  excellent  wines,  equal  to  those  of  Bur- 
u  y  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
,0',  22  ms.  NW.ofNevers,  and  HON.  of  Paris, 
ho  2  59  E.,  lat.  47  18  N. 

ncion,  island  of  China,  on  the  coast  of  Quang- 
I  40  ms.  in  circumference,  and  famous  for  being 
itKpurying-place  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  whose 
tod  is  to  be  seen  on  a  small  hill. 

ncoins,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
UfcL  and  late  province  of  Berry,  seated  on  the 
Arint,  10  ms.  SW.  of  JNevers. 

,,nda,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  in  Scotland, 
Ivij  NE.  of  that  called  Mainland. 

,fndecz,  strong  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the 
(tlinate  of  Cracow.  There  are  mines  of  gold 
>n(  opper  in  its  territory,  and  it  is  seated  at  the 
fcjo»f  Mount  Krapack,  32  ms.  SE.  of  Cracow. 
Lo,  20  32  E.,  lat.  49  43  N. 

>\nders,  village,  Grant  co.,  Ky.,  50  ms.  NNE. 
troij  Frankfort.  Post  office,  Limestone  co., 

itnderslcben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  pper  Saxony,  and  principality  of  Anhault 
X»ej|iu,  situated  on  the  Wipper,  16  ms.  SE.  of 
l^ullingburg,  and  31  SW.  of  Dessau.  Lon.  11 
If],  lat.  51  38  N. 

tyidersted,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  to  the 
Croydon,  and  in  an  elevated  situation,  which 
tifus  a  delightful  prospect  over   the  adjacent 

u  ry . 

iWidersville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wash- 
mgn  co.,  Ga.,  30  ms.  SE.  from  Milledgeville. 
J  at32  57  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  47  W. 
indford,  tp.  and  village,  York  co.,  Me.,  22  ms 


Huron  cos.  It  extends  from  the  mouth  of  San- 
dusky river  E.,  23  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  3, 


and  communicates  with 
strait. 

Sandusky,  river,  O., 
and  flowing  W.  about 


Lake  Erie  by  a  narrow 


York. 


Broome  co.,  N.  Y. 
Vt.,  N.  from 


■Post  office, 
ndgate,  tp.,  Bennington  co. 
lington. 

ndisjield,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  be- 
|  N.  Marlborough  and  Mount  Washington, 
(ear  the  Conn.  line.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,646. 
idiston,  tp.,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.  Pop.  in  1820. 

"idgate  Castle,  castle  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  SW. 
'Ikstone. 

^idhamii,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
jland,  appointed  for  the  examination  of  all 

;  B  to  and  from  Stockholm.  It  is  10  ms.  E. 
ockholm.    Lon.  18  20  E.,  lat.  59  20  N. 

hd  Lake,  post  office,  Rensselaer  co  ,  N.  Y., 
f.  from  Albany. 

kido,  island  of  Japan,  on  the  N.  coast  of 
pn,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name.    It  is 
s.  in  circumference.    Lon.  139  30  E.,  lat. 
■'  N. 

tidomir,  strong  town  of  Little  Poland,  capi- 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  a 
Ln  the  Vistula,  75  ms.  E.  of  Cracow,  and 
S  W.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  22°  E.,  lat.  50  21  N. 
I  idover,  village,  Abbeville  district,  S.  C,  by 
8,oad  90  ms.  W.  from  Columbia. 
Hdown,  tp.,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  23  ms. 
I  om  Portsmouth. 

^idtown,  village,  Kershaw  district,  S.  C,  by 
>s  oad  47  ms.  NE.  from  Columbia. 
idusky,  bay  of   Ohio,    in   Sandusky  and 


rising  in  Richland  co., 
20  ms.  into  Crawford, 
where  it  turns  nearly  N.,  and  continues  in  that 
direction  60  ms.  into  Sandusky  bay.  It  is  gene- 
rally navigable.  It  rises  in  a  level,  and  in  great 
part  open  country,  covered  in  summer  with  suc- 
culent herbage,  and  in  winter  and  spring  exposed 
to  inundation,  having  a  perfect  resemblance  to  the 
prairies  of  La.,  Mo.,  and  Ark.  The  sources  of  the 
Sandusky  interlock  with  those  of  the  Scioto, 
those  of  Blanchard's  fork  of  Maumee,  and  those 
of  the  Mohicon  branch  of  Muskingum. 

Sandusky,  co.,  O.,  bounded  N,  by  Lake  Erie, 
R.  by  Huron  co.,  S.  by  Seneca,  and  on  the  W. 
by  Wood  co.  It  is  30  ms.  long,  and  25  broad  ; 
containing  about  600  sq.  ms.  It  contains  Crog- 
hanville,  the  co.  seat.  The  face  of  the  country  is 
generally  low  and  level.  Its  principal  waters  are 
Sandusky  bay,  and  Sandusky  and  Portage  rivers, 
besides  several  smaller  streams.  Pop.  in  1820, 
852;  and  in  1840,  10,182.    Central  lat  41  25 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  12  W.  -Village  and  port 

of  entry,  Huron  co.,  O  ,  25  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from 
Croghanville,  and  on  Sandusky  bay.  Pop.  in 
1840,  1,117. 

Sandusky,,  village,  Sandusky  co.,  O.,  on  San- 
dusky river,  opposite  Croghanville.  One  of  the 

western  tps.  of  Richland  co.,  O. 

Sandusky  Cross  Roads,  and  post  office,  Knox 
co.,  O.,  by  post  road  48  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Sandwich,  town. and  capital  of  Essex  co.,  U. 
C,  on  Detroit  river,  2  ms.  below  Detroit.  It  is  a 
considerable  village,  built  chiefly  in  a  single  long 

street.  Town,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  a  few- ms. 

W.  from  Winnipisiogee  lake.    Pop.  1820,  2,268. 

 Town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  on  Barnstable 

bay,  12  ms.  W.  from  Barnstable,  and  64  SE.  from 
Boston.    Pop.  1820,  2,484. 

Sandwich  Islands,  group  of  islands  in  the  South 
sea,  among  the  last  discoveries  of  Captain  Cook, 
who  so  named  them  in  honor  of  the  earl  of  Sand- 
wich, under  whose  administration  these  discoveries 
were  made.  They  consist  of  1 1  islands,  extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  18  54  to  22  15  N.,  and  in  lon. 
from  150  44  to  160  24  W.  They  are  called  by 
the  natives  Owhyhee,  Mowee,  Ranai,  Morotoi, 
Tahoorowa,  WToahoo,  Atooi,  Neeheeheow,  Oree- 
houa,  Morotinne,  and  Tahoora,  all  inhabited  ex- 
cept the  two  last. — See  Australia,  pp.  114,  115. 
Sandy,  tp.,  Stark  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  509. 

 One  of  the  northern  tps.  of  Tuscarawas  co., 

Ohio. 

Sandy  Bay,  eastern  part  of  Essex  co  ,  Mass. 
On  this  bay  is  a  post  office,  20  ms.  NE.  from 
Salem. 

Sandy  Creek,  one  of  the  northern  tps.  of  Mer- 
cer co.,  Pa  ,  between  French  Creek  and  Salem  tps. , 
10  ms.  N.  from  Mercer.     Pop.  1820,  520. 

Sandy  Fork,  village  Mecklenburg  co.,  Va.,  on 
the  left  bank  of  Roanoke  river,  70  ms.  SW.  from 
Petersburg. 

Sandy  Hill,  village,  and  alternately  with  Salem 
seat  of  justice  for  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  an 
elevated  plain,  near  Baker's  falls,  52  ms.  by  land 
above  Albany.    It  is  near  this  fin«  village  that  the 

709 


SAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SAN 


Champlain  canal  is  connected  with  the  Hudson. 
It  is  compactly  built.    For  pop  ,  see  Kingsbury. 

Sandy  Grove,  village,  Chatham  co.,  N.  C. 

Sandy  Hook,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  .1.,  18  ms.  S. 
from  N.  Y.  Lon.  W.  C.  3  1  E.,  lat.  40  30  N. 
It  is  the  S.  point  of  entrance  into  Raritan  bay  and 

N.  Y.  harbor,  with  a  light-house.  Village, 

Culpeper  co.,  Va. 

Sandy  Lake,  creek,  and  tp.,  Mercer  co.,  Pa. 
The  tp.  is  on  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  S.  from 

French  Creek  tp.  Lake  of  the  NW.  Territory 

of  the  U.  S.,  forming  one  of  the  links  in  the  chain 
of  intercommunication  between  Lake  Superior  and 
Mississippi  river.  It  receives  W.  Savannah  river 
from  the  NR.,  and  discharges  Sandy  Lake  river 
from  the  SW. 

Sandy  Lake  river,  river  of  the  NW.  Territory 
of  the  U.  S.,  flows  from  Sandy  lake,  and  enters 
Mississippi  river  at  lat.  47°  N.  See  St.  Lawrence 
basin.  At  its  outlet  from  Sandy  lake  the  U.  S. 
SW.  Company  have  an  establishment. 

Sandy  Mount,  village,  Baltimore  co  ,  Md.  

Village,  Greenville  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  77  miles 
S.  from  Richmond. 

Sandy  river. — See  Big  Sandy. 

Sandy  Run,  and  post  office,  southern  part  of 
Lexington  district,  S.  C. 

Sandy  Spring,  or  St  abler' s,  post  office,  Mont- 
gomery co.,  Md  ,  near  the  road  from  Baltimore  to 
Rockville,  28  ms.  from  the  former,  9  from  the  latter, 
and  20  ms.  nearly  due  N.  from  W.  C.  The  So- 
ciety of  Friends  have  a  meeting  house  at  this  place. 
The  vicinity  of  Sandy  Spring  is  elevated  above 
tide  water  in  the  Potomac  about  500  feet.  Lat. 

39  7  N.  Village,  Adams  co.,  O.,  by  post  road 

110  ms.  SSW.  from  Columbus. 

Sandytown,  village,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  by  post 
road  85  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Sandyville,  village,  Tuscarawas  co.,.  Ohio,  by 
post  road  136  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Sanford,  town,  York  county,  Me.,  24  ms.  N. 
from  York. 

Sanford  and  Lumsden's  Store,  post  office,  Han- 
cock co.,  Ga.,  20  ms.  eastward  from  Milledgeville. 

San  Francisco  Quibido,  capital  city  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Citaro,  of  Colombia.  This  town  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Atrato,  400  ms.  by  water  above  the 
mouth  of  that  stream. 

Sangamon,  river  of  Illinois,  rises  by  numerous 
branches  near  the  centre  of  the  State,  and,  flowing 
NW.,  unite,  and,  turning  W.,  enters  the  left  side 
of  Illinois  river  at  lat.  40  10  N.    It  is  navigable 

upwards  of  100  ms.  Co.,  III.,  on  Sangamon 

river,  bounded  S.  by  Montgomery  and  Morgan, 

and  W.  by  Fulton.  Chief  town,  Springfield  

C.  H.,  and  post  office,  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois,  by 
post  road  77  ms.  NNW.  from  Vandalia. 

Sangar,  Strait  of,  separates  the  island  of  Ni- 
phon  from  that  of  Jesso,  and,  extending  in  a  wind- 
ing direction  from  W.  to  E.,  unites  the  Sea  of 
Japan,  or  Corea,  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  lies 
nearly  on  lat.  40°  N.,  and  between  lon.  139°  and 
141°  E. 

Sangerjield,  town,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms. 
S.  by  W7.  from  Utica.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,324  ;  and 
in  1820,  2,011. 

Sangerville,  town,  Penobscot  co.,  Me.,  38  ms. 
NW.  from  Bangor. 
800 


Sanen,  or  Guessenay,  town  of  Switzerlam  | 
Bern. 

Sanguessa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  st  j 
on  the  Arragon,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Pampeluna  ] 
1  17  W.,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Sanhedrim-,  highest  judicial  council  or  trib  ,| 
among  the  Jews.  It  consisted  of  71  mem! 
including  the  high  priest,  who  was  presu  , 
There  is  little  rational  doubt  but  that  the  70  cl  I 
or  council,  instituted  by  Moses,  was  the  orig  ,f 
the  Sanhedrim. 

San  Louis  Polosi. — See  Potosi,  San  Loui. 

Sanore  Bancabour,  town  of  the  Mysore  com 
in  the  E.  Indies,  1 17  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Goa.  I 
75  44  E.,  lat.  15  39  N. 

Sanquhar,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Dumi  H 
shire,  with  a  coal  trade,  and  a  manuf-ictur  if 
worsted  mittens  and  stockings,  seated  on  the  1 1| 
river  Nith,  24  ms.  N.  of  Dumfries.  Lon.  C 
VV.,  lat.  55  30  N. 

Sastscrita,  or,  as  usually  written,  Sawi 
supposed  original  and  general  language  of  s(  . 
eastern  Asia.  It  is  still  the  learned  languag'  if 
India,  and  the  radix  of  those  now  spoken.  T  a 
who  have  studied  the  Sanscrit,  especially  Sir  |. 
liam  Jones,  give  it  the  preference  of  all  langu;  1 
dead  or  living. 

Santa  Clara,  island  of  South  America,  ir  e 
South  Pacific  ocean,  and  in  the  Bay  of  Guaya  I, 
90  ms.  W.  of  Guavaquil.  Lon.  82  36  W.,  I  % 
18  S. 

Santa  Cruz,  seaport  on  the  E .  side  of  Tene 
on  a  fine  bay  of  the  same  name.    Lou.  H  ft 

W.,  lat.  28  27  N.  Seaport  of  Africa,  or  a 

coast  of  Morocco,  with  a  fort.  It  is  seated  <  I 
extremity  of  Mount  Atlas,  on  Cape  Agner.  I 

10  7  W.,  lat.  30  38  N.  One  of  the  Car  -a 

islands.  Lon.  64  35  W.,  lat.  17  45  N.  1  J 

in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  one  of  the  most  consi  j- 
ble  of  those  of  Solomon,  being  250  ms.  in  cir  1 

ference.    Lon.   130°  W.,  lat.  10  21  S.  a. 

port  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  ii  I 
W.  Indies,  60  ms.  E.  of  Havana.  Lon.  8  0 
W.,  lat.  23  10  N. 

Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  town  of  S.  Aim  a, 
in  Peru,  and  capital  of  a  government  of  that  n  % 
in  the  audience  of  Los  Charcos,  with  ft  I 
op's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountai  in 
a  country  abounding  in  good  fruits,  on  the  er 
Guapy,  300  ms.  E.  of  Plata.  Lon.  5J  55  I 
lat.  19  46  S. 

Santa  Fe,  capital  of  New  Mexico,  in  N.  P  I 
ica,  seated  among  mountains,  near  the  Ki  | 
Norte,  950  ms.  N.  of  Mexico.  Lon.  106  35  $ 
lat.  35  32  N. 

Santa  Fede  Bogota,  town  of  S.  America'! 
the  capital  of  New  Granada.  It  is  seated  oi  tie 
river  Madelana,  in  a  country  abounding  in  "> 
and  fruit,  with  mines  of  silver  in  the  moun  4 
360  ms.  S.  of  Carthagena,  and  200  NE.  til 
from  Buenaventura,  on  the  Pacific  ocean.  I 
74  30  W.,  and  4  35  E.  W.  C,  lat.  3  58  N. 

Santarem,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrnma  a, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Tajo:  a 
country  fertile  in  wheat,  wine,  and  oil.  It&9 
taken  from  the  Moors  in  1447,  and  is  44  m*.  »• 
of  Lisbon.    Lon.  8  25  W.,  lat.  39  2  N. 

Santee  river,  river  of  considerable  magni 


SAR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


SAR 


langr  its  sources  in  the  Appalachian  mountains, 
I  .  Int.  36°  W.,  Ion.  5°  from  W.  Ov,  and,  fall- 
n  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  N.  lat  33  12  W., 
I  2°  from  W.  C,  it  consequently  runs  through 
;cf  lat.  and  3°  of  Ion.,  having  an  entire  length 
(  50  ms.  by  comparative  courses,  and  draining 
ab!t  11,000  sq.  ms.    The  Santec  is  formed  by 
li  mited  streams  of  the  Wateree  and  Congaree 
U»}  both  originating  in  the  Appalachian  moun- 
i  .    The  Wateree,  in  the  higher  part  of  its 
co  se,  is  known  by  the  name  of  Catawba,  and  the 
}<*aree  is  formed  by  the  Saluda  and  Broad  riv- 
trt  The  Santee  is  navigable  by  sloops  a  consid- 
er e  distance  above  the  main  fork,  and  steam- 
)0  >  ascend  at  high  water  to  Columbia,  on  the 
^arce. 

tntiago,  ancient  Tololotlan,  river  of  Mexico, 
about  23  ms.  NW.  from  the  city  of  Mexico, 

me  table  land  of  Anahuac,  flows  through  or 

.r:is  part  of  the  intendencies  of  Mexico,  Guanax- 
ua;  Guadalaxara,  and  Valladolid.  From  its  source 
in  lie  mountains  it  flows  NW.  along  the  WE. 
ptijof  Valladolid,  turns  W.  near  Queretaro,  and 

i  at  direction  to  the  head  of  Lake  Chapala,  in 
aMtance  of  70  ms.  ;  separates  Valladolid  from 
(rujiaxuato.  At  the  head  of  Lake  Chapala  it 
•mtjs  Guadalaxara,  through  which  it  winds  NW. 
by  /-.  250  ms.,  and,  after  an  entire  course  of 
awl  370  ms.,  falls  into  the  Pacific  ocean  at  the 
cttyf  San  Bias.  Santiago  is  by  far  the  largest 
•trtn  of  Mexico  ;  it  is  navigable  for  some  distance 
fronts  mouth,  but  the  adjacent  country  is  thickly 
vroieci,  uncultivated,  and  unhealthy. 

mtillano,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Asturias  de  San- 
tilhja,  of  which  it  is  the  capital,  seated  on  the 
Baiof  Biscay,  50  ms.  E.  of  Orviedo,  and  200 
N\  of  Madrid.    Lon.  4  32  W.,  lat.  43  34  N. 

Witorini,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  to  the  N. 
of  Vndia,  and  to  the  S.  of  Nio.  It  is  8  ms.  in 
lefljh,  and  nearly  as  much  in  breadth ;  and  near  it 
aiwiree  or  four  other  small  islands,  each  of  which 
Uiiaavident  marks  of  a  volcanic  origin,  being  all 
c  jved  with  pumice  stones.  It  produces  plenty  of 
nary,  cotton,  and  wine,  in  which,  and  the  cotton 

iiaifactures,  its  trade  consists.  Fruit  is  scarce, 
sxot  figs,  and  it  has  neither  oil  nor  wood.  The 
uib'itants  are  all  Greeks,  about  10,000  in  num- 
barind,  though  subject  to  the  Turks,  they  choose 
ti«  own  magistrates.  Pyrgos  is  the  capital.  Lon. 
i«jE.,  lat.  36  10  N. 

ipnne,  Upper,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of 
i^  ite^province  of  the  Isle  of  France.    It  takes  its 
i  ai!  from  a  river,  which  rises  in  Mount  Vosges, 
awaits  into  the  Rhorle  at  Lyons.    The  capital  is 
e  jl. 

>'mne  and  Loire,  dep.  of  France,  including 
p«>f  the  late  province  of  Burgundy.    Macon  is 
ie  ipital. 

wigis,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  situated 
on  je  summit  of  a  rock.  Lon.  7  33  E.,  lat.  36 
;8  orth. 

Lpienza,  three  small  islands,  and  a  cape,  near 
*W.  coast  of  the  Morea.  The  largest  island  was 
•*iitjntly  called  Sphacteria.  The  pirates  of  Bar- 
•nceal  themselves  behind  it,  to  surprise  ves- 
seb^hich  come  from  the  Gulf  of  Venice  or  the 
wat  of  Sicily.    Lon.  22  35  E  ,  lat.  36  50  N. 

*Va,  creek,  La.,  in  New  Feliciana,  rises  in  the 
*ta  of  Mississippi,  near  Woodville,  and  flowing 
101* 


S.,  crosses  lat.  31°  N.,  and  falls  into  the  Missis- 
sippi at  St.  Francisville,  after  an  entire  course  of 
25  miles. 

Saragossa,  city  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  with  a 
university.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the 
Phoenicians;  and  the  Romans  sent  a  colony  hither 
in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  whence  it  had  the  name 
of  Caesar  Augustus,  which  by  corruption  has  been 
changed  into  Sarasossa.  It  is  137  ms.  W.  of  Bar- 
celona, and  150  NE.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  28'  W., 
lat.  41  53  N. 

Saranac,  small  river,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Essex  and 
Franklin  cos.,  flows  into  Clinton,  and  falls  into 
Lake  Champlain  at  Plattsburg,  after  a  comparative 
course  NE.  of  60  ms. 

Saratof,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  pro- 
vince of  Astracan.    It  contains  eleven  districts,  of 

which  that  of  the  same  name  is  the  principal.  

|  Town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Volga,  220  ms.  S.  of  Kasan,  and 
300  NW.  of  Astracan.  Lon.  49  25  E.,  lat.  52 
M  North. 

Saratoga,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  the  Hudson 
river  NE.  and  E.,  Mohawk  river  S.,  Schenectady 
co.  SW.,  Montgomery  and  Hamilton  W.,  and 
Warren  N.  Leng  h  40  ms.,  mean  width  20; 
area  800  sq.  ms.  Surface  very  diversified,  as  is 
the  soil. '  Some  parts  towards  the  Mohawk  are 
sandy,  but  in  general  the  soil  is  alluvial  and  loam, 
and  productive  in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruit.  It 
is  drained  by  numerous  creeks,  and  almost  encir- 
cled by  the  Sacondago,  Hudson,  and  Mohawk 
rivers.  Chief  towns,  Ballston  and  Waterford. 
Pop.  in  1820,  36,052;  and  in  1840,  40,553. 
Central  lat.  43  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  5  E. 

Saratoga,  town,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  35 
ms.  N.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,909. 

Saratoga  Springs,  village,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y., 
formerly  the  western  part  of  Saratoga.  In  this  tp. 
are  the  much  celebrated  springs  and  handsome 
village  in  this  vicinity.  Persons  directing  letters 
ought  to  carefully  distinguish  between  Saratoga 
and  Saratoga  Springs  — See  Ballston.  The  ac- 
commodations at  Saratoga  for  travellers  are  spa- 
cious and  elegant.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,293. 

Saratoga,  lake,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  9  ms. 
long,  and  mean  width  2.  It  receives  the  Kayada- 
rosoras  from  the  W.,  and  discharges  into  Hudson 
by  Fish  creek,  4  ms.  E.  from  Ballston  Spa. 

Sarbourg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of 
Treves,  seated  on  the  Sare,  8  ms.  S.  of  Treves. 

Lon.  5  40  E.,  lat.  49  37  N.  Town  of  Fr.,  iu 

the  dep  of  Meurtli,  and  late  province  of  Lorraine, 
sealed  on  the  Sare.  Longitude  9°  E  ,  lat.  48  46 
North. 

Sarbruck,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle, 
and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  seated  on  the  Sare, 
14  ms.  ESE.  of  Sarlouis,  and  40  E.  by  N.  of 
Metz     Lon.  7  2  E.,  lat.  49  14  N. 

Sardam,  seaport  of  N.  Holland,  where  there  are 
vast  magazines  of  timber  for  building  ships,  and 
naval  stores,  with  a  great  number  of  shipwrights. 
Peter  the  Great  resiled  in  this  town  while  he 
worked  as  a  shipwright,  and  his  but  is  still  to  be 
seen.  Sardam  is  seated  on  the  Wye,  7  ms.  NW. 
of  Amsterdam.    Lon.  45°  E.,  lat.  52  28  N. 

Sardinia,  island  of  the  Mediterranean.  142  ms. 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  80  from  E.  to  W.    The  soil  is 

801 


SAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAR 


fertile  in  corn,  wine,  oranges,  citrons,  and  olives. 
See  Italy,  p.  433. 

Sardinia,  kingdom  of  Europe. — See  Italy, 
pages  432  and  433. 

Sardinia,  village,  Niagara  co.,  N.  Y. 

Sardo,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia.  It 
was  formerly  called  Sardis,  and  was  the  capital  of 
Lydia.  It  was  one  of  the  seven  churches  of  Asia, 
celebrated  in  the  book  of  Revelation.  It  now  con- 
tains only  a  few  wretched  huts.  There  are  also  a 
few  Christians,  who  employ  themselves  in  garden- 
ing, but  they  have  neither  church  nor  priest.  It 
is  70  ms.  E.  of  Smyrna.  Lon.  28  30  E.,  lat.  28 
44  North. 

Sare,  river  which  rises  at  Salm,  in  Fr.,  runs  N. 
into  Germany,  and  falls  into  the  Moselle,  a  little 
above  Treves. 

Sarecto,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Duplin  co., 
N.  C,  about  50  ms  N.  from  Wilmington. 

Sarepta,  colony  of,  flourishing  colony  of  Mora- 
vian brethren,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  little  river 
Sarpa,  in  the  Russian  government  of  Saratov,  to 
which  the  founders  have  given  the  name  of  Sarep- 
ta, borrowed  from  the  sacred  writers.  The  begin- 
ning of  this  settlement  is  dated  in  1765,  and  in  the 
same  year  the  most  distinguished  privileges  were 
granted  it  by  the  imperial  court.  From  some  re- 
cent accounts,  the  privileges  granted  to  the  United 
Brethren  by  Catharine  II.  have  been  revoked.  It 
is  8  ms.  from  Tzaritzin. 

Sargans,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  co.  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Zuric.  It  is  seated 
on  the  top  of  a  hill,  and  near  it  are  mineral  springs, 
good  for  various  diseases. 

Sargel,  large  and  ancient  seaport  of  the  kingdom 
of  Morocco,  and  province  of  Tremesen,  25  ms. 
SSW.  of  Algiers.    Lon.  2  15  E.,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Sargueniine,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Mo- 
selle, seated  on  the  Sare,  9  ms.  from  Sarback. 
Lon.  7  6  E.,  lat.  49  8  N. 

Sari,  ancient  town  of  Persia,  in  Mesanderan,  20 
ms.  SVV.  of  Ferabad. 

Sark,  little  island  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  on 
the  coast  of  Normandy,  situated  between  Guernsey 

and  Jersey.  River  of  Scot.,  which  rises  in  the 

E.  part  of  Dumfriesshire,  and  for  many  ms.  forms 
the  boundary  with  England. 

Sarlat,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Dordogne, 
and  late  province  of  Perigord,  27  ms.  SE.  of  Peri  - 
gueux,  and  87  E.  by  N.  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  I  19 
E.,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Sarlouis,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle, 
seated  on  the  isthmus  of  a  peninsula  formed  by  the 
river  Sare,  20  ms.  E.  of  Thionville,  and  32  NE. 
of  Metz.    Lon.  6  48  E.,  lat.  49  21  N. 

Sarnen,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Underwalden,  seated  on  a  lake  of  that  name.  It 
is  9  ms.  S.  of  Lucerne.  Lon.  8  7  E.,  lat.  46  9  N. 

Sarno,  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  which 
rises  near  Sarno,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Naples. 

 Town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore.  It 

is  seated  on  the  Sarno,  near  its  source,  12  ms.  NE. 
of  Salerno,  and  20  SE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  49 
E.,  lat.  40  46  N. 

Saros,  strong  castle  in  Upper  Hungary,  in  a  co. 
of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Tariza,  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Krapach,  5  ms.  NNW.  of  Eperies. 

Sarp,  or  Sarpen,  town  of  Norway,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Christiansand.  It  is  situated  in  the  neigh-' 
802 


borhood  of  a  cataract,  10  ms.  WS W.  of  Fre  . 
ickstadt.    Lon.  10  47  E.,  lat.  59  9  N. 

Surreal,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seatei  \ 
the  Francoli,  in  the  neighborhood  of  which  a 
quarries  of  alabaster  so  transparent  that  wine  s 
are  glazed  with  it.    Lon.  2°  E.,  lat.  41  30  N 

Sarsana,  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  138 
NW.  of  Rome.    Lon.  12  14  E.,  lat.  43  59  P 

Sarsina,  episcopal  town'  of  Italy,  in  Roma  , 
11  ms.  WSW.  of  Rimini.    Lon.  12  32  E.f 
44°  North. 

Sarte,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  late  prov  3 
of  Maine.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  w  \ 
joins  the  Maine  and  the  Loire  above  Angers.  0 
capital  of  the  dep.  is  Mans. 

Sarum,  New. — See  Salisbury. 

Sarum,  Old,  ancient  borough  of  Eng.,  in  W  , 
One  farm  house  is  all  that  remains  of  th  s  U  , 
which  yet  sends  two  members  to  Parliament,  g 
2  ms.  N.  of  Salisbury.  Lon.  1  42  W.,  lat.  51  . 

Saver  dm,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Mos  , 
seated  on  the  Sare,  18  ms.  S.  of  Sarbruck.  ]  . 
7  7  E.,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Sanvar,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capital  a 
co.  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Raab,  a  s 
confluence  with  a  small  river.  It  is  50  ms.  W  j 
N.  of  Buda.    Lon.  16  48  E.,  lat.  47  30  N. 

Sarzana,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terr  y 
of  Genoa.  It  was  given  to  the  Genoese  bj  e 
great  Duke  of  Tuscany,  in  lieu  of  Leghorn.  » 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Magra,  50  ms.  SI  if 
Genoa.    Lon.  9  52  E.,  lat.  44  8  N. 

Saseram,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  !  • 
gal,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  a  \  it 
lake,  50  ms.  SE.  of  Benares.  Lon.  86  44  B.,  I 
26  10  N. 

Saskachawaine,  great  river  of  North  Arnerit  I 
formed  by  two  large  branches,  both  rising  in  e 
Chippewan  mountains,  and  flowing  generall  o 
the  E.  After  a  comparative  course  of  600  n  s, 
they  unite  at  lon.  W.  C.  27  30  W.  ;  the  w  d 
streams  flow  thence  200  ms.  into  the  NW.  b;  >f 
Lake  Winnipec.  The  Severn,  flowing  froar.  e 
eastern  side  of  Lake  Winnipec,  is  the  continu,  a 
of  the  Saskatchawaine  and  Assiniboin  rivers.-  * 
Severn  and  Assiniboin. 

Sassafras,  river  of  Md.,  rL-es  on  the  confin  )f 
Del.,  and,  flowing  W.  between  Kent  and  <  il 
cos.,  falls  into  Chesapeake  bay,  11  miles  S.  n 
the  mouth  of  the  Susquehannah. 

Sassari,  city  of  Sardinia,  capital  of  the  territc  )f 
Lugari.  It  contains  30,000  inhabitants.  It^is  t- 
ed  in  a  plain,  6  ms.  N.  of  Algher.  Lon.  8  3( ., 
lat.  40  46  N. 

Sassebes,  strong  town  of  Transylvania,  capi  I 
a  co.  of  the  same  name,  seated  at  the  confiuen  H 
two  rivers,  which  fall  into  the  Maroch.  Lor  6 
40  E.,  lat.  46  26  N. 

Sassoan  Ghent,  strong  town  of  the  kin^  m 
of  Belgium,  in  Flanders.  It  has  fine  slu*, 
and  is  seated  on  a  canal  which  communicates  k 
Ghent,  about  8  miles  N.  from  it.  It  was  bui  >y 
the  inhabitants  of  Ghent,  as  a  bulwark  to  that  t  n. 
Lon.    3  49  E  ,  lat.  51  UN. 

Sassuolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Aloe  a, 
on  the  Seccia,  10.  ms.  SW.  of  Modena.  Lot-1 
11  E.,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Satalia,  strong  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Asia  w 
Natolia.  on  the  coast  of  Caramania.    It  is  di';d 


3AV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SAV 


n  three  towns.  The  surrounding  country  is  very 
e  le,  and  the  citrons  and  oranges  are  very  fine. 
|  150  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Cogni,  and  265  S.  by 
G)f  Constantinople.  Lon.  32  21  E.,  lat.  37  1  N. 

vtellitk,  Latin,  satelitis ;  originally  meaning 
i  lard.  In  astronomy,  the  term  is  used  for  sec- 
n  iry  planets,  of  which  the  earth's  moon  is  the 
ut  noted. 

it 'gong ,  or  Satagong,  village  of  Hindoostan 
)i  er,  in  Bengal,  on  a  creek  of  the  Hoogly  river, 

t  4  ms.  NW.  of  Hoogly. 

itilla,  river  of  Georgia. — See  St.  Ilia. 

xttarah,  town  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  in 
I  province  of  Visiapour,  formerly  the  capital  of 
I  Vlahrattah  State.  It  lies  near  the  E.  foot  of  the 
jrlats,  and  near  the  most  distant  source  of  the 
I  Kistnah,  63  miles  S.  of  Poonah,  and  77  W.  of 

ipour.    Lon.  74  8  E.,  lat.  17  45  N. 

tucoti,  Lower,  extreme  S.  tp.  of  Northampton 

0  Pa. 

tucon,  Upper,  extreme  SE.  tp.  of  Lehigh  co., 
Hi  on  Saucon  creek. 

tugatuck,  one  of  the  three  harbors  of  Fairfield, 

1  airfield  co.,  Conn.  The  village  stands  at  the 
mc:h  of  Saugatuck  river,  7  miles  SE.  from  Fair- 

augerties,  town,  Ulster  county,  New  York, 
f  village  is  situated  on  Hudson  river,  above 
tiMjinouth  of  Esopus  creek,  13  miles  NNE.  from 
i  :ston. 

tkugus,  tp  ,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  10  ms.  E  from 
k  on. 

mlgen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  capital 
o(;co.  of  the  same  name,  which  belongs  to  the 
Imn  of  Walburg. 

udieu,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cote  d'Or, 
n  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  is  seated  on  an 
a-ence,  25  miles  W.  of  Dijon,  and  142  SE.  of 
.»*3.    Lon.  4  7  E.,  lat.  47  17  N. 

mil  de  St.  Marie,  or  Falls  of  St.  Mary's,  vil- 
<jat  these  falls,  between  Lakes  Superior  and  Hu- 
rm— See  St.  Mary's,  Michigan. 

mmur,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Maine  and 
l*b,  and  late  province  of  Anjou.  Here  is  a  fa- 
ti»(,j  bridge  over  the  Loire,  consisting  of  12  ellip- 
c  ches,  each  60  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  22  ms. 
^1  of  Angiers,  and  160  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4' 
W  lat.  47  15  N. 

Hinders,  Cape,  cape  of  Sandwich  Land,  in  the 
iohen  ocean.    Lon.  36  57  W.,  lat.  54  6  S. 

landers  Isle,  island  near  S.  Georgia,  in  the 
^ohern  ocean.    Lon.  26  38  W.,  lat.  58°  S. 

tuquoit,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y. 

iiirungpour,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in 
:i  »rovince  of  Malwa,  42  miles  NNE.  of  Indore, 
o43  NE.  of  Ougien.    Lon.  76  32  E.,  lat.  23 

moes,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  and 
it  Drovince  of  Languedoc,  seated  on  the  Vidoure, 
l%s.  SW.  of  Alais. 

wage  Island,  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  so  named 
7  aptain  Cook,  from  the  inhospitable  behaviour 
f  *  inhabitants.  It  is  35  ms.  in  circumference. 
169  37  W.,  lat.  19  1  S. 

'x-annah,  river,  forms  a  part  of  the  divisional 
n  which  separates  Georgia  from  South  Carolina, 
ourse  is  nearly  from  NW.  to  SE.    It  is  form- 

rincipally  of  two  branches,  the  Tugaloo  and 
s  vee,  which  spring  from  the  mountains.    It  is 


navigable  for  large  vessels  up  to  Savannah,  and  for 
boats  of  100  feet  keel  as  far  as  Augusta.  It  falls 
into  the  ocean  at  Tybee  bar,  in  latitude  31  57  N., 
where  it  has  16  feet  water  at  half  tide.  The  Sa- 
vannah river  has  its  most  remote  sources  in  the 
Appalachian  slopes,  opposite  to  those  of  Tennessee, 
and  interlocking  with  those  of  Chattahoochie  and 
Alatamaha  to  the  southward  and  those  of  Saluda 
northward. 

Savannah,  city  of  Georgia,  and  formerly  the 
seat  of  government.  It  is  situated  on  the  SW.  side 
of  Savannah  river,  in  Chatham  county,  in  lat.  32 
5  N.,  lon.  81  24  W.,  and  about  15  ms.  from  the 
ocean.  The  town  is  accounted  healthy  for  so  hot 
a  climate,  being  seated  on  a  bluff  in  a  bend  of  the 
river,  and  elevated  considerably  above  the  surround- 
ing plantations.  The  wet  mode  of  cultivating  rice, 
it  is  supposed,  contributed  much  to  the  insalubrity 
of  the  summer  and  autumn  seasons  in  Savannah. 
In  1817,  the  citizens  of  that  town  voted  $70,000 
to  induce  the  proprietors  of  rice  farms  in  the  vi- 
cinity to  abandon  the  wet,  and  adopt  the  dry,  mode 
of  culture.  Vessels  of  large  burden  can  moor  close 
to  the  town,  but,  from  its  vicinity  to  the  ocean, 
they  are  often  exposed  to  tremendous  floods. 

Progressive  population  of  Sava?inah. 
In  1810— Whites  -  -  -  2,590 

Colored  persons  -  -  2,725 


Total 

In  1820— Whites 

Free  colored  persons 
Slaves  - 

Total 

The  aggregate  of  1840 

Comprising — Whites 

Colored  persons 

Total 


-  5,315 

-  3,866 

-  582 

-  3,075 

-  7,523 

-  11,214 


5,888 
5,326 

11,214 


Savannah  is,  by  post  road,  658  ms.  nearly  SW, 
from  Washington  city,  189  SE.  by  E.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville,  and  100  SW.  from  Charleston,  South 
Carolina.    Lat.  32  3  N.,  lon.  W.  O.  4  4  W. 

Savannah,  name  of  two  small  rivers  of  theNW\ 
territory  of  the  United  States,  one  a  head  branch  of 
St.  Louis,  and  the  other  of  Sandy  Lake  rivers. 
The  two  Savannah  rivers  approach  so  near  each 
other  as  to  leave  only  a  short  portage  between  them. 
See  Sandy  Lake  river  and  St.  Louis  river. 

Save,  river  of  Germany,  which  has  its  source  in 
Carniola,  runs  through  that  country  from  W.  to 
E.,  separates  Sclavonia  from  Croatia,  Bosnia,  and 
Servia,  and  falls  into  the  Danube  at  Belgrade. 
The  Save  has  interlocking  sources  with  the  Adige 
and  Drave.  Comparative  course  about  400  miles 
SSE.  The  valley  of  the  Save  is  to  the  S,  of  that 
of  the  Drave. 

Savenat,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Loire,  18  ms.  NW.  of  Nantes.  Lon.  1  55  W., 
lat.  47  23  N. 

Savendroog,  strong  and  almost  impregnable  for- 
tress of  Hindoostan,  in  the  kingdom  of  Mysore. 
It  is  situated  on  the  top  of  a  vast  rock,  rising  half 
a  mile  in  perpendicular  height,  from  a  base  of 

803 


SAX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


SAX 


above  8  ms.  in  circumference,  and  divided  at  the 
summit  by  a  chasm  that  forms  it  into  two  hills; 
these,  having  each  its  peculiar  defences,  serve  as 
two  citadels,  capable  of  being  maintained  indepen- 
dently of  the  lower  wurks,  which  are  also  wonder- 
fully strong.  Notwithstanding  this,  it  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  December,  1791,  after  a  siege  of 
seven  days.  Tt  is  18  ms.  W.  of  Bengalore. 
Saverdun,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Arrii  ge 


of  11,000,  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  bi 
ful  cities  of  Germany,  whilst  the  varieties  ( 
manufactures  and  activity  of  its  commerce 
made  it  a  point  of  reunion  in  central  Gem 
Cobourg,  with  a  pop.  of  8,000,  is  in  other  res 
of  less  importance  than  Gotha,  but  still,  how 
ranks  amongst  the  flourishing  German  cities. 

Saxe- Meiningen,  southward  from  the  prece 
and  bounded  by  SaxeCobourg,  the  Hessian 


seated  on  the  Arnege,  25  ms.  SSE.  of  Toulouse,  j  nf  Smalcalde,  and  northern  Bavaria,  com 
Lon.  1  36  E.,  lat.  43  14  N.  950  English  sq.  ms.  and  a  pop.  of  130.000 


Saverne,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  the  capital,  Meiningen, 


pop.  ot  130,000, 
pop.  5,000,  Hildc 


Rhine,  and  late  county  of  Foix.  It  is  seated  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Vosges,  in  a  fertile  country,  which 
produces  plenty  of  wine,  18  miles  NW.  of  Stras-  ... 

burg,  and  120  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  7  33  E.,  lat.  48  I  with  Saxe  as  pre  nomen.  The  grand  duel 
51  N.  J  Saxe-Weimar  is  divided  into  two  provinces, 


hausen  4.000,  and  Saallleld  3,000 

Saxe  Weimar,  though  last  in  alphabetical  c 
is  in  every  respect  the  principal  State  of  Gerrr 


Savi  Island. — See  Navigator  s  Islands. 

Savigliano,  strong  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Maira,  5  ms. 
W.  of  Fosano,  and  26  S.  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  44 
E.,  lat.  44  30  N. 

Savington,  post  office,  Cecil  county,  Maryland. 
The  name  of  this  place  has  been  changed  to  Cecil- 
ton  ;  which  see. 

Savona,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa. 
The  surrounding  country  is  well  cultivated,  and 
abounds  in  silks  and  all  sorts  of  fruits.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  20  miles  SW.  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  8  20  E.,  lat.  44  18  N. 

Savoniers,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  In 
dre  and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Touraine,  5  ms. 
from  Tours.    Near  it  are  caverns  famous  for  their 
petrifactions 


imar  and  Eisnach.  Weimar  is  separated 
two  parts  by  a  part  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  and  b( 
ed  by  the  latter,  the  Prussian  province  of  Sa: 
Reuss,  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  Schwartsbourg- 
olstadt.  Eisnach  is  situated  between  some  pc 
sions  of  Prussia,  electoral  Hesse,  Saxe-Meinii 
and  Bavaria. 

The  entire  surface  of  the  grand  duchy  of  i 
Weimar  comprises  1,370  English  sq.  ms. 
212,000.  Government  since  1816  a  repres 
tive  monarchy.  Legislature  meeting  every 
year.  The  people  are  active,  industrious 
prosperous. 

In  the  grand  duchy  there  are,  beside  niarr 
lages,  four  towns  of  note — Weimar,  Jena, 
nach,  and  Ap6lda.  Weimar,  situated  alino: 
N.  lat.  51°,  and  on  one  of  the  higher  brand 


Savoy,  duchy  of  Europe,  between  France  and  j  the  Saale,  with  a  pop.  of  10,000,  holds,  perl 


Italy,  forming  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia 

See  article  Italy,  p.  432.  Town,  Berkshire  co., 

Massachusetts,  25  ms.  NE.  from  Lenox.  Pop.  in 
1820,  852. 

Sauveterre,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Bearne,  with  an 
oid  ruined  castle,  20  ms.  WNW.  of  Pan. 

Sauveterre,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aveiron, 
and  late  province  of  Bouergue,  12  ms.  SE.  from 
Villefranche. 

Savu,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  to  which  the 


the  highest  literary  rank  of  any  city  of  Euro 
equal  population.  In  regard  to  industry  and 
merce,  this  fine  little  city  also  maintains  the 
actur  we  have  already  given  to  other  Germai 
ies  under  the  Saxon  princes.  Jena,  with  a 
of  5,000,  is  more  generally  known  than  Wei 
from  the  celebrity  of  its  university ;  is  situat< 
the  Schwarza,  a  higher  branch  of  the  Saale, 
12  Eng.  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Weimar, 
enach,  situated  on  tho  Wena,  a  higher  bran 
the  Weser,  about  50  English  miles  almost  du 


Summary. 


Dutch  formerly  had  an  exclusive  trade.  Lon.  122  jfrom  Weimar,  with  a  pop.  of  8,000  and  a  eel 
30  E.,  lat.  10  35  S.  :  (e(j  seat  0f  learning,  and  Apolds,  celebrate. 

Sawpit,  village,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.  its  manufactures,  closes  our  general  view  of* 

Saxe-Altenherg,  Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha,  Saxe-  j  Weimar. 
Meinengen,  and  Saxe-Weimar,  all  derive  their 
names  from  the  same  radix,  and  stand  sovereign 
States  of  Germany.    Wc  insert  these  States  in 
their  alphabetical  order. 

Saxe-Jltenberg,  enclosed  between  the  kingdoms 
of  Prussia  and  Saxony,  comprises  510  English 
sq.  ms.,  with  a  population  of  104,000,  with  three 
cities  of  some  note-— Altenburg,  the  capital,  pop. 
10,000,  Ronnebourg  4,000,  and  Eisenburg  4,000. 

Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha  is  one  of  those  scattered 
German  States,  the  geography  of  which  is  so  very 
difficult  to  comprehend.  Besides  the  main  body 
of  the  duchy,  enclosed  between  Meiningen  and 
Weimar,  it  possesses  other  detached  but  small  ter- 
ritories, such  as  Lichtenburg,  Volkerode,  and  Son- 
nenberg.  The  whole  duchy  comprises  930  Eng- 
lish sq.  ms..  and  a  pop  of  145,000,  with  its  two 
capitals  Gotha  and  Cobourg,  from  which  combined 
comes  the  name  of  the  duchy.  Gotha,  with  a  pop. 
S04 


States. 

Extent. 

Pop. 

Capitals 

Saxe-Allenburg  - 
SaxeCobourg 
Saxe  Meiningen  .- 
Saxe-Weimar 

510 
930 
930 
1,370 

104,000 
115,000 
130,000 
212,000 

Gotha. 
Alienburg. 
Meiningen. 
Weimar. 

3,7G0 

591.000 

Saxenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  dua 
Carinthia.  It  is  situated  on  the  river  Drav 
ms.  W.  of  Glagenfort.  Lon.  13  40,  lat.  \ 
North. 

Saxenhagen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir 
Westphalia,  and  co.  of  Schawenburg,  20 
N  W.  of  Hanover.    Lon.  9  36  E.,  lat.  52  3 

Saxmunden,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk, 


SAY 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


3CA 


h ,  29  ms.  NE.  of  Ipswich,  and  89  NE.  of  Lon- 
d  .    Lon.  1  40  E.,  lat.  52  18  N. 

Faxons,  village,  Abbeville  district,  S.  C. 

Saxony,  once  a  general  name  for  most  of  nor- 
'I  n  Germany,  is  now,  as  such,  in  great  part  ob- 
stte,  but,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  but  very 
rt  ectable  monarchy,  having  Prussia  on  the  NE. 
■        several  small  States  of  Germany  W.,  Ba 

a  SW.,  and  the  Erze  Geberg  mountains,  sep- 
aiing  it  from  Bohemia,  S.  The  slope  of  Saxo- 
irs  northward,  and,  with  but  li  I  tie  exception,  is 
thned  by  various  confluents  of  the  Elbe,  the 
rr.n  volume  of  which  latter,  issuing  from  Bohe- 
d,  traverses  Saxony.  The  kingdom  lies  between  j 
,a50  10  and  51  50';  and  lon.  13°  E.  of  London 
Torses  it  between  Dresden  and  Leipsic.  The 
I  of  Saxony,  as  given  by  Larenaudiere,  Balbi, 
u  Huot,  is  about  5,570  English  sq.  ms.,  and 
><  1,400,000,  which  yields  a  distributive  pop. 
ceding  250  to  the  Eng.  sq.  m.  Admirably 
u>lied  by  rivers,  and  with  a  soil  generally  fer- 
il  and  climate  dry  and  temperate,  the  people  of 
■nny  are  at  once  industrious  and  intelligent, 
in  have  availed  themselves  of  the  natural  advan 
a«.i  of  their  country.  Of  these  advantages,  next 
o  zricultnre  and  manufactures,  are  the  inexhaust- 
;  nl  mineral  resources  and  operations.  Of  mineral 
rt  ures  found  in  the  mines  of  Saxony  may  be 
naied  iron,  silver,  copper,  lead,  tin,  arsenic,  &c. 

anufactures  are  in  an  advanced  state  in  this 
rjijdora,  and  embrace  cloths  of  linen,  woolen, 
:i)'silk  and  cotton ;  also  hardware,  and  that  to 
:»n  xtent  embracing  a  large  part  of  the  various  ob- 
•c  of  human  want,  whether  formed  from  earths 
r  3tals. 

incipal  city,  Dresden^  which  the  reader  will 
et  nder  its  own  head,  as  also  Leipsic,  Chemnitz, 

ie  following  tai>le  exhibits  the  principal  ad-  j 
listrative  divisions,  cities,  towns,  and  pop.  of 
Sa'ny — the  cities,  capitals  of  circles,  in  small  cap- 


[Circles. 


Pop. 


Cities. 


Lusatia 


378,000  I  Dresden  - 
Meissien  • 
j  Pyma 
230,700  |  Leipsic  - 
I  Doebeln  - 
539,000  Freyberg 

J  Frankenberg 
;  Chemnitz; 
Zwickau  • 
Place*  - 
Reicheubach 
171,500  j  Bautzen - 
Zittau 


Pop. 


r9,300 


70,000 
4,500 
4,000 

40,000 
4,000 

12:000 

3,000 
16,000 
5.000 
7,000 
3,500 
12,000 
8,000 


xtwi's  River,  a  brook  of  Windham  co.,  A  t., 
I  into  Connecticut  river  immediately  below 
>e  ws  Falls. 

'Vtotvs  River,  village  on  the  preceding  stream, 
£  NW.  from  the  village  of  Bellows  Falls. 
■yamen  Mountains,  that  part  of  the  Altaian 
Itepi  which  rises  between  the  sources  of  the  Se 

iybrovk,  ancient  town,  Middlesex  co.,  (Jt., 
IB  by  a  colony  directly  from  England,  under 
1  itronage  of  Lords  Say  and  Brook  as  early  as 
It  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecti- 


cut river,  30  ms.  E.  of  New  Haven,  and  45  S.  by 
E.  of  Hartford,  in  lat.  41  15  N.,  and  lon.  73  30 
W.    Pop.  1810,  3,996;  in  1820,  4,165*. 

Saycock,  one  ol  the  islands  of  Japan,  divided 
from  Niphon  by  a  narrow  channel.  The  Dutch 
factors  are  permitted  to  reside  in  the  1  i I  tie  island  of 
Disnia,  which  is  on  \he  west  side  of  this.  Lon. 
132  28  E.,  lat.  34°  N. 

Sayn,  town  of  Germany,  in  Treves,  situated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  6  ms.  N.  of  Coblentz. 

Saypan,  one  of  the  Ladrone  islands  ;  it  is  a 
large  and  pleasant  island,  Iving  between  140°  and 
150°  E.  Ion.,  and  in  15  22  N.  lat. 

Scald,  in  the  ancient  Norse  language,  a  poet. 

Schagen,  or  Scagerif,  promontory  of  N.  Jut- 
land, in  Denmark,  at  the  entrance  of  the  passage 
out  of  the  ocean  into  the  Cattegate.  From  this 
cape  a  dangerous  sand  bank  stretches  out  into  the 
sea,  upon  which,  in  1715,  a  tower  was  erected  64 
feet  high.    Lon.  10  6  E.,  lat.  57  16  N. 

Scala,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citeriore.  It  was  a  large  city  formerly,  but  is 
now  greatly  decayed.  It  is  6  ms.  N.  of  Amalfi. 
Lon.  14  44  E.,  lat.  40  34  N. 

Scala  Nova,  Gulf  of,  modern  name  of  that  bay 
of  Asia  Minor  spreading  VV.  from  the  city  of 
Ephesus,  and  bounded  S.  by  the  island  of  Samos, 
and  N.  by  the  peninsula  of  Chisme. 

Salva  Nova,  small  maritime  village  of  Asia 
Minor,  8  ms.  S  W.  from  Aisaluck,  or  the  ruins  of 
Ephesus.  Scala  Nova  gives  name  to  the  gulf  on 
which  it  stands,  which,  in  its  widest  extent,  is 
limited  NW.  by  Cape  Mastico,  the  southern  point 
of  the  island  of  Scio,  and  on  the  SW.  by  the 
island  of  Nicaria. 

Scalitz,  or  Scala,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
in  the  co.  of  Poson.  There  is  a  very  advantageous 
passage  by  it  from  Moravia  to  Hungary,  and  it  is 
seated  on  the  Marck,  50  ms.  N.  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  17  17  E.,  lat.  49  4  N. 

Scamachie,  city  of  Russia,  in  Schirvan,  about 
24  ms.  from  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is  inhabited  by 
Armenians,  and  Georgians,  360  ms.  S.  from  As- 
trachan.    Lat.  40  27  N. 

Scanderoon,  or  Alexandrttta,  town  and  seaport 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  Pachalic  of  Aleppo.  It 
is  situated  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  75  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Aleppo. 
From  position  the  harbor  of  this  place  is  much 
frequented,  though  the  climate  is  peculiarly  un- 
healthy. From  the  lowness  of  the  plain  on  which 
this  town  stands,  it  seems  incapable  of  being  ren- 
dered healthy,  and  in  the  hands  of  its  present  pos- 
sessors hopeless.  N.  lat.  36  15,  lon.  36  15  E.  of 
London. 

Scandinavia,  a  general,  though  somewhat 
vague  name  for  that  European  peninsula  lying  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  Baltic  sea,  and  gulf 
of  Bothnia.  This  region,  comprises  Norway, 
Sweden,  and  Lapland,  and  extends  in  lat.  from 
the  extreme  S.  of  Sweden  55°  to  the  North  Cape, 
72°  N  ,  or  through  17°  of  lat.,  stretching  far  into 
the  Arctic  regions.  As  I  have  observed  in  regard 
to  Lapland,  I  may  here  repeat  with  addition. 
Scandinavia  has  been  compared  in  regard  to  cli- 
mate with  Central  Europe,  whilst  the  real  com- 
parison ought  to  have  been  made  with  Northeastern 
Asia,  including  the  whole  of  Kamtschatka  with 
Greenland,  Labrador,  and  all  North  America  above 

S05 


SCA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SCH 


N.  lat.  55°,  Scandinavia  has  a  length  of  about 
1,200  ms.,  and  at  most  a  mean  breadth  of  260 
ms. ;  area  240,000  sq.  ms..  On  this  surface  sub- 
sists 3,850,000  inhabitants. 

To  render  these  comparative  estimates  the  more 
explicit  and  satisfactory,  we  here  subjoin  a  table 
of  Scandinavia,  and  such  other  parts  of  Northern 
Russia  in  particular  as  come  under  the  influence, 
more  or  less  intense,  of  the  same  laws  of  climate. 

Population. 
-  3,850,000 


Countries. 
Scandinavia 
Northern  Denmark  - 
Northern  Russia 
Scotland  and  its  islands 
Iceland 

Total  - 


991,000 
12,427,000 
2,092,000 
51,000 


19,411,000 


The  combined  area  on  which  exist  this  mass  of 
upwards  of  19  millions  of  civilized  people  exceeds 
but  litle,  if  any,  one  million  of  sq.  ms.,  yielding 
a  distributive  population  of  near  19^  to  the  sq.  m. 
This  space  contains  Edinburgh,  in  Scotland  ;  Co- 
penhagen, in  Denmark  ;  Stockholm,  in  Sweden  ; 
St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow,  in  Russia;  besides 
innumerable  other  flourishing  cities,  ports,  marts, 
«eats  of  science  of  the  first  order;  and,  in  fine,  all 
that  can  embellish  and  sweeten  human  life.  If  the 
reader  will  turn  to  page  294  of  this  work,  he  may 
satisfy  himself  by  the  use  of  the  table  on  the  area 
of  ihe  zones  and  rhumbs,  that  the  whole  land  area 
of  the  earth  above  lat.  55°  amounts  to  a  large  frac- 
tion above  18  millions  of  sq.  ms.  From  these 
data  we  are  taught  that  on  less  than  one  tenth  of 
this  space  exist  19,411,000  civilized  human  be- 
ings. It  may  be  doubted  whether  there  exists  on 
the  remaining  17  millions  of  sq.  ms.  comprised  in 
the  northern  regions  a  soul  to  a  sq.  m.  Two 
millions  of  population  would  be  an  adequate  esti 
mate;  and  the  far  greatest  number  of  these  rude 
savages,  or  barbarians  little  above  the  savage. 

It  must  be  perfectly  obvious  from  these  elements 
that  the  true  method  to  reach  the  causes  of  phe- 
nomena so  remarkable  as  those,  which  give  so 
much  real  superiority  to  one  region  of  the  earth 
over  others  of  so  much  greater  extent  and  similar 
position  on  the  sphere,  must  be  to  compare  these 
spaces  with  each  other.  China,  Corea,  and  Japan, 
have  been  for  unknown  ages  relatively  to  North- 
east Asia,  placed  as  Southern  is  to  Northern  Eu- 
rope; yet  Northeastern  Asia  has  remained,  as  in- 
deed has  all  Asia,  comparatively  N.  of  the  Altaian 
mountains  and  E.  of  the  Urals,  desolate  and  bar- 
barous. The  polar  regions  of  North  America  are 
still  more  stern,  cold,  and  uninhabitable  than  those 
of  Asia.  Asia  and  Europe  physically  are  only 
parts  of  one  whole.  That  part  of  North  America 
towards  Behring's  strait  is  relatively  to  that  conti- 
nent what  Northern  Europe  is  to  Asia.  But  be- 
yond Behring's  strait  westward,  in  place  of  a  pe- 
rennially open  ocean,  similar  to  the  Atlantic,  spreads 
an  almost  perennially  frozen  continent.  It  is  true 
that,  from  very  good  authority,  Northwestern  Ameri- 
ca has  a  climate  far  more  mild  and  genial  than  that 
of  Northeastern  North  America.  This  is  in  per- 
fect accordance  with  the  now  well-known  effect  of 
the  greatly  prevailing  western  winds.  Effects 
uniformly  following  their  cause,  and  in  excess  or 
806 


defect,  in  proportion  to  the  excess  or  def( 
cause,  Northwestern  Europe  exhibits  the  mel 
ting  effects  in  excess,  and  Northeastern  A 
ica,  Greenland,  and  Northeastern  Asia,  the  opp 
excess.  These  are  causes  and  effects  arising 
the  permanent  features  and  laws  of  nature, 
must  remain  to  determine  the  relative  density 
moral  and  intellectual  condition  of  mankind 
those  features  and  laws  are  changed. 

Scanio. — See  Schonen. 

Scaro,  or  Scaren,  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Gothland,  seated  on  the  Lake  Wenner,  66  mi 
of  Gottenburg.    Lon.  12  42  E.,  lat.  58  16? 

Scarborough,  seaport  and  borough  of  Enj 
the  N.  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  It  has  of  late 
greatly  frequented  on  account  of  its  mineral 
ters,  called  the  Scarborough  Spa,  and  als< 
bathing.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  possesses  co 
erable  trade,  and  is  much  engaged  in  the  fish 
It  is  36  ms.  NE.  of  York,  and  237  N.  of  Lot 

Lon.  15'  W.,  lat.  54  18  N.  Town  and  fo 

the  island  of  Tobago.  Town,  Cumberlam 

Maine,  on  theS.  side  of  Saco  river,  14  ms.  I 
W.  of  Portland,  and  9  NE.  of  Biddeford. 
in  1810,  2,100;  in  1820,  2,232. 

Scardono,  town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia,  or 
E.  bank  of  the  river  Cherca.  It  is  35  ms.  ] 
of  Spalatro.    Lon.  17  1  E.,  lat.  44  29  N. 

Scarlino,  town  of  Tuscany,  on  the  sea  coa 
ms.  S.  of  Massa,  and  10  ENE.  of  Piom 
Lon.  10  57  E.,  lat.  42  58  N. 

Scaro,  town  of  the  island  of  Santorini. 
25  58  E.,  lat.  36  10  N. 

Scarpanto,  ancient  Carpathus,  island  o! 
Archipelago,  22  ms.  long  and  18  broao, 
SW.  of  Rhodes,  and  NE.  of  Candia.  Thei 
several  high  mountains ;  but  it  abounds  in  ■ 
and  game,  and  has  mines  of  iron,  quarm 
marble,  and  several  good  harbors.  The  Turk 
masters  of  it,  but  the  inhabitants  are  Greeks. 
27  40  E.,  lat.  35  45  N. 

Scarpe,  river  of  Fr.  which  has  its  source  it 
tois,  and,  flowing  past  Arras,  Douay,  am 
Amand,  falls  into  the  Scheldt. 

Scarsdale,  fertile  tract  of  Eng.,  in  the  NE. 
of  Derbyshire,  surrounded  by  barren  rocks 
mountains. 

Sceptre,  Greek,  sheptron,  from  skepto, 
of  support.  It  is  evident  from  ancient  aut 
that  sceptre  originally  meant  a  staff,  bui  grad 
became  a  symbol  of  power.  Under  the  fi< 
Merovingian  race  of  French  kings,  the  sceptr. 
a  golden  rod,  surmounted  with  a  cross. 
Baton  of  French  marshals  comes  thus. 

Schaafstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cm 
Upper  Saxony,  8  ms.  W.  of  Mersburg,  an 
W.  of  Leipsic    Lon.  11  36  E.,  lat.  51  10 

Schaffhausen,  smallest  canton  of  Switzer 
bounded  on  the  N.  and  W.  by  Suabia,  on  tl 
by  the  canton  of  Zurich  and  the  bishopric  et 
stance,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  same  and  Tbur 
It  is  but  5  leagues  in  length  and  3  in  breadth, 
contains  30,000  inhabitants.  It  produces  a 
necessaries,  as  wine,  fish,  wood,  flax,  he 
sheep,  wool,  black  cattle,  and  deer.  The  pi 
pal  article  of  trade  is  wine,  the  country  abour 
in  vineyards;  and  as  the  canton  affords  but 
corn,  it  is  procured  from  Suabia,  i"  exch8n§ 
wine. 


J. 


SCH 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SCH 


zhaffhausen,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
:8onof  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the 
{  le,  and  owes  its  origin  to  the  interruption  of 
h  navigation  of  that  river  by  the  cataract  of 
,iQTen.  It  is  remarkable  for  one  of  the  most  cu- 
itj  bridges  in  Europe,  over  the  Rhine,  connect- 
I  t  with  the  other  parts  of  Switzerland.  Schaff- 
3  en  contains  about  6,000  inhabitants,  and  is 
Lft,  N.  by  E.  of  Zurich,  and  39  E.  of  Basil. 
3  41  E.,  lat.  47  39  N. 

hagticoke,  town,  Rensselaer  co.,  N,  Y.,  on 
i.eftbankof  the  Hudson,  11  ras.  above  Troy. 
I  in  1820,  2,522. 

hah,  or  Shach,  or  Shah,  Persian  title,  equiv- 
<le  to  Khan. — See  Khan. 

halholt,  episcopal  town  of  Iceland,  with  a 
.«li;e.    Lon.  22  20  W.,  lat.  64  40  N. 

hamachie,  formerly  a  town  of  Persia,  capital 
uf  :irvan. — See  Scamachie. 

hamunish  or  Theomorphism,  the  religion  of 

i  lindoos.  This  system  is  now  subdivided  into 
ir  great  branches,  Shamanism  proper,  in  Tar- 
r  Mongolia,  and  Siberia ;  Fo,  in  Thibet,  Chi- 

»ia,lnd  Japan  ;  and  Buddism,  in  Indostan,  Chin 
irki,  and  many  of  the  East  India  islands.  Scha- 
utasm  is  the  most  extensive  and  probably  most 

ii  nt  religious  system. 

ihantz  Sterney,  fortress  in  the  Russian  Gov- 
eraent  of  Wiburg,  seated  on  the  Neva,  a  little 
B.f  Petersburgh.    Lon.  31  15  E.,  lat.  60°  N. 

iharanpour,  or  Scharunpour,  town  of  north- 
crnitfindoostan,  about  100  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N. 
;  oi  Delhi.  Lat.  30°  N.,  and  lon.  77°  E.  of  Lon- 
dorj  Here  the  British  E.  India  Company  have 
or  id  a  Botanic  garden.    It  is  stated,  in  the  En- 

,'cpaedia  of  Geography,  that  this  place  is  ele- 
vatf  1,100  feet  above  the  ocean.  Mean  annual 
:-  n;rature,  73°  Fahrenheit.    Monthly  tempera- 


iry  - 
lary 


ust  - 
ej  mber 
c  >er  - 
o  mber 
e  mber 


'  is  brief  meteorological  table  is  inserted  as 

•  ifc  ing  means  of  comparison  with  similar  lati- 
jd  in  the  United  States,  Texas,  Mexico,  &c, 

«Kvith  S.  America  in  lat.  30°  and  adjacent 

Uarding,  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  seated  on 
■<*in,  7  ms.  S.  of  Passaw.  Lon.  13  36  E., 
uMB  21  N. 

tiarnitz,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  the 

*  y  .  It  is  a  passage  of  great  importance,  on  the 
'Dies  of  Bavaria,  12  ms.  N.  of  Inspruc. 

tiauenburg,  territory  of  Westphalia,  22  ms 

n  and  10  broad,  belonging  to  the  landgravate 
of  ?sse  Cassel. 

haunstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franconia, 
aiiiiirincipality  of  Cullembach,  18  ms.  ME.  of 

o  mbach.    Lon.  1 1  44  E.,  lat.  54  35  N. 
aumberg,  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in 


Lower  Rhine,  23  ms.  NNW.  of  Mentz,  and  25 
WSW.  of  Wetzlar.    Lon.  8  2  E.,  lat.  50  14  N. 

Scheiberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  the  neighorhood  of  which  are  mines  of 
silver  and  iron.  It  is  4  ms.  NE.  of  Schwartz- 
burg.  * 

Scheldt,  considerable  river  of  the  Netherlands, 
which  rises  in  France,  in  the  late  province  of 
Picardy.  It  passes  through  Flanders,  and  divides 
into  two  branches  below  Fort  Li  Ho,  and  both 
forming  several  islands,  enter  the  German  ocean. 

Schellsburg,  village,  Bedford,  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
main  road  from  Bedford  to  Pittsburg,  9  ms.  NNW. 
from  the  former.  It  is  a  small  village  consisting 
of  a  single  street  along  the  road. 

Schelestadt,  strong  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace, 
seated  on  the  river  111,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Stras- 
burg.    Lon.  7  40  E.,  lat.  48  17  N. 

Schella,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  sealed  on 
the  Waag,  25  ms.  NE.  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18 
17  E.,  lat.  48  32  N. 

Schellenburg,  fortress  of  Germany,  in  Bavarh, 
22  ms.  W.  of  Ingolsladt.  Lon.  10  58  E.,  lar. 
48  46  N. 

Schelling,  island  of  the  United  Provinces,  in 
Friesland,  lying  at  the  entrance  of  the  ZuiderZee. 
Lon.  5  10  E.,  lat.  53  20  N. 

Schemnitz,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  one  of 
the  seven  mountain  towns,  with  three  castles.  It 
is  famous  for  mines  of  silver  and  other  metals  ; 
as  also  for  its  hot  baths.  Near  it  is  a  high  rock  of 
shining  blue  stone,  mixed  with  green  and  some 
spots  of  yellow.    It  is  50  ms.  NE.  of  Presburg. 

Schenck,  fortress  of  Dutch  Guelderland,  on  the 
point  where  the  Rhine  divides  into  two  branches, 
forming  the  Rhine  proper  and  W  aal.  It  is  the 
centre  of  communication  between  Holland  and 
Germany.  Schenk  is  the  ancient  Burginatium, 
and  the  Quadriburgium  of  Amminianus  Marcel- 
linus.  Lon.  5  26  E.,  lat.  51  55  N.  On  the 
ground  of  Quadriburgium  the  Dutch  have  con- 
structed the  fort  of  Schenk,  a  name  so  offensive 
(potirquo)  to  the  fastidious  delicacy  of  Boileau. — 
This  place  is  named  from  its  founder  General 
Martin  Schenck. 

Schenectady,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Saratoga 
co.  and  Mohawk  river  NE.,  Albany  co.  S., 
Schoharie  co.  SW.,  and  Montgomery  NW. 
Length  20,  mean  width  12  ms.,  area  240  sq.  ms. 
The  Mohawk  river  flows  obliquely  through  it,  and 
affords  much  excellent  alluvial  soil  near  its  banks. 
Other  parts  of  the  co.  are  hilly  and  broken  with  a 
mixed  soil.  Chief  town,  Schenectady.  Pop.  in 
1820,  13,081.  Central  lat.  42  41  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  3°  E. 

Schenectady,  city  and  seat  of  justice,  Schenec- 
tady co  ,  N.  Y.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mohawk, 
15£  ms.  by  land  NW.  from  Albany.  It  is  one  of 
the  oldest  towns  in  the  State,  being  built  nearly 
coeval  with  Albany.  Many  of  the  buildings  are 
elegant,  but,  like  all  the  ancient  towns  of  N.  Y., 
the  old  and  new  edifices  are  contrasts,  exhibiting 
the  advance  in  elegance  and  convenience  effected 
in  the  course  of  upwards  of  a  century.  A  fine 
and  very  substantia  wooden  bride  here  crosses  the 
Mohawk.  Union  college  stands  a  little  to  the 
NE.  from  the  city.  This  institution  was  incor- 
porated in  1794,  and  is  now  a  very  respectable 

S07 


SCH 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SCH 


and  prosperous  institution.  The  college  buildings 
are  spacious,  and  calculated  to  accommodate  200 
students.  The  site  is  pleasantly  elevated,  and 
near  the  Mohawk.  The  library  contains  above 
500  volumes.  In  1820  it  was  under  the  direction 
of  a  president,  and  four  professors,  one  for  moral 
philosophy,  one  for  mathematics,  one  for  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  one  of  modern 
languages,  and  two  tutors.  In  1820,  the  students 
amounted  to  245.  Pop.  of  the  city  of  Schenec- 
tady, in  1810,  2,909;  and  in  1820,  3,939.  This 
city  contains  a  bank,  4  places  of  public  worship, 
and  near  600  dwelling-houses.  Its  position  for 
commercial  operations  is  very  advantageous,  which 
will  be  much  enhanced  by  the  canals  now  com- 
pleted. 

Schening,  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothland, 
seated  in  a  fertile  coantry,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Wastena. 
Lon.  15  47  E.,  lat.  5*42  N. 

Scheningcn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony,  16  ms.  N.  of  Halberstadt,  and 
18  ESE.  of  Wolfenbuttle.  Lon.  11  25  E.,  lat. 
52  22  N. 

Scher,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  belonging 
to  the  baron  of  Walburg,  seated  on  the  Danube, 
36  ms.  S  W,  of  Ulm.  Lon.  0  23  E  ,  lat.  48  8  N. 

Scherding,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river  Inn,  8  ms.  S.  by  W. 
of  Passaw. 

Scheve,  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland,  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  in  the  Gulf  of  Virk 
Fund. 

Schiedam,  town  of  Holland,  on  a  canal,  which 
communicates  with  the  Maese,  4  ms.  E.  by  S.  of 
Rotterdam.    Lon.  4  30  E.,  lat.  51  54  N. 

Sehika,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the 
co.  of  Neilra,  seated  on  the  river  Waag. 
markable  for  its  agreeable  position  on  the  Aar,  and 

Schintznach,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Aargau,  re- 
its  waters,  which  flow  warm  from  a  rock.  Near 
it,  on  a  lofty  eminence,  are  the  ruins  of  the  fam- 
ous castle  of  Hapsburg. 

Schiraa,  city  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan,  and  the 
capital  of  southern  Persia.  It  is  3  ms.  in  length, 
but  not  so  much  in  breadth,  and  is  seated  at  the 
end  of  a  spacious  plain,  surrounded  by  high  hills, 
under  one  of  which  the  town  stands.  It  is  225 
ms.  S.  of  Ispahan.  Lon.  54  20  E.,  lat.  29 
40  N. 

Schirvan,  province  of  Russia,  surrounded  by 
Daghestan,  by  the  Caspian  sea,  by  Erivan,  and 
by  Georgia.  It  is  150  in  length,  and  90  in 
breadth.    Schamachie  in  the  capital. 

Schism,  Greek  schisma,  schizo,  to  cut  up,  or 
divide  with  considerable  inflection,  but  with  the 
same  original  meaning  and  application.  This  term 
is  found  in  most  European  languages,  and  used  to 
express  religious  divisions  amongst  those  who 
continue  to  claim  the  same  general  title,  after  as 
well  as  before  the  division.  As,  for  the  most  re- 
markable instances,  separation  of  the  Ten  Tribes 
of  Israel  from  Judah  and  Benjamin.  Great  division 
of  the  Mahometans  into  the  sects  of  Omar  and 
Ali.  In  the  Christian  church,  separation  of  the 
Greek  or  Eastern,  from  the  Latin,  Roman,  or 
Western  church.  Schism  in  the  latter  under 
Clement  VII  and  Urban  VI.  Again  :  the  most 
recent  and  best  known  schism  was  that  called 
«« the  reformation,"  began  A.  D.  1517. 
808 


Schladen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxi 
28  ms.  ESE.  of  Hildesheim.  Lon.  10  47 
lat.  52  10  N. 

Schlangenberg,  in  Swedish,  called  by  the  ]  . 
sians,  Zmeiewskaia-Gora,  mine  and  town  of  v  . 
ern  Siberia,  capital  of  the  district  ofSemipalai 
Pop.  1,550.    Lat.  51  9  N.,lon.  82  9  E. 

Schleussingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franci 
and  co.  of  Henneburg,  seated  on  the  Schh 
10  ms.  SE.  Smalkald.     Lon.  11  2  E.,  ht  J 
43  N. 

Pchleyden,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westph  , 
40  ms.  N.  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  40  E.,  lat.  50  2  , 

Schlitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  in  i  . 
of  the  same  name,  situated  on  a  small  river,  ?  p 
N.  W.  of  Fulda.    Lon.  9  40  E.,  lat.  50  4  . 

Schlussalfield,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franc  i, 
and  bishopric  of  Wurtsburg.  It  is  surroande  j 
the  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  and  lies  13  ms.  8]  it 
Bamberg.    Lon.  10  58  E.,  lat.  48  54  N. 

Schlusselburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  go<  i- 
ment  of  Riga,  on  the  river  Neva,  near  Lake  - 
doga.  It  has  a  fortress,  which  is  seated  on  a  i- 
land,  in  the  river,  and  is  36  ms.  E.  of  Petersl ;. 
Lon.  30  55  E.,  lat.  59  55  N. 

Schmidberg,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesii  n 
the  duch'y  of  Jauer.  Almost  all  the  inhabi  is 
are  smiths,  whence  the  place  takes  its  name,  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  s.  :e 
of  the  Bauber. 

Schneeberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circ  )f 
Upper  Saxony,  with  considerable  manufact  s. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Mulda,  and  is  7  ms.  i\\  1 
Schwarlzburg. 

Schoa  — See  Shoa,  and  Africa,  Zd  col  oj /  0. 

Schodack,  town,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  i- 
taining  3,166  inhabitants  in  1810  ;  and  in  1 ), 
3,493.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Hi  >n 
river,  9  ms.  below  Albany. 

Schodack  Landing,  village  on  the  Hi  >n 
river,  Rensselaer  co.,  by  post  road  11  ms.  \  w 
Albany. 

Schsenbrun,  Moravian  missionary  settle  nt 
on  the  Muskingum  river,  in  Tuscarawas  co.  I 
3  ms.  below  New  Philadelphia.  The  name  i  1 
fie^  " clear  spring." 

Schoharie,  river,  N.  Y.,  rises  amongst  ie 
Katskill  mountains,  in  Green  co.,  by  a  nu  er 
of  creeks,  which  flow  NW.,  and  um'.e  or  w 
southern  extremity  of  Schoharie  co.,  and  tl  ce 
turning  to  a  N.  course  about  45  ms.,  fails  lo 
the  Mohawk  25  ms.  above  Schenectady. 

Schoharie,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Alban 
Green  SE.,  Delaware  SVV.,  Otsego  W.,  fli 
gomery  N.,  and  Schenectady  NE.  Lengt  0, 
mean  width  20,  area  600  sq.  ms.  Surface  ;  e- 
rally  hilly,  but  the  soil  productive  in  grain,  f  wf 
and  pasturage.  Chief  town,  Schoharie.  Pi in 
1820,  23,154;  and  in  1840,  32,358.  Centre  it 
42  33  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  2  32  E 

Schoharie,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Sent  «e 
co.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Schoharie  river,  35* 
W.  from  Albany.  It  islands  on  one  of  lh.cn 
flats  of  Schoharie.  Pop.  of  the  tp.,  1820,  3,0; 
and  in  J 840,  5,534.  Lat.  42  40  N.f  Ion .V. 
C.2  42E.  ( 

Schoharie  Kill,  village  in  the  western  p  01 
Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post  road  61  ms.  SW.  >» 
AU'any. 


SCH  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SCI 


Romberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Treves,  on  a 
DJntain,  15  ms.  from  Limbourg. 

Ichoneck,  or  Schoeneck,  town  of  Germany,  on 
I  Nyms,  27  ms.  N.  of  Treves.  Lon.  6  26  E., 
,  50  12  N. 

khonen,  Scania,  or  Skone,  province  of  Sweden, 
cinded  on  the  W.  by  the  Sound,  which  separates 
/torn  Zealand,  on  the  N.  by  Holland  and  Smo- 
lal,  and  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  Blekingen  and  the 
B  ic.  It  is  58  ms.  long  and  40  broad,  and  is  a 
fele  country.    Lunden  is  the  capital. 

chongaw,  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  seated  on 
tl'Lech,  30  ms.  S.  of  Augsburg. 

chooley's  mountain,  mountain  range  and  wa- 
ceig  place,  Morris  co.,  N.  J.  The  watering 
>ile  and  post  office  is  in  the  southwestern  angle 
jijie  co.,  about  20  ms.  NE.  from  Easton,  Pa. 

:hoonhoven,  strong  town  of  Holland,  with  a 
■omodious  haven,  on  the  Leek,  where  there  is  a 
or  uctive  salmon  fishery,  14  ms.  E.  of  Rotter- 
i«.    Lon.  4  54  E.,  lat.  51  58  N. 

:horndorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  in 
a  ;ingdom  of  Wirtemburg,  with  salt  springs,  from 
wl:h  a  great  deal  of  salt  is  made.  The  French 
to<!  this  town  in  August,  1796.  It  is  seated  on 
th.  Rems,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  8  54 
E.tlat.  48  56  N. 

fhouten,  islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  near  the 
co?t  of  New  Guinea.    They  were  discovered  by 
Wfiam  Schouten,  a  Dutchman,  in  1616.  Lon. 
3  25  E.,  lat.  46'  S. 
\howen,  island  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
lajiealand,  northeast  of  the  isle  of  Walcheren. 
It  15  ms.  long,  and  6  broad.    Zuriczee  is  the 
i  al. 

throon,  lake  and   post  office. — See  Scroon 

■hulersburg,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa. 

hultze  Range,  village,  Wood  co.,  Va.,  289 
rat  W.  from  W.  C. 

huyler,  lake  of  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  by 
; .  is  one  of  the  sources  of  Susquehannah  river. 
-Town,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Mohawk 
ri?|,  84  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Albany.  Pop. 
18  ,  1,837. 

huylersville,  village,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  24 
i&N.  from  Albany. 

huylkill  river. — See  Delaware, 
huylkill,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Berks  SE., 
■thin  SW.,  Northumberland  and  Columbia 
Luzerne  N.,  and  Northampton  and  Lehigh 
I    Length  37,  mean  width  13  ms.,  area  475 
q  is.    Surface  very  hilly,  generally,  and  in  part 
I  nainous.    Soil,  except  near  streams,  or  very 
a  ally,  rough,  rocky,  and  sterile.    It  is  drained 
byfae  streams  of  Mahanoy,  Mahantango,  and 
■»»  ara,  flowing  into  the  Susquehannah,  and  by 
■u.ead  branches  of  Schuylkill.    Chief  town,  Ot- 
'isburg.    Pop.   1820,   11,339;  and  in  1840, 
9  52.    Ctl.  lat.  40  40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  47'  E. 

hwalbach,  village  of  Germany,  in  the  co.  of 
Jfau,  frequented  for  its  mineral  waters,  which 
f'f  a  similar  nature  to  those  of  the  Spa.    It  is 
"•8|d  on  the  river  Aa,  9  ms.  N.  of  Menlz. 

hwartz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol,  famous 
f  s  mines  of  different  metals.    It  is  seated  on 
the,iver  III,  14  ms.  NE.  of  Inspruc.    Lon.  11  42 
i-  at.  47  19  N. 
hwarlzburg,  town  of  Thuringia,  and  capital 
102* 


of  Schwartzburg  Rudolstadt.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Schwartz,  22  ms.  SE.  of  Erfurt,  and  35  N.  of 
Culembach.    Lon.  1 1  30  E.,  lat.  50  40  N. 

The  two  small  though  sovereign  principalities 
of  Schwarzburg  are  held  hy  branches  of  the  House 
of  Saxe.  Schwartzburg  Rudoldstadt  comprises  an 
area  of  400  English  sq.  ms.,  with  a  population  of 
57,000,  and  contains  the  capital,  Rudoltstadt;  pop. 
3,000,  and  Frankenhausen  4,000.  Schwartzbourg 
Sonderhausen  comprises  340.English  sq.  ms.,  and 
a  pop.  of  48,000,  and  contains  the  capital,  Sonder- 
hausen; pop.  3,000,  and  Arnsladt  4,000. 

Schwartzenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Fran- 
conia,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  Lec,  25  ms.  N  W,  of  Nuremburg.  Lon. 

10  44  E.,  lat.  49  43  N.  Town  of  Switzerland, 

in  Bern,  17  ms.  SSVV.  of  Bern.  Lon.  7  1  E.,  lat. 
46  40  N. 

Schwiednitz,  city  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  on  an  eminence,  on  the 
river  Westritz,  22  ms.  S W.  of  Breslaw,  and  27 
SE.  of  Lignitz.    Lon.  16  54  E.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Schweinfurt,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franconia. 
The  environs  are  rich  in  cattle,  corn,  and  wine  ; 
the  inhabitants  are  Protestants,  and  carry  on  a 
large  trade  in  wine,  woolen  and  linen  cloth,  goose 
quills  and  feathers.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Maine,  25  ms.  from  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  25  E., 
lat.  50  15  N. 

Schweinmunder,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  in  the  isle  of  Usedom.  Lon.  14  18  E  , 
lat.  54  3  N. 

Schweitz,  canton  of  Switzerland,  which  gives 
name  to  them  all.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  lake  of  the  Four  Cantons,  on  the  S.  by  the 
cantons  of  Uri,  on  the  E.  by  that  of  Glarus,  and  on 
the  N.  by  those  of  Zuric  and  Zug.  The  govern- 
ments of  Schweitz  and  Uri  are  entirely  democratical, 
and  nearly  the  same.  They  contain,  including 
their  subjects,  50,000  souls,  and,  in  case  of  ne- 
cessity, could  furnish  12,000  militia.  The  same 
kind  of  soil,  and  the  same  productions,  are  com- 
mon to  the  two  cantons;  purity  of  morals  prevails, 
which  can  scarcely  be  imagined  by  the  inhabitants 
of  great  and  opulent  cities.  The  Roman  Catholic 
religion  is  here  exclusively  established.  The  can- 
ton suffered,  in  common  with  all  Switzerland, 
when  invaded  by  the  French  in  1798,  being  dread- 
fully wasted  and  desolated. 

Schweitz,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
canton  of  that  name,  seated  near  the  Waldstatter 
See,  on  a  hill,  with  a  large  and  mgnificent  church. 
It  is  10  ms.  SE.  of  Lucern.  -  Lon.  8  30  E.,  lat. 
46  55  N. 

Schweitz,  Lake  of . — See  Waldstse/ter  See. 
Schewelm,  town  of  Germany,  in  We-tphalia, 
with  a  medicinal  spring  near  it.    Lon.  7  25  E., 
lat.  51  10  N. 

Schwerin,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
j  Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Schwe- 
rin, of  which  it  is  the  capital.  It  is  35  ms.  W.  of 
Gustrow.    Lon.  11  48  E.,  lat.  53  48  N. 

Schwerte,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westphalia,  38 
ms.  NNE.  of  Cologne.  Lon.  7  15  E.,  lat.  51 
38  N. 

Schwinburg,  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  S.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Funen,  23  ms.  SSE.  of  Odensee. 
Lon.  10  30  E.,  lat.  55  10N. 

Sciati,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  near  the  coast 

809 


SCI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SCO 


of  Janua,  20  ms.  to  the  N.  of  Negropont,  and  al- 
most at  the  entrance  of  the  Culf  of  Salonichi.  It 
is  22  ms.  in  length,  and  8  in  breadth.  Lon.  23 
40  E.,  lat.  39  26  N. 

Scienceville,  village,  Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post 
road  59  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Sciglio,  or  Scilla. — See  Scylla. 

Scylla,  cluster  of  islands  and  rocks,  lying  almost , 
10  leagues  W.  of  Land's  End,  in  Cornwall,  and! 
are  easily  discerned  .from  it.    Of  these,  only  5  or  j 

6  are  inhabited.  The  inhabitants  principally  sub-| 
sist  by  fishing,  burning  kelp,  and  acting  as  pilots.  : 
The  chief  of  the  islands  is  St.  Mary's,  which  has  a  j 
good  port,  is  the  best  cultivated,  and  contains  more 
inhabitants  than  all  the  rest  put  together.  In  this 
island  and  two  or  three  others  are  various  antiqui- 
ties, particularly  the  remains  of  a  temple  of  the 
Druids,  and  ancient  sepulchres  ;  but  the  greatest 
ornament  is  the  light-house,  which,  with  the  gal- 
lery, is  51  feet  high,  and  is  a  very  fine  column. 
The  Scilly  rocks  have  been  fatal  to  numbers  of 
ships  entering  the  English  channel.  One  of  the 
most  disastrous  events  of  this  kind  happened  in 
1707,  when  Admiral  Sir  Cloudesly  Shovel,  with 
three  men  of  war,  perished,  with  all  their  crews. 
These  islands  are  called  Solinguesby  the  French. 
Lon.  6  46  W.,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Scilly,  group  of  islands  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean, 
discovered  by  Captain  VVallis,  in  1767.  Lon.  155 
30  W.,  lat.  16  28  S. 

Scimitar,  village  of  Greece,  in  Livadia,  about 

7  ms.  from  Negropont,  and  12  from  Thebes.  It 
contains  about  80  houses,  inhabited  by  Greeks. 

Scind. — See  Sindy. 

Scio,  anciently  called  Chios,  celebrated  island  of 
the  Archipelago,  near  the  coast  of  Natolia,  N  W. 
of  Samo?.  It  is  32  ms.  long,  and  15  broid,  and 
a  mountainous  country,  yet  fruits  of  various  kinds 
grow  in  the  fields,  such  as  oranges,  citrons,  oiives, 
mulberries,  and  pomegranates,  interspersed  with 
myrtles  and  jessamines.  The  wine  of  Scio,  so 
celebrated  by  the  ancients,  is  still  in  great  esteem, 
but  the  island  is  now  principally  distinguished  by 
the  profitable  culture  of  the  masiich  ;  it  has  also 
some  trade  in  silk,  wool,  cheese,  and  figs.  Scio 
has  recently  become  the  scene  of  some  disastrous 
events.  In  the  summer  of  1822,  the  Turks  landed 
a  force  on  the  island,  and  massacred,  or  led  into 
slavery,  it  is  supposed,  at  least  30,000  persons,  of 
both  sexes,  and  all  ages,  and  reduced  most  of  the 
towns  and  villages  to  ruin.  See  Chisme.  Before 
this  sanguinary  invasion,  Scio  was  computed  to 
contain  110,000  inhabitants. 

Scio,  seaport,  the  capital  of  an  island  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  the  best  built  town  in  the  Ar- 
chipelago, the  houses  being  commodious,  some  of 
them  terraced,  and  others  covered  with  tiles.  The 
castle  is  an  old  citadel,  built  by  the  Genoese.  The 
harbor  is  a  rendezvous  for  ships  that  go  to  or  come 
from  Constantinople;  it  will  contain  80  vessels, 
and  is  protected  by  a  low  mole  and  two  light- 
houses. It  is  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island, 
47  ms.  W.  of  Smyrna,  and  210  S  W.  of  Constan- 
tinople. 

Scioto,  river,  the  second  in  magnitude  of  those 
flowing  entirely  within  the  State  of  Ohio.  It  rises 
in  Hardin,  Marion,  and  Richland  cos.,  runs  first 
NE.  10  ms.,  thence  SE.  30  ms  ,  where  it  receives 
Little  Scioto  from  the  NE.,  and  there  it  gradually 
S10 


turns  to  S.  by  E.,  and  finally  into  a  generall 
direction,  150  ms.  further,  to  the  Ohio  river, 
tween  Pertsmouth  and  Alexandria,  by  a  m 
150  yards  wide.  It  is  navigable  130  ms.  ' 
stream  has  its  higher  sources  in  Hardin,  Mai 
and  Crawford  cos.,  and  its  valley  spreads  betv 
those  of  Miami  on  the  W.,  and  Muskingurr. 
The  general  course  of  Scioto  is  remarkably 
due  S.,  and  also  nearly  on  lon.  6°  W.  of  W 
The  great  central  canal  of  Ohio  follows  the  si 
of  the  Scioto  about  70  ms.  direct,  though  s< 
thing  more  following  the  inflections  of  thestn 
Columbus,  Circleville,  Chillicothe,  Piketon, 
Portsmouth,  are  on  the  banks  of  Scioto. 

Scioto,  salt  works,  near  the  centre  of  Jac 
co.,  Ohio,  reserved  by  the  U.  S.,  about  28  i 

SE.  from  Chillicothe.  One  of  the  central  tc 

ships  of  Ross  co.,  O.,  containing  the  town  of  ( 

licothe.  Tp.,  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 

side  of  Scioto  river.  Tp.,  Pickaway  co.,  I 

 Tp.,  Jackson  co.,  O.  Co.,  O.,  tiou; 

by  Ohio  river  S.,  Adams  W.,  Pike  N.,  Jac 
NE.,  and  Lawrence  E.  Length  30  ms.,  i 
width  about  19,  area  575  sq.  ms.  Surface  bro 
and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Scioto  river 
verses  it  from  N.  to  S.  Chief  town,  Portsmc 
Pop.  1820,  5,749.  Central  lat.  38  50  N., 
W.  C.  6°  W. 

Scipio,  village,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  th> 
side  of  Cayuga  lake,  18  ms.  NW,  of  Miltor 
ms.  SW.  of  Marcellus,  30  ms.  W.  of  Tully; 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Pompey,  Semproniua, 
many  other  tps.  designated  by  great  names  of 

tiquity.    Pop.  in  1820,  8,105   Northen 

of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

Scituate,  town,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass.,  8  ms 
bv  W.  of  Marshfield,  and  28  SE.  of  Boston. 

in  1820,  3,305.  Tp.,  Providence  co.,  R.  I 

the  N.  branch  of  Patuxet  river,  between  Glouc 
and  Coventry.     Pop.  in  1820,  2,834. 

Sciro,  or  Sciros,  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
of  Mytelene.  It  is  15  ms.  long,  and  8  broad; 
mountainous  country,  but  has  no  mines, 
vines  make  the  beauty  of  the  island,  and  the 
is  excellent;  nor  do  the  natives  want  wood 
contains  only  the  village  and  convent  of  St.  Ge 
both  built  on  a  conical  rock,  10  mo.  from  the 
bor  of  St.  George.  The  superior  of  the  toi 
exercises  despotic  sway  over  the  inhabitar/.s,  w 
superstition  is  more  excessive  than  that  of 
other  Greeks  in  the  Archipelago.  The  irihabi 
are  all  Greeks,  but  the  Cadi  is  a  Turk. 

Sccnectady. — See  Schenectady. 

Sclavonia,  country  of  Europe,  between  the  r 
Save,  Urave,  and  Danube.  It  is  divided  intc 
cos.,  and  belongs  to  Austria;  it  was  formei 
kingdom,  and  is  not  above  75  ms.  in  breadth; 
it  is  300  in  length,  from  the  frontiers  of  Austi 
Belgrade.  The  eastern  part  is  called  Ratzia, 
the  inhabitants  Rascians.  These  form  a  partii 
nation,  and  are  of  the  Greek  church.  The 
guage  of  Sclavonia  is  the  mother  of  four  ot 
namely  :  those  of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Poland, 
Russia. 

Same,  or  Scoone,  village  of  Scot.,  in  Pertns 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Tay,  N.  by  V 
Perth.    It  is  30  ms.  N.  of  Edinburgh. 
Schonondoa,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  X, 
Scopelo,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  6  ms.  I 


SCO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SCU 


I  ti,  and  17  N.  of  Negropont.  It  lies  at  the  en-  Holston  rivers,  with  their  numerous  confluents, 
trice  of  the  Gulf  of  Salonica,  and  is  10  ms.  long  !  Surface  generally  hilly  or  mountainous.  Chief 


ar  5  broad.    It  is  very  fertile,  produces  plenty  of  ;town,  Estle\ 


jrci  wine,  and  contains  12,000  inhabitants,  who 
jrilmost  all  Greeks. 

:opia,  or  Uscapia,  archiepiscopal  town  of  Tur- 
Jttfln  Europe,  in  Bulgaria,  seated  on  the  Vardar, 
ov  which  is  a  bridge  of  12  arches,  67  ms.  WSW. 
,f  3fTa.    Lon.  22  25  E.,  lat.  42  10  N. 

otch  Plains,  village  in  the  southwestern  part 
>»f  39ex  co.,  N.  J.,  15  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 
Hark, and  42  NNE.  from  Trenton. 

otland,  or  North  Britain,  the  northern  of  the 
iwkingdoms  into  which  the  island  of  Great  Bri-  IS 
tailwas  formerly  divided.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W^y  the  Atlantic  ocean,  N.  by  the  North  sea,  E. 
tyhe  German  ocean,  SE.  by  England,  and  S.  by 
linflrish  sea.  To  Scotland  also  appertain  the 
ufcJs  on  its  western  coast,  called  the  Hebrides  or 
Wjtern  islands,  and  those  to  the  NE.,  called  the 
CWey  and  Shetland  islands.  From  N.  to  S.  it 
eitids  270  ms.,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  150, 
beta  some  places  not  above  30,  and  no  part  is 
d»nt  above  40  ms.  from  the  coast.  Scotland  is 
iirjed  into  two  districts,  the  Highlands  and  the 
L*|ands ;  the  former  is  applied  to  the  mountain- 
Mart  to  the  N.  and  NW.,  the  latter  to  the  more 
km  district  on  the  E.  and  SE.  But  nature  seems 
Iptjve  pointed  out  three  grand  divisions  in  Scot- 
krai    The  first,  or  N.  division,  is  formed  by  a 


Pop.  in  1820,  4,263;  and  in 
Central  lat.  36  47  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 


of  lakes,  which  cross  the  country  from  the  !  1820,  741 


1840,  7,303. 
5  40  W. 

Scott,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Fayette  SE.,  Wood- 
ford SW.,  Franklin  W.,  Owen  N.,  and  Harrison 
NE.  Length  14  ms.,  mean  width  13;  area  about 
17.0  sq.  ms.  Soil  highly  productive.  Chief  town, 
Georgetown.  Pop.  in  1820,  12,219;  and  in  1840, 
13,668.  Central  lat.  38  20  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7 
34  West. 

Scott,  co.,  la.,  bounded  by  Clarke  SE.,  Floyd 
Washington  W.,  Jackson  NW.,  Jennings 
NE.,  and  Jefferson  E.  Length  20  ms.,  breadth 
15;  area  270  sq.  ms.  It  is  traversed  by  several 
branches  of  White  river.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,334; 
and  in  1840,  4,242.  Central  lat.  38  40  N.,  lon. 
W.  C.  8  40  W. 

Scottsburg,  village,  Halifax  co.,  Va. 
Scott's  Corner,  post  office,  Seneca  co.,  N.  Y. 

Scottsville,  village,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y  ViL 

tage,  Powhatan  co.,  Va.,  about  30  ms.  W.  from 

Richmond.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Allen 

co.,  Ky.,  on  a  small  branch  of  Big  Barren  river, 
45  ms.  E.  from  Russellville,  and  by  post  road  160 
ms.  SW.  bv  S.  from  Frankfort.    Lat.  36  47  N 
lon.  W.  C.V  Wr. 

Scriba,  town,  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  W. 
sMe  of  Oswego  river,  at  its  mouth.    Population  in 


>f  Murray,  to  the  island  of  Mull,  in  a  SW. 
on  ;  the  second,  or  middle  division,  is  bound- 


Scripoo,  ancient  Orchonienos,  village  of  Greece, 
in  Livadia,  8  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Livadia,  with 
the  S.  by  the  Friths  of  Forth  and  Clyde,  and  j  trie  much  celebrate.!  plains  of  Cheronea  interve- 


Unjreat  canal  by  which  they  are  united  ;  on  the 
8.  'le  of  this  boundary  is  the  third  or  S.  division. 
TfcN.  division  is  chiefly  an  assemblage  of  vast 
drey  mountains ;  not,  however,  without  some 
fern  valleys  on  the  northern  and  eastern  shores. 
Th  niddle  division  is  traversed  in  different  direc- 
tufcjby  several  ranges  of  mountains;  and,  though 
eiilation  here  is  also  found  chiefly  on  the  eastern 
•MbL  yet  of  this  division,  as  well  as  of  the  former, 
telrable  land  bears  a  small  proportion  to  the 
rho.taioous  and  barren  tracts.  The  S.  division 
hm  great  resemblance  to  England,  and,  with  re- 
gie both  to  the  general  aspect  of  the  country,  and 

0  t  progress  of  cultivation,  exhibits  every  kind  j 
of  ral  variety.    Scotland  will  be  found  connected 
wfciarticle  Great  Britain,  at  pp.  365  and  6,  in 

regards  its  political  divisions  and  population. 
l 'Hand  Neck,  post  office,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C. 

1  b  village  is  so  named  from  a  bend  of  Roanoke, 
t<<mg  the  extreme  eastern  angle  of  the  co.,  about 
**t>  s.  by  water  below  Halifax,  and  by  post  road 
lOCas.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Inland  Society,  town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.,  be- 
u«>e  Windham  and  Canterbury,  by  post  road  34 
<  ■«•  little  S.  cfE.  from  Hartford.  " 

vtt,  NW.  corner  town,  Cortlandt  co.,  N.  Y. 
■  aiding  from  the  head  of  Skeneatelas  lake,  25 

nwfE.  from  Ithaca.    Pop.  in  1820,  775.  

y«l^e,  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road  107  ms. 
j.  from  Columbus. 

fl//,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Tennessee  S.,  Lee 
CJ.,<  a.,  W.,  Cumberland  mountains  or  Virginia 
•V.tussell  co.,  Va.,  NE.,  and  Washington  SE. 

;f  h  40  ms.,  mean  width  28  ;  area  about  1,000 
is-    It  is  drained  by  Powell's,  Clinch,  and 


ning,  as  is  also  the  Cephisus,  the  modern  Mavro- 
potamo^,  or  Mavroneri.  Scripoo  stands  at  the 
foot  of  the  Loceian  hills,  and  on  the  verge  of  the 
alluvial  fbts  of  Lake  Copais. 

Scnven,  co.,  Ga.,  between  Savannah  and  Ogee- 
chee  rivers,  bounded  by  Effingham  co.  SE.,  Ogee- 
chee  river,  or  Bullock  and  Emanuel,  SW.,  Burke 
NW.,  and  Savannah  river  NE,  Length  34  ms., 
mean  width  22 ;  area  750  sq.  ms.  Chief  town, 
Jacksonborough.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,941  ;  and  in 
1840,  4,794.  Central  lat,  32  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
4  32  W. 

Scroggsjield,  village  in  Fox  tp.,  Carroll  co.,  O., 
7  ms.  easterly  of  Carollton. 

Scroon,  river,  N.  Y.,  NE.  branch  of  Hudson 
river,  rises  in  Essex,  flows  S.,  and,  entering  War- 
ren co.  by  Scroon  lake,  joins  the  Hudson  25  ms. 
N.  from  the  mouth  of  Sacondago  river. 

Scroon  River,  or  Scroon  Lake,  post  office  in  the 
northern  part  of  Warren  co.,  N.  Y.,  49  ms.  N. 
from  Albany. 

Scull  Camp,  post  office,  Surry  co.,  N.  C,  176 
ms.  NW,  from  Raleigh. 

Scull  Shoals,  post  office,  Green  co.,  Ga.,  55  ms, 
N.  from  Milledgeville. 

Scutari,  ancient  Chrysopolis,  town  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  in  Natolia,  with  a  good  harbor,  seated  on  the 
E.  side  of  Constantinople,  of  which  it  is  considered 
as  a  suburb,  being  directly  opposite.  It  contains  a 
handsome  mosque,  and  is  built  on  the  side  of  a  hill. 
Lon.  29  4  E.,  lat.  41°  N. 

Scutari,  Pachalik,  or  government  of  European 
Turkey  in  Alban-a,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the 
mountains  above  Tepelene,  and  to  the  N.  by  the 
country  of  the  Montenegrins.    It  is  extensive,  and 

811 


SEB  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SEE 


contains  the  fine  valley  watered  by  the  Drino  river, 
as  far  to  the  S.  as  the  city  of  Durizza.  This  Pa- 
chalik  lies  between  N.  lat.  41°  and  43g°. 

Scutari,  city  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
and  capital  of  the  Pachalik  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  situated  on  Lake  Laheatis,  or  Iscoudra,  21  ms. 
from  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  ami  15  from  the  river 
Drino.  Scutari  of  Aloania  was  a  place  of  some 
importance,  as  early  as  the  war  between  Pyrrhus 
and  the  Romans.  It  is  si  ill  called  Iscoudra  by  the 
Turks,  from  Scodra,  the  ancient  name.  This  still 
comparatively  large  city  stands  partly  on  a  gen- 
tle declivity,  and  partly  on  a  hill.  Lake  La- 
beatis,  about  four  miles  and  a  half  in  width,  and 
nine  ms.  long,  is  supplied  by  the  small  mountain 
river  Boiana.  Pop.  about  12,000,  forming  a  mixed 
mass  of  Mahometans  and  Christians.  It  has  been 
possessed  by  the  Turks  since  1521.  Lat.  42  32 
N.,  Ion.  19  20  E. 

Scylla,  rock  near  the  Faro  of  Messina,  on  the 
coast  of  Calabria,  opposite  the  celebrated  Charyb- 
dis.  It  is  about  a  mile  from  the  entrance  of  the 
Faro,  and  forms  a  small  promontory,  which  runs  a 
little  out  to  sea,  and  meets  the  whole  force  of  the 
waters  as  they  come  out  of  the  narrowest  part  of 
the  straits.  The  head  of  this  promontory  is  the 
famous  Scylla  of  the  ancient  poets.  The  rock  is 
nearly  200  feet  high ;  and  there  is  a  kind  of  castle 
or  fort  on  its  summit. 

Scylla,  or  Sciglio,  town  of  Sicily,  situated  on 
the  side  of  the  rock  Scylla,  1  0  ms.  NE.  of  Messina. 

Scythia,  an  ancient  general,  and  very  indefi- 
nite term,  applied  to  northeastern  Europe  and 
northern  and  northwestern  Asia.  Webster,  there 
is  little  doubt,  has  stated  the  correct  derivation  from 
original  words,  signifying'  shade,  woods,  woods- 
man ;  and  gives  Scot,  also,  as  from  the  same  roots. 

Seabrook,  town,  in  the  extreme  SE.  angle  of 
Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
by  post  road  40  ms.  SE.  from  Concord. 

Seaford,  borough  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Sus- 
sex, 8  ms.  SSE.  of  Lewis,  and  59  S.  by  E.  of 

London.    Lon.  10'  E.,  lat.  50  50  N.  Village, 

Sussex  oo.,  N.  J. 

Seal,  tp.,  Pike  co.,  O. 

Ssarcy's,  post  office,  Montgomery  co.,  Tenn., 
by  post  road  112  ms.  NW.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Ssarsburg,  village  of  Bennington  co.,  Vt.,  12 
ms.  E.  from  Bennington. 

Searsmont,  one  of  the  extreme  westernmost 
towns,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  93  ms.  NE.  from  Port- 
land. 

Searsville,  village,  Sullivan  co  .  Y.,  by  po*t 
road  103  ms.  SW.  from  Albany. 

Seaton,  or  Port  Seaton,  seaport  of  Scotland,  in 
Haddingtonshire;  it  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
salt  and  coal,  and  is  situated  on  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
9  ms.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  54  W.,  lat.  56°  N. 

Sebago,  or  Sebasticook,  lake  of  Cumberland  co., 
Me.,  out  of  the  E.  part  of  which  flows  Presumscot 
river. 

Sebasticook,  tp.  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Somerset  co.,  Me. 

Sebastia,  or  Sebaste,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Pales- 
tine, said  to  be  the  remains  of  Samaria.  It  is  34 
ms.  NNE.  of  Jerusalem.  Lon.  35  40  E.,  lat.  32 
15  N. 

Sebastian,  St.,  populous  seaport  of  Spain,  in 
Guipuscoa.    It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
812 


tain  ;  the  harbor  is  secured  by  two  moles,  ai  t 
narrow  entrance  for  the  ships.    The  town  is 
rounded  by  a  double  wall,  and  is  fortified  to\  1 
the  sea.    It  carries  on  a  great  trade,  parlicu  j 
in  iron,  steel,  and  wool.    It  is  50  ms.  E.  of 
boa,  and  50  N  W.  of  Pampeluna.    Lon  1  56 
lat.  43  24  N. 

Sebastian,  St.,  town  of  Mexico.  Lon.  1(  j 
W.,  lat.  24  20  N. 

Sebastian,  St.,  or  Rio  Janeiro,  large  ci  f 
Brazil. — See  Rio  Janeiro. 
Sebastopol. — See  Sevastopol. 
Sebaslopolis,  town  of  Mingrelia,  under  the  ji 
tection  of  Russia,  260  ms.  NNW.  of  Eri  . 
Lon.  55  15  E.,  lat  40  16  N. 

Sebec,  village  on  the  peninsula  between  S  c 
and  Piscataquis  rivers,  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  5 

ms.  NE.  from  Portland.  Lake  and  rieer, 

Sebec  lake  lies  partly  in  Somerset  co.  and  p  j 
in  Penobscot,  drawing  its  remote  confluents  n 
the  environs  of  Moose  Head  lake.  The  outle  i 
taining  the  same  name,  unites  with  the  Piscatai  , 
Sebenico,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  capital  of  a  c ) 
the  same  name,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cherc  i 
the  Gulf  of  Venice,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Zara.  ]  . 
16  46  E.,  lat.  44  17  N. 

Sebourg,  town  of  France,  in  the  deparlmei  if 
the  North,  and  late  province  of  Hainault,  12  | 
E.  of  Valenciennes.   Lon.  3  50  E.,  lat.  50  2  . 

Sechura,  town  of  South  America,  in  Pen  n 
the  bishopric  of  Truxillo,  30  ms.  SSE.  of  P  I 
Lon.  81  10  W.,  lat.  5  55  S. 

Seckau,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Styris  n 
the  Gayle,  9  ms.  N.  of  Judenburg,  and  90  i 
of  Vienna.    Lon.  14  27  E.,  lat.  47  19  N. 

Seckenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circ  it 
the  Rhine,  4  ms.  E  of  Manheim. 

Seckingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand  d  y 
of  Baden,  one  of  the  forest  towns,  on  an  s, 
formed  by  the  Rhine,  6  ms.  SE.  of  Rheinfei  , 
and  27  W.  of  Schaffhausen.  Lon.  7  67  E.,  | 
47  34  N. 

Seckingion,  village  in  Warwickshire.  On  e 
N.  side  of  its  church  are  the  ruins  of  a  fort,  d 
near  it  an  artificial  hill,  45  feet  high. 

Sedan,  strong  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  depart)  it 
of  the  Ardennes,  and  late  province  of  Champa  s. 
It  is  one  of  th#  most  important  keys  of  the  c  i- 
try,  and  has  a  strong  castle,  in  which  the  fai  s 
Marshal  Turenne  was  born,  (1611,)  an  arsen  a 
foundry  of  cannon,  and  a  manufacture  of  e 
black  cloths.  Sedan  is  seated  on  the  Maeso  6 
ms.  miles  SE.  of  Charlemont,  and  135  Kill 
Paris.    Lon.  5  2  E.,  lat.  49  42  N. 

Sedgemoor,  large  and  rich  tract  of  Isnd  of  E  •» 
in  Somersetshire,  It  lies  between  Somerton  d 
Bridgewater. 

Sedgewick,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  on  a  P 
insula,  W.  from  Bluehill  Bay,  and  10  ms.  Sly 
E.  from  Castine. 

Second  Moon,  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.—  See  J* 
township. 

Seeching,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  on  a?  IJ 
navigable  river,  4  ms.  S.  of  Lynn,  and  93  Nf » 
London.    Lon.  24'  E.,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Seekhonk,  the  name  of  Pawtucket  river,  b" 

the  falls  Tp.,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  inclu  g 

the  Mass.  part  of  the  village  of  Pawtucket,  6  I  * 
NE.  from  Providence. 


SEG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SEL 


eely  Creek,  post  office,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y. 

eclysburg,  village,  Cattaraugus  co.,  N.  Y. 

eer,  town  of  Asia,  in  Aral>ia,  in  the  province 
Oman.    Lon.  54  38  E.,  lat.  25  10  N. 

ecz,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of  Orne, 
di  late  province  of  Normandy,  in  a  fine  country, 
v  the  source  of  the  Orne,  102  ms,  W.  by  S.  of 

0.    Lon.  15'  E.,  lat.  48  36  N. 

egeberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony, 
n-he  duchy  of  Hol-tein.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tre,  22  ms.  S.  of  Kiel,  and  28  N.  of  Hamburg. 
I.  10  9  E.,  lat.  54°  N. 

°%edin,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  in  the 
mf  Czongrad,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Teiss  and 
vl  troche,  50  ms.  SE.  of  Colocza.  Lon.  20  35 
jiat.  46  28  N. 

gestan,  province  of  Persia,  surrounded  on  all 
B  by  Korasan  and  Balck,  Candahar,  and  Sa- 
ltan, Mackeran,  Kerman,  Colestan,  and  Far- 

gcswar,  town  of  Transylvania,  capital  of  a 

0  >f  the  same  name.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
n  mphitheatre,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the 

1  Kokel,  47  ms.  N.  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  24 
ft*  3.,  lat.  47  4  N. 

gna,  strong  seaport,  capital  of  Hungarian 
Diinatia  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  100  ms.  NW.  of 

etto.    Lon.  15  11  E.,  lat.  45  22  N. 

fgni,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
it  isaid  that  organs  were  first  invented  here.  It 
i<»  Is  ted  on  a  mountain,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Palestrino, 
aoj32  E.of  Rome.  Lon.  11  15  E.,  lat.  41  50  N. 

gorbe,  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
wh  the  title  of  a  duchy.  It  i3  seated  on  the  side 
of  jhill,  between  two  mountains,  in  a  soil  fertile 
i  rn  and  wine,  and  where  there  are  quarries  of 


mountains  of  Sogura,  35  ms.  NE.  of  Bacza.  Lon. 

2  39  W.,  lat.  37  56  N.—  River  of  Spain,  which 

rises  in  the  mountains  of  Segura,  in  New  Castile, 
and,  crossing  Murcia  and  the  S.  part  of  Valencia, 
falls  into  the  Mediterranean  at  Guadamar. 

Seharanponr,  town  of  Hintioostan  proper,  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  t>etween  the 
Jumna  and  the  Ganges,  in  the.  country  of  Delhi. 
It  is  86  ms.  N.  of  Delhi.  Lon.  77  15  E.,  lat.  30 
4  N. 

Sehwun,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Sinde,  situated 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Indus,  where  that  river 
almost  washes  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Tuckee  moun- 
tains. It  stands  on  a  rising  ground,  2  miles  from 
the  river  bank.  Pop.  10,000.  About  100  miles 
above,  though  on  the  opposite  side  from  Hydera- 
bad, and  an  equal  distance  below  Shirkarpoor. 

Seids,  title  given  to  the  descendants  of  Mahom- 
et by  his  daughter  Fatima.  The  chiefs  of  tho 
Seids  are  entitled  Scherifis. 

Seiks,  a  powerful  religious  warlike  sect,  which 
rules  a  large  extent  of  the  northwestern  part  of 
Hindoostan,  and  particularly  Lahore.  They  predom- 
inate also  in  Moultan  and  the  western  part  of  Del- 
hi. Their  government,  similar  to  the  Mahrattas, 
is  feudal.  Their  founder,  Nanock,  was  born  in 
Lahora,  early  in  the  15th  century,  and,  by  teach- 
ing a  mild  and  tolerant  system  of  philosophy,  or 
rather  religion,  formed  a  sect  which  Mahometan 
intolerance  subsequently  forced  to  become  warriors, 
and,  in  the  course  of  last  century,  their  military 
operations  were  generally  successful,  though  much 
divided  by  intestine  contentions.  The  Seiks  were 
used  by  the  British  authorities,  in  Hindoostan,  as  a 
counterpoise  to  the  Mahrattas. 


Seine,  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the  de- 
narble.    It  is  seated  near  the  river  Movedro,  I  partment  of  Cote  d'Or,  and  late  province  of  Bur- 
NW.  of  Valencia,  and  150  E.  of  Madrid,  gundy,  and,  flowing  by  Troyes,  Melun,  Paris,  and 

!  Rouen,  falls  into  the  English  channel  at  Havre  de 
The !  Grace. 

Seine,  Lower,  department  of  France, 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Normandy. 


3'  W.,  lat.  39  48  N. 
rovia,  city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
remarkable  structure  is  the  mint,  seated  in  a 
,  surrounded  by  a  river,  on  which  are  mills, 


including 
Rouen  is 


red  in  coining.     Segovia  is  seated  on  a  the  capital. 


;itain,  near  the  river  Arayadda,  45  ms.  NW. 

adrid.    Lon.  3  44  W.,  lat.  40  57  N.  

n  of  S.  America,  in  the  province  of  Venezue- 
;ated  on  a  river  near  a  high  mountain,  where 

are  mines  of  gold.    Lon.  65  30  \V 


govia,  New,  town  of  N.  America,  in  Guate- 


Seine  and  Marne,  department  of  Fr.,  including 
j  part  of  the  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France. 
Meaux  is  the  capital. 

Seine  and  Oise,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of 
lat.  8  ;  the  late  province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  Versailles 
!  is  the  capital. 

Seinsheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franconia, 


•a  seated  on  the  river  Yare,  on  the  confines  of !  with  a  castle,  33  ms.  NW.  ofNuremburg.  Lon.  10 

'  28  E.,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Seir,  or  Hor,  mountain  in  Arabia  Petraa,  which 
formerly  bounded  Judea  on  the  S.,  and  separated  it 
from  Idumea.  It  is  now  called  Sardeny,  and  is  140 
ms.  E.  of  Cairo,  in  Egypt. 

Sela?n,  town  of  South  America,  in  Mexico,  sit- 
uated near  the  sea  coast.  Lon.  90  28  W.,  lat.  39 
12  N. 

Selby,  town  of  England,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  the  Ouse,  12  miles  S.  of  York,  and 
182  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  2  W.,  lat.  53 
47  N. 

Seleshia,  anciently  Selucia,  town  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  in  Caramania,  10  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  38 
W.  of  Terasso. 

Selucia,  Iber,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Syria, 
seated  on  the  sea  coast,  8  ms.  N.  of  Antioch. 
Seleucitj.e,  in  .chronology,  from  the  personal 

813 


rovince  of  Honduras  Lon.  84  20  W.,  lat 
3  5  N. 

e;ova,  Nueva,  town  of  the  East  Indies,  in  the 
■f  Luconia,  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the  Phil- 
•Pffes.    It  is  seated  at  the  N.  end  of  the  island, 
'  W the  mouth  of  the  Cagayan,  240  miles  N.  of 
*fcllla.    Lon.  120  59  E.,  lat.  18  39  N. 

gra,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  Py- 
r«;is.  in  the  southern  slopes  of  the  great  rnoun- 
hnass   of  Maladetta,  and  runs  SVV.  through 
"  a  onia,  passing  by  Puy  Cerda,  Urgel, ,  Belag- 
Leiida,  and  Mequinenza,  where  it  falls  into 
lflbro. 

%ura,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  with  a  cas- 
ttn  a  mountain.  It  is  near  the  rivers  Elia  and 
f  8  ms.  SE.  of  Costel  Branco,  and  30  NW. 

°f  -cantara.  Town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 

8  .erritory  of  La  Mancha,  seated  among  the 


SEM  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SEN 


name  of  Seleucus  Nicanor,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  The  era  of  Seleucidse  com- 
menced September,  before  Christ,  311,  the  years 
solar.    It  is  often  called  the  era  of  the  Greeks. 

Seligenstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate 
of  Mentz,  seated  at  the  junction  of  the  Gems  pentz 
and  Maine,  27  ms.  E.  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  32  E.,  lat. 
41  4  N. 

Selinsgrove,  village,  Northumberland  co.,  Pa., 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Susquehannah,  below  the  | 
mouth  of  Penn's  creek,  50  miles  above  Harrisburg. 

Selivrea,  ancient  Selybria,  town  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  in  Romania.  It  is  seated  on  the  sea  of  j 
Marmora,  35  ms.  W.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  28 
13  E.,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Selkirk,  town  of  Scot.,  and  the  co.  town  of  Sel- 
kirkshire.    It  has  been  long  famous  for  a  manufac  I 
ture  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  is  seated  on  the  Et-| 
trick,  30  ms.  S.  of  Edinburgh.  Lon.  2  46  W.,lat. 
55  26  N. 

Selkirkshire,  county  of  Scotland,  which  is  also 
called  the  Sheriffdom  of  Ettrick  Forest,  from  the 
river  which  runs  through  it,  which,  with  the  Yar- 
row, the  Tweed,  and  Gallo  water,  are  the  chief 
rivers,  and  from  its  formerly  being  covered  all  over 
with  woods.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N  W. 
by  Peebleshire,  and  N.  by  Edinburghshire,  on  the 
E.  by  Roxburghshire  and  part  of  Berwickshire,  on 
the  S.  by  Roxburghshire  and  part  of  Dumfriesshire, 
and  on  the  W.  by  part  of  Dumfriesshire.  Its 
mountains  feed  great  flocks  of  sheep  and  black  cat- 
tle, and  the  valleys  on  the  rivers  produce  much 
corn  and  hay.  The  chief  places  are  Selkirk,  Philip- 
haugh,  and  Gallashiells.  Its  chief  manufactures  are 
shoes  and  boots.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  presbytery,  and 
has  11  parishes.  Its  chief  town  is  Selkirk.  Pop. 
in  1801,  5,070;  in  1811,  5,889;  and  in  1821, 
6,637. 

SelleSy  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loir  and  Cher, 
and  late  province  of  Beri,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Cher,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  12  miles 
SE.  of  Blois,  and  105  SS  W.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  36 
E.,  lat.  47  25  N. 

Selltrsville,  village,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  in  Rockhill 
tp.,  35  ms.  NNW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Selma,  village,  Dallas  Co.,  Ala.,  by  post  road  43 
ms.  from  Cahaba. 

Sellz,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Rhine, 
and  late  province  of  Alsace,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
270  ms.  E.  of  Paris.   Lon.  8  12  E.,  lat  48  53  N. 

Selizer,  Lower,  village  of  Germany,  with  a  spring 
of  mineral  waters. 

Semendaria,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Ser- 
via,  with  a  citadel,  seated  on  the  Danube,  20  ms. 
SE.  uf  Belgiade.    Lon.  21  45  E.,  lat.  45'  N. 

Semigallia,  the  E.  part  of  the  duchy  of  Cour- 
land,  separated  by  the  liver  Masza  from  Courland 
proper.    Mittau  is  the  capital. 

Seminari,  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulterioie,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  21  E., 
lat.  38  20  N. 

Seminole*,  division  of  the  Creek  Indians  in  N. 
America. 

Semipalatnoi,  district  of  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment of  Tomsk,  in  western  Siberia.  The  plain 
between  the  Oby  and  Irtysh  is  of  a  saline  nature. 
The  banks  of  the  Irtysh  in  this  district  are  com- 
posed of  a  deep  moving  sand.  The  water  is  gen- 
erally bad,  and  soil,  except  along  the  stream,  ste- 
814 


rile.  The  capital,  called  by  the  Swedes  Schlar 
berg,  is  named  Zmeiewskaiu-Gora  by  the  Russ 
Semlin,  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the  W.  si< 
the  Danube  and  Save,  opposite  Belgrade,  an 
ms.  SE.  of  Esseck.  Lon.  21°  E.,  lat.  4. 
North. 

Sempach,  lake  of  Switzerland,  in  Lucern,  i 
3  ms.  in  length  and  1  in  breadth.  The  bank 
each  side  slope  gently  to  the  edge  of  the  water 

are  checkered  with  wood.  Town  of  Switzer 

in  the  canton  of  Lucerne,  celebrated  for  the  1 
on  the  9th  of  July,  1386,  which  established  th* 
erty  of  the  Swiss,  and  in  which  Leopold,  du 
Austria,  was  defeated  and  slain.  It  is  seated 
small  lake  of  the  same  name,  7  ms.  NW.  of 
cern. 

Sempronius,  town,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  bet 
Owasco  and  Skeneatelas  lakes. 

Semur,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Cote  < 
and  late  province  of  Burgundy.  It  has  a  rr 
facture  of  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Annai 
over  which  are  two  bridges,  37  miles  from  At 
and  135  SE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  4  19  E.,  lat.  4 

N.  Ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  S 

and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  4l 
N  W.  of  Lyons,  and  175  S.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
E.,  lat.  46  14  N. 

S estate,  from  Latin,  senatus,  from  senex, 
man.  The  original  and  literal  meaning  of  S' 
is,  therefore,  "a  council  of  the  aged;"  v» 
meaning  is  in  great  part  applicable  to  the  U 
States  Senate,  which  arises  from  its  being  an 
tive  body.  An  hereditary  Senate  is  an  absui 
unless  the  age  of  the  members  is  stipulated 
in  advanced  life  when  admissible.  The  B 
House  of  Lords  is,  therefore,  not  a  Senate,  ii 
true  meaning  of  the  term,  though  frequently  c 
so  by  latitude  of  expression. 

Seneca,  lake  of  New  York,  38  miles  long, 
from  2  to  4  wide,  extending  from  the  N.  bound; 
Tioga  co.  to  Geneva,  receiving  from  the  W 
discharge  of  Crooked  lake,  and,  together  wit 
discharge  of  Cayuga  lake,  falling  into  Seneca 

near  Montezuma.  Tp  ,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y 

the  W.  side  of  Seneca  lake.    Pop.  in  1810,  3, 

and  in  1820,  4,802.  Tp.,  Morgan  co.,  I 

 Tp.,  Monroe  county,  Ohio. 

Seneca,  river,  New  York,  is  the  outlet  of  i 
ca  lake.  After  flowing  to  the  NE.  by  E.  abo 
miles,  it  receives  the  outlet  of  Cayuga  lake, 
turns  to  the  N.  4  ms.,  is  again  augmented  b; 
other  considerable  confluent  (the  Clyde)  fron 
\V.  Continuing  N.  2  miles  below  the  Infh 
the  Clyde,  at  the  village  of  Montezuma,  the  S 
ca  is  crossed  by  the  Erie  canal,  and,  still  flo 
N.  4  ms.,  turns  abruptly  to  the  E.,  but  gradual 
clines  to  SE.,  and  joins  the  Oneida,  after  a  con 
ative  course  of  50  miles.  The  fall  in  the  Se 
river,  from  its  outlet  at  Geneva  to  Montezun 
about  75  feet  See  Clyde. 

Seneca,  county,  New  York,  bounded  by 
Ontario  N.,  Cayuga  county  and  Cayuga  lak< 
Tompkins  S.,  and  Seneca  lake  and  Seneca  co 
VV.  ;  length  50,  mean  width  10  ms.,  area  50 
ms.  Southern  part  between  Cayuga  and  Si 
lakes  hilly,  middle  section  tolerably  level,  am 
part,  towards  Lake  Ontario,  again  hilly  ;  the  w 
with  a  very  highly  fertile  soil.  The  Erie  < 
traverses  it,  by  the  valley  of  Mud  creek.  Po 


SEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SER 


in,  23,619  ;  and  in  1840,  24,874.  Central  lar. 
4S.0  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10'  E. 

tneca,  county,  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by  Sandusky, 
3 on  E.,  Crawford  S.,  and  W.  by  Hancock  and 
Ed  ;  length  30,  breadih  18  ras.  ;  area  540  sq. 
n  s.  Sandusky  river  flows  across  this"  county  ' 
flfi  N.  to  S.  It  was  formed  out  of  the  recent  In- 
I  purchase,  and  is  yet  unsettled.    Central  lat.  j 

i  N.,  Ion.  VV.  C.  6  12  W.  Population  in  1840,  | 

►  28. 

■neca,  river  of  South  Carolina,  which,  with  | 
IwTugaloo,  uniting  at  Andersonville,  forms  Sa- 
Vffah  river.  This  stream  rises  by  numerous 
•rrehes  in  the  Blue  Ridge  ;  and,  flowing  by  a 
•_e  ral  S.  course  over  Pickens  district,  which  it  in 
k  part  drains,  enters  Anderson,  over  which  it 
05  to  its  junction  with  Tugaloo.  The  entire 
jr  h  of  Seneca  does  not  much  exceed  40  ms.,  but 
iif  alley  being  nearly  circular,  it  is  an  uncom- 
mc'y  large  stream  for  its  length. 

neca  Falls,  village,  Seneca  county,  N.  Y.,  on 
I  utlet  of  Seneca  lake,  10  miles  below  Geneva, 
I.  below  Waterloo,  and  2  ms.  W.  from  Cayu- 
■  ridge. 

necaville,  village,  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  by  post 
ro»59  ms,  E.  from  Columbus. 

neffe,  town  of  Brabant,  4  ms.  S.  of  Niville. 

\ntgal,  one  of  the  three  principal  rivers  of  Af- 
liej formerly  supposed  to  be  one  of  the  branches 
of  ;e  Niger,  but  determined  by  Mr.  Park  to  have 
't*[urce  80  geographical  miles  W.  of  that  river, 
mo  flow  in  an  opposite  direction  :  the  Niger  E. 
aa«j5enegnl  W.  The  Senegal,  as  laid  down  in 
Arlwsmith's  map,  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Kong, 
tfcdt  N.  lat.  11  30,  W.  Ion.  7°.  Pursuing  a  NW. 
cjiie  about  250  miles,  it  receives  from  the  S.  the 
Ba|g,  and,  about  150  miles  still  further  the  Fa- 
!er»  also  from  the  S.  Below  the  mouth  of  the  lat- 
wrJhe  Senegal  does  not  appear  to  receive  any  fur- 
thftaugmentation  worthy  of  notice.  Continuing 
Nftj  200  ms.,  having  the  great  desert  within  60 
m  1  ms.  to  the  NE.,  it  turns  W.  200,  and  thence 
8fj  100,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  N.  lat.  15 
45jV.  Ion.  15  50,  after  an  entire  comparative 
ouc  of  9U0  miles.  The  sources  of  the  Senegal 
intdock  with  those  of  the  Niger.  It  may  hi  re- 
:'  S2d  that  the  general  course  of  the  Senegal, 
t'Ofihe  Kong  mountains,  600  ms. ,  is  almost  ex- 
b?V parallel  to  the  cost  of  the  Atlantic  ocean 
rr^Cape  Verd  to  Sierra  Leone  ;  the  intermediate 
w  about  400  ms.  in  width. 

negal,  country  of  Africa  between  the  Gambia 
siui.enegal  rivers  Towards  the  Atlantic  ocean  it 
is  hie  to  annual  inundation. 

•  ngambia,  pages  20,  22,  23,  24,  &c.  ;  which 

4iez,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Alps, 
annate  province  of  Provence,  seated  in  a  rough, 

ir  i  country,  46  ms.  NE.  of  Aix,  and  49  NW. 
■*    Lon.  60  40  E.,  lat.  43  59  N. 

tilis,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise, 
indue  province  of  the  Isle  of  France.  The  cathe- 
1  aus  one  of  the  highest  steeples  in  France.  It 
u  i'ted  on  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Nonette,  al- 
mocUurrounded  by  a  large  forest,  20  ms.  NW.  of 
•it  x,  and  27  NE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  2  40  E.,  lat. 

1  N. 

&nar,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
in  ij-ica. — See  Nubia.    It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 


nence, near  the  river  Nile.  Lon.  30°  E.,  lat.  15  4 
N. — See  Africa,  p.  11,  rol.  1st. 

Sens,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Yonne, 
and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  25  miles  north  of 
Auxerre,  and  60  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  22  E.,  lat. 
48  12  N. 

Sepoy,  a  soldier  in  the  British  service  in  India, 
and  who  is  a  native  of  the  country.  This  term  is 
from  the  Persian  or  Turkish,  and  from  the  same 
root  with  spahi,  and  probably  means  a  soldier  in 
general.  The  Sphahis  of  Turkey  are  cavalry  ;  the 
Sepoys  infantry. 

Sequachee,  river  of  Tenn  ,  rising  in  Bledsoe, 
and  flowing  SW.  into  Marion  co.,  which  it  cross- 
es, and  thence  continuing  SW.,  falls  into  the  Ten- 
nessee about  5  ms.  above  the  NW.  angle  of  Ga., 
Entire  comparative  course  60  ms. 

Sera,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  Mysore  country,  55  ms.  N.  of  Seringapatam. 
Lon.  75  54  E.,  lat.  13  28  N. 

Seraglio,  pronounced  seral-yo,  appears  on  an 
examination  to  be  derived  from  an  original  root, 
meaning  to  close  or  shut.  The  Persian  word 
serai,  a  palace,  no  doubt  means  the  same  as  the 
English  word  castle,  or  place  closed  up  for  defence 
as  well  as  residence.  The  French  verj  serrer,  to 
lock  or  close  up,  little  doubt  comes  from  the  same 
root.  With  a  more  general  sense  comes  caravan- 
serai, a  resting  place  in  the  African  and  Asiatic 
deserts.  Query,  is  not  circle  and  circus  spaces  en- 
closed, also  from  the  same  root! 

Seraio,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  110  ms. 
SW.  of  Belgrade.    Lon.  18  5  E.,  lat.  44  24  N. 

Serampour,  commereial  town  of  Hindoostan 
proper,  in  Bengal,  seated  on  Hoogly  river.  It  is 
a  Danish  settlement  not  far  from  Calcutta. 

Seravalle,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan, 
24  ms.  N.  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  36  E.,  lat.  44 
44  N. 

Sercelli,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  a 
little  to  the  W.  of  Algiers.  Lon.  2  20  E.,  lat. 
36  50  N. 

Serchio,  river  of  Italy,  which  has  its  source  in 
the  Appennines,  in  Modena.  It  crosses  the  valley 
of  Carsagnana,  in  the  territory  of  Lucca,  and 
falls  into  the  Tuscan  sea  5  ms.  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Arno. 

Serf,  from  Latin,  servus,  a  slave.  Personal 
servitude,  according  to  Lunier,  was  not  entirely 
abolished  in  France  until  the  revolution  of  1789. 

Serfo,  or  Serfante,  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
50  ms.  NW.  of  Naxia.  It  is  8  ms.  long  and  5 
broad,  and  full  of  mountains  and  rocks,  in  which 
are  mines  of  iron  and  loadstone.  The  inhabitants 
are  all  Greeks,  and  have  but  one  town,  called  St. 
Nicholo,  which  is  a  poor  place.  Lon.  25  10  E., 
lat.  37  19  ft. 

Semag,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Niznei  Novogorod,  48  ms.  &E.  of  Niznei  Novo- 
gorod.    Lon.  45  20  E.,  lat.  56  50  N. 

Sergipe,  seaport  of  South  America,  in  Brasil, 
capital  of  a  government  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rey,  120  ms.  NE.  of 
St.  Salvador.    Lon.  39  46  W.,  lat.  13  30  S. 

Seringapatam,  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
Mysore,  situated  in  an  island  of  the  river  Can- 
very,  290  ms.  WSW.  of  Madras,  and  350  S.  by 
E.  of  Visiapour.  Lon.  76  46  K.,  lat.  12  31  N. 

Seronge. — See  Strang. 

815 


SEV  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SEV 


Serpa,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  [harbor,  and  has  been  a  depot  for  a  part  of  the 
seated  on  a  rugged  eminence,  with  a  castle,  3  ms.  |sian  navy.    Lon.  33  24  E.,  lat.  44  45  N. 
from  the  Guidiana,  and  83  SE.  of  Lisbon.  This  .    Seven  Islands,  islands  to  that  number  in  e 
town  was  the  birthplace  of  that  great  naturalist  | Frozen  ocean,  lying  in  lon.  18  48  E.,  lat  3 
and  statesman,  the  Abbe  Correa  de  Serra.  Lon.  7  21  N.     Among  these  islands,  Captain  Ph 
45  W.,  lat.  73  47  N.  with  the  Racehorse  and  Carcass  were  surrou  J 

Serres,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Alps,  1  by  the  ice,  from  the  15th  of  July  to  the  lot  ,( 
15  ms.  SW.  of  Gap.  August,  1773  ;  but,  being  aided  by  a  brisk  g?  u 

Servia,  province  nominally  of  Turkey  in  Eu-  |NNE.,  effected  their  deliverance, 
rope,  but  really  in  the  Russian  empire,  bounded  on      Seven-mile  Ford,  post  office,  Washington 
the  N.  by  the  Danube  and  Save,  which  separate  it  Va.,  300  ms.  S  W.  by  W.  from  Richmond, 
from  Hungary,  on  the  E.  by  Bulgaria,  on  the  VV.  :    Sevenoaks,  town  of  Eng.,   in  Kent,  6  j, 
by  Bosnia,  and  on  the  S.  by  Albania  and  Macedo-  |NNW.  of  Tunbridge,  and  23  SSE.  of  Lor  ,. 
nia.    It  i?  190  ms.  long  and  95  broad,  and  is  divi-  |Lon.  18'  E.,  lat.  51  19  N. 
ded  into  four  sangiciates,  two  of  which  were  ceded      Sever,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  departmei  >f 
in  1718  to  the  Austrians,  who  restored  them  to  Landes,  seated  on  the  Adour,  20  ms.  E.  of 
the  Turks  in  1739  by  the  treaty  of  Belgrade.  The  jand  65  S.  by  E.  of  Bordeaux.    Lon.  35'  W.  \ 
names  of  them  are  Belgrade,  Semendriah,  Scupia,  43  45  N. 

and  Cratowo.    Belgrade  is  the  capital.  Severino,  St.,  fortified  town  of  Naples,,  ir  i- 

Servulo,  castle  of  Austrian  Istria,  seated  on  a  llabria  Citeriore,  on  a  craggy  rock,  on  the  -r 
high  mountain,  4  ms.  from  Trieste.    Near  it  is  a  ;Neeto,  8  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  45  SE.  of 

famous  cavern,  in  which  the  sparry  exudations  isano.    Lon.  17  14  E.,  lat.  39  15  N.  TV  >f 

have  formed  various  figures  of  blue  and  white  | Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona.  It  has  e 
colors.  J  vineyards,  and  is  seated  between  two  hills  01  e 

Sessa,  ancient  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  ,river  Petenza,  6  ms.  N  YV.  of  Tolentino.  L 

Terra  di  Lavora.    It  was  formerly  very  considera-  1 1 3  6  E.,  lat.  43  16  N.  Town  of  Italy,  i  e 

ble,  and  is  30  ms.  N.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14  19  kingdom  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore,  s  d 
E.,  lat.  41  20  N.  on  the  river  Sarno. 

Sesti  di-Penente,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  j  Severn,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the  a  | 
of  Genoa,  5  ms.  W.  of  Genoa.  Lon.  8  36  E.,  jtain  of  Plynlimmon,  in  Montgomeryshire,  1, 
lat.  44  24  N.  flowing  first  across  that  co.,  it  then  enters  S  > 

Sesto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  seated  on  jshire  at  its  confluence  with  the  Vyrnew,  or  r- 
the  Tesin,  where  it  proceeds  from  the  Lake  Maggi-  jnew.  It  is  navigable  in  its  whole  course  thr  ;h 
ore,  25  ms.  WNW.  of  Milan.  ithis  co.    In  its  course  it  waters  Llanydlos,  I 

Sestos,  strong  castle  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  ton,  Welshpool,  Shrewsbury,  Bridgenorth,  B  | 
Romania,  seated  on  the  strait  of  Galipoli. — See  ly,  Worcester,  Upton,  Tewkesbury,  and  Glo  s- 
Dardanelles.  ter,  and,  entering  the  sea,  its  mouth  is  calle 

Sestri-di- Levante,  ancient  town  of  Italy,  in  the  J  Bristol  channel.  It  is  the  second  river  in  I 
territory  of  Genoa,  30  ms.  W.  of  Genoa.    Lon.  iand  has  a  communication  with  the  Thames 

9  28  E.,  lat  44  23  N.  Icanal.— See  Thames. 

Setalket,  pronounced  Setawket,  and  in  the  post     Severn  Vale,  extensive  and  fertile  vale  of  1  •, 
office  list,  written  Setawcket,  village,  Brookhaven  in  Gloucestershire,  abounding  in  fertile  pis; 
tp.,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long  |  which  furnish  that  cheese  for  which  thut  co. 
island,  opposite  Stratford,   Connecticut,  and  by  mous. — See  Evesham,  Vale  of. 
post  road  60  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  the  city  of  N.  Y.  j    Severn,  small  river  or  bay  of  Md.,  in 

Setchuen,  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the  Arundel  co.,  which  opens  into  Chesapeake  1  2 
N.  by  Ghensi,  on  the  E.  by  Houquang,  on  the  S.  Iras,  below  Annapolis. 

by  Koei-tcheou,  and  on  the  W.  by  Thibet,  and  '    Severndroog,  island  of  Hindoostan  propei 
other  neighboring  countries.  jms.  S.  of  Bombay. 

Seleef,  town  of  Tunis,  in  the  kingdom  of  Al-  I    Severo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanaia, 
giers,  50  ms.  SW.  of  Constantia.    Lon.  5  36  bishop's  see,  seated  in  a  plain,  75  ms.  NE.  0  a- 
E.,  lat.  35  58  N.  Spies.    Lon.  15  34  E.,  lat.  41  40  N. 

Setimo,  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  on  the  Po,  J  Severo  Vostochnoi,  cape  of  the  extreme  nor  rn 
8  ms.  N.  of  Turin.    Lon.  7  47  E.,  lat.  45  14  N.  ipoint  of  Asia,  jutting  rather  sharply  betwee  | 

Setines. — See  Athens.  joutlets  of  the  Jeneisy  and  Anabara  rivers, 

Sttledge,  river  of  Indoston. — See  Sutledge.        exactly  on  the  100th  degree  of  lon.  E.  ofLoiQi 

Settenil,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada.    Lon.  5  lat.  76  10 

10  W.,  lat.  36  48  N.  Severus'    Wall,    commonly  called  GraJi 
Settia,  town  of  the  island  of  Candia,  48  mg.  Dike,  in  the  W.  of  Scotland.    It  s  a  work  <k« 

ESE.  of  Candia.  Lon.  26  2  E.,  lat.  35  3  N.  (Romans,  supposed  to  be  done  by  the  erupt, 
Settle,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Riding  of  j  whose  name  it  bears,  to  prevent  the  incursit  ol 

Yorkshire.  the  Picts  and  Scots.    It  began  at  Abercorn,  0  be 

Settle's  Store  and  post  office,  Rockingham  co.,  | Frith  of  Forth,  4  ms.  NE.  of  Linlithgow,  id 

N.  C,  by  post  road  102  ms.  NW.  from  Raleigh,  .runs  W.  to  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  ending  at  k- 
Settovifone,  town  of  Italy,  in  PieJmont,  4  ms.  >patrick,  near  Dumbarton. 

N.  of  Ivica.  Sevier,  co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Dusky  nn- 

Setuval,  or  Setubal—See  Ubes,  St.  tain  or  N.  Car.  SE.,  Monroe  S.,   Blount  •» 

Sevastopol,  seaport  and  town  of  Russia,  on  the  |Krmx  NW.,  Jefferson  NE.,  and  Cocke  E.  U  ,b 

SW.  point  of  the  Crimea.  It  has  an  excellent  |33  ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  660  sq.  ms. ;  si  <* 
616 


SEV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SHA 


2ft3rally  hilly,  and  soil  sterile.  It  is  traversed  by 
rhNolichuckv,  and  drained  by  one  of  its  branches. 
Ceftown,  Sevierville.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,772; 
aiiin  1840,6,442.  Ctl.  lat.  35  50  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C5  34  W. 

'ivier,  C.  H — See  next  article. 

ivierville,  village  and  seat  justice,  Sevier  co., 
fin.,  in  the  fork  of  French  Broad  river,  on  the 
o  from  Maryville  to  Dandridge,  25  ms.  SE 
r,  Knoxville.    Lat.  35  52  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6 

nv. 

iville,  province  of  Spain. — See  Spain. 

iville,  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Andalusia,  and 
an>;rch bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Guadalquiver. 
it  is  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  till  Philip  II  es- 
tdfehed  his  court  at  Madrid,  as  a  more  centrical 

0  ion.  Seville  is  of  a  round  form,  fortified  with 
atiiig  walls  flanked  with  high  towers,  and  takes 
i-piore  ground  thun  Madrid,  although  it  now  has 
iiOtbove  70,000  inhabitants.  7*he  Phoenicians 
tai  it  Hispatis,  and  it  is  the  Julia  of  the  Ro- 
me;, who  embellished  it  with  many  magnificent 
■Kings.    The  Moors  built  an  aqueduct,  still  to 

c  en,  6  ms.  in  length.  The  situation  of  Seville 
inrs  it  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns  of 
8pn.  All  the  trade  of  that  kingdom  with  the 
World  centered  originally  in  its  port :  but 
iruof  Cadiz  having  been  found  more  commodious, 
thej-alleons  have  sailed  from  that  place  since  1720. 
So  vast  employment  did  the  American  trade  give 
at  e  period,  that  in  Seville  alone  there  were  no 
few-  than  16,000  looms  in  silk  or  woolen  work  ; 
htfcefore  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Philip  III  they 
w«j  reduced  to  400.  The  country  around  is  ex- 
»r«|-3ly  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  &c  ;  and  there  is 
abidance  of  oil,  for  the  W.  of  the  river  is  a 
gra:  of  olive  trees,  30  ms.  in  length.  Seville  is 
•15  g.  from  the  Atlantic,  and  212  SSW.  of  Mad- 

•  d  Lon.  5  59  W.,  lat.  37  14  N.  A  village 

in  z  southwestern  part  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  in 
I  he),  of  Guilford,  9  ms.  S.  of  Medina,  the  co. 
^aa,  The  post  office  name,  Guilford. 

tyres,  Two,  department  of  Fr.,  including  part 
oi  e  late  province  of  Poitou.  It  is  so  named 
■  o  two  rivers  that  rise  here;  one,  called  Sevre 
Niuois,  flows  W.  by  St.  Maixent,  Niort,  and 
Mans,  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  opposite  the  isle 
<>f  ;  and  the  other,  named  Sevre  jNantois,  takes 
V.  direction,  passes  by  Clisson,  and  enters  | 

■vet  Loire,  opposite  Nantes.    Niort  is  the; 

'Walick,  chain  of  mountains  in  Asia,  border- 
i^dn  the  country  of  Sirinagur  and  the  province 
or*?!hi.  At  Hurdwar,  the  Ganges  forces  its  way 
I  irgh  this  ridge  into  the  plains  of  Hindoostan. 

ijoickly,  large  creek  of  Westmoreland  co., 
'a.isesin  the  vicinity  and  to  the  E.  from  Green- 

ii  flows  W.  and  falls  into  Youghiogany  river, 
-  D'  below  Robstown. 

sickly,  New,  tp  ,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.,  extend- 
ing om  Beaver  river,  up  the  right  side  of  Ohio 
r'W  to  the  limits  of  Alleghany  co. 

^ickly,  North,  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.,  lying 
torn  the  preceding. 

Quickly' s  Bottom,  post  office  in  the  western 
panf  Alleghany  co.,  Pa.,  N.  from  Ohio  river, 
15  b.  NW.  from  Pittsburg. 

h/ssol,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ain,  and 

1  rovrnce  of  Bresse,  divided  by  the  Rhone  into 

103* 


two  parts,  where  it  is  first  navigable.  It  is  14  ms. 
NE.  of  Beley.    Lon.  7  45  E.,  lat.  46  6  N. 

Sezanne,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Marne, 
tf&d  late  province  of  Champagne,  seated  on  a  little 
! river,  27  ms.  NW.  of  Troyes,  and  65  SE.  from 
jParis.    Lon.  4  10  E.,  lat.  48  41  N. 

Sezza,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  29  ms.  NNW. 
of  Naples.    Lon.  13  45  E.,  lat.  41  19  N. 

Shabur,  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile.  Lon. 
1 30  38  E.,  lat.  30  47  N. 

Shackleford,  village,  King  and  Queen  co  ,  Va., 
115  ms.  NW.  of  Gloucester,  75  E.  of  Richmond, 
and  143  S.  by  E.  of  W.  C. 

Shade  Mountain  Gap,  post  office,  eastern  part 
of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa.,  20  ms.  SE.  from  Hunt- 
ingdon, and  by  post  road  79  ms.  W.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Shade  Works,  post  office,  Somerset  co.,  Pa. 

Shady  Grove,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Va.,  228 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Shafferstown,  village  in  the  NE.  part  of  Leba- 
non co.,  Pa.,  9  ms.  E.  from  Lebanon,  and  32  E. 
from  Harrisburg. 

Shaftsbury,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire, 
on  a  hill,  in  form  of  a  bow,  where  water  is  so 
scarce  that  the  poor  get  a  living  by  fetching  it  from 
a  great  distance.  It  is  25  ms-  NNE.  of  Dorches- 
ter, and  102  W.  by  S.  of  London.    Lon.   2  20 

W.,  lat.  51°  N.  Town,  Bennington  co.,  Vt., 

about  half  way  between  Bennington  and  Arling- 
ton, or  nearly  10  ms.  from  each.     Pop.  2,000. 

Shahjehanpour,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  E. 
Indies.    Lon.  76  18  E.,  lat.  23  26  N. 

Shaik,  Scheik,  Cheick,  Arabic,  original 
meaning,  an  old  man.  This  word  has  become 
amongst  the  Mahometans  a  title.  Amongst  the 
Turks,  the  mufti  or  high  priest  is  called  scheik 
ulismani,  which  means  "prelate  of  the  elected."' 
The  ministers  of  large  mosques  are  often,  in  ad- 
dition to  sheik,  honored  with  the  title  scherif  or 
saint. 

Shakertown,  village,  Knox  co.,  Ia.,  18  ms. 
above  Vincennes. 

Shaltrsville,  town,  Portage  co.,  O.,  N.  from 
Ravenna. 

Shallow  Ford,  post  office,  Pendleton  district, 
S.  C. 

Sham. — See  Damascus. 

Shamanism,  a  very  vague  term  applied  to  the 
religious  system  of  many  barbarous  tribes  of  the 
Finnish  race,  such  as  the  Ostiaks,  Samojeds,  &c. , 
of  northern  Asia.  Their  priests  are  called  Sha- 
mans. 

Shamokin,  creek,  Northumberland  co.,  Pa.,  ri- 
ses in  the  E.  part  of  the  co.,  and  flows  W.  into 
the  Susquehannah,   immediately  below  Sunbury. 

 Tp  ,  in  the  E.  angle  of  Northumberland  co., 

Pa.,  on  Shamokin  creek. 

Shandakin,  town,  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  ms. 
\V.  from  Kingston. 

Shanes  Crossing,  town,  Mercer  co.,  O.,  122 
ms.  by  post  road  NW.  from  Columbus. 

Shanesville,  village,  Tuscarawas  co.,  O.,  on 
Sugar  creek,  6  ms.  N.  from  New  Philadelphia. 

Shang-hae,  formerly  named  in  our  books  Chang- 
hui,  port  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Keung-soo, 
and  recently  opened  to  foreign  trade  by  a  treaty 
between  Great  Britain  and  China. — See  Changhai. 

Shanandoah. — See  Shenandoah. 

S17 


SHE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


SHE 


Shannon,  largest  river  of  Ireland,  which  issues 
from  Lough  Allen,  in  the  province  of  Connaught, 
and,  running  S.,  divides  the  provinces  of  Lein- 
ster  and  Connaught.  It  then  turns  SW.,  passes 
the  city  of  Limerick,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  between  the  cos.  of  Clare  and  Limerick. 
The  Shannon  is  supposed  to  be  the  largest  river  of 
the  earth,  compared  with  the  island  to  which  it 
belongs. 

Shannon  Hill,  post  office,  Goochland  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  57  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

ShannonsviUe,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa. 

Shop,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Westmoreland,  at  the 
source  of  the  Loder,  between  Ortan  and  Penrith. 

Shapleigh,  town,  York  co.,  Me.,  situated  on 
the  E.  side  of  Piscataqua  river,  about  40  ms.  N. 
of  Portsmouth,  in  N.  H. 

Shappinsha,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  lying 
NE.  of  Mainland. 

Sharon,  tp.,  Hillsborough  co.,   N.  H.  

Town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  22  ms.  N.  from  Wind- 
sor. Town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  10  ms.  south 

from  Dedharn.  Pop.  1820,  1,010.  Post  of- 
fice, Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.    Pop.  1820,  3,982. 

 Town,  Litchfield  co.,  Ct.,  on  the  border  of 

N.  Y.,  51  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford,  and  20 
NE.  of  Poughkeepsie,  on  Hudson  river.  It  is 
the  seat  of  an  academy.    Pop.  1810,  2,608;  in 

1820,  2,573.  Village,  near  the  western  part  of 

Mercer  co.,  Pa.,  on  Chenango  creek,  40  ms.  a 
little  W.  of  N.  from  Beaver,  and  70  NW.  from 

Pittsburg.  Village,  Ashtabula  co.,  O.  Tp. 

Richland  co.,  O.  Northern  tp.  Franklin  co., 

O.    Pop.  1820,  983. 

Sharon,  small  village,  Hamilton  co.,  O.,  15  ms. 
N.  from  Cincinnati. — See  Sharonville. 

Sharpsburg,  village,  Hamilton  co.,  O.  Vil- 
lage, Washington  co.,  Md.,  lying  on  the  E.  side 
of  Potomac  river,  10  ms.  above  Harper's  Ferry, 
and  about  21  W.  of  Fredericktown.      It  has 

about  150  inhabitants.  Village,  Bath  co.,  Ky., 

59  ms.  E.  from  Frankfort. 

Sharpstown ,  village,  Salem  co.,  N.  J.,  7  ms. 
NE.  from  Salem,  and  26  SE.  from  Philadelphia. 
It  contains  about  40  houses,  and  250  inhabitants. 

Sharronville,  village,  Hamilton  co.,  O.,  12  ms. 
a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Cincinnati. 

Shastras,  books  of  sacred  ordinances. — See 
Vedas. 

Shat -el- Arab,  Arabic  name  of  the  united  streams 
of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  below  their  junction. 
The  Shat-el-Arab  is  about  100  ms.  long,  flowing 
from  NW.  to  SE.  Before  entering  the  Persian 
Gulf,  it  divides  into  numerous  channels,  and  re- 
ceives the  Ahwas  from  the  N. 

Shauck's,  village,  Richland  co.,  O.,  73  ms. 
NE.  by  E.  from  Columbus. 

Shavers  Creek,  and  post  office,  Huntingdon 
co.,  Pa.,  10  ms.  N.  from  Huntingdon. 

Shawangunk,  village,  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  lying 
on  the  E.  side  of  Walkill  river,  26  ms.  S.  of  King 
ston,  and  29  N.  of  Goshen.    Pop.  1820,  3,372. 

Shawneetown,  village,  Gallatin  co.,  111.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Ohio  river,  10. ms.  below  the  mouth 
if  the  Wabash. 

Shaw's  Ridge,  post  office,  Pendleton  co.,  Va., 
141  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Sheboigan,  river  of  peninsular  Michigan,  rising 
about  N.  lat.  44  20,  and  Ion.  7°  W.  of  W.  C, 
318 


and,  flowing  thence  a  little  W.  of  N.  100  r 
falls  into  the  extreme  western  part  of  Lake  ] 
ron,  opposite  the  island  of  Bois  Blanc. 

Sheepscut,  river,  Maine,  rises  in  the  north 
part  of  Lincoln  co.,  and,  flowing  SSW\  50  r 
enters  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  a  long  and  wide  I 
Only  a  narrow  point  separates  the  mouths  of 

Kennebec  and  Sheepscut  rivers.  Bridge 

post  office,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  about  10  ms.  T 
from  Wiscasset. 

Shereness,  fort  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the  N.  p  , 
of  the  isle  of  Shepey,  at  the  principal  mouth  of 
Medway,  3  ms.  N.  of  Queensborough.  Lon. 
E.,  lat.  51  28  N. 

Sheffield,  large  and  populous  town  of  Eng. 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire.    This  town  , 
been  noted  several  hundred  years  for  cutters 
smith's  manufactures,  which  were  encouraged' 
advanced  by  the  neighboring  mines  of  iron,  pa 
ularly  for  files  and  knives,  or  whittles,  for  the 
of  which  especially  it  has  been  a  staple  for  at  i 
300  years,  and  is  reputed  to  excel  Birminghar 
these  wares,  as  that  does  this  town  in  locks,  i 
ges,  nails,  and  polished  steel.    The  first  mill  . 
England  for  turning  grinding  stones  were  alsc  ; 
up  here.    Here  are  also  lead  works  and  a  silk  r 
It  is  seated  on  the  Don,  which  is  navigable  wi  i 
2  or  3  ms.  of  the  town,  and  its  neighbor!:  1 
abounds  with  coal.    It  has  two  large  churches  I 
a  spacious    market  place,  furnished  with  ;  t 
shops  for  butchers,  &c.    It  is  54  ms.  SSW  f 
York,  and  161  NNW.  of  London.    Lon  H 

W.,  lat.  53  20  N.  Town,  Berkshire  , 

Mass.,  30  ms.  SE.  of  the  city  of  Hudson,  am  I 
N  V/.  of  Hartford.  It  is  remarkable  for  its.  q  - 
ries  of  fine  marble.    Pop.  1810,  2,439  ;  an  i 

1820,  2,477.  Town,  Caledonia  co,  Vt.,  ! 

ms.  NE.  from  Montpelier.  Village,  Lo  i 

co.,  O.  ;  by  post  road  155  ms.  NNE.  from  • 
lurnbus. 

Shefford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bedfordshire,  8  . 
SE.  of  Bedford,  and  41  N.  by  W.  of  Lent. 
Lon.  21'  V/.,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Shefnal,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  9  . 
NE.  of  Bridgenorth,  and  136  NW.  of  Lorn. 
Lon.  2  22  W  ,  lat.  52  42  N. 

Shields,  North,  a  dirty  place,  and  seapor  f 
Eng.,  in  the  co.  of  Northumberland.  It  is  - 
markable  for  being  the  mart  where  ships  tab  i 
their  loading  of  coal,  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  3 
Tyne,  10  ms.  E.  of  Newcastle.  Lon.  1  12  , 
lat.  55  4  N. 

Shields,  South,  seaport  of  Eng.,  m  the  ct 
Durham,  whe;e  these  are  upwards  of  200  » 
pans.    It  i  s  seated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Tyne, ) 
ms.  E.  of  Newcastle.  Lon.  1  12  \V.,  lat.  564  i 

Shelburne,  town  in  the  British  province  or  !l 
Brunswick,  at  Port  Roseway,  extends  2  ms.n 
the  water  side,  and  one  mile  back,  with  ^ 
streets,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  e 
harbor  is  deep,  capacious,  and  secure.    Lat  • 

46  N.,  Ion.  65°  W.  Town,  Coos  co.,  N  • 

 Town,  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  on  Lake  Cha- 
plain, 7  ins.  S.   from  Burlington.    P°f-  J'(  ' 

 Town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  N-  e 

of  Deerfield  river,  between  Plainfield  and  t  ■ 
rain.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,022. 

Shelby,  village,  McComb  co.,  Mich-,  <J8 
from  Detroit.  Town,   Genesee  co.,    >  ' 


SHE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SHE 


a oining  Niagara  co..  N.  from  the  Tonnewanta 
rervation,  and  S.  from  the  Erie  canal. 

Shelby,  co.,  Ala.,  bounded  by  Coosa  river  E., 
I.bco.  S.,  Tuscaloosa  SW.,  Jefferson  NW., 
al  St.  Clair  N.  Length  40  ras.,  width  36,  area 
1 40  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Ca- 
ha  river.  Chief  town,  Shelhyville.  Pop.  in 
1:0,2,416;  and  in  1840,6,112.  Central  lat. 
317  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  42  W. 

Shelby,  SW.  co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  by  the  State 
o'liss.  S.,  Mississippi  river  W.,  and  Madison  co., 
iifenn.,  N.  and  E.  It  is  drained  by  Wolf  river 
a  its  branches.  Surface  generally  hilly.  It  in- 
cites old  Fort  Pickering,  now  Memphis.  Length 
8ms.,  width  30,  area  1,020  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in 
i;0,  354  ;  and  in  1840,  14,721.  N.  lat.  35  10 
«  Ion.  W.  C.  13°  W.,  intersect  in  this  co. 

'hflby,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Spencer  co.  S., 
Ji arson  W.,  Henry  N.,  and  Franklin  E.  and 
S  Length  22  ms.,  mean  width  16,  area  350 
I  ms.  It  is  chiefly  drained  by  the  NE.  fork  of 
8:'  river.  Soil  highly  productive.  Chief  town, 
SHbyville.  Pop.  in  1840,  17,768.  Central 
la, 38  12  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  7  W. 

'helby,  co.,  in  the  western  part,  of  O.,  bounded 
Njby  Allen,  E.  by  Logan,  S.  by  Miami,  and  W. 
tnDarke.  It  is  about  20  ms.  sq.,  and  contains 
4(1  sq.  ms.  It  is  watered  by  the  Great  Miami 
<r.r  and  Loramie's  creek,  beside  several  of  their 
trihtnries.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,106;  and  in  1840, 
M54.    Central  lat.  40  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7 

•  W. 

vielby,  co  ,  la.,  bounded  by  Bartholomew  S., 
Joiison  W.,  Marion  NW.,  Madison  N.,  Rush 
J3  i  and  Decatur  SE.  Length  24  ms.,  breadth 
Sarea  432  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  different 
br'ches  of  the  East  fork  of  White  river.  Pop. 
n340,  12,005.  For  central  lat.,  see  Shelbyville, 
SI  by  cu.,  Ia. 

ie.lby  Court  House,  and  post  office,  Shelby 
'  O  Ala.,  by  post  road  93  ms.  N.  from  Cahaba. 

helbyville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Shelby 
co, la.,  on  Blue  river,  branch  of  White  river,  25 
niiSE.  from  Indianapolis.  Lat.  39  31  N.,  Ion. 
rtC.  8  40  W. 

lelbyville,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Bedford 
co  Tenn.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Duck  river,  30 
I  S.  from  Murfreesboro.    Beside  the  county 
u  lings,  it  contains  a  bank  and  printing  office. 

I  35  27  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  27  W.  Vil- 

a  Shelby  co.,  Ala.,  about  100  ms.  S.  from 
1  tsville,  and  by  post  road  93  ms.  a  little  E.  of 
it  rom  Cahaba. 

lelbyville,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Shelby  co. 
ifrj  on  Brashier's  fork  of  Salt  river,  30  ms.  E. 
I  Louisville.    It  contains,  beside  the  county 
u  ings,  an  academy,  two  churches,  near  300 
'0  9s,  and  about  1,400  inhabitants.    Lat.  38  12 
^..on.  W.  C.  8  7  W. 

eldon,  or  Hungerford,  town,  Franklin  co., 
ton  Missisque  river,  32  ms.  N.  from  Burling- 
oi  Pop.  in  1820,  1,000. 

eldon,  one  of  the  western  towns,  Genesee  co., 

•  .,  on  the  head-waters  of  Tonnewanta,  and 
Ifcfo  creeks,  30  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Buffalo, 

25  SSW.  from  Batavia. 
ella,  town  of  Africa,  in   Morocco,  where 
o  are  allowed  to  enter  but  Mahometans.    It  is 
4  rl.  E.  of  Sallee. 


Shelter  Island,  and  tp.  of  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y  , 
off  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island. 

Sheltonborough,  village,  Pittsylvania  co.,  Va, 

Shenandoah,  river  of  Va.,.  rises  in  Augusta, 
and  drains  that  co.,  and  Rockingham,  Page, 
Warren,  Shenandoah,  Frederick,  and  Jefferson 
cos.,  and  falls  into  the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  aboat  150  ms.  Be- 
side numerous  smaller  branches,  it  is  composed  of 
4  large  constituent  streams,  and,  following  its 
meanders,  is  navigable  for  boats  about  100  ms. 
Its  valley  is  one  of  the  finest  grain  tracts  of  the 
United  States. 

Shenandoah,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  the  Blue 
Ridge,  or  Culpeper  and  Madison  cos.,  SE., 
Rockingham  SW.,  Hardy  and  Hampshire  NW., 
and  Frederick  NE.  Length  36  ms.,  mean  width 
30,  area  1,080  sq.  ms.  It  is  traversed  by  the  two 
main  branches,  and  drained  by  many  minor  tri- 
butaries of  Shenandoah  river.  The  intermediate 
space  between  the  two  great  branches  of  the 
Shenandoah  are  very  mountainous,  and  all  other 
parts  of  the  co.  hilly.  Soil  generally  productive 
in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruits.  Chief  town, 
Woodstock.  Central  lat.  38  47  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
1  30  W.  Population  in  1820,  18,920;  and  in 
1840.  11,618.  The  diminution  here  shown  is 
only  apparent,  as  Warren  and  Page  cos.  were,  sub 
sequent  to  1840,  formed  from  what  was  formely 
comprised  in  Shenandoah.  The  pop.  of  the  three 
cos.  in  1840  stood  thus  : 

Shenandoah      -  -  -  -  11,618 

Warren-  -  -  -  -6,194 

Page     -  5,627 

Total  -  23,439 


Shenango,  NE.  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.  SW. 

tp.,  Crawford  co.,  Pa.  One  of  the  western 

tps.,  Mercer  co.,  Pa.,  on  both  sides  of  Shenango 

river,  8  ms.  SW.  from  Mercer.  River,  Pa., 

rises  in  the  NW.  angle  of  Crawford  co.,  flows  S. 
across  Crawford  and  Mercer  cos.,  and  falls  into 
Big  Beaver  river  on  the  northern  border  of  Bea- 
ver co. 

Shepaug,  a  small  stream  of  Litchfield  co.,  lat. 
which  falls  into  Housatonick  river  in  the  extreme 
western  angle  of  New  Haven  co. 

Shepey,  isle  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Thames,  separated  from  the  main  land  by  the 
East  Swale.  It  contains  the  borough  of  Queens- 
borough  and  the  fort  of  Sheerness. 

Shepherd's  Isles,  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
S.  Pacific  ocean.    Lnn.  168  42  E.,  lat.  17°  S. 

Shepherdstown,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa., 

4  ms.  from  Harrisburg,  and  16  from  Carlisle.  

Town,  Jefferson  co.,  Va.,  lying  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Potomac  river,  opposite  to  Sharpsburg, 
16  ms.  NW.  of  Harper's  Ferry,  and  34  NE.  of 
Winchester.  Village,  Belmont  co.,  O. 

Shepherdsville,  village,  Bullitt  co.,  Ky.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Salt  river,  20  ms.  S.  from  Louis- 
ville, and  an  equal  distance  NW.  from  Bairds- 
town. 

Shepog,  small  river  which  rises  in  Litchfield  co., 
Conn. — See  Shepaug. 

Shepton  Mallet,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somerset- 
shire. It  has  a  considerable  manufacture  of  cloth, 
is  seated  under  Mendir  Hills,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Bath, 

819 


SHI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SHO 


and  114  W.  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W.,  lat- 
51°  N. 

Sherborn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  with 
a  free  school  founded  by  Edward  VI.,  two  large 
silk  mills  ;  and  a  conduit  of  excellent  water,  which 
is  continually  running.  It  is  computed  to  contain 
2,000  inhabitants,  16  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Dorchester, 
and  li8  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  2  41  W., 
lat.  50  54  N. 

Sherborn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  W.  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  a  river,  which  soon  falls  into  the 
Ouse,  14  ms.  SW.  of  York,  and  181  N.  by  W. 
of  London.     Lon.  1  15  W.,  lat.  53  49  N. 

Sherborough,  fort  of  Guinea,  in  Africa,  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  Sherborough  river.  It  belongs  to 
the  English,  and  is  100  ms.  SE.  of  Sierra  Leone,  j 
Lon.  11°  W.,  lat.,  6°  N. 

Sherburne,  anciently  Killington,  tp.,  Rutland  J 
co.,  Vt.,  24  ms.  SSVV.  from  Windsor.  Killing- 
ton  peak,  in  this  tp.,  rises  to  4,000  feet  above  the  i 

level  of  the  ocean.  Town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  [ 

20  ms.  SW.  from  Boston.      Pop.  in  1820,  811. 

 Town  in  the  island  of  Nantucket,  80  ms.  S. 

of  Boston.  Lon.  W.  C.  6  30  E.,  lat.  41°  N.  

Town,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  W.  side  of 
Chenango  river,  about  34  ms.  W.  of  Cooper's; 
town,  and  20  S.  of  Sangerfield.      Pop.  in  1810,  I 
2,428  ;  in  1820,  2,590.  Village,  Beaufort,  dis- 
trict, S.  C,  by  post  road  214  ms.  from  Columbia.  I 

Sherburne  Mills,  post  office,  Fleming  co.,  Ky.,  | 
S.  from  W.  C,  and  by  post  road  106  ms.  NE. 
from  Frankfort. 

Sheriff. — See  county. 

Sheriff -Mair,  heath  in  Perthshire,  Scotland.,  ; 
between  the  Ochils  and  the  Grampian  mountains,  j 

Sherman,  tp.,  Fairfield  co.,  Conn.  Pop.  in  i 
1810,  949;  in  1820,  957. 

Sherrard's  Store,  and  post  office,  Hampshire 
co.,  Va.,  98  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  W.  C. 

Sherrill's  Ford,  and  post  office,  by  post  road  J 
160  ms.  westerly  from  Raleigh. 

Sherwood's  Corner,  and  post  office,  Cayuga  co., 
N.  Y.,  by  post  road,  164  ms.  westerly  from  Al- 
bany. 

Sherriffe,  title  given  to  the  descendants  of  Ma-  ; 
hornet,  by  Hassan  Eon  Ali,  and  are  now  numerous  | 
and  at  once  divided  and  mutually  hostile.  One: 
of  the  Sherriffs  is  nominal  sovereign  of  the  original 
seat  of  the  Mahometan  religion.  Within  the! 
the  assumed  dominions  of  the  Sherriffs  are  the  I 
cities  of  Mecca,  Medina,  Taif,  Jambo,  Sadie,  and  j 
others,  all  in  Hedjas,  which  see.  The  Sherriffe 
has  no  power  in  religious  matters. — See  Seids. 

Sheshequin,  village,  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  by  post 
road  182  ms.  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Shetland,  general  name  of  about  40  island  lying 
100  ms.  NNE.  of  Caithness-shire,  in  Scotland, 
between  59  56,  and  61  11  N.  lat.  The  names  of 
the  principal  are,  Mainland,  Yell,  Unst,  and  Pula, 
or  Thule.  Shetland,  with  Orkney,  forms  one  of 
the  cos.  of  Scotland. 

Shetucket,  river,  Conn.,  joins  the  Quinebaug 
at  Norwich,  to  form  the  Thames,  of  which  it  is 
the  NW,  branch. 

Shieldsborough,  village,  Hancock  co.,  Miss.,  on 
the  bay  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  a  place  of  summer  re- 
sort from  New  Orleans. 

Shikarpoort  city  of  Sindy,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Indus  river,  and  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Soli- 
S20 


mann  mountains,  by  comparative  courses  about 
ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the  Indus,  and  200  b< 
the  junction  of  the  Indus  and  Chenaub  or  Sut 
river.  Bukor,  or  Bhukor,  on  the  Indus,  butt 
ern  side,  may  be  regarded  as  the  port  of  Shi 
poor,  a  town  which  has  extensive  connexions 
many  parts  of  Asia,  and  is  situated  on  the  pi 
below  the  Bolan  Pass,  the  great  defile  through 
Solimann  mountains  into  Gundava,  and  tbi 
into  the  whole  of  Belochistan. 

Shiloah,  village,  Camden  co.,  N.  C. 
Shine's  Store,  and  post  office,  Twiggs  co., 
Shin  Loch,  lake  in  the  mountains  of  Sut 
landshire,    Scotland,  81    ms.   in    circuit,  I 
which  issues  a  stream  which  flows  into  the  Fm 
Dornoch. 

Shinntown,  village,  Harrison  co.,  Va.,  on 
W.  folk  of  Monongahela,  at  the  mouth  of  t 
son's  creek,  8  ms.  NNE  from  Clarksburg, 
by  post  road  235  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W,  from  W 
ington  City. 

Ship  Island,  long  narrow  island  or  sand 
the  Mississippi,  opposite  Biloxi  bay,  and  betv 
Cat  and  Horn  islands. 

Shippinsburg,  town  and  borough,  Cumber 
co.,  Pa.,  21  ms.  SW.  of  Carlisle,  11  NE 
Chambersburg,  and  136  W.  of  Philadelphia, 
is  situated  in  the  heart  of  a  fertile  country, 
tp  ,  with  the  borough,  had  a  population,  in  l! 
of  1,473. 

Shippingport,  large  village,  Jefferson  co.,  i 
at  the  bottom  of  the  Rapids  of  Ohio,  and  2 
below  Louisville.  It  is,  at  low  water,  the  net 
steamboat  navigation  in  the  Ohio.  It  is  in  re 
the  lower  part  of  Louisville. 

Shipton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire 
the  Stour,  14  ms.  W.  of  Banbury,  and  83  ft 
of  London.    Lon.  1  25  W.,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Shirk  trpoor,  city  of  Cabool. 

Shirley,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mas3.,  21 

WNW.  from  Boston.  One  of  the  eastern  i 

Huntingdon  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  right  side  of  Jul 
river,  opposite  Hamiltonville.    Pop.  1820,  1, 

Shirleysburg,  village,  Shirley  tp.,  Hun  tint 
co.,  Pa.,- about  20  ms.  SSE.  from  Huntingdc 

Shiver's  Mills,  and  post  office,  Warren  co., 
34  ms.  easterly  from  Milledgeville. 

Shoa,  province  of  Abyssinia,  in  N.  lat, 
This  very  imperfectly  known  country  occupies 
of  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Nile  basin,  poout 
ms.  southwardly  from  and  below  Gondar. 
Nile,  or,  as  called  in  the  extreme  higher  part  i 
course,   the  Amhara,  issues  from  one  J  I 
mountain  basins,  of  which  Mexico  is  an  exan 
and,  flowing  southwardly,  receives  numerous 
fluents  from  the  mountainous  rim  by  which 
encircled.    Two  of  those  mountain  torrents,  t 
ing  westward,  drain  Shoa,  and  fall  into  the  1 
which  below  their  influx  cross  N.  lat.  10°, 
lapidly  curving  to  the  W.  and  NW.  quit  U 
Abyssinia,  and,  after  a  comparative  course  of  a 
500  ms.,  join  White  river,  to  form  the  proper  1 
See  Nile  and  Africa,  pages  11,  12,  &c. 
whole  of  Upper  Abyssinia  is  very  elevated. 

Shoals,  Isles  of,  on  the  coast  of  New  Hi 
shire  and  Maine.  They  lie  convenient  for  the 
fishery,  which  was  formerly  carried  on  her 
great  advantage. 

Shoals  of  Ogechee,  post  office  in  the  ea 


bi  t 


SHU 


i,t»f  Hancock  co.,  Ga.,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Mil- 
d'ville. 

occoe  Springs,  village,  academy,  and  watering 
>  i,  Warren  co.,  N.  C,  about  60  ms.  NE.  from 
a  gh. 

ogle,  town  of  Asia,  in  Syria,  on  the  Asia  an- 
e  ly  called  Oronles,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  13 
It  is  18  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Antioch,  and  45 
V  of  Aleppo.    Lon.  36  40  E.,  lat.  35  20  N. 
ioomska,  one  of  the  Kuriles,  in  Kamtschatka, 
hi  is  inhabited  by  a  mixture  of  natives  and 
it  schatkadales. — See  Kuriles. 
looter's  Hill,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  situated 
,i  hill  so  called,  8  ms.  ESE.  of  London.  From 
thjjfhili  is  a  fine  extensive  prospect,  and  the 
h  les  makes  a  magnificent  appearance  from  it. 
hreham,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  on  an 
n  »f  the  sea,  which  makes  it  a  place  of  some 
u  and  many  small  vessels  are  built  here.    It  is 
ci  3.  NW.  of  New  Haven,  and  56  S.  by  W.  of 

on.     Lon.  15'  W.,  lat.  50  54  N.  Town, 

Ad'iion  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Cham- 
piaii  4  ms.  N.  of  Mount  Independence.  Popu- 
laiil,  2,100. 

)rtt  SE.  tp.,  Harrison  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in 
182,  2,978. 

,'irt  Pump,  post  office,  Henrico  co.,  Va.,  9 
DusJom  Richmond. 

Sort  Tract,  village,  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y. 

Kiwn's  Cross  Roads,  Carter  co.,  Tennessee, 
hy  ist  road  280  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  Mur- 
traejorough. 

irewsbury,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire, 
.irtdjtie  capital  of  that  co.,  18  ms.  E.  of  Welsh- 
pert  36  W.  of  Litchfield,  and  169  NW.  of  Lon- 

dod  Lon.  2  41  W.,  lat.  52  43  N.  Town, 

Rttlnd  co.,  Vt,  on  Otter  creek,  10  ms.  SE.  from 

R*lfnd.  Town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  6  ms. 

l\Efrom  Worcester.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,210;  in 
18Sj  1,458,  Town,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  on 

h  l  and  dry  soil,  near  the  sea  shore,  and  there- 
sorted  to  in  summer  by  the  people  of  New 
io:!and  Philadelphia,  as  a  bathing  place.    It  lies 
in  l|  40  17  N.,  and  lon.  73  12  W.,  at  the  dis- 

I  of  47  ms.  NE.  from  Trenton,  28  E.  by  S. 

■  New  Brunswick,  and  77  NE.  from  Philadel- 
phi    Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1810,  3,773;  in  1820, 

iM;  and  in  1840,  5,917.  Town,  York  co., 

'r'4.; It  bounds  oa  Md.  on  the  S.,  and  lies  be- 
the  S.  and  E.  branches  of  Codorous  creek. 

)|in  1820,  1,983.  NE.  tp.,  Lycoming  co., 

a. — Village,  Kenhawa  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road 
SOflis.  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

■opshire,  ox  Salop,  co.  of  Eng.,  bounded  on 
trie!,  by  Cheshire  and  a  detached  part  of  Flint- 
■  fii  on  the  E.  by  Staffordshire,  on  the  SE.  by 
w  estershire,  on  the  S.  by  Herefordshire,  on  the 
'  Why  Radnorshire,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  cos.  of 

'o  joinery  and  Denbigh;  it  is  about  50  ms.  long 

iclrO  broad.    It  lies  partly  in  the  diocess  of 
field  and  Coventry,  and  partly  in  that  of  Here- 
I  n   This  country  abounds  with  lead,  copper, 

"limestone,  freestone,  pipe  clay,  bitumen,  and 

a   The  principal  rivers  are  the  Severn  and  the 
The  capital  is  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  in  1801, 
l^>39;in  1811,  194,278;  and  in  1821,206,266. 

ttmla,  Tchoumla,  $c,  a  large  fortified  town 
"  1  ropean  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria.    It  is  situated 
'3  of  the  gorges  of  the  Balcan  mountains,  N. 


SIB 


lat.  43  15,  lon.  27°  E.  of  London,  about  100  ms. 
a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Adrianople,  45  ins.  nearly 
due  W.  from  Varna,  and  200  ms.  NNW.  from 
Constantinople. 

Shutcsbury,  tp.  and  post  office,  Franklin  co., 
Mass.,  15  ins.  NE.  from  Greenfield. 

Shtans,  Shans,  or  Laos,  loosely  applied  names 
used  to  designate  the  civilized  people  who  inhabit 
the  imperfectly  known  countries  between  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  and  China.  "  Shyan  is  a  Burman 
name,  and  Low  or  Lao  the  Chinese.  They  call 
themselves  Tay.  They  seem  to  be  the  parent 
stock  of  both  Asamese  and  Siamese.  Bengalese 
always  put  a  vowel  before  every  word,  and  make 
m  and  11  convertible,  so  that  Shyan  becomes  with 
them  A-syam,  which  the  English  further  altered  to 
Asam.  Syam,  or  Siam,  is  but  another  form  of 
the  same  word. — Malcom,  vol  2,  page  198. 

Siam,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
China,  on  the  E.  by  Laos  and  Cambodia,  on  the 
S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  and  Pegu.  It  is  550  ms.  in  length,  and 
250  in  breadth,  though  in  some  places  not  above 
50.  Tt  i3  divided  into  the  Higher  and  Lower,  and 
the  soil  produces  plenty  of  rice,  cotton,  and  fruits. 
They  have  abundance  of  wild  beasts  in  the  woods, 
as  elephants,  rhinoceroses,  leopards,  and  tigers. 
Their  tame  cattle  are  beeves,  buffaloes,  and  hogs, 
of  which  they  have  plenty  about  their  farms.  Be- 
sides which,  there  are  large  and  dangerous  croco- 
diles, and  serpents  20  feet  long.  Thete  reigns  a 
lamentable  ignorance  in  our  books  on  the  wide 
tracts  and  numerous  civilized  nations  between  Hin- 
doostan  and  China.  It  would  appear,  from  Howard, 
Malcom,  and  some  other  authors,  that  Siam,  Asam, 
Asyam,  Shyan,  &c.,  are  mere  inflexions  of  the 
same  term.  Yoodroo-Shan,  or  one  of  the  names 
we  use  for  Annam,  is  no  doubt  from  the  same  root, 
and  all  about  as  definite  as  Asiatic  or  European. 
Malcom  says :  "  The  Shyans  are  divided  into  many 
tribes,  and  the  language  has  a  corresponding  num- 
ber of  dialects."  "It  is  impossible  to  enumerate  the 
different  tribes.  Their  chief  designations  seem  to 
be  from  the  regions  they  inhabit."  These  are  in- 
structive sentences,  as  they  show  a  frequently  vis- 
ited fountain  of  error.  Mere  local  names  of  places 
are  made  to  create  tribes,  which,  nationally  speak- 
ing, have  no  separate  existence. — See  Shyan. 

Siam,  or  Juthia,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  seated  on  the  Menan,  near  its  mouth, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  400  ms.  SE.  of  Pegu.  Lon. 
101  20  E.,  lat.  14  20  N. 

Siara,  captain-generalship  of  Brazil,  bounded  by 
Pornaiba  river  or  Maranham  NW.,  Atlantic  ocean 
NE.,  Pernambuco  and  Bahia  SE',  and  GoiasSW. 
Length  700,  breadth  200  ms ;  area  140,000  sq.  ms. 

 'Town  of  South  America,  in  Brazil,  capital  of 

a  captain-generalship  of  the  same  name.  Lon.  W. 
C.  37  10  E.,  lat.  3  15  S. 

Siaskoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Petersburgh.  It  is  seated  not  far  from  the  Lake 
Ladoga,  24  ms.  NE.  of  New  Ladoga.  Lon.  30 
47  E.,  lat.  60  16  N. 

Siberia,  from  Sibir,  its  ancient  capital,  is  the 
general  name  of  Asiatic  Russia.  It  is  bounded  N. 
by  the  Frozen  ocean,  W.  by  the  Uralian  moun- 
tains, which  separate  it  from  Europe,  on  the  SW. 
the  Algydin-Shalo  mountains  separate  it  from  In- 
dependent Tartary,  on  the  S.   the  Altaian  and 

821 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SIB 


Daoorian  mountains  form  ihe  line  of  demarkation 
between  the  Russian  and  Chinese  empires,  and  on 
the  E.  the  Pacific  and  its  extension  northward  di- 
vides Siberia  from  North  America.  This  immense 
tract  is  about  4,000  ms.  from  W.  to  E.,  and  va- 
ries in  width  from  1,000  to  near  2,000  ms.  The 
area  rather  exceeds  5,000,000  sq.  ms.,  or  about 
one-eighth  part  of  the  terraqueous  earth.    In  gen- 


the  animal  kingdom.    The  reindeer,  which, 
northern  Europe  exists  only  above  60°,  was  8  j 
in  large  flocks,  by  Pallas  and  Sokolof,  on  the  1 
ders  of  Mongol  Tartary,  as  low  as  49°  or  5 
"  Thus  the  countries  of  the  reindeer  and  catrn  ' 
says  Malte  Brun,  "  which  are  separated  by  an 
terval  of  20°  or  30°,  in  the  western  part  of  !- 
continent,  touch  one  another,  and  are,  perht 


eral  terms,  Siberia  may  be  described  as  mountainous  mingled  in  the  countries  of  the  East, 
on  the  W.,  8.,  and  E.,  and  gradually  sinking  into  I     In  those  gloomy  regions  the  dog  fullows 
vast  plains  towards  the  Arctic  ocean.    Viewed  on  j  reindeer  as  the  servant  of  man  ;  the  former  is  i 
a  map,  this  part  of  Asia  appears  evidently  as  a  sec- ;  used  as  a  beast  of  draught,  but  abounds  chi 
tion  of  a  basin  having  the  Arctic  ocean  as  its  lowest ;  amongst  the  Kamtschatkadales,  Tongooses, 
point  of  depression.    Into  this  recipient  are  tlis- 1  moides,  and  Ostiaks.    In  Southern  Siberia 
charged  a  series  of  rivers,  most  of  which  draw  their  horse  abounds,  as  do  cattle  and  sheep.    In  anin 
remote  sources  from  the  interior  table  land  or  pla- !  producing  fur,  northern  Siberia  exceeds  every  r 
teau  of  Asia.    From  its  slope,  and  having  its  jer  part  of  the  earth.    In  brief,  this  large  sect 
highest  5ide  to  the  southward,  the  phenomenon  of|of  the  habitable  earth,  now  under  Russian  gove 
the  excess  ve  cold  of  Siberia  arises.    The  Oby,  1  ment,  is  slowly  recovering  from  the  murder 
Jenisey,  and  Lena,  flow  from  an  elevation  of  at  j  ravages  of  the  Tartars  and  Mongols  of  the  mid 
least  3,000   feet.     The  plains,  called  in  Asia  [ages.    See  the  various  parts,  under  their  respect 
steppes,  are  in  every  respect  similar  to  the  prairies  j  heads.    Tobolsk  is  the  capital, 
or  natural  meadows  of  IV.  America. — See  Steppes.  I     Sibylle,  women  who,  in  many  countries,  : 
Extending  from  N.  lat.  50°  to  nearly  80°,  and  yet  regarded  as  endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophe 
having,  as  we  have  seen,  a  great  northern  inclina  i  The  mountaineer,  in  Upper  Albania,  believes, : 
tion  and  southern  elevation,  Siberia  has  the  most  |  do  the  Servian,  and  probably  all  the  barborous 


intense  winter  climate  of  the  earth  in  proportion  to 
comparative  lat.  From  this  asperity  of  tempera- 
ture, and  also  from  general  sterility  of  soil,  the 
northern  part  of  Siberia  is  thinly  peopled.  It  is  a 
region  where  the  reindeer  and  the  dog  are  the 
beasts  of  burden  and  draught,  and  where  furs  and 
ivory  are  the  most  valuable  staple  commodities. 
Advancing  southward  into  interior  Asia,  the  cli- 
mate meliorates,  and  the  grain  and  fruits  of  Europe 


lions  of  congenerate  race,  in  supernatural  prop* 
esses,  called,  in  their  language,  Vyles.  Vyles 
of  the  same  class  as  Sibylla,  or,  according  to  ' 
Greek  pronunciation,  Sivy  11a.  Si  is  an  abbrev 
tion  of  an  Eolic  word,  which  has  the  same  sign 
cation  as  Theo— Sibylle  is,  then,  a  divine  or  gr 
like  Vyle.  Wyll,  or  Gwyll,  is  a  Welch  word 
a  spectre  or  sorceress,  from  whence  comes  the  El 
word  wile,  to  deceive.     Vala,  of  which  the  ge 


are  cultivated  to  advantage;  but  every  where  on  tive  is  vocla,  means,  in  Icelandic,  a  supernatu 


these  elevated  regions  the  climate  is  much  more  se- 
vere than  in  similar  latitudes  in  Europe.    A  part 


being,  with  the  gift  of  prophecy. 

Si byx,  Gr.  siballa,  according  to  some,  a  pro] 


of  the  large  government  of  Kolywan,  and  the  |  personal  name,  but  by  others  derived  from  Me' 


country  round  the  Baikal,  are  on  the  latitudes  of 
London,  Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  the  N.  of  France 
and  Germany.  The  winter  is  9  or  10  months  long 
in  almost  all  Siberia,  and  the  summers  of  its  most 
southern  sections  are  not  either  so  long  or  warm  as 
those  of  Norway.  Similar  to  North  America,  in 
high  northern  latitudes,  the  soil  of  Siberia  above 
55°  or  60°,  remains  perpetually  frozen  at  a  very 
small  depth,  and  renders  the  digging  of  wells  im- 
practicable. The  air,  however,  though  severe,  is 
generally  healthy,  but  the  population  must,  from 
the  causes  stated,  be  always  comparatively  thin. 

Siberia  is  rich  in  metallic  wealth,  so  much  so  as 
to  have  received  and  deserve  the  name  of  the  Rus- 
sian Peru.  Gold  mines  exist,  and  are  extensively 
worked,  at  Bare2of.  Silver  is  found  near  to  Koly- 
wan and  Nertchinsk,  and  in  many  other  places. 
Iron  and  copper  abound,  particularly  in  the  Ura- 
lian  mountains,  but  are  also  found  in  lesser  quanti- 
ties in  many  other  locations. 

The  vegetable  kingdom,  however,  affords  the 
true  test  of  climate.  The  pine  of  Norway  rises  as 
high  as  N.  lat.  70°  ;  the  same  tree  yields  to  the 
intense  frost  of  Siberia,  at  N.  lat.  60°.  On  the 
Oby,  at  lat.  60°,  agriculture  ceases,  and,  similar  to 
N.  America,  the  line  of  vegetation  inflects  south- 
ward, proceeding  eastward  towards  the  Pacific 
ocean.  At  Oodskvi,  in  55°,  nor  in  Kamtschatka, 
at  51°,  grain  has  not  been  found  to  ripen. 

The  severity  of  Siberian  air  is  again  shown  by 
822 


God,  and  boule,  a  council.  There  is,  however,  i 
thing  contradictory  of  each  other  in  the  two  etym 
ogies.  They  were  females  who  pretended  to  t 
power  of  foretelling  events. 

Sichem,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 
Brabant,  to  the  S.  of  which  is  a  celebrated  raon; 
tery.  It  is  seated  on  the  Demer,  18  miles  S 
of  Mechim.    Lon.  5°  E„  lat.  51  6  N. 

Sicily,  island  of  the  Mediterranean  sea,  aim* 
in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  terminating  in  thi 
points  or  capes;  that  which  is  nearest  Italy  is  ca 
ed  Cape  del  Faro  ;  that  which  regards  the  Mort 
Capo  Passaro;  and  the  third,  which  points  to  / 
rica,  Capo  di  Boco.  Sicily  is  naturally  oivid 
into  three  valleys,  to  which  the  political  names 
provinces  have  been  given  ;  they  are  Val  di  Ma? 
ra,  Val  di  Demona,  and  Val  di  Noto.  See  tbc 
articles,  in  their  places.  It  is  separated  from  Its 
by  the  straits  of  Messina,  15  ms.  broad  where  n: 
rowest.  The  climate  is  delicious,  and  soil  exub< 
anlly  fruitful.  In  ancient  times  it  had  the  aspi 
of  a  garden,  but  in  modern  times  badly  cultivate 
Pop.  1820,  1,600,000.  Religion,  Roman  Cath 
lie.  It  forms  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  No  pies, 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  Length  165  ms.,  and  bread 
where  widest  1 1 2. 
Sicques. — See  Seiks. 

Sidaye,  strong  town  on  the  coast  of  the  islai 
of  Java,  in  the  E.  Indies,  with  a  harbor. 
113  15  E.,  lat-  6  40  S. 


SIE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SIL 


Siddington,  village  of  England,  in  Gloucester- 
ire,  seated  on  the  river  Churn,  1  m.  SE.  of  Cir- 
icester. 

Siddonsburg,  village,  York  co.,  Pa.,  by  post 
ad  32  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 
Sideling  Hill,  range  of  mountains  in  Bedford 
L  Pa.,  and  between  Alleghany  and  Washington 
s.,  Md.  It  lies  between  the  Warrior  and  North 
ountain,  and  extends  through  this  co.  and  a  part 
Huntingdon,  from  SW.  to  NE. 
Sideral,  what  appertains  to  the  stars.  Sideral 
ar,  the  time  during  which  the  earth  revolves 
>m  a  star  to  the  same  star,  which  comprises  365 
ys,  6*  hours,  9  minutes,  and  12  seconds,  being 
i  minutes  and  20  seconds  longer  than  the  solar 
tropical  year. 

Siderocapsa,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Ma-j 
3onia  famous  for  a  gold  mine  in  its  neighbor- 
od.  It  is  5  ms.  from  the  Gulf  of  Contessa.  Lon. 
44  E.,  lat.  40  30  N. 

Sidmouth,  fishing  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire, 
icq  frequented  in  the  bathing  season.    It  is  12 
;.  SE.  of  Exeter,  and  158  W.  by  S.  of  London, 
n.  3  15  W.,  lat.  50  38  N. 
Sidney,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  8  ins.  above 

igusta.  Town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  York.  

iw  town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Shelby  co.,  O. 
Is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Great  Miami  river, 
nut  10  ms.  NE.  from  Piqua,  and  72  northwest- 
er from  Columbus.  Lat.  40  17  N.,  lon.  W. 
•]7  8  W. 

Sidney  Plains,  and  post  office,  in  Sydney  tp., 
v3tern  part  of  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post  road 

5  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Sidun,  or  Said,  seaport  of  Palestine,  anciently 
i  lace  of  great  strength  and  extensive  trade.  It 
U5  ms.  WSW.  of  Damascus.  Lon.  36  5  E., 
I  33  33  N. — See  Asia,  p.  81. 

Sidra,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  between  the 
(If  of  Napoli  and  that  of  Engia,    Lon.  24°  E., 

I  37  4  N.  Spacious  gulf  on  the  coast  of  Bar- 

ty,  between  Tripoli  and  Barca,  which  takes  its 
tae  from  a  small  island  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf. 

Siedenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westphalia, 
co.  of  Hoye,  9  ms.  SSW.  of  Hoye. 

'iiegburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westphalia, 
a  duchy  of  Berg,  subject  to  the  elector  palatine. 
Is  seated  on  the  Sieg,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Cologne, 
li.  7  22  E  ,  lat.  50  43  N. 

negen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wettcravia,  on 
t  river  of  the  same  name,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Dil- 
!•  burgh,  and  37  E.  of  Cologne.  Lon  8  5  E., 
I  50  53  N. 

negmaringen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia, 
a  capital  of  Hohenzollern  Siegmaringen.  It  is 
itns.  N.  of  Constance,  and  44  S.  of  Stutgard. 
\}\  9  10  E.,  lat.  48  2  N. 

•iegsladt,  town  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of 
^rerhuys. 

'ienno,  celebrated  city  of  Tuscany,  capital  of 
I  Siennese,  with  a  university.  It  is  about  4  ms. 
'<  ircuinference,  and  surrounded  by  a  wall.  The 
a  litecture  of  the  Gothic  metropolitan  church  is 
aiirable,  and  much  esteemed  by  all  travellers;  it 
!*uilt  with  black  and  white  marble,  and  the  pave - 
nit  is  of  Mosaic  work.  The  Italian  language  is 
Kht  here  with  such  purity  that  many  foreigners 
,ruent  it  on  that  account.  It  is  seated  on  three 
e'iences,  36  ms.  S.  of  Florence,  and  105  N.  by 


W.  of  Rome.  Longitude  1111  E.,  latitude  43  23 
North. 

Siennese,  duchy  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Florentino,  on  the  S.  by  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  duchy  of  Castro,  and  the  E.  by  the  Peru- 
gino  and  Orvietano,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Flor- 
entino and  the  Tuscan  sea.  It  is  about  55  ms.  in 
length,  and  as  much  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  pretty 
fertile,  especially  in  mulberry  trees,  which  feed  a 
great  number  of  silk  worms,  and  there  are  several 
mineral  springs.    Sienna  is  the  capital. 

Siennoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Mohilef,  60  ms.  NNW.  of  Mohilef.  Lon.  29  45 
E.,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Sierra  Leone,  country  on  the  W,  coast  of  Afri- 
ca, so  named, according  to  some  authors,  by  the 
Portuguese,  on  account  of  its  mountains  on  this 
coast  abounding  with  lions.  Some  extend  its  lim- 
its from  the  Grain  coast  on  the  SE.,  to  Cape  Ver- 
ga,  or  Voga,  on  theNW.,  that  is,  between  7°  and 
10°  N.  lat.  Others,  however,  confine  the  coun- 
try between  Cape  Verga  and  Cape  Tagrin.  Free- 
town and  Regentstown,  in  this  country,  are  British 
colonies. — See  Freetown  and  Regentsiown. 

Sierra  Leone,  river  of  Africa,  in  a  country  of 
the  same  name.  Its  source  is  uncertain,  but  it* 
mouth,  in  lon.  13  30  W.,  lat.  8  15  N.,  is  9  miles 
wide. 

Sierra  Leone,  or  Lion  Mountains,  mountains 
of  Africa,  which  divide  Nigritia  from  Guinea,  and 
extend  as  far  as  Abyssinia.  They  were  styled 
by  the  ancients  the  Mountains  of  God,  on  account 
of  their  being  subject  to  thunder  and  lightning. 

Sierra  Morena,  mountains  in  Spain,  which  di- 
vide the  kingdoms  of  Estramadura  and  New  Cas- 
tile from  that  of  Andalusia. 

Si  Fians,  the  name  of  a  people  subject  to  Chi- 
na.  The  country  is  only  a  continued  ridge  of 
mountains,  bounded  by  the  rivers  Hoang-ho  on 
the  N.,  Yabmg  on  the  W.,  and  Yang-tse-Kiang 
on  the  E.  ;  between  30°  and  35°  N.  lat. 

Sigmaringen,  city  of  Germany,  on  the  Danube, 
44  ms.  S.  of  Stutgard. — See  Siegmaringen. 

Sigelmessa.  — See  Sugeillmessa, 

Sigeth,  or  Zigat,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  cap- 
ital of  a  co.  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  in  a 
morass,  has  a  triple  wall,  with  ditches  full  of  wa- 
ter, and  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  being  one  of  the 
strongest  places  in  Hungary.  It  is  50  ms.  NW. 
of  Esseck,  and  38  W.  by  S.  of  Colocza.  Lon. 
18  58  E.,  lat.  46  17  N. 

Signau,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern.    Lon.  7  18  E.,  lat.  46  44  N. 

Sigtuna,  ancient  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland, 
seated  on  the  Lake  Maeler,  between  Stockholm 
and  Upsal. 

Siguenza,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  university.  It  is  surrounded  with  strong  walls, 
and  well  fortified.  The  university  consists  of  sev- 
eral colleges.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Atienca,  60  ms.  NE.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2 
41  W.,  lat.  41  6  N. 

Sihon,  or  Qihon,  the  Iaxartes  of  the  ancients, 
and  the  Amu  of  the  Russians,  a  river  of  Asia. — 
See  Jihon. 

Silao,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guanaxuato,  20  ms. 
NW.  by  W.  from  the  city  of  Guanaxuato. 

Silchester,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  where 
tradition  says  King  Arthur  was  crowned. 

S2(] 


SIL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SIN 


Sishou,  beautiful  lake  of  China,  which  washes 
the  walls  of  Hang-tcheou. 

Silesia,  duchy  of  Germany,  274  ms.  long,  and 
100  broad,  bounded  Ton  the  N.  by  Brandenburg 
and  Poland,  on  the  S.  by  Moravia  and  Hungary, 
on  the  E.  by  Poland,  on  the  VV.  by  Lower  Lusa- 
tia  and  Bohemia.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Oder,  the  Vistula,  the  Neisse,  the  Bober,  the 
Qoeis,  the  Oppa,  and  the  Else.  There  is  a  long 
chain  of  mountains  which  separates  Silesia  from 
Bohemia  The  most  considerable  silver  mines  are 
at  Reitstein,  in  the  principality  of  Breig.  There 
are  also  mines  of  lead,  copper,  and  iron,  and  quar- 
ries of  various  stones,  besides  antimony,  saltpetre, 
sulphur,  alum,  vitriol,  quicksilver,  sealed  earth, 
and  other  minerals.  The  principal  manufactory 
is  linen  cloth,  and  they  have  also  some  woolen 
manufactories  and  glass  houses;  it  contains  about 
2,000,000  of  inhabitants.  The  greatest  part  of 
this  country  was  ceded  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  in 
1742,  by  the  treaty  of  Breslaw.  The  much  larger 
sections  of  Silesia  were  claimed,  sword  in  hand,  by 
Frederick  II,  almost  at  the  moment  of  succeeding 
his  father,  (May  31,  1740,)  but  his  claims  were 
only  revivals  of  what  Prussia  had  long  before 
claimed.  Austria,  it  is  true,  had  been  long  in 
possession,  and  no  more  regarded  Silesia  as  part  of 
Poland  than  she  did  Moravia  or  Bohemia,  or  we 
might  say  Hungary  or  Transylvania. 

Silesia,  province  of  the  Austrian  empire,  being 
the  southern  extremity  of  ancient  Silesia.  Pop. 
300,000  ;  capital,  Techen.  This  Austrian  part  of 
Silesia  is  more  usually  called  the  principality  of 
Techen. 

Silhet,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  East  Indies, 
100  ms.  NE.  of  Dacca,  and  200  ENE.  of  Moor- 
shedabad.  Longitude  91  57  East,  latitude  24  52 
North. 

Silislria,  or  Dorestro,  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Bulgaria,  with  a  citadel  and  an  archbish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Missovo  and  Danube,  97  ms  NE.  of  Nicopoli, 
and  170  NE.  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  37  31  E.,  lat. 
45°  N. 

Silk,  Fr.  soie,  supposed  to  be  derived  from  Se- 
ries, the  country  from  which  it  was  first  brought 
to  Europe.  In  southeastern  Asia,  continental  and 
insular,  the  production  and  use  of  silk  was  known 
from  time  immemorial.  In  the  western  side  of  the 
eastern  continent  it  was  known  to  and  mentioned 
by  Aristotle  and  Pliny,  but  was  so  scarce  and  dear, 
however,  as  to  sell  for  its  weight  in  gold,  as  late  as 
the  reign  of  Aurelian  A.  D.  270.  It  was  only  in 
A.  D.  555,  in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  that  the  silk 
worm  was  brought  from  the  east.  The  production 
of  silk  stuffs  was  slow,  and  for  several  succeeding 
centuries  confined  to  Athens,  Thebes,  and  Cor- 
inth, or  other  cities  of  the  Greek  empire.  In  1 130 
Athens  was  taken  by  Rogt  r,  King  of  Sicily,  and 
silk  workers  brought  into  that  island,  and  the  man- 
ufacture spread  thence  over  Italy  and  Spain.  Silk 
manufacture  was  not  introduced  into  France  until 
in  the  reign  of  Francis  I,  1515-'47,  but  not  until 
Henry  IV,  1589,  1610,  did  that  species  of  manu- 
facture become  of  much  importance.  There  is  lit- 
tle or  no  doubt  of  the  natural  facilities  fur  the  pro- 
duction of  silk  being  much  greater  on  the  eastern 
than  on  the  western  sides  of  both  g  eat  continents. 

Silkeburg,  formerly  strong  town  of  Denmark, 
824 


in  N.  Jutland,  18  ms.  W.  of  Arhusen.  Lot  ) 
30  E.j  lat.  56  3  N. 

Silltbar,  seaport  on  the  W.  coast  of  Suma 
in  the  East  Indies,  a  little  S.  of  Bencoolen.  I  ' 
,  101°  E.,  lat.  4°  S. 

Silver  Creek,  tp.  of  Green  co.,  O.,  contair  r 
J  the  village  of  Jamestown. 

Silver  Lake,  village,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.;  j 
;  postroad  267  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Alba  . 

I  Town,  Susquehannah  co.,  Pa.,  6  ms.  N  , 

|  from  Montrose. 

Simancas,  town  of  Spain,  in  the  provinc  | 
!  Leon,  with  a  strong  castle,  situated  on  the  Dc  • 
|ro,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Valladolid.  Lon.  4  30  VV.,  . 
lit  45  N. 

Simbirsk,  government  of  Russia,  formerl  i 
province  of  the  kingdom  of  Kasan,  which  cont; ; 

13  districts.  Capital  town  of  Russia,  in  > 

government  of  Simbirsk     It  is  seated  on  the  1 
ga,  100  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Kasan.   Lon  48  34  , 
lat.  54  22  N. 

Simcoe,  lake  of  U.  C  ,  which  discharges  its  1 

ters  into  Lake  Huron  by  Severn  river.  *(J 

U.  C,  between  Lakes  Simcoe  and  Huron. 


Silota,  Bocca,  the  strait  between  the  island 


I  Negropont  and  Andros. 

Simi,  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  6  ms.  N  f 
Rhodes.    Lon.  27  33  E.,  lat.  36  35  N. 

Simmerin,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Rhi 
capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  on  the  S  • 
merin,  26  ms.  W.  of  Mentz  and  35  E.  of  Tri . 
Lon.  2  41  E.,  lat.  49  51  N. 

Simmonsville,  village,  Coshocton  co.,  O. ; ' 
post  road  100  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Simogu,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  East  - 
dies,  93  ms.  NW.  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  76  * 
E.,  lat.  13  21  N. 

Simo7is,  St-,  island  of  North  America,  on  ^ 
coast  of  Ga.,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Alatam! , 
about  15  ms.  long  and  4  broad.  Chief  to  , 
Frederica. 

Simonthorna,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hung:  j 

in  the  co.  of  Tolna,  8  ms.  from  Tolna.  Lon.  1 
r16  E.,  lat.  46  40  N. 

Simpson,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Tenn.  S.,  H 

gan  co  ,  in  Ky.,  W.  and  NW.,  Warren  N.,  1 
i  Allen  E.    Length  25  ms.,  mean  width  16;  i|j 
|  400  sq.  ms.    Red  river,  branch  of  Cumberla, 
|  and  Big  Barren,  branch  of  Green  river,  rise  i 
I  this  co.    Chief  town,  Franklin.    Pop.  in  18, 

4,852;  and  in  1840,6,537.    Central  lat.  36  I 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9  24  W. 

}  Simpson's,  post  office,  Montgomery  co.,  v; 
I  by  post  road  244  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  R  - 

j  mond.  Post  office,  Gasconade  co  ,  Mo.,  1 

:  ms.  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

Simpsonville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  IV. 

,8  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C.  Village",  Shelby  , 

;Ky.,  34  ms.  from  Frankfort. 

Simsbury,  small  town,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  I 
ms.  NW.  of  Hartford,  and  8  SE.  of  New  H- 
ford.    Pop.  1820,  1,954. 

Simsonville,  village,  Laurens  district,  S.  , 
NW.  from  Columbia.  * 

Sinai,  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrsa,  in  the  - 
ninsula  formed  by  the  two  arms  of  the  Red  • 
What  is  called  Sinai  in  the  singular  is  really  1 
isolated  group  rising  near  the  southern  angl  * 
the  peninsula  between  the  gulf  of  Suez  on  <? 


SIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SIR 


est  and  Akaba  on  the  east,  the  two  northern 
ms  of  the  Red  sea.  N.  lat.  29£°  and  Ion.  E.  of 
ondon  34°  intersect  in  the  group.  The  peak 
irticularly  called  Sinai  rises  55  English  miles  a 
;ry  little  W.  of  N.  from  Cape  Ras  Abou  Mo- 
immed,  and  about  200  ms.  SE.  of  Grand  Cairo. 

Sincapour,  or  Sincapore,  or  Singapore,  island 
id  town  at  the  most  southern  extremity  of  the 
•ninsula  of  Malacca,  opposite  the  island  ofSuma- 
i,  which,  with  the  Malacca  coast,  form  the  strait 

Sincapour.    The  island  of  that  name  is  one  of 
group  of  small  islands  lying  in  the  China  sea, 
F  the  extreme  point  of  Malacca,  to  the  northeast- 
n  coast  of  Sumatra.    Cent.  lat.  of  the  group  1° 
.,  Ion.  104°  E.  of  the  royal  observatory,  Green 
ich.    Sincapore,  the  town  and  port,  is  at  N.  lat.  I  bay  of  Patan. 
23,  Ion.  103  52  E.    When,  but  a  few  years] 
ice,  the  English,  under  Sir  Stamford  Raffles,  j 
ok  possession  of  this  place,  it  was  almost  unin-j 


Longitude  17  30  East,  latitude  47  10 


Spalatro. 
North. 

Singan-fou,  large  city  and  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince ot  Chen-si,  in  China.  Next  to  Peking,  it  ia 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  largest  cities  in  Chi- 
na. It  is  480  ms.  SW.  of  Peking.  Lon.  108 
43  E.,  lat.  34  16  N. 

Singapore.  — See  Singapore. 
S/'ngillis,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Simbrisk     Lon.  48  34  E.,  lat.  54  1  N. 

Sbigo,  town  ot  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  Macedo- 
nia, on  the  gulf  of  Monte  Santo.  Lon.  24°  E.» 
lat.  40  13  N. 

Singor,  town  of  Asia,  in  the  peninsula  of  Ma- 
lacca, seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river  in  the 
Lon.  101  25  E.,  lat.  6  40  N. 
Singsing,  village,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
the  Hudson,  below  the  mouth  of  the  Croton  river, 
Pop.  1S40,  2,305,  exclusive  of  the  convicts  in  the 


ibited,  but  has  been  most  rapidly  on  the  increase!  State  prison  at  that  place. 

er  since.  The  port  is  open  to  the  vessels  of  the  j  Sinigaglia,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
nited  States,  and  a  consul  from  our  government  j  L'rbino,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nigola,  in  the  Gulf  ot 

Venice,  17  ms.  SE.  of  Pesaro. 

Sinob,  or  Sinope,  seaport  of  Turkey,  in  Asia, 
atolia,  on  the  isthmus  of  a  small  peninsula  of 
Black  sea,  280  ms.  E.  from  Constantinople. 
Lon.  33  55  E.,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Sinking  Creek,  post  office,  Washington  co.,  Ia. 
Sinking  Spring,  village,  Highland  co.,  O.,  33 
ms.  SW.  from  Chillieothe,  on  the  great  road  lead- 
ing from  thence  to  Maysville. 

Sinking  Valley  Mills,  post  office,  Huntingdon 
co.,  Pa.;  by  post  road  100  ms.  \V.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

Sion,  mountain  of  Palestine,  on  the  south  side 


resident  at  that  port 
Sinde. — See  Indus  and  Tatta. 

Sindelfingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand!  in  N 
ichy  of  Baden,  6  ms.  SW.  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  the  1 
E.,  lat.  48  45  N. 

Sindy,  or  Scind,  province  of  Hindoostan  Pro- 
r,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Persia,  on  the  N.  by 
(e  territory  of  the  king  of  Candahar,  on  the  NE. 

those  of  the  Seiks,  on  the  E.  by  a  sandy  des- 
L  and  on  the  SE.  by  Cutch.  It  extends  along 
s  course  of  the  Indus,  from  the  mouth  to  the 
mtiers  of  Moultan,  300  ms.  ;  and  its  breadth, 
the  widest  part,  is  160.    In  many  particulars 

soil  and  climate,  and  the  general  appearance  of!  of  Jerusalem,  of  great  celebrity  in  sacred  history, 


surface,  it  resembles  Egypt — the  lower  part  be 
j  composed  of  rich  vegetable  mould,  and  ex- 
ided  into  a  wide  delta,  while  the  upper  part  is  a 
rrow  slip  of  country,  confined  on  the  Persian  side 
a  ridge  of  mountains,  and  on  the  other  by  a 
Bay  desert ;  the  Indus,  equal  at  least  to  the  Nile, 
nding  through  the  midst  of  this  level  valley,  and 
nuallv  overflowing  it.  During  great  part  of  the 
W.  monsoon,  or  at  least  in  July,  August,  and  part 
September,  (which  is  the  rainy  season  in  most 
ler  parts  of  India,)  the  atmosphere  is  here  gen 
illy  clouded,  but  no  rain  falls  except  near  the 
i.  Indeed,  very  few  showers  fall  during  the 
lole  year.  Owing  to  this,  and  the  neighborhood 
the  sandy  deserts  on  the  E.  and  on  the  NW., 
;  heats  are  so  violent,  and  the  winds  from  those 
arters  so  pernicious,  that  the  houses  are  contri- 
1  so  as  to  be  occasionally  ventilated  by  apertures 


Sion,  or  Sittcn,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
Valais,  and  an  episcopal  see.  It  is  situated  on  the 
river  Sitten,  near  the  Rhone,  at  the  foot  of  three 
insulated  rocks,  which  rise  immediately  from  the 
plain.  Sion  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  Sedu- 
ni,  and  some  Roman  inscriptions  still  remain.  It 
is  50  ms.  E.  of  Geneva.  Lon.  7  22  E.,  lat.  46  9  N. 

Siout,  or  Ostot,  town  of  Egypt,  which  has  sev- 
eral mosques,  and  is  the  see  of  a  Cophtic  bishop. 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  some 
sepulchres  of  the  Romans.  It  stands  on  an  artifi- 
cial mount,  2  ms.  from  the  Nile,  and  185  S.  of 
Cairo.    Lon.  31  24  E.,  lat.  27  25  N. 

Siphanto,  ancient  Siphuos,  one  of  the  best  cul- 
tivated islands  of  the  Archipelago,  to  the  W.  of 
Pharos.  It  is  36  ms.  in  circumference,  and, 
though  abounding  with  marble  and  granite,  pro- 
duces corn  sufficient  for  its  inhabitants,  also  excel- 


the  top,  resembling  the  funnels  of  small  chim-i  lent  silk,  but  not  in  any  considerable  quantity, 
jr*.  The  inland  parts  of  Sindy  produce  saltpe-j  The  chief  articles  of  commerce  are  calicoes,  straw 
,  sal  ammoniac,  borax,  bezoar,  lapis-lazuli,  and!  hats,  figs,  onions,  honey,  wax,  oil,  and  capers. 


silk.    They  have  also  manufactures  of  cotton 
d  silk  of  various  kinds,  and  they  make  fine  cabi- 
ts,  inlaid  with  ivory,  and  finely  lacquered. 
Sinepuxen,  long  narrow  bay  of  the  U.  States, 
rich  lies  between  Worcester  co.,  Md.,  and  a 
iall  island  called  Assatigue.    It  communicates 
th  the  ocean  by  Sinepuxen  inlet.    Lat.  of  the 
et 38  9  N.,  lon.  VV.  C.  1  51  E. 
'Sines,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of  Es- 
madura.    Lon.  8  45"  W.,  lat.  37  40  N. 
Sing,  strong  town  of  Dalmatia,  taken  by  the 

netians  from  the  Turk'?  in  1686,  16  ins.  N.  of|  per,  in  the  province  of  Delhi 
104* 


Lon.  25  15  E.,  lat.  37  9  N. 

Siradia,  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  palatinate 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  sur- 
rounded  by  a  wall,  and  seated  in  a  plain,  on  the 
river  Watta,  62  ms.  NE.  of  Breslau,  and  105 
NW.  of  Cracow.    Lon.  18  55  E.,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Siraf,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Laris 
tan,  situate  on  the  Persian  gulf. 

Sirgian,  town  of  Persia,  noted  for  its  beautiful 
pottery 

Sirhind,  very  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan  pro- 
file art  of  weaving 

Z25 


SIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SKE 


silk  was  brought  back  to  Constantinople  in  the  6th 
century  by  the  monks  who  returned  from  Sirhind. 
It  is  195  ms.  NW.  of  Delhi.  Lat.  30  1  N.,  Ion. 
75  35  E. 

Sir  Charles  Hardy's  Island,  island  in  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  discovered  by  Captain  Carteret.  Lon. 
154  20  E.,  lat.  4  41  S. 

Sir  Charles  Saunder's  Island,  in  the  Pacific 
ocean,  discovered  by  Captain  Wallis.  Lon.  151 
4  W.,  lat.  17  28  S. 

Sir  James  Lancaster's  Sound  opens  from  Baf- 
fin's bay,  lat.  74  47  N,  and  immediately  W.  from 
the  meridian  of  W.  C.  This  great  inlet  has  been 
recently  explored  by  Captain  Parry,  of  the  British 
navy,  who  entered  it  in  1820,  and  wintered  1820 
-'21  as  far  as  1110  W.  from  London,  and  decided 
the  geography  of  these  regions  to  117°  W.  This 
very  important  voyage  has  shown  the  separation 

of  Greenland  from  North  America,  upwards  of ;  er,  Tyler  co.,  Va.,  35  miles  by  water  above  MS 
2000  ms.  NW.  from  Cape  Farewell.  The  North- |etta,  and  by  post  road  276  ms*.  NW.  by  W.  f Jj 
em  ocean,  as  found  by  Hearn,  and  contemporane-  j  W.  C. 

oesly  with  Parry's  voyages,  by  Captain  Franklin,  j     Siston,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  i| 
bounds  North  America  at  N.  lat.  68°,  directly  8.  ja  manufacture  of  brass,  and  another  of  sattpe 
from  Melville  island.  The 


grad,  and  42  E.  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  16  17  E.,  . 

46  6  N. 

Sisstk,  strong  town  of  Croatia,  situated  at  3 
confluence  of  the  Save  and  Kulpa,  40  miles  F  f 
Carlstadt.    Lon.  22  10  E.,  lat.  45  48  N. 

Sissopoli,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Ro  E 
nia,  on  a  peninsula  of  the  Black  sea,  25  mile  , 
of  Mesembria,  and  97  NW.  of  Constantino  . 
Lon.  28  9  E.,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Sinter  Islands,  three  small  islands  towards  3 
western  extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  called  the  E  - 
ern,  Western,  and  Middle  Sisters.  They  ar(  I 
small,  the  largest  not  exceeding  10  acres. 

Sisteron,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lo  r 
Alps,  and  late  province  of  Provence,  on  the  W 
ranee,  45  ms.  NE.  of  Aix.  Lon.  6  I  E.,  lat  I 
11  N. 

Sisterville,  village  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  I 


same  ocean  is  again 
determined  at  the  mouth  of  the  Unjiga,  lat.  69° 
N.  and  lon.  56°  W.  from  W.  C.  The  Russians 
and  English  have  explored  the  North  American 
coast  from  Behring's  strait  to  within  500  ms.  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Unjiga.  These  combined  ope- 
rations have  placed  beyond  a  doubt  the  existence 
of  a  polar  continent  or  archipelago  detached  from, 
or  but  very  slightly  united  to,  North  America  or 
Asia. — See  Earth. 

Sirik,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Moselle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Moselle,  25  ms.  N.  of  Metz.  Lon. 
6  38  E.,  lat.  49  36  N. 

Sirinagur,  large  rugged  country  of  Asia,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  and  NE.  by  the  Thibetian  mount- 
ains, on  the  SE.  by  Napul,  on  the  S.  by  llohilla, 
on  the  SW.  by  Delhi,  and  on  the  NW.  by  La- 
hore. The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  160  ms. 
S.  of  Delhi.    Lon.  77  38  E.,  lat.  30  59  N. 

Sirius  Island,  island  of  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon. 
162  30  E.,  lat.  10  52  S. 

Sirmich,  or  Sinnium,  town  of  Sclavonia,  cap- 
ital of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Bosweth, 
near  the  Save,  42  ms.  SE.  of  Esseck.  Lon.  20 
19  E.,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Sirocco,  It.,  from  Ar.  schorouk,  coming  from 
the  rising  sun.  This  dreaded  wind  prevails  on 
both  sides  of  the  Mediterranean,  though  much 
more  severe  and  destructive  on  the  African  side, 


and  tin  ore  has  likewise  been  found  here. 

Sitia,  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Cl 
dia,  near  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  58  miles  fj| 
Candit.    Lon.  26  29  E.,  lat.  35°  N. 

Sitifi,  called  by  Dr.  Shaw  steteef,  "  comJ 
says  Hodgson,  "from  the  Berber  language,"  1 
means  * 1  white  clay ." 

Sittard,  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duch  I 
Juliers,  seated  near  the  Maese,  10  miles  S.  of  ^ 
remonde.    Lon.  5  50  E.,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Sittingburn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  40  rr* 
ESE.  of  London. 

Sivrai,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Viennci 
the  Charente,  100  rns.  SSW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1 
E.,  lat.  46  16  N. 

Sivas,  or  Seivas,  ancient  Sebaste,  town  of  As -1 
ic  Turkev,  373  miles  E.  from  Constantino;. 
Lon.  37°"  E.,  lat.  39°  N.— See,  for  the  provji 
of  Sivas,  article  Asia,  p.  83,  2d  column. 
Siivah. — See  Africa,  p.  16. 
Sizun,  small  island  of  France,  on  the  coasi  f 
Bretagne,  eight  miles  from  the  main  land.  It  ha 
most  on  a  level  with  the  water,  and  produces  c'\ 
barley. 

Skagerac,  or  Schagerac,  a  sheet  of  water  ha\ J 
Norway  N.,  Sweden  E.,  and  the  Cattegate  l< 
Jutland  S.  ;  length  150  miles,  and  mean  frij 
about  60,  area  9,000  sq.  miles.  The  Skage;,i 
like  the  Cattegate,  is  shallow,  but  ihe  former  gi 


and  particularly  on  the  deserts.  It  is  hot,  dry,  and  jually  deepens  outwards  towards  the  North  sea 


even  parching.  The  sirocco  is  also  called  the  si- 
moom. 

Sirong,  or  Seronge,  large  town  of  Hindoostan 
proper,  in  the  province  of  Malwa.  It  is  120  ms. 
NE.  of  Ougein.  Longitude  78  4  E.,  latitude  24  4 
North, 

Sisizan,  seaport  on  the  E.  coast  of  Luconia, 
one  of  the  Philippine  islands.  It  is  situated  al- 
most immediately  opposite  Manilla,  and  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  very  high  mountains,  which  render  the 
air  extremely  moist.  Lon.  123  45  E.,  lat.  14  20  N. 


German  ocean. 

Skara,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothla. 
with  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  palace,  the  reside )i 
of  the  Gothic  kings.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lidal 
a  morass,  17  miles  NE.  of  Falkoging.  Lon.  4 
E.,  lat.  58  16  N. 

Skeen,  town  of  Norway,  in  the  government' 
Aggerhuys,  remarkable  for  its  mines  of  iron  I 
copper.  It  is  seated  near  the  Cattegate,  40  m* 
W.  of  Frederickstadt. 

Skeneateles,  lake,  New  York,  in  Ononda. 
Sissac,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Cayuga,  and  Courtland  counties.    It  is  about 


Basil,  capital  of  the  province  of  Sisgow.  It  is  17 
ms.  SE.  of  Basil. 

Sisseg,  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  with  a  mon- 
astery, seated  on  the  Save,  28  mile3  SE .  of  Za- 
826 


ms.  long,  and  from  a  half  to  one  and  a  half  n! 

wide.    It  is  discharged  into  .Seneca  river.  

lage,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  V.,  at  the  lower  extrcn 
of  Skeneateles  lake. 


SLE 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


SLU 


Skeneclady. — See  Schenectady. 

Skeensborongh. — See  Whitehall, 

Skiddaw,  mountain  of  England,  in  Cumber- 
|id,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  England,  be- 
jr  above  1,000  yards  in  perpendicular  height. 

Skimmersvilh,  Washington  co.,  N.  C,  about 

I  miles  S.  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  Albemarle 
Und  from  Edenton. 

Skippack,  town,  Montgomery  co.,  Penn. — See 
.rkiomen. 

Skipton,  town  of  England,  in  the  West  Riding 
Yorkshire,  41  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Richmond. 
Skone. — See  Schonen. 

^kuttock  Hills,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  are  five  in 
imber,  and  serve  as  landmarks,  in  entering  Golds- 
lough  harbour. 

.  Skye,  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
J  brides.  It  is  separated  on  the  E.  from  Scot- 
Id  by  a  very  narrow  channel,  but  its  western 

I I  is  at  a  considerable  distance  from  Lewis.  It  is 
t  less  than  40  ms.  in  length,  and  from  "0  to  30 
i»readth,  and  almost  one  hundred  in  circumfer- 
«  e. 

I  }luguen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Pomerania,  seat- 
the.  Wipper,  10  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Rugenwald. 
>laney,  decaved  town  of  Bohemia,  w'lth  a  cas- 

i  18  ms.  NW.  of  Prague.  Lon.  18  27  E.,  lat. 
416  N. 

Mate,  district  of  the  island  of  Skye,  on  the  SE. 
of  the  island.    It  is  a  peninsula,  and  termin- 
al in  a  rugged  promontory,  called  the  Point  of 

rte. 

Uate  Mills  f  post  office,  Rappahannock  county, 
If,  by  post  road  88  miles  SW.  from  Washington 

tiftersvillt,  post  office,  Providence  co.,  R.  I., 

J  miles  from  Providence.  Village,  Tompkins 

c  New  York,  by  post  road  210  miles  W.  from 
.'  any. 

'lave  Lake,  large  lake  of  British  North  Ameri- 
t  between  lat.  60  30  and  62  30  N.  It  extends 
fcrly  E.  and  W.  350  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of 
a  ut  40,  between  lon.  33°  and  42°  W.  from  W. 
I'  It  receives  the  Unjigah  river  at  its  SE.,  and 
d  harges  it  from  the  NW,  extremity. 

'lave  River,  of  British  America,  the  outlet  of 
4  apescow  lake. 

A.  LATi,  generic  term,  designating  the  great  fami- 
kf  nations  inhajpting  the  northeastern  part  of 
t  ope,  or  the  great  space  between  the  Carpa- 
Hn  and  Uralian  mountains.  "The  form  contain- 

ii  a,  that  is,  Sclavian,  is  used  by  the  Poles  ;  that 
••taining  u,  that  is,  Vlowak,  Slowenski,  &c.,  is 

•  >loyed  by  the  Russians  and  Slavonians  in  Hun- 
%i" — Kraitsir.  Of  this  great  branch  of  the  hu- 
w\  family,  though  the  Russians  are  the  principal, 
w  are  by  no  means  the  only  sub-branch,  and, 
tligh  most  concentrated  on  the  vast  plains  east 

•  He  Carpathian  mountains,  they  are  also  scattered 
Hirge  masses  over  Silesia,  Bohemia,  Moravia, 
tngary,  &c. 

'lawkaw,  or  Auslerlitz,  town  of  Moravia,  cap 
M  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  is  10  ms.  E. 
oirinn.    Lon.  16  57  E.,  lat.  49  5  N. 

'kaford,  populous  town  of  England,  in  Lin 
CMshire,  ig  ms.  S.  of  Lincoln.  Lon.  0  21  W., 
la  53  1  N. 

leswick,  or  Snith  Jutland,  duchy  of  Denmark, 
••'.rated  from  Holstein  by  the  river  Eyder.    It  is 


100  ms.  long,  and  60  broad  and  a  fertile  and  pop- 
ulous country. 

Sleswick,  ancient  and  considerable  town  of  Den- 
mark, capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
an  irregularly  built  town,  of  great  length,  and  con- 
tains about  5,630  inhabitants.  The  houses  are  of 
brick,  and,  like  all  the  other  towns  of  this  country, 
resemble  those  of  Holland.  The  inhabitants  dress 
also  like  the  Dutch,  and  many  of  them  speak  their 
tongue,  though  the  usual  languages  are  the  Ger- 
man and  Danish.  Close  to  Sleswick  is  the  old 
palace  of  Gottorp,  formerly  the  ducal  residence. — 
See  Gottorp.  Sleswick  is  situated  near  the  bottom  of 
an  arm  of  the  Baltic,  called  the  Sley,  60  ms.  NW 
of  Lubec,  and  125  SW.  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  10 
0  E  ,  lat.  54  39  N. 

Slign,  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Con- 
naught,  25  ms.  long,  and  nearly  as  broad,  bound- 
ed on  the  E.  by  Leitrim,  on  the  SE.  by  Roscom- 
mon, on  the  SW.  and  W.  by  Mayo,  and  on  the 
N.  by  the  Atlantic.  It  contains  41  parishes,  and 
sends  four  members  to  Parliament. 

Sligo,  borough  of  Ireland,  in  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  and  the  only  market  town  in  it.  It  is 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Sligo,  26  miles  E.  of  Killala, 
and  100  NW.  of  Dublin.  Lon.  8  26  W.,  lat.  54 
13  N. 

Slinkhard's  Mills,  post  office,  Green  co.,  Ia.,  81 
ms.  SW.  from  Indianapolis. 

Slippery  Rock,  river,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  SE. 
branch  of  Beaver,  rises  in  Butler,  Venango,  and 
Mercer  counties,  by  a  number  of  creeks,  which 
unite  in  the  NE.  angle  of  Beaver,  and,  receiving 
the  Conequenessing  from  the  SE.,  falls  into  Big 
Beaver  river  12  miles  north  from  the  borough  of 

Beaver.  Tp.,  Butler  county,  Pa.,  on  Slippery 

Rock  river,  contiguous  to  Mercer  and  Beaver  cos. 

 Tp.,  Mercer  co.,  Pa.,  adjoining  the  preceding, 

Slimbridge,  village  of  Eng  ,  in  Gloucestershire, 
11  ms.  SW.  of  Gloucester.  In  this  parish,  which 
is  20  miles  in  compass,  1,000  acres  of  land  have 
been  gained  from  the  Severn. 

Sloansville,  village,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  48 

miles  W.  from  Albany.  Village,  Mecklenburg 

co.,  N.  C,  155  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Slonim,  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Novogrodeck,  on  the  Sezra,  40  ms.  SW.  of  No- 
vogrodeck,  and  60  SE.  of  Grodno.  Lon.  23  57 
E.,  lat.  53  0  N. 

Shot  en,  or  Sloten,  populous  town  of  the  king 
dom  of  Holland,  in  Friesland,  seated  on  a  lake 
called  Slootenmere,  three  miles  from  the  Zuider- 
Zee,  and  18  ms.  NW.  of  Steenwick.  Lon.  5  26 
E.,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Sluice,  French,  ecluse ;  Hollandish,  sluyse,- 
Flemish,  sluis ;  Italian  schlusa  ,■  water  flowing 
through  a  flood  gate.  It  is  introduced  in  this  Dic- 
tionary, from  having  given  name  to  many  places, 
and,  by  learning  the  meaning  of  the  term,  may  lead 
to  a  knowledge  of  relative  location. 

Sluizk,  populous  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river  Sluzck,  70 
miles  SE.  of  Novogrodeck.  Lon.  27  44  E.,  lat. 
53  2  N. 

Sluttelburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Petersburg,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Lake  Ladoga, 
30  miles  E.  of  Petersburg.  Lon.  31  20  E.,  lat. 
60  0  N. 

i     Sluys,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  in 

S?7 


SMI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SMO 


Flanders,  opposite  the  island  of  Cadsand,  with  a 
good  harbor.  It  has  its  name  from  its  fine  sluices, 
by  which  the  whole  country  can  be  inundated.  It 
is  10  miles  N.  of  Bruges.  Lon.  3  5  E.,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Smaland,  or  Smoland,  province  of  Sweden,  the 
most  southern  of  the  kingdom,  except  Schonen  and 
Bleking.  It  lies  opposite  the  island  of  Ocland. 
Principal  town,  Calmar. 

Smalkald,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  county  of 
Henneberg,  subject  to  Hesse  Cas*el.  It  is  famous 
for  a  confederacy  entered  into  by  the  German  Pro- 
testants, against  the  emperor,  to  defend  their  reli- 
gion and  liberties,  commonly  called  the  Smalkaldic 
league.  It  is  seated  on  the  Werra,  25  miles  SW. 
of  Erfurt,  and  50  NW.  of  Bamberg.  Lon.  10  53 
E.,  Iat.  50  49  N.  The  league  of  Smalkald  was 
superinduced  by  the  coercive  measures  adopted  by 
the  emperor.  In  their  own  defence,  the  Protest 
ants  assembled  at  Smalkald,  and,  on  the  4th  Jan- 
uary, 1531,  signed  that  league,  donominated  in  the 
instrument  Evangelic,  but  became  more  known 
from  the  name  of  the  town  where  formed.  This 
compact  was  renewed  as  occasion  demanded. — See 
Evangelic  and  Catholic  Leagues. 

Smarden,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  10  ms.  SSE. 
ef  Maidstone,  and  56  of  London.  Lon.  0  43  E., 
lat.  51  11  N. 

Smethport,  village,  McKean  co.,  Pa.,  204  ms. 
NW.  from  Harrisburg. 

Smith,  tp.,  Washington  co  ,  Pa.,  on  Racoon 
creek,  about  20  ms.  NNW.  from  Washington. 
 Tp.,  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

Smith,  co.  of  Ten.,  bounded  by  Ky.  N.,  Jack- 
son co.  E.,  White  and  Warren  SE.,  Wilson  SW.,j 
and  Summer  W.  Length  36  ms.,  mean  width  15  ;| 
area  540  sq.  ms.  Caney  Fork  river  joins  the  Cum- 
berland at  Carthage,  near  the  centre  of  this  coun-j 
ty.  Surface  rather  rolling  than  hilly.  Soil  gen- j 
erally  productive.  Chief  town,  Carthage.  Pop. 
in  1820,  17,580;  and  in  1840,  21,179.  Central 
lat.  36  23  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  8  50  W. 

Smith's  river,  or  Staunton  river,  Va. — See 
Staunton  riaer. 

Smithjield,  town,  Providence  co.,  R.  I.,  on  the 
SW.  side  of  Pawtucket  river.  It  contains 4  church- 
es, 3  academies,  and  9  cotton  factories,  as  also  a 

gun  and  several  other  factories.  Tp.,  Madison 

co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  WSW.  from  Utica,  containing 
also  the  village  of  Peterborough.  Town,  Bed- 
ford co.,  Pa.,  8  ms.  NW.  from  Towanda.  

Village,  Somerset  co.,  Pa. — See  Smythfield.  

Village,  Fayette  co.,  Penn.,  on  George's  creek,  8 

ms.  SSW.  from  Uniontown.  Village,  isle  of 

Wight  county,  Va.,  on  Pagan  creek,  a  branch  of 
James  river,  38  ms.  W.  of  Norfolk,  about  55  SE. 
of  Petersburg,  and  218  S.  by  E.  of  Washington. 

 Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Johnson  co.,  N. 

C,  on  the  left  bank  of  Neuse  river,  25  miles  SE. 
from  Raleigh.    Lat.  35  28  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  20 

W.  Village,  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  42  ms.  SW. 

from  Steubenville.    Pop.  of  the  township  in  1840, 

2,095.  Town,  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  containing 

Smithfield  village,  and  in  1820,  2,143  inhabitants. 
 Village,  Hopkins  co.,  Ky.  Village,  Liv- 
ingston co.,  Ky,,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio,  im- 
mediately below  the  mouth  of  Cumberland  river. 

Smithfield,  Lower,  NE.  tp.  of  Northampton 
county,  Penn.,  on  the  Delaware,  below  the  Water 
Gap. 

828 


Smithfield,  Middle,  SE.  tp.,  Pike  co.,  Pe 
Pop.  in  1820,  812. 

Smithfield,  Upper,  extreme  eastern  tp.,  P 
co.,  Penn.,  including  the  town  of  Milford.  P 
in  1820,  877. 

Smith  Grove,  village,  Warren  county,  Ky., 
post  road  173  ms.  SW.  from  Frankfort. 

Smith's,  post  office,  Randolph  co.,  Ia.,  92  na ; 
NE.  from  Indianapolis. 

Smithsborough,  village,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,i. 
the  right  bank  of  Suequehannah  river,  10  m 
above  Athens,  on  Tioga  Point. 

Smith's  Cross  Roads,  village,  Rhea  co.,  Terr 
by  post  road  107  miles  eastward  from  Murfrees 
rough. 

Smith's  Farm,  post  office,  Alleghany  co.,  M 
by  post  road  159  ms.  NW.  from  W.  C. 

Smith's  Ford,  over  Broad  river,  po^-t  office  . 
the  western  part  of  York  district,  South  Caroli 
15  ms.  W.  from  Yorkville. 

Smith's  Island,  island  at  the  mouth  of  C- 
Fear  river,  New  Hanover  co.,  N.  C.  This  sr : 
sandy  island  is  about  8  miles  long  from  N.  to. 
ending  in  a  very  narrow  slip  opposite  Fed  , 
Point.  The  light-house  stands  on  the  W.  sid. ' 
the  island,  and  on  the  main  entrance  into  C 
Fear  river.  Cape  Fear,  the  extreme  southern  pi  J 
of  the  island,  is,  by  Tanner's  map,  in  lat.  33  i|j 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  59  W.  Island  in  the  Pa< 

ocean,  discovered  in  1770  by  Lieut.  Ball.  L  ji 
161  54  E.,  lat.  9  44  S. 

Smith's  Landing,  and  post  office,  Gloucester  , 
New  Jersey. 

Smith's  Milk,  and  post  office,  Henderson  M 
Ky.,  172  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort.   -  1 

Smith's  Point,  south  cape  at  the  mouth  of  •• 
tomac  river,  Northumberland  county,  Virgi; 
Smith's  Point  and  Point  Look-out  are  distant  ab-: 
10  miles. 

Smithsport,  McKean  co.,  Pa. — See  Smethp I 

Smith's,  or  Irvine's,  river  rises  in  Franklin  I 
Patrick,  counties  of  Virginia,  and,  flowing  i 
over  Henry  co.,  enters  North  Carolina,  and  h 
into  Dan  river  in  the  co.  of  Rockingham.  ■ 

Smith's  store,  post  office,  Pittsylvania  com, 
Va.,  188  miles  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond.- • 
Post  office,  in  the  SE.  part  of  Spartanburg  dist 
S.  C,  15  ms.  SE  from  Spartanburg,  by  post  r J 
110  ms.  SW.  from  Columbia^ 

Smith's  Valley,  post  office,  Madison  co.,N. 
109  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

Smith's  Village,  and  lake,  in  the  eastern  || 
of  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  34  ms.  NE.  from  Cone 

Smithtown,  town,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  L; 
Island,  50  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  the  city  of  N. 
Pop.  1820,  1,874. 

Smithville.  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Vork,i 
Sandy  creek,  10  ms.  from  Sackett's  Harbor.-- 
Tp.,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  SW.  ^ 

Norwich.  Village,  Brunswick  co.,  N.  C.J 

the  right  bnak  of  Cape  Fear  river,  near  the  mo; , 
and  opposite  Smith's  island.  It  is  the  seat  of  i 
academy,  and  has  a  good  harbor. 

Smithville  Flats,  post  office,  Chenango  co.,. 
Y.,  in  the  preceding  tp. 

Smockville,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  V. 

Smoland, — See  §maland. 

Smolensk,  government  of  Russia,  on  the  fi 
tierg  of  Lithuania.     After  having  bren  an  ob  I 


SMY 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SNO 


contention,  and  reciprocally  possessed  by  Poland  playfully  and  not  unjustly  called  Petite  Paris  ,«  and 
d  Russia,  it  was  conquered  by  Alexay  Michael-  1  yet,  with  all  the  changes  superinduced  by  war  and 
itch  in  1654,  and  ceded  to  Russia  by  the  peace  national  rivalry,  Smyrna  continues  to  be  the  most 
Moscow,  in  1664.  It  now  forms  one  of  the  agreeable  residence  for  Europeans  in  the  Ottoman 
issian  governments.  ■■  empire. 

Smolensk,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  govern-}  Though  so  high  as  N.  lat.  38  30,  the  climate 
>nt  of  the  same  name.  It  is  situate  on  the  Dnie-  \  of  Smyrna  must  be  tropical  in  its  effects  on  human 
r,  and  extends  over  two  mountains  and  the  val-  beings  accustomed  to  the  air  of  the  northern 
r  between  them.  Notwithstanding  its  extent,  it  j  parts  of  Europe  or  the  U.  S.  Figs,  lemons,  or- 
ntains  only  about  10,000  inhabitants,  and  has  I  anges,  and  vines,  are  the  common  growth  of  the 
manufactures,  but  carries  on  with  Dantzig,  Riga,  neighborhood,  productions  which  mark  a  mean 

temperature  above  65°  of  Fahrenheit. 

Smyrna,  one  of  the  northern  towns  of  Chenan- 
Lon.  32  |  go  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  NNW.  from  Norwich,  and 

i  by  post  road  105  W.  from  Albany.  Formerly 

Duck  Greek  Cross  Roads,  vill.,  Kent  co  ,  Del.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in  grain. 
It  is  situated  on  Duck  creek,  12  ms.  a  little  E.  of 


d  the  Ukraine,  a  petty  traffic  in  linen,  hemp, 
ney,  wax,  leather,  furs,  &c.    It  is  197  ms.  NE. 

Novogrodeck,  and  230  N.  of  Kiof. 

E.,  lat  24  50  N. 

Smyrna,  seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia. 
d  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  cities  of  the  Le- 
nt.   The  goodness  of  the  harbor  has  caused  it 

be  rebuilt  several  times,  after  having  been  de-  i  S.  from  Dover,  and  35  S.  from  Wilmington, 
oyed  by  earthquakes.    It  is  the  rendezvous  of  |     Smythfield,  village,  Fayette  county,  Pa. — See 
srehants  from  almost  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  j  Smithjield,  Fayette  co.,  Pa. 

}  magazine  of  their  merchandise.    The  Turks  |     Smythjield,  fine  little  village,  Somerset  co.,  Pa., 
ve  19  mosques,  the  Greeks  2  churches,  the  Jews  !  on  the  right  bank  of  Youghiogany  river,  and  on 
synagogues,  the  Armenians  1  church,  and  the  j  the  U.  S.  road,  almost  exactly  midway  between 
tins  3  convents.    There  are  three  bishops — one  j  Brownsville,  on  Monongahela,  and  Cumberland, 
eek,  the  other  Latin,  and  the  third  Armenian.  |  on  Potomac.    According  to  Shriver's  map,  Smyth- 
pop,  is  computed  at  120,000  persons.    The  j  field  is  1,405  feet  above  the  Atlantic  tides, 
eets  are  more  open,  better  paved,  and  the  houses  j     Snackenburg,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Bruns- 
.ter  built,  than  in  other  towns  on  the  continent.  I  wick  Lunenburg,  20  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Danneborg. 
le  street  of  the  Franks  is  the  finest  in  Smyrna,      Snaith,  town  of  Eng..  in  West  Yorkshire,  22 
lid  lies  all  along  the  harbor.    It  is  8  days'  jour-j  ms.  S.  of  York,  and  175  N.  by  W.  of  London, 
y  from  Constantinople  by  land,  25  days  from      Snapsville,  village,   Chesterfield  co.,  Va.,  21 
eppo  by  caravans,  6  from  Cogni,  7  from  Cata-  ms.  from  Richmond. 

Sneck,  or  Snitz,  fortified  town  of  Holland,  in 
Friesland,  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  in 
marshy  land,  12  ms.  SSW.  of  Lewarden. 

Sneedsborough,  town,  Anson  co.,  N.  C,  on  the 
rlish  and  Dutch  factors  have  Protestant  chapels,  j  right  bank  of  the  Yadkin  river,  immediately  above 
il  taverns  are  as  open  here  as  in  Europe.  The  j  the  northern  boundary  of  S.  C,  100  miles  SW. 
ktifications  consist  of  a  fort,  a  castle,  a  mountain,  from  Raleigh. 

fa  an  old  citadel.    It  is  seated  at  the  head  of  a  J     Sneirne,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Irac, 
Ige  bay,  190  ms.  SSW.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  I  57  ms.  WNW.  of  A  madam. 
7  E.,  lat.  38  28  N.  |     Snicker's,  post  office,  and  ferry  over  Shenando- 

Smyrna  is  called  by  the  Turks  Ismeer,  and,  as  j  ah  river,  near  the  N.  angle  of  Frederick  co.,  Va., 
i pects  commerce,  is  the  most  considerable  city  of  40  ms.  NW.  by  VV.  from  Washington. 

Turkish  empire  ;  and,  notwithstanding  the  I     Snicker's  Gap,  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  about 

3  ms.  SE.  from  Snicker's  Ferry. 

Snow,  noted  cavern  of  Scotland,  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Sutherlandshire. 

Snow  Creek,  post  office,  Franklin  co.,  Va.,  in 


and  6  from  Satalia.  The  imports  from  Eng. 
•  isist  of  woolen  cloths,  camlets,  lead,  tin,  and 
irdware  ;  these  are  exchanged  for  cotton,  coffee, 
nhair,  drugs,  galls,   raisins,  figs,  &c.  The 


)quent  calamities  of  plagues  and  earthquakes 
otinues  to  increase,  and  is  now  (1810)  supposed 
'  contain   150,000  inhabitants.    Previously  to 
>  75  it  had  been  partially  destroyed  six  several 

les  by  earthquakes.    Another  and  most  destruc- 

e  calamity  of  this  kind,  attended  with  its  usual 
nsequence,  an  extensive  fire,  occurred  in  1688. 

peated  shocks  and  also  almost  annual  pestilence 
'  k'e  been  unable  to  counterbalance  a  convenient  har- 

•  and  a  very  productive  adjacent  territory.  With 
iih  advantages  and  disadvantages,  Smyrna  has 

;n  the  most  frequented  port  of  Asia  Minor,  for 

wards  of  2,000  years.  ' 

The  city  is  built  partly  on  a  hill,  once  called 
gus,  whose  summit  is  crowned  by  a  castle,  and 
rtly  on  a  plain,  extending  to  the  N.  of  the  emi- 
ice.  The  mercantile  establishments  have  for 
»re  than  two  centuries  drawn  together  so  many 
anks  to  Smyrna,  that  the  part  of  the  town  which 
■  along  the  edge  of  the  water  to  the  northern 
'.remity  has  been  long  allotted  to  them,  and  dis- 
tguished  by  the  name  of  Frank  street.  Before 
»!  French  revolution,  theFranli^part  of  Smyrna  was 


the  SE.  angle  of  the  co. ;  by  post  road  225  mile.s 
SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

Snowdon,  mountain  of  Wales,  in  Carnarvon- 
shire ;  its  name  signifies,  literally,  the  Hill  of 
Snow,  from  snow  and  down.  This  is  the  most 
noted  eminence  of  the  whole  region  of  the  Welsh 
Hills,  and  may  with  propriety  be  styled  the  British 
Alps.  Modern  calculations  make  it  3,568  feet, 
reckoning  from  the  quay  of  Carnarvon  to  the  high- 
est peak. 

Snowhill,  town,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Worcester  co.,  Md.  It  is  situated  on  the 
SE.  side  of  Pokomoke  river,  60  ms.  SE.  from 
Easton,  and  20  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E'  from  Princess 
Ann.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce; 
amount  of  shipping  about  7,300  tons.  Lat.  3S  11 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  38  E. 

Snow  Hill,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Green 
co.,  N.  C,  on  Couteniny  river,  by  post  road  96 

839 


SOD 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SOI 


ms.  SE.  from  Raleigh.    Lat.  35  25  N.,  Ion.  W. 

C.  41'  W.  Village,  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  by  post 

road  84  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus. 

Soana,  or  Suane,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in 
Tuscany,  near  the  river  Flora,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Sien- 
na.   Lon.  11  46  E.,  lat.  42  40  N. 

Soane,  river  of  Hindoostan  proper,  which  rises 
on  the  S.  confines  of  Allahabad,  issuing  from  the 
same  lake  which  is  the  source  of  the  Nerbudda ; 
and,  flowing  in  an  opposite  direction  to  that  river 
1,500  ms.,  it  falls  into  the  Ganges  above  Patna. 
This  river,  in  eonjunction  with  the  Nerbudda  and 
the  Ganges,  makes,  as  it  were,  an  island  of  the 
southern  part  of  Hindoostan. 

Society  Isles,  islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  dis- 
covered by  Captain  Cook  in  1769,  situated  between 
150  57  and  152°  W.  Ion.,  and  16  10  and  16  55 
S.  lat.  They  are  very  numerous,  but  the  princi- 
pal islands  are  Otaheite,  Huaheine,  Ulitea,  Otaha, 
Balabola,  Mourooa,  Toobaee,  and  Tabooyamanoo, 
or  Saunders's  island,  which  is  here  included,  as 
being  subject  to  Huaheine.  The  soil,  the  pro- 
ductions, the  people,  their  language,  religion,  cus- 
toms, and  manners,  are  so  nearly  the  same  as  of 
Otaheite,  that  little  need  be  added  here  on  that  sub- 
ject. Nature  ha<  been  equally  bountiful  in  uncul- 
tivated plenty,  and  the  inhabitants  are  as  luxuri- 
ous as  indolent. 

Society  Island,  tp.,  Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H., 
25  ms.  SW.  Concord. 

Soconusco,  province  of  Guatemala,  NW.  from 
the  city  of  Guatemala,  88  ms.  long,  and  nearly  as 
much  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Chiapi,  on 
the  E.  by  Guatemala,  on  the  S.  by  the  Pacific 
ocean,  and  on  the  W.  by  Guaxaca. 

Soconusco,  or  Guevellan,  town  of  New  Spain, 
capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  440  miles 
SE.  of  Mexico.  Lon.  W.  C.  15  50  W.,  lat.  15 
12  N. 

Socotora,  island  of  Asia,  between  Arabia  Felix 
and  Africa,  about  50  ms.  long  and  22  broad.  It 
abounds  in  "fruit  and  cattle,  and  is  particularly 
noted  for  its  fine  aloes,  known  by  the  name  of  So- 
cotrine  aloes.  The  natives  are  Mahometans,  with 
a  mixture  of  Paganism,  and  they  have  a  king  who 
depends  on  Arabia. — See  Africa,  pp.  31,  32. 

Soczowa,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  Mol- 
davia, reated  on  the  Seret,  32  ms.  SW.  of  Jassy. 
Lon.  26  20  E.,  lat.  47  16  N. 

Sodbury,  or  Chipping  Sodbury,  town  of  Eng., 
in  Gloucestershire,  noted  for  its  fine  cheese.  It  is 
seated  in  a  bottom,  near  the  Downs,  15  ms.  ENE. 
of  Bristol,  and  112  W.  of  London.  Lon.  2  15 
W.,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Sodor,  village  in  Icolmkill,  one  of  the  Western 
isles  of  Scotland.  The  bishop  of  Man  is  still  call- 
ed bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  on  account  of  its 
once  having  been  a  bishop's  see,  which  compre- 
hended all  the  islands,  together  with  the  isle  of 
Man. 

Sodus,  bay  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario,  between  Seneca  and  Ontario  cos.  It  is 
formed  by  a  small  indenting  of  the  coast  and  two 
long  narrow  s  >nd  bars,  admitting  between  their 
points  vessels  drawing  7  feet  water.  It  is  com- 
pletely secure,  12  ms.  N.  from  Lyons,  on  the  Erie 
canal.  Post  office,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  So- 
dus bay,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Canandaigua.  Pop. 
1810,  1,957  ;  in  1820,  2,013, 
S30 


Sodus,  Little,  small  bay  12  ms.  E.  from  Soc 
bay,  N.  Y. 

Soeburg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
Zealand. 

Soest,  large  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  co. 

Marck,  formerly  free  and  imperial,  but  now  1 

longing  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  The  streets  i 
|  watered  with  streams  that  proceed  from  a  lat 
litis  12  ms.  SW.  of  Leipstadt,  and  30  SE. 

Munster.    Lon.  1  HE.,  lat.  51  41  N. 
I     Sofola,  kingdom  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  ( 
I  tending  S.  of  Zanguebar,  from  the  river  Cuaina 

the  river  Del  Espirito  Santo  ;  that  is,  from  17° 
j  25°  S.  lat.  It  contains  mines  of  gold,  and  is  tr 
i  utary  to  the  Portuguese.  Capital  of  a  kingdc 

of  the  same  name,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Lc 
|  35  40  E.,  lat.  20  20  S. 

Snffa,  or  Sophia,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Euroj 

capital  of  Bulgaria,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountai 

of  Argentaro,  on  the  river  Bogana,   135  mil 

WNW.  of  Adrianople,  and  152  E.  of  Scuta 

Lon.  23  58  E.,  lat.  42  36  N. 

Sofroy,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  at  the  fc 

of  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  part  of  Mou 

Atlas,  and  between  two  rivers,  12  ms.  E.  of  F. 

Lon.  4  48  W.,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Sogno,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  in 

province  of  the  same  name.    It  is  a  dry  san 

country,  but  yields  a  great  deal  of  salt.    The  i 

habitants  are  said  to  be  Christians,  converted  ; 

the  Portuguese,  and  the  Capuchins  have  a  chur 
j  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zaire,  near  its  mout 
j  185  ms.  WSW.  of  St.  Salvador.  Lon.  13  15  E 

lat:  5  50  S. 

Sahagepour,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  m  l 

province  of  Allahabad.    Lon.  82  20  E.,  lat.  l| 

50  N. 

Soham,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Cambridgeshire,  on 
fen  of  the  same  name,  near  Sohammere,  whi 
takes  up  1,000  acres  of  land.  It  is  5  ms.  SE. 
Ely,  and  70  N.  by  E.  of  London.  Lon.  0  1 
E.,  lat.  52  21  N. 

Soho,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  2  mil' 
NW.  of  Birmingham.  This  village  was  found 
by  Mr.  Bolton,  who  established  a  manufacture  f 
every  article  common  to  the  Birmingham  traci 
the  plated  ware  usually  made  at  SheffielJ,  and 
elegant  pieces  of  silver,  both  light  and  massiv 
Here  also  are  made  the  improved  steam  engine 
now  adopted  in  numerous  manufactures  and  oth 
concerns  throughout  the  kingdom.  The  copf 
coinage  of  penny  and  two-pence  pieces  Issued 
Government  in  1797  were  stamped  here;  and 
1799  a  coinage  of  half-penny  and  farthing  piec 
was  manufactured  here  by  a  new  and  very  inger 
ous  apparatus. 

Soignies,  town  of  Hainault,  near  a  forest 
the  same  name,  on  the  river  Senne,  8  ms.  NE. 
Mons,  and  17  W.  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  14  E 
lat.  53  29  N. 

Soissonnois,  late  province  of  Fr.,  bounded  - 
the  N.  by  Lyonnois,  on  theE.  by  Champagne,' 
the  S.  by  La  Brie,  and  on  the  W.  by  Valoift 
abounds  in  corn,  wood,  and  pasture,  and,  with  t 
late  province  of  Vermandois,  now  forms  the  de 
of  Aisne. 

Soissons,  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne,  ai 
late  province  of  Soissonnois,  anciently  the  capil 
of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  under  the  fi' 


SOL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SOM 


ce  of^the  French  monarchs.  It  contains  12,000 
habitants.  Soissons  is  seated  in  a  fertile  valley, 
the  river  Aisne,  30  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Rheims, 
d  60  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  18  E.,  lat.  40  23 
Mth. 

Solar,  from  sol,  the  sun — what  appertains  to 
,it  luminary. 

Soldania  Bay,  bay  of  the  SW.  coast  of  Africa, 
ittle  to  the  N.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Lon. 
4  E.,  lat.  33  10  S. 

Solesbury,  tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW. 
e  of  the  river  Delaware,  between  Upper  Make- 
Id  and  Plumstead.     This  tp.  contains  New 
>pe.    Pop.  1810,  1,629;  in  1820,  2,092. 
Solenhofen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franconia, 

i  ]  principality  of  Anspach.    Lon.   10  43  E., 

1  44  46  N. 

Soleure,  or  Solothurn,  canton  of  Switzerland, 
uch  holds  the  ele.venth  rank  in  the  Helvetic  con- 
jeracy,  into  which  it  was  admitted  in  1481.  It 
t ;tches  partly  through  the  plain,  and  partly 
jng  the  chains  of  the  Jura,  36  ms.  in  length 
il  35  in  breadth,  and  contains  50,000  inhabi- 
ts. The  soil,  for  the  most  part,  is  fertile  in 
in,  and  the  districts  within  the  Jura  abound  in 
c  ellent  pastures. 

foleure,  or  Soluthurn,  ancient  town  of  Switzer- 
li,  capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name.  It 
c  tains  4,000  inhabitants,  and  is  seated  on  the 
1;  which  here  expands  into  a  noble  river.  So- 
i -e  is  surrounded  by  regular  stone  fortifications, 
I  is  20  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Bern,  and  27  SSW.  of 
lie.    Lon.  7  20  E.,  lat.  47  15  N. 

hlfatara,  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Campagna  of 
Ine,  near  Tivoli,  which  empties  itself,  by  a 
Mish  muddy  stream,  into  the  Teverone,  the 
a  ient  Anio  ;  a  vapour  of  a  sulphureous  smell 
a  ing  from  it  as  it  flows.  In  the  middle  are 
B«;ral  floating  islands,  formed  of  matted  serge 
u  herbage,  springing  from  a  soil  of  dust  and 
b:1  blown  from  the  adjacent  ground,  and  glued 
tether  by  the  bitumen  which  swims  on  the  sur- 
fc  of  the  lake,  and  the  sulphur  with  which  its 
»3rs  are  impregnated.  Some  of  those  islands 
avl5  yards  long,  and  will  bear  five  or  six  people, 
f»)  by  a  pole,  may  move  to  different  parts  of  the 
la.  From  this  lake  issues  a  whitish  muddy 
stun,  which  emits  vapor  of  a  sulphureous 
wll,  till  it  reaches  the  Teverone. 

ulfatcrra,  mountain  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom 
oKaples,  and  Terra  di  Lavora.  This  mountain 
•pars  evidently  to  have  been  a  volcano  in  ancient 
lis,  and  the  soil  is  yet  so  hot  that  the  workmen 
Cloyed  there  in  making  alum  need  nothing  else 
b«Jes  the  heat  of  the  ground  for  evaporating  their 
Bditf.  Near  it  is  a  small  lake  full  of  black 
the  water,  which  seems  to  be  always  boiling. 

dwitzborg,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
01  lekengen.    Lon.  14  31  E.,  lat.  56  2  N. 

dihul,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshiie,  20 
I  NE.  of  Worcester,  and  107  NW.  of  London. 

ilingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
^itphalia,  and  duchy  of  Berg,  seated  near  the 
m  Wipper,  15  ms.  SE,  of  Dusseldorf.  Lon.  7 
If.,  lat.  51  10  N. 

tlkamsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
ijerrn.  In  its  vicinity  ate  some  salt  works.  It 
I  ated  on  the  Ussolka,  430  ms.  NE.  of  Kasan. 
H  57  26  E.,  lat.  5  15  N. 


Solmona. — See  Sulmona. 

Solms,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a  co.  of  the 
same  name,  in  the,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  on 
a  hill  10  ms.  SE.  of  Herborn.  Lon.  8  31  E.,  lat. 
50  35  N. 

Solomon's  Islands. — See  Danger,  Isles  of. 

Solon,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Kennebec  river,  18  ms.  above  Norridge- 

wock.  Town,  Courtlandt  co.  N.  Y.,  11  ms. 

E.  from  Homer.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,262. 

Solor,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  to  the  S.  of 
Celebes,  governed  by  its  own  king.  Lon.  123 
55  E.,  lat.  9°  S. 

Solstice,  Lat.,  literally,  the  sun  stationary, 
The  two  solstitial  points,  when  the  sun  is  farthest 
from  the  equator,  and  when  for  several  days  the 
sun  has  very  near  the  same  meridian  altitude,  and 
the  days  remain  nearly  equal.  The  winter  solstice, 
speaking  of  the  northern  hemisphere  of  the  earth, 
is  about  the  21st  of  December,  and  nearly  at  the 
same  time  that  the  earth  is  in  its  perihelion  ;  sum- 
mer solstice  in  same  hemisphere  is  about  21st  of 
June,  when  the  earth  is  near  its  aphelion. 

Soltau,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony. 
Lon.  10  2  E.,  lat.  53  10  N. 

Soltweld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  old  marche 
of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  the  Jelze,  40  ms.  NW. 
of  Stendal.    Lon.  11  36  E.,  lat.  53  6  N. 

Solway  Frith,  arm  of  the  sea,  between  Cum- 
berland in  Eng.,  and  Kirkcudbiightshire  in  Scot- 
land. 

Solway  Moss,  black  morass  of  Eng.,  in  Cum- 
berland. Near  it  is  the  river  Esk,  on  the  borders  of 
Scotland,  which  in  1771,  being  swoln  by  rains, 
burst  through  the  shell  of  turf  which  covered  it, 
and  spread  a  deluge  over  400  acres  of  cultivated 
land,  and  entirely  filled  up  the  valley  in  its  vi- 
cinity. 

S.ombrere,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  30  ms. 
N.  of  Nicobar.  The  inhabitants  are  mild,  timo- 
rous, and  very  obliging  to  strangers. 

Sombrero,  cluster  of  uninhabited  islands  in  the 
W.  Indies,  belonging  to  the  English.  The  most 
remarkable  of  them  is  a  league  long,  and  consists 
of  an  eminence,  to  which  the  Spanish  discoverers, 
finding  some  resemblance  to  a  hat,  gave  the  name 
of  Sombrero.  It  is  80  ms.  NW.  of  St.  Chris- 
topher.   Lon.  63  37  W.,  lat.  18  38  N. 

Somers,  town,  N  W.  angle  of  Tolland  co.,  Conn., 
about  25  ms.  NNE.  from  Hartford.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,306.  Town,  West  chester  co.,  N.  Y. 

Pop.  in  1810,  1,782;  in  1820,  1,841.    In  the 

village  a  weekly  newspaper  is  published.  Tp., 

Prebleco.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  1, 171. 

Somerset,  tp.,  Buckingham  co.,  L.  C.  Co., 

Me.,  bounded  by  Kennebec  S.,  Oxford  W.,  Lower 
Canada  NW.,  and  Penobscot  E.  This  co.  in- 
cludes a  space  of  180  ms.  long,  by  upwards  of  50 
wide,  or  between  7,000  and  8,000  sq.  ms.  Only 
the  southern  part,  however,  on  Kennebec  river,  is 
yet  inhabited.  This  cultivated  space  amounts  to 
about  2,000  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Norridgewock. 
Pop.  in  1820,  21,787;  and  in  1840,  33,912. 
Central  lat.  45°  N.,  and  7°  E.  lon.  from  W.  C. 

intersect   in   this  co.  Tp.,   Windham    co. , 

Vt.,  42   ms.    SW.    from  Windsor.  Town, 

Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  on  Taunton  river,  13  ms.  S. 
from  Taunton.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,200;  in  1820, 
1,116. 

S31 


30  M 


SOM 


Somerset,  co.,  N.  J.,  bounded  by  Essex  E., 
Middlesex  SE.,  Hunterdon  SW.  and  W.,  and 
Morris  N.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  12,  area 
360  sq.  ms.  It  is  entirely  dfained  by  the  differ- 
ent branches  of  Raritan  river.  Surface  pleasantly 
diversified  by  hill  and  dale.  Soil  generally  pro- 
ductive in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruit.  The  up- 
per part  of  New  Brunswick  is  in  this  co.  Other 
principal  towns,  Boundbrook,  Somerville,  and 
Middleburg.  Pop.  in  1820,  16,506;  and  in  1840, 
17,455.  Central  lat.  40  35  N.,  Ion.  2  22  E.  of 
W.  C. 

Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Alleghany  co. 
in  Md.  S.,  Fayette  co.,  in  Pa.,  W.,  Westmore- 
land NW,  Cambria  N.,  and  Bedford  E.  Length 
38  ms.,  mean  width  28,  area  1,066  sq.  ms. 
Though  enclosed  on  two  sides  by  mountains,  this 
co.  is  not  even  very  hilly,  and  contains  much 
good  soil,  particularly  for  the  production  of  grain 
and  meadow  grasses.  It  is  drained  by  the  Yough- 
iogany  and  Conemaugh  rivers.  Chief  town, 
Somerset.  Pop.  in  1820,  13,374;  and  in  1840, 
19,650.  Lat.  40°,  N.,  and  Ion.  W.  C.  2°  W. 
intersect  near  the  centre  of  this  co. 

Somerset,  village,  borough,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  on  a  branch  of  Youghiogany 
river,  37  ms.  W.  from  Bedford.  Pop.  of  the  tp. 
in  1810,  1,548  ;  and  of  the  borough  in  1820,  442; 
and  in  1840,  638.    Lat.  40°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2 

5  W-  Tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Pa.,  around  the 

borough  of  Somerset.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,954.  

Tp  ,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  between  the  eastern 
branch  of  Chartier's  creek  and  Pigeon  creek,  10 
ms  E.  from  W.  C. 

Somerset,  co.,  Md.,  bounded  by  Sussex  co.,in 
Delaware  NE.,  Worcester  co.,  in  Md.,  E.,  Poco- 
moke  bay  S.,  Chesapeake  bay  SW.,  and  Nanti 
coke  river,  or  Dorchester  co.,  NW.  Length  35 
ms.,  mean  width  15;  and  exclusive  of  water,  area 
about  500  sq.  ms.  It  is  bounded  by  Pocombke 
SE.,  and  l<y  Nauticokc  river  NW.,  and  drained 
by  Manokin  and  Wicomico  rivers.  Surface  gene- 
rally level,  and  though,  sandy,  the  soil  tolerably 
productive.  Chief  town,  Princess  Ann.  Pop.  in 
1820,   19,579;  and  in  1840,  19,50S.  Central 

lat.  38  16  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  18  E.  Village 

and  seat  of  justice,  Perry  co.,  O.,  on  the  road 
from  Zanesville  to  Lancaster,  18  ms.  from  each. 

Lon.  W.  C.  5  20  W.,  lat.  39  52  N.  Tp., 

Belmont  co.,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  863.  Village, 

Franklin  co.,  Ia.,  by  post  road  81  ms.  SE.  by  E. 

from  Indianapolis.  Village  and  seat  of  justice, 

Pulaski  co.,  Ky.,  on  Pitman's  creek  85  ms.  S. 
from  Frankfort,  and  80  ms.  E.  from  Glasgow. 
Lat.  37  6  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  25  W. 

Somersetshire,  co.,  of  Eng.,  65  ms.  long  and 
45  broad,  bounded  on  the  NW.  by  the  Bristol 
channel,  on  the  N.  by  Gloucestershire,  on  the  E. 
by  Wiltshire,  on  the  SE.  by  Dorsetshire,  on  the 
SW.  by  Devonshire.  It  lies  in  the  diocesses  of 
Bristol,  and  of  Bath  and  Wells.  The  air  in  the 
lower  grounds  is  universally  mild,  and  generally 
wholesome.  The  soil  in  the  NE.  quarter  is  in 
general  stony,  andi  possesses  a  lofty  mineral 
tract  called  the  Mentrip  Hills.  Towards  the  cen- 
tre, where  its  principal  rivers  unite,  are  fens  and 
marshy  moors  of  great  extent.  On  the  W.  side 
are  the  Quantock  Hills,  with  many  downs  and 
open  heaths,  and  in  the  NW.  corner  is  the  black 
832 


sterile  region  of  Exmoor.  Pop.  in  1801,  273,7 
in  1811,  303,110;  and  in  1821,  355,314. 

Somersworth,  tp.,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H./on  1 
cataqua  river,  12  ms.  above  Portsmouth.  P 
in  1820,  841. 

Somerton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetsh 
from  which  the  city  took  its  name,  13  ms.  S 

Wells.    Lon.  2  40  W.,  lat.  51  22  N.  1 

lage  near  the  southern  boundary  of  Nansem 
co.,  Va  ,  40  ms.  SW.  from  Norfolk,  and  by  | 
road  124  SE.  from  Richmond. 

Somerville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Son 
set  co.,  N.  J.,  on  Raritan  river,  16  m=.  at 
New  Brunswick,  and  38  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  f 
Trenton.  It  is  a  well-built  and  very  neat  villi 
in  a  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  vicinity.  I 

40  35  N.,  lon.  W.   C.  2  22  E.  Villi 

Fauquier  co.,  Va.,  56  ms.  from  W.  C,  and 
post  road  133  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Richmo 
 Village,  Fayette  co.,  Pa." 

Sommerville,  village  and  seat  of  justice  on 
cust  Fork  of  Black  Warrior  or  Tuscaloosa  ri< 
Morgan  co.,  Ala.,  about  50  ms.  a  little  E.  of 
from  Huntsville.  Lat.  34  6  N.,  lon.  W.  C 
35  W. 

Somma,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples.  In  its  vici 
between  7,000  and  8,000  pounds  weight  of  sil 
!  the  best  quality  are  annually  made.     It  is  10 
|  E.  of  Naples. 

Somme,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  the  late  provi 
of  Picardy.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  wl 
rises  in  the  dep.  of  Alsace,  and  watering  St.  Qi 
tin,  Peronne,  Amiens  and  Abbeville,  enters 
English  channel.    Amiens  is  the  capital. 

Sommerfield,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  S 
ony,  72  ms  distant  from  Berlin. 

Sommieres,  town  ofFr.,  in  the  dep.  of  G 
and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  which  carries 
a  manufacture  of  serges.    It  is  seated  on  the 
dourse,  10  ms.  W.  of  Nismes.    Lon.  4  11 
lat.  43  48  N. 

Soncino,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  demon 
seated  on  the  Oglio,  20  ms.  NW.  of  Crerao 
Lon.  9  44  E.,  lat.  45  24  N. 

Sonderborg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  islan 
Alsen.  Its  harbor  is  said  to  be  the  best  in  I 
mark.  It  is  16  ms.  ENE.  of  Flendshburg.  I 
9  49  E.,  lat.  54  57  N. 

Sondershausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  ci 
of  Upper  Saxony,  on  the  small  river  Wipper. 
is  the  capital  of  the  principality  of  Schwartz  S 
derhausen.  Lon.  11  5  E.,  lat.  48  25  N.— 
Scwartzbourg  So7iderkausen. 

Sondrio,  town  in  the  country  of  the  Grioi 
and  capital  of  the  Valveline,  built  on  both  siJe 
the  Malenco,  a  furious  torrent.    It  is  34  ms.  T 
iofComo.    Lon.  9  40  E.,  lat.  46  11  N. 

Sonergon,  or  Sunnergaun,  village  of  Hind 
tan  proper,  once  a  large  city,  the  provinc  al  ca| 
of  the  eastern  division  of  Bengal,  before  Dacca 
built,  and  famous  for  a  manufacture  of  fine  co 
cloths.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Burr 
pooter,  13  ms  SE.  of  Dacca. 

Songaria,  country  of  central  Asia.  It  is  an 
vated  plateau,  or  table  land,  bounded  on  three  s 
by  mountains;  on  the  N.  by  the  Ulugh-Tag, 
the  S.  by  the  Alak,  and  on  the  W.  by  a  par 
the  Imaus  or  Belur-Tag.  Within  this  j* 
spreads  to  the  eastward  an  immense  plain,  ir 


SON 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SON 


the  junction  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado  is  followed 
by  the  great  opening  of  the  American  Red  sea,  or 
Gulf  of  California.  The  Rio  Colorado,  rising  in 
the  central  mountains  of  North  America,  on  the 
same  plateau  from  which  flow  the  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte,  the  Multnomah,  and  the  enormous  western 
arms  of  the  Mississippi,  becomes  a  navigable  stream 
at  lat.  39°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  34°  W.  Continuing 
thence  SW.,  by  comparative  courses,  600  ms.,  it 
receives  from  the  E.  the  Gila.  The  Californian 
Gulf  is,  in  geographical  strictness,  only  the  contin- 
ution  of  the  Colorado.  Considered  as  such,  that 
fine  river  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  GilaSSE. 
800  ms.,  to  where,  between  the  Bay  of  Mazatlan 
and  Cape  Palmas,  it  is  merged  in  the  Pacific 
ocean  at  lat.  23°  N. 

It  is  impossible  to  view  a  map  of  North  America, 
and  carefully  examine  the  course  of  its  great  rivers, 
without  appreciating  the  prodigious  commercial  and 
political  advantages  of  the  Colorado  route.  By  it, 
ihe  Pacific  ocean  is  entered  23°  of  lat.  further  S. 
than  by  the  Columbia ;  and  by  the  former,  also, 
the  ship  channel  is  muck  deeper  into  the  body  of 
the  continent  than  by  the  latter.  An  approxima- 
tion towards  the  tropical  regions  of  Polynesia,  In- 
dia, and  China,  decides  the  preference  in  favor  of 
the  southern  route.  In  this  great  line  of  civilized 
intercourse,  St.  Louis,  in  the  U.  S.,  will,  we  may 
suppose,  assume  the  rank  of  an  immense  entrepot, 
whilst  another  must  arise  on  the  side  of  the  Pacific. 

In  its  actual  slate,  the  population  of  Sonora  y 
Sinaloa  is  confined  to  the  civilized  inhabitants  of 
the  southern  part,  and  to  the  native  tribes  of  the 
northern  sections.     The  former  exhibit  similar 


s  rsed  by  lakes  of  different  extent.  This  country, 
|  ig  in  N.  lat.  45°,  is  supposed  to  be  the  Organum 
rRubriquis.  The  rivers  of  this  region  have  no 
( let  to  the  ocean,  but  are  discharged  into  interior 
les. 

Songars,  a  tribe  ofKalmucs  who  inhabit  and  give 
rine  to  the  basin  of  the  Palcati,  or  Hi.  The  peo- 
j!  of  Songaria  are  emphatically  pastoral.  They 
fcp  immense  droves  of  horses,  and  fat- tailed  sheep  ; 
t  ir  horned  cattle  and  camels  are  not  so  numerous. 

>ung  Kiang,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
ling-nan.  It  is  built  close  to  the  water ;  the  pro- 
oious  quantity  of  cotton  cloth  with  which  it  sup- 
p  s  not  only  the  empire,  but  also  foreign  coun- 
ts, renders  it  very  celebrated,  and  causes  it  to  be 

ch  frequented. 

Sonmeane,  town  of  the  province  of  Luz,  in 
stheastern  Beloochistan,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the 
s  ie  name,  50  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Cape 
Brize,  and  about  140  nearly  due  W.  from  Hydra  - 
b,  on  the  Indus.    Sonmeane  bay  is  enclosed  on 
t)  land  side  by  a  curve  of  the  Indian  ocean,  to  the 
^  of  Cape  Monze.    The  town  of  Sonmeane 
s:  ids  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  bay,  at  N.  lat. 
30,  Ion.  66  45  E.  of  London. 
onpta,  Arab.,  second  law.    This  work,  con- 
tiing  the  traditionary  accounts  of  the  acts  and 
wds  of  Mohammed,  is  by  some  Mahometan  sects 
v crated  next  to  the  Koran.    Those  who  have 
noted  as  sacred  the  Sonna,  take  their  sectarian 
tiifrom  it,  and  are  called  Sonnites,  or  Sunnites. 
bnncberg. — See  Lunenberg. 
bnora  y  Sinaloa,  State  of  Mexico,  bounded  E. 
b;he  States  of  Chihuahua  and  Durango,  SE.  and 
Sy  Jalisco,  Gulf  of  California  W.  and  SW.,  and  }  'raits  of  character  with  other  inhabitants  of  Mexico 
b;he  river  Gila  and  the  native  Indian  regions  of  i  descended  from  Spanish  colonists.     "The  Indians 


Acheira  N.  Beside  those  limits,  may  be  also 
ituded  in  Sonora  y  Sinaloa  the  very  extensive 
M  almost  unknown  tracts  drained  by  the  Color- 
n  and  Buenaventura  rivers  as  high  as  N.  lat.  42°, 
one  line  of  demarkation  between  the  U.  S.  and 
I  ico.  Taken  with  such  an  extension,  Sonora 
y  naloa  reaches  from  lat.  22  40  to  42°  N.,  or 
oiarusof  19°  of  lat.  Length  from  N.  to  S., 
BO  ms.,  mean  width  about  200;  area,  268,000 
5<jns.  The  existing  white  and  civilized  popula- 
I  of  this  very  extensive  country  amounts,  it  n 
ft  probable,  to  less  than  200,000,  or  less  than  a 
}i  le  person  to  the  sq.  m. 

onora  y  Sinaloa  is  in  man}-  respects  a  very  in- 
I  King  part  of  the  habitable  earth,  as  through  it 
n  1  human  probability  will  be  followed,  in  future 
one  of  those  commercial  routes  which  in- 
iuce  the  moral  condition  of  nations;  and,  from 
tsmlral  section,  there  exists  strong  historical  data 
'Oace  that  civilization  found  native  amongst  the 
^iricans,  by  their  more  warlike  but  less  polished 
■merers  in  the  16th  century. 

lie  principal  rivers  of  this  State  are  the  Hiaqui, 
I ,  Colorado,  and  the  uncertain  streams  of  Bue- 
RBtura,  and  Timpanogos.  Under  the  head  of 
I  rican  Pyramids,  the  reader  will  find  a  brief 
Aph  of  the  massive  ruins  found  on  the  Gila — 
Hjs  which  attest  former  civilization  ;  and  under 
h  lead  of  New  Mexico  it  is  shown  that  this  civ- 
Wion  is  not  entirely  extinct.  The  scarcity  of 
rjvs  will  retard  the  population  of  the  tropical  sec- 
'r  but  in  the  temperate  region  of  33°  this  fea- 
u  is  reversed.  Here,  at  37°  W.  from  W.  C, 
105* 


who  live  on  the  plains  adjoining  the  Casas  Grande 
of  the  Rio  Gila,"  says  Humboldt,  "and  who  have 
never  had  the  smallest  communication  with  the  in- 
habitants of  Sonora,  deserve  by  no  means  the  ap- 
pellation of  savages,  (Indios  bravos.)  Their  social 
civilization  forms  a  singular  contrast  with  the  state 
of  the  savages  who  wander  along  the  banks  of  the 
Missouri  and  in  Canada".  The  Spanish  mission- 
aries, and  more  recently  American  travellers,  have 
found  the  tribes  of  these  countries  clothed,  residing 
in  houses,  and  extensively  engaged  in  agriculture 
and  domestic  manufactures. 

Sonora  y  Sinaloa  contains  one  city,  Arispe. 
Sonora  proper  contains  the  villages  of  Sonora  and 
Hostiinuri.  Sinaloa  contains  the  villages  of  Culia- 
can,  Sinaloa,  el  Rosario,  el  Fuerte,  and  los  Alamos. 

Arispe,  the  most  northern  large  town  of  the 
State,  stands  near  a  small  chain  of  mountains  to 
the  S.  and  W.  of  the  presidios  of  Bacuachi  and 
Bavispe.  Pop.  7,600.  Lat.  30  36  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  31  50  W.,  upwards  of  1,000  ms.  NNW.  from 
the  city  of  Mexico. 

Sonora,  the  present  capital  of  Sonora  proper, 
stands  about  50  ms.  S.  from  Arispe.    Pop.  6,400. 

Hostimuri  is  a  mine  town  of  considerable  conse- 
quence, capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Gulf  of  California.    Lat.  27°  N. 

Culiacan,  celebrated  in  Mexican  history  under 
the  name  of  Hueicolhuican.    Pop.  11,000. 

Sinaloa,  or  Cinaloa,  capital  of  the  whole  State, 
called  otherwise  Villa  de  san  Felipe  y  Santiago, 
E.  from  the  port  of  Santa  Maria  d'Aome.  Pop. 
13,000.    Lat.  25  58  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  30  52  W. 

833 


SOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SOU 


EI  Rosario,  near  the  rich  mine  of  Copala.  It  is 
situated  near  the  southern  extremity  of  the  State, 
and  very  nearly  under  the  tropic  of  Cancer.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,000. 

Del  Fuerte,  or  Montesclaros,  on  the  river  De  la 
Fuerle,  70  or  80  ms.  NNW.  from  Cinaloa,  has  a 
population  of  8,000. 

L03  Alamos,  between  the  Rio  del  Fuerte  and  the 
Rio  Mayo,  is  a  mine  town,  with  a  pop.  of  8,000. 

The  mines  of  Sonora  y  Sinaloa  are  principally 


is  about  £0  ms.,  and  from  thence  to  the  moutl  5 
ms.,  by  comparative  courses.  It  is  the  chann  >| 
an  extensive  down-stream  trade  in  flour,  lurr  • 
pot  and  pearl  ashes. 

Sorento,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  with  a  ha  r 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Sorenlo,  in  the  hi  (( 
Naples,  17  ms.  SE.  of  Naples.    Lon.  14  24 
lat.  40  36  N. 

Soria,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  buil  n 
the  ruins  of  ancient  Numantia,  near  the  sour  >f 


of  gold.    The  chief  washing  of  that  precious  metal  !  the  Duero,  74  ms,  SE,  of  Burdos.    Lon.  2  2 


is  in  the  large  district  of  Pimeria  Alta.  "  Frag- 
ments of  pure  gold,"  says  Humboldt,  "from  5 
lb.  2  oz.  2  dr.,  to  8  lb.  0  oz.  4  dr.  troy,  have  been 
found  ;  but  these  washings  are  by  no  means  dili- 
gently pursued,  on  account  of  the  frequent  incur 
6ions  of  the  independent  Indians,  and  especially  on 
account  of  the  high  price  of  provisions,  which  must 
be  brought  from  a  great  distance  in  this  uncultiva- 
ted country." 

Sooloo,  island  of  the  Eastern  ocean,  situated 
SW.  of  Mindanao,  almost  midway  between  that 
island  and  Borneo.  It  is  30  ms.  long  and  12 
broad,  and  contains  about  60,000  inhabitants;  the 
natives  are  Malays  and  Mahometans.  The  popu- 
lousness  of  this  little  spot  is  caused  by  its  advanta- 
geous situation,  which  renders  it  a  great  mart.  The 
English  East  India  Company  have  a  resident  here. 
Lon.  121  25  E.,  lat.  5  58  N. 

Sooy's  Inn,  and  post  office,  Burlington  co.,  N. 
J.,  67  ms.  from  Trenton. 

Sophia. — See  Soffit. 

Saphiania,  town  of  Persia,  in  Aderbeitzan, 
seated  in  a  valley,  25  ms.  N  W.  of  Tauris.  Lon. 
47  25  E.,  lat.  38  35  N. 

Sopienburg,  town  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  in 
Denmark.    Lon.  12  40  E.,  lat.  55  54  N. 

Supra  Selva,  valley  of  Switzerland,  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Grisons. 

Supron,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capital 
of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  a  small  river, 
27  ms.  SW.  of  Presburg,  and  30  SE.  uf  Vienna. 
Lon.  17°  E  ,  lat.  47  46  N. 

Sora,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora,  on 
the  Garigjiano,  65  ms.  N.W.  of  Naples.  Lon.  14 
4  E.,  lat.  41  54  N. 

Sora,  town  of  Denmark,  in  Zealand,  with  a  col- 
lege for  the  nobility,  9  ms.  W.  of  Ringsted.  Lon. 
11  53  E.,  lat.  55  26  N. 

Suraw,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lusatia,  seated 
near  the  Bober,  25  miles  south  of  Crossen,  and  32 
NE.  of  Gurlitz.    Lon.  15  48  E  ,  lat.  51  40  N. 

SoRBONNE,  from  the  personal  name  of  the  con- 
fessor of  St.  Louis,  or  Louis  IX.,  king  of  France. 
This  so  celebrated  theological  seminary  was  found- 
ed in  A.  D.  1250,  by  Robert  of  Sorbonne  in  the 


lat.  41  48  N. 

Sorianto,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples. 

Sorlingues. — See  Scilly  Islands. 

Sorock,  town  ot  Poland,  on  the  Dniester. 

Soroe,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of  | 
j  land.  It  is  encompassed  by  three  fresh-water  It », 
;  and  is  25  ms.  S VV.  of  Copenhagen.  Lon.  15 
;  E.,  lat.  55  5  N. 

;  Sospello,  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  count  if 
j  Nice.  It  has  a  trade  in  dried  fruits,  paiticu  y 
j  figs,  and  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  three  very  i 
!  mountains,  on  the  river  Bevera,  15  miles  Nj  of 
I  Nice.    Lon.  7  34  E.,  lat.  43  52  N. 

Sovana,  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  in  the  I  j. 

nese,  25  ms.  W.  of  Orvietto.    Lon.  11  48  E  t. 

42  42  N. 

Soubise,  town  of  Fr ,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  i- 
rente,  and  late  territory  of  Saintonge,  on  an  i- 
nence,  on  the  river  Charente,  22  miles  S.  of  | 
chelle.    Lon.  1  2  W.,  lat.  45  57  E. 

Souillac,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot,  id 
late  territory  of  Querci,  on  the  Borese,  32  m;  \. 
of  Cahors.    Lon.  1  21  E.,  lat.  44  55  N. 

Soujouc-kale,  town  and  port  of  Russia,  in  a- 
sia,  and  on  the  SE.  side  of  the  Black  sea,  50  s. 
SSE.  of  Anapa.    N.  lat.  44  20,  lon.  37  10  ] 

Soukgoam-kale,  town  and  port  of  Russii  )n 
the  SE  side  of  the  Black  sea,  and  in  the  pro  ce 
of  Abasia,  about  250  ms.  SE.  of  Soujouc-kale  i 
lat.  43  50,  lon.  41  0  E.  of  London. 

Sound,  passage  or  strait  lying  between  tl  is- 
land of  Zealand,  in  Denmark,  and  the  coa  of 
Schonen,  in  Sweden,  through  which  vessels 
from  the  ocean  into  the  Baltic.    On  the  Den  rl 
side  stands  the  Elsineur  and  the  strong  fortn  of 
Cronenburg,  near  which  is  a  tolerable  good  \  \ 
and  on  the  side  of  Sweden  stands  the  town  of  el 
singburg,  with  only  one  old  tower  remaining 
demolished  castle.    The  Danes  take  toll  c 
ships  that  pass  through  the  strait,  which  is 
4  ms.  over — See  Elsinore. 

The  breadth  of  the  Sound,  from  shore  to  eM 
is  about  1£  mile,  but  the  ship  channel,  imme  e- 
ly  between  Cronenburg  and  Helsingburg,  ii& 
than  one  mile,  with  10  fathoms  water.  This 


j! 


t! 


diocess  of  Rheims,  who,  following  the  custom  of  {  increases  to  18  fathoms  between  the  island  of 


learned  men  of  that  age,  took  the  name  of  his  na 
tive  town. 

Sorel,  or  William  Henry,  town,  Lower  Canada, 
on  St.  Lawrence  river,  immediately  below  the  mouth 
of  Sorel  river.  It  is  a  regularly  built  town,  contain- 
ing 150  houses,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants. 

£ortl,  river,  Lower  Canada,  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Champlain.  It  admits  ship  navigation  to  St. 
John's.  From  thence  to  the  basin  of  Chambly 
the  current  is  strong,  and  impeded  by  shoals  and 
rapids;  but  from  Chambly  to  the  mouth,  gentle. 
The  distance  from  Lake  Champlain  to  St.  John's 
S34 


,  en  and  Tegalgaaid,  in  Sweden.  Between 
j  and  Landscrona,  the  depth  is  from  9  to  20  h* 
oms.    Between  Copenhagen  and  Malmo,  in 
I  den,  the  Sound  is  divided  into  three  chanm 
J  the  islands  of  Amag  and  Saltholm.    The  ea  "> 
)  and  widest  is  along  the  Swedish  coast.    The  d- 
j  die  or  Casper  channel  stretches  by  Copenh  n» 
between  Amag  and  Saltholm.    Both  merge 
one  SE.  of  Amag,  with  4  fathoms  water.  This  he 
deepest  outlet  of  the  Baltic,  about  10  ms.  SE. 
Copenhagen.   The  western.channel  passes thrgh 
by  Copenhagen,  but  with  only  1 J  fathoms  wat 


sou 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SOU 


Sour  or  Sur,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  or  Sy- 
I  Here  stood  the  famous  city  of  Tyre,  of  which 
i;re  is  now  nothing  remaining  but  ruins.  Lon. 
:  50  E.,  lat.  33  18  N. — See  Tyre. 

Sour,  or  Sur,  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
us  from  W.  to  E.  through  Luxemburg,  and  falls 
jo  Moselle  a  little  above  Treve. 

Souri,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Laris- 
I,    Lon.  50  30  E.,  lat.  26  18  N. 

Sousa,  or  Susa,  strong  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
'  nis,  in  Africa,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
jne,  with  a  castle  and  a  good  harbor.  It  is  a 
jce  of  some  trade,  and  seated  on  a  high  rock, 
iir  the  sea,  65  ms.  SE.  of  Tunis.  Lon.  11  15 
lat.  38  52  N. 

%ou-tcheou,  city  of  China,  the  second  in  the 
jivince  of  Kiang-nan,  and  one  of  the  most  agree- 
f  e  in  China.  Europeans  who  have  seen  it,  com- 
je  it  to  Venice,  with  this  difference :  that  the 
l  er  is  built  in  the  sea,  and  Sou-tcheou-fou  is  in- 
jected by  canals  of  fresh  water.  The  brocades 
tl  embroideries  made  here  are  in  great  request 
nughout  the  whole  empire.  Lon.  112  20  E,, 
1  38  40  N. 

louterraine,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
cCreusp,  and  late  province  of  Marche,  24  miles 
I  of  Limoges. 

huth  Sea- — See  Pacific  Ocean. 

Southam,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Warwickshire,  no- 
t  for  its  cider.  It  is  13  ms.  S.  of  Coventry, 
a  83  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  23  W.,  lat.  52 
IN. 

huth  Amboy,  tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.  Pop. 
If),  3,406. 

huth  Amenia,  town  on  the  eastern  border  of 
Itchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Oblong  creek,  about  20 
n  E.  from  Poughkeepsie. 

'outhampton,  seaport  and  borough  of  Eng.,  in 
Inpshire.  It  is  coromodiously  situated  between 
t  Itchen  and  Test,  which  here  flow  into  an  inlet 
o.he  sea  called  Southampton  water,  which  is  so 
dp  that  ships  of  1,500  tons  have  been  launched 
hj;  and  it  is  navigable  almost  to  the  head  for 
v  ;els  of  considerable  burden.  Two  ms.  from 
I  town  is  Wood  mills,  where  is  a  very  curious 
nmfacture  of  ship  blocks,  from  which  all  the 
kj's  yards  are  supplied.  Southampton  is  12  m. 
8»y  W.  of  Winchester,  and  75  WSW.  of  Lon- 

|f,    Lon.  1  26  W.,  lat.  50  55  N.  Tp., 

tkingham  co.,  N.  H.,  18  ms.  SW.  from  Ports- 

nuh.  Town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  10  ms. 

8'.  from  Northampton.    In  this  tp.  there  is  a 

It  mine.  Town,  Suffolk  co.,  Long  Island, 

9  ns.  E.  from  the  city  of  New  York.  Tp., 

l"iY.,  on  Long  island,  containing  the  preceding 
y  ige,  and  Westhampton,  and  Sag  harbor,  each 

G  aining  its  separate  post  office.  Tp.,  Bucks 

I  Pa.,  opposite  the  NW.  angle  of  Phila- 
il  bia  co.  and  the  NE.  angle  of  Montgomery. 

H-  in  1814,  739;  in  1S20,  907.  SW.  tp., 

'  nberiand  co.  Pa.    This  tp.  includes  Shippens- 

I   Tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  adjacent  to  the 

p  edinc_  One  of  the  southern  tps.   of  Bed- 

fcj  co.,|Pa.,  8  ms.  S.  from  the  borough  of  Bed- 

fc;-    Pop.  in  1810,  952;  in  1820,  1,158.  

P[,  Va.,  bounded  by  N.  Car.  S.,  Greensville 
Bl.,  Sussex  NW.,  Surry  N.,  and  Blackwater 
fir  of  Isle  of  Wight,  and  Nansemond  E.  ;  length 
**j'is.,  breadth  30,  area  570  sq.  ms.  It  is  washed 


SW.  by  the  Mehere,  and  E.  by  Blackwater  river, 
and  traversed  by  the  Nottaway.  Chief  town,  Je- 
rusalem. Pop.  in  1820,  10,494;  and  in  1840, 
10,795.  Ctl.  lat.  36  40  N.  The  meridian  of 
W.  C.  passes  over  this  co. 

South  Bainbridge,  SE.  town,  Chenango  co., 
N.  Y.,  on  Susquehannah  river,  17  ms,  S.  from 
Norwich. 

South  Beaver  tp.,  Beaver  co.,  Pa.,  adjoining 
the  State  of  Ohio,  and  N.  from  Ohio  river. 

South  Berwick,  town,  York  co.,  Maine,  on 
Salmon-fall  river,  8  ms.  W.  from  York,  and  45 
SSW.  from  Portland. 

Southborough,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  10 
ms.  E.  from  Worcester.  Pop.  in  1810,  926;  in 
1820,  1,030, 

South  Branch,  post  office,  Hardy  co.,  Va.,  by 
by  post  road  111  ms.  W.  from  W.  C. 

South  Bridge,  town  of  the  southern  part  of 
Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  by  post  road  54  ms.  SW 
from  Boston. 

South  Bridgeivaier,  town  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mass.,  36  ms.  SSE.  from 
Boston. 

South  JBrimfield,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass 
Pop.  in  1810,  845;  in  1820,  683. 

South  Brookfield,  village  in  the  SE.  angle  of 
Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  25  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S. 
from  Utica. 

Southbury,  town,  New  Haven  co.,  Conn.,  on 
the  left  side  of  Housatonick  river,  40  ms.  SW. 
from  Hartford. 

South  Canaan,  town,  Litchfield  co  ,  Conn.,  on 
Housatonick  river,  20  ms.  NNW.  from  Litchfield, 
and  by  post  road  44  NW.  by  W.  from  Hartford. 

South  Carolina,  one  of  the  original  States  of 
the  U.  S.  of  N.  America,  bounded  SE.  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  SW.by  Georgia,  and  N.  and  NE. 
by  N.  C.  S.  C.  has  an  ocean  border  from  Little 
inlet  to  the  mouth  of  Savannah  river  -  185  ms. 
Along  Savannah  river,  in  common  with 

Georgia        -  200  " 

Along  North  Carolina  -  -  -  300  ** 

Having  an  entire  outline  of    =  -  685 

The  greatest  length  of  this  State  is,  from  SE.  to 
NW.,  240  ms.  ;  its  mean  width  about  115  ms.  ; 
and  area  28,000  sq.  ms. ;  lying  between  N.  lat. 
32°  and  35  12. 

S.  Carolina,  like  N.  Carolina,  is  naturally  divi- 
ded into  three  sections;  those  of  the  sea  sand  allu- 
vion, hilly  above  the  river  falls  and  mountainous. 
The  former  extends  from  the  coast  about  100  ms., 
and  is  intersected  by  a  number  of  rivers,  winding 
in  sluggish  channels  towards  the  sea  coast.  None 
of  the  rivers  in  this  State  are  navigable  to  any 
considerable  distance  inland.  The  Santee  is  united 
to  the  harbor  of  Charleston  by.  a  canal  22  ms.  in 
length.  This  artificial  channel  opens  to  Charles- 
ton the  commerce  of  the  interior  of  both  North 
Carolina  and  South  Carolina.  The  ridge  of  hills 
give  rise  to  the  appropriate  distinction  of  lower 
and  upper  country,  differing  from  each  other  in 
every  essential  respect.  The  lower  country,  with 
a  soil  flat  and  sandy,  covered  with  pine,  is  in  gen- 
eral sterile,  interspersed  with  marshes,  and  in  sum- 
I  mer  and  autumn  more  or  less  unhealthy.  The 
hilly  region  is  ushered  in  advancing  from  the  sea 

835 


SOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SOU 


coast  by  the  sand  hills  or  hillocks  which  extend 
for  20  or  30  ms.,  and  gradually  merge  into  other 
and  more  elevated  hills,  which  lead  into  a  finely 
diversified,  fertile,  well-watered,  and  healthy  coun- 
try. This  latter  region  is  terminated  by  the  moun- 
tains, which  are  confined  to  the  extreme  NW.  an- 
gle of  the  State.  On  the  lower  or  sandy  track  the 
banks  of  the  streams  are  in  many  places  composed 
of  excellent  soil,  upon  which  rice  and  cotton  are 
extensively  cultivated.  The  middle  or  sand  hill 
zone  partakes  of  the  general  character  of  the  sea- 
sand  alluvion  ;  with  the  exceptions  noted,  both 
have  an  arid  and  barren  aspect.  The  soil  of  the 
upper  country  is  most  productive ;  cotton  is  there 
also  the  common  staple. 

The  following  tables  exhibit  the  relative  sections 
of  South  Carolina,  with  the  classified  and  aggre- 
gate population  agreeably  to  the  census  of  1820  : 

TABLE  No.  1. 

Population  of  the  alluvial  or  southeastern  section 
of  S.  Carolina 


*  Including  the  city  of  Charleston. 
TABLE  No.  2. 

Population  of  the  hilly  or  middle  section  of  S.- 
Carolina in  1820. 


Districts. 


Barnwell 

Chester 

Chesterfield 

Darlington 

Edgefield 

Fairfield 

Kershaw 

Lancaster 

Lexington 

Marlborough 

Newberry 

Orangeburg 

Richland 

Sumter 

Amount 


Area  in 
sq.  ms 


1,550 
4i  O 
780 
950 

1,640 
690 
800 
460 

1,000 
450 
500 

1,750 
480 

1,500 


Whites.  (Free  coll  Slaves, 
persons.' 


8,162 
9,811 
4,412 
6,407 

12,062 
9,378 
5,628 
5,878 
5,267 
3,-50 

10,177 
7,762 
4,499 
8,844 


12,950  101,537 


252 
36 

171 
69 
57 
48 

122 
70 
15 

142 

178 
64 

195 

382 


1,801 


6,336 
4,532 
2,062 
4,473 

12,190 
7,748 
6,092 
2,798 
2.801 
3,033 
5,749 
7,829 
7,627 

16,143 

89,013 


Total. 


1 4,750 
14,379 
6,645 
10,949 
24,309 
17,174 
12,442 
8.746 
8,033 
6,425 
16,101 
15,655 
12,321 
25,369 

192,351 


TABLE  No.  3. 

Population  of  the  mountainous  or  western  section 
of  S.  Carolina  in  1820 


Sections. 

Area  in 
sq.  ms. 

Whites. 

Free  col 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Tot 

Alluvial 
Hilly 

Mountainous  - 

8,950 
12,950 
6,345 

43,241 
101,537 
93,114 

4,451 
1,801 
553 

132,637 
89,013 
34,807 

180 
192 
128 

Amount 

28,245" 

237,892 

6,805 

256,457 

501 

Districts. 

Area  in 

Whites. 

Free  col 

Slaves. 

Total. 

sq.  ms. 

persons. 

Beaufort 

1,600 

4,679 

181 

27,339 

32,199 

Charleston*  - 

1,750 

19,376 

3,615 

57,221 

80,212 

Colleton 

1,600 

4,341 

262 

21,770 

26,373 

Georgetown  - 

900 

1,830 

227 

15,546 

17,603 

Horry 

900 

3,568 

23 

1,434 

5,025 

Marion 

1,000 

6,652 

86 

3,463 

10,201 

Williamsburg 

1,200 

2,795 

57 

5,864 

8,716 

Amount 

8,950 

43,241 

4,451 

132,637 

180,429 

TABLE  No.  4. 

Summary  of  the  population  of  South  Carol 
in  1820. 


Districts. 

Area  in 

Whites. 

Free  col 

Slaves. 

Total. 

sq.  ms. 

persons. 

Abbeville 

1,000 

13,510 

64 

9,615 

23,189 

Greenville 

700 

11,017 

90 

3,423 

14,530 

Laurens 

690 

12.755 

49 

4,878 

17,682 

Pendleton 

1,630 

22,140 

167 

4.715 

27,022 

Spartanburg  - 
Union 

830 

13,655 

20 

3,303 

16,989 

675 

9,786 

62 

4,278 

14,126 

York 

770 

10,251 

95 

4,590 

14,936 

Amount 

6,345 

93,114 

553 

34,807 

128,474 

The  preceding  summary  gives  to  S.  Carolina 
aggregate  population  of  upwards  of  17  to  the 
m.  The  colored  classes  exceeding  the  whites 
26  to  23  nearly  ;  this  being  the  only  State  of 
U.  S.  where  the  former  are  in  excess.  The  < 
tribution  of  classes  are,  however,  very  unequal 
the  respective  natural  sections.  On  the  allu- 
section  the  colored  classes  exceed  the  whites  ab 
three  to  one.  In  the  central  or  middle  section 
whites  exceed  as  10  to  9,  very  nearly;  in 
mountain  section  are  nearly  three  to  one  in 
cess. 

The  aggregate  population  on  the  alluvial  sect 
is  about  20  to  the  sq.  m.  ;  on  the  central  secli 
not  quite  15  to  the  sq.  m.  The  best  popula 
section  of  the  Southern  States  is  the  western 
mountainous  section  of  this  State,  amounting 
upwards  of  21  to  the  sq.  m. 

The  general  observations  respecting  the  nati 
sections  of  N.  Carolina  may  be  repeated,  with 
tie  variation  or  addition,  and  applied  to  S.  Ci 
lina,  with  the  exception  that  a  nearer  approaei 
the  tropics  is  visible  on  vegetation,  advanc 
from  the  former  into  the  latter  State.  Under 
head  of  Georgia  the  reader  will  find  a  more  am 
notice  of  the  climate  of  that  section  and  that 
the  southern  States  generally. 

As  a  commercial  State,  S.  Carolina  has  so 
great  advantages  in  its  numerous  bays  or  rather 
tuaries.  Charleston  harbor  is  one  of  the  ir 
convenient  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  for  vessels  un 
16  feet  draught.  Georgetown  and  Beaufort 
also  ports  affording  entrance  into  the  most  \ 
ductive  districts  of  the  State.  With  N.  Carol 
terminate  those  deep  bays  and  sounds  which  pe 
trate  the  U.  States  from  that  State  to  the  IV  E.  1 
rivers  of  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia  enter  the  oc 
by  narrow  and  generally  shallow  outlets.  1 
water  crosses  in  most  of  the  larger  streams  the 
luvial,  and  is  arrested  by  the  line  of  falls,  wh 
terminate  that  species  of  soil,  and  commence 
hilly  tracts.  The  Savannah,  Santee,  and  Pet 
all  rise  beyond  the  northwestern  limits  of  S.  Cr 
lina,  and  give  to  this  State  a  river  navigation  in 
its  extent.  Many  minor  streams  rise  and  enter  I 
ocean  between  those  great  rivers,  amongst  wfc  ■ 
may  be  mentioned  as  pre-eminent  Ashly  Ijl 
Cooper's,  forming  the  harbor  of  Charleston. 

In  proportion  to  extent  of  surface,  S.  Carolin  ' 
a  very  productive  State.  In  1818  its  exports  pla 
it  in  the  third  rank  of  agricultural  value.  The  pi 
cipal  siaples  are  cotton,  rice,  lumber,  pitch, 
turpentine,    maize,    and    other    minor  artic 
Charleston  is  the  most  extensive  seaport  of  the 
States  on  the  Atlantic  border  S.  of  Baltimore.  Ir 
lumbia  is  the  se  it  of  government. 


S36 


sou 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SOU 


Schools  are  numerous  in  S.  C.  ;  and  at  Colum- 
i,  Beaufort,  Abbeville,  and  Williamsburg,  col- 
;es  have  been  erected.  Collegiate  establishments 
ve,  however,  in  most  cases  languished  in  the 
uthern  sections  of  the  U.  States.  Thirty  thous- 
d  dollars  have  been  appropriated  in  South  Caro- 
a,  by  legislative  benefactions,  to  support  free 
lools. 

yulation  of  South.  Carolina,  by  classes,  from 
the  census  of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


oo 

.olO 

;o  15 

.0  20 
'.o30 
;.o40  - 
*<o50  ■ 
;o60  - 
t.o70  • 
:  .o80  - 
l  o  90  - 
iolOO  - 
J  and  upwards 


Total  whites  - 


Males. 


24,82S 
19,360 
16,621 
13.719 
22,469 
13.774 
9il32 
5,615 
3,059 
1,418 
409 
50 
22 


130,496 


Females. 


23,639 
18,741 
15,822 
14,691 
22,392 
13,471 
9,145 
5,551 
3,168 
1,443 
430 
74 
21 


128,583 
130,496 


259,084 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fem's. 

Males. 

Fem's. 

lo24 
Jo  100 

land  upwards 

1,403 
1,105 
677 
405 
262 
12 

1,392 
1,272 

8,&53 
•545 
338 
7 

52,642 
46,137 
30,373 
20.751 
8,650 
125 

54,527 
48,251 
34,589 
22,403 
8,506 
S4 

3,364 

4,412 
3,864 

158,678 

168,360 
158,678 

3,276 

327,033 

SUMMAR 

Y. . 

P?  colored  • 

259,084 
8,276 
3-27,038 

'Total 

594,393 

V  iie  persons  of  the  f  >regoing  who  are — 
If  and  dumb,  under  14  years  uf  age 
C  from  14  to  25 
I  above  25  - 

I  total  deaf  and  dumb 
■blind 

1  ne  and  idiots  at— 
BUc  charge  - 
S  ate  charge 

lil  insane  and  idiots  - 

C  red  persons  in  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Ifand  dumb 

Ciusane  and  idiots  at— 
•  •"ate  charge 
Hie  charge  - 

Apersons  in  the  foreeoing  employed  in— 

Aculture 

Rmerce 

jjfiufactures  and  trades 
fcigation  on  the  ocean 
D  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 


91 

2;5 


376 


51 

193,363 
1,958 
10,325 
381 

348 


Learned  professions      -  1,481 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  -  318 

Universities  or  colleges    '                   -    •  1 

Do.  students  in                                   -  168 

Academies  and  grammar  schools            -  117 

Do.  students  in  4,326 

Primary  and  common  schools    >            -  -  566 

Do.  scholars  in  12,520 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -  -  -  3,524 
White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 

or  write       -  20,615 


Population  of  South  Carolina,  by  districts,  frorn 
the  census  of  1840. 


Districts. 


Charleston 

Colleton 

Beaufort 

Barnwell 

Orangeburg 

Edgefield 

Lexington 

Richland 

Sumter 

Williamsburg 

Georgetown 

Abbeville 

Laurens 

Newburg 

Fairfield 

Kershaw 

Darlington 

Marion 

Horry 

Pickens 

Anderson 

Greenville 

Spartanburg 

Union 

York 

Chester 

Lancaster 

Chesterfield 

Marlborough 

Total 


Whites. 


10,920 
3,041 
2,817 
5,32- 
3,255 
7,617 
3,691 
2.794 
4,337 
1,740 
1,04-2 
6,971 
6,239 
4,175 
3,914 
2,010 
3,580 
4,269 
2,073 
5,721 
6.308 
6,138 
8,93; 
5,313 
5,663 
4,940 
2,867 
2,695 
2,097 


Free  col. 


9,995  1,343 

2,8331  205 

2,833:  230 

5,-051  207 

3,066 1  136 

7,4(13!  155 

3,710  11 

2,532:  199 

4,307|  180 

1,587  13 

1,051!  8b 

6,909  149 

6,333  55 

4,0:33!  104 
3,673 


1.9/Sl  12/ 


3  589 
4,324 
2,081 
5,827; 
6,439, 
6.3531 
8,989 
5,172 
5,786: 
4,949 
2,698: 
2,842- 
2,091 


Slaves. 


1.85S  27,445 
223  9,361 
232  14,130 


5,178 
5,929 
8,732 
2,285 
5,330 


1931  9,176 
"  3,435 
7,531 
7,434 
4,463 
4,810 
6,102 
3 1 

3^667 
2,567 
754 
1,328 
2,78 
2,58 
2,821 
4,069 
3,382 
3,750 
2,113 
1,442 
2,076 


130496  128588  3,864  4,412  15S678  168360  594398 


31,094 
9,885 

15,502 
5,325 
6,005 
8,806 
2,400 
5,334 
9,699| 
3,533 
8,413 
7,7*4 
4,448; 
5.094 
6,403 
4.144 
3,893 
2,634! 

820 
1,387 
2,900 
2,718 
2,366 
4,285 
3,443 
3,972 
2,122 
1,429 
2,042 


Total. 


82,661 
•25,548 
35,794 
21,471 
18,519 
32,822 
12,111 
16.397 
27,892 
10,327 
18,274 
29,351 
21,584 
18,350 
20,165 
12,281 
14,322 
13,932 
5,755 
14,356 
1^,493 
17,639 
23,669 
18,936 
18.383 
17,747 
9.907 
8,574 
8,408 


Progressive  population  of  South  Carolina. 
1790  -----  240,073 
1800  -----  345,591 
1810  -----  415,115 
1820  501,154 
1830  -----  581,185 
1840  -----  594,398 
This  tabular  view  shows  that  the  population  of 
S.  Carolina  had  an  increase  of  247  per  cent,  in 
50  years. 

South  Charleston,  extreme  southern  Ip.  and  post 
village,  Clark  co.,  Ohio,  36  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 
Columbus. 

South  Chili,  town,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
Genesee  river,  10  ms.  above  Rochester. 

South  Coventry,  town,  Tolland  co.,  Conn.,  22 
ms.  E.  from  Hartford. 

South  Deerfield,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H., 
12  ms.  SE.  from  Concord. 

South  Dennis,  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.,  6 
ms.  SE.  from  Barnstable,  and  105  S»E.  from 
Boston. 

South  Dover  village,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y. 

Southeast,  town,  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y.,  18  ms. 
E.  from  West  Point,  Pop.  in  1810,  1,387;  in 
1820,  1,909. 

837 


SOU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SPA 


South  Farms,  village,  Litchfield  co.,  Conn. 

South-field,  tp.,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  28  ms. 

SE.  from  Lenox.  Tp.,  Richmond  co.,  N.  Y., 

on  Stafen  island,  containing  the  village  of  Rich- 
mond, the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co. 

South  Florence,  village  in  the  northern  part  of 
Franklin  co.,  Ala. 

Southgate,  village,  Campbell  co.,  Ky.,  by 
post  road  81  ms.  NNE.  from  Frankfort. 

South  German,  town,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y., 
15  ms.  N  W.  by  W.  from  Norwich. 

South  Glastonbury,  town,  Hartford  co.,  Conn., 
on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  8  ms.  SE. 
from  Hartford. 

South  Hadley,  town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass., 
on  the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  5  ms.  below 
Northampton.  A  fall  of  50  feet  in  the  Con- 
necticut river,  at  this  place,  has  been  overcome  by 
a  dam,  and  canal  of  712  perches  in  length,  with 
with  5  locks.  The  whole  canal  is  cut  through  the 
solid  rock. 

South  Hadley  Canal,  and  post  office  in  the  pre- 
ceding tp.,  5  ms.  S.  from  South  Hadley  village. 

South  Hampton,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N. 
H.,  on  Powow  river,  10  ms.  NNW.  from  New- 
bury port,  and  48  ms.  SE.  from  Concord. 

South  Harpersfield,  town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  the  head  of  Coquago,  branch  of  Delaware 
river,  by  a  circuitous  post  road  96  ms.  SW.  by  YV. 
from  Albany. 

South  Hero,  village,  Grant!  Isle  co.,  Vt.,  on 
Grand  isle,  in  Lake  Champlain,  12  ms.  S W. 
from  Burlington. 

South  Hill,  village,  Muhlenburg  co.,  Vt. 

Southington,  post  office,  Hartford  co.,  Conn., 
18  ms.  SW.  from  Hartford,  and  on  the  Quinipiack. 

Southington,  one  of  the  western  tps.,  Trumbull 
co.,  0. 

South  Killingly,  village,  Windham  co.,  Conn., 
45  ms.  E.  from  Hartford. 

South  Kingston,  town  and  seat  of  justice, 
Washington  co.,  II.  L,  at  the  mouth  of  Narra- 
gansett  bay,  20  ms.  SW.from  Providence. 

South  Kortright,  town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  the  head  of  Charlotte  river,  branch  of  Susque- 
hannah,  situated  between  Harpersfield  and  Broom- 
ville. 

South  Leicester,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass., 
on  the  head  of  French  river,  branch  of  Quinebaug 
river,  10  ms.  SW.  from  Worcester. 

Southold,  town,  Suffolk  co.,  Long  Island,  100 
ms.  from  New  York.  It  embraces  the  western 
peninsula  of  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island  extending 
NE.  from  Poconie  bay  ;  and  also  includes  the  is- 
lands Great  and  Little  Gull,  Plum,  Rum,  Rob- 
bin's,  and  Fisher's. 

South  New  Berlin,  town,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  Susquehannah  river,  below  New  Berlin,  and 
10  ms.  NE.  from  Norwich. 

South  Orange,  town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  on 
Miller's  river,  20  ms.  E.  from  Greenfield,  and  73 
a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Boston. 

South  Paris,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  47  ms. 
NNW.  from  Portland. 

South  Pembroke,  town  on  the  western  border  of 
Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  E.  from  Buffalo, 
and  12  SW.  from  Batavia. 

South  Quay,  post  office  and  port  of  entry, 
Nansemond  co.,  Va. 
838 


South  River,  post  office,  Middlesex  co  ,  Nv . 
32  ms.  from  Trenton. 

South  River,  small  bay  extending  NW.  fr< 
the  Chesapeake  bay  in  Ann  Arundel  co.,  M< 
6  ms.  S.  from  Annapolis. 

South  Rutland,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  "\\ 
on  the  head  of  Sandy  creek,  15  ms.  SE.  by 
from  Sackett's  Harbor. 

South  Salem,  town,  Westchester  co.,  N.  5 
about  50  ms.  N.  by  E.  from  New  York.  Pop. 
1810,  1,566,  in  1820,  1,429. 

South  Sandwich,  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mas 
situate  on  the  western  border  of  the  co.,  betwe' 
Sandwich  and  Marchpec,  60  ms.  SSE.  from  Boslc 

South  Scituate,  town,  Providence  co.,  R.  \ 
12  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Providence. 

South  Solon,  town  on  Kennebec  river,  Som< 
set  co.,  Me.,  40  ms.  N.  from  Augusta,  and  I 
a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Portland. 

South  Sparta,  village,  near  the  southern  hour 
ary  of  Livingston  co.,  IS.  Y.,  30  ms.  .SW.  frc 
Canandaigua. 

South  Tamworth,  town  in  the  northern  pari 
Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  on  Bear-camp  creek  of  0a« 
pee  lake,  65  ms.  NNE.  from  Concord. 

Southville,  village,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y. 

South  Union,  village,  Logan  co.,  Ky. 

Southwark,  borough  of  Eng.  in  Surry,  whi' 
may  be  considered  as  part  of  the  metropolis,  bei 
seated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Thames,  a 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  corporation  ofLo' 
don.    Pop.  70,000. 

South  Washington,  village  on  NE,  Cape  Ff' 
river,  New  Hanover  co.,  N.  C,  114  fl^ 
55  E.  from  Raleigh,  and  60  SE.  from  Fayettevil 

South  Weare,  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Hil 
borough  co.,. New  Hampshire,  20  ms.  SW.  fu1 
Concord. 

Southwink,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  2  m: 
SW.  from  Springfield.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,22* 
in  1820,  1,255. 

South  Wilbraham,  village,  Hampden  co.  Mas 
10  ms.  E.  from  Springfield. 

South   Williamson,   village,   Wayne  co. 
Y.,  8  ms.  NW.  from  Lyons. 

Southwold,  seaport  of  Eng.  in  Suffolk,  at  t 
mouth  of  the  river  Blythe,  104  ms.  NE.  fr< 
London. 

South  Wrentham,  extreme  southern  town,  N 
folk  co.,  Mass.,  27  ms.  SW.  from  Boston. 

South  Yarmouth,  village,  Barnstable  co.,  Mas 
on  Oyster  bay,  102  ms.  SE.  from  Boston.  ' 

South  Major,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  provir 
of  Beira.    Lon.  6  48  W.,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Sovigny,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Rho 
and  Loire,  seated  on  the  Quesne,  50  ms.  SE. 
I3ourges,and  167  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  31  E.,  1 
46  30  North. 

Soutea  Hill,  the  most  elevated  hill  in  t 
mountainous  ridge  of  Lammermuir,  in  the  N.  p 
of  Berwickshire,  in  Scotland. 

Souyotes,  or  Soyotes,  name  of  a  people  in  I 
beria,  subject  to  Russia  and  China.  They  dw 
in  the  higher  part  of  the  Sayane  mountain?,  i 
ward  the  SW.  borders  of  the  Lake  Baikal,  on  t 
frontiers  of  Mongolia.  This  people,  called  So) 
tes  by  Make  Brun,  are  by  that  author  supposed 
be  a  Samoid  tribe. 

Spa,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  in  Lies 


SPA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SPA 


mous  for  its  mineral  waters.  It  is  situated  on 
ie  end  of  a  deep  valley,  on  the  banks  of  a  small 
/ulet,  and  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  high 
ountains.  The  sides  of  these  mountains  next  to 
ja  are  rude  and  uncultivated,  presenting  a  rug- 
id  appearance,  as  if  shattered  by  the  convulsions 
earthquakes  ;  but  as  they  are  strewed  with  tall  j 
.ks  and  abundance  of  shrubs,  the  country  around 
rms  a  wild,  romantic,  and  beautiful  landscape. 
5  only  60urse  of  wealth  is  its  mineral  waters, 
be  names  of  the  five  principal  wells  are  Pouhon, 
eronflerd,  Savinere,  Watpotz,  andTunnelet.  The 
habitants  are  employed  in  making  toys  for  stran- 
ds. Spa  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794.  Itl 
seated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by  mountains,  j 
'  ms.  SE.  of  Liege.    Lon.  5  50  E.,  lat.  50 

Spasford,  town  in  the  SW.  angle  of  Onondaga; 
.,  at  the  head  of  Skeneatelas  lake,  20  ms,  SW.  j 
>rn  Manlius,  and  by  post  road  164  ms.  W.  from 
Ibany.  , 

Spain,  kingdom  of  Europe,  700  ms.  long  and 
i0  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Bay  of 
scay,  NE.  by  the  Pyrenees,,  which  separate  it 
im  France,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Mediterranean, 
^.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  W.  by  Portugal  and 
e  Atlantic.  According  to  the  ancient  divisions, 
contained  the  provinces  of  Old  and  New  Cas- 
3,  Andalusia,  Arragon,  Estramadura,  Gallicia, 
jon,  Catalonia,  Granada,  Valencia,  Biscay, 
sturias,  Murcia,  and  Upper  Navarre,  some  of 
rich  have  been  separate  kingdoms.  The 
incipal  rivers  are  the  Douero,  Tagus,  Gua- 
tna,  Guadalquiver,  and  Ebro.  The  soil  is  fer- 
m,  but  there  are  large  tracts  of  uncultivated 
ound,  and  the  superior  attention  paid  to  the 
ge  flocks  of  sheep  greatly  impedes  the  progress 
agriculture.  The  produce  of  the  country  is 
leat,  barley,  saffron,  honey,  silk,  saltpetre, 
mp,  barilla,  and  even  sugar  canes,  with  the 
hest  and  most  delicious  fruits  that  are  to  be 
ind  in  France  and  Italy,  and  its  wines  are  in 
rh  esteem. 

Few  countries  have  undergone  more  interesting 
'olutions  than  Spain,  and  the  history  of  no  na- 
n  is  perhaps  so  instructive.  After  a  recent  but 
Drtive  struggle,  that  naturally  great  nation  has 
irfved  to  ecclesiastical  and  civil  slavery,  and  pre- 

•  its  a  singular  phenomenon — retrogradation  amid 
ieral  intellectual  advance.  If,  however,  the 
anish  nation  has  declined  in  Europe,  the 
nerican  part  has  risen  with  gigantic  force, 
iven  or  eight  independent  Spanish  nations  now 
md  forth  to  sustain  the  majesty  of  their  origin, 
is  amongst  the  rational  subjects  of  anticipation 
consider  the  Spanish  nation  as  destined  in  future 
us  to  be  amongst  the  most  influential  sections  of 
|  human  species.    Of  all  her  once  immense 

•  pire  in  every  quarter  of  the  earth,  Spain  still 
iains  her  European  territories,  some  trifling 
j.ces  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  the  Canary  Islands, 
|b»,  and  Porto  Rico,  with  some  other  less  valua- 
I  possessions  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  the  Pa- 
<  c  ocean,  the  Philippine  and  Ladrone  Islands. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  subdivisions  of 
;ain  made  by  the  Cortes,  during  the  recent  revo- 
lionary  struggle.  I  have  retained  it,  as  affording 
I  estimate  of  the  distributive  population  of  that 
Igdom. 


Provinces. 

Alicant 

Almeira 

Avila 

Badajoz 

Barcelona 

Bilboa  - 

Burgos 

Cadiz 

Caceras 

Calatayud 

Castellan 

Chinchilla 

Ciudad  Real  ■ 

Cordova 

Corunna 

Cuenca 

Gerona 

Granada 

Guadalaxara  ■ 

Huelva 

Huesca 

Jaen  - 

Jativa 

Leon 

Lerida 

Logrono 

Lugo 

Madrid 

Malaga 

Murcia 

Orense 

Oviedo 

Palencia 

Palma 

Pamplona 

Salamanca 

Santander 

San  Sebastian 

Segovia 

Seville 

Soria 

Tarragona 

Ternol 

Toledo 

Valencia 

Valladolid 

Villa  Franca  ■ 

Vigo 

Vittoria 

Zamora 

Zaragossa 

Total  - 


Population. 

-  249,692 

-  198,762 

-  113,135 

-  301,225 

-  353,206 

-  104,186 

-  206,095 

-  281,293 

-  199,205 

-  105,947 

-  188,079 

-  186,260 

-  296,525 

-  337,265 

-  357,970 

-  296,650 

-  191,243 

-  346,984 

-  222,655 

-  139,817 

-  182,846 

-  274,930 

-  161,257 

-  180,567 

-  136,560 

-  184,217 

-  263,703 

-  290,495 

-  290,324 

-  252,058 

-  300,870 

-  367,501 
•  128,697 

-  207,765 

-  195,416 

-  226,882 

-  175,152 

-  104,789 
145,985 

-  358,811 

-  105,108 

-  194,782 

-  105,191 

-  302,470 

-  346,166 

-  175,100 

86,385 

-  327,848 

-  77,465 

-  142,385 

-  315,111 

11,248,026 


This  table  was  formed  about  1820. 

Very  inadequate  ideas  prevail  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  speak  or  think  on  the  subject  of  Spain, 
without  having  paid  more  than  a  passing  notice  of 
its  actual  extent.  We  here  allude  to  the  whole 
Pyrenean  peninsula,  including  the  two  kingdoms 
of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

A  line  drawn  in  a  northeasterly  direction  from 
Cape  St.  Vincent  to  Cape  de  Creus,  near  Rosas, 
in  Catalonia,  is,  in  length,  760  ms.  The  longest 
N.  and  S.  line  is  530  ms.  from  Tarifa,  on  the 
Straits  of  Gibraltar,  to  Cape  Penas,  in  Asturias, 
and  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

The  annexed  table,  founded  on  the  river  basins 

839 


SPA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


SPA 


10,500 


12,250 


and  rhombs,  includes  the  whole  peninsula,  of 
which  Spain  proper  contains  173,600  English  sq 
ms.,  and  Portugal  35,400  English  sq  ms. 
Area  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  in  square  statute 
miles,  by  the  rhombs,  slopes,  and  basins. 

Sq.  ms. 

Northern  slope,  inclination  towards  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  - 

Northwestern  slope,  inclination  towards 
the  Atlantic  ocean  - 

Basin  of  Douero,  slope  or  inclination  to- 
wards the  Atlantic  ocean 

Basin  of  Mondego,  inclination  towards 
the  Atlantic  ocean  - 

Basin'  of  the  Tagus,  inclination  towards 
the  Atlantic  ocean  - 

Basin  of  Sado,  inclination  towards  the 
Atlantic  ocean  r 

Algarva,  inclination  towards  the  Atlantic 
ocean  - 

Basin  of  Guadiana,  inclination  towards 
the  Atlantic  ocean  ... 

Basin  of  Guadalquiver,  inclination  to- 
wards the  Atlantic  ocean 

Southern  slope,  inclination  towards  the 
Mediterranean  and  southward 

Southeastern  slope,  inclination  towards 

the  Mediterranean,  hut  eastward       -  24,500 

Basin  of  the  Ebro,  inclination  SE.  to- 
wards the  Mediterranean 

Northeastern  slope,  inclination  SE.  to 
wards  the  Mediterranean 


Table — Continued. 


Provinces. 


-  35,280 


6,800 


26,400 


3,600 


,700 


24,500 


19,250 


7,200 


28,000 


Amount  by  the  basins  - 
Amount  by  the  rhombs 

Mean  amount  - 

Amount  in  round  numbers 


6,750 

-  206,730 

-  211,000 

-  208,865 


Captain-generalship  of 
Arragon. 

Arragon 

Captain- generalship  of 
Catalonia. 
Catalonia 

Captain-generalship  of 
Old  Castile. 

Avila 
Burgos 
Segovia 
Soria 
Santander 
Leon 
Palencia 
Toro  and  Zamora 
Salamanca 
Valladolid 

Captain-generalship  of 
Estramudura. 
Estramadura  - 

Captain  generalship  of 
New  Castile. 
Madrid 

Guadalaxuara  ■ 
Toledo 
Cuenca 
Mancha 

Captain-generalship  of 
Valencia  and  Murcia. 
Valencia 
Murcia 

Captain-generalship  of 
Anaalusia. 

Jaen 

Cordova 

Seville 

Cadiz 


Captain  generalship  of 
I    Granada  and  Malaga. 
209,000    Granada         -  ") 
*■-   ij»  ,  Malaea  -  $ 


Pop. 


790,000 


1,156,000 


110,000 
375,000 
143,000 
268,000 
187,000 
295,000 
210,000 
155,000 
242,000 
198,000 


672.000 


357,000 
320,000 
355,000 
345,000 
385.000 


1,074,000 
470,000 


283,000 
380,000 
680,010 
250,000 


1,145,000 


Politically,  or  rather  more  correctly  speaking, 
nationally,  consecrated  as  they  are  by  time,  cus-  j 
torn,  and,  in  fact,  by  languages,  the  old  provincial 
subdivisions  of  ^pain  continue,  and  long  must  con- 
tinue, to  be  the  popular  geography  of  that  country, 
even  supposing,  what  was  not,  however,  the  case, 
that  the  divisions  made  by  the  Cortes  had  been  le- 
gally sanctioned. 

Tabular  view  of  the  provincial  divisions  of  Spain  \ 
into  captain-generalships  and  provinces. 


Cities. 


Barcelona 


Avila 

Burgos  ^ 

Segovia 

Soria 

Santander 
Leon 
Palencia 
Toro 

Salamanca 
Valladolid 


Badajos 


Madrid 
Guadalaxuara 
Toledo 
Cuenca 
CiudadReal  ■ 


Valencia 
Murcia 


Jaen 

18, 

Cordora 

46' 

Seville 

91 

Cadiz 

53. 

C  Granada 
t  Malaga 


Spanish  Colonies. 


Provinces. 


Africa. 

Ceuta 

Canary  islands 

Oceania. 
Mariannes  and  Philippine  islands 

America. 
Cuba.  Porto  Rico,  &c. 


Pop, 


Provinces. 


Captain-generalship  of 
Navarre. 

Navarre 

Captain-generalship  of 
Guiposcoa. 
Guiposcoa 
Biscay 
Alava 

Captain  generalship  of 
Gallicia. 

Asturias 

Santiago 

Betanzos 

Corunna 

Lugo 

Orensa 

Tuy 

Mondonedb 
840 


Pop. 


275,000 


130,000 
135,000 

87,000 


430,000 
550,000 
170,000 
74,000 
330,000 
390,000 
202,000 
121,000 


Cities. 


Pampeluna 


St.  Sebastian 

Bilboa 

Vittoria 


Oviedo 

Santiago 

Betanzos 

torunna 

Lugo 

Orensa 

Tuy 

Mondunedo 


Pop. 


i  Europe 

j  Colonies  - 

I       Total  - 


11 

196. 

2,640, 
1,M0' 


13,902 
4,68a 

18,590 


15,000 


9,000 
15,000  ■ 
7,000  ' 


10,000 

28,000  i 
5,000  j 

18,000 
7,000  I 
4,000  | 
2,000 
6,000  1 


Spaitla,  town  of  Tunis,  in  Africa.  In  ifas  nei< 
borhood  there  are  some  magnificent  ruins.  It 
90  ms  SW.  of  Tunis.    Lon.  9  15  E.,  lat 
50  N. 

Spalatro,  or  Spallatto,  town  of  Dalmatia,  w 
a  good  harbor.  It  is  built  upon  the  ruins  of 
palace  of  Dioclesian,  the  walls  of  which  make  tv 
thirds  of  those  of  the  city,  and  of  which,  in  17' 
Mr.  Robert  Adam  published  a  splendid  accou 
On  a  peninsula,  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  35  ms.  S 
of  Sebinico,  and  102  NW.  of  Ragussa.  Lon.  17 
E.,  lat.  44  4  N. 


SPE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


SPH 


Spalding,  town  of  Lincolnshire.  It  is  a  very 
at  town,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Welland,  with 
good  coasting  trade.  It  is  14  ms.  S  by  W.  of 
tston,  and  100  N.  of  London.  Lon.  2'  E.,  lat. 
:45  N. 

Spandau,  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussia,  and 
ddle  marche  of  Brandenburg,  surrounded  on  all 
les  by  morasses,  and  close  to  it  is  a  fine  fortress, 
le  arsenal  is  in  subterraneous  vaults,  and  there 
a  prison  for  State  criminals.  It  is  seated  on  the 
ivel,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Berlin,  and  17  NE.of 
andenburg.  Longitude  13  23  E.,  latitude  52  36 
nth. 

Spanish  Groves,  post  office,  Mecklenburg  co., 

L  by  post  road  131  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Spanish  Town  — See  St.  Jago  de  la  Cuba. 

Sparta,  town,  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y.,  28  miles 
;V.  from  Canandaigua.   Pop.  1810,  1,397.  

llage,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  one  of  the  head 
I  nches  of  the  Wallkill  rive?,  7  ms.  a  little  S.  of 
.  from  Newtown,  and  by  post  road  92  miles  N. 

)tn  Trenton.  Village,  Washington  co.,  Pa., 

(  the  N.  fork  of  Ten  Mile  creek,  10  ms,  8SW. 
im  Washington,  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co. 
-.—Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Hancock  co  ,  Ga., 
( the  dividing  ground,  between  the  Great  Oge- 
creand  Oconee  rivers,  25  miles  NE.  from  Mil- 
1  geville.  This  village,  beside  the  ordinary  co. 
tidings,  contains  two  academies.    Lat.  33  18 

I.  Ion.  W.  C.  5  58  W.  Village  and  seat  of 

j  lice,  White  co.,  Tenn.,  on  Calf  killers7  fork  of 
(iney  river,  by  post  road  65  ms.  E.  from  Mur- 
f:sborough,  and  75  SE.  by  E.  from  Nashville. 
I.  35  53  N.,  lon.  W  C.  8  22  W.  Village 

•  seat  of  justice,  Conecuh  co.,  Ala.,  on  Murder 
c?k,  branch  of  Conecuh  river,  about  70  miles  a 
He  E.  of  N.  from  Pensacola,  and  90  NE.  from 
>bile.    Lat.  31  21  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  8  W. 

Spartanburg,  district,  S.  C,  bounded  by  N. 
(N.,  York  and  Union  districts  E.,  Ennoree  riv- 

•  or  Laurens,  S.,  and  Greenville  W.  ;  length  40 
n,  mean  width  22,  area  880  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained 
l>3road  river  and  its  numerous  branches.  Surface 
ay,  and  soil  productive.  Chief  town,  Spartanburg. 
K  1840,  16,989.    For  central  lat.  and  lon., 

Knext  art.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Spar- 

tnurg  district,  S.,  about  100  ms.  N.  from  Au- 
g  a,  Ga.,  and  by  post  road  95  ms.  NW.  from 
<  umbia.    Lat.  34  57  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  52  W. 

'partavento,  ancient  Hercules,  southern  cape  of 
1*7,  opposite  Sicily.  Lon.  16  48  E  ,  lat.  38° 
Ml 

partel,  Cape,  promontory  on  the  coast  of  Bar- 
bs', at  the  entrance  of  the  straits  of  Gibraltar. 
P|.  5  56  W.,  lat.  35  50  N. 

pean.—  See  Lochy,  Loch. 

pecific  Gravity. — See  Gravity,  appendix. 

peedsville,  village  on  Six  Mile  creek  of  Cayu- 
«'ake,  in  the  NE.  part  of  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  7 
rc  SE.  from  Ithaca. 

peedwell,  village,  Claiborne  co.,  Tenn.  ;  by 
f*  road  200  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Murfreesbor- 
Wi 

oeightstown,  seaport  of  Barbadoes,  on  the 
^  side  of  the  island.    Lon.  58  31  W.,  lat.  13 

oeigletown,  village  in  the  N  W.  corner  of  Rens- 
*Jr  co.,  N.  Y. 
Jello,  town  of  Italy,  in  Umbria,  on  a  hill,  3 
106* 


ms.  NW.  of  Foligni,  and  13  N.  of  Spoletto.  Lon. 
12  24  E.,  lat.  42  50  N. 

Spencer,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  about 
12  ms.  SW.  of  Worcester.    Pop.   1810,  1,453; 

in  1820,  1,548.  Town  and  seat  of  justice, 

Tioga  co,,  N.  Y.,  about  midway  between  Smith- 
borough,  on  Susquehannah,  and  Ithaca,  near  the 
head  of  Cayuga  lake,  about  15  ms.  from  each. 

Lat.  42  13  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  30  E.  Co., 

Ky.,  bounded  by  Jefferson  and  Bullitt  W.,  Nel- 
son S.,  Anderson  E.,  and  Shelby  N.  Length 
from  E.  to  W.  18  ms.,  mean  breadth  12  ms.,  and 
area  216  ms.  For  lat.  and  lon.,  see  Taylorsvilltt 
its  county  seat.  This  co.  is  traversed  from  E.  to 
W.  by  the  northern  branch  of  the  Rolling  Fork 

river.    Pop.  1840,  6,581.  Co.,  Ia.,  bounded 

by  Ohio  river  S.,  Warwick  co.  W.,  Dubois  N., 
and  Perry  E.  Length  30  ms„  breadth  12;  area 
324  sq.  ms.  It  is  generally  hilly  and  broken,  and 
d  arned  by  small  creeks,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Anderson  and  Little  Pigeon  creek.  Soil  mostly 
excellent.  Chief  town,  Rockport.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,882;  and  in  1840,  6,305.  Lat  38°  N.  and 
lon.  W.  C.  10°  W.  intersect  in  this  co.  Vil- 
lage and  seat  of  justice,  Owen  co.,  Ia.,  on  a  small 
creek  of  White  river,  about  50  ms.  SW.  from  In- 
dianapolis.   Lat.  39  19  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9  50  W, 

Spencertown,  town,  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  30 
ms.  from  Albany. 

Spey,  river  of  Scotland,  rising  in  Inverness- 
shire,  and  falling  into  the  German  ocean  at  the 
village  of  Speymouth. 

Spezzia,  or  Spetia,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa,  with  a  good  harbor.  It  is  seated 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  47  ms.  SE.  of  Genoa,  and  65  NW. 
of  Florence.    Lou.  9  37  E.,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Spezzia,  pronounced  Spetzia,  small  island  of 
Greece,  in  the  Gulf  of  Argos.  This  important 
spot  is  situated  l£  ms.  from  the  ancient  promon- 
tory of  Hermione,  in  the  Morea,  about  32  miles 
SE.  from  Napoli  di  Romania,  and  12  SW.  from 
the  island  of  Hydra.  Spezzia  contains  a  small  but 
convenient  harbor,  opposite  to  the  Morea ;  en- 
trance from  the  NW.,  with  anchorage  on  a  sandy 
bottom.  The  town,  of  the  same  name,  stands  on 
a  flat  part  of  the  shore  Pop.  3,000.  Lat.  37  18 
N.,  lon.  23  13  E. 

Sphere,  the  most  simple  of  all  solids,  as  it  is 
generated  by  the  revolution  of  a  semicircle  round 
its  diameter;  and  all  lines  drawn  from  its  centre 
are  equal. 

Spheroid  differs  from  a  sphere  in  being  a  solid 
formed  by  the  revolution  of  an  ellipse  round  one 
of  its  axes.  There  are  of  course  two  species  of 
spheroids  :  one  prolate,  or  formed  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  a  semi  ellipse  round  its  longer  axis ;  the 
other  oblate,  or  formed  by  the  revolution  of  a  semi- 
ellipse  round  its  shorter  axis.  The  latter  is  the 
form  resulting  from  a  revolution  round  an  axis  of 
the  earth,  and  of  all  other  planets  as  far  as  known. 

Sphorades,  Greek,  speiro,  scattered  like  seed 
sown  from  the  hand.  This  title  has  been  applied 
to  scattered  islands  in  the  Archipelago,  which  seem 
unconnected,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Cyclades 
or  islands  apparently  the  culminating  parts  of 
subaqueous  chain  or  mountainous  ridge.  Though 
applied,  as  above  stated,  specifically  to  islands  in 
the  Mediterranean,  the  term  may  with  correctness 

•  841 


SPL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SPR 


be  made  generic,  and  used  for  any  group  of  islands 
of  the  same  nature  as  those  to  which  the  adjective 
term  was  originally  given. 

Spice  Islands. — See  Moluccas. 

Spielberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  13  ms.  SSE.  of  Anspach. 

Spietz,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Lake  Thun, 
20  ms.  SE.  from  Bern. 

Spigelburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  22  ms.  SW.  of 
Hildesheim.    Lon.  9  46  E.,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Spigna,  town  of  Italy,  in  Montserrat,  with  a 
castle,  15  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Savona,  and  40  SE. 
of  Turin.    Lon.  8  26  E.,  lat.  44  45  N. 

Spilemburgo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Venetian  Friuli, 
37  ms.  NW.  of  Aquileia,  and  47  N.  by  E.  of 
Venice.    Lon.  12  15  E.,  lat.  46  ION. 

Spilsby,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  30  ms.  E.  of  Lincoln,  and 
132  N.  by  E.  of  London.  Lon.  0  7  E  ,  lat.  53 
12  N. 

Spinalonga,  town  of  the  island  of  Candia,  in 
the  Mediterranean.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  situated 
near  the  cape  of  Spinalonga,  30  ms.  E.  of  Candia. 
Lon.  25  58  E.,  lat.  35  20  N. 

Spinie,  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness-shire, 
about  5  ms.  long  and  half  a  mile  broad,  situated  in 
a.  flat  country.  Daring  winter,  great  numbers 
of  wild  swans  migrate  hither. 

Spire,  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  50  ms.  in  length  and  30  in  breadth 
where  broadest  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine, 

and  is  a  fertile  county.  City  of  Germany,  in 

the  circle  of  the  Rhine,  and  capital  of  a  bishopric 
of  the  same  name,  now  belonging  to  Bavaria,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Rhine,  7  ms.  N.  of  Philips- 
burg.    Lon.  8  32  E-,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Spirebach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
8  ms.  N.  of  Landau.  Lon.  8  12  E.,  lat.  49  20 
North. 

Spiritu  Santo,  seaport  of  Brazil,  in  S.  Ameri- 
ca, capital  of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  with 

a  castle.    Lon.  41°  E.,  lat.  20  10  S.   Town 

of  the  island  of  Cuba,  155  ms.  ESE.  of  Havana. 
Lon.  79  47  E.,  lat.  22  15  N. 

Spital,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carinthia,  on  the 
Liser,  near  the  Drave,  30  ms.  W.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Lon.  13  37  E.,  lat.  46  53  N.  Ancient  village 

of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  11  ms.  N.  of  Lincoln, 
noted  for  two  springs — one  called  Julian's  Well, 
and  the  other  Castleton  Well.  It  was  part  of  the 
Roman  causeway,  leading  from  London,  by  Lin- 
coln, to  the  H umber.  Great  numbers  of  Roman 
coins  have  been  dug  up  in  this  village. 

Spithead,  famous  road  of  Eng.,  between  Ports- 
mouth and  the  isle  of  Wight,  where  the  royal  na- 
vy frequently  rendezvous. 

Spitzbergen,  most  northern  country  of  Europe, 
being  to  the  N.  of  Norway,  between  Greenland  to 
the  W.,  and  Nova  Zembla  to  the  E.  The  coast 
is  beset  with  craggy  mountains,  and  in  the  winter 
it  is  continual  night  for  four  months.  The  ani- 
mals are  large  white  bears  and  white  foxes. 

Split  Rock,  village,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
head  of  Bouquet  river ;  by  post  road  80  ms.  north 
from  Albany. 

Splugen,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
§42 


seated  near  the  source  of  the  Hinder  Rhine.  Ii 
the  capital  of  the  valley  of  Rhinewald,  and  is 
ms  SW.  of  Coire. 

Spoletto,  duchy  of  Italy,  55  ms.  long  and 
broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Ancona  and  Urbii 
on  the  E.  by  Naples,  on  the  S.  by  Sabina  and 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  and  on  the  W.  by  Orvj 
to  and  Perugino.    It  was  formerly  a  part  of  U 

bria.  Ancient  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  due 

of  the  same  name.    It  is  seated  partly  on  a  i 
and  partly  on  a  plain,  in  a  country  noted  for  g( 
wine,  near  the  river  Tessino,  40  ms.  E.  of  Orv 
to,  and  60  N.  by  E.  of  Rome.    Lon.  13  6 
lat.  42  45  N. 

Sponheim,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine.    It  is  capital  of  a  co. , 
the  same  name,  27  ms.  W.  of  Mentz,  and  46 
of  Treves.    Lon.  7  21  E.,  lat.  49  54  N. 

Spoon,  river,  III.,  rising  between  the  Win 
and  Mississippi  rivers,  at  lat.  41  20  N.,  and  fi 
into  the  former  150  ms.  above  its  influx  into  . 
Mississippi. 

Spotswood,  village,  Middlesex  co.,  N.  j.,  at 
junction  of  Matchepanax  and  Mar.alapan  rivers 
ms.  S.  from  New  Brunswick. 

Spotsylvania,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Carol 
SE.,  by  North  Anna  river,  or  Hanover  and  L< 
isa  cos.,  SW.,  Orange  NW.,  and  Rapid  Annt 
Rappahannock  rivers,  or  Culpeper  and  StafFo 
NE.  Length  22  ms.,  width  18;  area  about  4 
sq.  ms.  The  sources  of  the  Mattapany  river 
in  this  co.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified  by  ! 
and  dale.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  and  tobac 
Chief  town,  Fredericksburg.  Pop.  1820,  14,21 
and  in  1840,  15,151.  Ce.it.  lat.  38  12  N.,  I, 
W.  C.  0  40  W. 

Spottedville,  post  office,  Stafford  co.,  Va., 
ms.  SSW.  from  W.  C,  and  79  NNE.  fromRi 
mond. 

Spread  Eagle,  tavern  and  post  office,  Delaw 
co.,  Pa.,  on  the  Lancaster  road,  15  ms.  NW. 1 
W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Spree,  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in 
mountains  of  Bohemia,  and,  passing  through  I 
satia  into  the  marquisate  of  Brandenburg,  runs 
Berlin,  and  falls  into  the  Havel,  opposite  Sp 
daw.  The  sources  of  the  Spree  are  between  th 
of  the  Elbe  and  the  Neisse,  branch  of  the  Oi 
It  flows  about  100  ms.  in  a  northerly  dnecti 
to  where  it  is  united  to  the  Oder  by  the  cana 
Mulrose.  This  fine  little  canal  was  the  first  a 
cial  navigation,  of  any  extent  worthy  of  not) 
made  in  the  Prussian  dominions.  It  was  cova\ 
ted  under  the  direction  of  Philip  Chiesse,  in  16 
with  10  wooden  locks.  The  locks  were  sut 
quently  rebuilt  of  stone,  and  reduced  to  8  in  ni 
her.  The  whole  channel  is  23  ms.  long,  asce 
ing  from  the  Spree  by  one  10-feet  lock  to  the  si 
mit  level,  from  which  it  again  falls  64  feet  b 
locks,  and  joins  the  Oder  5  ms.  above  Frankf< 
Below  the  canal  of  Mulrose,  the  Spree  turns 
NW.  by  W.,  passes  Berlin,  and  joins  the  He 
at  Spandau,  after  an  entire  comparative  courw 
150  ms.  between  lat.  50  50  and  52£°  N. 

Sprigg,  tp.,  Adams  co.,  O.,  on  the  Ohio  ri\ 

Spring  Bank,  post  office,  Wayne  co.,  N. 
23  ms.  from  Raleigh. 

Spring,  tp  ,  Centre  co.,  Pa„  including  Be 
fonte,  the  county  seat. 


SPR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SPR 


Springburough,  village,  Warren  co.,  O.,  SW. 
im  Columbus. 

Spring  Creek,  tp.,  Miami  co.,  O.  Post  of- 

e,  Madison  co.,  Term  ,  about  150  ms.  SW.  by 
.  from  Nashville. 

Springfield,  town,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  30 

;.  NW.  from  Concord-  Town,  Windsor  co., 

.,  on  Connecticut  river,  13  ms.  below  Wind- 

w.  Town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  E. 

nk  of  Connecticut  river,  29  ms.  SW.  from 
ookfield,  and  24°  N.  by  E.  from  Hartford.  The 
vn  or  village  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  co., 
J  stands  on  the  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river, 
. ectly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Westfield  river.  In 
i  vicinity  are  a  very  extensive  paper  manufacto- 

and  a  manufactory  of  hollow  ware. 
Here  is  also  the  site  of  the  principal  armory  of 
1  United  States.  The  arsenal  is  within  the  vil- 
le,  consisting  of  extensive  buildings  devoted  to 
I  various  objects  embraced  by  the  establishment, 
i\  a  hall  devoted  to  public  worship.  The  water 
>rks  are  placed  on  Mill  river,  about  one  mile 
nth  from  the  arsenal,  and  are  erected  on  three 
narate  sites — upper,  lower,  and  middle,  contain- 
i  5  shops,  28  forges,  10  trip  hammers,  18  water 
*eels,  &c,  presenting  one  of  the  most  extensive 
iemblages  of  wheels,  and  other  machinery  put 
imotion  by  water,  to  be  found  in  the  U,  States, 
^rora  240  to  250  workmen  are  employed,  who 
(npletc  on  an  average  45  muskets  daily.  So  great 
i  he  water  power  at  the  disposal  of  the  United 
S'tesatthis  place,  that  the  works  may  be  increas- 
ed any  assignable  extent  that  the  exigencies  of 
t  Government  may  demand.  Since  its  first  for- 
rtion,  this  armory  has  produced  about  130,000 
tskets  and  1,500  carbines;  and  nearly  50,000 
tsketshave  been  repaired.  From  1795  to  1817, 
i  luding  the  first  cost,  that  of  the  whole  establish- 
ed amounted  to  $1,820,120. 
Springfield  is  the  seat  of  a  very  extensive  com- 

•  rce,  and  in  the  vicinity  we  have  noticed  only 
t  most  prominent  of  its  manufacturing  establish- 
rnts.  Opposite  this  village,  the  Connecticut 
Wt  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  30  feet  wide  and  1,234 
I  in  length,   Pop.  in  1810,  2,812  ;  and  in  1820, 

Springfield,  town,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  60  miles 

A  of  Albany.  Tp.,  Burlington  county,  N. 

J  18  miles  S.  of  Trenton.  Town,  Essex  co., 

i  J.,  about  10  ms.  NW.  of  Elizabethtown,  and 
«ut  the  same  distance  SW.  of  Newark,  on  the 

*  side  of  Rahway  river.  Tp.,  Bucks  county, 

hnsylvania,  between  Durham  and  Richland,  and 

fining  Upper  Saucon,  in  Lehigh  co.  Tp., 

I  aware  countv,  Pa,,  between  Darby  and  Crum 
cjks,  10  miles  SW.  by  W.  from  Philadelphia. 
'—Tp.,  Huntingdon  county,  Pa.,  on  Great  Aug- , 
I  k  creek,  25  ms.  S.  from  Huntingdon,  and  an 

eal  distance  NE.  by  E.  from  Bedford.  Tp.,  j 

iVcer  co.,  Pa.,  on  Neshanoc  creek,  and,  includ-  ' 

i  Mercer,  is  the  county  seat.  Village,  Brad-  j 

I  co.,  Pa.,  by  post  road  152  ms.  N.  from  Har-  j 
r|'urg.  Village,  Hampshire  co.,  Va.,  on  the 

I  side  of  the  S.  branch  of  Potomac,  58  ms.  W. 
fcN.  of  Winchester,  and  about  14  SW.  of  Old- 

*'  n,  Maryland  Village,  Loudon  co.,  Vir 

§ia-  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Effingham 

c,  Ga.,  22  miles  NNW.  from  Savannah.  Lat. 
-20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  19  W.  Village  and 


seat  of  justice,  parish  of  St.  Helena,  Louisiana,  on 
Notalbany  river,  and  on  the  road  between  New 
Orleans  and  Natchez  ;  58  ms.  from  the  former  and 

98  miles  from  the  latter  place,  Town  in  the 

southern  borders  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  containing 

the  pond  or  head  spring  of  Tuscarawas  river.  

Tp.,  Columbiana  county,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Rich- 
land co.,  Ohio.  Tp.  in  the  northwestern  part 

of  Jefferson  co,,  Ohio.  Small  village  in  Salem 

tp.,  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  15  ms.  NW.  from  Steu- 

benville.  Tp.,  Gallia  county,  Ohio.  Tp., 

Ross  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Scioto  river, 

opposite  Chillicothe.  Tp.,  Clark  county,  Ohio. 

 Flourishing  town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Clark 

co.,  Ohio.  It  stands  on  the  eastern  fork  of  Mad 
river,  13  ms.  from  Urbanna,  and  43  W.  from  Co- 
lumbus.   Lat.  39  48  N.,  Ion.  6  43  W.  Tp., 

Montgomery  county,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Muskingum 

co.,  Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  the  village  of  Put- 
nam, opposite  Zanesville.  Town,  Hamilton  co., 

Ohio,  15  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati,  on  the  road  to 
Hamilton  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wash- 
ington co.,  Ky.,  on  a  branch  of  Beech  fork  of  Salt 
river,  about  50  miles  SE.  from  Louisville.  A 
Catholic  college  has  been  erected  2  miles  from  this 
town.    Lat.  37  43  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  7  W.  Pop. 

in  1840,  600.  Town  on  the  northern  borders 

of  Hamilton  county,  Ohio.—  Village  and  seat  of 

justice,  Robertson  co.,  Tennessee,  on  Springfield 
creek,  28  miles  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Nashville. 
Lat.  36  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  9  40  W. 

Springfield  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Erie  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

Spring  Garden,  village,  Pittsylvania  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  130  miles  SW.  by  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. Village,  Rockingham  co.,  North  Car- 
olina, by  post  road  113  miles  NW.  from  Raleigh. 

Spring  Grove,  village,  Iredell  co  ,  N-  Carolina, 
by  post  road  195  ms.  westerly  from  Raleigh.— 
Village,  Laurens  district,  South  Carolina,  by  post 
road  65  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Spring  Hill,  village,  Fauquier  county,  Va. — — 

Village,  Louisa  co.,  Va.  Post  office,  Lenoir 

co.,  North  Carolina,  by  post  road  86  ms.  SE.  from 
Raleigh. 

Spring  Mills,  post  office,  Centre  co.,  Pa. 

Spring-place,  village  and  Moravian  settlement, 
Cherokee  lands,  Georgia,  194  ms.  NW.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Springtown,  village  on  the  NW.  border  of 
Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  7  ms.  SE.  from  Bethlehem,  and 
45  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

Springville,  village,  Niagara  county,  N.  Y. — = 

Village,  Darlington  district,  South  Carolina,  ■ 

Village,  and  one  of  the  southern  townships  of  Sus- 
quehannah  county,  Pennsylvania,  6  ms.  S.  from 
Montrose. 

Springville  Four  Corners,  post  office,  Spring- 
ville tp.,  Susquehatinah  county,  Pennsylvania.  It 
ought  to  be  observed,  in  directing  letters,  that  ths 
preceding  post  office,  though  in  the  same  tp.,  is  in 
a  different  part  of  it. 

Spring-water,  one  of  the  S.  towns  of  Living- 
ston co.,  N.  Y. 

Sprottau,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  duchy  of  Glo- 
gaw,  with  walls  flanked  by  towers  and  a  strong 
castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Bobar 
and  Sprotta,  20  ms.  SW.  ofGlogaw.  Lon.  15  38 
E.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

S43 


ST  A  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  3TA 


after  piercing  Harecastle-hill  by  a  subterranei 
passage  of  1  \  mile  in  length,  passes  through 
potteries,  and  thence  southward  across  the  Tr 
almost  to  Litchfield,  from  whence  it  turns  gh 
over  the  Trent  again,  and  over  the  Dove,  in 
way  to  mix  with  the  Trent  at  Wilden  fer 
From  the  neighborhood  of  Stafford  it  sends  of 
branch  which  runs  directly  southward  by  Pi' 
ridge,  and  near  Wolverhampton,  to  join  the  8 
em  near  Kidderminster.  With  this  a  canal  fr 
Birmingham  and  another  from  Stourbridge  cc 
municate.  Thus  the  great  ports  of  Bristol,  Li\ 
pool,  and  Hull,  are  all  accessible  to  the  varl 
products  and  manufactures  of  Staffordshire.  1 
principal  rivers  are  the  Trent,  Dove,  Sow,  Ch 


Spurn  Head,  long  sickle-shaped  promontory  of 
Eng.,  in  Yorkshire,  at  the  NE.  entrance  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Humber,  on  which  is  a  light-house. 
Lou.  0  15  E.,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Squam  Harbor,  Es-ex  co.,  Mass,  on  the  NE. 
side  of  Cape  Ann,  and  opposite  Gloucester. 

Sguam  Beach,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Monmouth 
co.,  New  Jersey.  It  lies  in  lat.  40°  N.,  very  nearly 
due  E.  from  Philadelphia,  and  10  miles  SE.  from 
Squankum. 

Squankum,  village  on  Mannsquan  river,  Mon- 
mouth co.,  N.  J.,  about  55  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from 
Philadelphia. 

Squilace,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteriore. 
It  was  formerly  famous,  but  is  now  a  small  place, 

seated  on  the  Favelone,  near  a  gulf  of  the  same  }  ner,  Stour,  Peak,  and  Manyfold.  Pop.  in  18 
name,  30  ms.  SW.  of  St.  Severino.  Lon.  16  40  [239,153  ;  and  in  1811,  295,153;  and  in  18 
E.,  lat.  39  3  N.  |  341,824. 

Staatsburg,  village,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Stafford,  borough  of  England,  and  county  tc 
the  Hudson,  10  ms.  above  Poughkeepsie.  of  Staffordshire,  14  miles  NW.  of  Litchfield,  : 

Stablo,  or  Stavelo,  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  135  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  4  W.,  lat.  52  48 
Liege  ;  here  is  a  manufacture  of  leather,  which  is  Stafford,  Tolland  town,  county,  Conn.,  near 
sent  to  foreign  parts.  It  is  seated  on  the  Recht,  j  head  of  Willamantic  river,  26  ms.  NE.  fromH 
9  ms  S.  of  Limburg.    Lon.  6  5  E.,  lat.  50  29  N.   ford.    The  village  is  elevated,  and  the  adjac 

Stade,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Bre-  country  in  a  peculiar  degree  pleasant  and  roman 
men,  on  the  Swingel,  near  its  confluence  with  the  ,  The  mineral  springs  at  this  place  have  becorr. 
Elbe,  22  miles  W.  of  Hamburg,  and  45  NE.  of  I  place  of  great  resort  in  summer,  and  the  waters 
Bremen.    Lon.  9  17  E.,  lat.  53  36  N.  found  efficacious  in  gout,  rheumatism,  scorbi 

Stadthagen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of !  complaints,  &c  The  accommodations  for  visi 
Westphalia,  and  county  of  Schauenburg;  here  is  |  are  extensive  and  convenient.  There  are  in  the 
a  palace,  in  the  garden  of  which  is  a  mineral  spring.  I  five  churches,  two  cotton  factories,  a  manufactor 
It  is  8  ms.  E.  of  Minden.  Lon.  9  14  E.,  lat.  52  |  clocks,  and  two  casting  houses  for  making  hoi 
24  N.  iron  ware.    Population  in  1810,  2,355  ;  in  18 

Stafarda,  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  marquisate  \  2,369  ;  and  in  1840,  2,469. 
of  Saluzzo,  seated  on  the  Po,  with  a  rich  abbey,  j     Stafford,  county,  Virginia,  between  the  Pi 
It  is  famous  for  a  victory  gained  by  the  French,  in   mac  and  Rappahannock  rivers,  bounded  l>y  K 
1690,  over  the  duke  of  Savoy.    Lon.  7  25  E.,  lat.  j  George  SE.,  Rappahannock  river  SW.  and  ' 
44  34  N.  Fauquier  county  NW.,  and  Prince  William  l 

Staffa,  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Hebrides,   length  20,  mean  width  12  miles,  area  240  sq. 
a  little  to  the  W.  of  Mull.    It  is  one  mile  long  and  j  Surface  very  hilly,  and  soil  sandy.    Chief  tow 
half  a  mile  broad.    The  whole  SW.  end  is  sup- 1  Stafford,  Falmouth,  and  North  Marlborough.  I 
ported  by  ranges  of  natural  pillars,  mostly  above!  in  1820,  9,517;  and  in  1840,  8,454.  Central 
50  feet  high,  standing  in  colonnades,  according  as  |  38  25  N.,  lon.  VV.  C.  0  22  W. 
the  bays  or  points  of  land  form  themselves  upon  a  i     Stafford,  tp.,  Monmouth  county,  New  Jen 
firm  basis  of  solid  unformed  rock.    This  is  every  j  The  soil  is  generally  sandy,  yet  there  are  s<  j 
where  supported  by  basaltic  rocks  and  pillars,  su- j  very  good  farms.    The  principal  settlement  isM  • 
perior  in  beauty  and  grandeur  to  those  which  form  j  nahawkin,  a  post  town,  containing  30  dwelli  • 
the  Giant's  Causeway  in  Ireland.  houses  and  two  places  of  public  worship.    Pop  i 

Swaffelstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franconia,  ,  1810,  1,239;  in  1820,  1,428;  and  in  1840,  2,1 

and  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  situated  on  the  Lauter,  j  Village,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  45  miles  NE.  f  i 

16  ms.  NNE.  of  Bamberg.    Lon.  11  12  E.,  lat,   Rutland.  Town,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  8  mi 

50  15  N.  I  little  S.  of  E.  from  Batavia,  and  about  30  S 

Stafford,  county  of  England,  55  miles  long  and  I  from  Rochester. 
42  broad.  This  is  a  long  and  narrow  tract  of  coun-|     Stafford  C  H.,  post  office,  Stafford  co.,  Va,, 
try,  ending  in  a  point  at  the  N.  and  S.  extremities,  j  ms.  SSW.  from  Washington  city,  and  76  a  I 
having  to  the  W.  the  counties  of  Chester  and  Sa-j  E.  of  N.  from  Richmond, 
lop,  to  the  E.  those  of  Derby  and  Warwick,  and|     Stafford  Springs,  post  office,  in  the  NE.  pa>  f 
to  the  S.  Worcestershire.    The  rivers  Dove  and  Tolland  county,  Connecticut,  28  miles  NE.  f 1 
Trent  form  a  natural  boundary  on  the  Derbyshire!  Hartford. 

side ;  on  the  other  sides  it  has  no  remarkable}  Staffurth,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxc , 
imits.  The  S.  extremity  of  the  county  is  enliven- j  and  principality  of  Anhalt  Bernburg,  21  vcf 
ed  by  various  branches  of  the  hardware  manufac-  j  SSW.  of  Magdeburg.  Lon.  11  40  E.,  lat.  I 
ture,  in  which  it  participates  with  the  neighboring   55  N. 

Birmingham.    The  trade  of  this  county  is  in  a  pe-j     Stagira,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  M  - 
culiar  manner  assisted  by  the  grand  system  of  ca- I  donia,  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Contessa.    It«  ' 
nal  navigation,  of  which  it  is,  as  it  were,  the  cen-  j  markable  for  being  the  birthplace  of  Aristc 
tre,  and  which  is  carried  through  its  whole  length.  I  whence  he  is  called  the  Stagirite.    It  is  now  j 


The  grand  trunk,  as  it  has  been  ingeniously  term 
ed,  enters  the  N.  of  the  county  from  Cheshire,  and, 
844 


ed  Lvba  Nova,  and  is  16  ms.  from  Coniensa.  II 
22  48  E.,  lat.  41  15  N. 


STA 


ST  A 


$ta<mo,  seaport  of  Ragusan  Dalmatia,  on  a  pe- 
rsula,  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  30  ms.  NW.  of 
KUsa.    Lon.  17  50  E.,  lat.  43  12  N. 

Stagsville,  village,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y. 

Stain,  town  of  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  over 
\\ch  is  a  toll  bridge,  65  ra?.  W.  of  Vienna. 
In.  15  0  E.,  lat.  48  11  N. 

Stains,  town  of  England,  in  Middlesex,  on  the 
'.ames,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge.  At  some 
c:ance  above  the  bridge,  at  Coin  Ditch,  is  the 
bdon  mark  stone,  which  is  the  ancient  bounda- 


Stanfordville,  town,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  18 
ms.  NE.  from  Poughkeepsie. 

Stanford,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Lincoln 
co.,  Ky.,  near  Dick's  river,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Dan- 
ville. Pop.  500.  Lat.  37  36  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
7  28  W. 

Stanford's  Cross  Roads,  Putnam  co.,  Ga.,  about 
30  ms.  from  MilledgeviJle 

Stanhope,  village  on  Musconecun  river,  SE. 
part  of  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  30  miles  a  little  W. 


of  N.  from  Somerville,  and  50  miles  N.  from 
r.jf  the  jurisdiction  of  the  city  of  London  on  the  ,  Trenton. 

'ames,  and  bears  the  date  of  1280.    Stains  is  17  |     Stanmore,  dreary  district  of  Eng.,  in  the  E.  an- 
es  W.  by  S.  of  London.    Lon.  0  25  W.,  lat.  jgle  of  Westmoreland,  of  the  most  savage  aspect, 
527  N.  ;and  which  has  been  described  in  poetry  and  ro~ 

^talbridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  with|mance.    Here  is  a  fragment  of  Rerecross,  set  up 
aanufacture  of  stockings.     Here  is  an  ancient 1  as  a  boundary  between  England  and  Scotland, 
cisof  one  stone,  21  feet  high,  on  a  base  of  8  j  when  Cumberland  belonged  to  the  latter. 
|t.    It  is  20  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Dorchester,  and  j     Stanhope,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  co.  of  Durham, 
Lon.  2  18  W.,  lat. 


1  W.  by  S.  of  London 
f  57  N.  * 

Malimene. — See  Lernnos. 
Mailing's  Store,  and  post  office,  Monroe  co 
(,  42  ms.  W.  from  Miliedgeville. 
Uamford,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  on 


20  ms.  W.  of  Durham,  and  264  N.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  0  W.,  lat.  54  48  N. 

Stanley,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  12 
ms.  S.  of  Gloucester,  and  104  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  2  16  W.,  lat.  51  40  N. 

Stanmore,  Great,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex; 
t  most  southern  part  of  the  county,  is  26  ms.  N.  'here  is  a  hill  which  is  so  very  elevated  that  the 
o  Huntingdon,  and  89  N.  by  W.  of  London,  j  trees  upon  it  are  a  sea-mark  from  the  German 
L  0  31  W.,  lat.  52  42  N.  Tp.,  Benning-  j  ocean. 

t.  co.,  Vt.,  10  ms.  SE.  from  Bennington.   Stanmore,  Little. — See  Whitchurch. 

Iwn,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct,  on  a  small  siream  that  Stanton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  16  ms 
ns  into  Long  Island  sound,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Fair- !  E.  of  Lincoln,  and  129  N.  of  London.  Lon.  0  2 
fil,  and  44  NE.  of  N.  Y.  Stamford  is  a  fine  vil-  W.,  lat.  53  18  N. 

S:antonsburg,  village,  Edgecombco,  N.  C,  70 
ms.  easterly  from  Raleigh 


hi  of  between  60  and  70  well-built  houses,  with 
a  arbor  admitting  vessels  of  7  feet  draught.  Pop. 

ii. 810,  4,352  ;  in  1820,  3,284;  and  in  1840,1     Stantz,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the  can- 

■1$.  Village,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  61  ms.  'ton  of  Underwalden,  on  a  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the 

V.  from  Albany,  'Stanzberg,  near  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  29  ms.  S.  of 

Uampalio,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  60  ms.  IZuric    Lon.  8  22  E  ,  lat.  46  51  N. 
\  of  Rhodes,  and  37  from  the  coast  of  Natolia.      Staraia  Russa,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
la  15  ms.  long  and  5  broad,  almost  without  in- 1  ment  of  Novogorod,  seated  on  the  river  Polish, 
bitants,  and  wants  fresh  water.  Inear  the  Lake  Ilmen,  40  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Novogo- 

Uannardsville,  village  in  the  western  part  of,  rod.    Lon.  33  2  E.,  lat.  57  40  N. 
C  nge  co.,  Va.,  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  ridge,  70  j     Stargard,  town  of  Pussian  Germany,  in  Pome 
u  W.  from  Fredericksburg.  'rania.    Tt  has  manufactures  of  serges,  shalloons, 

Uanchio,  fertile  island  of  the  Archipelago,  near  i  tammies,  druggets,  &c,  and  is  seated  on  the  Ihna, 
Ik  coast  of  Natolia,  12  my.  NE.  of  Stainpaiio,  j  18  ms.  SE.  of  Stettin,  and  37  N  W.  of  Landsperg. 

a  40  NW.  of  Rhodes.    It  is  the  ancient  Cos,  Lon  25  8  E.,  lat.  53  32  N.  Town  of  Prussian 

tl  birthplace  of  Hippocrates  and  Apelles,  and  is  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxony,  30  ms.  distant  from 
2  ms.  long  and  10  broad.    The  capital,  of  the  |  New  Brandenburg. 

the  name,  is  well  built,  and  seated  at  the  foot  of  |  Stark,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by  Portage,  E. 
taountain,  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and  near  a|by  Columbiana,  S.  by  Tuscarawas,  and  W.  by 
gd  harbor.    Lon.  26  54  E.,  lat.  36  45  N.        j  Wayne.    Length  33,  width  30  ms.  ;  area  800  sq. 

•tasdahd,  Fr.,  etendard ;  original  meaning,  a  ms.    It  is  drained  by  the  various  sources  of  Tus- 
«if  firmly  placed,  to  point  out  the  situation  of  the  jcarawas  river.    Chief  town,  Canton.    Pop.  in 
picipal  chief.    In  armies,  the  term  is  now  used  j  1820,  14,506  ;  and  in  1840,  34,603.    Central  lat. 
gerally  for  the  banner  or  colors.    Ensign,  ban-  j  40  48  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  26  W. 
n  &c,  mean  essentially  the  same  as  standard,    j     Starkey,  village,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y. 
Standing  Peach  Tree,  post  office,  on  Chatahoo-  j    Starkey' s,  post  office,  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 
C  river,  De  Kalb  co.,  Ga.,  by  post  road  178  ms.  j     Stark's,  town,  Somerset  co.,  Me.,  on  Kenne- 


Sf>  by  W.  from  Miliedgeville 
'Uanding  Rock,  post  office,  Stewart  co.,  Ten- 
u  -ee. 

Handing  Stone,  post  office,  Bradford  co.,  Pa. 

^tandish,  small  town,  Cumberland  co.,  Me., 
olthe  E.  side  of  Saco  liver,  25  miles  NW.  of 
Ftland. 

*tandonf  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hertfordshire,  8  ms. 
Kof  Hertford,  and  27  of  London.  Lon.  0  5  E., 
Mb\  56  N. 


bee,  7  miles  W.  from  Norridgewock.  Pop. 
1820,  1,053. 

Starksborough,  village,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  28 
ms.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

Starr,  tp.,  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 
Start  point,  promontory  of  England,  in  Devon- 
shire, in  the  English  channel,  14  ms.  S.  by  W. 
from  Dartmouth.    Lon.  3  51  W.,  lat.  50  9  N. 

Staten  island,  island  which  forms  the  county  of 
I  Richmond,  N.  Y.    On  the  8.  side  is  a  considera- 

845 


ST  A 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


STE 


hie  tract  of  level  land,  but  in  general  (his  island  is 
rough,  and  the  hills  high. — See  Richmond  coun- 
ty, N.  Y. 

Staten  Land,  barren,  craggy  island  in  the  Pa- 
cific ocean,  in  55°  S.  lat.  Between  this  island  and 
Terra  del  Fuego  is  the  strait  of  Le  Maire. 

Statesborough,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Bullock  co.,  Ga.,  45  ms.  NW.  from  Savannah. 
Lat.  32  24  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  38  W. 

Statesburg,  village,  Sumter  district,  S.  C  ,  near 
the  Wateree,  30  ms.  S.  from  Camden,  and  10  from 
Sumterville. 

Statesville,  town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Iredell 
co.,  N.  C.,  on  a  branch  of  South  Yadkin  river, 
about  130  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh. 

States  of  the  Church.— See  Italy,  p.  434  . 
Statistics,  or  knowledge  of  the  elements  of 
political  economy,  may  therefore  be  regarded  as 
"the  science  of  public  prosperity."  Object,  to 
seek  and  compare  and  combine  the  sources  of 
wealth  and  power  in  the  State,  by  forming  tabular 
views  of  the  territorial  extent,  population,  produc- 
tions of  the  soil,  mines,  &c,  manufactures,  and 
commerce.  It  may  therefore  be  said,  truly,  that 
statistics  is  the  science  by  pre-eminence. 

Stavanger,  episcopal  town  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Bergen,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  harbor.  It  is  seated  on  a  pe- 
ninsula, near  the  fortress  of  Doswick,  75  ms.  S. 
of  Bergen.    Lon.  5  45  E.,  lat.  59  6  N. 

Stavaren,  ancient  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Hol- 
land, in  Friesland,  formerly  a  considerable  town, 
but  now  much  decayed,  the  harbor  being  choked 
up  with  sand.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zuider  Zee,  8 
ms,  W.  of  Slooten,  and  15  NE.  of  Enchuysen. 
Lon.  5  13  E.,  lat.  52  54  N. 

Staubbach,  celebrated  cataract  of  Switzerland, 
near  the  village  of  Lauterbrunn,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  which  falls  down  a  rock,  930  feet  high,  with 
auch  impetuosity  as  to  resolve  itself  into  a  tine 
spray,  which,  viewed  in  some  particular  situations, 
resembles  a  cloud  of  dust.  Hence  it  derives  its 
name  :  the  word  Staubbach,  in  German,  signifying 
a  spring  of  dust.  The  brook  which  forms  this  tor- 
rent  is  named  the  Kupfer-Bachelin,  or  Rivulet  of 
Copper. 

Staeufen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  and  subject  to  Austria.  Lon.  7  44  E.,Iat. 
48  55  N. 

Stauffenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  !0  ms.  from  Wetzlar. 

Staunton,  village  at  the  junction  of  Red  Clay 
and  White  Clay  creeks,  Newcastle  co.,  Del.,  6 

ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Wilmington.  Village 

and  seat  of  justice  for  the  co.  of  Augusta,  Va.,  is  a 
corporate  town,  situated  on  the  S.  branch  of  the 
Shenandoah,  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  valley  be- 
tween the  North  and  South  mountains,  a  little  N. 
of  Madison's  cave.  Contains  about  200  houses  ;  3 
handsome  brick  churches — Presbyterian,  Episco- 
palian, and  Methodist ;  2  court-houses — 1  of  brick, 
for  the  chancery  court,  and  the  other  of  stone,  for 
the  county,  circuit,  and  corporation  courts;  3  tav- 
erns, and  12  stores.  Distant  120  ms.  NW.  from 
Richmond,  95  SW.  from  Winchester,  and  174  W. 

from  W.  C.    Pop.  1,355.  Village  on  Miami 

river,  in  Miami  co  ,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Miami  co  , 

Ohio,  W.  from  Miami  river. 

Stavropol,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
846 


Simbirsk.  Lon.  28  58  E.,  lat.  53  44  N.- 
Town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Caucas 
Lon.  41  50  E  ,  lat.  44  56  N. 

Stedrnansville,  village,  Orange  tp.,  Meigs  < 
Ohio. 

Steege,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of  Me 
with  a  harbor,  38  ms.  SSW.  from  Copenhag 
Lon.  12  20  E.,  lat.  55  5  N. 

Steenbergen,  strong  town  of  the  kingdom 
Holland,  in  Brabant,  in  the  marquisate  of  Berg 
op-Zoom.  It  has  a  communication  with  the  Ma< 
and  is  7  ms.  N.  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  and  17 
of  Breda     Lon.  4  28  E.,  lat.  51  32  N. 

Steenkeer,  town  of  Norway,  in  the  province 
Drontheim.    Lon.  1 1  34  E.,  lat.  63  50  N. 

Steenkirk,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgii 
in  Hainault,  15  ms.  N.  of  Mons,  and  16  W 
Brussels. 

Steenwick,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
Overyssel,  seated  on  the  river  Aa,  20  ms.  SE. 
Slooten,  and  32  N.  of  Deventer.  Lon.  5  50 
lat.  52  50  N. 

Stegeberg,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothla 
seated  on  the  Baltic,  25  miles  S.  of  Nikopi 
and  82  SW.  of  Stockholm.    Lon.  16  40  E., 
58  16  N. 

Stein,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of ! 
ric.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  where  it  iss 
from  the  Lake  of  Constance,  commanding  a  ! 
lightful  prospect,  and  is  15  ms.  W.  of  Constat1 
and  15  NE.  of  Zuric  Lon.  8  48  E.,  lat. 
42  N. 

Steinfurt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  ' 
Westphalia.    It  has  an  academy,  and  is  seated 
the  Vecht,  16  ms.  NW.  of  Munster.    Lon  7 
E.,  lat.  12  15  N. 

Steinheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electo 
of  Mentz,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Mai 
with  a  castle,  9  ms.  from  Frankfort.  Lon.  8 
E.,  lat.  49  52  N. 

Steke,  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  N.  coast  of 
isle  of  Mona,  with  a  castle.  It  is  almost  surrou 
ed  by  a  lake.    Lon.  12  15  E  ,  lat.  55  4  N. 

Stellenbosch,  one  of  the  provinces  or  district 
the  colony  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  SE.  fi  I 
Cape  Town. 

Stenay,  fortified  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep  f 
Meuse,  and  late  duchy  of  Bar,  seated  on  the  i 
Meuse,  24  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Verdon.    Lon.  ft  1 
E.,  lat.  50  28  N. 

Stendal,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  marquisa!  f 
Brandenburg,  and  subject  to  Prussia.  Lon.  1 1 
E.,  lat.  52  45  N. 

Slennis,  village  of  Scotland,  in  the  inland' 
Orkney. 

Stephentown,  SE.  town,  Rensselaer  co.,  !f.  i 
20  ms.  SE.  from  Albany.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,5 

Stepney,  a  village  of  Eng.,  almost  contiguou  » 

London.  Village,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  50 

SE.  from  Hartford. 

Stereotype,  method  of  printing,  from  Gn. 
stereos,  solid,  and  tupos,  type ;  literally,  solid  t; , 
or  multiplication  of  writing  by  means  of  solid  pla  • 

Sterling,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  40 
W.  from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,472;  in  If , 

1,710.  Town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.,  44  ms.  ■ 

from  Hartford.    It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy,  1 
a  very  extensive  cotton  factory,  containing  1, 
spindles.  NW,  town,  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y  : e 


STE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


STI 


t  extends  to  Lake  Ontario,  but  the  village  is  situ- 
al  inland,  about  30  ms.  N  W.  from  Salina,  and 

a  equal  distance  NE.  from  Geneva.  Village, 

\iyne  co.,  Pa.,  by  post  road  156  ms.  NE.  from 
Inisburg. 

>lerlingv/lle,  village,  Granville  co.,  N  C. 
Sternberg,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  Upper 
S  ony,  in  the  marquisate  of  Brandenberg.  It  car- 
r;  on  a  great  commerce  in  cattle,  and  is  20  ms. 


and  Tennessee  river,  or  Henry  co.,  W.  Length 
22  ms.,  mean  width  20;  area,  560  sq.  ms.  It  is 
washed  on  one  side  by  Tennessee,  and  traversed 
from  SE.  to  NW.  by  Cumberland  river.  Chief 
town,  Dover.  Pop.  in  1820,  8,388;  and  in 
1040,  8,587.  Central  lat.  36  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  C. 
10  40  W. 

Stewart's  islands,  five  islands  in  the  S.  Pacific 
ocean,  discovered  by  Captain  Hunter  in  1791,  and 


P  .  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder.    Lon.  15  11  E.,  (named  by  him  in  honor  of  Admiral  Keith  Stewart. 


|i  52  30  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 

Sony,  16  ms.  SE.  of  Wismar.  Lon.  11  50  E  , 
h  53  45  N. 


Lon.  163  18  E.,  lat.  8  26  S. 

Stewartstown,  small  town  of  Scot.,  in  the  co. 
of  Ayr,  14  ms.  NNE.  of  Ayr.  Inconsiderable 


Utrtzingen,  town  of  Austrian  Germany,  in  the  |  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Tyrone,  5  ms.  NNE. 
lol,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  of  Dungannon.  Town,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  on 


nrEysoch,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Brixen. 

Hetin,  or  Stettin,  seaport  of  Prussian  Germany, 
ii'oraerania.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  car- 
ri  on  a  considerable  trade.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Or,  70  ms  N.  by  E.  of  Berlin,  and  72  N.  of 
Fnkfort.  Since  Pomerania  became  a  province  of 
Fssia,  Stettin  has  been  the  principal  port  of  that 
k;dora  on*  the  Oder.  It  stands  at  the  head  of 
lb  navigation.    Lon.  14  38  E.,  lat.  53  35  N. 

■teuben,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Tioga  co., 
p,,  S.,  by  Alleghany  co.,  N.  Y.,  W.,  by  Living- 
Bti  and  Ontario  N.,  and  Seneca  lake  and  Tioga 
fci  N.  Y.,  E.  Length  and  breadth  nearly  equal, 
ci  about  40  ms.  Area,  1,600  sq.  ms.  The 
I.  angle  is  drained  by  Crooked  lake,  into  Seneca 
■  ;  from  the  NW.  angle  the  waters  are  dis- 
ci rged  into  the  Caanaseraga  branch  of  Genesee 
ri|r;  and  the  residue  drained  by  Canisteo  and 
Tga  rivers  and  their  branches.  Surface  gener- 
j!  very  hilly  and  broken.  Chief  town,  Bath. 
P.  in  1820,  21,989;  and  in  1840,  46,138. 
dtral  lat.  42  20  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  22'  W. 

teuben,  town,  Washington  co.,  Me.,  35  ms. 
\  from  Machias.     Pop   in  1810,  552;  and  in 

1  0,  780.  Town,  OneiJa  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms. 

IVrom  Utica,  This  tract  was  granted,  for  his 
rtilutionary  services,  to  Baron  Steuben,  and  here 
n  his  remains. 

!teubenville,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Jefferson 
C(  Ohio.  It  was  laid  out  in  thick  woods  in  1798, 
ii'  in  1810  contained  800  inhabitants;  and  by  the 
onus  of  1820,  2,539  ;  and  in  1840,  5,203.  This 
ten,  like  most  others  on  the  Ohio,  rises  from  the 
ri  r  by  different  stages  of  elevation.  The  adja- 
o;  country  is  in  a  peculiar  manner  romantic  and 
P  sing  to  the  eye.  The  dwelling-houses  must 
a  'unt  to  about  800.  This  town  contains  several 
clrches  and  schools,  an  academy,  two  printing 
o  es,  several  factories,  stores,  &c,  with  the  usual 
cnty  buildings.  It  is  39  ms.  by  land  and  70 
b  valer  from  Pittsburg.  Lon.  W.  C.  3  40  W., 
Is  40  25  N. 

'tevenage,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hertfordshire,  12 
it  NN  W.  of  Hertford,  and  31  N.  by  W.  of  Lon- 
d  .    Lon.  10'  W.,  lat.  51  59  N. 

'tevensburg,  village,  Frederick  co,,  Va.,  10  ms. 

I.  of  Strasburg,  and  8  SW.  of  Winchester.  

Vage,  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  30  ms.  NW.  by  W. 
frn  Fredericksburg. 

'tevensville,  village,  King  and  Queen  co.,  Va., 
b  lost  road  62  ms.  NE.  from  Richmond. 


'tewart,  NW.  co.,  Tenn.,  E.  of  Tennessee  burg  are  the  chief  towns. 


Connecticut  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Hall's  river,  140 
ms.  N.  from  Concord.  Lat.  44  58  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  5  31  E. 

Stewartsville,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  by  post  road 

60  ms.  N.  from  Trenton.  In  the  western  part 

of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  road  from 
Greensburg  to  Pittsburg,  12  ms.  from  the  former, 
and  14  from  the  latter  place. 

Steyning,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Sussex,  51  ms, 
S.  by  W.  of  London. 

Steyre,  town  of  Upper  Austria,  and  quarter  of 
Traun.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade  in  iron,  and  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Steyre  and  Ens,  20 
ms.  SE.  of  Lintz.    Lon.  1  23  E.,'lat.  48  6  N, 

Steyregg,  town  of  Austria,  36  ms.  ESE.  of 
Passau,  and  84  WT.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  15  20  E., 
lat.  40  15  N. 

St.  George's,  town,  Newcastle  co.,  Del  ,  on 
the  N.  side  of  St.  George's  creek,  10  ms.  8.  of 
New  Castle,  and  9  N.  of  CantwelPs  bridge. 

Stickhausen,  town  and  citadel  of  Prussian  Ger- 
many, in  Westphalia,  and  co.  of  E.  Friesland,  18 
ms.  ESE.  of  Embden,  Lon.  7  13  E.,  lat.  53 
14  North. 

Stiligiano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  fa- 
mous for  its  baths,  and  seated  near  the  river  Sa- 
landrella. 

Still  Valley,  post  office,  Sussex  co  ,  N.  J.,  64 
ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

Stillwater,  village,  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Hudson  river,  16  ms.  N.  of  Troy,  15 
E.  of  Ballstown,  and  24  N.  of  Albany.  Vil- 
lage, Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  82  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 
 Village,  Miami  co.,  Ohio. 

Stillwellsville,  town,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y. 

Stilton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Huntingdonshire,  cel- 
ebrated for  a  rich  kind  of  cheese,  sometimes  called 
English  Parmesan.  It  is  14  ms.  S.  by  E.  of 
Stamford,  and  75  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Stinchar,  river  of  Scot.,  in  the  N.  part  of  Ayr- 
shire, which  has  a  rapid  course  of  26  ms.,  and  en- 
ters the  ocean  below  Bailantrae. 

Stiria,  formerly  a  duchy  of  Germany,  now  Tnner 
Austria,  125  ms.  long  and  17  broad,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Austria,  E.  by  Hungary,  S.  by  Carniola, 
and  W.  by  Carinthia  and  Saltzburg.  It  is  divided 
into  Upper  and  Lower  Stiria ;  the  former  contains 
the  circles  of  Judenburg  and  Bruck,  and  the  latter 
those  of  Gratz,  Marchburg,  and  Cilley.  Though 
a  mountainous  country,  there  is  much  land  fit  for 
tillage,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.    Gratz  and  Juden- 


rir,  bounded  by  Ky.  NE.,  Montgomery  co., 
Timessee,  E.,  Dickson  co.  SE.,  Humphreys  S., 


Stirling,  borough  of  Scot.,  capital  of  Stirling- 
shire, on  the  river  Forth.    Here  are  two  churches, 

847 


STU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  STO 


and  a  famous  grammar  school.  In  the  town  and 
its  neighborhood  are  manufactures  of  carpets,  sha- 
loons,  and  other  woolen  stuffs  ;  and  the  cotton  trade 
is  very  flourishing.  Stirling,  from  its  commodious 
situation,  commands  the  pass  between  the  N.  and 
S.  part  of  Scotland.  It  is  30  ms.  N  W.  of  Edin- 
burgh.   Lon.  3  45  W.,  lat.  56  6  N. 

Stirling,  co.  of  Scotland,  35  ms.  long  and  10 
broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Perthshire,  NE.  by 
Clackmananshire  and  the  Frith  of  Forth,  SE.  by 
Linlithgowshire,  S.  by  Lanarkshire  and  Dumbar- 
tonshire, and  W.  by  Dumbartonshire.  It  is  divided 
into  22  parishes,  and  contains  60,000  inhabitants. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Forth,  Carron,  and 
Avon  ;  and  the  great  canal  crosses  it  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Carron.  The  S.  part  of  the  co.  is 
mountainous,  but  the  part  near  the  Forth  is  fertile, 
It  abounds  in  coal,  ironstone,  and  Imestone.  Pop. 
in  1801,  50,825;  in  1811,  58,174;  and  in  1821. 
65,331. 

Stirum,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Berg,  seated  on  the  Roer,  12  ms.  N.  of  Dusseldorp. 
Lon.  6  52  E.,  lat.  41  24  N. 

Stochem,  town  of  Germany,  in  Liege,  seated  on 
the  Maese,  12  ms.  N.  of  Maestricht=  L  >n.  5  42 
E.,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Stock,  tp.,  Harrison  co.,  Ohio. 

Stockach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Baden.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  20  ms  N.  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  10  E., 
lat.  47  50  N. 

Stockbridge,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  9 
ms.  NW.  of  Winchester,  and  67  W.  by  S.  of 

London.    Lon.  1  SOW.,  lat.  51  9  N.  Town, 

Berkshire  co.,  Mas?.,  14  ms.  N.  of  Sheffield,  and 
67  NW.  of  Hartford,  in  Ct.  Village,  Wind- 
sor co.,  Vt.,  26  ms.  NW.  from  Windsor.  

Large  town,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  SW.  by 
W.  from  Utica. 

Stockbridge  Hollow,  and  post  office,  about  30 
ms.  SW.  from  Utica. 

Stockdon's  Valley,  Cumberland  co.,  Ky. — See 
Stockton's  Valley. 

Sfockertown,  village,  Northampton  co.,  Pa. 

Stockrau,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  archduchy 
of  Austria.  It  is  situated  on  the  Danube,  and  is  6 
ms.  NW.  of  Neuberg. 

Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Sweden,  in  a  situation 
remarkable  for  its  romantic  scenery.  This  capital, 
which  is  very  long  and  irregular,  occupies,  besides 
2  peninsulas,  7  small  rocky  islands,  seated  on  the 
Maeler,  in  the  streams  which  issue  from  that  lake, 
and  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  A  variety  of  contrasted 
views  are  formed  by  numerous  rocks  of  granite, 
rising  boldly  from  the  surface  of  the  water,  partly 
bare  and  craggy,  and  partly  dotted  with  houses  or 
feathered  with  wood.  The  harbor  is  an  inlet  of 
the  Baltic  ;  the  water  is  as  clear  as  crystal,  and  of 
such  depth  that  ships  of  the  largest  burden  can  ap- 
proach the  quay,  which  is  very  large  and  lined 
with  spacious  buildings.  Towards  the  sea,  about 
2  or  3  ms.  from  the  town,  the  harbor  is  contracted 
into  a  narrow  strait,  and,  winding  among  high 
rocks,  disappears  from  the  sight ;  and  the  prospect 
is  terminated  by  distant  hills  overspread  with  for- 
est. It  is  far  beyond  the  power  of  words  or  of 
pencil  to  delineate  these  singular  views.  The  cen- 
tral island,  from  which  the  city  derives  its  name, 
and  the  Ritterholm,  are  the  handsomest  parts  of 
848 


the  town.  At  the  extremity  of  the  harbor  aeve 
streets  rise,  one  above  another,  in  the  form  of 
amphitheatre  ;  and  a  royal  palace,  a  magnific 
building,  crowns  the  summit.  Except  in  the 
burbs,  where  several  houses  are  of  wood,  pain 
red,  the  generality  of  the  buildings  are  of  bri 
There  are  here  an  academy  of  sciences  and  an 
senal.  Stockholm  is  200  ms.  NE.  of  Copen 
gen,  and  900  NE.  of  London.    Lon.  18  9  ] 

lat.  59  20  N.  Town,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  1 

30  ms.  E.  from  Ogdensburg.  Post  office,  M 

ris  co.,  N.  J. 

Stockport,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire.  It 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  cotton  and  prin 
goods,  and  is  seated  on  the  Mersey  6  ms.  S. 
Manchester,  and  175  NNW.  of  London.  Lon 

18  W.,  lat.  55  33  N.  Village  on  the  rig 

bank  of  Delaware  river,  Wayne  co.,  Pa.,  150  n 
N.  from  Philadelphia,  and  40  E.  from  Montroa 

Stockton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  co.  of  Durha 
It  has  a  large  manufacture  of  sailcloth,  a  trade 
lead,  corn,  and  butter,  and  is  noted  for  its  jjc 
ale.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tees,  not  far  fr« 
its  mouth,  18  ms.  SSE.  of  Durham,  and  244 
by  W.  of  London.    Lon.  1  6  W.,  lat.  54  38 

 Town,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  a  lit 

W.  of  S.  from  Fredonia,  and  60  ms.  SW.  fr< 
Buffalo. 

Stockton's  Valley,  post  office,  Cumberland  c 
Ky.,  by  post  road  175  ms.  S.  from  Frankfort. 

Stockzow,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principal 
of  Teschen,  seated  on  the  Vistula,  12  ms.  SE. 
Teschen.    Lon.  18  32  E.,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Stoddart,  town,  Cheshire  co  ,  N.  H.,  15  n 
NE.  from  Keene,  and  about  35  SW.  by  W.  fn 
Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,203. 

Stoddartsville,  village,  Covington  tp.,  Luzet 
co  ,  Pa.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh  riv 
32  ms.  NW.  from  Easton,  and  18  ms.  SE. 
Wilkesbarre. 

Stoics,  from  Gr.  stoa,  a  porch  or  portico, 
called  from  the  portico  or  gallery  in  which  Zet 
the  founder  of  the  sect,  gave  his  lessons  or  ]• 
tures.  With  much  austerity  the  stoics  were, 
all  the  sects  of  ancient  philosophers,  the  one  whi 
suited  the  realities  of  civilized  life  best.  The  6 
of  Zeno  produced  many  of  the  most  splenc 
characters  of  the  Pagan  world. 

Stoke,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  m 
which,  in  1750,  some  antiquities  were  dug  i 

 Village  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  SE.  of  Dow 

ham,  and  a  ferry  on  the  Stoke,  which  is  naviga 

to  it  from  the  Ouse.  Village  of  Eng.,  in  Si 

folk.  Its  church,  which  is  situated  on  a  hill,  I 
a  lower  120  feet  high,  and  is  a  landmark  to  sh 
that  pass  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  of  Harwich, 
13  ms.  distance. 

Stoke,  or  Stoke  Poges,  village  of  Eng., 
Buckinghamshire,  four  ms.  NNW.  of  Windsi 
Its  churchyard  was  the  scene  of  Gray's  celebrat 
Elegy. 

Stokecomer,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetsni 
26  ms.  W.  of  Wells,  and  152  W.  by  S. 
London. 

Stoke  Dabernon,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Sun 
with  sulphureous  springs. 

Stokes,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Va.  N.  Roc 
ingham  and  Guilford  cos.,  N.  Car.  E.,  Rowan  ! 
and  Surry  W.  ;  length  40  ms.,  width  24;  ai 


STO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


STO 


9  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  the 
Di  and  Yadkin  rivers.  Chief  towns,  Germantown 
a  Salem.  Pop.  in  1820,  14,033  ;  and  in  1840, 
1  >65.  Central  lat.  36  16  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3 
I  W. 

tokes,  SW.  tp.,  Madison  co  ,  Ohio. 

tokesbury,  village,  Stokes  co.,  N.  C,  140 
piNW.  from  Raleigh. 

tokesley,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  N.  Riding  of 
Y  kshire,  36  ms.  N.  of  York,  and  239  N.  by 
Vof  London.    Lon.  1  2  W.,  lat.  54  29  N. 

tolberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Thuringia,  cap- 
itof  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  seated  in  a  valley 
I  een  two  mountains,  10  ms.  N.  of  Nordhau- 
I  and  58  NW.  of  Leipsic.  Lon.  11  8  E., 
h51  42  N. 

'o/hoffen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
luy  of  Baden,  seated  in  a  morass  near  the 
Rie,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Baden,  and  12  NE.  of  Stras- 
ai  .    Lon.  8  10  E.,  lat.  48  41  N. 

'olpen,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  in  a 
Ely,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  50  ms.  NE. 
>f Tolberg,  and  66  NW.  of  Dantzic.  Lon.  16 
11).,  lat.  54  32  N. 

'one,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  on  the 
T  it,  7  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Stafford,  and  140  N  W. 
■1  ^ndon.    Lon.  2  6  V/.,  lat.  54  54  N. 

one  Arabia,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y., 
us.  NW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

one  Creek,  tp  ,  Somerset  co  ,  Pa.,  on  Stoney 
r  ;  branch  of  Conemaugh,  10  ms.  E.  from 
ierset. 

one  Fort,  post  office.  Franklin  co.,  Tenn.,  35 
tuSSK.  from  Murfreesborough. 

oneham,  North,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hants, 
*id  on  the  Itchen,  3  ms.  NE.  of  Southampton, 
'D  »  church  is  an  elegant  monument,  erected  in 
^7  to  the  memory  of  Admiral  Hawke. 

oneham,  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  Middle- 
s' o.,  Mass.,  10  ms.  N.  from  Boston. 

onehenge,  remarkable  heap  of  stones  in  Eng., 
Salisbury  plain,  6  ms.  NE.  of  Salisbury.  It 
'*>uzzled  many  diligent  inquirers  to  account  for 
•  toiying  of  those  enormous  stones  one  upon  an- 
'*„  for  they  are  so  heavy  that  it  is  thought  no 
'Oeod  now  known  is  sufficient  to  have  raised 
m  that  lie  across  to  that  height. 

•mehaven,  co.  town  of  Kincardineshire,  Scot- 
m  with  a  good  harbor,  secured  by  a  stone  pier. 
^  I?  some  trade  in  canvass,  dried  fish,  and  oil. 
Il*il4ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Aberdeen. 
"tie  Inlet,  Charleston  district,  S.  C,  opens  to 
Atlantic   ocean,  between    John    and  James 

about  12  ms.  S  from  Charleston. 
•mesborough,  village  in  Green  co.,  Ky. 
fine's  River,  river  of  Tenn.,  falling  into  the 
'U.ierland  6  ms.  above  Nashville.    It  chiefly 
Rutherford  co. 
"nesvitle,  village,  Greenville  district,  S.  C, 
Si's.  iNW.  from  Columbia. 

mey  Brook,  village,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y. 
>>ney  Creek,  or  Schryock,  village,  Shenandoah 
*■  ifa  ,  on  Stoney  creek  branch  of  Shenandoah 
*<  35  ms.  SSW.  from  Winchester,  and  by  post 
r<*405  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  fiom  W.  C. 
l>ney  Point,  village,  Albemarle  co.  Va.,  by 

posoad  124  ms.  SW.  from  W.  C.  Post  office, 

<  o.,  N.  C.  Village,  Abbeville  district, 

8.  :.  10U  ms.  westerly  from  Columbia. 
107* 


Stonington,  town  and  borough,  New  London 
co.,  Conn.,  lying  on  Long  Island  sound,  15  ms. 
eastward  of  New  London,  and  near  the  W.  line 
of  Rhode  Island.  Lat.  41  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5 
6  E,    Pop.  in  1840,  3,898. 

Storkau,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
24  ms.  ESE.  of  Berlin,  and  26  WSW.  of  Frank- 
fort on  the  Oder.    Lon.  13  35  E.,  lat.  52  24  N. 

Stormaria,  principality  in  the  kingdom  of  Den- 
mark and  duchy  of  Holstein,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Holstein  proper,  on  the  E.  by  Wageria  and 
j  Lawenberg,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  Lunenburg 
I  and  Bremen,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
I  Elbe.    Gluckstadt  is  the  capital. 

Stornaway,  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  isle  of 
i  Lewis.  It  has  a  harbor  called  Loch  Stornaway, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  N.  division  of  the  island. 
I  Stortford,  or  Bishop's  Sfortford,  town  of  Eng., 
|  in  Hertford-hire.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
1  on  the  river  Stort,  which  has  been  made  naviga- 
;  ble  hence  to  the  Lea.  It  is  12  ms.  NE.  of  Hert- 
ford, and  30  N.  of  London.  Lon.  12'  E.,  lat.  51 
55  N. 

Stormvil/e,  village,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y. 
Stossen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
6  ms.  S.  of  Weissenfels,  and  6  SE.  of  Nam- 

Iburg. 

Stougstown,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Pa.,  45 
jms.  westerly  frooi  Harrisburg. 

Stoughton,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Ma-s.,  16  ms. 
!SW.  from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,313. 

Stour,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  on  the  most 
!  northerly  point  of  Dorsetshire,  on  the  edge  of 
J  Wiltshire,  and,  after  washing  Stourminster  and 
!  Blandford,  flows  to  the  Hampshire  border,  and 

j  enters  the  sea  at  Christ  church.  Small  stream 

i  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  which  rises  in  the  Wealk,  flows 
by  Canterbury,  and  empties  itself  into  the  sea  be- 
low  Sandwich.  Most   considerable   river  of 

Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  which  forms  the  entire  boundary 
i  between  Essex  and  Suffolk,  watering  Clare,  Sun- 
I  bury,  Nayland,  and  Manningtree,  and,  being  joined 
j  by  the  Orwell,  an  arm  of  the  sea  from  Ipswich, 
[at  which  place  it  receives  the  Gipping,  it  falls  into 
i  the  sea  and  forms  the  harbor  of  Harwich. 

Stour,  river  of  Eng  ,  in  Staffordfordshire,  which 
runs  though  the  S.  angle  of  that  co.,  in  its  course 
to  meet  the  Severn,  in  Worcestershire. 

Stourbridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire. 
This  town  is  noted  for  its  glass  and  iron  w  >rks, 
and  i>  seated  on  the  Stour,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
21  ms.  N.  of  Worcester,  and  124  N  W.  of  Lon- 
lon.    Lon.  2°  W.  lat.  52  35  N. 

St  airbridge,  or  Sturbich,  field  of  Eng.,  near 
Cambridge,  famous  for  an  annual  fair  on  the  7th 
of  September.  This  fair  is  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  university  of  Cambridge;  and  the  coinmo' 
dities  ae  horses,  hops,  iron,  wood,  leather, 
cheese,  &c. 

Stourminster,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire, 
20  m-.,  NE.  of  Dorchester. 

Stourport,  considerable  village  of  Eng  ,  in 
Worcestershire,  where  the  Staffordshire  and  Wor- 
cester canal  j  'ins  the  Severn,  is  a  place  in  a  man- 
ner created,  and  from  a  plain  field  i>  become  a 
thriving  and  very  busy  centre  of  inland  water  car- 
riage. It  has  a  stone  badge  over  i  he  Severn, 
rinished  in  1775,  and  is  4  ms.  S.  of  Kidde- 
minster. 

S49 


STR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  STR 


of 


Stouts,  village,  Washington  co.,  Mo. 
Stow,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire 
call  it  Stow  on  the  Would,  and  it  is  not  only 
seated  on  a  bleak  hill,  but  is  destitute  of  wood  and 
water.  It  is  1 1  ms.  S.  of  Campden,  and  77  W. 
by  N.  of  London.  Lon.  1  50  W.,  lat.  51  54  N. 
 Small  river,  or  rather  large  creek,  of  Wor- 
cester and  Middlesex  cos.,  Mass.,  rising  at  West- 
borough  of  the  former,  and  falling  into  Concord 

river  at  Concord,  in  the  latter.  Town  in  the 

western  part  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  on  Stow 

river,  27  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Boston.  

Town  in  the  northern  angle  of  Washington  co., 
Vt.,  on  Waterbury  river,  24  ms.  NNW.  fiom 

Montpelier.  Town,    Portage   co.,    0.,  183 

ms.  NE.  from  Columbus.    Pop.  in  1820,  578. 

Stowe,  creek  of  N.  J.,  forms  part  of  the  bound- 
ary between  Salem  and  Cumberland  cos. 

Stowe  Creek,  tp.,  Cumberland  co  ,  N.  J.,  on 
Stowe  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  884. 

Slowey,  town  of  Eng,,  in  Somersetshire,  7  ms 
W.  by  J\.  of  Bridgewater,  and  145  W.  by  S 
London,    Lon.  5  9  W.  lat.  51  16  N. 

Stow  Market,  town  of  Eng.  in  Suffolk  ;  it  is 
seated  between  the  branches  of  the  Gipping  and 
Orwell,  and  has  a  navigable  cut  to  Ipswich.  Its 
cherries  are  thought  to  be  the  finest  in  Eng  ,  and 
it  has  a  large  manufacture  of  woolen  stuffs.  It  is 
12  NW.  of  Ipswich,  and  75  NNE  of  London. 
Lon.  1  6  E.,  lat.  52  16  N. 

Siow's  Square,  and  post  office,  Lewis  co.,  N. 
Y.,  151  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Stowsville,  village,  Lincoln  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 
road  185  ms.  westerly  from  Raleigh. 

Stoystown,  village  and  borough,  Somerset  co., 
Pa.,  20  ms.  W.  from  Bedford. 

Strabane,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Ty- 
rone, on  the  Mounne,  11  ms.  SSW.  of  London- 
derry.    Lon.  7  19  W.,  lat.  54  50  N.  Tp., 

Washington  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  headwaters  of 
Chartier  creek,  5  ms.  E.  of  W  ashington. 

Stradella,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  seated 
on  the  Versa,  near  the  Po,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Ra- 
vin, and  47  NW.  of  Parma.     Lon.  9  12 
45  5  N. 

Strafford,  co.,  N.  H.,  bounded  by  Me. 
Rockingham  S.  and  SW.,  Grafton  NW., 
Coos  N.  Length  70  ms.,  mean  width  21,  area 
1,460  sq.  ms.  Surface  extremely  diversified. 
Piscataqua  river  rises  in  its  southeastern  angle. 
The  body  of  the  co.  is,  however,  drained  by  the 
sources  of  Merrimack  river,  and  Winnipisiogee, 
and  other  lakes  occupy  the  central  parts.  Soil 
tolerably  productive  in  grain  and  pasturage. 
Chief  towns,  Dover  and  Gilmantown.  Pop.  in 
1820,  50,617;  and  in  1840,  61,127.  Central 

lat.  43  34  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  42  E.  Town, 

Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  on  Connecticut  river,  128  ms. 

N.  from  Concord.  Village,  Strafford  co.,  N. 

H.,  55   ms.  NNE.  from   Concord.  Town, 

Orange  co.  Vt.,  30  ms.  N.  from  Windsor.  In 
this  town  is  a  remarkable  copper  mine. 

Strafford  Corner,  town,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H., 
about  50  ms.  NNE.  from  Concord. 

Straits  of  Calais. — See  Pas  de  la  Calais. 

Straelen,  town  of  Prussian  Guelderland,  5  ms. 
S  W.  of  Gueldres.    Lon.  5  57  E.,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Strulsund,  strong  seaport  of  Prussia,  in  Pomer- 
ania,  surrounded  by  the  Baltic,  and  the  Lake 
850 


Francen,  and  has  a  harbor  separated  from  the  i 
Some  of  Rugen  by  a  narrow  strait.    It  is  15  ms.  JT 
of  Gripswald,  and  40  NE.  of  Gustro.  Lon. 
28  E.,  lat.  54  17  N. 

Strangford,  maritime  town  of  Ireland,  in 
co.  of  Down,  seated  on  the  narrow  channel  t 
connects  Lough  Strangford  with  the  Irish  sea 
ms.  E.  of  Down.  Lon.  5  30  W.,  lat.  54  31 
Strangford,  Lough,  deep  inlet  of  the  sea, 
the  co.  of  Down,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Ireland, 
contains  54  islands  that  have  names,  and  rut 
others  that  are  nameless.  The  burning  of  k 
profitably  employs  a  great  number  of  hands 
these  islands.  The  bar,  or  entrance  into  it  fr 
the  Irish  sea,  is  3  ms.  below  Strangford. 

Stranrawer,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Wigt 
shire,  situated  on  Loch  Ryan.  It  has  a  manul 
ture  of  linen,  and  is  8  ms.  W.  of  Glenluce.  L 
5  15  W.,  lat.  35°  N. 

Strasberg,  town  and  lordship  of  Suabia, 
ms.  E.  of  Rotwell,  and  19  W.  of  Buchau. 

Strasburg,  commercial  city  of  France,  in 
dep.  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Aisa 
It  is  situated  a  quarter  of  a  league  from  the  Rhi 
and  the  river  111  runs  through  it,  and  forms  mi 
canals.  There  are  6  bridges  of  communicat 
between  the  different  quarters  of  the  city  ;  and 
inhabitants,  exclusive  of  the  garrison,  are  compi 
to  be  46,000.  The  principal  structures  are  m 
of  a  red  stone,  dug  from  the  quarries  which 
along  the  Rhine.  It  was  confirmed  to  France 
the  peace  of  Ryswick  in  1697.  The  town  is 
tered  by  six  gates.  Before  the  French  revoluti 
it  was  it  was  an  archiepiscopal  see.  In  the  cath 
ralisa  c!ock  which  shows  the  motions  of  t'n?c 
stel'ations,  the  revolution  of  the  sun  and  moon, 
days  of  the  weeks,  the  hours,  Sec.  Another 
mavkable  circumstance  in  this  cathedral  is  its  p; 
midical  tower,  which  is  549  feet  high.  Hen  I 
a  school  of  artillery,  and,  in  one  of  the  Luthe 
churches  the  mausoleum  of  Marshal  Saxe.  Sti 
burg  is  55  ms.  N  of  Basil,  and  255  E.  of  Pa 

Lon.  7  51  E.,  lat.  48  35  N.  Strong  town : 

Western  Prussia,  in  Culm,  with  a  castle,  on 
Drigentz,  30  ms.  from  Thorn.    Lon.  18  23 

lat.  53  5  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  the  ci 

of  Uncker  marche  of  Brandenburg,  12  ms.  N  : 
Prenzlo,  and  56  N.  of  Berlin.    Lon.  13  43 

lat.  53  38  N.  Town,  Lancaster  co..  Pa  I 

ms.  SE.  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  and  55 

of  Philadelphia.  Village,   Franklin  co.,  I, 

10  ms.  NW.  of  Chambersburg,  13  W.  of  Si 

pensburg,  and  53  E.  of  Bedford.  Village 

Shenandoah  co.,  Va.,  on  a  branch  of  the  St  - 
andoah  river,  18  ms.  S.by  W.  of  Winchester,  1 
32  NE.  of  Newmarket. 

Stratford,  considerable  village  of  Eng.,  in  • 
sex,  4  ms.  ENE.  of  London.  It  is  separated  f  i 
Bow,  in  Middlesex,  by  the  river  Lea,  over  wl 
is  a  bridge,  said  to  be  the  most  ancient  stone  bri  I 
in  England. 

Stratford  on  Avon,  corporate  town  of  Eng.  ' 
Warwickshire,  chiefly  memorable  for  th^ birth  I 
Shakspeare,  who  was  interred  here  in  1616,  <' 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Warw  , 
and  94  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  1  44  W.,  lat.' 
15  N.  . 

Stratford,  Fenny,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Buck  • 
harnshire,  seated  on' the  Roman  Walling  street, 


E., 

E., 

and 


STR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


STR 


ff  E.  of  Buckingham,  11  from  Dunstable,  and 
4NW.  of  London.  Lon.  0  42  W  ,  lat.  51 
S;V. 

Uratford,  St.  Mary's,  considerable  village  of 
Er.,  in  Suffolk,  which  has  a  share  in  the  woolen 
rrtufacture.    It  is  12  ms.  SW.  of  Ipswich. 

'tratford,  Stoney,  large  town  of  Eng.,  in 
B;kinghamshire,  stands  with  a  stone  bridge  on  the 
rirOuse,  to  which  the  Watling  street  comes, 
cises  the  country  from  Dunstable,  6  ms.  from 
F  ny  Stratford,  and  52  from  London,  in  the 
I  to  Chester.     Lon.  0  50  W.,  lat.  52  3  N. 

--Town,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.  Town,  Fairfield 

c<  Conn.,  on  the  W.  side  ef  Stratford  river,  near 
I  ntrance  into  the  sound.  It  contains  an  aca- 
fcyand  4  churches.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,895;  in 

Hb,  3,438.  -Tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y., 

I  ns.  NW.  from  Johnstown, 

iratham,  town,  Rockingham  co.,  N.  H.,  8  ms. 
S.  from  Portsmouth.  Pop.  in  1810,  876,  in 
■»,  892. 

truthbogie,,  village  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen- 
it?,  13  ms.  SW.  of  Baff,  and  45  NW.  of  Aber- 
|i.    Lon.  2  25  W.,  lat  57  25  N. 

trathern,  beautiful  vale  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
st?,  about  30  ms.  in  length,  full  of  rich  meadows 
ai  cornfields,  divided  by  the  river  Earn,  which 
seentines  finely  through  the  middle,  falling  into 
thTay,  of  which  there  is  a  sight  at  the  E.  end  of 
thvale.  It  is  prettily  diversified  with  groves  of 
trs  and  gentlemen's  houses. 

trathmore,  valley  of  Scotland,  in  Kincardine- 
•ta,  one  of  the  finest  tracts  in  Scotland.  It  be- 
gi  near  Stonehaven,  extending  SW.  almost  as 
1a is  Ben  Lomond,  and  is  sheltered  to  the  NW. 
tme  Grampian  mountains.  - 

trathmore,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Sutherland- 
«&;,  that  falls  into  Loch  Hope.  On  this  river 
ir;he  ruins  of  a  curious  ancient  fort,  called  Dor- 
18 1 1  a. 

trathnaver,  district  of  Scotland,  in  Sutherland- 
's which  comprises  the  NE.  part  of  that  co. 
ajkes  its  name  from  the  river  Naver. 

'rathspey,  fertile  vale  of  Scotland,  in  Murray- 
m,  famous  for  giving  name  to  a  popular  species 
Scotch  music.  Tullochgorum,  Kothiemerches, 
*r  several  other  places  celebrated  in  song,  are 
m  with  in  this  vale. 

trathy,  river  of  Scotland,  in  Sutherlandshire, 
w  :h  flows  into  an  extensive  bay  of  the  North 
3<  sheltered  by  a  large  promontory,  to  which 
t  ves  name.  • 

tratton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall.  It  is 
^?d  between  two  rivulets,  which  here  unite,  and 
a  into  the  Bristol  channel  at  a  small  distance, 
ft  18  ms.  NW.  of  Launceston,  and  221  W.  by 

5-  f  London.  Lon.  4  43  W.,  lat.  50  55  N.  

J\  Windham  co.,  Vt.,  40  ms.  SW.  from 
widham. 

traubingen,  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  ter- 
l|y  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  large  place,  with 
I  d  streets,  handsome  churches,  and  fine  con 
Rs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  22  ms.  SE. 
Jttaiisbon,  and  65  NE.  of  Munich.  Lon.  12 
B.;  lat.  48  54  N. 

trawberry  Plains,  Knox  co.,  Tenn. 

trawberry,  small  river  of  Arkansas  and  Mis- 
a  western  branch  of  Black  river. 

rdwhntown,  village  on  Tohicon  creek,  in  the 


western  part  of  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  about  40  ms.  a 
little  W.  of  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

Strawlown,  village,  Bucks  co.,  Pa. — See  last 
article. 

Streatham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  5  ms.  S. 
of  London.  A  mineral  water,  of  a  cathartic  qual- 
ity, was  discovered  in  this  parish  in  1660,  quanti- 
ties of  which  are  sent  to  some  London  hospitals. 

Strebla,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  14  ms.  NW.  of  Meissen,  and 
18  NW.  of  Dresden.  Lon.  23  15  E.,  lat.  51 
30  N. 

Sthelitz,  plural  Stuelitzy,  from  a  Rus- 
sian word  signifying  a  dart  or  arrow.  They  were 
an  ancient  standing  body  of  troops,  who  served  on 
foot,  and  whose  title  proves  two  things:  first,  their 
principal  arms  the  bow  and  arrow  ;  secondly,  from 
such  arms,  that  their  institution  preceded  the  in- 
troduction of  fire  arms  into  Russia.  Their  num- 
bers were  about  20,000.  Similar  to  the  Praetorian 
bands  at  Rome,  and  Janisaries  at  Constantinople, 
the  Strelilz  became  a  disorderly  burden,  more  dan- 
gerous to  the  State  to  which  they  belonged  than 
to  foreign  enemies.  Their  revolt  in  1698  was  only 
one  of  frequent  outbreaks ;  but  it  decided  their 
fate,  as  they  had  now  to  contend  with  Peter  Alex- 
iowitz,  and  were  defeated — their  leaders  and  most 
culpable  members  who  survived  battle  brought  to 
the  scaffold,  those  spared  placed  in  the  new  regi- 
ments, and  the  Strelilz  utterly  abolished. 

Strelilz,  Old,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  and 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz. 

Strelilz,  New,  town  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
burgh  Strelitz  ;  was  founded  by  Adolphus  Frede- 
rick III. 

Streng,  or  Strengues,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Su- 
dermania,  with  a  college.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake 
Maeler,  30  ms.  W.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  40 
E.,  lat.  59  20  N. 

Streigau,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Silesia,  9  miles 
NW.  of  Schweidnitz. 

Strickersville,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pa. 

Strinon,  now  Embold,  river  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Romania.  It  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Con- 
tessa. 

Slroemsholm,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Westman- 
land,  on  the  Lake  Maeler,  45  ms.  SW.  of  Upsal. 
Lon.  16  24  E.,  lat.  59  30  N. 

Stroma,  small  island  of  Scotland,  on  the  coast 
of  Caithness-shire,  once  used  as  a  place  of  inter- 
ment by  the  inhabitants  of  several  of  the  neighbor- 
ing islands.  In  the  caverns  of  this  island,  uncor- 
rupted  human  bodies  that  had  been  dead  sixty 
years  or  more  were  formerly  to  be  found.  This 
island  is  fertile  in  corn,  and  is  inhabited  by  about 
40  families,  who  do  not  plough,  but  dig  their  corn 
land. 

Stromberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  small  district,  in  the  bishopric  of  Mun- 
ster.    It  is  20  ms.  SE.  of  Munster,  and  20  NW. 

of  Paderborn.    Lon.  7  43  E.,  lat.  51  45  N.  

Town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower 
Rhine,  26  ms.  W.  of  Mentz,  and  48  E.  of  Treves. 
Lon.  7  21  E.,  lat.  49  57  N. 

Stromboli,  the  most  northern  of  the  Lipari  is- 
lands. It  is  a  volcano,  which  rises  in  a  conical 
form  above  the  surface  of  the  sea.  Of  all  the  vol- 
canoes recorded  in  history,  Stromboli  seems  to  be 
the  only  one  that  burns  without  ceasing.  ^Etna 

851 


STU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SUD 


and  Vesuvius  ofien  lie  quiet  fur  many  months,  and 
even  years,  without  the  least  appearance  of  fire; 
but  Stromboli  is  continually  flaming,  and  for  ages 
past  has  been  looked  upon  as  the  great  light  house 
of  lhat  part  of  the  Mediterranean  sea.  Lon.  15 
45  E.,  lat.  38  40  N. 

Stroruness,  town  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island 
of  Orkney,  with  an  excellent  harbor,  9  ms.  W.  of 
Kirkwall. 

Stromsoe,  town  of  Norway,  18  ms.  SW.  of 
Christiana.    Lon.  10  20  E.,  lat.  59  43  N. 

Slromstadt,  town  of  Sweden,  celebrated  for  its 
shell  fish.    Lon.  1  I  5  E.,  lat.  59  43  N. 

Strong,  village,  Somerset  co.,  Me.  ;  by  post 
road  98  ms.  northerly  from  Portland. 

Strongsville,  one  of  the  southern  towns  of  Cuy- 
ahoga co.,  O.  ;  by  post  road  186  ms.  NE.  from 
Columbu*. 

Strongoli,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a 
high  rock,  surrounded  by  others,  3  ms.  from  the 
sea,  and  7  N.  of  St.  Severino.  Lon.  17  26  E., 
lat,  39  20  N. 

Stronsa,  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Orkneys, 
situated  NE.  of  that  called  Mainland. 

Stroud,  town  of  England,  in  Gloucestershire, 
seated  on  a  brook,  whose  waters  being  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  dying  of  scarlet,  its  banks  are  crowd- 
ed with  the  houses  of  clothiers ;  and  a  navigable 
canal  accompanies  its  progress  to  the  Severn.  This 
town  has  likewise  a  manufactory  of  broadcloth, 
and  the  canal  has  been  lately  extended  to  join  the 
Thames  at  Lechhade. — See  Thames.  Stroud  is 
11  ms.  SE.  of  Gloucester,  and  102  W.  by  N.  of 
London.    Lon.  2°  W.,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Stroudsburg,  vill.  on  the  N.  branch  of  Smith- 
field  creek,  and  seat  of  justice  for  the  new  co.  of 
Monroe.  Pop.  1840,  407.  An  academy  has  re- 
cently been  established  there.  It  is  3  ms.  NW. 
of  the  Delaware  Water  Gap. 

Stuartsburg,  village,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa., 
on  the  road  from  Pittsburg  to  Greensburg,  18  ms. 
from  the  former. — See  Stewartsville. 

Stuart's  Lake,  lake,  N.  America,  W.  of  the 
Chippewan  mountains.  It  is  but  imperfectly 
known,  but  represented  as  300  ms.  in  circumfe- 
rence. The  Northwest  Company  have  a  fort  on 
its  banks,  at  lat.  54  30  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  48° 
West. 

Stuhlweissenburg,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, capital  of  Ekekersedgewar.  It  had  the  title 
of  regalis,  or  royal,  because  formerly  the  kings 
were  crowned  and  buried  here.  It  has  been  seve- 
ral times  taken  by  the  Turks,  but  has  been  in  the 
hands  of  the  house  of  Austria  ever  since  1688. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Rausiza,  20  ms.  SW.  of  Bu- 
da,  and  162  N.  by  W.  of  Belgrade.  Lon.  18  40 
E.,  lat.  47  19  N. 

Siulingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  with  a  castle,  35  ms.  W.  of  Constance. 
Lon.  8  54  E.,  lat.  47  45  N. 

Sturbridge,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  20 
ms.  SW.  of  Worcester,  near  the  Connecticut 
line.    Pop.  1810,  1,927;  in  4820,  1,632. 

Sturgeon,  bay  of  Green  bay,  setting  up  SE.  to- 
wards Lake  Michigan,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Me- 
nomonie  river,  and  45  ms.  NNE.  from  the  mouth 
of  Fox  river. 

Stutgard,  city  of  Suabia,  capital  of  the  kingdom 
852 


of  Wirtemberg.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls  \ 
ditches,  and  has  an  ancient  castle,  with  a  r 
cabinet  of  curiosities,  a  magnificent  palace,  an 
phan  house,  a  college,  a  ducal  academy  and 
servatory,  a  military  academy,  and  one  of  the 
gest  libraries  in  Germany.  It  has  manufacture.1 
silks,  stockings,  ribands,  &c,  and  possesses 
academy  of  painting,  sculpture,  and  architectt 
and  around  it  are  innumerable  vineyards  and  g 
dens.  The  streets  are  narrow  in  the  city,  and 
houses  generally  of  wood  ;  but  there  are  fine  hou 
and  straight  streets  in  one  of  the  suburbs.  Si 
gard  was  taken  by  the  French  in  June,  1796,  i 
in  November,  1799.  It  is  seated  in  a  pis 
among  mountains,  near  the  river  Neckar,  36  i 
E.  of  Baden,  and  52  NE.  of  Slrasburg.  Lon 
21  E.,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Suabia,  formerly  a  circle  of  Germany,  bount 
on  the  N.  by  Franconia  and  the  circle  of  Lot 
Rhine,  W.  by  that  circle  and  Alsace,  S.  by  Sw 
erland,  and  E.  by  Bavaria.  It  contains  the.  gn 
er  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Wirtemberg,  the  m 
gradate  of  Baden,  and  some  other  territories. 

Suakem,  or  Suaquam,  seaport  and  the  cap 
of  the  country  of  Abex,  seated  on  a  small  island 
the  same  name,  in  the  Red  sea.  It  is  the  rt 
dence  of  a  Turkish  governor,  under  the  bashaw 
Cairo,  and  was  once  a  very  flourishing  place,  I 
is  now  gone  to  decay.  Lon.  37  55  E.,  lat.  19 
North. 

Subiaco,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Ror 
seated  on  the  Teverone,  33  miles  E.  by  N. 
Rome. 

Sublet? s  Tavern,  and  post  office,  Powhai 
co.,  Va.,  20  ms.  westerly  from  Richmond. 

Sucanada,  town  on  the  SW.  coast  of  Born 
capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  7' 
chief  products  of  the  country  are  camphor  and  d 
monds.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Lc 
110  15  E.,  lat.  1  10  S. 

Success  Bay,  bay  on  the  SE.  coast  of  Terra  < 
Fuego.  The  S.  promontory,  at  its  entrance, 
called  Cape  Success.  Lon.  65  27  W.,  lat.  55 
South. 

Success,  tp.,  Coos  co.,  N.  H. 

Suchitepec,  city  of  Guatemala,  60  ms. 
from  the  city  of  Guatemala. 

Suckasunny,  village,  Morris  co.,  N.  J  ,  10  n 
NW.  from  Morristown. 

Suczava,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Mc!< 
via,  formerly  a  flourishing  city,  but  now  much  < 
clined.    It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  nan 
70  ms.  NW.  of  Jassy.    Lon.  25  52  E.,  lat. 
57  N. 

Suda,  strong  fort  of  the  isle  of  Candia,  situ; 
on  an  islet  in  a  gulf  of  its  name,  which  is  one 
the  finest  and  safest  harbors  in  the  Levant.  T! 
fort  was  constructed  by  the  Venetians,  who  p 
served  it  a  great  while  after  Candia  was  no  lon; 
in  their  possession.    It  is  8  ms.  E.  of  Canea. 

Sudbury,  borough  of  England,  in  Suffolk, 
the  Stour,  (which  is  navigable  hence  to  Mannir 
tree,)  14  ms.  S.  of  Bury  St.  Edmund,  and  54  N 
of  London.    Lon.  0  50  E.,  lat.  52   11  N.— 
Village,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  43  ms.  W.  from  Wir 

sor.  Town,  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts, 

miles  W.  from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,287; 
1820,  1,417. 

Suder/iamn,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 


SUF  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


SUL 


Jlsingland,  which  carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
i  linen,  butter,  timber,  and  flax.  It  is  situated 
8, he  mouth  of  a  river,  near  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
jj  ms.  N.  of  Gesle.  Lon.  17  5  E.,  lat.  63  20  N.  I 

Suderkoping,  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothland,' 
]  ms.  S.  of  Nordkoping,  and  90  SW.  of  Stock- 
lm.    L<»n.  15  56  E.,  lat.  58  19  N. 

$udermania,  or  Suder man  land,  province  of 
Jeden  proper,  62  ms.  long  and  42  broad,  bound 
eon  the  N.  by  Upland  and  Westermania,  on  the 
I  by  the  peninsula  of  Tarin,  on  the  S.  by  the 
I  tic,  and  on  the  W.  by  Nericia.  It  is  the  most! 
f>ulous  part  in  Sweden,  and  abounds  in  corn  and  J 
nies  of  divers  metals.    Nikoping  is  the  capital  J 

iudertelge,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
glermania,  with  a  manufacture  of  worsted  and 
s  stockings.  It  is  16  ms.  WSW.  of  Stockholm. 
Ii.  18  0  E.,  lat.  59  10  N. 

ludler's  Cross  Roads,  post  office  in  the  north- 
€  part  of  Queen  Anne  co.,  Maryland,  about  40 
n  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Baltimore,  and  30  miles 
6'rom  Elkton. 

adoree,  one  of  the  Faro  islands,  in  the  North - 
e  ocean,  remarkable  for  a  dangerous  whirlpool 
n  r  it,  which  is  occasioned  by  a  crater,  61  fath- 

0  deep  in  the  centre.  The  danger,  especially  in  j 
aims,  is  very  great,  but  at  the  reflux,  and  in  very 
st  weather,  the  inhabitants  venture  in  boats  for 
it  sake  of  fishing. 

'uenborg,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  ofi 
Fien,  with  the  best  harbor  in  the  island.  Herej 
ai manufactures  of  woolen  and  linen.  It  is  22  ms.  j 
8»f  Odensee.    Lon.  10  37  E.,  lat.  55  9  N. 

uez,  seaport  of  Egypt,  with  a  castle,  seated  at  | 
IN.  end  of  the  W.  gulf  of  the  Red  sea,  called 
if  gulf  of  Suez.  This  gulf  is  separated  from  the 
1/1  iterranean  by  an  isthmus,  125  ms.  over,  which 
jus  Asia  to  Africa.    The  town  is  surrounded  by 

1  ndv  country,  and  is  without  water.  It  is  65 
dc  E.'of  Cairo.    Lon.  32  45  E  ,  lat.  30  2  N. 

uffetes,  Hebrew,  schofet — a  judge.  In  Gar- 
th e,  the  two  principal  magistrates,  elected  annu- 
al ly  from  the  body  of  the  Senators,  were  called 
mtes.  Unlike  the  Roman  Consuls,  the  jurisdic- 
ii  of  the  suffetes  was  merely  civil,  though  in 
m  instances  they  commanded  armies  while  hold- 

0  the  civil  office,  as,  for  examples,  Hannibal, 
ilcon,  and  Magon, 

iffield,  town,  Hartford  co  ,  Connecticut,  on 
•hW.  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  18  miles  N.  of 
H  ford,  and  55  N.  by  E.  of  New  Haven.  Pop. 
:n310,  2,686  ;  and  in  1820,  2,681.  South- 
er p.,  Portage  co.,  Ohio. 

iffolk,  county  of  England,  58  miles  long  and 
11  road,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Cambridgeshire, 
>ne  N.  by  Norfolk,  on  the  S.  by  Essex,  and  on 
'hE.  by  the  German  ocean.    It  lies  in  the  dio- 

1  of  Norwich,  contains  22  hundreds,  28  market 
ois,  and  575  parishes,  and  sends  16  members  to 

iaraent.  Suffolk  is  in  general  a  level  country, 
*)out  any  considerable  eminences.  The  princi- 
>a  rivers  are  the  Stour,  Waveny,  Little  Ouse, 
l*«te,  Deben,  Gipping,  and  Orwell.  Ipswich  is 
h  >rincipal  town,  but  the  assizes  are  held  at  Bury 

Sdmund's.    Pop.  in  1801,  210,431 ;  in  181 1, 

211;  and  in  1821,  270,542. 

tffolk,  county,  Massachusetts,  comprising  only 
townships  of  Boston  and  Chelsea. — See  those 
I  es.    This  county  comprises  only  a  very  small 


spot  on  the  continent — Boston  peninsula  and  the 
islands  in  the  harbor.  Pop.  in  1820,  43,941.  For 
geographical  position,  see  Boston. 

Suffolk,  county,  New  York,  comprising  the  E. 
part  of  Long  Island,  bounded  by  Queen's  W., 
Long  Island  sound  N.,  and  the  Atlantic  ocean 
NE.,  E.,  and  S. ;  length  80  miles,  mean  width  8, 
area  640  sq.  ms.  The  same  range  of  hills  which 
has  been  noticed  as  passing  through  the  N.  side 
of  King's  and  Queen's  counties  is  continued  in 
Suffolk,  in  which  latter  county  they  expire  near 
Poconic  bay.  The  S.  side  of  Suffolk  county  is  an 
allnvial  plain.  Soil  of  the  whole  county  rather 
sterile.  Chief  towns,  River  Head,  Sag  Harbor, 
and  Southampton.  Pop.  in  1820,  24,272.  Cen- 
tral lat.  40  45  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  10  E. 

Suffolk,  village  and  the  principal  seat  of  justice, 
in  Nansemond  co.,  Va.,  lying  on  the  SE.  side  of 
Nansemond  river,  28  ms.  SW.  of  Norfolk,  and  65 
SE.  of  Petersburg,  on  the  Appomattox. 

Suffolk  C  H.,  Suffolk  co.,'  N.  Y.—  See  River 
Head. 

Sugar,  Persian  and  Arabic,  sukkar ;  Sanscrit, 
sharkara ;  Spanish,  azucar—  hence  the  various 
names  in  different  languages,  all  evidently  from 
some  original  root,  signifying  to  suck  or  draw  with 
the  mouth.  The  general  use  of  sugar  over  the 
earth  is  not  one  of  the  least  important  additions 
made  to  the  sum  of  human  comforts  in  modern 
times.  The  Chinese  and  congenerate  nations  cul- 
tivated sugar  cane,  and  manufactured  sugar  at 
least  two  thousand  years  before  it  was  even  known 
as  a  substance  on  the  western  side  of  the  eastern 
continent.  It  was  unknown  to  the  ancient  Arabi- 
ans, Egyptians,  Phoenicians,  Jews,  Greeks,  and 
Romans.  It  was  brought  into  Arabia  about  the 
end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  thence  passed 
to  Nubia,  Ethiopia,  and  Egypt.  About  a  cen- 
tury later,  it  was  cultivated  in  Syria,  Cyprus,  and 
Sicily.  Don  Henry,  son  of  John  II.,  king  of  Por- 
tugal, having  discovered  Madeira  in  1420,  colonized 
that  group,  and  transplanted  to  these  islands  sugar 
cane  from  Sicily.  During  the  four  centuries  which 
have  passed  since  the  complete  introduction  of  this 
noble  plant  into  the  west,  its  culture  and  the  use 
of  its  delicious  and  nutritive  substance  has  in- 
creased, until  it  has  become  a  real  sweetener  of 
life,  from  the  cabin  to  the  palace. 

Sugar  Creek,  SW.  tp.  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio.  

Tp.,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  in  which  is  laid  out 

the  town  of  Shanesville.    Pop.  in  1820,  988  

Tp.,  Green  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,881  

Tp.,  Wayne  co  ,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  642. 

Sugar  Loaf,  southern  tp.  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pa., 
on  Nescopeck  creek.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,112. 

Sugar  Grove,  village  near  the  N.  border  of  War- 
ren co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  N\V.  from  Warren,  and  50 
JNE.  from  Meadville. 

Sugelmessa,  or  Segilmessa,  province  of  Barbary, 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  kingdom  of  Tafilet,  and 
on  the  N.  by  Mount  Atlas.  It  is  about  100  miles 
in  length,  abounds  in  corn,  dates,  and  o:her  fruits, 
and  has  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  antimony.  The 
government  is  a  republic.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  Zig,  150  ms.  NNE.  of  Ta- 
filet.   Lon.  5  5  W.,  lat.  29  40  N. 

Suggsville,  village,  Clark  co.,  Alabama,  24  ms. 
from  Cahaba. 

Sulli,  town  and  district  of  European  I'urkev,  in 

So?  * 


SUL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SUM 


Albania,  which  have  become  interesting  from  the 
spirited  resistance  of  its  inhabitants  against  Ali 
Pacha.  The  mountains  of  Sulli  extend  30  miles 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  an  equal  distance  trans- 
versely. Towards  the  E.  they  have  the  district  of 
Arta,  and  to  the  SE.  and  S.  that  of  Loru.  The 
town  of  Sulli,  or  Kako-Sulli,  is  about  midway  be- 
tween Parga  and  Arta,  and  about  15  miles  distant 
from  these  two  places  and  from  Prevesa.  After  a 
struggle  of  13  years,  the  Sullistes  were  subdued  or 
slain,  except  4,000,  who,  by  agreement,  retired  to 
Parga  and  Corfu  Sulli  submitted  and  received 
the  troops  of  Ali  Pacha  in  1803. 

Sullivan,  county,  New  York,  bounded  by  Del- 
aware river,  or  Pennsylvania,  SW.  and  W.,  Del- 
aware co.,  in  New  York,  NW.,  Ulster  NE.,  and 
Orange  SE. ;  length  33,  mean  width  25  ms.,  area 
825  sq.  miles.  Surface  broken,  hilly,  and  in  part 
mountainous.  It  is  watered  by  numerous  creeks 
flowing  into  the  Delaware,  particularly  Neversink 
and  Beaver  creeks.  Soil  of  middling  quality.  Chief 
towns,  Monticello  and  Rome.  Population  in  1840, 
15,629.  Central  lat.  41  42  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2 
18  E. 

Sullivan,  county,  Indiana,  bounded  by  Wabash 
river  W.,  Vigo  N.,  Martin  E.,  and  Davies  and 
Knox  S. ;  length  26,  mean  width  25  miles,  area 
630  sq.  miles.  It  is  drained  by  various  creeks  of 
the  Wabash.  Chief  town,  Merom.  Pop.  in  1840, 
3,498.  Central  lat.  38  7  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  18  W. 

Sullivan,  NE.  county  of  Tennessee,  bounded  by 
Scott  and  Washington  cos,,  Va.,  N.,  Ashe  co.,N. 
C  ,  E.,  Carter  co.,  in  Tenn.,  SE.,  Washington 
S.,  and  Hawkins  VV. ;  length  50,  mean  width  12 
miles,  area  600  sq.  ms.  Holston  rivet  flows  through 
the  entire  length  of  this  county  from  E.  to  W., 
receiving  the  Wantauga  river  from  the  SE.  about 
two-thirds  down  the  county.  Surface  generally 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous.  Good  river  soil. 
Chu;f  town,  Blountville.  Pop.  in  1840,  10,73C. 
Central  lat.  30  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  24  W. 

Sullivan,  county,  New  Hampshire. 

Sullivan,  town,  Hancock  county,  Maine,  at  the 
head  of  Frenchman's  bay,  35  ms.  E.  of  Castine,  in 

lat.  44  30  N'.,  and  Ion.  68  23  W  Township, 

Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  38  ms.  SW.  from  Concord. 

Pop.  in  1810,  516  ;  and  in  1820,  582.  Town, 

Madison  county,  N.  Y.,  on  Chittenengo  creek,  30 
ms.  W.  from  Utica.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,974;  and  in 

1820,  2,932.  Village,  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

by  post  road  143  miles  NNW.  from  Harrisburg. 
 Small  low  island  on  the  NE.  side  of  Charles- 
ton harbor,  6  miles  SE.  from  Charleston,  South 

Carolina.  SW.  township  in  Medina  co.,  Ohio. 

 Post  office,  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee. 

Sully,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Loi- 
ret,  and  late  province  of  Orleannois,  seated  on  the 
Loire,  20  ms.  SE.  of  Orleans.  Lon.  2  26  E.,  lat. 
47  40  N. 

Sulmona,  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore, 
anciently  called  Sulmo.  It  is  remarkable  for  be- 
ing the  birth-place  of  Ovid.  It  is  seated  on  the  So- 
ra,  26  miles  SW.  of  Cheiti.  Lon.  14  55  E.,  lat. 
42  0  N. 

Sultan,  Soldau,  Soldaitn,  or  Soudan.  This 
title,  signifying  lord  and  master,  is  Chaldaic,  and 
first  applied  by  the  Kalif  of  Bagdad  to  Mahmoud 
of  Gazna,  and  by  the  Byzantine  writers  interpreted 
Autocratos,  Basileus,  or  Basileos.  After  the  reign 
854 


of  Gazncdes,  it  passed  to  and  became  commor 
the  Emirs  of  Asia  and  Egypt.  The  title  of  S 
tan  is  now  applied  especially  to  the  Ottoman  e 
perors. — Gibbon,  vol.  7,  p.  148,  4th  note. 

Sultania,  considerable  town  of  Persia,  in  I 
Agem?.  Here  is  a  magnificent  mosque,  which  c 
tains  the  tomb  of  Sultan  Chodabend.  It  is  50  i 
NW.  of  Casbin.    Lon.  51  53  E.,  lat.  36  16 

Sultampour,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in 
province  of  Lahore.    Lon.  73  50  E.,  lat.  30 

N.  Town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the  pr 

ince  of  Oude,  5  miles  N.  of  Allahabad.  Lon. 
30  E.,  lat.  29  5  N. 

Sultz,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wirtemburg,  n 
the  Neckar,  where  there  are  some  salt  works,  s'j 
cient  to  supply  the  duchy  with  salt.  It  is  12  m 
SE.  of  Freudenstadt,  and  12  N.  of  Rothwel!.  L< 

8  35  E.,  lat.  48  18  N.  Town  of  France,  in 

dep.  of  Upper  Rhine,  with  a  medicinal  spring, 
ms  SSW.  of  Colmar. 

Sultzbach,  town  of  Bavaria,  subject  to  the  di 
of  Neuburg  Sultzbach.  It  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  A 
berg,  and  32  N.  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  11  56  E.,1 
49  38  N. 

Sullzburg,  town  of  Baden  Durlach,  in  a  te 
tory  fertile  in  good  wine,  8  ms.  SW.  of  Fribu 
Lon.  7  30  E.,  lat.  47  54  N. 

Sumasinta  River. — See  Mexico. 

Sumatra,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  the  m 
western  of  the  Sunda  islands.  Its  general  dir 
tion  is  neaily  N  W.  and  SE.  The  equator  divj 
it  into  almost  equal  parts;  the  one  extremity  be 
in  5  33  N.,  the  other  in  5  56  S.  lat.,  and  Ach< 
Head,  its  N.  extremity,  is  in  lon.  95  34  E.  I 
950  ms.  in  length,  and  from  150  to  200  in  bread 
separated  from  Malacca  by  the  strait  of  that  nai 
and  from  Java  by  the  strait  of  Sunda.  This  islt 
is  surpassed  by  few  in  the  beautiful  indulgences 
nature.  A  chain  of  mountains  runs  through 
whole  extent ;  the  ranges,  in  many  parts,  be; 
double  and  treble  ;  yet  their  altitude  is  not  sufisoi 
to  occasion  their  being  covered  with  snow  dtiri 
any  part  of  the  year.  Between  these  ridges 
extensive  plains,  considerably  elevated  above 
surface  of  the  maritime  lands.  In  these,  the  ai 
cool ;  and,  from  this  advantage,  they  are  esteen 
the  most  eligible  portion  of  the  country,  are 
best  inhabited,  and  the  most  cleared  from  woo 
which  elsewhere,  in  general,  cover  both  hilti  £ 
valleys  with  an  eternal  shade.  Here  too  are  foi 
many  lakes  and  rivers  that  facilitate  the  comiiiu 
cation  between  the  different  parts.  The  itibi 
tants  consist  of  Malayas,  Achenese,  Battas,  Lb 
poons,  and  Rejangs ;  the  latter  are  taken  as  a  sta 
ard  of  description,  with  respect  to  the  perso 
manners,  and  customs  of  the  Sumatrans.  I'l 
are  rather  below  the  middle  stature ;  their  bulk 
proportion  ;  their  limbs,  for  the  most  part,  slig 
but  well  shaped,  and  particularly  small  at 
wrists  and  ankles.  Their  hair  is  strong,  and  c 
shining  black.  Rice  is  the  only  grain  that  grc 
in  the  country.  Here  are  sugar  canes,  bea 
peas,  radishes,  yams,  potatoes,  pumpkins,  ; 
several  kinds  of  pot  herbs  unknown  to  Euro) 
and  also  most  of  the  fruits  to  be  met  with  in  ot 
parts  of  the  East  Indies  in  the  greatest  perfecti 
Indigo,  saltpetre,  sulphur,  arsenic,  Brazil  wo 
two  species  of  the  bread  fruit  tree,  pepper,  cast 
camphor,  benjamin,  coffee,  and  cotton,  are  li' 


SUN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SUN 


ve  the  produce  of  this  island.    Here  also  are  the  i 
c  bage  tree  and  silk  cotton  tree;  and  the  forests  i 
c  tain  a  great  variety  of  valuable  species  of  wood,  i 
aebony,  pine,  sandal,  eagle,  or  aloes,  teak,  man- 
cneel,  and  iron  wood,  and  also  the  banyan  tree.  ] 
];swax  is  a  commodity  of  great  importance  here ;  i 
a  I  there  are  likewise  edible  birds'  nests.    Gold,  < 
t  iron,  copper,  and  lead  are  found  in  the  coun- 
tj;  and  the  former  is  as  plentiful  here  as  in  any  | 
p.t  of  Asia.    Sumatra  is  divided  into  many  petty  < 
kgdoms,  the  chief  of  which  are  Acheen,  Indra- 
pe,  Palimban,  and  Jambi.    The  English  and 
Itch  have  factories  on  this  islanJ  ;  the  principal 
o  of  the  former  being  Fort  Marlborough,  at  Ben-  i 
cien. 

)umbul,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  in  the  ] 
pvince  of  Oude,  45  ms.  WN  W.  of  Bereilly,  and 
IE.  of  Delhi.    Lon.  78  55  E.,  lat.  21  25  N.  I 

lumbulpour,  or  Semilpour,  town  of  the  penin-  < 
bi  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province  of  Orissa,  280 
S  W.  of  Calcutta.  Lon.  83  40  E.,  lat.  21  25  N. 

>umeh,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  the  province 
oSTatolia,  14  ms.  E.  of  Pergamo. 

lumerein,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  seated  in 
tl  island  of  Schut,  made  by  the  river  Danube.  It 
it  6  ms,  S.  of  Presburg.    Lon.  17  23  E.,  lat. 

14  N. 

hmmanytown,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  35  ms. 
| W.  from  Philadelphia. 

Summer  field,  village,  Guilford  co.,  N.  C,  51 
l,  NW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Summit,  town  in  the  southern  part  of  Schoharie 
e  N.  Y.,  33  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 
B>.  in  1820,  1,468. 

famrnit  Bridge,  village,  Newcastle  co.,  Del. 

lummitsville,  village,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y. 

himner,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  6  ms.  NE. 
fia  Paris.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,055. 

lumner,  co.,  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Kentucky  N., 
S.th  E.,  Cumberland  river  or  Wilson  S.,  Da- 
*;>n  SW.,  and  Robertson  NW.  Length  30, 
n  n  width  16  ms  ;  area,  450  sq.  ms.  It  is 
*  hed  on  the  S.  by  Cumberland  river,  and  drained 
b  various  creeks  of  that  stream.  Chief  town, 
Glatin.    Pop.  in  1820,  19,211;  and  in  1840, 

145.  Central  latitude  36  27  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
9  5  West. 

■under,  district  of  S.  C,  bounded  by  Santee 
ri.r  or  Charleston  district  S.,  Santee  river  or 
Cngeburg  SW.,  Wateree  river  or  Richland  W., 
Kshaw  NW.,  Lynch's  Creek  river  or  Darling- 
U  NE.,  and  Williamsburg  N.     Length  50, 
a  n  width  30  ms.  ;  area,  1,500  sq.  ms.  The 
©  ral  part  of  this  district  is  drained  by  Black 
ri  r,  branch  of  Great  Pedee.  Soil  generally  sandy. 
>ce  level.    The  canal  connecting  Santee  river 
Charleston  harbor  leaves  the  Santee  nearly 
osite  to  the  SE.  angle  of  Sumner.   Chief  town, 
Biterville.     Pop.   in    1820,   25,369;  and  in 
,  27,892. — For  geographic  position,  see  next 
■  Me. 

'umterville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Sum- 
'  listrict,  S.  C,  on  the  dividing  ground  between 
tl  two  main  branches  of  Black  river,  about  100 
n  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Charleston.  Lat.  33 
lon.  3  22  W. 
'unapee,  lake  of  N.  H.,  on  the  western  border 
ollillsborough,  and  eastern  of  Cheshire  co.,  dis- 
ci ging  through  Sugar  river  into  Connecticut 


river.  It  is  through  this  lake  that  a  channel  of 
water  communication  is  designed  to  unite  Merrimac 
and  Connecticut  rivers. 

Sunart,  district  of  Scot.,  in  Argyleshire,  in  the 
peninsula  at  the  NW.  end  of  that  co.  It  is  re- 
markable for  numerous  veins  of  lead,  which,  how- 
ever, are  not  very  productive. 

Sunart  Loch,  Scot.,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  in  Ar- 
gyleshire, which  divides  the  island  of  Mull  from  the 
district  of  Morven. 

Su?ibury,  co.  of  New  Brunswick. 
Sunbury,  town,  borough,  and  seat  of  justice, 
Northumberland  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Sus- 
quehannah  river,  2  ms.  below  Northumberland,  56 
N.  of  Harrisburg,  and  164  NW.  of  Philadel- 
phia.   Pop.  about  700;  and  in  1840,  1,100.  

Town  and  port  of  entry,  Liberty  co.,  Ga.,  lying  on 
the  S.  side  of  N.  Newport  river,  45  ms.  S.  by  W. 
of  Savannah,  in  lat.  31  43  N.,  and  lon.  81  18  W. 
The  harbor  is  formed  and  defended  from  the  wea- 
ther by  the  interposition  of  Catherine  island,  which 
lies  off  its  entrance.  An  academy  was  erected  here 
in  1788,  which  has  become  a  very  flourishing  in- 
stitution. Flourishing  town  in  the  eastern  part 

of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  875.  

Town,  Gates  co.,  N.  C,  about  40  ms.  SW.  from 
Norfolk,  Va. 

Sunk  Island,  island  of  Eng.,  within  the  mouth 
of  the  H umber,  about  9  ms.  in  circuit,  separated 
from  Yorkshire  by  a  channel  near  2  ms.  broad. 

Sunning,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Berkshire,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  2  ms.  NE.  of  Reading.  It  was 
once  an  episcopal  sec. 

Sunning  Hill,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Berkshire,  in 
Windsor  Forest.  It  is  noted  for  its  medicinal 
wells,  which  are  efficacious  in  paralytic  cases,  and 
is  6  ms.  SSW.  of  Windsor. 

Sunda  Islands,  group  in  the  Indian  ocean.  This 
term  is,  by  Malte  Brun,  supposed  to  be  Sanscrit, 
and,  bearing  so  strong  an  analogy  to  words  found  in 
several  European  languages,  signifying  exactly  the 
same  meaning,  affords  one  of  the  many  coinci- 
dences in  the  original  languages  of  the  earth.  The 
Sunda  Islands  are  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Java, 
with  many  of  smaller  size.  Borneo  and  Sumatra 
are  both  crossed  by  the  equator.  The  whole  group, 
however,  extends  from  lat.  8°  S.  to  6°  N. 

Sunda,  Straits  of,  separate  Sumatra  from  Java. 
This  great  inlet  from  the  Indian  ocean  into  the 
Chinese  sea  lies  in  lat.  6  36  S.,  and  lon.  105  15 
E.  from  London. 

Sunderbunds,  or  The  Woods,  a  tract  of  country 
consisting  of  that  part  of  the  delta  of  the  Ganges, 
in  Hindoostan  proper,  and  in  the  soubah  of  Ben- 
gal, which  borders  on  the  sea.  The  delta  of  the 
Ganges  and  Bramapootra,  united,  is  perhaps  the 
most  dreary,  and,  except  by  water,  the  most  impen- 
etrable region  of  the  earth.  It  is  formed  by  innu- 
merable creeks  and  rivers,  interlocking  with  each 
other,  with  intervening  islands  covered  with  a  most 
dense  forest,  uninhabited  except  by  wild  beasts,  or 

•  a  solitary  fakeer  or  Mahometan  devotee.  The  nav- 
i  igation  to  Calcutta  is  by  two  passages,  more  than 
I  200  ms.  through  a  maze  of  forest  and  river  scenery. 
I  At  one  time  the  channel  is  so  narrow  as  to  scarcely 

admit  the  passage  of  vessels,  and  again  opening 

•  into  a  spacious  basin.  The  whole  surface  is  flat, 
-  and  composed  of  alternate  strata  of  sand  and  black 
t  mould,  a  recent  alluvion.    Some  spots  might  be 

S55 


SUP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SUR 


cultivated,  whilst  the  greater  part  is  liable  to  an- 
nual submersion  ;  but  the  whole  is  claimed  as  pub- 
lic property,  and  serves  to  supply  Calcutta  with 
timber  and  fuel.  The  two  deltas  of  the  Ganges 
and  Mississippi  are  very  nearly  180°  asunder. 

Sunderburg,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Alsen.  It  is  seated  on  a  strait,  called  Sunderburg 
Sound,  12  ms.  E.  of  Flensburg.  Lon.  10°  E., 
lat.  54  51  N. 

Sunderdoo,  or  Melundy,  fortified  island  and  sea- 
port of  the  Deccan,  on  the  Concan  coast,  reduced 
bv  Commodore  James,  in  1756.  It  is  about  10 
ms.  NE.  of  Vingorla  Rocks,  and  36  NNW.  of 
Goa.    Lon.  73  20  E.,  lat.  16  3  N. 

Sunderland,  town,  Bennington  co.,  Vt. ,  15 

ms.  NE.  from  Bennington.  Town,  Franklin 

co.,  Mass.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  river, 

8  ms.  below  Greenfield.  Seaport  of  Eng  ,  in 

the  bishopric  of  Durham.  It  is  a  large  and  thriving 
town,  which,  for  the  exportation  of  coals,  is  next 
in  consequence,  this  side  of  the  kingdom,  to  New- 
castle. Its  port,  on  the  mouth  of  the  Were, 
though  improved  from  its  former  state,  will  not  ad- 
mit the  largest  ships.  There  are  several  glass- 
houses at  Sunderland  ;  and  it  also  exports  grind- 
stones and  other  articles.  It  is  13  ms.  NE.  of 
Durham,  and  264  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1 
14  W.,  lat.  54  56  N. 

Sundswall,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
of  Medelpadia.  It  carries  on  a  trade  in  tar,  bark 
of  birch  trees,  deals,  and  linen,  and  is  seated  near 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lon.  18  5  E.,  lat.  62  45  N. 

Sunjish,  tp.,  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 

Sunneberg,  or  Sonneberg,  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  circle  of  Saxony,  and  territory  of  Stern- 
burg,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Darta,  50  ms.  E. 
by  N.  of  Berlin.    Lon.  15  10  E.,  lat.  52  41  N. 

Superior,  lake,  the  most  extensive  and  highest 
of  the  great  fresh-water  reservoirs  which  constitute 
the  sea  of  Canada,  and  the  greatest  mass  of  fresh 
water  on  the  earth.  Before,  however,  proceeding 
to  a  notice  of  its  features,  we  beg  leave  to  observe, 
that  there  prevails  a  very  great  exaggeration  re- 
specting the  relative  extent  of  the  Caspian  and  that 
of  Lake  Superior.  Carefully  measured  on  several 
maps,  English,  French,  and  American,  the  Cas- 
pian is  found  700  ms.  in  length  from  the  coast  of 
Mazanderan,  in  Persia,  to  that  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Walga  and  Ural  rivers,  in  Russia,  and, 
with  all  its  bays  included,  will  fully  average  200  ms. 
wide ;  area  140,000  sq.  ms.  This  demands  a 
square  of  very  nearly  375  ms.  each  side. 

The  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  over  Lake 
Superior  is  from  Montreal  point  to  the  bottom  of 
Fond  du  Lac,  nearly  along  N.  lat.  47°,  and  in 
length  380  ms.  The  widest  part  is  about  along 
the  line  of  lon.  W.  C.  10°  W.  165  ms.,  but  the 
mean  width  fully  estimated  at  80  ms.,  consequent- 
ly the  area  comes  out  30,400  sq.  ms.,  or  very  lit- 
tle exceeding  an  equality  to  a  square  of  174  ms. 
each  way.  When  compared  from  their  actual  el- 
ements,  the  Caspian  is  rather  more  than  4*.  times 
more  extensive  ihan  Lake  Superior;  it  is,  how- 
ever, probable  that,  from  the  shallowness  of  the 
Caspian,  and  great  depth  of  Lake  Superior,  the 
latter  contains  little,  it'  any,  less  water  than  the 
former.  Lying  between  N.  lat.  46^°  and  49°,  and 
being  elevated  640  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  the  winter  climate  over  Lake  Su- 
856 


perior  is  very  severe  ;  and  the  shores  being  in  tr 
ny  parts  rock  bound,  and  in  others  shallow,  t 
navigation  is  suspended  full  half  the  year. 

Beside  the  sea-like  surface  of  Lake  Superior, 
drains  a  land  area  of  about  60,000  sq.  ms.  Tt 
part  comprised  in  the  United  States  of  this  basi 
curving  from  the  straits  of  St  Mary  to  Grand  Po 
age  river,  600  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  70,  cc 
tains  an  area  of  42,000  sq.  ms.  The  great  m; 
of  water  flowing  from  this  vast  reservoir  is  pom 
down  the  straits  of  St.  Mary  into  Lake  Hurc 
From  the  aspect  of  its  shores,  it  is  evident  that  l 
surface  of  Lake  Superior  is  depressing,  though 
is  impossible  for  it  to  ever  actually  drain  out, 
the  bottom  is,  where  deepest,  below  the  surface 
the  Atlantic  ocean. — See  St.  Lawrence  basin  a 
St.  Mary's  straits. 

Supiiio,  ancient  town  of  Naples,  in  Mohse,  w 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  source  of  the  Tama 
at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  17  ras.  N.  by  \ 
of  Benevento. 

Sur. — See  Sour. 

Sura,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of  We 
manland 

Surat,  city  and  seaport  of  the  deccan  of  H 
doostan.  It  is  said  to  have  200,000  inhabitan 
and  its  Irade  is  very  considerable.  Surat  is  siiu 
ed  on  the  confines  of  Guzerat,  20  ms.  up  the  ri< 
Tapty,  and  177  N.  of  Bombay.  Lon.  72  48  I 
lat.  21  10  N. 

Sure,  river  of  Ireland,  in  Tipperary,  which  flo 
into  St.  George's  channel. 

Surgooja,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostt 
180  ms.  SSW.  of  Patna. 

Surguinsville,  village,  Hawkins  co.,  Ten., 
post  road  240  miles  NE.  by  E.  from  Murfreesl 
rough. 

Surinam,  country  of  South  America,  in  Guiar 
extending  75  ms.  along  a  river  of  the  same  narr 
It  abounds  with  game  and  singular  animals  of  d 
ferent  kinds;  the  toad,  in  particular,  being  remarl 
ble  for  its  enormous  size  and  ugly  form.  It  prodiu 
fruits,  indigo,  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  gums,  a 
wood  for  dying.  The  woods  are  full  of  monkey 
and  it  is  said  there  are  serpents  30  feet  long.  T 
capital  is  Paramaribo. 

Suringia,  commercial  town  of  Japan,  in  the 
land  of  Niphon,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  sai 
name,  with  a  castle,  where  the  emperors  fvrmei 
resided.    Lon.  139  5  E.,  lat.  39  30  N. 

Surry,  co.  of  Eng.,  37  ms.  long  and  27  broa 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Middlesex,  on  the  E. 
Kent,  on  the  S.  by  Sussex,  and  on  tbe  VV. 
Hampshire  and  Berks.  It  lies  in  the  diocese 
Winchester;  contains  13  hundreds,  li  ruurl 
towns,  (including  South wark.)  and  140  parish* 
and  sends  14  members  to  Parliament.  The  air 
generally  temperate  and  healthy.  Surry  has  be 
compared  to  a  piece  of  coarse  cloth  with  a  fi 
border ;  its  circumference  being  in  general  fertil 
but  its  middle  parts  barren.  On  the  banks  ol  li 
Tha  nes,  it  has  a  range  of  beautiful  meadows,  i 
terspersed  with  numerous  villas  and  jdeasu 
grounds.  Pop.  in  1801,  269,043;  in  1811,32b 
851  ;  and  in  1821,  398,658. 

Surry,  co.  of  Lower  Canada. 

Surry,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  James  river,  o 
posite  Charles  City  co.,  N.,  Jame*  river,  opposi 
James  City  co.,  NE.,  Isle  of  Wight  SE.,  Suss. 


SCTS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SUS 


W.  and  W.,  and  Prince  George  NW.  The 
E.  sources  of  Black  river  branch  of  Nottaway, 
r!  in  Surry.  Length  22  ms.  mean  width  15; 
sa  330  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Cobham.  Pop.  in 
120,  6,594;  and  in  1040,  6,480.  N.  lat.  37° 
i  I  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  intersect  in  this  county. 
Surry,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Va.  N.,  Stokes 
in  N.  C.  E.,  Rowan  and  Iredeil  S.,  and  Wilkes 

•  I  Ashe  W.  ;  area  726  sq.  ms.    It  is  drained  by 
t  extreme  northern  sources  of  the  Yadkin.  Sur-  j 
f ;  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous.   Chief  towns, ! 
Word  and  Huntsville.    Pop.  in  1820,  12,320;  I 

■  in  1840,  15,079.  Central  lat.  36  16  N.,  Ion.  i 
f  C.  3  44  W. 

lurry,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  18  ms.  NE. 

In  Castine.  Town,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  40  j 

r  SW.  from  Concord.  Pop.  in  1810,  564;  and  I 

1 1820,  570.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Surry  co.,  I 

^  ,  64  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Richmond. 

farsee,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  i 
heme,  near  the  Lake  of  Sempach,  5  ms.  S.  from 
I  serne. 

farsooty,  town  of  Hindoostan  proper,  114  ms.  I 
IV.  of  Delhi. 

fas,  river  of  Morocco,  which  forms  the  south  j 
b  ndary  of  the  empire  of  Morocco,  and  enters  the  | 

antic  at  Mezza.  It  fertilizes  its  banks  by  an- j 
i  !  inundations. 

fasa,  seaport  of  Tunis. — See  Sousa. 

fasa,  strong  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia, 
Piedmont,  capital  of  a  marquisate  of  the  same 
me.  It  is  seated  on  the  Doria,  among  pleasant  1 
mntains,  and  is  called  the  key  of  Italy,  being  the  i 
picipal  passage  out  of  France  into  Italy.  It  is 
3miles  NW.  of  Turin-  Lon.  7  24  E.,  lat.  45 
IN. 

fasannah,  village,  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  Ohio  j 
r<  r. 

fasdal,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of! 
\odimir,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  j 
l'i  built  of  wood,  and  seated  on  the  Khasma,  1 

•  ms.  NE.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  40  25  E.,  lat.  56 
IN. 

'usquehnnnah,  river  of  the  United  States.  This 
nle  stream,  from  the  caprice  of  geographical  no- 
niclature,  loses  its  name  at  its  junction  with! 
ti  water;  an  error  now  beyond  remedy. 

Inder  the  general  head  of  the  confluents  of  j 
Cisapeake  bay  is  included  a  basin  of  navigation, ' 
u'orm  of  an  immense  triangle,  having  450  ms. 
bj  from  the  extreme  southern  sources  of  Nanse- 
Did  river,  lat.  36  40  N.,  to  those  of  the  Chenan- 
g  branch  of  Susquehannah,  lat.  42  55  N.,  and 
I  ins.  perpendicular  from  Cape  Henry,  N.  lat. 
3,  E.  Ion.  from  W.  C.  I   10,  to  the  extreme 

•  tern  sources  of  James  river,  N.  lat.  37  15,  W. 
K  from  W.  C.  3  20,  with  an  area  of  65,000  sq. 

■  This  is  by  far  the  most  extensive  and  pecu- 
l«  basin  of  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  United  States. 

■  bay  of  Chesapeake  penetrates  it  fromN.  to  S. 
1  ms.  Into  the  western  side  of  this  great  bay, 
o  ather  gulf,  flow  a  number  of  tributary  branches, 
o  which  the  principal  are — James  river,  York 
r>  r,  Rappahannock,  Potomac,  Patuxent,  Pataps- 
c  and  Susquehannah. 

'he  Susquehannah  loses  its  name  at  the  foot 
oits  falls,  at  N.  lat.  39  33,  exactly  1°  E.  from 
^  C.    From  its  magnitude,  and  from  the  west- 
c  origin  of  its  sources,  the  Susquehannah  seems 
10S* 


to  form  a  natural  chain  of  water  communication 
between  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  Ohio  valley  ;  and 
the  curious  fact  that  all  its  great  tributaries  flow 
from  the  right,  and  completely  pierce  the  Appala- 
chian chain,  renders  this  observation  still  more 
striking.  If  we  turn  our  attention  to  the  general 
physiognomy  of  the  Susquehannah,  we  find  its  ex- 
treme northern  source  in  Madison  co.,  N.  Y., 
within  16  ms.  of  Oneida  lake,  and  15  from  the 
line  of  the  Great  canal,  and  in  the  angle  between 
the  sources  of  the  Mohawk  and  Seneca  rivers.  This 
is  the  Chenango  river,  afterwards  augmented  by 
the  E.  branch.  The  latter  originates  in  the  north- 
ern spine  of  the  Catsbergs,  in  the  angle  between 
the  heads  of  the  Coquago  branch  of  Delaware,  the 
Chenango,  and  opposite  to  the  Mohawk  river, 
reaching  within  less  than  10  ms.  from  the  line  of 
the  Great  canal  of  N.  Y.  The  E.  branch  is  cor- 
rectly so  called,  as  its  sources  are  in  fact  the  most 
eastern  tributary  waters  of  the  Susquehannah. 
The  E.  branch  and  Chenango  unite  in  Broome 
co.,  in  N.  Y. ;  the  former  having,  by  an  abrupt 
curve,  entered  and  retreated  from  Pa.  Below  their 
junction,  the  united  waters  flow  a  little  S.  of  W., 
enter  Tioga  co.,  in  N.  Y  ,  and,  turning  nearly  S. 
into  Bradford  co.,  in  Pa=,  receive  the  Tioga  branch 
from  the  NW.,  at  Tioga  point. 

The  Tioga  river  rises  in  the  angle  between 
the  sources  of  the  Genesee  and  Seneca  rivers,  in 
Steuben,  Alleghany,  and  Ontario  counties,  in  N. 
Y  ,  and  within  30  ms.  from  the  line  of  the  Great 
canal. 

The  general  course  of  the  Tioga  river  is  from 
NW.  to  SE.,  by  comparative  courses  about  80  ms. 
The  general  course  of  the  Susquehannah  proper, 
already  noticed,  is  from  NE.  to  HW.,  by  compara- 
tive courses  120  ms. 

What  in  a  particular  manner  renders  remarka- 
ble the  two  great  northern  constituents  of  the  Sus- 
quehannah, is  their  enclosing  the  two  long  and 
navigable  lakes  Seneca  and  Cayuga;  the  latter 
stretching,  in  an  almost  direct  line,  from  the  Great 
canal,  to  within  20  ms.  of  the  Tioga  river,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Newtown  creek,  about  20  ms.,  by 
comparative  course,  above  Tioga  point ;  and  the 
lattgr,  or  Cayuga,  stretching  also  from  the  line  of 
the  Great  canal  to  within  30  ms.  from  the  Susque- 
hannah, at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswego,  about  20  ms* 
above  Tioga  point.  Nature,  in  this  section  of  coun- 
try, seems  to  have  advanced  halfway  to  aid  the 
efforts  of  man  in  forming  channels  of  communica- 
tion between  the  basins  of  the  Susquehannah  and 
St.  Lawrence.  The  two  fine  lakes  of  Seneca  and 
Cayuga  are  each  respectively  upwards  of  35  ms. 
in  length,  and,  occupying  the  angle  between  the 
two  main  northern  constituents  of  the  Susquehan- 
nah, would  appear  to  have  been  placed  in  their  act- 
ual position,  as  if  to  give,  in  their  utmost  extent, 
the  greatest  navigable  facility. 

From  the  Tioga  point,  the  Susquehannah  flows 
by  comparative  courses  60  ms.,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Lawahannoc  creek,  in  the  centre  of  Luzerne  co. 
In  this  range,  the  river  flows  nearly  due  S.,  10 
ms.  to  the  western,  or,  more  correctly,  to  the  north- 
western verge  of  the  Appalachian  mountains.  Hith- 
erto, the  entire  tributary  waters  of  this  stream  have 
originated  and  flown  NW.  of  the  Appalachian 
chain,  and  on  the  secondary  formation.  At  the 
mouths  of  the  Towanda  and  Wysaukin  creeks,  the 

857 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SUS 


river  curves  to  SE.,  and  enters  the  mountains 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  their  general  range.  Con- 
tinuing about  10  ms.  still  further  upon  the  secon- 
dary, the  river  enters  on  the  great  central  transi- 
tion formation,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tunkhan- 
noc,  where  it  passes  the  main  ridge  of  the  Appala- 
chian chain,  and  issues  into  the  fine  valley  of  Wy- 
oming, across  which  it  maintains  a  SE-  course  to 
the  month  of  Lawahannoc.  Here  the  now  noble 
stream  of  the  Susquehannah  again  turns  at  nearly 
right  angles,  and  flows  down  the  remarkable  Wy- 
oming valley,  by  comparative  courses,  70  ms.,  to 
its  junction  with  the  W.  branch,  at  Northumber- 
land and  Sunbury. 

The  W.  branch  rises  entirely  in  Pa.,  and  with- 
in the  Appalachian  valleys,  though  upon  the  se- 
condary formation.  Its  general  course  is  nearly 
from  W.  to  E.,  by  comparative  courses  150  ms., 
to  where  it  passes  the  main  ridge  of  the  Appalach- 
ian chain,  and  enters  on  the  transition  formation, 
20  ms.  below  Williamsport.  Here  the  river 
pierces  the  mountain,  flows  into  the  great  valley, 
and  turns  to  nearly  due  S.  25  ms.,  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Susquehannah. 

Below  the  mouth  of  the  W.  branch,  the  Sus- 
quehannah pursues  a  general  direction,  a  little  W. 
of  S.,  40  ms.  to  the  mouth  of  Juniata.  The  latter 
is  literally  a  mountain  stream,  and  has  its  whole 
valley  on  the  central  transition  formation.  Its 
general  course  is  nearly  from  W.  to  E.,  parallel 
to  the  W.  branch.  Similar  to  the  other  seconda- 
ry  rivers  of  the  basin  of  the  Susquehannah,  the 
Juniata  traverses  the  Appalachian  ridges  in  several 
places,  and  flows  in  either  a  parallel  direction  or 
at  right  angles  to  those  ridges.  ' 

Below  the  mouth  of  Juniata  the  Susquehannah 
assumes  a  SE.  direction  of  80  ms.  by  comparative 
courses,  and,  being  precipitated  from  the  primitive 
on  the  sea  sand  formation,  loses  its  name  and  rank 
as  a  river  in  Chesapeake  bay. 

Between  the  head  of  the  latter  bay  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Juniata  the  Susquehannah  passes 
three  mountain  ridges  :  the  Kittatinny  above  and 
the  Blue  Ridge  below  Harrisburg,  and  what  may 
correctly  be  called  ,  the  SE.  mountain,  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Conestoga  and  Pequea  creeks. 

The  valley  of  the  Susquehannah  proper  presents 
an  area  of  inland  navigation  of  about  20,000  sq. 
miles. 

If  we  turn  our  eye  to  the  v/hole  basin  of  the  Sus 
quehannah,  and  consider  it  geographically,  we 
have  before  us  a  mighty  link,  which  connects  the 
three  great  river  systems  of  North  America — those 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  St.  Lawrence,  and  Atlantic 
ocean  proper.  The  natural  facilities  it  presents  to 
channels  of  inland  navigation  will  be  shown  in  the 
sequel,  with  the  relative  elevation  of  its  mountain 
valleys,  and  the  obstructions  opposed  to  artificial 
water  routes. 

If  we  examine  this  basin  geologically,  we  find 
its  general  physiognomy  in  a  very  remarkable  man- 
ner commanding  our  attention.  We  have  in  this 
basin  all  the  formations  which  the  world  affords, 
from  the  highest  class  of  primitive  rocks  to  the 
most  recent  alluvion ;  and  we  have  all  those  for- 
mations on  an  immense  scale.  But  the  circum- 
stance arising  out  of  this  geological  structure  most 
worthy  of  our  attentive  observation  is,  that  the 
courses  of  the  waters,  or  their  fitness  or  unfitness 
558 


for  navigation,  appears  to  be  totally  independen 
the  rock  formations.  It  appears,  also,  that 
though  the  mere  windings  of  the  streams  are 
fluenced  by  the  mountain  ridges,  their  gen< 
courses  towards  ths  recipient,  into  which  the  i 
ters  are  discharged,  have  no  dependence  upon 
ther  the  mountains  or  rock  formation.  The  la 
character  the  Susquehannah  basin  partakes, 
common  with  its  three  contiguous  Atlantic  basi 
those  of  Roanoke,  Delaware,  and  Hudson. 

These  very  important  facts  prove  how  little 
are  advanced  in  a  correct  view  of  any  of  these 
sins,  in  a  navigable  point  of  view,  by  the  most 
nute  knowledge  ot  the  relative  position  of 
mountains,  the  extent  and  relative  position  of 
different  formations,  or,  more,  that  of  the  cou 
of  the  rivers  themselves.    Falls,  in  the  pre 
sense  of  the  term,  are  rare  in  any  of  the  Ada 
rivers.    What  are  usually  denominated  falls 
in  reality  rapids,  but  those,  in  respect  to  eil 
their  position  or  magnitude,  have  but  an  incide  J 
connexion  with  the  mountain  ridges.    In  most 
stances,  where  the  rivers  do  pass  the  mounta 
rapids  occur ;  but  this  coincidence  is  by  no  me 
universal.    The  rivers,  in  a  number  of  theme  ■ 
tain  gaps,  present  an  intervening  smooth  shee  f 
water.    This  is  remarkably  the  case  with  the  • 
niata  below  Bedford,  and  with  the  Lehigh  a  i 
passage  through  the  Kittatinny  range.    The  I 
fall  of  the  water,  in  its  descent  from  the  moun  i 
valleys  to  the  level  of  the  tides,  can  in  no  inste  i 
be  even  tolerably  correctly  estimated  by  a  cornf  ■ 
son  with  its  course  through  the  mountains.  1 
ery  stream,  to  be  well  understood,  must  be  • 
veyed  separately,  and  considered  a  whole  in  it; . 

Before  quitting  the  general  review  of  the  bfr 
of  the  Susquehannah,  we  may  remark,  that  H 
main  volume  of  that  river,  from  its  source  to  I 
Atlantic,  receives  all  its  large  tributary  streams  f  l 
the  right,  and  serves  as  a  common  recipient,  hi 
along  the  base  of  an  inclined  plane,  extending!  i 
the  37th  to  the  42d  deg.  of  N.  lat.  It  will  be  s  , 
by  inspection,  that  this  feature  is  also  prominer  i 
the  physiognomy  of  the  Potomac,  Delaware,  J 
the  Hudson. — See  James  river,  York  river,  1  • 
pahannock  Potomac,  Patuxent,  Patapsco,  i 
Pennsylvania. 

Susquehannah,  village,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y. 

Susquehannah,  co.  of  Pa  ,  bounded  by  Bro  e 
co.,  N.  Y.,  N.,  Wayne  co.,  Pa.,  E  ,  Luzerai  , 
and  Bradford  W.  Length  34  ms.,  width  23,  a 
800  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  general  il 
middling  quality.  The  local  features  of  this '. 
are  very  peculiar.  The  Susquehannah  river  ei  1 
and  again  retires  from  its  northern  border,  u 
thence,  after  an  immense  sweep  through  Brc  e 
and  Tioga  cos.,  N.  Y.,  and  Bradford  co.,  Pi  >t 
again  reaches,  in  theNW.  angle  of  Luzerne,  w 
in  less  than  5  ms.  from  the  SW.  angle  of  Sus  * 
hannah.  From  this  singular  position,  the  cris 
of  the  latter  co.  flow  from  its  centre  like  radii  a 
circle,  and  yet  nearly  all  enter  Susquehannah  r  J 
Chief  town  of  this  co.,  Montrose.  Pop.  1  h 
9,960.  Central  lat.  41  50  N.,  Ion.  W. 
10  E.  J 

Sussex,  co.  of  Eng.,  70  m?.  in  length,  an 
where  broadest,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Surr>« 
the  NE.  and  E.  by  Kent,  on  the  S.  by  the  En  i« 
channel,  and  on  the  W.  by  Hampshire.  Tn*- 


sus 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SWA 


jt  of  Sussex,  a  tract  continued  from  the  Weald 
cKent,  and  of  the  same  nature  with  it,  was  for- 
irly  entirely  covered  with  forests;  and,  though 
rny  of  these  have  been  cut  down,  it  is  still  well 
fnished  with  timber  both  of  large  and  small 
gwth.  The  middle  line  of  the  co.  is  a  rich  tract 
oirable  and  meadow.  To  it  succeed  the  Downs, 
ainge  of  green  open  hills  of  a  chalky  soil.  To- 
i-d  the  sea  the  land  in  general  declines,  and  in 
aie  parts  is  marshy.  This  co.  was  formerly  fa- 
il us  for  iron  works,  in  which  great  quantities  of 
c  rcoal  were  used  for  smelting  the  ore,  and  thus 
t  woods  came  to  be  gradually  wasted.  The 
v  ks  are  now  almost  or  entirely  abandoned;  this 
biness,  from  the  late  improvements  made  in 
gjlting  iron  with  pit  coal,  having  migrated  to  the 
c.  which  abound  in  that  cheaper  article,  as  well 
a  11  iron  ore.  The  products  for  which  Sussex  is 
a  present  distinguished,  are  chiefly  corn,  hops, 
T)l,  cattle,  and  timber.  It  is  not  distinguished 
f  any  manufacture  but  that  of  gunpowder  at  Bat- 
t  and  of  needles  at  Chinchester.  The  principal 
rsrs  are  the  Arun,  Adur,  Ouse,  and  Rother. 
(  nchester  is  the  capital.  Pop.  1801,  159,31  1  ; 
ii.811,  190,083;  and  in  1821,  232,927. 

Sussex,  NW.  co.,  N.  J.,  bounded  by  Delaware 
Br,  opposite  Pike  co.,  Pa.,  NW.,  by  Orange 
c  N.  Y.,  NE.,  Passaic  and  Morris,  N.  J.,  SE., 

*  Warren  SW.  Length  25  miles,  mean 
ith  18,  area  450  sq.  ms.  It  is  generally  hilly, 
a,  in  part  mountainous,  though  in  the  NE.  sec- 
til,  the  flat  and  marshy  bottoms  of  the  Wallkill 
csr  a  considerable  space.  From  superior  eleva- 
ti ,  the  climate  of  Sussex  differs  more  from  that 
o:he  immediately  adjacent  cos.  of  Morris  and 
tgen  than  could  be  expected  from  difference  of 
h  The  extreme  western  sources  of  the  Passaic 
a  in  this  co.    From  it  also  flow  SW.  towards  the 

1  aware,  the  Musconecung,  Pequest,  Flatkill, 
a  Pawling's  creeks,  and  those  of  the  Walkill 
0.  towards  the  Hudson.  It  is  a  co.  of  great 
v  ety  of  soil,  from  very  barren  mountain  to  the 
D'it  fertile  alluvion.  The  valleys  of  some  of  the 
c.ks,  particularly  those  flowing  towards  the  Del 
a  .re,  afford  very  fine  meadow,  orchard,  and  grain 
m.    Pup.  1820  was  included  in  the  co.  of  Sus- 

*  as  it  then  extended,  including  what  is  now 
(  26)  Warren  co.  The  area  now  in  Sussex,  it 
isrobable,  then  (1820)  contained  about  16,000, 
a  he  population  of  the  whole  co.  was  32,752; 
Bsex,  1840,  pop.  21,770.    Central  lat.  41  10 

*  Ion.  W.  C.  2  22  E. 
'ussex,  southern  co.  of  Del.,  bounded  by  Del- 

»  re  bay  NE.,  Atlantic  ocean  E.,  Worcester  co., 
&  ,  S.,  Somerset  co.,  Md.,  SW.,  Dorchester 
»  Caroline  cos.,  Md.,  W.,  and  Kent  co.,  Del., 
^  Length  32  ms.,  mean  width  30,  area  960  sq. 
n  Surface  generally  level,  and  in  part  marshy. 
S  sandy  in  part,  and  of  middling  quality.  Its 
wers  flow  from  its  centre  in  opposite  directions  ; 
^Hicoke  drains  its  western  side.  Pocomoke  river 
h  its  source  near  its  southern  limits;  Indian  riv- 
e  interlocking  sources  with  both  the  preceding, 
fl^s  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  Cold  Spring, 
t  adkill,  Prunehook,  Slaughter,  Cedar,  and  Mis- 
pin  creeks,  enter  the  bay  of  Delaware.  Chief 
tins,  Georgetown  and  Lewistown.    Pop.  1820, 

2  357;  and  in  1840,  25,093.    Central  lat.  38 

Ion.  W.  C.  1  40  E. 


Sussex,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Southampton  SE., 
Greenville  SW.,  Dinwiddie  and  Prince  George 
NW..  and  Surry  NE.  Length  38  ms.,  mean 
width  20,  area  760  sq,  ms  More  than  four-fifths 
of  its  entire  surface  is  drained  by  the  Nottaway 
river  and  its  confluents.  Black  Water  river,  how- 
ever, also  contributes  to  water  the  NE.  section. 
Chief  town,  Hunting.  Pop.  1820,  1 1,884.  Ctl. 
lat.  36  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  20'  W. 

Sussex  C.  H.,  or  Hunting  Quarter,  village, 
Sussex  co.,  Va.,  on  a  small  branch  of  Nottaway 
river,  by  post  road  64  ms.  SSE.  from  Richmond. 
Lat.  36  51  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  21  W. 

Sutherland,  in  Scotland,  includes  the  divisions 
of  Sutherland  and  Strathnavershire.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  and  part  of  the  W.  by  the  Northern 
ocean,  on  the  SW.  by  Ross-shire,  on  the  S.  and 
SE.  by  the  Frith  of  Dornock,  and  on  the  E.  by 
Caithness-shire.  It  is  about  50  ms.  long  from  N. 
to  S.,  and  46  in  its  broadest  part  from  E.  to  W., 
terminating  at  the  S.  to  not  more  than  12  miles 
broad.  It  is  mountainous,  but  the  valleys  are  fer- 
tile, abounding  with  black  cattle  and  wild  fowl. 
Dornock  is  the  co.  town.  Pop.  1801,  23,117  ; 
in  1811,  23,629  ;  and  in  1821,  23,840. 

Sutri,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  seated  on  the  Puzzulo,  22  ms.  NW.  of 
Rome. 

Sutton,  town,  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H.,  20  ms. 
NW.  from  Concord. 

Sutton  Village,  village  in  Sutton  tp.,  Merrimac 
co.,  N.  H.  The  two  preceding  post  offices  are 
different,  though  in  the  same  tp. 

Sutton,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  10  ms.  S. 

from  Worcester.  Village,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt., 

by  post  road  89  ms.  from  Montpelier. 

Sutton  Colejield,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in 
Warwickshire,  24  ms.  NNW.  of  Warwick,  and 
110  NW.  of  London. 

Sutton,  East,  town  on  the  Pawtucket  river, 
Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  15  ms.  SE.  from  Worcester, 
and  45  SW.  by  W.  from  Boston. 
Suza,  city  of  Italy. — See  Susa. 
Suzanne,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ma- 
yenne,  with  a  considerable  paper  manufacture,  24 
ms.  W.  of  Mans. 

Swabia. — See  Suabia. 

Swaffham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  on  a 
hill,  28  ms.  W.  of  Norwich,  and  93  NE.  of 
London. 

Swainesborough,  village,  Emanuel  co.,  Ga.,  by 
post  road  80  ms.  SE.  from  Milledgeville. 

Swale,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Yorkshire,  which  rises 
on  the  confines  of  Westmoreland,  flows  E.  by 
Richmond,  and  then  SE.  to  its  junction  with  the 
Ure,  a  little  below  Aldborough,  where  their  united 
streams  form  the  Ouse. 

Swally,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guzerat,  with 
a  harbor,  where  ships  receive  and  deliver  their 
cargoes,  for  the  merchants  of  Surat.  It  is  seated 
near  the  gulf  of  Cambay,  15  ms.  W.  of  Surat. 
Lon.  72  33  E.,  lat.  21  10  N. 

Swallwell,  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, seated  on  the  Derwent,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Tyne,  13  ms.  WNW.  of  Sunderland. 
Here  are  famous  iron  works,  originally  established 
by  a  blacksmith  about  the  year  1691. 

Swamp  Churches,  village,  Montgomery  co., 
Pa.,  about  35  ms.  NW.  from  Philadelphia. 

859 


SWE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  SWI 


Swan,  island  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of  Ken" 

nebec  river.  Tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  15  ms* 

NW.  from  Castine. 

Swannanoe,  creek  and  post  office  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Buncombe  co.,  N.  C.  The  post  office  is 
10  ms.  NE.  from  Ashville,  40  SW.  by  W.  from 
Morganton,  and  by  post  road  218  ms.  W.  from 
Raleigh.     Swannanoe  creek  is   a  confluent  of 


scarcely  to  be  perceived,  for  winter  continues  i  , 
months  and  summer  during  the  remaining  th 
In  winter  the  cold  is  excessive,  and  in  summer  > 
heat  is  considerable,  the  air  being  serene  all  [ 
time. 

As  observed,  however,  in  the  articles  Lapl  ] 
and  Scandinavia,  the  temperature  of  Swede  i 
severely  cold  in  winter,  only  as  compared  with  ; 
more  southern  part  of  Europe,  as,  if  compared  \  i 


French  Broad  river. 

Swansborough,  village,  Onslow  co  ,  N.  C,  on  jsimilar  latitudes  of  eastern" Asia  or  eastern  Arc 
White  Oak  river,  near  its  mouth,  into  the  Atlantic  |  ca,  the  climate  of  Sweden  is  extremely  tr] 
ocean,  about  40  ms,  SSW.  from  Newbern.    Lat.  I  Sweden  produces  crystals,  amethysts,  topazes, 
34  40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12'  W.  phyry,  lapis  lazuli,  agate,  cornelian,  marble, 


Swansea,  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire 
on  the  Bristol  channel,  205  ms.  W.  from  Lon- 
don. 

Swansey,  town  of  Cheshire  co.,  N,  H.,  44  ms. 
SW.  from  Concord.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,400;  in 

1820,  1,716.  Town,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  16 

ms.  S.  from  Taunton.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,839;  in 
1820,  1,833. 

Swanton,  tp.,  Franklin  co.,  Vt,,  on  lake  Cham- 
plain,  30  ms.  N.  from  Burlington. 

Swansville,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Penobscot  river.    Pop.  1820,  503. 

Swanzey. — See  Swansey. 

Swatara,  river  of  Penn.,  rises  in  Schuylkill  co., 
about  15  ms.  SW.  from  Orwieslmrg.  It  flows 
thence  SE.,  enters  the  NE.  angle  of  Lebanon, 
through  which  and  Dauphin  it  meanders  into  the 
Susquehannah  at  Middletown,  with  an  entire  com- 
parative course  of  about  50  ms.  The  valley  of 
this  stream,  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  Quitapahilla 
branch,  about  2  ms.  above  the  limit  between  Dau- 
phin and  Lebanon  cos.,  forms  part  of  the  channel 
of  canal  and  river  communication  between  Sus- 
quehannah and  Schuylkill  rivers.  Tp.,  Dau- 
phin co  ,  Pa.,  Penn.,  along  the  Susquehannah 
river,  between  Middletown  and  Harrisburg. 

Sweasysville,  village,  Adams  co.,  Miss. 

Sweden,  kingdom  of  Europe,  extending 800  ms. 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  450  from  E.  to  W.,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Arctic  ocean,  E.  by  Russia,  S. 
by  the  gulf  of  Finland  and  the  Baltic,  and  VV.  by 
the  Sound,  the  Cattegatand  Norway.  It  is  divided 
into  four  general  parts,  Sweden  proper,  Gothland, 
Nordland,  and  Lapland  ;  and  each  of  these  is  sub- 
divided into  provinces.  Sweden  proper  contains 
Upland,  Sudermauia,   Nericia,  Westmania,  and 


other  fossils.    The  chief  wealth  of  the  coun 
however,  arises  from  her  mines  of  silver,  cop 
lead,  and  iron.  The  last-mentioned  metal  emp  » 
no  fewer  than  450  forges,  hammering  mills,  | 
smelting  houses.    The  first  gallery  of  one  si  • 
mine  is  100  fathoms  below  the  surface  of  thc  eo;  | 
the  roof  is  supported  by  prodigious  oaken  bea 
and  from  thence  the  miners  descend  about  f 
fathoms  to  the  lowest  vein.    The  articles  of  . 
port  are  board?,  gunpowder,  leather,  iron,  cop 
tallow,  skins,  pitch,  rosin,  and  rnasts ;  and  it 
ports  salt,  brandy,  wine,  linen,  cloth,  stuffs, 
bacco,  sugar,  spice,  and  paper. 

Sweden,  town,  Oxford  co.,  Me.,  20  ms.  8 

from  Paris,  and  52  NW.  from  Portland.  1» 

of  the  western  towns  of  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,rjt 
ms.  W.  from  Rochester.  Pop.  1820,  2,761. 
Erie  canal  passes  over  the  northern  part  of  this  i 
Swedesborough,  village,  Gloucester  co.,  N. 
on  the  south  side  of  Raccoon  creek,  8  rns.  81 
Woodbury,  and  16  SW.  Irom  Philadelphia. 

Sweet  Springs,  village,  Monroe  co.,  Va.,  I' 
ms.  SW.  of  Bath  court  house,  and  93  in  the  s;  i 
course  from  Staunton.    These  waters  have  I 
been  famous  for  their  medicinal  virtues,  and  att  I 
a  numerous  company  of  valetudinarians  yearly 
Sweetsville,  village,  Marion  district,  S.  C. 
Sweet  Water  Valley,  and  post  office,  Man 
co.,  Tenn.  ;  by  post  road  148  ms.  SE.  from  lf|l 
freesborough. 

Sweetzer's  Ferry,  and  post  office,  Anne  \\  ■ 
del  co.,  Md. 

Switzerland,  country  of  Europe,  bounded  i 
the  N.  by  Suabia,  E.  by  Tyrol,  S.  by  Savoy  I 
Italy,  and  W.  by  France,  h  is  220  ms.  long  I 
130  broad.    Switzerland  was  divided  into  13  r  • 


Dalecarlia.     Gothland  contains  East  Gothland,  J  tons,  exclusive  of  their  allies  and  bailiwicks, 


Smoland,  West  Gothland,  Wermeland,  Bahus, 
Dalia,  Schonen,  Halland,  Blekingen,  and  the  isles 
of  Gothland  and  Oeland.  Nordland  includes  Ges- 
tricia,  Helsingia,  Medelpadia,  Jemptia,  Angerma- 
nia ;  and  West  Bothnia.  Swedish  Lapland  com- 
prises Uma,  Pithia,  Lula,  Tomea,  and  Kemi ;  these 
have  no  towns,  and  take  their  names  from  rivers 
that  rise  near  the  borders  of  Norway  and  flow  into 
gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  greater  part  of  Finland 
was  ceded  to  Russia  in  1808;  and  in  1814  Nor- 
way was  ceded  to  Sweden,  with  near  a  million  of 
inhabitants.  The  whole  monarchy  now  contains 
350,000  sq.  ms.,  with  a  pop  of  about  3,500,000. 
It  extends  from  lat.  55°  to  70°  N.  The  whole 
country  is  well  watered  by  rivers  (though  not  a 
single  navigable  one  worth  mentioning)  and  nu- 
merous lakes  and  inland  pieces  of  water,  on  the 
banks  of  which  the  palaces  and  villas  are  usually 
built.  At  Stockholm,  spring  and  autumn  are 
860 


Lucerne,  Uri,  Schweitz,  Underwalden,  Zug,  • 
burg,  Soleure,  Zurich,  Bern,  Basel,  Schaffhaus , 
Glarus,  and  Appenzel.  The  first  seven  are  C:- 
olic,  the  next  four  are  Calvinists,  and  the  ok 
two  contain  both  religions. 

The  principal  lakes  are  those  of  Constance, 
neva,  Lucerne,  Zurich,  and  Neufchatel.  The  nJ 
considerable  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Rhone,  / , 
Thur,  Reuss,  and  Limmat.    Switzerland  exc< ' 
every  country  in  the  world  in  diversity  of  app<  • 
ance';  the  vast  chain  of  Alps,  with  enormous  j  • 
cipices,  extensive  regions  of  perpetual  snow,  ill 
glaciers  that  resemble  seas  of  ice,  are  contrasted 
the  vineyard  and  cultivated  field,  the  richiy  wo 
ed  brow  and  the  verdant  valley,  with  its  cry 
tream.    Agriculture  cannot,  of  course,  be  can 
to  great  extent,  but  the  grain  produced  is  suffici  > 
for  domestic  consumption.    The  chief  riches  c  • 
ist  of  excellent  pastures,  in  which  many  cattle  ' 


SYC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


SYR 


b|]  and  fattened,  and  the  goats  and  chamois  feed 
olhe  mountains  and  in  the  woods.  The  men 
a  generally  strong  and  robust,  for  which  reason 
m  are  preferred  by  several  nations  for  the  mili- 
tr  service.  The  women  are  tolerably  handsome, 
h  e  many  good  qualities,  and  are  in  general  very  in 
ditrious.  The  peasants  retain  their  old  manner  of 
dss,  and  are  content  to  live  upon  milk,  butter, 
i  cheese,  and  there  are  some  of  the  mountain- 
■  who  never  have  any  bread.  In  1797  the  par- 
tins  of  France,  having  excited  disturbances  in 
Si.tzerland,  the  French  entered  the  country,  and, 
a  r  defeating  the  troops  and  peasants  who  oppo- 
jjtb>m  in  several  battles,  they  abolished  the  con- 
ations of  the  principal  cantons,  erected  what 
w  termed  the  Helvetic  republic,  and  vested  the 
g'ernment  in  two  councils  and  a  directory.  This 
c  stitution  was  abolished  in  1802  by  the  first  con- 
si  of  France,  and  another  was  presented  for  their 
a  jptance,  but  rejected ;  and  he  offered  them  a 
jr  one  in  1803,  which  they  consented  to  accept. 
£  the  new  constitution,  exclusive  of  the  territo- 
i'i  of  Valais  and  Neufchatel,  the  country  is  divi 
(1  into  22  cantons  :  the  six  new  ones  are — -Pays 
d^aud,  Tessin,  Argau,  Grisons,  St.  Gall,  and 
Tirgau,  of  which  the  first  two  are  Catholic,  and 
tl  other  four  contain  both  Catholics  and  Protest- 
Each  canton  has  its  distinct  internal  gov- 
e  nent. 

l>le  of  the  superjices  and  population  of  the 
wiss  cantons,  commencing  on  the  extreme 
mthwest. 


Cantons. 


V 1,  or  Leman 
Wchatel 
Fourg 
i  is 


Die 
A  u 

l.irne 

U  erwalden 


S  vitz 
I  :h 

Si  fhausen 
Trgau 
Silall 
A  ;nzel 


Sq.  ms. 


92 

1,568 
283 
490 

1,945 
267 
260 

3,546 
766 
766 
254 
150 

1,133 
467 
941 
169 
352 
850 
146 
115 
444 

2,957 


17,861 


Pop. 


52,500 
170,000 
51 ,500 
84.000 
7U!000 
53,000 
54,000 
350,000 
150,000 
116,000 
24,000 
13,000 
102,000 
32,000 
218,000 
30,000 
81,000 
144,000 
52,500 
14,500 
28,000 
88,000 


1,978,000 


witzerland,  co.  of  Indiana,  bounded  by  Ohio 
rir  E.  SE.  and  S.,  Jefferson  W.,  Ripley  NW., 
at  Dearborn  N.  Length  4  ms,,  mean  width  13, 
ai  312  sq.  ms. ;  surface  hilly,  and  soil  produc- 
1  Chief  town,  Vevay.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,934  ; 
ai  in  1940,  9,920.  Ctl.  lat.  38  55  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C3°  W. 

'wobesiown,  village,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  on 
(  iestoga  creek,  15  ms.  NNE.  from  Lancaster. 

hit;  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothland,  13 
I  SW.  of  Lindkoping. 

Sycamore,  tp  .  in  the  NE.  quarter  of  Hamilton 
I  Ohio.  The  soil  of  the  land  is  generally  fer- 
t'i  and  well  irrigated  by  Mill  creek  and  several  of 


its  branches.  Montgomery,  Reading,  and  Sharon 
villages  are  laid  out  in  this  tp. 

Sycamore  Alley,  post  office,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C, 
108  ms.  northeasterly  from  Raleigh. 

Sycamore's,  post  office,  Caroline  co.,  Va. 

Sydenham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the 
declivity  of  a  hill,  8  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  London.  It 
is  noted  for  medicinal  wells. 

Sydney,  tp  ,  Kennebeck  co.,  Maine,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Kennebeck  river. 

 village  Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  on  Solomon's  fork 

of  Loramie's  creek,  35  ms.  N.  from  Dayton,  and 
85  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Cincinnati. 

Sydney  Bay,  bay  on  the  S.  side  of  Norfolk 
island,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  formed  by  Point  Hun- 
ter and  Point  Ross,  which  are  near  2  ms.  asunder. 
On  this  bay  a  settlement  of  convicts  is  formed 
from  Eng.  Lon.  168  12  E.,  lat.  29  4  S.— See 
p.  112,  2d  col. 

Sydney  Cove,  town  or  settlement  of  convicts, 
founded  at  Port  Jackson,  in  New  S.  Wales,  in 
February  1788. 

Symmes,  tp.,  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio,  on  Symmes 
creek. 

Synagogue,  Gr.,  sun,  together,  and  ago,  to 
conduct;  literally,  an  assembly.  Among  the  Jews 
the  place  of  public  worship.  The  Presbyterian 
term  "meeting-house"  is  precisely  equivalent  to 
the  Jewish  "synagogue,"  both  relate  to  the  people 
and  their  object  in  coming  together,  and  not  to  the 
house. 

Synchronism .  — See  Isochnon ou s . 

Synchronous,  Gr.,  sun,  together,  and  chronos, 
time,  existing,  being,  or  happening  at  the  same 
time. 

Synod,  from  Gr.  sun,  together,  and  hodos,  way, 
path,  road  ;  literally  an  assembly  coming  together 
from  all  sides.  In  the  Presbyterian  churches  the 
synod  is  the  highest  convocation  of  their  members. 

Synodical,  from  same  roots  as  synod,  and  lit- 
erally meaning  "coming  together."  As  an  astro- 
nomical term,  the  most  familiar  example  is  afforded 
by  the  moon.  This  satellite  inclines  to  the  ecliptic 
5°  9',  of  course  passes  the  ecliptic  twice  in  every 
revolution  from  cnange  to  change  or  full  to  full. 
Synodic  month  is,  therefore,  the  time  comprised  in 
a  full  lunation,  or  29  days  12  hours  48  minutes 
and  48  seconds  at  a  mean.  All  other  planets  have 
their  orbits  more  or  less  inclined,  therefore  the  term 
"  synodic  revolution"  applies  to  all  of  them. — See 
art.  Nodeg. 

Sylvan? a,  village,  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  197  ms.  a 
little  E.  of  N.  from  Harrisburg. 

Syracuse,  strong  city  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto, 
with  a  fine  harbor.  It  is  seated  near  the  sea,  72 
ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Messina,  and  110  SE.  of  Pa- 
lermo.   Lon.  15  30  E.,  lat.'  37  5  N.  Fine 

flourishing  village,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms., 
NW.  by  W.  from  Manlius  Square,  and  25  NE. 
by  E.  from  Auburn.  Syracuse  stands  on  the  Erie 
canal,  at  the  point  where  the  Salina  side  canal 
leaves  the  main  trunk.  The  Salina  flats  extend 
between  Syracuse  and  the  village  of  Salina.  In  a 
state  of  nature  these  flats  are  low,  in  part  marshy, 
and  subject  to  annual  inundation;  but  extensive 
drains  have  been  formed  in  order  to  dry  the  sur- 
face, which  is  an  exuberantly  rich  alluvial  depos- 
ite.  The  outlet  of  Salina  lake  into  Seneca  river 
being  artificially  lowered  several  feet,  contributes 

861 


TAB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TAD 


also  desiccate  the  flats.  Upon  the  open  space  be- 
tween Syracuse  and  Salina  numerous  platforms,  or 
rather  shallow  cisterns,  have  been  erected  in  order 
to  make  salt  by  solar  evaporation. 

The  side  canal  of  Salina  is  carried  by  a  series  of 
locks,  from  the  main  trunk  down  to  the  level  of  the 
Salina  lake,  thus  opening  an  aquatic  communica- 
tion past  Salina,  from  the  Erie  canal  to  the  Seneca 
river.    Pop.  of  Salina  tp.  in  1840,  11,013. 

Syria,  or  Suristan,  province  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Diarbeck  and  Nato- 
lia,  on  the  E.  by  Diarbeck  and  the  deserts  of  Ara- 
bia, on  the  S.  by  the  same  deserts  and  Judea,  and 
on  the  W.  by  the  Mediterranean.  Under  the  gen- 
eral name  of  Syria  were  included  the  ancient 
Phoenicia,  lying  S.  of  Syria  proper. — See  Asia,  j 
page  80. 

Syrian,  town  of  Pegu,  seated  near  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  is 
one  of  the  extreme  branches  of  the  Ava.  Lon. 
96  40  E.,  lat.  16  50  IN7. 

Syrtts. — See  Africa,  p.  16. 

Szeben,  town  of  Hungary,  situated  on  the  river 
Tareza,  30  ms.  N.  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  21  25  E., 
lat.  44  20  N 


Tabasca,  State  of  the  republic  of  Mexico,  bou  . 
cd  N.  by  that  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ca 
the  Bay  of  Vera  Cruz,  or  Bay  of  Campeachy, 
the  E.  by  Merida  or  Yucatan,  on  the  S.  by  Chi; 
on  the  SW.  by  Guatemala  and  Oaxaca,  and 
by  Vera  Cruz.  It  is,  by  Tanner's  map  of  Mex 
250  ms.  long,  mean  width  about  60,  area  14,6 
This  State  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  r 
Sumasinta,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Huasacua 
The  more  central  parts  are  drained  by  the 
Pedero  and  Tabasca  rivers.  All  those  strea 
except  the  Huasacualco,  rise  on  the  borders  of  G 
timala,  and  traverse  Chiapa  and  Tabasca.  ' 
sea  coast  is  low,  flat,  and  either  sandy 
marsby  ;  the  interior  but  imperfectly  known.  F 
about  80,000.  Hermosa,  the  capital,  stands 
the  Tabasca  river,  with  a  pop.  of  5,000.  Lat. 
46  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  16  37  W.  The  State  exte 
from  lat.  16  40  N.,  to  18  30  N.,  and  in  lon.  f: 
W.  C.  14°  to  17  40  W. 

Tabasca,  islands  of,  are  two  or  more  isla 
formed  by  the  Tabasca  and  St.  Pedro  rivers, 
their  joint  outlet  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  1 
insular  tract  is  limited  on  the  E.  by  the  ba; 
Terminos,  and  like  similar  formations  in  ot 


Szelely,  town  of  Hungary,  18  ms.  ESE.  of  i  places,  composed  of  alluvion,  are  low  and  sub 


Debreczen.    Lon.  22  15  E.,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Szucca,  town  of  Western  Prussia,  in  the  pala 
tinate  of  Lulm,  seated  on  the  Vistula.  Lon 
18  24  E.,  lat.  53  14  N. 

Szumna. — See  Shumla.  - 


T. 


Taafe,  or  lave,  rapid  river  of  Wales,  in  Gla- 
morganshire, which  enters  the  Bristol  channel  at 
Cardiff.  On  this  river,  near  Caerphilly,  is  a  stone 
bridge  called  Point  y  Pryddal,  of  a  single  arch, 
supposed  one  of  the  widest  in  the  world,  140  feet 
in  the  span,  and  34  high,  planned  and  executed 
by  the  self-taught  genius  of  a  common  mason  in 
this  country. 

Taaif,  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of  Hed- 
jas.   It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  dried  fruits,  and 
is  situated  on  a  lofty  mountain,  90  ms.  SE 
Mecca.    Lon.  41  35  E.,  lat.  21  5  N. 

Taas,  city  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of  Yeman, 
where  is  the  tomb  of  a  saint,  who,  according  to  tra- 
dition, was  king  of  the  country.  When  M.  Nie- 
buhr  was  here,  it  had  a  garrison  of  600  men.  It  is 
48  ms.  ENE.  of  Mocha.  Lon.  44  10  E.,  lat 
45  S. 


in  great  part  to  casual  submersion. 

Taberg,  village,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  118 
NW.  by  W.  from  Albany  and  20  from  Utica. 

Table  Mountain,  a  peak  of  Southern  Air 
1  rises  from  Table  Bay,  adjacent  to  and  SW.  fi 
Capetown.  It  rises  3,582  feet  above  the  All 
tic  ocean.  This  mountain  terminates  in  the  j 
montory  called  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  la 
has  been  erroneously  supposed  to  be  the  extn, 
southern  point  of  Africa.  The  real  southern  c 
of  that  continent  is  that  of  La  Gullas,  28  n, 
utes  of  lat.,  southwardly,  and  about  100  ms.  m 
distant  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Table  Mountain,  mountain  of  Pendleton  ( 
trict,  S.  C,  rising  4,300  feet  above  the  level, 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  On  one  side,  it  is  said,  ih 
is  a  precipice  of  rocks  900  feet  high. 

Tabor,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
chin,  on  a  mountain,  which  the  Husites,  un 
of  their  celebrated  general,  Zisca,  fortified  and  m 
their  principal  retreat.  It  is  25  ms.  N.  by  E 
Budweis,  and  45  S.  by  E.  of  Prague.  Lon. 
56  E.,  49  23  N. 

Tabristun,  province  of  Persia,  on  the  3.  si; 
of  the  Caspian  sea,  bounded  by  Astrabad  on 
13  E.,  and  Chilan  on  the  W. 

Tacazze,  the  great  southeastern  branch  of 


Taata,  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  one  mile  from  1  Nile,  called  particularly  the  Nile  of  Tigree,  c 

'  tradisti.nguished  from  the  Amharo,  or  middle  i 
trict. 

Tacarnes,  bay,  seaport,  and  district  of  JN 
Granada,   on  the  Pacific  ocean.     The  port 
situated  at  lon.  W.  C.  2  40  W.,  lat.  0  52  N 
Tachan,  or  Tachew,  town  of  Bohemia,  in 
circle  of  Pilsen,  21  ms.  W.  of  Pilsen.  Lon. 
27  E.,  lat.  49  45  N. 

Tadcuster,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Kid 
of  Yorkshire.  Great  plenty  of  limestone  is  d 
up  near  it,  and  there  is  a  large  stone  bridge  o 
the  river  Wharf.  It  is  9  ms.  SW.  of  York,  i 
188  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  12  W., 
53  52  N. 

Tadivan,  or  Taduau,  town  of  Persia,  in 


the  Nile.    It  is  the  residence  of  a  governor,  h 
many  curious  remains  of  antiquity,  and  is  200  ms. 
S.  of  Cairo.     Lon.  31  25  E.,  lat.  26  56  N. 

Tabaga,  an  island  of  America,  in  the  S.  sea, 
and  Bay  of  Panama,  4  ms.  long,  and  3  broad  It 
is  a  mountainous  place,  abounding  with  fruit  trees, 
and  belongs  to  the  Spaniards.  Lon.  80  16  W., 
lat.  7  50  S. 

Tabarca,  island  on  the  coast  of  Barbary,  50 
ms.  W.  of  Tunis.    Lon.  9  16  E.,  lat.  36  50  N. 

Tabaria,  the  ancient  Tiberias,  a  town  of  Pa- 
lestine, situated  on  the  W.  side  of  a  lake,  for- 
merly called  the  sea  of  Tiberias,  50  ms.  NNE.  of 
Jerusalem,  and  70  SSW.  of  Damascus.  Lon. 
35  45  E.,  lat  32  40  N. 
862 


TAG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TAL 


p  vince  ofFarsistan,  60  ms.  S.  of  Schiras.  Lon. 
515  E.,  lat.  28  45  N. 

\idmor. — See  Palmyra- 

"adousac,  town,  L.  C.,  a  place  of  great  resort 
fc  trading  with  the  Indians,  who  bring  thither 
i\  to  exchange  for  cloth  and  other  European 
g,ds.  It  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sague- 
*fy,  98  ms.  NE.  of  Quebec.  Lon.  69  35  W., 
M8  5  N. 

^afala,  or  Tafalla,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
m  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Cidazzo,  in  a  country 
p  lucing  good  wine,  18  ms.  S.  of  Pampeluna. 

I  .  I  36  W.,  lat.  41  29  N. 

"afilet,  kingdom  of  Barbary,  in  the  empire  of 
IVocco,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Fez  and  Treme- 
»  on  the  E.  by  the  Beriberries,  on  the  S.  by  the 
Brts  of  Barbary,  on  the  W.  by  Sus,  Morocco, 
ai  Fez.  Tafilet,  the  capital,  is  a  trading  place, 
*>  a  castle,  and  seated  on  a  river,  275  ms.  SE. 
oirtorocco.    Lon.  5  45  W.,  lat.  28  2  N. 

Tafilet,  Thaltlelet,  Afilelee,  &c,  in 
Bber,  means  Morocco  leather;  and  the  places 
wire  it  is  manufactured  are  called  Thafilelet  — 
llgson. 

tyanrock,  flourishing  city  of  Russia,  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  sea  of  Azoph,  about  30  ms.  from 

II  mouth  of  the  Don.  The  very  rapid  advance 
irop.,  wealth,  science,  civilization,  and  com- 
mie, of  Tcherkask,  Azoph,  Taganrock,  Odessa, 
9  istopol,  and  other  Russian  towns,  along  the 
B:k  and  Azoph  seas,  is  a  very  striking  and 
try  pleasing  revolution  in  human  happiness  in  a 
v*  fine  section  of  the  earth.  Taganrock  now 
ccains  10,000  inhabitants,  and  extensive  corn- 
eal prosperity.  In  1817,  387  vessels  sailed 
m  this  port,  laden  with  wheat,  tallow,  bees 
w,  wool,  hemp,  wine,  coal,  isinglass,  fish, 
his,  iron,  &c. 

'agasia,  town  of  Africa,  in  Algiers,  famous  for 
tog  the  birthplace  of  St.  Augustine. 

age,  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  with  a  castle  on 
a  juntain,  60  ms.  E.  of  Mecca.  Lon.  42  f>  E., 
te 21  45  N. 

aghmon,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Wex- 

agliacozzo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  18  ms. 
8  .  of  Aquiia,  and  33  ENE.  of  Rome.  Lon. 
Hp7  E.,  lat.  45  50  N. 

'agost,  town  of  African  Morocco,  the  largest 
ine  province  of  Sus.  A  great  many  Jews  live 
hi,  who  carry  on  a  considerable  trade.  It  is 
st  sd  in  a  fertile  plain,  97  ms.  S.  of  Tarodant. 
ij.  8  5  W.,  lat.  23  23  N. 

agumadert,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tafilet, 
Africa,  with  a  strong  castle  on  a  mountain, 
sted  on  the  river  Dras.  Lon.  6  43  W.,  lat. 
210  N. 

"agus,  river  which  has  its  source  on  the  con- 
fi  3  of  Arragon,  in  Spain,  runs  through  New 
Ctile,  by  Toledo  and  Talavera,  whence  it  pro- 

-  to  Alcantara,  in  Estramadura  ;  when,  enter- 
I  Portugal,  it  washes  Santarem,  below  which  it 
fcis  the  harbor  of  Lisbon,  and  then  falls  into 
t*j  Atlantic  ocean.  This  river  was  formerly 
I  ous  for  its  golden  sands,  and  is  called  Tejo 
b.he  Portuguese.  The  basin  of  the  Tagus  is 
aijt  400  ms.  long  from  E.  to  W.,  with  a  mean 
wth  of  60,  area  24,000  sq.  ms.  It  is  the  longest 
I  by  no  means  the  largest  stream  of  the  Spanish 


peninsula ;  but,  like  all  the  rivers  of  that  elevated 
plateau,  not  navigable  for  sea  vessels  to  a  dis- 
tance inland  in  comparison  with  length  of  course. 
The  Tagus,  at  its  mouth,  forms  in  the  harbor  of 
Lisbon,  one  of  the  finest  havens  on  earth,  but 
the  tides  do  not  rise  more  than  about  30  ms.  from 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  This  river  falls  from  the 
high  table  land  of  Aragon  and  Castile  to  its  efflux 
into  the  Atlantic  tides,  upwards  of  1,800. — See 
the  table  of  river  basins  in  the  art.  Spain.  ' 

Tahoorowa,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Sandwich 
islands,  lying  oft*  the  SW.  part  of  Mowee,  from 
which  it  is  distant  three  leagues.  It  is  destitute 
of  wood,  and  the  soil  seems  to  be  sandy  and  barren. 

Tai-ming  fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Pe-Tcheli,  with  one  city  of  the  second  class,  and 
eighteen  of  the  third,  in  its  district. 

Tain,  borough  and  seaport  of  Scotland,  in 
Ros3-shire,  on  the  Frith  of  Dornoch,  12  ms.  N. 
of  Cromarty. 

Tainton,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire, 
7  ms.  W.  of  Gloucester. 

Tai-ouang,  capital  of  the  island  of  Formosa,  in 
the  China  sea.  It  is  a  large  well-peopled  place, 
and  carries  on  a  great  trade.  Lon.  120  30  E., 
lat.  23  25  N. 

Tai  ping,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Ki- 
ang  nan.  It  is  built  upon  the  banks  of  the  river 
Kiang,  and  its  plains  are  watered  by  a  number  of 
navigable  rivers,  which  render  it  very  opulent. 
Its  jurisdiction  extends  over  only  three  cities. 
Lon.  107  15  E.,  lat.  32  20  N. 

Tai-tcheou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Tche-kiang.  It  has  6  cities  in  its  district.  Lon. 
121  2  E.,  lat.  28  55  N. 

Tailebourg,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Charente,  and  late  territory  of  Santonge, 
seated  on  the  Charente,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Rochelle. 
Lon.  40'  W.,  lat.  45  46  N. 

Tai-tong-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Chan  si. 

Tai-yeuenfou,  city  of  China,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Chan-si.  The  principal  articles  of  its 
trade  are  hardware,  stuffs  of  different  kinds,  partic- 
ularly carpets  in  imitation  of  those  of  Turkey.  It 
is  160  ms.  SW.  of  Peking. 

Talamone,  seaport  of  Tuscany,  in  Italy,  15  ms. 
N.  of  Orbitello.    Lon.  11  6  E.,  lat.  42  30  N. 

Talavera,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  fort.  It  belongs  to  the  archbishop  of  Toledo,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Tajo,  in  a  valley  abounding  in 
corn,  fruits,  and  excellent  wine,  58  ms.  SW.  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  4  1  W.,  lat.  39  41  N. 

Talaveruela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura, 
seated  on  the  Guadiana,  14  ms.  E.  of  Badajoz. 
Lon.  6  34  W.,  lat.  38  34  N. 

Talbdt,  co.,  Md.,  occupying  the  peninsula  be- 
tween Tuckahoe  river  and  Choptank,  Chesapeake 
and  St.  Michael's  bays,  bounded  N.  by  Queen 
Ann  co.,  E.  by  Tuckahoe  river  or  Caroline  co., 
and  SE.  by  Choptank  bay  or  Dorchester  county. 
Length  25  ms.,  mean  width  8,  area  200  sq.  miles. 
Beside  Choptank  and  St.  Michael's  bays,  it  is 
penetrated  by  Treadhaven  river  about  10  ms. 
Chief  town,  Easton.  Pop.  1820,  14,389;  and 
in  1840,  12,090.  Ctl.  lat.  38  45  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  55'  E. 

Talgaguana,  town  of  S.  America,  in  Chili.  It 
is  now  the  only  Spanish  settlement  in  the  bay  of 

8G3 


TAL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  TAL 


of  Conception,  and  is  seated  on  the  SE.  shore, 
near  the  ruins  of  the  old  city  of  Conception,  9  ms. 
from  the  new  city  of  Conception.  Lon.  73°  W., 
lat.  36  42  S. 

Taliaferro,  co.,  Ga. 

Tallach,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Water- 
ford,  23  ms.  WNW.  of  Cork,  and  32  VVSW.  of 
WaterforJ. 


The  precincts  of  the  town  encircle  a  trac  f 
beautifully  undulating  country,  elevated  near  ) 
feet  above  tide  water.  It  has  been  made  an  in  . 
porate  city.    Pop.  1826,  about  1,200. 

The  soil  around  this  new  city  is  a  mixtur  f 
loam,  sand,  and  clay.    Highland  growth  pr  [ 
pally  oak,  hickory,  and  pine  ;  in  moist  lowl 
beech,  wild  cherry,  ash,  gum,  magnolia,  nuh  [ 


Talladego,  co.,  Ala.,  bounded  by  Benton  N.,  ny,  and  dogwood.  The  country  abounds  in  sj^r  j 
Randolph  E.,  Tallapoosa  and  Coosa  S.,  and  Coo- j  of  good  water,  and,  by  sinking  wells  a  mod(  » 
sa  river  separating  it  from  Shelby  and  St.  Clairidistar.ee,  that  element  can  be  obtained  in  all  t 


W.  Length  from  S.  to  N.  32  ms.,  mean  breadth 
32,  and  area  1,024  sq.  ms.  Ctl.  lat.  33  24,  and 
ctl.  lon.  9  15  W.  of  W.  C.  General  slope  west- 
ward towards  the  Coosa  river.  Chief  town,  Mar- 
disville.    Pop.  1840,  12,587. 

Tallahassee,  village  and  seat  of  government  for  tine 
Florida,  is  situated  on  Tugabona  or  Wackahulla  icles 


any  desired  situation. 

From  what  I  know  of  the  climate  of  La.  j 
Flor.,  I  should  consider  that  of  the  country  {  . 
cent  to  Tallahassee  as  very  near  a  mean  betv  n 
the  temperature  of  New  Orleans  and  St.  Ao  - 
It  will  be  seen,  by  reference  to  several  . 
in  this  treatise,  that  cold  increases  alo  a 


river,  Leon  co.    Lat.  30  27  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  13  given  line  of  latitude  westward  from  the  Ath  c 


W.  The  following  account  of  Tallahassee  is  most- 
ly extracted  from  the  Alexandria  (D.  C.)  Gazette 
of  April  6th,  1826.  The  notice  of  Tallahassee  is 
thus  prefaced  in  the  Gazette  :  "  It  is  from  the  pen 
of  a  gentleman  whose  statements  are  entitled  to 
implicit  confidence,  and  whose  opportunities  cf 
correct  information  have  been  ample." 

"The  city  of  Tallahassee  (for  so  it  is  called  in 
the  charter,  perhaps  in  reference  to  its  anticipated 
greatness)  is  beautifully  situated  on  an  elevation, 
commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding  coun- 


coast. 

Tallahassee  is  220  ms.  E.  from  Pensaola,  ) 
NW.  by  W.  from  St.  Augustine,  and  232  a  e 
VV.  of  S.  from  Milledgeville. 

Tallano,  seaport  of  Corsica,  situated  on  e 
Gulf  of  Tallano,  30  ms.  SSW.  of  Cortes.  Lr  j 
18  E.,  lat.  51  20  N.    Pop.  1840,  1,616. 

Tallapoosa,  eastern  branch  of  Alabama  r  , 
rises  in  Ga.,  in  the  same  ridge  of  mountains,  J 
between  the  sources  of  the  Coosa  and  Chatta  3 
chee  rivers ;  its  general  course  is  nearly  parall  o 


try.  It  is  yet  (1826)  in  an  infant  state,  the  first  the  former,  200  ms.  to  where  they  unite  and  n 
house  having  been  built  only  ahout  18  months  the  Alabama.  The  Tallapoosa  is  navigable  a  it 
ago ;  it,  however,  has,  at  present,  a  number  of  30  ms. 


good  houses,  and  contains  from  600  to  700  inhab- 
itants; it  is  rapidly  increasing  in  pop.,  as  is  also 
the  adjacent  country. 

The  country  around  Tallahassee,  in  almost  ev- 
ery direction,  from  the  variety  of  hill  and  dale  and 
crystal  lakes,  is  extremely  beautiful  and  romantic  ; 
and,  when  the  hand  of  art  has  seconded  nature,  it 
will  bear  a  comparison  with  any  other  country. 
The  lakes  abound  with  fish  of  the  most  delicious 
flavor,  and  the  large  extent  of  country,  which  will 


Tallard,  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  departme  if 
Upper  Alps,  and  late  province  of  Dauphin; .  | 
ed  on  the  Durance,  47  ms.  S.  of  Grenoble,  i. 
6  20  E.,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Tallmadge,  village  and  tp.,  Portage  co.,  C| 
containing  a  furnace,  forge,  and  an  academy. 

Tallulah,  or  Tululah,  one  of  the  extreme  hi  :r 
constituents  of  Savannah  river,  rises  in  the  e 
Ridge,  western  part  of  Rabun  co.,  Ga.,  and  flo  g 
thence  about  20  ms.,  unites  with  the  Ch 


never  be  cultivated,  will  always  afford  a  variety  of  form  Savannah  river,  between  Rabun  and  H 
game.     In  a  few  years  the  orange,  the  fig,  and  sham  cos.,  Ga. 


The  subjoined  notices  of  the  remarkable 


The  rapids  of  Tallulah  are  in  Ga.,  10  ms.  i  e 
the  union  of  the  Tallulah  and  Chatooga  ri  i, 


numerous  other  fruits,  will  be  added  to  the  sum  of 

domestic  luxuries  ;  nor  are  the  roads  to  be  left  out  of  this  vicinity  were  extracted  from  the  Ame  n 
of  the  class  of  comforts;  they  are  almost  always  Journal  of  Science,  and  supplied  to  that  pape  »y 
excellent;  the  hills  are  seldom  abrupt,  and  from  A.  Foster, 
the  nature  of  the  soil  the  roads  are  dry  in  24  hours 
after  the  longest  rains  ;  thev  are  never  dusty. 

"  The  climate  is  delightful  ;  the  thermometer  sel- !  which  form  the  Tugaloo,  five  ms.  from  S.  C,  ul 
dom  rises  above  95°.  The  1st  of  March  it  rose  to; about  20  ms.  from  the  line  of  N.  C.  Therr, 
85°  in  the  shade,  but  the  atmosphere  was  so  meli- 1  which  is  40  yards  wide  above  the  rapids,  is  fc 
orated  by  the  sea  breeze  that  it  would  not  have  for  a  mile  and  a  quarter  through  a  range  of  ma- 
been  supposed  to  above  60°.  The  woods  at  that  tain*,  into  a  channel  scarcely  20  feet  broad.  W 
time  were  fragrant  with  the  perfume  of  a,thousand  mountain  receives  the  water  into  a  broad  In, 
flowers;  and  had  the  English  bard  ever  visited  ! surrounded  by  solid  rock  100  feet  in  height,  « 
those  region?,  he  might  have  exclaimed  with  great  the  stream  pauses,  in  anticipation  of  the  awful  Hi 
truth — 

"  Here  smiling  Spring  her  earliest  visit  pays, 
And  parting  Summer's  lingering  bloom  delays." 

Tallahassee  was  selected,  by  the  Governor 
and  commissioners  of  Florida,  as  the  site  of  the 
metropolis,  on  account  of  its  central  position,  fer- 
tility of  soil,  and  the  reputation  it  had  acquired,  in 
the  estimation  of  the  Indians,  for  health  and  puri- 
ty of  air.  The  location  was  confirmed  by  the  le- 
gislative council  on  the  12th  of  December,  1824. 
SG4 


then  rushes  down  a  cataract  40  feet ;  then,  h  pi 
ing  through  a  narrow  winding  passage,  das  ig 
from  side  to  side  against  the  precipice,  and  re  <- 
edly  turning  at  right  angles,  is  precipitated  W 
feet,  and  in  a  moment  after  50  feet  more,  and 
making  many  short  turns,  it  rushes  down  thr»f 
four  falls  of  20  and  10  feet.The  sum  of  the  fd'n 
the  distance  of  a  mile  is  estimated  at  350  feet. 

The  rapids,  however  splendid,  apart  fron  ie 
sublimity  with  which  »hey  are  surrounded  f« 


TAM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TAN 


cy  an  appendage  to  the  stupendous  banks  of 
gd  rock,  descending  almost  perpendicularly  to 
t  wafer  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  varying 
i  he  distance  of  a  mile  from  700  to  1,000  feet  in 
tght,  so  that  the  stream  literally  passes  that  dis- 
tce  through  the  mountain,  or  rather  through  the 
inlands  that  connect  two  mountains. 

The  most  magnificent  general  view  is  from  a| 
pt  of  the  precipice  which  projects  over  the  abyss  j 
2 feet,  and  which  is  gained  by  a  descent  of  15  feet. ; 
Hi  is  half  way  between  the  commencement  and  ( 
itnination  of  the  rapids,  near  the  highest  part  of  j 
ti  mountain  through  which  they  pass,  and  noti 
li  than  1,000  feet  above  the  water,  and  affords 
t  best  view  of  the  second  and  third  falls,  one  of 
vch  is  almost  under  the  projection. 

'ockoa  fall  is  in  a  small  creek  of  the  same  name, 
j  .  before  it  runs  into  the  Tugaloo,  150  ms.  above 
^justa,  and  about  10  or  12  ms.  southeastward 
hi  Clarkesville,  the  co.  seat  of  Habersham  co., 
C  The  perpendicular  fall  is  186  feet,  measured 
b  i  line.  It  is  surrounded  by  no  wild  scenery, 
li  rivulet,  disturbed  by  no  rapid9,  moves  with  a 
f  tie  current,  and  drops  without  warning  into  a 
bitiful  basin  below,  expanding  into  fine  rain  be- 
fr  it  reaches  the  bottom,  and  the  breeze  which 
aiiys  plays  there  spreads  a  thick  spray  around, 
ai  ornaments  the  falling  water,  the  rock,  and  the 
ihbbery,  with  rainbows.  A  carriage  road  is 
wiin  a  stone's  throw  of  the  fall,  and  our  party 
n  to  the  base  and  to  the  summit  of  the  precipice. 

'he  Tockoa  produces  a  sensation  rather  of  the 
butiful  than  the  sublime  ;  it  pleases,  but  does  not 
tefy ;  it  satisfies,  but  does  not  overwhelm  the  ex- 
xation.  It  is  a  fine  preparation  for  the  tremen- 
d<  5  scenery  which  awaits  the  traveller  16  miles 
n<hward. 

he  distance  between  those  two  splendid  scenes 
)tie  sublime  and  beautiful  in  nature  is  about  20 
as,  and  Tallulah  being  to  the  northward  of 
rkoa. 

\dmont,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  department 
ol  ower  Charente,  and  late  territory  of  Saintonge, 
«;d  on  a  peninsula  of  Gironde,  20  miles  SE.  of 
Btet,  and  260  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  50  W., 
H45  32  N. 

almud,  or  Thalmud,  Hebrew,  and  signifies  to 
1 x.  Body  of  Hebrew  law,  in  two  parts,  Michna, 
v  ten  law ;  and  Genera,  commentaries  on  the 
VIrtNA.  The  Talmud  contains  the  traditions, 
ice,  doctrines,  and  ceremonies  of  the  Jews. 
T  re  are  two  versions  of  the  Talmud  :  one  made 

t  A.  D.  300,  at  Jerusalem,  by  the  Rabbi  Jo- 
Jfian;  and  the  second  completed  at  Babylon, 
i  ).  506,  by  the  Rabbi  Juda.  The  last  most  es- 
*  ed. 

umalameca,  town  of  South  America,  in  Terra 
I  ia,  and  government  of  St.  Martha,  seated  on 
hRio-de-la-Madalena.    Lon.  74  45  W.,  lat.  9 

K 

anian,  or  Phanagoria,  island  of  Asia,  at  the 
m  th  of  the  Kooban  river,  and  separated  from  the 
Oaea,  in  Europe,  by  the  straits  of  Caffa  or  Jeni- 
<*  From  its  position  and  appearance  on  a  map, 
F  tan  would  seem  a  mere  alluvial  flat,  formed  by 
1  ctooban ;  it  is,  however,  on  the  contrary,  ele- 
*sl  considerably  above  the  Black  and  Asoph 
It  the  shores  are  at  least  70  feet  high,  and  very 
On  its  western  extremity  rises  a  volcanic 
109* 


hill.  Greatest  length  40  miles,  width  26.  Lat. 
45  0  N.,  lon.  37  0  E.  Chief  town,  Taman,  or 
Timoutarakhan. — See  article  Jenicale. 

Tamar,  river  of  Eng.,  which  runs  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  divides  Cornwall  from  Devonshire,  and, 
after  forming  the  the  harbor  of  Hamoze,  enters  Ply- 
mouth sound. 

Tamara,  capital  of  the  island  of  Socotera,  with 
a  good  harbor.    The  trade  consists  chiefly  in  aloes, 
frankincense,  ambergrise,  and  dragon's  blood.  It 
is  seated  on  a  bay,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island 
Lon.  53  45  E.,  lat.  11  56  N. 

Tamarica,  or  Itamaria,  province  of  Braiil,  be- 
tween Paraibo  on  the  north  and  Pernambuco  on 
the  south.  On  the  coast  is  an  island  of  the  same 
name,  24  miles  in  length,  which  has  a  harbor  and 
good  fresh  water.  Longitude  35  5  W.,  lat.  7  56 
North. 

Tarnbof,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Tzna,  which  flows  into  the  Mokscha, 
228  miles  SE.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  41  4  E.,  lat.  62 
48  N. 

Tame,  or  Tend,  river  of  Eng.,  rising  in  Shrop- 
shire and  Herefordshire,  and,  winding  SE,  about 
70  ms.,  falls  into  the  Severn  in  Worcestershire,  a 
short  distance  below  the  city  of  Worcester. 

Tame,  inconsiderable  rivulet  of  England,  in  Ox- 
fordshire, which  flows  into  the  Thames  at  Dor- 
chester, and  has  been  erroneously  supposed  to  give 

name  to  the  Thames. — See  Thames.  Town  of 

England,  in  Oxfordshire,  with  a  famous  free  school 
and  a  small  hospital.  It  is  seated  on  a  small  rivu- 
let of  the  same  name,  12  miles  E.  of  Oxford,  and 

45  W.  by  N.  of  London.    Lon.  0  55  W.,  lat.  51 

46  N. 

Tamendfust,  name  of  the  eastern  cape  of  the 
bay  of  Algiers.  "  Tametifus,  the  right  hand." — 
Hodgson. 

Tamieh,  town  of  Egypt,  on  one  of  the  canals 
which  runs  into  the  Nile. 

Tampico,  bay  and  seaport  of  Mexico,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Moctezuema  river.  Lon.  W.  C.  11 
36  W.,  lat.  22  45  N. 

Tamworth,  borough  of  England,  in  Stafford- 
shire, on  the  Tame,  8  ms.  SE.  of  Litchfield,  and 
114  NW.  of  London.    Lon,  1  38  W.,  lat.  52  49 

N.  Town,  Strafford  county,  New  Hampshire, 

situated  on  the  N.  side  of  Ossippee  river,  and  join- 
ing Grafton  county  on  the  NW.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1,134;  and  in  1820,  1,442. 

Tana  Island. — See  Navigator's  Islands. 

Tanasserim,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  in 
Asia,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  220 
ms  SW.  of  Siam.    Lon.  98  0  E.,  lat.  11  50  N. 

Tandro,  river  of  Piedmont,  which  rises  in  the 
Appennines,  and  flows  by  Cherasco,  Alba,  and 
Asti,  to  Alessandria,  in  the  Milanese,  and  falls  into 
the  Po. 

Tanbof,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  part 
of  the  government  of  Voronetz,  containing  13  dis- 
tricts. 

Toncos,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  seat- 
ed on  the  Zezara,  near  its  fall  into  the  Tajo,  60 
ms.  NE.  of  Lisbon.   Lon.  8  30  W.,  lat.  39  20  N. 

Tancrowall,  town  of  Africa,  in  Nigritia,  seated 
on  the  Gambia,  where  the  English  have  a  fort,  30 
ms.  E.  of  James's  river. 

Tanda,  or  Tanrah,  town  in  Hindoostan  proper, 

865 


TAP 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TAR 


in  Bengal,  on  the  Ganges,  120  ms.  NW.  of  Dacce. 
Lon.  87  56  E.,  lat.  23  25  N. 
Tandago. — See  Samar. 

Taneytown,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  situated 
on  a  branch  of  Monocacy  creek,  20  ms.  N.  by  E. 
of  Fredericktown,  and  12  N.  by  W.  of  Westmin- 
ster, and  40  of  Baltimore. 

Tangataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands,  in  the 
S.  Pacific  ocean,  the  residence  of  the  sovereign  and 
the  chiefs. 

Tangermunde,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  old 
tnarche  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Tanger,  where  it 
falls  ir>to  the  Elbe,  24  ms.  NW.  of  Brandenburg, 
and  28  NE.  of  Magdeburg.  Lon.  13  30  E.,  lat. 
.52  46  N. 

Tangier,  seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  in  Af- 
rica. It  is  130  miles  N,  of  Fez.  Lon.  5  50  W., 
lat.  35  49  N. 

Tangipao,  river  of  Louisiana  and  Mississippi, 
rising  in  the  latter,  in  Amite  county,  interlocking 
with  the  sources  of  Amite  and  Bogue  Chitto  ;  its 
general  course  SSE.,  25  miles  in  Mississippi  and 
45  in  Louisiana,  separating  in  the  latter  the  par- 
ishes of  St.  Tammany  and  St.  Helena,  and,  after 
an  entire  course  of  70  miles,  is  lost  in  Lake  Pont- 
chartrain,  about  10  miles  east  of  the  Pass  of  Man- 
chac.  Like  that  of  all  the  neighboring  streams, 
the  country  drained  by  the  Tangipao  is  a  sterile 
pine  forest. 

Tanjore,  province  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Coromandel,  bounded  by  Gingi  on  the  J\.,  by  the 
mountains  of  Gate  on  the  W.,  by  Malura  and  the 
fishing  coast  on  the  S.,  and  by  the  sea  on  the  E., 
being  separated  from  the  island  of  Ceylon  by  a  nar- 
row strait.  City  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnat- 

ic,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Cauveray,  156  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Ma- 
dras, and  166  SE.  of  Seringapatam.  Lon.  79  12 
E.,  lat.  10  46  N. 

Tankia,  or  Tinkia-ling,  town  and  fortress  of 
Thibet,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Langur,  275  ms.  W. 
by  S.  of  Lassa. 

Tanna,  fertile  and  considerable  island  in  the 
South  sea,  and  one  of  the  New  Hebrides.  There 
is  a  volcano  in  the  island ;  and  the  soil  is  very  fer- 
tile in  tropical  fruits  and  forest  trees.  The  coast 
also  abounds  in  fish.  Lon.  69  46  E.,  lat.  19  30  S. 

Tanore,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Malabar.    Lon.  75  50  E.,  lat.  10  55  N. 

Tantallan,  ruinous  castle  of  Scotland,  in  Had- 
dingtonshire, 2  ms.  E.  of  N.  Berwick. 

Taoo,  most  southern  of  the  Friendly  Islands  in 
the  S.  Pacific  ocean,  about  10  leagues  in  circuit. 

Taormina,  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
seated  on  a  rock,  88  ms.  S.  of  Messina,  famous  for 
its  costly  marble  and  excellent  wine.  Lon.  15  34 
E.,  lat.  38  21  N. 

Taos,  town  of  New  Mexico,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  above  Santa  Fe.  Lon.  W. 
C.  29  45  W.,  lat.  37  20  N. 

Taoukaa,  island  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean.  Lon. 
145  9  W.,  lat.  14  30  S. 

Tapajos,  river  of  South  America,  in  Brazil, 
rises  in  Matto  Grosso,  about  lat.  14°  S.,  flowing 
from  thence  NNE.,  falls  into  the  Amazon  at  lat. 
2 10  S.,  after  a  comparative  course  of  900  miles. 
The  Tapajos  has  interlocking  sources  with  the 
southeastern  branches  of  the  Madeira,  with  those 
of  Paraguay,  and  with  those  of  the  Zingu,  branch 
866 


of  the  Amazon.  This  stream  drains  an  imperfe  r 
explored  region. 

Taploe,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Buckinghamsr 
one  mile  from  Maidenhead.    It  is  seated  on  a  1 9 
on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  and  distinguish^  - 
its  majestic  woodlands,  handsome  .villas,  and  1 
turesque  appearance. 

Tapoor,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoos 
15  miles  SSW.  of  Darampoory,  and  83  ESE  } 
Seringapatam. 

Tappahannock,  town,  Essex  county,  Virgi 
situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Rappahannock  river, ' 
ms.  NE,  of  Richmond,  53  SE.  of  Fredericksbi , 
and  117  from  Washington  city.    It  is  a  low,  . 
healthy  situation,  but  a  place  of  considerable  tr: 
Pop.  about  600. 

Tappan,  village  in  the  southern  angle  of  R( . 
land  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Hudson  river,  25  miles  at ! 
the  city  of  New  York. 

Taptee,  or  Tuptee,  river  of  Hindoostan,  ri 
in  Gundwana,  near  the  village  of  Batoos,  | 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  Mahanu( 
Nerbuddah,  and  Godavery  ;  flowing  thence  i  i 
westerly  direction,  by  comparative  courses,  I 
ms  ,  in!o  the  gulf  of  Cambay,  which  it  enters  i 
ms.  below  Surat. 

Tar,  or  Pamlico,  river  af  North  Carolina,  rii ; 
in  Person  county,  and  flowing  thence  SE.,  <J 
Granville,  Franklin,  and  Nash  counties,  turn 
NE'.,  and,  entering  Edgecomb,  receives  a  large  ■ 
cessory  stream,  Fishing  river,  from  theNW.  '» 
junction  of  Tar  and  Fishing  rivers  is  about5rr  « 
N.  from  Tarborough.  Below  the  latter  pi  , 
Tar  river  again  assumes  a  general  course  SE.  > 
Washington,  where  it  opens  into  Pamlico  rivei  j 
rather  bay.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  drawir^ 
feet  water  to  Washington,  and  for  common  river  c  t 
to  Tarborough,  50  miles  higher.  The  entire  leu  i 
of  this  stream,  by  comparative  courses,  is  alV 
150  miles,  and  draining  a  basin  of  about  3, 1 
square  miles.  Tar  river  flows  between  and  in  ! 
same  general  direction  with  Roanoke  and  N< 
rivers. 

Taransa,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  or  Western  • 
lands  of  Scotland.    Lon.  8  55  W.,  lat.  58  2  IN 

Taranto,  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otj  • 
to.    This  town  gave  name  to  the  venomous  • 
ders  called  tarantulas.  It  is  55  ms.  NW.  of  Oti  • 
to,  and  160  E.  by  S.  of  Naples.    Lon.  17  29 
lat.  40  35  N. 

Tarragalla,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tafilet 
Africa,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Dras,  276 
SW.  of  Tafilet.    Lon.  6  3  W.,  lat.  27  40  N. 

Tarare,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Rhone  I 
Loire,  and  late  province  of  Lyonnois,  seated  I 
the  Tordive,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of  the  st  I 
name,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Lyons.  Lon.  4  43  E., 
45  52  N. 

laras,  town  of  Tartary,  in  Turkestan,  cont: 
ing  1,000  houses,  and  about  5,000  inhabitants.  '■ 
is  one  of  the  ancient  capitals  of  Turkestan, 
stands  on  a  branch  of  the  Iaxartes.    Lat.  45  0 
lon.  63  0  E. 

Tarascon,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep  of  ' 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  and  late  province  of  F 
vence,  on  the  Rhone,  opposite  Beaucaire,  v*. 
which  it  communicates  by  a  bridge  of  boats, 
has  some  trade  in  oil,  brandy,  starch,  and  stuff 
coarse  silk  and  wool.    It  is  10  miles  N-  of  Ar, 


TAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TAS 


375  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  39  E.,  lat.  43 

^N.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Arriege,  and 

n  province  of  Provence,  seated  on  the  river  Ar- 
rje,  7  ms.  SE.  of  Foix. 

Tarazona,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon.  It  is 
t  ted  partly  on  a  rock,  and  partly  in  a  fertile  plain, 
( the  river  Chiles,  13  ms.  S  W.  of  Tudella,  and 
V  NE.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  1  26  W.,  lat.  41  55  N. 
Tarbat,  to^wn  of  Scot.,  in  the  co.  of  Cromarty, 

is.  E.  of  Tain. 

Tarbat,  East,  town  of  Scot.,  in  the  co.  of  Ar- 
je,  25  ms.  N.  of  Campbelltown. 

Tarbes,  populous  town  of  France,  lately  in  the 
r/vince  of  Gascony,  now  capital  of  the  department 
cLJpper  Pyrenees,  on  the  Adour,  42  ms.  SW.  of 
i,ch,  and  112  S.  by  E.  of  Bordeaux.  Lon.  3' 
J  lat.  43  14  N. 

Farborough,   village,  Edgecombe  co.,  N.  C, 

1  ig  on  the  S  side  of  Pamlico  river,  34  ms.  S.  of 
Jlifax,  44  W.  by  N.  of  Washington,  and  83 
TV.  of  Newbern.  It  has  about  600  inhabitants, 
al  an  academy,  and  is  a  place  of  much  inland 
tie. 

Farentesia,  province  of  Savoy,  which  is  a  disa- 
geable  barren  country,  fulKof  mountains.  Mou- 
t  is  the  capital. 

Farga,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 

0  the  Mediterranean.    Lon.  4  56  W.,  lat.  35 

2  North. 

Targorod,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Mol- 
diia,  50  ms.  SW.  of  Jassy.  Lon.  26  29  E.,  lat. 
4;49  N.  I 

Tariff,  Spanish,   Tarifa,  from  the  Arabic,  j 
v!ich,   according   to   Lunier,  originally  means 
knvledge,  or  series  of  things,  and,  in  commerce,  ! 
a  st  of  duties  on  exports  or  imports. 

Fariffa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a  ' 
t  ie  seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  straits  of  Gib-  ' 
rar,  17  ms.  WSW.  of  Gibraltar.  Lon.  5  40  I 
A,  lat.  30°  N.  | 

variffville,  village,  Hartford  co.,  Ct. 

Farku,  capital  of  Dagbestan,  seated  on  the  W.  1 

1  it  of  the  Caspian  sea,  51  ms.  SE.  of  Terki,  and  1 

3  NE.  of  Tauris.  Lon.  47  5  E.,  lat.  45  50  N.  j 
iktlton,  village,  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  between 

C  llicothe  and  Lancaster,  17  miles  distant  from1 

Ifr ■ \  i 

"am,  dep.  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  the  late 

pvince  of  Languedoc.  Castresis  the  capital.  

I  er  of  Fr.,  which  gives  name  to  the  above  dep. 
I'  as  its  source  in  the  dep.  of  Lozhere,  and,  having 
vered  Mithud,  Alby,  Guillac,  Montauban,  and 
Mssac,  falls  into  the  Garonne. 

Varnowitz,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
o)ppelen,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  is  a  silver 
»ie.  It  is  38  ms.  SE.  of  Oppelen.  Lon.  8  15 
I  lat.  50  20  N. 

"aro,  or  Borgodi-Val-di-Taro,  town  of  Italy, 
ii  he  duchy  of  Parma,  capital  of  the  territory  of 
^  -di-Taro.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Taro,  25 
8  SW.  of  Parma.    Lon.  19  9  E.,  lat.  44  36  N. 

Farodant,  or  Tarudant,  town  of  Morocco,  in 
I  province  of  Sus,  seated  near  the  Atlantic,  120 
»;  SSW.  of  Morocco.  Lon.  8  10  W.,  lat.  30°  N. 

Farraga,  or  larreca,  town  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
l'ia,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Cervera,  15 
n  E.  by  S.  of  Lerida,  and  60  W.  of  Barcelona.  I 
%'  1  3  E.,  lat.  41  28  N. 

'"arragona,  strong  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 1 


Ionia,  with  a  university.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade,  and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 35  ms.  NE.  of  Tortosa,  and  220  E.  by  N. 
of  Madrid.    Lon.  1  13  E.,  lat.  41  5  N. 

Tartars,  or  more  correctly  Tatars,  a  very  widely 
disseminated  nation  of  Europe  and  Asia.  In  our 
common  geographical  works,  and  in  some  treatises 
of  more  precision,  the  term  Tartar  has  received  an 
absurd  latitude,  and  is  made  to  comprise  nations 
having  neither  language,  manners,  nor  personal  ap- 
pearance, in  common  with  the  Tartars.  "The 
Tartars,"  says  Malte  Brun,  "differ  as  much  from 
the  Mongols,  in  their  features,  physical  constitu- 
tion, and  language,  as  the  Moors  do  from  tho  ne- 
groes. A  slender  figure,  an  European  visage, 
though  somewhat  yellow  in  complexion,  curled 
hair,  and  a  long  and  abundant  beard,  distinguish 
the  Tartar  from  the  squat,  shapeless  monster,  with 
a  flat  nose,  prominent  cheeks,  almost  beardless 
chin,  and  lank  hair,  who  inhabits  the  deserts  of 
Mongolia.  The  countries  of  these  two  races  of 
men  constitute  two  distinct  physical  regions.  The 
Mongols,  of  whom  the  Kalmucs  are  a  branch,  oc- 
cupy all  the  central  plateau  of  Asia,  from  the  Be- 
loor  mountains  and  Lake  Palcati,  to  the  great  wall 
of  China,  and  to  the  Siolki  mountains,  which  sep- 
arate them  from  the  Mantchoos,  a  tribe  of  the  great 
race  of  the  Tongooses.  The  Tartars  are  the  pos- 
sessors of  that  extensive  country  which  lies  between 
the  Beloor  mountains  on  one  side,  and  the  Lake 
Aral  and  the  Caspian  sea  on  the  other." — See 
Turks;  as  also  Abkhas,  Circassia,  Crimea,  Cos- 
sacks, Georgia,  Imeritia,  Kalmucks,  Kisti,  Leeguis, 
Mandshurs,  Mingrelia,  Monguls,  Ossi,  Samoides, 
Turcomans,  and  Usbecs;  also,  Asia,  pp.  86,  87,  &c. 

Tartary,  country  of  Asia.  The  term  Tartary, 
if  ethnographically  considered,  that  is,  if  so  extended 
as  to  include  all  places  inhabited  by  Tartars,  would 
comprise  the  immense  regions  between  Afghanis- 
tan and  Russia,  and  the  southeastern  parts  of  the 
iatter,  with  a  large  space  on  the  Oby ;  but  the  in- 
dependent Tartar  nations  are  limited  to  the  physi- 
cal region  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Algydim- 
Shalo  mountains,  or  the  course  of  the  Irtysh ;  on 
the  W.,  by  the  course  of  the  Ural  river  and  Cas- 
pian sea ;  on  the  S.  by  Khorasin  and  the  Gaoor 
mountains  (the  ancient  Paropamisus,)  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  chain  of  Beloor.  Thus  restricted,  Inde- 
pendent Tartary  extends  over  460,000  sq.  ms. 
The  population  over  this  wide  space  is  generally 
pastoral,  and  does  not,  it  is  probable,  amount  to 
6,000,000.    It  extends  in  lat.  from  38°  to  50°  N. 

Tardus,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  LanJe*-,  and 
late  province  of  Gascony.  The  Midouse  runs 
through  it ;  and  on  one  side  of  this  river  it  rises  in 
the  form  of  an  amphitheatre ;  the  other  is  seated  on 
a  plain.  It  is  12  ms.  NE.  of  Dax.  Lon.  48'  E., 
lat.  43  50  N. 

Tarver's  Mills,  Wilkes  co.,  Ga.,  64  ms.  NE.' 
from  Milledgeville. 

Tarvis,  or  Tarwis,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carin- 
thia,  46  ms.  NNW,  of  Trieste.  Lon,  13  40  E., 
lat.  46  34  N. 

Tassacoria,  maritime  town  of  the  isle  of  Palma, 
one  of  the  Canaries.  It  lies  SW.  of  St.  Cruz,  and, 
being  exposed  to  westerly  winds,  is  little  frequented 
but  by  boats.    Lon.  17  58  W.,  lat.  28  38  N. 

Tassasudmi,  capital  of  Bootan,  260  ms.  S.  by 
W.  of  Lassa.    Lon.  89°  E.,  lat.  27  43  N. 

867 


f  AV 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


TAU 


Tassing,  island  of  Denmark,  between  Funen, 
Langeland,  and  Arroe.  It  is  separated  from  the 
former  by  a  strait,  and  contains  a  few  towns  and 
villages. 

Tasso,  ancient  Thasos,  island  of  the  Archipel- 
ago, near  Romania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Contesa.  It  is  35  ms.  in  circumference,  and  was 
formerly  famous  for  mines  of  gold  and  quarries  of 
beautiful  marble.  The  capital,  of  the  same  name, 
has  a  good  harbor  and  several  castles. 

Tasso,  mountain  of  Italy,  between  Bergamo  and 
Como,  from  which  the  illustrious  family  of  the 
poet  Tasso  took  their  name. 

Tate,  tp.,  Clermont  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,775. 

Tate's  Creck%  post  office  in  the  northern  part  of 
Madison  co.,  Kentucky,  about  40  ms.  SE.  from 
Frankfort. 

Tatnall,  co.  Ga.,  bounded  by  Appling  S.,  Tell- 
fair  and  Montgomery  W.,  Emanuel  NW.,  Cam- 
chee  river  or  Bullock  co.  NE.,  and  Liberty  and 
Wayne  SE.  Length  60,  mean  width  30  ms ; 
area,  1,800  sq.  ms.  Oconee  and  Oakmulgee 
rivers  unite,  and  form  the  Alatamaha,on  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  this  co.  The  latter  stream  winds 
SE.  through  the  co.,  and  receives  from  the  N., 
about  its  centre,  Great  Ohoopee.  Pop.  in.  1820, 
2,644;  and  in  1840,  2,724.  N.  lat.  32°  and 
Ion.  W.  C.  5°  W.  intersect  in  this  co. 

Tatta,  or  Sinde,  city  of  Hindoostan  proper,  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Sindy.  It  is  seated  on  a 
branch  of  the  river  Sinde  or  Indus,  which  admits 
of  an  uninterrupted  navigation  to  Moultan  and  La 
hore,  for  vessels  of  200  tons,  and  a  very  extensive 
trade  was  carried  on  between  these  places  in  the 
time  of  Aurungzebe,  but  at  present  very  little  re- 
mains, owing  to  a  bad  government  in  Sindy,  and 
to  a  hostile  disposition  of  tho  Seiks,  the  present 
possessor  of  Moultan  and  Lahore.  W.  of  Tatta 
are  found  mines  of  iron  and  salt.  Tatta  is  741 
ms.  NW.  of  Bombay.  Lon.  67  37  E.,  lat.  24 
50  North.  * 

Tattah,  small  town  on  the  common  frontiers  of 
Morocco,  Drah,  and  Zanghaga,  and  in  the  route 
from  Morocco  and  Sus,  to  Tombuctoo.  It  is  170 
rag.  SSE.  of  Morocco. 

Tattershall,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  on 
the  Bane,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Witham, 
20  ms.  SE.  of  Lincoln,  and  127  N.  of  London. 
Lon.  8'  W.,  lat.  53  6  N. 

Tavastus,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Finland,  cupilal 
of  the  province  of  Tavasteland,  seated  on  a  river 
which  falls  into  the  Lake  Wana,  62  miles  NE. 
of  Abo. 

Tavai  Potnammoo,  the  most  southerly  island  of 
New  Zealand,  about  500  ms.  long,  and  with  a 
mean  width  of  100. 

Tauchel,  town  of  Poland,  in  Pomerellio,  seated 
on  the  Verd,  30  ms.  NW.  of  Culm.  Lon.  18  5 
E.,  lat.  53  38  N. 

Taverna,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteriore, 
seated  on  the  Coroco,  20  ms.  E.  of  Nicastro,  and 
70  NE.  of  Reggio.  Lon.  16  44  E.,  lat.  39  11 
North. 

Tavira,  or  Tavila,  considerable  town  of  Portu- 
gal, capital  of  Algarva,  with  a  castle,  and  one  of 
the  best  harbors  in  the  kingdom,  defended  by  a 
fort.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Galaon,  between  Cape  Vincent  and  the 
S6S 


by  N.  of  Cat 


,  in  Devonshi 
by  S.  of  Exel 
12  W.,  Ut. 


straits  of  Gibraltar,  100  ms.  W. 
Lon.  7  46  W.,  lat  37  18  N. 

Tavistock,  borough  of  Eng., 
on  the  river  Tavy,  32  ms.  W. 
and  206  of  London.    Lon.  4 
35  N. 

Taumago,  island  of  the  South  Pacific  oce 
discovered  by  Quiro6  in  1806.  Lon.  176  45  V 
lat.  13°  S.  # 

Taunton,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetsh 
on  the  Thone,  which  is  navigable  hence  to 
Parret.  It  has  a  large  manufacture  of  silk,  an 
considerable  one  of  woolen  goods,  such 
serges,  duroys,  druggets,  &c.  It  is  31  ms.  N 
of  Exeter,  and  140  W.  by  S.  of  London.  L 

3  17  W.,  lat.  50  59  N.  River,  Mass.  Itri 

in  the  Blue  mountains,  and,  running  SE.,  f 
into  Narragansett  bay,  on  the  E.  side  of  Rh 

Island.  Town,  the  capital  of  Bristol  co.,  Ma 

lying  on  the  W.  side  of  Taunton  river,  25  i 
N.  of  New  Bedford,  and  35  S.  of  Boston, 
contains  an  academy,  a  bank,  the  co.  buildin 
two  cotton  factories,  a  paper  mill,  a  furnace,  ai 
factory,  three  rolling  and  slitting  mill?,  i 
Pop.  in  1810,  3,900;  in  1820,  4,520;  and 
1840,  7,645. 

Taunton -Dean,  or  Vale  of  Taunton,  an  eit 
sive  tract  of  land  in  Somersetshire,  famous  for 
fertility. 

Taureau,  isle  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Finister 
and  late  province  of  Bretagne,  lying  at  the  moi 
of  the  river  Morlaix.  On  this  island  is  a  cai- 
which  defends  the  port  of  Morlaix.  Lon  3 
W.,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Taurida,  government  of  Russia,  bounded  8. 
the  Black  sea,  W.  by  Cherson,  N.  by  Ekaterin 
laf,  and  E.  by  Caucasus.  It  takes  its  name  fr 
and  includes  the  Crimea,  the  ancient  Taur 
Chersonesus. — See  Crimea. 

Tauris,  city  of  Persia,  capital  of  Aderbeitz: 
and  formerly  the  capital  of  Persia.  It  is  abou 
ms.  in  circumference,  and  carries  on  a  prodigii 
trade  in  cotton,  cloth,  silks,  gold  and  silver  b 
cades,  fine  turbans,  and  shagreen  leather.  Th 
are  300  caravansaries  and  250  mosques.  It 
seated  in  a  delightful  plain,  surrounded  by  moi 
tains,  95  ms.  SE.  of  Naksivan,  and  320  NW. 
Ispahan.    Lon.  47  50  E.,  lat.  38  18  N. 

Taurus,  general  name  of  that  immense  Asif 
system  of  mountains,  stretching  from  tho  Dan 
nelles  to  India.  This  great  physical  feature  rj 
gradually  from  the  Archipelago,  and,  windi 
through  Asia  Minor,  rises  into  a  vast  table  iand 
Armenia.  Caucasus  branches  from  it,  and  < 
tending  N.  between  the  Euxine  and  Caspian, 
finally  merged  in  the  plains  of  the  Don  and  W 
ga.  Persia  seems,  like  Armenia,  to  be  an  ele 
ted  table  land,  having  Taurus  as  a  bas<\  T 
chain  in  many  places  rises  to  the  region  of  perp 
ual  snow,  evincing  an  elevation  from  9  to  10,0 
feet.  It  is  probable  that  the  most  elevated  moi 
tains  of  Europe  are  equalled,  if  not  excelled, 
height  by  many  of  the  peaks  of  Taurus.  In  all 
extent,  from  the  Dardanelles  to  the  Hindoo  Coot 
the  Taurus  chains  stretch  in  unequal  but  unbrok 
links  upwards  of  3,000  ms.  It  is,  however,  oi 
an  embranchment  of  the  still  more  consiileral 
system  of  central  Asia.  From  northern  Hindc 
stan,  mountain  chains  extend  in  various  directioi 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TCII 


1  of  which  gigantic  arms  is  Mount  Taurus. — 
3i  Caucasus. 

aus,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Pil- 
-.(  26  ms.  SW.  of  Pilsen,  and  50  S.  of  Saatz. 
|.  13  45  E.,  lat.  49  25  N. 

'avy,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  which, 
I  g  m  Dartmoor  forest,  waters  Tavistock,  and 
,h  enters  the  harbor  of  Hamouze,  above  Ply- 
n  ih. 

aw,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  which  rises 
u  e  centre  of  the  co.,  flows  to  Barnstable,  and 
h  turns  W.  to  join  the  Trowbridge,  at  its 
n  th  in  the  Bristol  channel. 

awy,  river  of  S.  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire, 
v  h  flows  parallel  to  the  Neath,  and  enters  the 
rJ  :ol  channel  at  Swansey  bay. 

axahaw,  post  office,  Lancaster  district,  S.  C, 
jfis.  NNE.  from  Columbia. 
ay,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  ia  Scotland,  di-j 
i  ig  it  into  S.  and  N.  It  rises  out  of  the  moun- , 
a!of  Breadalbane,  and,  after  spreading  into  a  i 
ial  of  the  same  name,  15  ms.  long,  and  about  2  | 
n  i,  runs  E.  through  Athol,  then  turning  to  the 
Si  in  a  course  of  near  40  ms.  exclusive  of  wind- 
n ;  falls  into  the  Frith  of  Tay. 

ay,  Frith  of,  Scotland,  arm  of  the  sea,  which 
li  es  Fifeshire  from  the  cos.  of  the  N.  and  S. 
Sals,  may  be  near  a  mile,  with  about  3  fathoms 
«ir,  but  within  the  Frith  it  grows  deeper,  and 
me  road  to  Dundee  is  full  6  fathoms. 

iy,  Loch,  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
h  lgh  which  flows  the  river  Tay.  It  is  15  ms. 
.oi,  and  in  many  parts  above  one  broad 

lylor's  Store,  and  post  office,  Franklin  co., 
/>  200  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 

lybr's  Store  and  post  office,  Anson  co.,  N.  j 
j. 1 80  ms.  by  post  road  SW.  from  Raleigh. 
lyhrsville,  village,  Hanover  co.,  Va.,  30  ms.  j 

rr  Richmond.  Village,  Fairfield  district,  S. 

/  18  ms.  from  Columbia.  Town  and  seat  ofj 

a;:e,  Spencer  co.,  Ky.,  situated  near  the  centre 
t  eco.    N.  lat.  38°,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  30  W. ;  ' 
mU  30  ms.  SE.  by  E.  of  Louisville,  and  30  j 
8Af  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 
,izeen  Pass. — See  Cabulcity. 
izewell,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Russel  SW.,  j 
I  ucky  and  Cabell  co.,  Va.,  N  W\,  Giles  NE.,  j 
Vbe  SE.,  and  Washington  S.  ;  length  60  ms.,  | 
if  i  width  40,  area  1,340  sq,  ms. ;  surface  gen- ! 
I  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous.  The  sources  j 
I  hinch  and  Great  Sandy  rivers  are  ia  this  co.,  | 
I  rom  its  NE.  section  flow  several  branches  of  J 
»ri.  Kanawha.  Chief  town,  JelTersonville.  Pop. 
»f  :20,  3,916;  and  in  1840,  6,290.    Ctl.  lat. 
)  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  38  W. 
izewell,  village  and  seat  of  justice  in  Clai- 
1  co.,  Tenn.,  about  midway  between  Clinch 
;>tti Swell's  rivers,  50  ms.  NE.  from  KnoxvjHe. 

"»36  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  6  28  W.  C.  H. 

»W>ost  office,  Tazewell  co..  Va.,  by  post  road 
ns.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Richmond. 
had,  lake,  a  newly  discovered  body  of  wa- 
-r'  the  interior  of  Africa.    In  the  Nat.  Intelli- 
-«'r  of  the  1st  August,  1826,  it  is  stated  that 
hr  Denham  and  his  co-travellers  have  reached 
s<i(  xamined  an  immense  lake  in  Africa,  2,000 
Nlong  and  150  broad.    The  location  of  this  ^ 
'k  s  given  at  lat.  13£°  N.,  and  Ion.  E.  from! 
r  on  16°.    "It  occupies,"  says  the  notice  in  I 


the  Intelligencer,  M  the  precise  position  of  Wan- 
gara,  as  laid  down  in  Arrowsmith's  map  ;  in  which 
swamp  the  Joliba  or  Niger  is  supposed  to  termi- 
nate. It  covers  a  surface  about  as  large  as  the 
two  American  Lakes,  Erie  and  Ontario,  both  to- 
gether. 

The  existence  of  any  such  lake,  with  even  the 
limited  extent  of  Erie  and  Ontario,  is  at  least 
doubtful,  and  with  a  length  of  2,000  ms.  utterly 
irreconcilable  with  what  we  actually  know  of  cen- 
tral Africa.  Much  of  that  continent  it  is  true  is 
defectively  known,  but  sufficient  discovery  has 
been  made  to  render  it  extremely  improbable  that 
it  contains  an  inland  sea  more  than  double  the 
length  of  the  Caspian.  The  united  length  of 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  is  about  450  ms.,  with  a 
mean  width  of  60  at  most.  The  entire  water  sur- 
face of  all  the  great  lakes  of  Canada,  taken  to- 
gether, is  about  100,000  sq.  ms.  Lake  Tchad, 
according  to  the  dimensions  given  from  Major 
Denhan),  would  cover  300,000  sq.  ms.,  and  equal 
one-half  the  area  of  the  Mediterranean.  Such  a 
6heet  of  water  would  so  far  surpass  the  combined 
superficies  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  that  it 
would  reach  from  the  mouth  to  the  utmost  sources 
of  St.  Lawrence,  and  equal  three-fifths  of  the  en- 
tire basin  of  that  great  river.  A  distance  of  2,000 
ms.  from  the  geographical  point  noticed  in  this  ar- 
ticle would  reach  either  the  Atlantic  ocean,  the 
Mediterranean,  the  Red  sea,  or  approach  the  In- 
dian ocean. — See  Wangara. 

Tchangicha,  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  S. 
part  of  Hou  quang.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Heng,  which  has  a  communication  with  an  ex- 
tensive lake  called  Tong-ting-hou,  740  ms.  S.  by 
W.  of  Peking.    Lon.  112  25  E.,  lat.  28  11  N. 

Tchang-tcheou,  city  of  China  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Fo  kien.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  with  Em- 
ony,  Pong-hou,  and  Formosa,  and  is  950  ms.  S. 
of  Peking.    Lon  117  35  E.,  lat.  24  32  N. 

Tchang  te,  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Honan.  It  is  255  ms.  SSW.  of  Peking.  Lon. 
Il  l  5  E.,  lat.  29  2  N. 

Tchany,  large  lake  of  Asia,  in  the  Russian 
province  of  Kolyvane,  and  between  the  Irtysh  and 
Oby  rivers.  N.  lat.  54°  to  55°.  This  sheet  of 
water,  covering  about  2,000  sq.  ms.,  is  the  lowest 
depression  of  the  vast  plain  of  Barrabintzi.  It  lies 
eastward  from  the  town  of  Omsk,  and  about  400 
ins.  SE.  from  Tobolsk. 

Tchao-king,  city  of  China  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Quang-tong,  seated  on  the  river  Si,  70  ms.  W.  of 
Canton. 

Tchao-tcheou,  city  of  China  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Quan-tong,  seated  on  the  Pekiang,  85  ms.  E. 
of  Canton. 

Tche-kiang,  province  of  China,  one  of  the 
most  considerable  in  extent,  riches,  and  population. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  W.  by  Kiang-nan, 
SW.  by  Kiang  si,  S.  by  Fo-kien,  and  E.  by  the 
ocean.  In  this  province  whole  plains  are  covered 
with  dwarf  mulberry  trees,  purpose!}'  checked  in 
their  growth  ;  and  prodigious  quantities  of  silk 
worms  are  bred.  The  principal  branch  of  trade 
consists  in  silk  stuff";  and  those  in  which  gold  and 
silver  are  intermixed  are  the  most  beautiful  in  Chi- 
na.   Hang-tcheou  is  the  capital. 

Tchernigof,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a 
part  of  the  Ukraine.  Its  capital,  of  the  same  name, 

S69 


TEC  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TEH 


is  seated  on  the  Desne,  345  ms.  SSW.  of  Mos- 
cow.   Lon.  66  45  E.,  Iat.  51  24  N. 

Tchesme,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Natolia,  with  a  citadel.  It  stands  almost 
opposite  Scio,  at  the  head  of  a  spacious  road, 
which  is  famous  for  the  destruction  of  two  Turkish 
fleets,  first,  by  the  Russians  in  1770,  secondly,  by 
the  Greeks  in  1822. — See  Chisme.  It  is  4  ms. 
E.  of  Smyrna.    Lon.  26  26  E.,  Iat.  38  26  N. 

Tcking-hiang,  strong  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan,  470  ms.  SSE.  of  Peking. 
Lon.  118  55  E.,  32  14  N. 

Tching-tcheou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Hou-quang,  seated  near  the  canal,  through 
which  all  barks  must  pass  in  going  from  Sou- 
tcheou  to  Kiang.  Under  it  are  five  cities  of  the 
third  class,  in  which  a  kind  of  plain  earthen  ware 
is  prepared,  highly  valued  by  the  Chinese,  who 
prefer  it  to  the  most  elegant  porcelain.  It  is 
640  ms.  SSW.  of  Peking.  Lon.  109  40  E.,  Iat. 
25  23  N. 

Tching  ling,  large  city  of  China,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  He-tcheli.  Its  district  contains  five  cities 
of  the  second  and  27  of  the  third  class ;  and  it  is 
1 10  ms.  S.  by  W  .  of  Peking.  Lon.  1 14  21  E., 
Iat.  38  9  N. 

Tching-fuu,  city  of  China,  the  capital  of  Set- 
cheuen,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  emperors, 
and  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  cities  in 
the  empire.    Lon.  103  44  E.,  Iat.  30  40  N. 

Tchi  tcheou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiang  nan.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Kiang.  Lon. 
117°  E.,  Iat.  30  45  N. 

Tchong  king,  city  of  China,  and  one  of  the 
most  commercial  in  the  province  of  Se-Schuin. 
It  is  637  ms.  SW.  of  Peking.  Lon.  106  30  E., 
Iat.  29  42  N. 

Tchooktches,  the  inhabitants  of  the  NE.  extrem- 
ity of  Asia,  opposite  Bhering's  strait. 

Tchudskoi,  NE.  coast  of  Asia,  inside  of  Bhe- 
ring's straits.  Lon.  W.  from  London  160  46, 
lat.  66  15  N. 

Tcboudls-Tchuchi,  a  Russian  term,  meaning 
natives,  or  indigenous  inhabitants. 

Tciticar,  the  most  northern  of  the  three  deps. 
of  Eastern  Chinese  Mongolia,  occupied  by  differ- 
ent Tartar  tribes. 

Tcitcicar,  city  of  Mongolia,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name,  and  the  residence  of  a 
Mandshur  general.  It  is  a  modern  city,  built  by 
the  emperor  of  China  to  secure  his  frontiers  again-t 
the  incursions  of  the  Russians.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Nonni,  600  ms.  NNE.  of  Peking.  Lon.  123 
50  E.,  lat.  47  25  N. 

Teases  Valley,  post  office,  Kemwha  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  358  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Tebesta,  or  Tinsa,  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  ConstantiriH,  with  a  castle,  and  several  re- 
mains of  antiquity.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  on  the  borders  of  Tunis,  J  20  ms.  SE. 
of  Constantia.     Lon.  8  5  E.,  lat.  34  51  N. 

Teccut,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Sus,  seated  in 
a  country  abounding  in  grain,  dates,  and  sugar 
canes,  4  ms.  E.  of  Messa. 

Teche,  river,  La. — See  Atchafalaya  and  Mis- 
sissippi basin. 

Tecklenberg,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a  fer- 
tile co.  of  the  same  name.  It  has  manufactures  of 
870 


linen  cloth,  and  is  22  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Mun 
Lon.  7  47  E.,  lat.  52  14  N. 

Tecoanlepec,  seaport  of  Mexico,  in  Oaxac  - 
See  Tehuantepec. 

Tecrit,  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  gov  . 
ment  of  Mosul,  seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  W.  3 
of  the  Tigre,  130  ms.  S.  of  Mosul. 

Teculet,  town  of  Morocco,  with  an  old 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  na 
150  miles  W.  of  Morocco.    Lon.  9  45  W., 
31  5  N. 

Tecumseh,  post  office,  Lenawee  co.,  Mich.  I 
ms.  from  Detroit. 

Teddington,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Middle: 
seated  on  the  Thames,  12  ms.  WSW.  of  Lon<  , 

Teala,  or  Tadila,  province  of  Morocco,  w  i 
extends  along  the  east  side  of  Mount  Atlad  to  ! 
borders  of  Fez  and  Algiers. 

Ted  nest,  large  town  of  Morocco,  in  Africa,  M 
ital  of  the  province  of  Hea.  It  is  almost  surroi  • 
ed  by  a  river.    Lon.  8  35  W.,  lat.  30  30  N.  I 

Tedsi,  commercial  town  of  Morocco,  in  'I 
province  of  Sus,  seated  in  a  plain,  aboundin  i 
corn,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Tarodant. 

Tees,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the  conf  i 
of  Cumberland,  divides  Durham  co.  from  Y  • 
shire,  and   falls  into  the  German  ocean  be 
Stockton. 

Tefezara,  strong  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  p  • 
J  ince  of  Tremesen,  12  ms.  from  the  city  of 
name.    There  are  a  great  many  mines  of  iro  \ 
its  territory, 

Tefflis,  city  of  Russia,  residence  of  the  Rus  i 
governor,  and  capital  of  Georgia,  one  of  the  8*  i 
Caucassian  nations  between  the  Black  sea  and  i 
Caspian.    It  is  called  by  the  inhabitants  T: 
Cabar,  (warm  town,)  from  the  warm  baths  ir 
neighborhood.     Though  its  circumference  ( » 
not  exceed  two  English  ms.,  it  contains  20,  ' 
inhabitants,  of  which  more  than  one-half 
Armenians;  the  remainder  are  principally  G  • 
gians,  with  some  Tartars.    Tefflis  is  a  p!ac  f 
considerable  trade,  especially  in  furs,  which  > 
conveyed  hence  to  Constantinople,  by  the  wa  ( 
Erzerum.    The  silks  of  this  country  are  boi  t 
up,  on  the  spot,  by  the  Armenians,  and  convc  I 
to  Smyrna  and  other  ports  of  the  Mediterrane ; 
but  the  greatest  part  is  first  sent  to  Erzerum,  ti 
manufactured.    It  is  225  ms.  NE.  from  Erzer 
Lob.  65  3  E.,  lat.  41  59  N. 

Tefza,  town  of  Morocco,  in  Africa,  70  ■ 
NE.  of  Morocco. 

Tegaza,  town  of  Zehara,  capital  of  a  terrii ' 
of  that  name,  to  the  NE.  of  Senegal.  It  is- 
markable  for  mountains  of  salt.  Lon.  6  30  1 . 
lat.  2 1  40  N. 

Tegerhy,  town  of  Fezzan,  in  Africa,  SOrrJ 
SW.  of  Mourzook. 

Teglio,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Orisons,  c  • 
ital  of  the  government  of  the  same  name,  in 
Valteline.    It  is  situated  on  the  top  of  a  mot • 
ain,  9  ms.  from  Tirano,  and  12  from  Sondria 

Tegouarix,  or  Thkgoruhin,  "  fig  trees.  I 
Hodgson. 


por 


Tehuantepec,  Teguantepec,  'or  Tawjnttr 
t  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  in  the  Mexican  stat  f 
Oaxaca,  situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of  • 
huantepec,  and  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chimah 
river.    It  is  environed  by  the  villages  of  San  ¥r> 


TEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TEM 


in,  San  Dionisio,  and  Santa  Maria  de  la  Mar. 

.  W.  C.  18°  W.,  1st.  16  5  N. 

'ehauntepec,  the  gulf  of,  is  a  semi-ellipli<  al 
innting  of  that  part  of  the  Pacific  ocean  stretch- 
n  between  Guatemala  and  the  state  of  Oaxaca. 

eign,  river  of  Eng  ,  in  Devonshire,  composed 
(rfitvo  branches,  which  rise  in  the  centre  of  the 
I  and,  uniting,  enter  the  English  channel  at 
f.nmouth. 

signmouth,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire, 
16  a  considerable  coasting  trade,  especially  to 
I  rpool.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Teign, 
'5is.  S.  of  Exeter,  and  280  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
<k    Lon.  3  29  W.,  lat.  50  32  N. 


Telfair,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Appling  S., 
Dooley  SW.,  Pulaski  NW.,  Little  Oakmulgee  river 
or  Montgomery  co.  NE.,  and  Tatnall  E.  Length 
50  ms.,  mean  width  25  j  area  1,250  sq.  ms.  The 
Oakmulgee  river  enters  the  NW.  side  of  this  co., 
and,  after  an  immense  curve  to  the  SE.,  E.,  and 
NE.,  joins  the  Oconee  at  its  NE.  angle.  Chief 
town,  Jacksonville.  Pop.  1820,  2,104;  and  in 
1840,  2,763.  Cent.  lat.  32°  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6° 
West. 

Tell,  extreme  western  tp.,  Huntingdon  county, 
Pa.,  23  miles  SE,  from  Huntingdon.  Pop  in 
1820,  686. 


Tellicherry,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast 
eisendorf,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  of  Malabar,  where  there  is  an  English  factory.  It 
1m,  12  ms.  WNW.  of  Saltzburg.  !  is  30  ms.  NNW.  of  Calicut.    Lon.  75  50  E., 

tisse,  river  of  Hungary,  which  rises  in  the  Car-  lat.  11  48  N. 
jiian  mountains,  passes  by  Tockay  and  Segedin,      Tellico,  small  river,  Monroe  co.,  Tenn.,  which, 
r  falls  into  the  Danube  near  Titul.   The  Teisse  after  a  comparative  course  of  25  ms.,  falls  into 

«  e  largest  branch  of  the  Danube.    Its  extreme  |  Tennessee  river  10  ms.  NE    from  Athens.  

K>.:e  is  in  the  Carpathian  mountains,  between  j  Village,  formerly  Tellico  Block  House,   at  the 
|  gary  and  Bucovina,  in  Poland.    From  these!  mouth  of  Tellico  river;  by  post  road  162  ms.  a 
,  it  flows  to  the  NW.  by  W.  250  ms.,  by  little  S.  of  E.  from  Murfreesborough. 


jreat  branches,  the  Teisse  proper  and  Zaposch. 
w  their  junction,  the  united  waters  turn  to  the 
.  by  W.  100  ms.,  receiving  the  Bodrog  from 
NE.  and  the  Bodra  from  the  NW.  The 


Tellico  Plains,  post  office,  Monroe  co.,  Tenn., 
on  Tellico  river ;  by  post  road  160  ms.  a  little  S. 
of  E.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Teltsh,  town  of  Germany,  in  Moravia,  seated 
>f  all  these  confluents,  at  N.  lat.  48°,  is  re-jon  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia,  at  the  source  of  the 
*{  able  for  the  commencement  of  the  extensive  river  Teya,  36  ms.  WNW.  of  Znaim.  Lon.  16° 
ftllial  plains  of  Hungary  and  the  great  bend  of  E.t  lat.  49°  N. 

biFeisse  to  the  S.  Directly  opposite  also  to  the  j  Temendefust,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Algiers, 
i*  of  the  Teisse  southwardly,  the  Danube,  be- [seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  10  miles  E.  of  Al- 
loGran,  assumes  a  similar  course,  the  2  streams  j  giers. 

4>ng  nearly  200  ms.  in  a  parallel  direction,  each      Temes,  river  of  Hungary,  in  the  bannat  of  Te- 


ing  into  innumerable  channels  and  islands 
Teisse,  below  its  southern  bend  at  Polgar,  re- 
s  numerous  large  branches  from  Transylva- 
and  in  particular  the  Marosch,  a  river  of  250 
ength  of  course.  The  entire  valley  of  the 
e  embraces  an  area  of  62,500  sq.  ms.  The 
:e  is  navigable  to  Szegedin,  where  it  receives 
larosch,  above  which  it  is  too  much  dispersed 
small  channels.  It  is  united  to  the  Danube 
ida  by  a  canal  of  about  50  ms. — See  Temes 

kin. — See  Bender. 

lemona,  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  with  a 
harbor  and  a  strong  fort.    It  is  seated  at  the 


meswar,  which  it  drains,  and  falls  into  the  Dan- 
ube with  the  Teisse. — See  Temeswar. 

Temeswar,  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory called  the  bannat  of  Temeswar.  It  is  seated 
in  a  morass,  60  ms.  NE.  of  Belgrade,  and  150 
SE.  of  Buda.  Lon.  22  20  E.,  lat.  45  57  North. 
The  bannat  of  Temeswar  is  in  general  a  low  al- 
luvial country,  but  the  Temes  river  is  too  much 
broken  by  channels  to  be  naturally  navigable. 
This  stream  in  1750  was,  however,  made  passable 
with  boats,  by  the  Bega  canals,  from  the  Theiss  to 
Temeswar,  and  up  the  Temes  river. 

Temissa,  large  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan. 
Here  the  caravan  of  pilgrims  from  Bornou  and  Ni- 
ne h  of  the  Ossa,  at  the  extremity  of  a  point  ofjgritia,  which  takes  its  departure  from  Mourzook, 


CJgy  rock,  10  ms.  from  Orbitello.    Lon.  11 
I  .,  lat.  42  28  N. 
lesa  — See  Cervito. 

lies,  seaport  of  Fez,  in  Africa,  120  ms.  ESE. 
I  .ngier. 

legein,  or  Telga,  trading  town  of  Sweden,  in 
^urmania,  seated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Lake 
W»ar,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  24 
i--  at.  59  18  N. 

legraph,  from  two  Greek  words — tele,  at  a 
-•ice,  and  grapho,  to  write  or  describe;  but, 
re  cally,  the  telegraph  is  an  instrument  to  read 
'l  listance. 

lescope,  from  two  Greek  words — tele,  at  a 
1,8  ice,  and  skopeo,  to  see  ;  or  the  name  literally 
s  to  see  at  a  distance  beyond  that  of  ordinary 
0i  ed  vision.  Great  disputes  have  arisen  on  the 
jr»Mal  invention  of  the  telescope  ;  but  much  con- 
ro'  sy  would  have  been  spared  by  reference  to 
ae  adual^  progress  of  all  discovery  and  invention. 


and  travels  by  way  of  Cairo  to  Mecca,  usually  pro- 
vides the  stores  of  corn  and  dates,  and  dried  meat, 
requisite  for  its  dreary  passage.  It  is  120  miles 
ENE.  of  Mourzook. 

Temple,  tp.,  Kennebec  co..  Me.,  40  ms.  NW. 

from  Augusta.    Pop.  in  1820,  615  Town, 

Hillsborough  co.,  N.  H.,  30  ms.  S.  from  Concord. 
Pop.  in  1810,  941  ;  in  1820,  752. 

Templeton,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  lying 
between  Athol  and  Petersham,  28  ms.  NW.  of 
Worcester,  and  63  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,205;  in  1820,  1,331. 

Templin,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
and  the  Ucker  Marche  of  Brandenburg,  which  has 
a  great  trade  in  timber.  It  is  15  ms.  SW.  of 
Prenzlo,  and  34  N.  of  Berlin.  Lon.  13  25  E., 
lat.  53  5  N. 

Temrock,  seaport  of  Cuban,  seated  on  the  sea  of 
Asoph,  20  ms.  E.  of  the  straits  of  Caffa.  Lon.  37 
20  E.,  lat.  45  27  N. 

S71 


TEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TEN 


Tenaserim,  town  of  Siam,  capital  of  a  province. 
It  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Lon.  98  8  W.,  lat. 
12  12  N. 

Tenbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire,  on 
the  Teme,  15  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Worcester,  and 
130  WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  13  W.,  lat.  52 
16  N. 

Tenby,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Pembrokeshire.  Its 
trade  is  inconsiderable.    It  is  10  ms.  E.  of  Pern 
broke,  and  233  W.  of  London.  Lon.  5  5  W.,  lat. 
51  42  N. 

Tench's  island,  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  2 
rns.  in  circumference,  discovered  by  Lieut.  Ball,  in 
1760.    Lon.  151  31  E.,lat.  1  39  S. 

Tend. — See  Tame,  river  of  Eng. 

Tenda,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.    It  is  seated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  on  the  river  Boga,  52  ms.  S.  ofTu 
rin.    Lon.  7  45  E.,  lat.  44  10  N. 

Tenedos,  celebrated  island  in  the  Archipelago, 
on  the  coast  af  Natolia,  and  10  ms.  SW.  of  the 
Straits  of  Gallipoli.  This  island  still  retains  its  an- 
cient name,  and  is  one  of  the  smallest  islands  of 
the  Archipelago,  situated  near  the  coast  of  Lesser 
Asia,  near  the  ruins  of  Troy.  It  is  chiefly  rocky, 
but  fertile,  being  remarkable  for  producing  the  best 
Muscadine  in  the  Levant ;  and  its  position,  thus 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Hellespont,  has  given  it  im 
portance  in  all  ages — vessels  bound  towards  Con- 
stantinople finding  shelter  in  its  port,  or  safe  an 
chorage  in  the  road  during  the  Etesian  or  contrary 
winds,  or  in  foul  weather.  It  is  11  ms.  long  and 
7  broad,  inhabited  almost  wholly  by  Greeks.  Ac 
cording  to  Hobhouse,  the  size  of  Tenedos  has  been 
underrated.  His  words  are:  "The  size  of  Tene- 
dos has  been  differently  stated  by  different  writers. 
Sandys,  following  Strabo,  makes  it  only  10  ms.  in 
circumference  ;  but,  according  to  Tournefort,  it  is 
at  least  18;/  should  think  it  more  extensive.  Its 
breadth  is  about  6  ms.  It  appeared  to  us  from  tbe 
sea  to  be  rocky  and  barren,  but  when  we  walked  to 
the  top  of  a  considerable  eminence  above  the  town, 
we  saw  that  it  presented  a  pleasing  variety  of  hill 
and  dale,  well  cultivated,  although  scarcely  shel- 
tered by  a  single  tree.  The  highest  hill,  called  the 
Peak  of  Tenedos,  is  seen  at  some  distance,  from 
all  the  positions,  both  at  land  and  sea,  to  the  N." 
The  ruins  of  the  city  of  Alexandria  Troas  stand  on 
the  main  land,  nearly  opposite  the  S.  end  of  Ten- 
edos.— See  Eskistamboul.  Tenedos  is  50  miles 
N W.  from  the  town  of  Mytelene,  25  N.  from  Cape 
Sigri,  about  5  from  the  opposite  Asiatic  coast,  and 
12£  SW.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Hellespont.  On 
the  E.  side  is  a  large  town,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  with  a  fine  harbor,  commanded  by  a 
castle.  On  the  5th  of  June,  1794,  after  some  se- 
vere shocks  of  an  earthquake,  a  small  volcanic  is- 
land was  discovered  to  have  emerged  from  the  sea, 
between  this  town  and  the  Asiatic  shore. 

Tenin,  or  Knin,  episcopal  town  of  Venice,  in 
Dalmatia,  on  the  borders  of  Bosnia.  It  is  48  ms. 
S.  ofBihacz.    Lon.  16  30  E.,  lat.  44  5  N. 

Teneriffe,  oue  of  the  Canary  Islands,  the  most 
considerable  of  them  for  riches,  trade,  and  popula- 
tion. It  lies  W.  of  the  Grand  Canary,  is  70  ms. 
long  and  22  broad,  and  abounds  in  wine,  different 
sorts  of  fruits,  cattle,  and  game.  One  part  of  this 
island  is  surrounded  by  inaccessible  mountains, 
872 


and  one  in  particular,  the  Peak  of  Tenerifft 
12,236  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  the 
tance  of  the  Peak  from  the  port  of  Oratava  is  al 
1 1  ms.  The  principal  dependence  of  the  inho 
ants  is  on  their  wine,  (their  staple  commodi 
oil,  corn,  and  every  kind  of  stock  for  shippi 
With  these  the  island  abounds;  and,  in  their  i 
son,  produces  not  only  the  tropical  plants,  but 
vegetable  productions  of  the  European  garden; 
the  greatest  plenty.  Teneriffe  enjoys  an  agree 
and  healthful  mediocrity  of  climate.  St.  Cl , 
tophe  de  Laguna  is  the  capital,  but  the  govei  • 
resides  at  Santa  Cruz. 

Teneriffe,  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the  govi . 
ment  of  St.  Martha,  seated  on  the  Rio-de-la-Mi 
lena,  100  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Martha.  Lon. 
15  W.,  lat.  9  47  N. 

Tenez,  town  of  Algiers,  in  Africa,  in  the  p 
ince  of  Tremesen,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  %\ 
name,  with  a  strong  fort.  It  is  seated  on  the  i 
of  a  mountain,  4  ms.  from  the  sea.  Lon.  1  0 
lat.  39  30  N. 

Te-ngan,  rich,  populous,  and  commercial  cit  ' 
China,  in  the  province  of  Houquang,  with  6  ci 
dependent  on  it.    It  is  200  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  N 
king.    Lon.  112  21  E.,  lat.  31  0  N. 

Teng-fog-hein,  city  of  China,  under  the  ji 
diction  of  Ho-nan,  in  the  province  of  Ho-nan.  , 
is  famous  on  account  of  the  tower,  erected  for 
observatory  by  the  celebrated  astronomer  Tchf 
koug,  who,  according  to  the  Chinese,  invented  > 
mariner's  compass. 

Tennessee  river. — See  next  article. 

Tennessee,  State  of  the  U.  S.,  is  bounded  on 
S.  by  N.  lat.  35°,  and  along  that  latitude  has 
SE  ,  Ala.  in  the  centre,  and  Miss.  SW.  Teni 
see  ought  to  have  been  bounded  on  the  N.  sidi 
N.  lat.  36|°  ;  but  from  Cumberland  gap,  or  sot 
western  angle  of  Va  ,  the  separating  line  encrof  • 
es  on  Ky. ;  and  when  reaching  Tennessee  rivei . 
a  distance  of  about  250  ms.,  the  deviation  amoi  i 
to  upwards  of  10  ms.  From  Tennessee  to  the  .V 
sissippi  the  error  was  corrected,  and  the  line  • 
tended  along  N.  lat.  36£°. 

The  area  of  Tennessee  has  been  generally  0'  • 
ated.  The  mean  breadth  is  very  near  1 10  t 
and  mean  lengtti  fully  estimated  at  400  ms.,  wl  j 
gives  an  aggregate  of  44,000  sq.  ms.  The  1c  • 
est  line  that  can  be  drawn  over  this  Stato  wc  i 
extend  from  the  northeastern  to  the  southwes  | 
angle,  500  ms. 

M  • 

Tennessee  is  an  interior  State,  having  a 
boundary  on  Ky.,  commencing  at  the 
SW.  angle  of  that  State,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  running 
thence  E.  along  the  S.  boundary  of  Ky. 

Thence  up  the  middle  of  Tennessee  river  - 

Thence  by  a  line  a  little  S.  of  due  E.,  along 
the  S.  boundary  of  Ky.,  to  the  extreme 
SW.  angle  of  Va. 

Thence  continuing  the  last-noted  line,  along 
the  S.  boundary  of  Va.,  to  the  extreme 
NE.  angle  of  the  State 

Thence  SW.,  along  the  NW.  boundary  of 
N.  C,  to  the  N.  boundary  of  Ga.         -  1 

Thence  due  W.  along  N.  lat.  35°,  the  N. 
boundary  of  Ga  ,  to  the  NE.  angle  of 
Ala.  - 


TEN 


Ang  N.  boundary  of  Ala.  to  the  Tennes- 
ee  river,  and  the  NE.  angle  of  Miss.    -  140 

1;nce  to  theNW.  angle  of  Miss  ,  and  the 
»W.  angle  of  Ten.,  on  Mississippi  river  116 

1  mce  up  the  Mississippi  river  to  place  of 
eginning        -  150 


1,111 


'he  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  in  Ten.  is 
m  its  SW.  to  NE.  angles,  465  ms.,  and  is  the 
kjest  line  that  can  be  extended  in  any  State  of 
ti  U.  S.    The  mean  width  about  100  ms. 

Ixtreme  S.,  N.  lat.  35°.  Extreme  N.,  N.  lat. 
810. 

Ynnessee  is  naturally  divided  into  two  distinct 
p  ions  by  Cumberland  mountains.  These  sec- 
ti  s  have  given  the  designating  terms  of  East  and 
V  st  Tennessee.  In  relation  to  the  rivers,  higher 
ar  lower  Tennesse  ewould  be  equally  appropriate. 
Ts  Slate  has  features  which,  in  a  remarkable 
nrmer,  distinguish  it  from  any  other  section  of 
ttU.  S.  Its  difference  of  lat.  is  bul  little,  being 
tr  1°  and  40',  and  yet  few  States  in  our  Union 
•lent,  on  an  equal  surface,  more  marked  change 
ollimate  and  vegetable  production  than  does  Ten- 
mee.  JNor  do  any  two  contiguous  sections  of 
fill  extent  and  similar  lat.  in  the  U.  S.  differ 
me  in  general  physiognomy  than  do  East  and 
Vst,  or  lower  and  higher  Tennessee.  The  lat- 
tejs  a  comparative  alpine  region,  the  former  de- 
pises  to  within  a  little  more  than  300  feet  above 
thlevel  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Thus,  in  addi- 
tii  to  the  mere  declivity  necessary  for  the  descent 
if  le  streams,  Tennessee  has  a  slope  from  the  sum- 
■of  the  Alleghany  mountains  to  the  surface  of 
-■Mississippi  river.  The  length  of  the  State  be- 
Wiear  500  ms.  from  E.  to  W.,  embraces  all  the 
•jous  soils  and  geological  formations,  from  transi- 
••jto  recent  alluvion.  The  extreme  NE.  angle 
tJ)st  touches  the  primitive  mass  which  prevails, 
ar  forms  the  substrata  of  the  western  part  of  N. 
I  )lina. 

have  before  remarked  the  singular  coincidence 
te'een  the  courses  of  Kentucky,  Greene,  Cum- 
><uid,  and  Tennessee  rivers.  It  would  appear 
tli  a  plain,  having  an  inclination  to  the  SW., 
•stmenced  in  the  SW.  part  of  Va.,  and  in  the 
I  part  of  Ky.  and  NE.  part  of  Ten.  Down  this 
I  9  the  rivers  have  their  courses.  Let  a  curved 
i»i  be  drawn  from  the  great  bend  of"  Kentucky 
I  between  Jessamine  and  Garrard  cos.,  to  the 
■j  in  Salt  river  between  Washington  and  Har- 
'!  ros.,  thence  to  the  junction  of  Greene  and  Big 
13  en  rivers,  in  Butler  co.,  thence  to  the  great 
B  in  Cumberland  river  near  Nashville,  and 
I  ce  in  a  direct  line  to  the  Muscle  shoals,  in 
l1 .  This  curve  would  describe  a  very  remarka- 
)1  nflection  of  the  plain  we  have  noticed.  Thus 
terom  their  sources  the  rivers  we  have  noticed 
I  ue  nearly  a  parallel  course  SW.,  inflecting  to 
■  W.  in  ascending  the  curve  from  Tennessee  to 
K  tucky  rivers.    Between  the  designated  curve 

the  Ohio  river,  the  plain  inclines  towards  the 
tajT,  and  the  courses  of  the  rivers  conform  to  the 
crige  of  surface,  all  turning  to  a  little  W.  of  N., 
I  inues  that  direction  to  Ohio  river. 

jrom  the  peculiar  inflections  of  the  surface  of 
to! part  the  Ohio  valley,  Tennessee  has  taken  its 

no* 


singular  natural  structure.  The  range  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  we  have  seen,  pursues, 
from  the  Hudson  river  to  the  SW.  part  of  Va., 
very  nearly  a  SW.  and  NE.  direction.  At  the 
latter  point  the  lateral  ridges  of  the  chain  com- 
mence a  gradual  curve  more  to  the  W.  The  two 
ridges  which  contribute  most,  however,  to  charac- 
terize Tenn.  are  the  Alleghany,  properly  so  called, 
and  Cumberland  mountain.  The  former  bounds 
the  State,  and  in  a  great  degree  the  sources  of 
Tennessee  river;  the  latter  enters  Tenn.  between 
Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers,  and  by  a  very 
distinctive  ridge  crosses  the  whole  State  obliquely, 
and  is  the  mountain  which  divides  East  from  West 
Tenn.  After  leaving  the  latter  State,  Cumber- 
land mountain  pas-es  into  Ala  ,  extends  SW.,  and 
crosses  Tennessee  river  near  Fort  Deposite,  and 
is  imperceptibly  merged  into  the  hills  of  Ala. 
The  Alleghany  ridge,  also,  after  entering  Ga.,  con- 
tinues over  the  N  W.  angle  of  that  State  into  Ala., 
and  gradually  subsides  into  hills  to  the  peninsula 
between  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rivers.  Be- 
tween those  two  ridges,  in  the  SW.  angle  of  Va., 
at  N.  lat.  37°,  Tennessee  river  takes  its  source. 
Under  the  various  names  of  Holston,  Clinch, 
French  Broad,  and  Tennessee,  the  different  con- 
fluents of  this  river  are  united  above,  at  Kingston, 
in  Roane  co.  Continuing  a  S  W.  course  out  of 
Tenn.  into  Ala.,  the  Tennessee  reaches  as  low  as 
N.  lat.  34  25,  the  extreme  southern  extension  of 
the  Ohio  valley.  Here  the  Tennessee  is  turned 
to  the  W.  by  opposing  high  land.  The  inclined 
plane,  however  down  which  the  Tennessee  had  thus 
far  flowed,  extends  still  further  SW.,  as  is  dem- 
onstrated by  the  courses  of  Tallapoosa,  Coosa, 
and  Black  Warrior  rivtrs.  Even  the  higher 
branches  of  the  Chatahoochee  and  Oakmulgee 
rivers  indicate  an  extension  of  the  slope  of  Tenn., 
as  far  as  their  sources.  After  its  turn  to  the  west- 
ward, Tennessee  river  inflects  a  little  to  the  N., 
and  at  the  point  of  re-entrance  into  Tenn.  abrupt- 
ly turns  a  little  E.  of  N.,  in  which  direction  it 
continues  through  the  State.  Where  it  enters 
Ky.,  this  river  again  turns  SW.  by  N.,  and  finally 
enters  Ohio  after  an  entire  comparative  course  of 
6S0  ms.  This  stream  is  by  far  the  largest  con- 
fluent of  Ohio. 

Cumberland  river  rises  NW.  of  Cumberland 
mountain,  N.  lat.  37°,  and  flows  nearly  W. 
through  Ky.,  a  little  N.  of  Tenn.  line,  200  ms., 
enters  Tenn.  in  Jackson  co.,  and  continuing'nearly 
parallel  to  Tenn.  river,  as  far  as  the  town  of  Nash- 
ville, there  again,  corresponding  with  its  counter 
stream,  assumes  aNVV.  course,  and,  flowing  nearly 
parallel  to  Tenn.,  enters  the  Ohio  river  11ms.  above 
the  latter,  after  an  entire  comparative  course  of 
440  ms.  These  two  rivers,  and  particularly  the  lat- 
ter, are  amongst  the  most  remarkable  objects  in  the 
hydrography  and  topography,  of  the  U.  S.  Ris- 
ing on  the  primitive,  the  French  Broad  branch 
of  Tennessee,  crosses  the  tian.sition  to  the  second- 
ary or  flat  formation.  When  entering  on  the  lat- 
ter, we  have  already  seen  the  entire  stream  turned 
SW.  between  the  lateral  ridges  of  the  Appala- 
chian system,  and  carried  in  that  direction  up- 
waidsof  300  ms.  Following  all  the  laws  of  ana- 
logy, this  river  ought  to  have  continued  down  the 
slope  on  which  it  originated,  and  have  entered  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  channel  of  Mobile.  On  the 


TEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TEN 


contrary,  the  river  turns,  and  actually  passes  a 
ridge  of  the  same  system  of  mountains  which 
would  have  seemed  to  determine  its  course. 

Tenn.  is  divided  into  three  portions,  whose  soil, 
productions,  and  climate,  have  marked  distinction. 
East  Tenn.,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  though 
taken  either  geographically  or  relatively,  is  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  State ;  this  section  is  com- 
posed of  a  part  of  the  valley  of  Tennessee  river, 
and  lies  in  a  direction  SW.  and  NE.  containing 
about  one-third  of  the  State.  The  higher  valley 
of  Tenn.  is  in  form  of  an  oval  or  ellipsis, 
whose  longest  diameter,  from  the  NW.  angle  of 
Ga.  to  the  SW.  of  Va.,  is  about  200  ms.,  its 
greatest  breadth  from  the  sources  of  Tennessee 
and  French  Broad  to  those  of  Cumberland  river 
150,  or  embracing  an  area  of  more  than  10,000 
sq.  ms.,  the  much  greater  part  in  Tennessee.  This 
fine  vale  has  a  secondary  calcareous  base,  is  well 
watered  and  wooded.  The  soil  along  the  streams 
is  excellent,  though  in  the  intervals  poor,  and 
covered  with  pine  and  other  timber  indicative  of 
sterility.  This  region  is,  however,  pre-eminently 
distinguished  by  the  softness  of  the  climate  and 
salubrity  of  the  air.  it  is  no  doubt,  as  far  as 
health  is  concerned,  the  most  desirable  section  of 
the  U.  S.  The  face  of  the  country  is  variegated 
by  hill  and  dale,  and  except  on  its  extremities 
not  mountainou?.  The  real  elevation  above  the 
ocean  has  never  been  well  ascertained.  Adopting 
a  similar  rule,  pursued  with  the  Ohio  and  other 
streams,  and  giving  due  allowance  for  the  much 
greater  comparative  fall  in  Tenn.,  would  give  for 
the  sources  of  the  latter  at  least  1,500  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  From  its  eleva- 
tion, and  also  from  the  mass  of  the  Appalachian 
mountains  interposing  between  its  surface  and  the 


proacliing  the  Mississippi,  the  varied  scenery 
common  along  the  Ohio  is  no  more  seen.  T 
country,  though  broken  into  small  hills,  is  comp 
ratively  level.  The  soil  of  West  Tennessee 
superior  to  that  of  East  Tennessee,  having  mc 
river  alluvion  in  the  former.  The  substrata  s 
calcareous,  and  composed  of  secondary  limestor. 
The  rivers,  though  not  flowing  in  such  profou, 
chasms  as  do  those  of  Ky.,  have,  neverthelef 
deep  channels  and  precipitous  banks.  It  is  tl 
calcareous  base  which  imparts  such  exubera 
fertility  to  all  soils  where  stone  prevails.  It  is  tl 
fossil  which  enables  us  to  solve  a  problem,  othi 
wise  of  difficult  solution ;  that  is,  the  very  grt 
extremes  of  fertility  often  perceived  in  contigun 
districts.  In  West  Tennessee,  as  elsewhere,  t 
beneficent  quality  of  the  calcareous  admixture 
its  soil,  produces  the  best  effects  on  its  agricultui 
Cotton,  the  most  valuable  staple  of  the  State, 
here  cultivated  in  great  quantity. 

A  remark  made  in  our  view  of  Kentucky,  a 
plies  with  equal  force  to  West  Tennessee  ;  that  i 
the  fact  that  the  best  land  is  distant  from  tl 
water  courgps.  Bottom  land,  of  similar  sped; 
quality  with  that  on  Ohio,  and  some  of  its  co 
fluents  on  the  higher  parts  of  the  basin,  is  ve 
rare  on  either  the  waters  of  Tennessee  or  Cut 
berland.  The  sharp  abrupt  ridges  of  the  easte 
and  southeastern  part  of  Ky.,  are  succeeded 
Lower  Tennessee,  by  bills  of  a  more  conical  fori 
and  more  gentle  inclination. 

Though  less  diversified  in  its  exterior,  thi 
either  Kentucky  or  East  Tennessee,  W.  Tennt 
see  is  far  from  exhibiting  a  monotonous  aspec 
and  very  far  from  enjoying  a  uniform  temperatur 
A  very  marked  difference  of  seasons  is  percept 
ble  between  the  valleys  of  Tennessee  and  Cur 


warm  air  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  the  climate  of  I  berland  rivers,  even  where  but  little  change  of  Is 


Upper  Tenn.  is  too  severe  to  admit  the  profitable 
culture  of  the  cotton  plant.  The  cereal  gramina, 
particularly  maize,  is  produced  in  abundance,  as  is 
fruit  of  various  kinds.  Upon  the  whole  it  is  the 
country  of  the  U.  S.  where  a  due  mean  is  best 
preserved  between  heat  and  cold,  and  between  an 
Alpine  height  and  an  alluvial  depression. 

The  Tennessee  river,  on  issuing  from  the  higher 
basin  we  have  surveyed,  passes  through  some 
of  the  lateral  spurs  of  the  Appalachian  mountains, 


exists.  The  winters  near  Nashville  are  so  mu< 
more  rigorous  than  those  upon  the  waters  of'Du. 
and  Buffaloe  rivers  as  to  excite  much  surprise 
minds  unaccustomed  to  connect  prominent  effec 
with  their  more  latent  causes.  Those  causes, 
the  present  instance,  are,  however,  sufficiently  o 
vious.  The  ridge  of  hills  which  separates  tl 
two  valleys,  and  shelters  that  of  Tennessee  fror 
and  leaves  that  of  Cumberland  exposed  to ! 
winds.  As  far  as  vegetable  criteria  can  be  a 
duced,  the  fact  is  established  ;  the  cotton  pla 


its  valley  is  here  contracted  to  30  to  40  ms.  wide. 

The  scenery  is  wild  and  picturesque,  the  banks  I  succeeds  much  better  on  the  waters  of  Low 
rocky  and  precipitous,  and  the  stream  confined  and  j  Tennessee  iiver,  than  on  those  of  Cumberlan 
extremely  rapid.     It  is  through  this  mountain  j  where  soil  and  other  circumstances  are  equal. 


breach  that  the  stream  issues  from  Tenn.  into 
Ala.,  and  commences  its  second  basin  or  dilatation 
of  its  valley.    This  second  basin  is  more  extensive 


As  in  every  instance  which  has  reached  n 
knowledge  in  the  United  States,  the  advamages 
productive  soil  and  lengthened  summer,  is  pu 


than  the  first,  or  higher,  though  not  more  than ,  chased  in  Tennessee  by  a  sacrifice  to  health, 
one-half  the  former  is  in  Tenn.  Opposite  to  the 
second  basin  of  the  Tenn.,  lies  the  elliptical 
valley  of  Cumberland.  These  regions,  together 
with  the  space  between  the  Tennessee  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers,  forms  W.,  or  Lower  Tenn.,  em- 
bracing about  two-thirds  of  the  whole  area  of  the 
State. 

The  less  comparative  elevation  and  exposure 
to  mountain  ^influence  superinduces,  in  West 
Tenn.  a  more  temperate  climate  than  in  the  East- 
ern section.  The  common  features,  such  as  hills, 
valleys,  or  mountains,  of  the  former,  are  less  bold 
and  prominent  than  in  those  of  the  letter.  Ap- 
874 


Tl 

immense  slope  of  this  State  comprises,  as  i  befo 
observed,  all  the  varieties  of  formation,  from  tl 
most  ancient  transition  to  the  most  recent  alluvioi 
it  also  presents  every  change  of  position,  from  tl 
most  salubrious  to  those  equally  exposed  to  the  d 
leterious,  combined  effects  of  heat  and  moistur. 
to  any  comprised  in  the  United  States.  Ii  may  I 
also  noted  amongst  the  most  remarkable  features! 
Tennessee,  that  its  greatest  comparative  length 
E.  and  W.,  and  that  it  occupies  the  longest  valle 
in  that  direction  which  exists  E.  of  the  Mississipp 
in  the  United  States. 


I  ms 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TEN 


The  civil  and  political  subdivisions  of  Tennes-  I  excepted,  either  entirely  uninhabited,  or  but  very 
;e  were  the  following,  with  the  result  of  the  cen-  j  thinly  settled. 
]s  in  1820  annexed. 


Counties. 

Pop. 

Sq.  nis. 

Ioeq.  mile. 

rvlerson 

4,668 

750 

6 

=dford 

16.01-2 

875 

18 

ledsoe 

4,005 

455 

9 

lount 

11,  258 

570 

20 

impliell 

4,244 

420 

13 

irroll 

- 

1,870 

trier 

4,635 
5,508 

560 

S 

aiborne 

-400 

14 

>cke 

4,892 

370 

13 

ividson 

20,154 

620 

3-2 

ckson 

5,190 

1,020 

5 

.•er. 

;-aoklin 

16,571 

700 

23 

(Mon- 

ies 

12,558 

600 

21 

•angpr 

7,651 

350 

14 

•eenc 

11,324 

700 

16 

uniltoii 

821 

470 

2  nearly. 

irdeman. 

inlin 

1,462 

660 

o 

iwkins 

10,949 

680 

15 

iywood. 

jnderson 

•*  M  f?.i.  j 

1,440 

Jnry 

- 

1,630 

ickinan 

6,080 

730 

8 

jmphries  . 

4.067 

750 

5 

ckson 

7,593 

500 

15 

ffersun 

8,953 

360 

22 

10X 

13,034 

.  450 

30 

iwrence 

3,271 

600 

5 

ncoln 

14,761 

580 

25 

cMinn 

1,623 

520 

3 

cNairy. 

pdison 

- 

1,900 

lariou 

3,888 

580 

6 

aury 

22,141 

870 

25 

ontgomcxy  . 

12,219 

700 

17 

onroe 

2,529 

1,050 

organ 

1,676 

750 

2 

)ien. 

;erton 

7,1-28 

660 

11 

:rry 

2,384 

1,050 

2 

lea 

4,215 

600 

7 

»ne 

7.895 

600 

11 

)bertson 

9,938 

600 

m 

itherlord 

19,552 

610 

32 

■vier 

4,772 

660 

7 

lelby 

354 

500 

7-10 

nilh 

17,580 

540 

32 

8  3^7 

620 

13 

illivan 

7'015 

600 

11 

miner 

19,211 

430 

42 

ipton. 

ashington  . 

9,557 
2,459 

540 

m 

ayne  ~ 

480 

5 

arren 

10,348 

800 

13 

eakly. 

hite 

8,701 

750 

11 

illiamson 

20,640 

660 

31 

ilBon 

18  730 

330 

56 

422,813 

36,540 

U| 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -  -  -  111,763 

Free  white  females    -  -  -  104,112 


Total  whites      -          -          -  215,875 

!  All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed         -          -          -  1,317 

i  Slaves          ....  44,535 

Total  population  in  1810           -  261,725 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males      -          -          -  173,400 

Free  white  females  -  -  -  166,327 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed        -  52 

Total  whites  -          -          -  339,779 

Free  persons  of  color,  males  -          -  1,501 

Free  persons  of  color,  females           -  1,226 

Slaves,  males           -          -          -  39,747 

Slaves,  females         -          -          -  40,360 

Total  population  in  1820       -  422,613 

Of  these : 

I  Foreigners  not  naturalized     -          -  312 

I  Engaged  in  agriculture         -           -  101,919 

Do       manufactures     -          -  7,860 

Do       commerce          -          -  882 

Pop.  to  the  sq.  mile,  15. 

Progressive  pop  u  hit  ion . 

In  1790          -  35,691 

1800          -  105,602 

1810          -  261,725 

1820  -  422,613 
1830  - 

1840          ....  829,147 

The  five  following  tables  exhibit  the  distributive 

population  of  Tennessee  by  the  census  of  1840: 


To  the  above  aggregate  amount  of  square  miles 
eluded  in  the  inhabited  and  appropriated  parts  of 
enn.  may  be  added  1,260  sq.  ms.  yet  unpurchas- 
1  from  the  Cherokee  Indians,  and  lying  S.  from 
e  counties  of  Hamilton,  McMinn,  and  Monroe, 
id  N.  from  the  N.  boundary  of  Georgia.  This 
ill  produce  37,800  square  miles  as  the  superfices 
'  Tennessee,  which  falls  about  one-twelfth  part 
;low  the  actual  area,  but,  deducting  water  sur- 
ce,  yields  very  nearly  the  arable  land  of  the 
tate. 

Of  the  existing  population  of  Tennessee,  2,737 
e  free  blacks,  and  79,157  are  slaves;  leaving  a 
hite  population  of  340,919. 
The  large  counties  of  Henry,  Carroll,  Hender- 
n,  Madison,  and  Shelby,  lie  between  the  Ten- 
?ssee  and  Mississippi  rivers,  and  remain,  Shelby 


East  Tennessee. 


Whites.— Aires. 


i  Males. 


0  to  5  - 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  - 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 

90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards  - 


Total  whiles 


Females. 


21,301 
17,082 
14,111 

10,855 
15,917  . 
9,294  j 
5,958 
4,048  ! 
2,324  I 
1,056  ; 
354  ! 


19,715 
16,341 
13,486 
11,329 
16,849 
9,832 
6,168 
3,806 
2,180 
957 
292 
51 
13 


102,352 


101,019 
102,352 


203,371 


875 


TEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TEN 


Table — Continued. 


Table — Continued. 


Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Malts. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fem's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's 

.  

OtolO 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  53 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

395 
296 
138 
151 
107 
1 

364 
271 
181 
150 
120 
0 

3,436 
3,295 
1,414 
866 
286 
3 

3.259 
3,134 
1,583 
1,035 
398 

5 

OtolO 
10  to  21 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

478 
413 
196 
ISO 
166 
5 

420 
406 
217 
183 
146 
8 

20,271 
17,945 
8,806 
5,168 
1,664 
15 

20,03 
17,58 
9,10 
5,36 
1,73 

1,083 

1,086 
1,088 

9,300 

9,414 

9,3U0 

1,438 

1,380 
1,433- 

53,889 

53,84 
53,88 

Total 

2,174 

18,714 

Total 

2,518 

107,73 

SUMMARY. 


-  203,371  Whites 

2,174  (Free  colored 

-  18,714  'Slaves 


224,259 


Total 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  14  to  25  .... 
Do.  above  23 

Total  do.  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind  - 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  .... 

Do.  pri  \  ate  charge 

Do.  total  .... 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 

Do.  blind  .... 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge 
Private  charge 

Total  number  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining  .... 
Agriculture  .... 
Commerce  .... 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 

Do.  students  in  -  ■ 

Primary  and  common  schools 

Do.  scholars  in  ... 

Scholars  at  public  charge 

Total  number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of 
who  cannot  read  and  write 


I  While  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
26  |  Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
09 'Do.  from  14  ro  25 
03  Do.  above  25  - 

7§  j  Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 

?!  Do.  blind 


222 


White  persons  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge 
Private  charge 

[Deaf,  blind,  and  insane  colored  persons— 
(Deaf  and  dumb 
'Blind  . 
Insane,  &c,  at  private  charge 
Do.  public  do. 

Number  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining  - 


age. 


41 

50,781 
583 
4,679 
6 
485 
372 

260 
24 
862 
262 
5,884 
2,719 


5,628 


i  Agriculture  .... 
|  Commerce  .... 
Manufactures  and  trades 
I  Navigation  on  the  ocean 
[Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
!  Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
j  Universities  or  colleges 
Students  in  do 

|  Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Students  in  do. 
Primary  and  common  schools 
|  Scholars  in  do.  ... 
Scholars  at  public  charge 
Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write  - 


Middle  Tennessee. 


West  Tennessee. 


& 

1293 


23-J 

80' 
3,156 
44S 
12,716' 
3,577. 

23,451 


Whites.— Ages. 


0  to  5 

f5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  - 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 

90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


Males. 


31,272 
24,939 
50,703 
16,206 
24,234 
14,558 
9,153 
6,086 
3,613 
1,508 
390 
53 


152.750 


Females. 


Whites.— Ages. 


29,121  9  10  °tn 
23)427  otolO 
19,796  0  to  lo 
17  ^fiO  lo  to  20 
#645  1 20  to  30 
14^319  30  to  40 

9,133  40  to  50 

5  621  MJ  10  60 

3265  160  to  70 

'362  h°  to  90 
63  90  to  100 
13  100<and  upwards 


148,107 
152,750 


301,157 


Total 


Males. 


14,609 
11,800 
9,675 
7,157 
10,941 
7,471 
4,238 
2.621 
1,203 
475 
111 
7 
4 

70,333 


Females. 


13,848 
11,245 
9,045 
7,276 
10,413 
6,446 
3,897 
2,106 
1,020 
378 
78 
12 
1 


65,767 
70,333 


136,099 


876 


TEN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


TEN 


Table — Continued. 

Tab  lk —  Cunt  in  tied*. 

Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Agps. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fein's. 

Males. 

Fein's. 



i>iaies. 

Fern's 

Males. 

1  In  in 

)to24  - 
4to36  - 
5  to  55  - 
5  to  100 

X)and  upwards 



100 

63 
38 
48 
21 

97 
65 
47 
34 
19 

10,408 
9,643 
4,848 
2.611 
767 
11 

10,414 

9,633 
4,948 
2,622 
697 

8 

0  to  10 

10  to  24         !  ! 

24  to  36 

36  to  55 

55  to  100 

100  and  upwards 

973 
772 
372 
379 
294 
6 

881 
742 
445 
367 
285 
8 

34,115 

30,883 
15,068 
8,665 
2,717 
29 

33,705 
30,356 
15,635 
9,021 
2,832 
33 

270 

262 
270 

28,288 

2s  3-22 
28,283 

2,796 

2,728 
2.796 

91,477 

91,58-2 
91,477 

i  Total 

532 

56,610 

Total 

5,524 

|  153,059 

SUMMARY. 


-hites 

lee  colored 
aves 

Total 


136,099 
532 
56,610 


193,241 


SUMMARY. 


Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


'hite  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
;af  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
kfrom  14  to  25 
>.  above  25 
».  blind 


i.  iusane  and  idiots,  at— 
iblic  charge 
ivate  charge 


lored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
af  and  dumb 
.  blind 

.  insane  and  idiots,  at— 
blic  charge 
ivate  charge 


persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are  employed  in— 

niug  .  .  .  . 

riculture  .... 

mmerce  - 

inufactures  and  trades 

vigation  on  the  ocean- 

.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 

liversities  or  colleges- 

idemies  and  grammar  schools  • 

students  in 

mary  and  common  schools  ... 
scholars  in 

mber  of  sc  holars  at  public  charge 

mber  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 

annot  read  or  write. 


!  White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
13  j  Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
\-t  I  Do.  from  14  to  25 
Vt 


21* 
100 


1-21 


22 


Do.  above  25 


640,614 
5,524 
183,059 

829,1 17 


102 

93 


54,578 
657 
2,727 


48 
1,521 

273 
6,570 

811 


All  Tennessee. 


Whites.— Ages. 


Males. 


JO  o 

x)10  - 

■  '.ol5  - 

,o20  - 

o30  - 

;.o4o  - 

X)50  ■ 

o60  - 

<x)70  - 

'  o80  - 

'x>90  . 

'•  olOO  . 

'  and  upwards 


Total  whites 


67,182 
53,821 
44,489 
34,218 
51,112 
31,323 
19,369 
12,755 
7,140 
3,039 
855 
109 
22 


325,434 


Females. 


62.684 
51,013 
©,327 
35,965 
51.907 
30;597 
19,1SS 
11,535 
6,465 
2,617 
732 
126 
27 


Do',  total  deaf  and  dumb 

Do.  blind  ..... 

Insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 

Private  charge  .... 

Total  insane  and  idiots  - 

Colored  persons  in  the  foregoing  who  arc- 
Deaf  and  dumb  .... 
Blind  ..... 
Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Private  charge  .... 
Public  charge  -  ... 
All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in- 
Mining  ..... 
Agriculture  - 

Commerce  ..... 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 

Learned  professions  .... 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  - 
Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 

Do.  students  in 

Primary  and  common  schools 

Do.  scholars  in 

Scholars  at  public  charge 

White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot  read 
or  write  ..... 


291 

255 


103 

596 


67 
99 

121 

28 

103 

227,739 
2,217 
17,815 

55 
302 
2,042 
895 
8 
492 
152 
5,539 
983 
25.090 
5,907 

58,531 


Population  of  Tennessee  by  counties. 


Whites. 


Counties. 


315,180 
325,434 

~640,614 


EASTERN  TENN. 

Campbell 

Granger 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Washington 

Blount  ■ 

Carter 

Marion 

McMinn 

Bradley 

Sullivan 


2,931 
4,719 
5,338 
1.232 
5,269 
5,284 
2,576 
2,889 
5,751 
3,566 
4,715 


Free  col. 
persons 


2,900! 
4,80-2| 
5,3241 
1,261  2 
5.331!  117 
5,3301  81 
2,420|  14 
2,769  13 


3,405' 
4,789! 


Slaves. 

no 

03 

a. 
Is 

& 

fa 

127 

137 

468 

449 

607 

675 

78 

83 

473 

-442 

454 

491 

179 

173 

189 

201 

579 

662 

200 

201 

547 

490 

S77 

Total. 


6,119 
10,572 
12,076 

2,658 
11,751 
11,745 

5,372 

6,070 
12,719 

7,?85 
10,736 


TER 


Ta  b  lk — Continued. 


1 

Whites. 

Free 

col. 

Slaves. 

persons. 

Counties.  1 

or' 

s 

Total. 

«8 

g 

s 

£ 

s 

■ 

fa 

fa 

fa 

EASTERN  TENN. 

139 

Meigs 
Morgan 

Cocke 

2,2/1 

2.227 

5 

7 

145 

4,794 

1,327 

1,207 

18 

24 

39 

45 

2,660 

3,139 

3,060 

81 

78 

307 

327 

6,992 

Folk 

1  C  1Q 

1  601 

11 

6 

167 

137 

3,570 

Bledsoe 

2,539 

2',451 

66 

62 

278 

2b0 

5,676 

CI  hi  borne 

4,4  ll 

4,351 

43 

42 

OlO 

309 

9,474 

Rhea 

1,821 

1,759 

13 

15 

178 

199 

s',985 

Greene 

7,475 

7,444 

74 

77 

497 

509 

16  076 

Anderson 

2,621 

2,597 

0 

9 

217 

208 

5,658 

Knox 

6,709 

6,669 

80 

93 

963 

971 

15,485 

Hawkins 

6,727 

6,681 

59 

69 

726 

773 

15,035 

Monroe 

5,535 

5,590 

32 

35 

452 

412 

12,056 

Sevier 

3,005 

3,043 

16 

24 

182 

172 

6,442 

Hamilton 

3,936 

3,542 

55 

38 

295 

289 

8,175 

lloane 

4,873 

4,717 

38 

22 

644 

654 

10,948 

Total  E.  Teun. 

102352 

101019 

1088 

1086 

9,300 

9,414 

224259 

MIDDLE  TENN. 

21 

Giles 

7,354 

7,071 

18 

3,512 

3,518 

21,494 

Be-'ford 

8,155 

8.037 

27 

32 

2,118 

2,177 

20,546 

Sumner 

7.592 

7,299 

114 

124 

3,671 

3,615 

22,445 

Cannon 

3,232 

3,276 

6 

11 

291 

327 

7.193 

White 

4,799 

4,841 

91 

83 

450 

483 

10,747 

Coffee 

3,626 

3,431 

12 

10 

509 

5% 

8,184 

Lawrence 

3,248 

3.122 

8 
56 

8 

346 

389 

7,121 

Williamson 

7,911 

7,730 

58 

5,541 

5,710 

27.006 

Humphreys 

2,304 

2,144 

3 

5 

326 

113 

5,195 

Dickson 

2,680 

2,681 

13 

4 

S79 

808 

7,d74 

Marshall 

5,754 

5,714 

7 

5 

1,526 

1,549 

1 4,555 

Hickman 

3,579 

3,641 

10 

9 

641 

738 

8,618 

Lincoln 

8,626 

8,591 

28 

27 

2,036 

2,133 

21,493 

Rutherford 

7,664 

7,378 

84 

82 

4,472 

4,600 

24,280 

He  Kalb 

2,775 

2  623 

5 

213 

246 

5,868 

Jackson 

5,803 

5,728 

64 

46 

591 

635 

12,872 

Smith 

8  347 

8  2-C 

76 

88 

2  182 

2  206 

21,179 

Maury 

8^656 

8*434 

43 

46 

5^477 

5,525 

28,186 

1  MJl  >"i  LD'  III 

5.039 

4,938 

17 

17 

13,801 

Wilson 

9,287 

8,916 

141 

128 

2.996 

2,992 

24,460 

Overton 

4,076 

4,258 

29 

27 

450 

439 

9  279 

Wayne 

3,632 

3,519 

13 

12 

273 

256 

7,7K 

Fendress 

1,721 

1,741 

1 

36 

4 

44 

36 

3,550 

Warren 

4,711 

4,655 

52 

666 

683 

10,803 

Davidson 

9,162 

o,'~-'o 

357 

347 

6  227 

6  121 

30,509 

Franklin 

4,577 

4  358 

7 

6 

L531 

L554 

12,033 

Montgomery 

5,057 

4,705 

54 

52 

3,688 

3,371 

16,927 

Stewart 

3,319 

2,998 

79 

74 

1,305 

812 

8,587 

Total  M.  Tenn. 

152750 

148407 

1433 

1380 

53,889 

53,846 

411710 

WESTERN  TENN. 

Benton 

2,240 

2,277 

2 

6 

10c 

139 

4,772 

Carroll 

5,163 

4,951 

18 

1,059 

1,159 

12,362 

Dyer 
Fayette 

1,799 

1,628 

6 

9 

518 

524 

4,484 

5,565 

5,003 

22 

21 

5,458 

5,427 

21,501 

55 

53 

1.463 

13,689 

Gibson 

5,385 

5,227 

1,505 

Hardiman 

4,740 

4,351 

14 

25 

2,791 

2,642 

14,563 

Hardin 

3,778  :  3.609 

19 

13 

407 

419 

8,245 

Haywood 

3,998 

3,577 

14 

24 

3,137 

3,120 

13.870 

Henderson 

5,088 

4,823 

5 

5 

955 

999 

1 1  875 

Henry 

5,725 

5,489 

10 

5 

1.813 

1,864 

14'906 

Lauderdale 

1,279 

1,144 

2 

'470 

540 

3,435 

Madison 

5,364 

5,056 

16 

21 

3,004 

3,069 

16,530 

McNairy 
Obion 

4,349 

1  4,240 

14 

19 

364 

399 

9,385 

2,178 

2,011 

3 

I 

306 

281 

4,814 

Perry 

3,445 

3,268 

5 

3 

362 

336 

7,419 

Shelby 

4,104 

3,501 

45 

28 

3,571 

3,472 

14,721 

Tipion 

1,960 

1,677 

18 

13 

1,612 

1,52C 

6,800 

Weakley 

1,172 

3,900 

2 

8S0 

906 

|  9  870 

Total  W.  Tenn. 

70,332 

j  65,76/ 

270 

262 

28,288 

28,322 

193241 

SUMMARY. 


Fast  Tennessee           ....  224,259 

Middle  Tennessee       ....  411,710 

West  Tennessee        ....  193,241 

Total  of  Tennessee         -           -           -  829,210 


Tensaw,  river  of  Alabama.— See  Mississippi 
basin. 

Tensaw,  river  of  La.;  it  is  the  drain  of  the 
inundated  lands  W.  of  the  Mississippi  river,  ir 
the  parishes  of  Concordia  and  Washitau.  "ft 
flows  a  little  W.  of  S.,  and  unites  with  Washi 
tau,  to  form  Black  river,  after   a  comparative 

course  of  about  120  ms.  Village,  Baldwin  co. 

Ala. 

Ten-tcheou-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Chang-tong,  with  a  good  port.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N.  side  ot  a  peninsula  of  the  Yellow  sea,  20f 
ms.  SE.  of  Peking.    Lon.  1 15  50  E.,  lat.  35  20  N. 

Tenncsdadt,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thu 
ringia,  near  the  rivers  of  Seltenlein  and  Scham 
bach,  5  ms.  from  Erfurt. 

Tennis,  tjwn  of  Egypt,  on  an  island  in  a  lakr 
of  the  same  name,  28  ms.  SE.  of  Damietta.  Lon. 
32  15  E.,  lat.  31  2  N. 

Tenterden,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Ken 
24  ms.  SW.  of  Canterbury,  and  56  E.  by  8.  ol 
London.    Lon.  0  35  E.,  lat.  51  12  N. 

Tentugul,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  8  ms, 
WNW.  of  Coimbra.  Lon.  8  20  W.  lat.,  0  17  N 

Tepellene,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Al  [ 
bania,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  whicr 
falls  into  the  Adriatic  nearly  opposite  Otranto, 
in  Italy.  The  town  stands  on  a  rocky  knoll, 
near  the  river,  and  is  a  large  but  mean  village  0 
about  500  ordinary  houses,  100  ms.  from  Joanina 
Tepelene  was  the  birthplace  of  Ali  Pasha. 

Tepic,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  iniendencyo' 
Guadalaxara,  500  ms.,  NW.  of  the  city  of  Mexico 

Teplitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Leit 
merilz,  celebrated  for  its  warm  baths,  14  ms.WN  W 
of  Leitmeritz. 

Tequendama,  Cataract  of,  near  the  city  0 
Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  in  New  Granada.  This 
very  remarkable  fall  occurs  in  a  mountain  sirean 
of  the  chain  between  the  two  great  branches  of  I  hi 
Magdelena  river.  A  plan  of  these  falls,  and  ud 
measurement  of  its  descent  in  feet,  was  sent,  ii 
1790,  to  the  king  of  Spain,  by  the  Col.  Com 
mandant,  Don  Domingo  Esquiaqui.  The  re 
suits,  reduced  to  English  feet,  were  : 
First  fall  -  -  -  32. 

Second  fall  -  "53- 
Third  fall         -  58 If 

Entire  fall        -  -  -  -  8H7 

Sec  Niagara  Staubach,  and  Tend. 

Teramo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Ambruzzo  Ulte 
riore,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Viciola  and  Tordino 
10  ms.  NW.  of  Atri,  and  25  NE.  of  Aquileia 
Lon.  13  39  E.,  lat.  42  37  N. 

Terasso,  decayed  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe 
in  Caramania,  formerly  Tarsus,  capital  of  Cilicia 
and  the  birthplace  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  seated  01 
the  Mediterranean.  Lon.  35  55  E.,  lat.  37  10  N 

Tcrasson,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.,  of  Dordogn 
seated  on  the  Vesere,  20  ms.  N.,  of  Sarlat 
Lon.  1  19  E  ,  lat.  45  5  N. 

Tercera,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western  Island* 
It  is  very  fertile,  and  contains  about  20,000  ir 
habitants.    Angra  is  the  capital. 

Terchiz  or  Terhiz,  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pre 
vince  of  Khorasan,  120  ms  WNW.  of  Herat 
Lon.  57  35  E.  lat.  35  5  N. 


S78 


TER  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TET 


Terga,  town  of  Morocco,  seated  on  the  Om- 
mirabi,  25  ms.  from  Azamor. 

Tergovista,  or  Tervio,  commercial  town,  capital 
of  Wallachia.  It  has  a  fine  palace,  belonging  to 
the  Waywode,  and  is  seated  on  the  Jalonitz,  30 
ms.  NW.  of  Bucharest.  Lon.  25  26  E.,  lat.  45 
45  N. 

Terki,  town  of  Circassia,  where  a  prince  re- 
sides, dependent  on  the  Russians.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  in  a  marshy  place,  one 
mile  from  the  Caspian  sea,  and  125  E.  of  Tefrlis. 
Lon.  47  50  E.,  lat.  43  22  N. 

Termini,  town  of  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  in  Val 
iU  Demona,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  famous  for 
its  mineral  waters,  and  has  a  fine  aqueduct.  It  is 
jeated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in 
a  territory  abounding  in  corn,  oil,  and  wine,  20 
ms.  SE.  of  Palermo.  Lon.  13  44  E.,  lat.  38  5  N. 

Termoli,  or  Termini,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capi- 
;anata,  seated  near  the  sea,  70  ms.  NE.  of  Naples. 
Lon.  15  20  E.,  lat.  41  59  N. 

Ternate,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  the  princi- 
jal  of  the  Moluccas.  It  is  mountainous,  but  pro- 
luces  cloves  and  other  fruits  proper  to  the  climate, 
[t  lies  a  little  to  the  W.  of  Gilolo,  and  100  ms.  E. 
)f  Celebes.    Lon.  129°  E.,  lat.  1°  N. 

Ternavasso,  town  of  Piedmont,  6  ms.  NE.  of 
Harmagnola,  and  8  S.  of  Chieri. 

Terneuse,  town  and  fort  of  Flanders,  on  the  W. 
iranch  of  the  Scheldt,  called  the  Hondt.  It  is  8 
ns.  N.  of  Sas-van-Ghent,  and  25  WNW.  of  Ant- 
verp.    Lon.  3  45  E.,  lat.  51  20  N. 

Terni,  ancient  episcopal  city  of  Italy,  in  the 
luchy  of  Spoletto.  The  famous  cataract  of  the 
iver  Velino,  which  falls  from  a  precipice  300  feet 
ligh,  is  a  mile  from  this  city,  which  is  seated  on 
n  island  formed  by  the  river  Nera,  on  which  ac- 
ount  it  was  anciently  called  Interamna.  Terni  is 
he  birthplace  of  Tacitus,  the  historian.  It  is  15 
is.  8.  by  W.  of  Spoletto,  and  40  N.  of  Rome. 
,on.  12  40  E.,  lat.  42  34  N. 

Ternova,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Bulga 
ta.    It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  princes  of  Bul- 
aria,  and  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  Jene- 
a,  88  ms.  NW.  of  Adrianople,  and  97  NE.  of 
Sophia.    Lon.  26  2  E.,  lat.  43  i  N. 

Terracina,  anciently  called  Anxur,  a  decayed 
3wn  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma,  with  a 
ishop's  see.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  warlike 
rolsci,  and  the  principal  church  was  originally  a 
?mple  of  Jupiter.  It  is  seated  among  oiange  and 
itron  groves,  near  the  sea,  on  the  side  of  a  raoun- 
iin,  46  ms.  SE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  15  E.,  lat. 
I  24  N. 

Terra  del  Espiritu  Santo,  most  western  and 
irgest  island  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  South 
3as,  being  40  leagues  in  circuit.  The  land  is  ex- 
sedingly  high  and  mountainous,  and  in  many 
laces  the  cliffs  rise  directly  from  the  sea.  Lon. 
65°  E.,  lat.  16°  S. 

Terra  del  Fuego,  under  this  name  are  compro- 
ended  several  islands  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
vmerica.  They  take  their  name  from  a  volcano 
n  the  largest  of  them.  They  are  very  barren  and 
lountainous. 

Terra  di  Lavora. — See  Lavora. 

Terra  d'Otranto — See  Otranto. 

Terra  Fir  ma,  or  Tierra  Firma.—See  Colom- 
'a,  New  Granada,  Sfc. 


Terra  Firma proper,  another  name  for  the  pro- 
vince of  Darien,  in  America. — See  Darien. 

Terranova,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Nota.  It 
belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Monte  Leone,  and  is  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  20  ms. 
ESE.  of  Alicata.    Lon.  14  10  E.,  lat.  37  9  N. 

Terra  Nuova,  ancient  seaport,  on  the  NE.  coast 
of  Sardinia,  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  ihe 
same  name,  65  ms.  NNE.  of  Sassari.  Lon.  9  35 
E.,  lat.  41  3  N. 

Terre  au  Boeuf,  an  ancient  outlet  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, about  15  ms.  below  New  Orleans. 

Terre  Haute,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Vigo 
co.,  Ia.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Wabash  river,  by  post 
road  91  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Indianapolis. 

Terriato,  or  Mango,  small  village  of  Pegu,  beau- 
tifully situated  on  a  high  commanding  bank  of  the 
Irrawaddy  river,  and  surrounded  by  groves  of  man- 
go trees,  from  which  it  takes  its  name.  Lon.  95 
35  E.,  lat.  17  32  N. 

Terridon,  Loch,  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Scot.,  in  Ross-shire,  between  Gairlock  and 
Applecross.    It  has  many  creeks  and  bays. 

Terrouen,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  straits 
of  Calais,  seated  on  the  Lis,  6  ms.  S.  of  St.  Omer. 

Terruel,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  in  a  large 
fertile  plain,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Guadalquiver 
and  Aldambra,  75  ms.  SW.  of  Saragossa,  and  112 
E.  of  Madrid.  Longitude  1°  W.,  latitude  40  25 
North. 

Tervere,  or  Veere,  town  of  Zealand,  on  the  NE. 
coast  of  the  Isle  of  Walcheren,  with  a  good  harbor 
and  a  fine  arsenal,  4  ms.  NE.  of  Middleburg.  Lon, 
3  42  E.,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Teschen,  town  of  Upper  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name,  subject  to  Austria.  It  is 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  a  morass,  and  seated 
near  the  source  of  the  Vistula.  The  inhabitants 
carry  on  a  trade  in  leather,  woolen  stuffs,  and 
Hungary  wines;  and  make  pretty  good  fire  arms', 
and  excellent  beer.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  con- 
cluded here  in  1779,  between  Emperor  Joseph  II. 
and  Frederick  tlie  Great  of  Prussia.  It  is  27  ms. 
SE.  of  Troppau,  and  65  SW.  of  Cracow.  Lon. 
18  17  E.,  lat.  49  52  N. 

Te&egdelt,  town  of  Morocco  proper,  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Techubit.  It  is  200  ins.  W.  of 
Morocco. 

Teshoo-Lomboo,  an  immense  monastery  of  Thi- 
bet, the  residence  of  the  second  Lama.  It  com- 
prises about  400  apartments  inhabited  by  monks, 
besides  temples,  mausoleums,  and  the  palace  of  the 
Lama,  200  ms.  SW.  from  Lassa.  Lat.  27  50  N., 
lon.  89  30  E. 

Tesino,  river  of  Switzerland,  which  has  its 
source  in  Mount  St.  Gothard,  flows  through  the 
country  of  Grisons  and  the  Lake  Maggiore;  then 
running  through  part  of  the  Milanese,  it  washes 
Pavia,  and  a  little  after  falls  into  the  Po. 

Test!,  town  of  Zahara,  which  gives  name  to  a 
district.  It  is  170  ms.  S.  of  Morocco.  Lon.  6  56 
W.,  lat.  15  24  N. 

Tessia,  town  of  Austria,  in  the  co.  of  Tyrol,  22 
ms.  NE.  of  Trent,  and  24  SE.  of  Bolzano.  Lon. 
11  40  E.,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Test,  or  Tese,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the 
N  W.  of  Hants,  and  passing  Stockbridge  and  Rum- 
sey,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Southampton. 

Tetbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  25 

879 


TEX 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TEX 


ms.  ENE.  of  Bristol,  and  99  W.  of  London. 
Lon.  1  8  W.,  lat.  51  36  N. 

Teticaco,  lake  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Lima, 
and  province  of  Callao,  above  200  ms.  in  circum 
ference. 

Tettnang,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  lordship 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  8  ms.  N.  of  Lindau,  and 
18  ENE.  of  Constance.  Lon.  9  50  E.,  lat.  47 
46  North. 

Tetuan,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  on  the 
river  Cus,  3  ms.  from  the  Mediterranean,  21  S.  of 
Gueta,  and  108  N.  by  W.  of  Fez.  Lon.  5  26  W., 
lat.  35  27  N.  Tetuan  of  Fez,  according  to  Hodg- 
son, is  derived  from  Tetowan,  which,  in  the  Ber- 
ber language,  means  eyes  or  fountains  of  water. 

Teverone,  river  of  Italy,  the  ancient  Anio,  which 
rises  in  the  Appennines,  50  ms.  above  Tivoli. — 
See  Solfatara. 

Teviot,  river  of  Scot.,  which  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains in  the  SW.  of  Roxburgshire,  and,  passing 
almost  through  the  centre  of  that  co.,  falls  into  the 
Tweed  near  Kelso. 

Teviot  dale. — See  Roxburgshire. 

Teurart,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  river  Za. 

Teuschnitz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Francona,  in  the  bishopric  of  Bamberg,  34  ms. 
NE.  of  Bamberg.    Lon.  11  27  E.,  lat.  50  22  N. 

Teusera,  town  of  Barbary,  in  Biledulgerid,  di- 
vided into  two  parts  by  a  river.  It  stands  on  the 
confines  of  Tunis,  in  a  country  abounding  in  dates. 
Lon.  10  16  E.,  lat.  31  29  N. 

Teutonic  Knights,  a  celebrated  military  or- 
der, formed  in  1190,  near  St.  John  d'Acre,  in 
Palestine.  This  order  was  not,  indeed,  purely 
military  in  its  origin.  Some  merchants  of  Bremen 
and  Lubec,  who  were  with  the  army  of  Teutonic 
Crusaders  compassionating  the  wretched  condition 
of  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  formed  them- 
selves into  a  charitable  society,  which  was  confirmed 
by  a  bull  of  Pope  Celestin  III.,  February  12th, 
1191,  under  the  title  of  «*  Freres- Hospitaliers 
Teutoniques"  which  might  be  rendered  in  Eng- 
lish, the  Teutonic  Charitable  Brotherhood.  It 
6oon  became  military,  and,  after  expulsion  from  I 
Palestine,  turned  their  arms  against  the  Pagans  of 
Europe,  conquered,  ami  long  possessed  in  full 
sovereignty  Prussia,  Livonia,  Courland,  Seniga- 
li  i,  and  other  provinces  along  the  southern  shore 
of  the  Baltic.  The  order  still  exists,  but  with  little 
or  no  political  power.  The  seat  of  the  order  is  at 
Mariendel,  in  Franconia. 

Tewkesbury,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucester 
shire,  with  a  manufactory  of  cotton  stockings,  102 
ms.  WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  13  W.,  lat. 
52°  North. 

Tewltsbury,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  20  ms.  NW.  from 
Boston.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,008   Town,  Hun- 
terdon co.,  IN  .  J.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,490. 

Texas,  former  province  of  Mexico,  in  the  Pro- 
vincias  Internas,  bounded  SW.  by  the  Rio  Grande 
del  Norte,  on  the  NE.  by  the  United  States,  from 
the  sources  of  Rio  Grande  to  the  mouth  of  Sabine, 
and  SE.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  to  its  source, 
1,200  ms*.  The  breadth  is  very  unequal,  the  pro 
vince  ending  in  a  point  to  the  NW.,  whilst  from 
the  mouth  of  Rio  Grande  to  the  NW.  angle  of 
SSO 


Louisiana  it  is  more  than  550  ms.  The  wh< 
may  be  considered  an  immense  triangle,  whc 
base  is  the  general  course  of  Rio  Grande,  a 
whose  perpendicular  would  be  a  line  drawn  frc 
the  mouth  of  that  river  to  the  NW.  angle  of  Loi 
siana;  area,  240,000  sq.  ms.,  extending  from  1: 
26°  to  40°  N.  Texas  exhibits  a  very  great  varit 
of  climate;  it  is,  however,  comparatively  a  cc 
and  dry  country.  Though  intersected  by  a  nui 
ber  of  rivers,  and  checkered  by  some  mountair 
the  general  surface  is  level,  and,  except  near  t 
streams,  in  most  part  sterile. 

The  preceding  discription  applies  rather  to  ph 
sical  than  political  Texas.  In  the  latter  point 
view,  Texas,  as  laid  down  in  Bradford's  Atlas, 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  SW. 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  separating  it  from  the  Me 
ican  provinces,  NW.  and  W.  by  an  indefin 
limit,  N.  and  NE.  by  Red  river,  and  E.  by  Lo 
isiana,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Sabi 
river. 

In  latitude,  it  extends  from  the  mouth  of  E 
Grande,  26°  N.,  to  Red  river,  flowing  along  t 
mean  latitude  of  34°.  In  longitude  it  extends  fro 
16°  to  24°  W.  of  W.  C,  embracing  8°  of  lat.  or 
8°  of  lon.  In  its  utmost  extent,  the  area  wou 
embrace  at  least  160,000  sq.  ms.  The  whole 
Texas  is  comprised  in  the  southwestern  part  of  th 
vast  inclined  plain  of  North  America  which  is  u 
minated  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Though  ad 
country,  comparatively,  Texas  is  very  well  suppli 
by  rivers.  Commencing  on  the  E.,  by  the  Sabin 
that  stream  is  followed  in  sequence  by  the  Trinil 
Brasos,  Colorado,  VTaca,  Guadaloupe,  Saint  Ant 
nio,'Nueces,  and  Rio  Grande  del  Norte.  The  s 
coast,  into  which  these  rivers  are  discharged  in 
distance  of  about  350  ms.,  is  indented  by  Sabi 
lake  or  bay,  Matagorda  bay,  Aransas,  and  numi 
ous  lesser  bays  and  inlets,  beside  the  mouths  of  il 
rivers,  yet  does  not  present  a  single  haven  adm 
ting  vessels  of  great  draught. 

For  its  extent,  Texas,  though  possessing  consi 
erable  tracts  of  good  land,  cannot  be  regarded  a? 
fertile  country  ;  but,  in  regard  to  health,  there  a 
I  few  if  any  other  equal  extents  of  the  earth  to  whit 
it  can  be  compared.  For  its  latitude  and  slig 
elevation  above  the  ocean,  it  is  a  cold  region — i 
effect  produced  by  the  almost  constantly  prevailii 
western  winds,  and  from  the  dry,  indeed  arid  si^ 
face,  including  much  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  ai 
still  wider  spaces  to  the  northwestward,  and  in  tl 
direction  from  which  the  aerial  currents  flow. 

Of  the  existing  population,  political  subdivision 
or  towns  of  Texas,  there  is  too  seamy  data  exta 
to  enable  us  to  give  even  a  general  view.  / 
placed  on  Bradford's  Mitp  of  Texas,  the  princij: 
towns  stand  : 

Nacogdoches,  between  the  Angeline  and  Atoy; 
branches  of  Netchez  river,  at  N.  lat.  31  48  ar 
lon.  17  50  W.  of  W.  C,  and  about  50  ms.  wet 
ward  of  the  crossing  of  Sabine,  on  the  road  Iro 
Nacogdoches,  in  Louisiana. 

Franklin,  between  the  Novosota  branch  ar 
main  stream  of  Rio  Brasos,  about  140  ms.  SW.  r 
Wr.  from  Nacogdoches.  N.  lat.  30  48,  lon.  1 
24  W.  of  W.  C. 

Houston,  between  the  Brasos  and  Trinity  riven 
about  150  ms.  southwestward  of  Nacogdoches,  an 
100  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Franklin,  is  the  car 


THA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  THA 


tal.  Lat.  29  46  N.,  Ion.  18  40  W.  of  Wash- 
ngton  City. 

Saint  Antonio  de  Behar,  on  a  branch  of  a  river 
earing  the  same  name,  150  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 
'ranklin.  N.  lat.  29  20,  and  Ion.  21  30  W.  of 
Vashington  City. 

Goliad,  on  St.  Antonio  river,  120  ms.  below 
ad  SE.  from  the  town  of  St.  Antonio,  at  N.  lat. 
8  28,  and  Ion.  20  5  W.  W.  C 

Other  towns  deserving  notice  may  have  risen, 
at  our  information  is  too  scanty  to  justify  even  the 
isertion  of  their  names.  The  settlements  of  any 
msiderable  extent  are  limited  to  about  150  ms  ,  air 
easure,  from  the  coast.  • 

Texel,  island  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  in  N. 
olland,  separated  from  the  continent  by  a  nar- 
w  channel.  It  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the  Zuyder 
ee,  and  is  1 1  ms.  long  by  2  wide. 

Teya,  river  of  Germany,  which  has  its  source 
iar  Teltsh,  in  Moravia,  flows  E.  by  Znaim,  on 

e  borders  of  Austria,  and  enters  the  Morava  on 
e  confines  of  Hungary. 

Teyeise. — See  Teisse. 

Teyn,  town  of  Bohemia,  belonging  to  the  arch- 
ihop  of  Prague,  52  ms.  SW.  of  that  city.  Lon. 
I  40  E.,  lat.  49  38  N. 

Tezar,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  capital  of 
e  province  of  Cuzi,  seated  on  a  small  river,  45 
3.  E.  of  Fez.    Lon.  4  15  W.,  lat.  33  40  N. 

Tezcuco,  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  intendency  of 
ipxico,  formerly  remarkable  for  its  extensive  cot- 
'i  factories,  which,  from  the  rivalry  of  Queretara, 

ve  greatly  declined,  It  stands  on  the  E.  side  of 
.ke  Tezcuco,  20  ms.  NE.  from  Mexico.  Lon. 
[.  C.  21  51  W„  lat.  19  30  N.    Pop.  5,000. 

Tezcuco  Lake. — See  Mexico,  the  city. 

Tezela,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Algeirs,  in 

emesen,  with  a  castle,  15  ms.  from  Oran.  Lon. 

'  T.,  lat.  35  25  N. 

Tezote,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  seated  on 
)  point  of  a  rock,  8  ms.  from  Melilla.  Lon.  1 
W.,lat.  44  40  N. 

Thainee,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  kingdom  ofTu- 
),  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
Oms.  S.  of  Tunis.  Lon.  10  13  E.,  lat.  34  50 
.rth. 

Thala,  town  of  Northern  Africa,  which,  says 
.'dgson,  signifies  "  a  covered  fountain."  There 
(tin  the  mountains  of  Boojeiah,  a  village  called 
.  thrarin,  or  Thala  of  the  mountains,  from  either 
1  number  or  peculiar  character  of  its  fountains. — 
dgson. 

Thames,  the  finest  river  in  Great  Britain,  which 
l  ea  its  rise  from  a  eopious  spring,  called  Thames 

ad,  2  ms.  SW.  of  Cirencester,  in  Gloucester- 
*re.  At  Oxford  (in  whose  academic  groves  its 
jJtical  name  of  Isis  has  been  so  often  invoked)  it 
'  )ined  by  the  Charwell,  and,  proceeding  by  Ab- 

Jon  to  Dorchester,  it  receives  the  Thames. 

5sing  by  Wallingford  to  Reading,  and  forming 
boundary  to  Berkshire, Buckinghamshire,  Surry, 
*1  Middlesex,  it  waters  Henley,  Marlow,  Maid- 
«iead,  Windsor,  Staines,  Chertsey,  Kingston, 
'1  Brentwood,  in  its  course  to  London  ;  during 
Mch  it  receives  the  Kennet,  Loddon,  Coin,  Wey, 
•  le,  Brent,  and  Wandle.  From  London  the 
1  >r  proceeds  to  Greenwich,  Woolwich,  Grays- 
burrock,  Gravesend,  and  Leigh,  into  the  Gej- 
*ja  ocean,  in  which  course  it  parts  Essex  from 
111* 


Kent,  and  receives  the  Lea,  Roding,  Darent,  and 
Medway.  The  tide  flows  up  the  Thames  as  high 
as  Kingston,  which,  following  the  winding  of  the 
river,  is  70  ms.  from  the  ocean,  a  greater  distance 
than  the  tide  is  carried  by  any  other  river  in  Eu- 
rope. Though  the  Thames  is  said  to  be  naviga- 
ble 138  ms.  above  London  Bridge,  there  are  so 
many  flats  that  in  summer  the  navigation  west- 
ward would  be  stopped  were  it  not  for  a  number 
of  locks ;  but  the  first  lock  is  52  ms.  above  that 
bridge.  The  plan  of  new  cuts  has  been  adopted, 
in  some  places,  to  shorten  the  navigation  ;  there  is 
one  near  Lechlade,  and  another  a  mile  from  Ab- 
ingdon. A  still  more  important  undertaking  was 
effected  in  1789 — the  junction  of  this  river  with 
the  Severn.  A  canal  has  been  made  from  the 
Severn  to  Stroud,  which  canal  is  now  continued  to 
Lechlade,  where  it  joins  the  Thames,  a  distance  of 
above  30  miles.  A  communication  between  this 
river  and  the  Trent  and  Mersey  has  likewise  been 
effected,  by  a  canal  from  Oxford  to  Coventry,  and 
another  canal  extends  from  this,  at  Braunston,  to 
the  Thames  at  Brentford,  called  the  grand  junc- 
tion canal. 

Thames,  river  of  Ct.,  formed  of  two  principal 
branches,  the  Shetucket  and  the  Norwich,  or  Lit- 
tle river,  which  have  their  junction  at  Norwich. 
From  this  place  the  Thames  is  navigable  15  miles 
to  Long  Island  sound,  which  it  enters  below  New 
London. 

Thames,  river  of  U.  Canada,  formerly  called  La 
Tranche,  rises  in  the  Chippewa  country,  and, 
running  SW.,  washes  the  cos.  of  York,  Norfolk, 
Suffolk,  and  Kent,  and  disembogues  itself  into 
Lake  St.  Clair,  above  Detroit ;  it  is  a  river  of  con- 
siderable extent,  without  falls.  From  its  upper 
branches  it  communicates  by  small  portages  with 
Lake  Huron  and  Grand  river;  the  site  of  Oxford 
is  on  its  upper  fork,  and  that  intended  for  Dorches- 
ter on  its  middle  fork ;  London  on  the  main,  and 
Chatham  on  its  lower  fork.  It  is  a  fine  inland 
canal,  and  capable  of  being  highly  improved.  The 
lands  on  its  banks  are  extremely  fertile.  About 
the  mouth  of  this  river  are  large  extensive  marshes, 
or  natural  meadows,  which,  with  the  exception  of 
small  tracts  of  woodland  on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
and  a  few  woody  islands,  extend  about  12  ms.  up 
the  country,  and  about  4  or  5  ms.  in  depth,  afford- 
ing hay  sufficient  for  a  numerous  settlement. 

Thamsbruck,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thur- 
ingia,  on  the  river  Unstrut,  3  ms.  N.  of  Langen- 
salza. 

Thanet,  island  of  Eng.,  comprising  the  E.  an- 
gle of  Kent,  being  separated  from  the  main  land 
l>y  the  two  branches  of  the  Stour.  It  produces 
much  corn,  and  the  S.  part  is  a  rich  tract  of  marsh 
land.  It  contains  the  towns  of  Margate  and  Rams- 
gate,  and  several  villages. 

Thanhausen,  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  river  Min- 
del,  14  ms.  N.  of  Mindelheim. 

Thasos,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  on  the  coast 
of  Macedonia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Con- 
tessa.  It  is  12  ms.  long  and  8  broad,  and  abounds 
in  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  The  fruits  and  wine 
are  very  delicate,  and  there  are  mines  of  gold  and 
silver,  beside  quarries  of  fine  marble.  The  chief 
town,  of  the  same  name,  has  a  harbor  frequented 
by  merchants.    Lon.  24  32  E  ,  lat.  40  59  N. 

Thavlia,  ancient  Thebes,  as  the  modern  Greeks 

S81 


THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  THI 


pronounce  the  name  of  this  place.  Few  places 
have  undergone  more  vicisitudes  than  Thebes.  In 
the  flourishing  ages  of  Greece  it  was  the  counter- 
poise between  Athens  and  Sparta,  and  under  Epam- 
inondas  become  for  a  short  period  arbitress  of 
Greece.  Destroyed  by  the  Macedonians,  Thebes, 
gradually  recovered,  but  experienced  the  effects  of 
Roman  vengeance  from  Sylla.  This  misfortune 
completed  its  ruin,  having  never  since  recovered 
any  considerable  magnitude.  It  is  now  a  poor 
village  of  500  houses,  mostly  of  wood,  and  princi- 
pally inhabited  by  Turks.  The  vicinity  of  Thebes 
is  thus  described  by  Hobhouse:  "A  person 
standing  on  a  small  hill,  which  is  a  few  paces  to 
the  south  of  the  modem  city  of  Thebes,  has  the 
following  view  of  the  surrounding  country  :  from 
immediately  beyond  the  town,  to  the  east,  the 
ground  rises  into  bare,  rugged  inequalities,  not  high 
enough  to  b,-;  called  hills,  beyond  which  there  is 
a  plain,  well  cultivated,  called  the  plain  of  Scimi- 
tari,  (anciently  that  of  Tanagra,)  bounded  by  the 
strait  of  Negropont  to  the  E.^and  to  the  S.  by 
the  Attic  mountains,  now  called  Ozea,  and  a  ridge 
of  mount  Elatias  or  Cithseron.  To  the  S.  the 
ground  rises  by  a  gentle  ascent,  and  then  falls  into 
another  large  plain  bounded  by  Cithaeron,  and, 
stretching  to  the  SW.  through  this  plain,  as  well 
as  that  of  Scimitari,  runs  a  river,  now  without  a 
name,  but  formerly  the  ^Esopus.  The  ruins  of 
Platsea  are  to  be  seen  about  6  ms.  to  the  SW.  of 
Thebes,  near  a  village  called  Cocli.  To  the  W. 
is  the  fiat  plain  of  Thebes,  and  far  off  beyond  Liva- 
dia,  to  the  SW.,  is  seen  the  mountain  Zagari,  the  an- 
cient Helicon.  To  the  N  W.  the  Theban  plain  is  sep- 
arated from  the  flats  overflowed  by  the  lake  by  a 
stony  hill,  not  very  high,  at  7  or  8  miles  from  the 
town.  In  this  direction  the  river  is  terminated  by 
the  snowy  summits  of  Parnassus.  To  the  N.  and 
to  the  NE.,  in  which  direction  there  is  a  road  to 
the  town  of  Negropont,  there  is  an  uneven  plain, 
washed  by  a  river  which  flows  not  far  from  Thebes. 
This  is  terminated  by  mountains  once  called  Pious 
and  Messapius.  The  eastern  extremity  of  the 
latter  is  bounded  by  the  strait  to  the  N.  of  Euri- 
pus.  Besides  some  others  of  note,  Thebes  gave 
birth  to  Pindar,  Pelopidas,  and  Epaminondas. 
Boeotia  was  not,  however,  considered  as  prolific  in 
genius  by  the  ancient  Greeks. 

Thaxted,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  near  the 
source  of  the  Chelmur,  20  ms.  N.  by  W.  of 
Chelmsford,  and  44  NNE.  of  London. 

Theaki,  island  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  24  ms. 
long  and  7  broad,  separated  from  the  NE.  part  of 
that  of  Cefalonia  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is  the 
ancient  Ithaca,  celebrated  as  the  birth-place  and 
kingdom  of  Ulysses.  The  chief  town  is  Valthi, 
which  has  a  spacious  harbor.  Lon.  20  40  E., 
lat.  38  25  N. 

Theakiki. — See  Kankthee. 

Tiebaid,  country  of  Upper  Egypt,  now  called 
Said.  It  is  the  least  fertile  and  the  thinnest  of 
people  of  any  province  in  Egypt,  being  full  of 
deserts;  now  inhabited  by  Arabs,  who  are  robbers 
by  profession. 

Thebes,  ancient  name  of  a  city  of  Upper  Egypt. 
It  was  celebrated  for  having  100  gates  ;  and  there 
are  many  tombs  and  magnificent  remains  of  anti- 
quity. Three  villages,  named  Carnack,  Luxor, 
and  Gournou,  are  seated  among  its  ruins,  which 
832 


are  hence  called  the  antiquities  of  Carnack  and 

Luxor. 

Thebes,  Thebais.  Hodgson  derives  these 
names  from  the  Berber,  or  rather  regards  the  Ber- 
ber and  ancient  Egyptian  languages  as  identical. 
"  In  that  idiom  (Berber)  thebais,  or  thebaish  sig- 
nifies the  breast  of  a  woman  mamma. 

Tuegartht,  Thegekh,  Tegabt,  Tuggaht,  all, 
according  to  Hodgson,  signifying  in  the  Berber 
language  a  garden  or  cultivated  ground,  is  cer- 
tainly, if  correctly,  derived  a  most  curious  instance 
of  similarity  with  both  the  words  earth  and  garden 
in  the  English  language. 

Themar,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  co.  of  Hen- 
neberg,  near  the  river  Werra,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Mei- 
nungen. 

Thf.na,  or  Thenae,  {Plin.,  Strabo,  Ptol.,  Ac.-,) 
appears  evidently  derived  from  the  Berber  word 
tene,  dates ;  it  is  well  known  that  this  fruit 
abounds  in  N.  Africa. 

Thengen,  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  princely 
co.  of  the  same  name,  in  the  landgravate  of  Nel- 
lenburg.  It  is  situated  on  the  Hegan,  8  ms.  N.  of 
Schafi*hau8en. 

Theodocia. — See  Caff  a. 

Theomorphism.  — See  Schamanism. 

Theresa,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Black 
river  branch  of  Oswegatchie,  on  the  road  fom 
Sackett's  Harbor  to  Ogdensburg,  25  ms.  NE. 
from  the  former,  and  40  SW.  from  the  latter 
place. 

Thermia,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  S.  of  the 
island  of  Zia,  and  near  the  Gulf  of  Engia,  12 
ms.  long  and  5  broad.  The  soil  is  good  and  well 
cnltivated  ;  and  it  has  a  great  deal  of  silk.  The 
principal  town,  of  the  same  name,  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a  Greek  bishop.  Lon.  24  50  E.,  lat.  37 
31  N. 

Thessalon,  river  of  U.  C,  runs  into  Lake  Hu- 
ron a  little  to  the  eastward  of  Muddy  lake  on  the 
N.  shore. 

Thessaly. — See  Janna. 

Theifurd,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk.  It  ha  = 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  woolen  cloth  and 
paper.  The  spring  assizes  for  the  co.  are  held 
here.    It  is  50  ms.  NE.  of  London.    Lon.  50' 

E.,  lat.  52  28  N.  Village,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  on 

Connecticut  river,  12  ms.  N.  from  Dartmouth,  in 
N.  H.    Pop  about  2,000. 

Theux,  village,  3  ms.  NW.  of  Spa,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Liege. 

Thian  Chan-Pelou.—See  Asia,  p.  88. 

Thibet,  Thebet,  or  Tobbat,  a  name  known 
to  the  Arabians  and  Persians  is  unknown  in  the 
country  itself;  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption 
of  the  Thibetian  words  Ten-boot,  "kingdom  of 
Boot."  The  Chinese  call  it  Dshan  ;  the  Mongols, 
Baran-Tfl/a,  "the  country  on  the  right." 

Under  the  name  of  Thibet,  European  geogra- 
phers comprehend  those  elevated  and  wide-spread 
regions  which  lie  N.  from  Hindoostan,  E.  of 
Great  Bucharia,  S.  from  Little  Bucharia,  SW. 
from  Tangoot,  to  the  W.  of  China,  and  SW. 
from  the  Birman  empire.  Thibet  extends  from 
lat.  26°  to  38°  N.  The  southern  boundary  is 
generally  formed  by  the  Himmalaya,  and  the 
northern  by  the  Moo's-Tag  chain.  The  interior  is 
very  imperfectly  known,  and  really  the  outlines 
are  indefinite.    The  whole  country,  as  far  as  we 


THI 


THO 


know  of  its  topography,  is  a  congeries  of  moun- 
tains with  intervening  valleys  or  very  elevated  ta- 
ble lands. 

The  Hoan-Ho  and  the  Kian-Ku,  rise  on  the 
eastern  border  of  Thibet,  and,  flowing  eastward, 
enter  the  Pacific  ocean  after  an  immense  course 
through  China.  The  great  river  of  Cambodia  de- 
rives its  sources  from  southeastern  Thibet,  from 
whence,  pursuing  a  SSE.  course  of  upwards  of 
2,000  ms.,  it  falls  into  the  Chinese  sea  N.  Iat. 
10°.  The  Irrawaddy,  the  May-Kian  of  Laos,  and 
the  Noo-Kian  are  also  amongst  the  vast  streams 
which  roll  their  volumes  from  the  cold  plateau  of 
Thibet,  but  the  most  remarkable  river  of  Thibet, 
is  the  Burhampooter  or  Bramapootra,  "  the  river 
Brahma."  Rising  in  the  same  frozen  and  rocky 
region  with  the  Indus  and  Ganges  the  Sanpoo,  or 
higher  Bramapootra,  pursues  a  SE.  course  of  1,000 
ms.,  through  Thibet  and  Assam,  passing  Lassa, 
the  capital  of  the  former,  and  turning  in  the  lat- 
ter to  S  W.,  finally  joins  the  Ganges  and  enters  the 
Bay  of  Bengal. 

Of  the  known  lakes  of  Thibet,  those  of  Terkiri 
and  Yambro  are  the  principal. 

The  seasons  of  Thibet  are  peculiarly  regular. 
The  spring,  from  March  to  May,  is  changeable ; 
the  rainy  season  lasts  from  June  to  September,  du- 
ring this  period  the  rains  are  ince-sant  and  copious, 
the  rivers  are  swelled,  and  carry  their  inurfdations 
to  the  far  distant  countries  of  China,  Cambodia, 
Siam,  Burmah,  and  Bengal.  The  rainy  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  winter  season.  The  latter  continues 
from  October  to  March  clear  and  serene,  with  cold 
exceeding  that  of  any  part  of  Europe.  The  air  is 
dry  and  piercing,  and  as  low  as  26°  vies  in  inten- 
sity of  cold  with  that  of  the  Alps  in  the  parallel  of 
46°.  As  might  be  expected,  where  every  other 
circumstance  is  alike,  the  climate  becomes  more 
mild  advancing  S.  ;  but,  from  from  its  great  eleva- 
tion, Thibet  may  be  viewed  as  a  country  virtually 
extending  from  lat.  45°  to  58°.  Travellers  repre- 
sent the  vegetable  productions  as  much  the  same 
with  Europe;  and  a  similar  remark  may  be  made 
in  respect  to  animals,  though  some  species  of  the 
latter  are  found  in  Thibet  not  known  in  Europe; 
such  are  the  musk  animal,  and  the  yak  or  grunt- 
ing ox.  [ron  and  copper  are  its  most  abundant 
minerals,  though  gold,  lead,  quicksilver,  and  rock 
salt,  are  found  in  various  situations. 

Without  including  kingdoms  and  provinces  lit- 
:le  known,  and  rendered  doubly  uncertain  from  a 
mixture  of  Chinese,  Mongolian,  and  Thibetian 
names,  we  may  consider  Thibet  as  subdivided  into 
".hree  natural  sections — Great  Thibet,  Little  Thi- 
bet, and  Bootan.  Little  Thibet,  lying  to  the  west 
from  Great  Thibet,  is  drained  by  the  NE.  branches 
jf  the  Indus,  and  not,  as  was  formerly  supposed, 
cy  -those  of  the  Ganges. 

In  general  terms,  the  features  of  all  Thibet  may 
»e  described  as  rude,  but  if  it  is  poor  in  the  pro- 
Juciions  of  nature,  it  is  rich  in  superstition.  It  is 
•he  "  Sacred  LancC  of  central  Asia.  Near  Lassa 
resides  the  earthly  vicegerent,  the  Dalai-Lama.  The 
superstitions  of  central  Asia  are  divided  into  three 
mb-systems — Schamanism,  Braminism,  and  Lama- 
sm.  The  Schaman  is  probably  the  most  ancient, 
ind  certainly  the  most  extensively  professed  of 
my  religious  system  ever  known  on  this  planet. 
Though  expelled  from  and  supplanted  by  the  Bra- 


mins  in  Hindoostan,  the  Schaman  priests  are  spi- 
ritual leaders  or  drivers  from  Malacca  to  the  Fro- 
zen ocean.  The  empire  of  China  is  now  political- 
ly at  the  head  of  this  religious  system,  and,  pos- 
sessing Thibet,  is  master  of  the  person  of  its  Hie- 
rarch,  the  Dalai-Lama.  In  fact,  the  present  em- 
perors of  China  stand  in  a  similar  relation  to  the 
Lama  of  Thibet  which  the  German  emperors  of 
the  middle  ages  did  and  really  continue  to  do  with 
the  Roman  pontiffs. 

Theil,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Guelderland,  on  the  Waal.  Lat.  51  56  N.,  Ion 
5  16  E. 

Thie.lt,  town  of  Flanders,  in  the  Chatellany  of 
Courtray. 

Thiers,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy  de 
Dome,  and  late  province  of  Auvergne,  famous  for 
its  statuary,  hardware,  and  cutlery.  It  is  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  22  miles  E.  of  Clermont, 
and  220  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  38  E.,  lat.  45 
15  N. 

Thionville,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Moselle,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  14  miles  N.  of 
Metz,  and  195  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  15  E.,  lat. 
49  21  N. 

Thirsk,  or  Thursk,  borough  of  England,  in  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  20  ms.  NW.  of  York, 
and  230  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  I  16  W., 
lat.  54  15  N. 

Thive,  or  Thebes,  celebrated  city  of  Livadia, 
seated  between  two  rivers,  20  ms.  N  W.  of  Athens, 
and  280  SW.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  23  40  E., 
lat.  38  17  N. 

Thoissel,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ain,  with 
a  handsome  college.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, near  the  Saone  and  Chalerone,  10  ms.  N.  of 
Trevoux,  and  200  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  50  E., 
lot.  46  13  N. 

Thomas,  St.,  Island  of  Africa,  lying  under  the 
equator  in  8°  E.  longitude.  It  was  discovered  in 
1429,  and  is  almost  round,  about  30  ms.  in  diam- 
eter.   The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces  plenty  of 

sugar  canes.  One  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in  the 

West  Indies,  with  a  harbor,  a  town,  and  a  fort,  15 
miles  in  circumference,  and  belongs  to  the  Danes. 

Lon.  64  51  W.,  lat.  18  21  N.  Archiepiscopal 

town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel, 
subject  to  the  Portuguese,  and  3  miles  from  Ma- 
dras.   Lon.  80  25  E.,  lat.  13  2  N.  Town  of 

Colombia,  in  Guiana,  seated  on  the  Orinoco.  Lon. 
63  30  VV.,  Iat.  7  6  N. 

Thomaston,  town,  Lincoln  county,  Maine,  sit- 
uated on  the  W.  side  of  Penobscot  bay,  7  miles  S. 
of  Camden,  the  same  distance  E.  of  Warren,  and 
43  NE.  of  Wiscasset.  This  place  has  been  render- 
ed remarkable  from  the  almost  incredible  quantity  of 
lime  and  marble  there  produced.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2,551  ;  and  in  1840,  6,227. 

Thomdamm,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  and  duchy  of  Saxe-Lauenburg,  sit- 
uated on  the  Elbe,  25  miles  SE.  of  Lauenburg, 
and  58  SE.  of  Hamburg.  Lon.  11  5  E.,  Iat.  53 
10  N. 

Thomond,  county  of  Ireland,  also  called  Clare  ,- 
which  see. 

Thompson,  town,  Windham  co.,  Connecticut, 
in  the  NE.  angle  of  the  State,  and  adjoining  Rhode 

Island  and  Massachusetts.  Tp.,  Sullivan  co., 

N.  Y.,  on  Neversink  creek,  34  miles  NW.  by  W. 

883 


THO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


THU 


from  Newburg.  Tp.,  Sandusky  county,  Ohio. 

 Tp.,  Delaware  county,  Ohio,  W.  from  Scioto 

river.  One  of  the  eastern  townships  of  Geauga 

county,  Ohio.  Post  office,  Fairfield  co.,  South 

Carolina,  25  miles  from  Columbia. 

Thompson's  Creek,  creek,  Louisiana,  in  New 
Feliciana,  rises  in  the  SE.  corner  of  Wilkinson 
county,  flows  S.,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  river 
opposite  Point  Coupee,  after  a  course  of  25  ms. 

Thompson's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Perry  co., 
Pennsylvania,  28  miles  NW.  from  Harrisburg. 

 Post  office,  Louisa  co.,  Virginia,  60  ms.  NW. 

from  Richmond. 

Thompson's  Store,  post  office,  33  miles  from 
Richmond. 

Thompson's  Tan  Yard,  York  district,  South 
Carolina,  by  post  road  91  miles  N.  from  Columbia. 

Thompsontown,  village,  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  left  bank  of  the  W.  branch  of  Sus- 
quehannah  river,  10  ms.  by  land  below  Mifflin. 

Thompsonville,  village,  Culpeper  county,  Vir- 
ginia, by  post  road  90  miles  SW.  from  Washing- 
ton city.-1  Village,  Chesterfield  district,  South 

Carolina,  57  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Thonon,  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of  Chablais,  with 
a  palace  and  several  convents.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Lake  of  Geneva,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Drama, 
13  ms.  SW.  of  Lausanne,  and  16  NE.  of  Geneva. 
Lon.  6  44  E.,  lat.  46  19  N. 

Thorn,  ov  Thoren,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of  Liege,  7  ms. 
SW.  of  Ruremonde. 

Thorn,  city  of  western  Prussia,  formerly  a  Han- 
seatic  town,  on  the  Vistula,  over  which  is  a  re- 
markable bridge,  67  miles  S.  of  Dantzic,  and  105 
NW.  of  Warsaw.  Lon.  18  42  E.,  lat.  55  6  N. 
——Town  of  England,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  in  a  marshy  soil,  near  the  river  Don, 
10  miles  NE.  of  Doncaster,  and  167  N.  by  W.  of 

London.    Lon.  1  2  W.,  lat.  53  39  N.  Tp.  in 

the  NW.  corner  of  Perry  county,  Ohio,  in  which 
is  situated  the  town  of  Thorn ville.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,031. 

Thornsburg,  small  village  in  Spottsy lvania  co., 
Va.,  lying  on  the  NE.  side  of  Mattapony  river, 
18  miles  S  of  Fredericksburg,  on  the  Rappahan- 
nock, and  74  from  Washington. 

Thornbury,  town  of  England,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, 24  miles  SW.  of  Gloucester.  Small  tp., 

Delaware  co.,  Pa.,  situated  on  Chester  creek,  be- 
tween Egmont  and  Birmingham,  18  miles  WSW. 
of  Philadelphia. 

Thorney,  village  of  England,  in  Cambridge- 
shire, 6  miles  NE.  of  Peterborough  Small  is- 
land, in  a  bay  of  the  English  channel,  near  the  coast 
of  Sussex,  with  a  village  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Levant,  7  ms.  SW.  of  Chichester. 

Thornhill,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfriesshire, 
where  fairs  are  held,  chiefly  for  woolen  yarn  and 
coarse  woolen  stuffs.  It  is  situated  on  an  elevaled 
plain,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Nith,  15  ms.  N. 
by  W.  of  Dumfries. 

Thornton,  town,  Grafton  county,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 48  miles  N.  from  Concord.  Pop.  in  1810, 
794;  in  1820,  857. 

Thornton's  Ferry,  post  office,  Hillsborough  co., 
New  Hampshire,  by  post  road  50  miles  from  Con- 
cord. 

Thornton's  Gap,  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  post  office, 
884 


Culpeper  county,  Va.,  50  ms.  NW.  by  W.  froi 
Fredericksburg. 

Thornton* s  River,  SW.  branch  of  the  Rappi 
hannock,  rising  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  near  Thon 
ton's  Gap,  and  flows  nearly  E.  through  Culpepi 
co.,  Va.,  into  the  Rappahannock. 

Thornville,  village  in  the  NW.  angle  of  Pen 
county,  Ohio,  35  miles  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Ci 
lumbus. 

"  Thot,  or  Thoth."  This  god,  according  t 
Hodgson,  was  the  Egyptian  Hermes,  or  Mercun 
Theut,  thut,  or  thot,  in  the  Berber  language,  si; 
nines  the  eye. 

Thouars,  considerable  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dej 
of  two  Sevres,  and  late  province  of  Poitou. 
is  seated  on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Thoue,  32  ms.  SE 
of  Angers,  and  162  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  0  15  W 
lat.  46  59  N. 

Thrapston,  town  of  England,  in  Northamptor 
shire,  on  the  Nen,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  7  mil( 
N.  of  Higham-Ferrers,  and  75  NNW.  of  Lor 
don.    Lon.  0  36  W.,  lat.  52  26  N. 

Three  Springs,  post  office,  Huntingdon  count} 
Pennsylvania,  by  post  road  84  miles  from  Harrit 
burg. 

Three  Hills  Island,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  i 
the  South  Pacific  ocean,  lying  to  the  south  of  Ma 
licollo. 

Three  Sisters. — See  Kuriles. 

Throopsville,  Cayuga  county,  New  York  — Sti 
Troupsville. 

Thu'm,  town  of  Hainault,  on  the  Sambre,  8  m 
SW.  of  Charleroy,  and  15  SE.  of  Mons.  Lon. 
22  E.,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Thule.—See  Fula. 

TJiule,  Southern. — See  Sandwich  Land. 

Thun,  lake  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  t 
Bern,  5  leagues  long  and  1  broad.  Its  borders  ai 
richly  variegated,  and  covered  with  numerous  vi 
lages,  and  the  river  Aar  passes  through  it. — 
Town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  h 
seated  on  the  NW.  extremity  of  this  lake,  whei 
the  river  Aar  issues  from  it,  partly  in  a  small  i; 
land  and  partly  on  a  hill,  15  miles.  SSE.  of  Ben 
Lon.  7  20  E.,  lat.  46  45  N. 

Thunder  Bay,  bay,  9  ms.  broad,  at  the 
corner  of  Lake  Huron,  in  North  America.    It  re 
ceives  this  name  from  the  supposed  continual  that 
der  that  is  heard  there. 

Thunes. — See  Tunis. 

Thur,  river  ol  Switzerland,  which  has  its  sourc 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  county  of  Toggenburg,  an 
enters  the  Rhine  7  ms.  SSW.  Schaffhausen. 

Thurgau,  formerly  a  bailiwick,  now  a  cantor 
of  Switzerland,  which  lies  along  the  river  Thu 
bounded  on  the  E.  and  N.  by  the  lake,  town,  an 
bishopric  of  Constance,  on  the  S.  by  the  territor 
of  the  abbot  of  St.  Gallen,  and  on  the  W.  by  th 
canton  of  Zurich.    Frauenfield  is  the  capital. 

Thuringia,  formerly  a  landgravate  of  Germanj 
in  Upper  Saxony,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Misma 
on  the  S.  by  Franconia,  on  the  W.  by  Hesse,  an 
on  -the  N.  by  the  duchy  of  Brunswick  and  th 
principality  of  Anhalt. 

Thurman,  now  Athol,  town,  Warren  co.,  IN 
Y.,  75  ms.  N.  of  Albany.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,330 
and  in  1820,  570. 

Thurso,  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Caithness 
shire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Thurso,  on  the  W 


TIG  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TIN 


de  of  Dunnet  bay.  It  has  a  considerable  trade, 
id  a  manufacture  of  woolen  and  linen  cloth  ;  and 
ilmon  fisheries  employ  a  number  of  hands.  Lon. 
16  W.,  lat.  58  36  N. 

Tiagar,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
)  ms.  WSW.  of  Pondicherry,  and  75  S.  of  Ar- 
>t.  Lon.  79°  E..  lat.  11  25  N. 
Tiano,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terri  di  Lavora.  It 
15  ms.  NW.  of  Capua.  Lon.  14  8  E.,  lat.  41 
I  N. 

Tiber,  river  in  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  Appe- 
ne3,  in  the  Florentino.  It  passes  into  the  Ec- 
csiastical  State,  washes  Borgo,  St.  Sepulcro, 
itta-di-Castella,  Orto,  and  Rome,  10  ms.  from 
hich  it  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  sea,  between 
stia  and  Porto.    Tivere  is  its  modern  name. 

Tiburoon,  cape,  at  the  most  westerly  extremity 
:the  island  of  St.  Domingo. 

Ticarte. — See  Tecort. 

i  Tickill,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
orkshire,  5  ms.  S.  of  Doncaster.  Lon.  1  11 
L  lat.  52  27  N. 

Tickely,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan, 
the  circle  of  Cicacole,  30  ms,  NE.  of  Cicacole, 
id  70  SW.  of  Ganjam.    Lon.  84  30  E.,  lat.  43 
N. 

Ticonderoga,  village,  Essex  co.,  N.  Y.,  built 
f  the  French  in  1756  on  the  narrow  passage  or 
mmunicatiou  between  the  Lakes  George  and 
.lamplain.  It  is  110  m?.  S.  of  Montreal,  and 
I  N.  of  New  York.    Lon.  73  25  W.,  lat.  43 

N. 

Tiddenham,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucester- 
ire,  7  ms.  S.  of  Colford. 

Tideswell,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Derbyshire,  on  the 
confines  of  the  Peak,  22  ms.  NW.  of  Derby, 
•id  158  NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  1  46  W., 
I  53  15  N. 

Tidor,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  in  the  East 
dies,  lying  to  the  E.  of  Gilolo,  and  to  the  S.  of 
i  ernate.  It  is  17  ms.  in  circumference,  and  pro 
,ices  cloves  and  flax.  The  Dutch  are  masters  of 
e  island,  though  it  has  a  king  of  its  own.  The 
aods  and  the  rocks  that  surround  it  render  it 
place  of  defence.    Lon.  126°  E.,  lat  0  50  N. 

Tiel.—See  Thiel. 

Tiengen,  town'of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Su- 
ia,  situated  on  the  Wutach,  29  ms.  E.  of  Basle, 
d  36  W.  of  Constance.  Lon.  8  5  E.,  lat.  47 
I  N. 

Tierra  del  Espirtu  Santo.— See  Terra  del  Es- 
rta  Sanlo. 

Titrra  del  Fuego. — See  Terra  del  Fuego. 
Tiffin,  village,  Seneca  co.,  O.,  about  100  ms. 
.  from  Columbus. 

Tiffin's  river,  or  Bean  creek,  rises  in  the  Slate 
Michigan,  heading  with  the  St.  Joseph  of  Lake 
ichigan  and  the  river  Raisin  of  Lake  Erie,  flows 
,  enters  Ohio,  crossing  Henry,  and  falls  into 
aumee  1|  mile  above  Fort  Defiance,  in  the  SE. 
mer  of  Williams  co.  It  is  navigable  Tor  boats 
to  Michigan,  70  or  80  ms.  above  its  mouth, 
hannel  very  circuitous.  The  land  watered  by 
is  stream  is  of  the  first-rate  quality,  timbered 
ith  liriodendron  tulipifera,  various  species  of 
ik,  lin,  clen,  black  and  white  walnut,  sugar  ma 
e,  &c. 

Tiffin,  tp.,  Adams  co.,  O.  Pop.  1820,  1,028. 
Tigre. — See  Africa,  p.  10. 


Tigris,  rtver  of  Turkey,  in  Asia,  which  has  its 
source  near  that  of  the  Euphrates,  in  the  moun- 
tain of  Tchilder,  in  Turcomania  ;  afterwards,  it 
separates  Diarbeck  from  Erzerum,  and  Khusistan 
from  Irac  Arabia,  and,  uniting  the  Euphrates,  falls 
into  the  gulf  of  Persia,  under  the  name  of  Schat- 
al-Arab.  This  river  passes  by  Diarbekar,  Gezira, 
Mousal,  Bagdad,  and  Bussorah.  The  Tigris  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  rapidity  of  its  current ;  it 
was  called  Tigo  in  the  Median  language,  Diglito 
in  Arabic,  and  Hiddekel  in  Hebrew — all  of  which 
terms  signify  "the  flight  of  an  arrow."  Though 
the  Euphrates  has  the  longest  course,  some  trav- 
ellers seem  to  suppose  that  in  volume  •  tjie  Tigris 
equals  or  excels  its  rival.  Taken  together,  these 
two  rivers  would,  to  a  civilized  and  commeicial 
nation,  afford  noble  and  extensive  lines  of  inter- 
course. 

Tilbury,  East,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  E.  of  Tilbury  Fort. 

Tilbury,  West,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thames,  N.  of  Tilbury  Fort. 

Tilbury,  fort  of  Eng  ,  in  Essex,  on  the  Thames, 
opposite  to  Gravesend,  a  regular  fortification,  which 
may  be  termed  the  key  of  London.  It  is  28  ms. 
E.  by  S.  of  London. 

Tillieres,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Evere, 
and  late  province  of  Normandy,  6  ms.  NE.  of 
Verneuil,  and  12  W.  of  Dreux.  Lon.  1  3  E., 
lat.  48  46  N. 

Tilsit,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lithuania,  with  a 
considerable  trade  in  linseed,  butter,  and  other  ar- 
ticles. It  is  situated  on  the  Memel,  50  ms.  NE. 
of  Koningsberg,  and95SSW.  of  Mittau.  Lon. 
22  8  E.,  lat.  55  8  N. 

Timana,  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Popayan, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  which 
abounds  in  fruits  and  pastures.  It  is  seated  on  a 
river,  130  ms.  ESE.  of  Popayan.  Lon.  73  55 
W.,  lat.  1  3  N. 

Timballier,  bay  at  the  mouth  of  Lafourche,  in 
La.  This  bay  is  about  30  ms.  in  length,  and 
from  3  to  8  wide.  The  adjacent  islands  and  shore 
are  low  grassy  or  sandy  flats. 

Timerycotta,  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  province  of  Golconda,  64  ms.  SE.  of  Hy- 
drabad,  and  95  W.  of  Masulipatam.  Lon.  79  26 
E.,  lat.  15  20  N. 

Timor,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  between  Ce- 
lebes and  New  Holland.  It  is  15*0  ms.  long  and 
37  broad,  arid  abounds  in  sandal  wood,  wax,  and 
honey.  The  Dutch  have  a  fort  here.  Lon.  of  the 
SW.  point  123  59  E.,  lat.  10  23  S. 

Tina,  town  of  Turkey,  in  Europe,  in  Bosnia, 
on  the  river  Tis,  37  ms.  NW.  of  Spalatro.  Lon. 
17  9  E.,  lat.  44  28  N. 

Tina,  or  Tinos,  the  ancient  Tenos,  and  island 
of  the  Archipelago,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  to  the 
W.  of  Nicaria.  It  is  17  ms.  long  and  8  broad. 
The  fortress  stands  on  a  rock  ;  Nicoli  is  the  prin- 
cipal town.    Lon.  25  24  E,,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Tindelsville,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  N.  C, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Yadkin  river,  90  ms.  SW. 
by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Tineveily. — See  Palamcotta. 

Tinian,  island  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  one  of  the 
Ladrones,  12  ms.  in  length  and  6  in  breadth. 

Tinicum,  island,  creek,  and  town,  Bucks  co., 
Pa.    The  town  is  on  the  Delaware  river,  between 

885 


TIO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


Plumstead  and  Noxamixon,  25  ms.  NW.  from 
Trenton,  in  N.  J.,  and  38  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 

from  Philadelphia.    Pop.  1820,  1,249.  Tp., 

Delaware  co.,  Pa.  It  lies  on  the  Delaware,  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Darby  creek,  about  6  ms.  from 
Philadelphia,  and  consists  principally  of  grazing 
farms. 

Tinmouth,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Northumber- 
land, at  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne,  9  ms.  E.  of  New- 
castle. Here  ships  take  in  their  loading  of  coal 
and  of  goods  brought  from  Newcastle.    Lon.  I  6 

W.,  lat.  55  6  N.  Town,  Vt.,  in  Rutland  co., 

15  ms.  S.  of  Rutland,  and  26  N.  of  Bennington. 
Pop.  ab.out  1,200. 

Tinos. — See  Tina. 

Tintagel,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  a  remarkable  fortification,  called 
King  Arthur's  Castle. 

Tinto,  river  of  Spain,  which  has  its  source  in 
the  province- of  Seville,  and  its  name  from  its  wa- 
ters, which  are  tinged  of  a  yellow  color.  Near 
its  spring  it  has  a  petrifying  quality,  no  trees  or 
plants  growing  on  its  banks.  It  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic about  18  ms.  below  Niebla. 

Tinzeda,  town  of  Baibary,  in  Biledulgerid.  It 
is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in  a  country 
fertile  in  dates  and  barley,  and  abounding  in  indigo. 
Lon.  6  13  W.,  lat.  27  30  Kl 

Tinzulie,  strong  town  of  Barbary,  in  Biledul- 
gerid, seated  on  the  river  Dras.  Lon.  5  43  W., 
lat.  28  15  N. 

Tioga,  or  Chemung,  river  of  N.  Y.  and  Pa., 
formed  of  three  branches  of  Tioga  proper,  Canisteo, 
and  Chemung.  It  is  the  northwestern  branch  of 
Susquehannah,  which  it  joins  at  Tioga  point,  in 
Pa.,  after  a  comparative  course  of  about  80  ms. 

Tioga,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bouuded  by  Bradford  co  , 
Pa.,  S  ,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  W.,  Tompkins  N., 
and  Broome  E.  Length  36  ms.,  mean  width  28  ; 
area  about  1,000  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  but  in  a 
peculiar  degree  well  watered.  The  main  branch 
of  Susquehannah  crosses  its  SE.  angle.  ItsS  W.  is 
in  a  similar  manner  traversed  by  Tioga  river.  Cayu- 
ga and  a  number  of  other  large  creeks  drain  the  cen- 
tral parts,  and  flow  S.  into  the  Susquehannah  and 
Tioga  rivers.  The  northern  side  of  the  county  is 
drained  by  creeks  falling  into  Seneca  and  Cayuga 
lakes.  By  the  channel  of  Newtown  creek,  along 
the  western  side  of  Tioga,  a  canal  has  been  pro- 
jected, to  connect  the  Susquehannah  and  St.  Law- 
rence basins.  Chief  towns,  Owego,  Newtown, 
Spencer,  and  Smithsborough.  Pop.  in  1840, 
20,527.  Central  lat.  42  12  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0 
30  E. 

Tioga,  town  in  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Susque 
hannah  river,  10  miles  below  Owego.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,816. 

Tioga,  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  Steuben  co.,  N. 
Y.,  N.,  Bradford,  Pa.,  E.,  Lycoming  SE.  and 
E.,  and  Potter  W.  Length  36  ms.,  breadth  31  • 
area  1,108  sq.  ms.  Surface  broken,  and  soil  of 
middling  quality.  The  main  southern  branch  of 
Tioga  river  rises  in  the  SE.  angle,  and  traverses 
this  county,  flowing  N.  into  N.  Y.  Its  SW.  an- 
gle is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Pine  creek.  Chief 
town,  Wellsborough.    Pop.  1840,  3,371. 

Tioga,  town,  Tioga  co.,  Pa.,  on  Tioga  river, 
10  ms.  NE.  from  Wellsborough.    Pop.  in  1810, 
803;  in  1820,  246. 
886 


Tioughnioga,  western  branch  of  Chenango  ri  • 
rises  in  Onondaga  and  Courtland cos.,  N.  Y.,i[t 
flowing  SE.,  joins  Chenango  river  at  the  villag  f 
Chenango,  on  the  W.  border  of  Broome  co.,  i  r 
a  comparative  course  of  50  ms. 

Tiperah,  or  Tiprah,  kingdom  of  Asia,  lyin  \ 
the  E.  of  Hindoostan  proper. 

Tipitapa,  river  or  strait,  uniting  the  Lakes  . 
caragua  and  Managua,  or  Leon,  in  the  provinc  f 
Nicaragua,  Central  America.    "  The  river  T  . 
tapa  has  been  represented  as  navigable  the  wl ; 
length  for  the  largest  ships ;  but  no  survey  ; 
ever  made  until  Mr.  Bailey's,  according  to  wl 
it  is  30  ms.  in  length.    Above  Lake  Nicarag 
for  24  ms.,  the  water  is  from  1  to  3  fathoms 
depth  ;  above  this  there  are  rapids,  and,  at  the 
tance  of  4$  ms.,  a  fall  of  13  feet.    The  whale 
within  the  6  ms.  is  28f  feet."    The  Lake  Ma 
gua  is  about  45  ms.  long  and  100  in  circum 
ence.    "There  is  not,"  says  Stephens,  "a  i 
gle  stream  on  the  contemplated  line  of  the  cs 
from  this  lake  to  the  Pacific,  and  it  would  be 
cessary  for  this  lake  to  furnish  the  whole  supph 
water  for  communication  with  both  oceans." — I 
Nicaragua  province.    N.  lat.  12  30  passes  o 
Lake  Leon. 

Tippecanoe,  one  of  the  northern  branches 
Wabash,  la. 

Tipperary,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
Munster,  60  ms.  long  and  40  broad,  bounded 
the  N.  by  King's  co.,  on  the  E.  by  Queen's 
and  Kilkenny,  on  the  S.  by  Waterford,  and  on 
W.  by  Galway,  Clare,  Limerick,  and  Cork.  ( 
shel  is  the  capital. 

Tipperary,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of 
same  name,  9  ms.  SSW.  of  Cashel. 

Tipton,  co.  of  Ten.,  bounded  by  the  Mississ 
pi  river  W.,  Shelby  co.  S.,  Fayetie  SE.,  Hi 
wood  E.,  and  Lauderdale  N.  Length  from  E. 
W.  28  ms.,  mean  width  from  N.  to  S.  14;  a 
400  sq.  ms.  The  Mississippi  river  in  front  oft 
county  is  very  winding,  but  general  course  ab< 
SW.  Chief  town,  Covington.  Pop.  in  184 
6,800. 

Tipton,  C.  H.  and  town,  Tipton  co.,  Ten., 
post  road  240  ms.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Tirano,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  Ci 
ital  of  the  Upper  Terzero.  It  is  17  ms.  SW. 
Bormio.    Lon.  9  46  E.,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Tirce,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  or  Western  islar 
of  Scotland,  lying  to  the  SWr.  of  Col.  It  is 
small,  rich  island,  and  noted  for  its  marble  quari 
and  a  handsome  breed  of  little  horses. 

Tireh,  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  Asiatic  provir 
of  Natolia,  situated  on  the  Meander,  32  rns.  SS 
of  Smyrna.    Lon.  27  30  E.,  lat.  28  10  N. 

Tirlemont,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Net 
erlands,  in  Brabant,  formerly  one  of  the  most  cc 
siderable  places  in  that  duchy,  but  ruined  by  t 
wars.    Lon.  4  41  E.,  lat.  50  48  N. 

Tirnau,  strong  and  considerable  town  of  Upf 
Hungary,  in  the  co.  of  Neitra.    It  is  seated  on  t 
Tirna,  5  ms.  W.  of  Leopoldstadt,  and  22  NE. 
Presburg.    Lon.  17  39  E.,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Tirol,  or  Tyrol,  country  of  Germany,  in  At 
tria,  and  part  of  the  hereditory  dominions  of  tb 
house.  It  is  150  ms.  long  and  120  broad,  boun 
ed  on  the  N.  by  Bavaria,  on  the  E.  by  Carinth 
and  Sahzburg,  on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of  V 


TOB 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TOD 


xii,  and  on  the  W.  by  Switzerland.  Though  a 
njntainous  country,  it  produces  as  much  corn 
a  wine  as  the  inhabitants  have  occasion  for,  and 
h  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper.  It  is 
dded  into  four  parts — Tyrol,  properly  so  called, 
I  bishopric  of  Trent,  the  bishopric  of  Brixen,  and 
ir  provinces  of  Suabia,  which  are  united  to  Ty- 
r    Inspruc  is  the  capital. 

Visbury,  tp.,  Duke's  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  N.  side 
ohe  island  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  Pop.  in  1810, 
102;  in  1820,  1,223. 

ritan,  or  Cabaros,  island  of  Fr.,  the  most  east- 
e  of  the  Hieres,  in  the  Mediterranean. 

niticaca,  or  Chucuito,  lake  of  Peru,  in  the  an- 
il ice  of  Los  Charcos.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  in 
8\merica. 

nitchfield,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  seat- 
cm  a  small  river,  6  ms.  E.  of  Southampton. 

nitlisberg,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  in 
Stzerland,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  the  greatest 
p  of  the  valley  of  Engelberg. 

Ittmaning,  town  ol  Germany,  in  Saltzburg,  on 
tI  Saltza,  24  ms.  NW.  of  Saltsburg.  Lon  12  46 
E  lat.  47  54  N. 

liul,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  co.  of 
B  rog.    Lon.  20  30  E.,  lat.  45  30  N. 

\ver. — See  Tiber. 

Overton,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  on 
llEx,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge.  This  town 
h  been  noted  for  its  great  woolen  manufactures, 
litis  14  ms.  NNE.  of  Exeior,  and  161  W.  by 

8. f  London.  Lon.  3  38  W.,  lat.  50  44  N.  

T,  Newport  co.,  R.  L,  lying  about  14  miles 
I  the  city  of  Newport.  Pop.  in  1810,  2,837  ; 
io820,  2,875. 

lumen,  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  province  of  To- 
btk,  on  the  Tura,  125  ms.  W.  of  Tobolsk. 

ivoli,  celebrated  town  of  Italy,  in  Campjgna 
di  oma.  Near  Ttvoli  is  the  remarkable  Lake  of 
S  atara.  Tivoli  is  seatad  on  the  Teverone,  12 
m  ENE.  of  Rome,  and  15  NNE.  of  Frescati. 
1 .  12  43  E.,  lat.  41  59  N.— See  Sulfataraand 
Trone. 

lascala,  formerly  a  republic,  and  at  present  a 
toi  of  Mexico,  about  70  ms.  E.  from  the  city  of 
M  ico.    Pop.  4,000. 

lemesen. — See  Tremesen. 

jbago,  the  most  southward  of  the  islands  in 
hWest  Indies,  and  the  most  eastward,  except 
B  >adoes.  It  is  32  ms.  long  and  9  broad  ;  120 
»iS.  ot  Barbadoes.  Lon.  59  0  W.,  lat.  11  10 
»  h. 

>bago,  Little,  island  near  the  NE.  extremity 
»f  obago,  (in  the  W.  Indies,)  2  ms  long  and  1 

ft. 

)bolsk,  government  of  Russia,  which  compre- 
ie  s  the  W.  part  of  Siberia.    It  is  divided  into 

li  wo  provinces  of  Tobolsk  and  Tomsk.  Cap- 

ta»f  Siberia,  and  of  the  government  of  Tobolsk, 
■*ld  on  a  hill,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tobol  and 
faj'h,  1,400  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Moscow,  and  1,500 
ifbyE.  of  Petersburgh.  Lon.  68  12  E.,  lat.  58 

>by,  NW.  tp.,  Armstrong  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  E. 
it  Alleghany  river.    Pop.  in  1810,  611  ;  in 
18',  1,156. 

'by's  Creek,  river,  Pa.,  rising  in  McKean, 
;,°ngSVV.,  enters  and  traverses  Jefferson  co., 
I  rum  thence  between  Armstrong  and  Venango 


cos.,  and  falls  into  Alleghany  river  at  the  village  of 
Fox  burg. — See  Clarion  river. 

Tocantin,  large  river  of  S.  America,  in  Brazil. 
It  is  composed  of  two  large  branches,  the  Tocan- 
tin proper  to  the  SE.,  and  the  Araguay  to  the 
SW.  The  latter  is  the  main  stream,  rising  in  Go- 
ias  and  Mattagrosso,  lat.  20°  S.,  and  flowing  a 
little  E.  of  N.  about  1,000  ms.,  by  comparative 
courses,  joins  the  Tocantin.  The  latter  has  its 
source  in  Goias,  lat.  16°  S.,  and,  by  comparative 
courses,  a  little  W.  of  N.  800  ms.,  meets  the  Ara- 
guay at  lat.  6°  S.  Below  their  junction,  the  unit- 
ed waters  flow  N.  300  ms.,  and  are  finally  lost  in 
the  channel  of  Joanne,  or  Para. 

Tocat,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Natolia,  and 
Paschalic  of  Siwas;  it  is  the  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name.  The  houses  are  handsomely 
built,  and  the  streets  are  pretty  well  paved,  which 
is  an  uncommon  thing  in  these  parts  ;  but  the  town 
makes  a  very  odd  appearance,  and  is  in  the  form 
of  an  amphitheatre.  There  are  two  rugged  per- 
pendicular rocks  of  marble,  with  an  old  castle  upon 
each ;  and  so  many  streams  that  each  house  has  a 
fountain.  There  are  12  mosques,  and  a  vast  num- 
ber of  chapels  ;  the  Armenians  have  7  churche?, 
and  the  Greeks  only  1.  Besides  the  silk  of  this 
country,  they  manufacture  much  of  that  of  Persia, 
and  make  it  into  sewing  silk  ;  their  chief  trade  is 
in  copper  vessels,  such  as  kettles,  drinking  cups, 
lanterns,  and  candlesticks.  They  also  prepare  a 
great  deal  of  yellow  Turkey  leather.  Tocat  may 
be  considered  as  the  centre  of  trade  in  Natolia,  lor 
caravans  come  hither  from  several  parts.  Its  ter- 
ritory abounds  in  fruits  and  excellent  wine.  It  is 
210  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Erzerum,  and  283  N.  of 
Aleppo.  Pop.  35,000  Turks,  4,000  Armenians, 
and  1,000  Greeks.    Lon.  37  15  E.,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Tocayma,  town  of  New  Grenada,  seated  on  the 
Pati,  in  a  country  abounding  in  fruits  and  sugar. 
Here  are  hot  baths  between  two  cold  springs;  and 
near  the  town  is  a  volcano.    Lon.  73  50  W.,  lat 
4  3  N. 

Tockay,  strong  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the 
co.  of  Zimplin,  with  a  castle.  It  is  celebrated  for 
its  excellent  wine,  but  being  produced  only  by  one 
vineyard,  it  is  scarce  even  in  Vienna.  At  some 
distance  from  it  are  large  salt  works.  It  is  seated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Bodrog  and  Teisse,  75  ms. 
NW.  of  Great  Waradin,  and  -90  NE.  of  Buda. 
Lon.  21  25  E.,  lat.  48  10  N. 

Tockua falls,  Franklin  co.,  Georgia.  It  is  in  a 
branch  of  Tugaloo  river.  The  fall  near  200  feet. 
— See  article  Tallulah,  for  a  more  ample  notice  of 
Tockoa . 

Tocort,  or  Tugguri,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Algiers,  in  Africa,  240  ms.  SSE.  of  Algiers.  Lon. 
4  40  E.,  lat.  32  40  N. 

Todd,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Robertson  co., 
Tenn.,  S.,  Christian  W.,  Muhlenburg  N.,  and 
Logan  E.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  15,  area, 
450  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  Red  river,  branch  of 
Cumberland,  and  Muddy  fork,  a  branch  of  Green 
river.  Chief  town,  Elkton.  Pop.  in  1820,  5,089  ; 
and  in  1840,  9,901.  Central  lat.  36  55  N.  Ion' 
W.  C,  10°  W. 

Todi,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoletto, 
on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Tiber,  22  ms.  S.  of  Pela- 
gia,  and  50  N.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  32  E.,  lat.  42 
44  N. 


837 


TOL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TOM 


Toggenburg,  co.,  Switzerland,  depending  on 
the  abbey  of  St.  Gallen,  between  high  mountains. 
It  is  fertile  in  corn  and  fruit,  and  is  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower.  It  contains  upwards  of 
46,000  inhabitants,  the  majority  of  whom  are  Pro- 
testants. 

Toissey,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.,  of  Ain,  25 
ms.  N.  of  Lyons.  Lon.  4  52  E.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Tola°a  Bay,  bay  of  the  island  of  New  Zealand, 
in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon.  178  33  E  ,  lat.  38 
21  S. 

Toledo,  commercial  city  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the  capital.  It 
is  advantageously  seated  on  a  mountain,  on  the 
river  Tagu,  which  surrounds  it  on  two  sides ;  and 
on  the  land  siJe  it  has  an  ancient  wall  built  by  a 
Gothic  king,  and  flanked  with  100  towers.  It  has 
a  royal  castle,  a  famous  university,  and  several 
manufactures  of  silk  and  wool.  It  is  37  ms.  S.  of 
Madrid.    Lon.  3  20  W.,  lat.  39  53  N. 

Tolen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  in  Zea- 
land, on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  separated 
by  a  narrow  channel  from  Dutch  Brabant.  It  is 
5  ms.  NW.  of  Bergen-op-Zoom.  Lon.  4  20  E., 
lat.  51  30  N. 

Tolentlno,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  on  the  river  Chiento,  8  ms.  SE.  of  St. 
Severino,  and  88  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon.  13  11  E  , 
lat.  43  14  N. 

Tolesburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  Government 
of  Riga,  with  a  harbor,  seated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  60  ms,  W.  of  Narva.  Lon.  26  4  E., 
lat.  59  38  N. 

Talfa,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  dominions  of  the 
Pope.  In  the  neighborhood  are  mines  of  alum  and 
iron,  warm  baths,  and  quarries  of  alabaster  and  la- 
pis lazuli.  It  is  25  ms.  NW.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12 
40  E.,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Talhuyft,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Guelderland,  on  the  Rhine.  It  is  8  ins. 
E.  of  Nimeguen.    Lon.  6  0  E.,  lat.  51  56  N. 

Tolland,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Connecticut  river,  20  ms.  below  Spring- 
field.   Pop.  in  1810,  800;  in  1820,  692. 

Tolland,  co.  of  Ct.,  bounded  by  New  London 
S.,  Hartford  W.,  Hampden,  Mass.,  N.,  and  Wind- 
ham, Ct.,  E.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  15; 
area  450  sq.  ms.  It  lies  on  the  dividing  ground 
between  the  sources  of  the  Thames,  and  various 
creeks  flowing  SW.  into  Connecticut  river.  Sur- 
face generally  hilly  ;  soil  of  middling  quality.  Pop. 
in  1820,  14,330;  and  in  1840,  17,980.  Central 
lat.  41  48  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  40  E. 

Tolland,  town  and  seat  of  justice  for  Tolland 
co.,  Ct.,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Hartford,  and  19  W.  of 
Pomfret. 

Tolmezzo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  30  ms.  NE. 
ofBelluno.    Lon.  12  50  E  ,  lat.  46  30  N. 

Tolmino,  town  of  Germany,  in  Carniola,  12  ms. 
N.  of  Goritz. 

Tolna,  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dan- 
ube, in  a  country  producing  excellent  wine,  8  ms. 
SW.  of  Colocza,  and  45  S.  of  Buda.  Lon.  19 
28  E.,  lat.  46  33  N. 

Tolnani,  town  of  Hindoostan,  70  ms.  W.  of 
Burhampour,  and  121  E.  of  Surat.  Lon.  75  3  E., 
lat.  21  15  N. 

Tolosa,  town  of  Spain,  the  capital  of  Guipuscoa, 

S83 


in  a  valley,  between  the  Araxis  and  Oria,  ov 
which  are  two  bridges,  and  near  them  several  na 
ural  cascades.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  great  numb 
of  artists,  who  make  sword  blades  in  high  esteen 
It  is  37  ms.  S  W.  of  Bayonne,  and  47  SE.  of  Bi 
boa.    Lon.  2  5  W.,  lat.  43  10  N. 

Tolu,  town  of  South  America,  in  Carthagen; 
famous  for  the  balsam  of  Tolu,  brought  hence  i 
Europe,  and  produced  from  a  tree  like  a  pine, 
is  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  60  ms.  J 
of  Carthagena.    Lon.  75  22  W.,  lat.  9  30  N.  , 

Tomar,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  o 
the  river  Naboam,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Coimbra,  anj 
65  NE.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  7  55  W.,  lat.  39  30  IS 

Tombec,  town  of  Brabant,  8  ms.  S.  of  Louvaii 
and  10  E.  of  Brussels.  Lon.  4  49  E.,  lat  50  45  IS 

Tombelaine,  small  island  of  Fr.,  with  a  town  < 
the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Normandy,  in 
small  gulf  between  Avanches  and  St.  Malo.  Tfr 
island,  as  well  as  that  of  St.  Michael,  in  whic 
there  is  a  monastery,  is  every  day  joined,  a'.  lo\ 
water,  to  the  main  land. 

Tombigbee,  western  or  rather  NW.  branch  < 
Alabama,  rises  on  the  NE.  angle  of  Mississippi 
runs  SE.,  reciving  numerous  tributaries  from  thJ 
spurs  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  which  are  her 
scattered  in  groups  over  the  country.  At  Cotto: 
Gin  Port,  about  70  ms.  SW.  of  the  Muscle  Shoal 
the  various  branches  unite  and  form  a  fine  naviga 
ble  stream  ;  thence,  assuming  a  course  E.  of  S.I 
it  crosses  into  Ala.,  receiving  several  creeks  fron 
the  Choctaw  country  on  the  W.,  and  the  Sipse- 
river  on  the  E.  It  unites  with  the  Tuckalooss' 
or  Black  Warrior,  at  N.  lat.  32  30,  after  a  cours 
of  150  ms.,  and  thence,  turning  S.  130,  unite > 
with  Alabama,  forming  the  Mobile.  The  Tombig 
bee  is  navigable  by  schooners  to  St.  Stephen,  wher 
rapids  first  occur,  but  barges  and  keel  boats  ascent 
to  Cotton  Gin  Port,  220  ms.  higher,  following  th' 
bends  of  the  river. — See  Mobile. 

Tombuctoo,  kingdom  of  Nigritia,  which  lies  i\ 
the  SE.  of  the  great  desert  of  Sahara,  and  W.  o 
the  empire  of  Cashna.  It  produces  great  pleat 
of  corn,  cattle,  milk,  and  butter.  The  king  ha 
300  horsemen,  besides  a  great  number  of  foot,  wh" 
frequently  take  captives,  and  sell  them  to  the  mei 

chants  for  slaves.  Capital  of  a  kingdom  of  th! 

same  name,  in  Nigritia. — See  Africa,  p.  22. 

Tomebambo,  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  c 
Quito,  where  was  a  temple  of  the  "sun,  whos 
walls,  as  the  Spaniards  assert,  were  covered  wit 
gold.  It  is  120  ms.  S.  of  Quito.  Lon.  77  &> 
W.,  lat.  2  16  S. 

Tomhannock,  village,  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y. 
19  ms.  from  Albany. 

Tomina,  government  of  S.  America,  in  Bueno 
Ay  res. 

Tomini,  town  of  the  island  of  Celebes,  in  th 
E.  Indies,  in  a  bay  to  which  it  gives  name.  Lor 
119°  E.,  lat,  45'  S. 

Tomlinsori's,  post  office,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  oi 
the  U.  S.  road,  25  ms.  WT.  from  Cumberland,  an* 
156  NW.  of  W.  C. 

Tompkins,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Seneca  lak 
W.,  Seneca  and  Cayuga  cos.  N.,  and  Courtlani 
E.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  15,  area  abou 
500  sq.  miles.  Surface  generally  very  hilly,  an< 
soil  productive.  It  i&'in  great  part  watered  by  tl> 
confluent  creeks  of  Cayuga  lake.     Chief  town 


TON  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  TOP 


thaca.    Pop.  1820,  20,681.    Central  lat.  42 '26 

ff..  Ion.  W.  C.  26'  E.  Town,  Delaware  Co., 

f.  Y.,  27  ms.  SW.  from  Delhi. 

Tompkinsville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Mon- 
co.,  Ky.,  about  40  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from 
[usselville.  Lat.  36  44  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  30  W, 

Tom's  river,  and  post  office,  Monmouth  co.,  N. 
.,  60  ms.  E.  from  Philadelphia,  and  by  post  road 

0  SE.  from  Trenton. 

Tomsk,  large  government  of  Russia,  in  Asia, 
n  the  Obey  and  Jeniesey  rivers.  The  province 
f  Tomsk  presents,  on  its  northern  extremity,  the 
ast  cold  and  sterile  district  of  Mangaseisk,  or,  as 

is  more  frequently  called,  Turukhansk.  To  the 
.  of  the  latter  extends  the  district  of  Jeniesey,  on 
te  river  of  the  same  name  and  the  Upper  Tungus- 
a.  The  districts  of  Narym,  Tchoulym,  Tomsk, 
id  Kainsk,  spread  to  the  SW.  from  Turukhansk  | 
id  Jeniesey.  The  district  of  Kainsk  includes  a 
art  of  the  vast  steppe  of  Barrabin.  Kolyvan,  for- 
,erly  a  separate  government,  is  now  the  southern 
irt  of  Tomsk,  or  western  Siberia.  Semipalatnoi 
?s  between  the  Irtysh  and  Oby.  The  district  of 
utynesk,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  is  sita- 
ed  ne  ir  the  sources  of  the  Tom,  and  extends  to 
ie  Jeniesey.  To  the  E.  of  the  former,  on  the 
pper  Jeniesey,  extends  the  district  of  Abakansk. 
ear  Abakansk  the  temperature  is  sufficiently 
ild  for  the  culture  of  watermelons.  Kasnoiarsk, 

1  the  Jeniesey,  closes  the  province  of  the  gov- 
nment  of  Tomsk.  This  very  extensive  govern- 
ment reaches  from  the  Altain  mountains,  N.  lat. 
)°,  to  the  utmost  frozen  extremity  of  Asia,  lat. 
5°  N.— See  Siberia. 

Tomsk,  town  on  the  Tom,  a  small  eastern 
anch  of  the  Oby,  is  the  capital  of  the  government 

the  same  name,  and  ranks  the  third  in  size  of 
e  towns  of  Asiatic  Russia.  Its  pop.  amounts  to 
3m  12,000  to  15,000,  and  is  increasing.  This 
ly  is  a  kind  of  entrepot,  and  is  the  residence  or 
sort  of  great  numbers  of  Russian,  Tartar,  Buk- 
rian,  and  Kalmuk  merchants.  Lat.  56  30  N., 
ti.  84  59  E. 

Tonderen,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of 
eswick,  with  a  fort,  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
i  the  German  ocean,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Ripen,  and  j 
>  NW.  of  Slewich.  Lon.  9  40  E.,  lat.  54  58  N.  ! 
Tonga,  group  of  islands  in  the  S.  Pacific  ocean. ' 
'e  Anamooka  and  Tongataboo. 
Tongataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly  island-,  in  the ! 

Pacific  ocean,  about  20  leagues  in  circuit,  ! 
mewhat  oblong,  broadest  at  the  E.  end,  and  its! 
eatest  length  from  E.  to  W.  Lon.  176  46  E.,  I 
.  21  9  S. 

Tongres,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric  of 
ege,  on  the  Neckar,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Maestricht, 
d  15  W.  of  Liege. 

Tong  tchang,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
lang-tong.  It  is  150  ms.  S.  of  Peking.  Lon. 
6  25  E.,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Tong-chuen,  fortified  city  of  China,  in  the 
ovince  of  Se-tchuen.  The  inhabitants  are  all 
Idiers,  who  have  followed  the  profession  of  arms 
>m  futher  to  son.  It  is  867  ms.  SW.  of  Peking. 
>n.  101  30  E.,  lat.  25  56  N. 

Tongusians,  people  who  inhabit  the  E.  part  of 
beria,  and  are  subject  to  the  Russians.  They 
J  all  pagans,  and  chiefly  subsist  by  grazing  and 

nting  of  sables. 
112* 


Tonnewanto,  small  river  or  creek  of  N.  Y., 
rises  in  the  SW.  angle  of  Genesee,  flows  N. 
about  20  ms.  to  Batavia.  Here  it  abruptly  turns 
W.,  and  continues  that  course  40  ms.  into  Niag- 
river  opposite  Grand  Isle.  The  channel  of  this 
stream,  for  a  distance  of  about  1 1  ms.,  forms  a  part 
of  the  Erie  canal.  From  the  western  border  of 
Genesee,  it  forms  the  limit  between  Niagara  and 
Erie  cos. 

Tonna,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxony,  6 
ms.  N.  of  Gotha. 

Tonnay  Boutonne,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  seated  on  the  river 
Boutonge,  17  ins.  N.  of  Saintes.  Lon.  34'  W., 
lat.  44  56  N. 

Tonnay  Charente,  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Charente,  with  a  castle  and  a 
small  port.  It  is  seated  on  the  Charente,  3  ms.  from 
Rochefort  and  253  SW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  46'  W., 
lat.  45  56  N. 

Tonniens,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lot  and  Garonne,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  2 
ms.  from  its  junction  with  the  Lot,  and  7  E.  of 
Marmande. 

Tonnierre,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  famous 
for  its  good  wines.  It  is  seated  on  the  Armancon, 
27  ms.  fromTroyes,  and  102  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4 
4  E.,  lat.  4?  51  N. 

Tonningen,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  river 
Eyder,  where  there  is  a  commodious  harbor,  25 
ms.  SW.  of  Sleswick,  and  58  NW.  of  Hamburg. 
Lon.  9  10  E.,  lat.  54  30  N. 

Tonquin,  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  China,  on  the  E.  by  China  and  the  Gulf  of 
Tonquin,  on  the  S.  by  Cochin  China,  and  on  the 
W.  by  Lao?.  It  is  about  1,200  ms.  in  length  and 
500  in  breadth,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
considerable  kingdoms  of  the  east,  as  well  on  ac- 
count of  the  number  of  inhabitants  as  the  riches  it 
contains  and  the  trade  it  carries  on.  The  natives 
in  general  are  of  a  middling  stature,  and  clean- 
limbed, with  a  tawny  complexion.  Their  faces 
are  oval  and  fiattish,  and  their  noses  and  lips  well 
proportioned.  Their  hair  is  black,  long,  lank, 
and  coarse.  This  kingdom  is  an  absolute  mon- 
archy.   Cachao  is  the  capital. 

Tonsberg,  seaport  of  Norway,  in  the  province 
of  Aggerhuys,  30  ms.  W.  of  Frederickstadt. 
Lon.  10  20  E.,  lat.  58  50  N. 

Toobonai,  small  island  in  the  South  sea,  dis- 
covered by  Captain  Cook,  being  in  any  direction 
not  above  5  or  6  ms.  Lon.  149  23  W.,  lat.  23 
25  S. 

Toolumba,  on  the  Ravee,  city  of  Hindoostan, 
now  subject  to  the  Seiks,  standing  about  40  ms. 
above  the  junction  of  the  Ravee  and  Chenaub. 
Here  Tamerlane  passed  the  Ravee  in  his  invasion 
of  Hindoostan. 

Topayos,  river  of  S.  America. — See  Tapajos. 

Topcliff,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  N.  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  seated  on  a  considerable  ascent,  on  the 
Swale,  24  ms.  N.  of  York. 

Topel,  or  Topi,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Bohe- 
mia, 24  ms.  NW.  of  Pilsen,  and  56  W.  of  Prague. 
Lon.  14  10  E.,  lat.  50  10  N. 

Toplitz,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 

889 


TOR 


Leutmeritz,  14  ms.  WNVV.  of  Leutmeritz.  Lon. 

14  10  E.,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Topolias. — See  Copals. 

Topolitzu,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Mol- 
davia, 12  ms.  SW.  of  Niemecz,  Lon.  26  9  E., 
lat.  46  51  N. 

Topoltzuu,  town  of  Hungary,  68  ms.  E.  of 
Vienna.    Lon.  17  30  E.,  lat.  48  35  N. 

Topsjield,  town,  Essex  co  ,  Mass.,  9  ms.  N. 
from  Salem. 

Topsham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  on  the 
Ex,  5  miles  SE.  of  Exeter,  (of  which  it  is 
the  port,)  and  170  SW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  26 

W.,lat.  50  39  N.  Town,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine, 

situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Androscoggin  river. 
The  tp.  contains  a  number  of  manufactures,  mills, 

&c.  Town  in  the  NE.  part  of  Orange  co., 

Vt.,  22  ms.  SE.  from  Montpelier. 

Tor,  or  Elfor,  town  of  Arabia  Petrea,  with  a 
good  harbor,  in  the  gardens  of  which  are  fountains 
of  bitter  water,  on  the  Red  sea.  Lon.  33  45  E., 
lat.  28  27  N. 

Torbay,  bay  of  the  English  channel,  on  the 
coast  of  Devonshire,  to  the  E.   of  Dartmouth, 
formed  by  two  capes  called  Bury  Point  and  Bob's 
Nose.    In  gales  of  wind  it  is  often  the  station  of  j 
the  Channel  fleet. 

Torbia,  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  co.  of  Nice. 
It  is  7  ms.  E.  of  Nice. 

Torbolc,  town  of  Italy,  in  (he  Trentino,  14  ms. 
SE.  of  Trent.    Lon.  11  39  E.,  lat.  45  56  N. 

Torcello,  town  of  Italy,  on  a  small  island,  7  ms. 
N.  from  Venice.    Lon.  12  9  E.,  lat.  45  32  N. 

Tarda,  or  Torenburg,  town  of  Transylvania, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  which  are  extensive  salt 
works.  The  Hungarian  language  is  said  to  be 
spoken  with  the  greatest  purity  in  this  town.    It  is 

15  ms.  WNW.  of  Clausenburg,  and  48  NW.  of 
Hermanstadt.    Lon.  23  12  E.,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Tordesillas,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  in  a  coun- 
try fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  on  the  river  Douero, 
24  ms.  W.  of  Valladolid,  and  75  SE.  of  Leon. 
Lon.  4  56  W.,  lat.  41  48  N. 

Torgau,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Saxony 
proper,  27  ms.  NE.  from  Leipsio,  and  35  NW.  of 
Dresden.    Lon.  13  3  E.,  lat.  51  34  N. 

Torigny,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Channel,  and  late  the  province  of  Normandy, 
seated  on  a  rivulet  7  ms.  SE.  of  St.  Lo.  Lon,  42' 
W.,  lat.  49°  N. 

Tonnes,  river  of  Spain  which  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Avila,  in  Castile,  passes  by  Alva,  Tormes, 
and  Salamanca,  and  falls  into  the  Douero  below 
Mirande  de-Douero. 

Torna,  or  Tornaw,  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  fortified 
place,  and  is  seated  on  an  eminence  on  the  river 
Sayo,  22  ms.  W.  of  Cassovia.  Lon.  20  43  E., 
lat.  48  50  N. 

Tome,  river  of  Sweden  which  has  it  source  in 
the  mountains  of  Norway,  forms  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  and,  taking  a  SE.  course,  enters  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia  at  Torneo. 

Torneo,  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Bothnia,  cap- 
ital of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good 
harbor.  It  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of 
the  same  name,  on  a  small  island  formed  by  it  at 
the  N.  extremity  of  Bothnia.  It  is  a  place  of 
some  trade,  because  all  the  Laplanders  in  thosie 
890 


parts  come  and  exchange  their  skins  and  other  a 
tieles  for  what  they  want.  The  houses  are  lov 
and  the  cold  so  severe  that  sometimes  the  peop 
lose  their  fingers  and  toes.  It  is  180  ms.  NE. 
Uma,  and  420  NNE.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  24  1 
E.,  lat.  65  51  N. 

Turnova,  episcopal  town  of  Turkey  in  Europ 
in  Janna.  It  is  seated  at  the  fool  of  Mount  l)r 
goniza,  on  the  river  Salempria,  10  ms.  NW. 
Larissa.    Lon.  22  36  E.,  lat.  39  52  N. 

Toro,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  seated  on  a  hi 
on  the  river  Douero,  in  a  country  fertile  in  co 
and  fruits,  and  whose  vineyards  yield  excellent  r 
wine.  It  is  37  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Salamanca,  ai 
100  NW  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  2  W.,  lat.  41  : 
North. 

Torella-deMongris,  seaport  of  Spain,  ir  Oat] 
Ionia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ter,  in  the  ]Medit< 
ranean,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  19  ms.  E.  ! 
S.  of  Gironna,  and  62  NE.  of  Barcelona.  Lo 
3  18  E.,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Torpcrlcy,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cheshire,  9  ir 
E.  of  Chester. 

Torquay,  village  in  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  i 
the  N.  side  of  Torbav,  7  ms.  SE.  of  Newt.; 
Bushel. 

Torre-dcl-Greco,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra-n 
Lavora,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  on  the  b 
of  Naples,  5  ms.  SE.  of  that  city.  It  was  i\ 
stroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  1631;  a 
again  in  1794  was  overwhelmed  by  a  torrent 
lava.  The  inhabitants,  however,  escaped  wi 
their  lives,  about  15  excepted. 

Torre  de-Moncorvo,  town  of  Portugal,  in  ti 
province  of  Tra  los  Montes,  27  ms.  SE.  of  Mira 
dela,  and  42  SSW.  of  Braganza.  Lon.  5  55 
lat.  41°  N. 

Torre  de  las  Salinas,  town  of  Spain,  in  Vale 
cia,  near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  whi 
carries  on  a  great  trade  in  salt,  procured  frorn 
small  lake  formed  by  saline  springs.  This  is  t. 
most  considerable  salt  work  in  all  Spain.  It  is 
ms.  SE.  of  Origuela,  and  37  NNE.  of  Carthaf. 
na.    Lon.  50'  W.,  lat.  37  58  N. 

Torrejo,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
ms.  S.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  3  21  W.,  lat.  40  I 
North. 

Torres,  maritime  town  of  Spain,  in  Granai 
seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  45  ms.  SW.  - 
Granada.    Lon.  3  56  W.,  lat.  36  39  N. 

Torres  Novas,  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  I 
tramadura,  on  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Almon 
55  ms.  NE.  of  Lisbon.    Lon.  8  8  W.,  lat. 
10  N. 

Torres  Vedcas,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estran 
dura,  near  the  Atlantic,  in  a  country  abounding 
corn,  fruits,  and  good  wine,  17  ms.  S.  of  Lisbi 

Torriglia,  town  of  Italy,  10  ms.  N.  of  Gen 
Lon.  8  44  E.,  lat.  44  34  N. 

Torringford,  town,  Litchfield  co.,  Conn., 
the  SE.  angle  of  Torrington,  23  ms.  a  little  1 
of  N.  from  Hartford. 

Torrington,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Dev* 
shire,  on  the  Towridge,  over  which  is  a  budge 
ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Barnstable,  and  194  W.  l>y 

of  London.    Lon.  4°  W.,  lat.  51  4  N.  T 

Litchfield  co  ,  Conn.,  25  ms.  N.  of  W.  ff 
Hartford.  It  has  one  of  the  largest  woolen  cl< 
^factories  in  the  State. 


TOS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TOU 


Tursily  town  of  Sweden,  in  Sudermania,  on  the  Tofness,  borough  of  England,  in  Devonshire,  on 
bunk  of  the  Lake  Maeler,  43  miles  from  Stock-  the  river  Dart,  on  the  side  of  a  hill;  has  a  manu 


!m.    Lon.  17  20  E.,  lat.  59  20  N. 


facture  of  series.    It  is  27  miles  SW.  of  Exeter, 


Turtula,  principal  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in  the  .and  196  W.  by  S.  of  London.    Lon.  3  44  W., 

lat.  f>0  24  N. 

Tottenham  High  Cross,  village  of  England,  in 


'est  Tndies,  18  miles  long  and  7  broad.     In  thi 
and  almost  all  the  trade  is  carried  on  ;  it  is  near 

miles  long  and  2  broad,  but  badly  watered,  and  I  Middlesex,  5  miles  N.  of  London.    It  is  so  called 


;koned  unhealthy.  They  cultivate  cotton  here, 
lich  is  much  esteemed  by  the  manufacturers, 


from  a  cross  which  has  existed  here  from  time  im- 
memorial. 

ewise  rum  and  sugar;  it  has  of  late  years  un- j  Totteridge,  village  of  England,  near  Middlesex, 
rgone  great  improvements.  The  entranco  into  j  near  Chipping  Barner,  10  ms.  NNW.  of  London. 
i  harbor  is  at  the  E.  end  of  the  island.  Lon.  03  Tout,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurthe, 
W.,  lat.  18  33  N.  land  late  province  of  Lorraine,  on  the  Moselle,  in  a 

Tortona,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  plain,  almost  surrounded  by  mountains,  10  miles 
pital  of  the  Tortones,  on  the  Scribia,  28  ms.  SE.   W.  of  Nancy,  and  167  SE.  of  Paris.    Lon.  6  2 


Casal,  and  27  SW.  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  58  E., 
.  45  8  N. 

ibrtorella,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Cite- 
re,  5  ms.  Pilacastra. 

Tartosa,  city  of  Spain,  in   Catalonia,  with  a 
iversity.    It  is  situated  in  a  country  fertile  in 
inland  fruits,  and  abounding  with  quarries  and 
i  nes  of  silver,  iron,  alabaster,  jasper  of  divers 
ors,  and  stones  with  veins  of  gold.    Here  is  a 
j.it  deal  of  silk  and  oil,  and  very  fine  potter's 
re,  which  resembles  porcelain.    It  is  seated  on 
•lain,  and  parily  on  a  hill,  35  miles  SW.  of  Tar- 
;rona,  and  180  E.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  0  35  E.,  lat. 
53  N. 

Tortuga,  uninhabited  island  near  the  coast  of 


E.,  lat.  48  40  N. 

Toula,  river  of  Chinese  Mongolia,  one  of  the 
eastern  branches  of  the  Selenga,  which  takes  its 
course  from  E.  to  W.,  and  is  abroad,  deep,  and 
rapid  river,  and  its  banks  are  surrounded  with 
woods  and  beautiful  meadows.  The  mountains 
which  hang  over  it  on  the  northern  side  are  cov- 
ered with  forests  of  aged  firs,  and  have  the  same 
effect  upon  the  eyes  as  an  immense  amphitheatre. 
This  river,  after  having  received  the  waters  of  the 
Selingue,  loses  itself  in  the  Baikal. 

Toulomea,  or  Tulmabine,  town  and  fortress  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Lahore,  seated  on  the  Rauve,  70 
ms.  ENE.  ofMoultan. 

Toulon,  city  and  seaport  of  France,  capital  o( 


Rrra  Firma,  40  miles  W.  of  the  island  of  Mar- j  the  department  of  Var,  and  late  province  of  Pro- 


•retta,  and  about  30  ms.  in  circumference.  Lon. 

•  20  W.,  lat.  11  30  N.  Island  in  the  West 

.dies,  near  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Hispa- 

>la.  It  is  about  80  miles  in  circumference,  and 
ii>5  a  safe  harbor,  but  difficult  of  access.  Lon.  75 
.  W.,  lat.  20  10  N. 

Tory,  derivation  uncertain,  supposed  from  the 
Btttc,  tor,  a  bush,  and  metaphorically,  or  rigura- 

ely,  a  robber.  It  is  a  term  of  reproach,  seldom 
impressed  with  much  definite  meaning  by  those 
mo  use  it,  and  applied  in  Great  Britain  to  those 
fcio  advocate  high  restrictive  principles  in  Church 

J  State.   In  American  history,  it  is  incorporated 

•  descriptive  of  those  native  citizens  who  opposed 
;  Revolution. 

I  \Tosa,  seaport  in  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seated  at 
bottom  of  a  bay,  which  forms  a  good  harbor. 


vence.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  80,000. 
The  harbor  is  distinguished  by  the  names  of  the 
Old  Port,  or  Merchant's  Port,  and  the  New  Port, 
or  King's  Port.  The  new  haven  was  construct- 
ed by  Louis  XIV.,  as  were  the  fortifications  of  the 
city.  In  the  front  of  this  haven  is  an  arsenal,  con- 
taining all  the  places  necessary  for  the  construction 
and  fitting  out  of  vessels ;  the  first  object  that  ap- 
pears is  a  ropewalk,  entirely  arched,  extending  as 
far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  and  built  after  the  designs 
of  Vauban  ;  here  cables  are  made,  and  above  is  a 
place  for  the  preparation  of  hemp.  Here,  likewise, 
is  the  armory  for  muskets,  pistols,  halberls,  &c. 
In  the  park  of  artillery  are  cannons  placed  in  piles, 
bombs,  grenades,  mortars,  and  balls  of  various 
kinds,  ranged  in  wonderful  order.  The  long  sail 
room,  the  foundry  for  cannon,  the  dock  yards,  the 
ere  vessels  are  sheltered  from  all  winds  except  ;basin,  &c,  are  all  worthhy  of  observation.  In  a 
SXV.    It  is  37  ms.  NE.  of  Barcelona.    Lon.  jword,  the  basins,  docks,  and  arsenal,  at  Toulon, 


)4  E.,  lat.  41  42  N. 
Tosanlu,  ancient  Lycus,  river  of  Natolia,  Asiatic 
trkey.  It  passes  Tocat,  and  falls  into  the  Jekil 
mak. 


warranted  the  remark  of  a  foreigner  who  visited 
them,  that  the  king  of  France  was  greater  there 
than  at  Versailles.  Toulon  is  the  only  mart  in  the 
Mediterranean  for  the  re-exportation  of  the  pro- 


Tuscancllu,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  jducts  of  the  East  Indies.    Toulon  is  seated  on  a 


Peter,  35  miles  N.  of  Rome.  Lon.  12  35  E. 
I  42  29  N. 

Tosena,  small  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Goth- 
ul,  20  miles  WN  W.  of  Uddervella.  Lon.  12  2 
,r  lat.  58  33  N. 

To&so,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothland,  42 
les  NINE,  of  Uddervella.  Lon.  12  15  K.,  lat. 
51  N. 

Tostur,  or  Shustar,  the  Shu.-han  of  the  Scrip- 
ts, town  of  Persia,  in  Khosistan,  on  the  banks 
the  Ah  was,  ancient  Euleus  of  the  Greeks,  and 
ai  of  the  Scriptures.  It  is  a  place  of  some  raan- 
ictures  and  commerce,  about  200  ms.  SE.  from 
!gdad. 


bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  37  miles  SE.  of  Mar- 
seilles and  3 1 7  SSE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  56  E.,  lat. 
43  7  N. 

Toulouse,  city  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Garonne,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc 
It  contains  56,000  inhabitants,  although  its  pop- 
ulation bears  no  proportion  to  its  extent.  Here  are 
many  monuments  of  antiquity,  and  it  was  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  ci'ies  of  the  old  Gauls,  and  a 
Roman  colony  ;  in  process  of  time,  it  became  the 
metropolis  of  the  Visigoths,  afterwards  of  Aqui- 
tain,  and,  at  length,  one  of  the  most  considerable 
governments  of  France,  and  the  seat  of  a  parlia- 
ment.   Communicating  with  the  Atlantic  on  one 

891 


TOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TRA 


Bide  by  the  river  Garonne,  and  with  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  other  by  the  canal  of  Languedoc, 
Toulouse  might  have  been  a  very  commercial  city  ; 
but  the  taste  of  the  inhabitants  has  been  princi- 
pally for  the  sciences  and  belles  lettres.  Of  course, 
there  are  two  colleges,  two  public  libraries,  and 
three  academies.  The  little  commerce  they  have 
consists  in  leather,  drapery,  blankets,  mignionets, 
oil,  iron,  mercery,  hardware,  and  books.  The 
bridge  over  the  Garonne  is  at  least  equal  to  those 
of  Tours  and  Orleans;  it  forms  the  communica- 


5 


tain,  near  the  river  Rhone,  40  miles  W.  of  Gn 
hie,  and  280  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  50  E. 
45  6  N. 

TournuSy  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Saoi 
and  Loire,  and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  seat 
on  the  Saone,  in  a  country  fertile  in  corn  and  win 
15  ms.  S.  of  Chalons,  and  202  S.  by  W.  of  Pari 
Lon.  5  0  E.,  (at.  4G  34  N. 

Tours,  considerable  city  of  France,  capital 
the  department  of  Indre  and  Loire,  advantageous 
seated  on  the  Loire,  near  the  Cher.  Over  the  fc 
mer  is  one  of  the  finest  bridges  in  Europe,  co 


tion  between  the  city  and  suburb  of  St.  Cyprian 

Toulouse  is  37  ms.  E.  of  Auch,  125  SE.  of  Bor-  sisting  of  15  elliptic  arches,  each  75  feet,  diameU 
deaux,  and  350  S.  by  W.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  21  E.,  lt  i8  a  large  and  well-built  city,  and  the  stre< 
lat.  43  35  N.  I  very  clean,  by  reason  of  several  fountains  in 

Tbulouse,  city  of  France.  The  paper  entitled  j  w'tn  a  fine  mall  above  1,000  paces  long.  Und 
'*  France  Meridianale,"  states  that  the  result  of  the '  tne  ministry  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  27,000  pe 


late  census  in  that  city  shows  the  population  to  be 
79, 937—increase  since  1836,  2,585.  The  floating 
part  of  the  population,  (schools,  garrison,  6cc.t) 
10,431.  J 
Tour,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy  de 
Dome,  22  miles  8.  of  Clermont.  Lon.  3  10  E., 
lat.  43  25  N. 

Tour  de  Eousillon,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  late  province  of  Rousil- 
lon,  seated  on  a  hill  near  the  river  Tet,  2  miles  be- 
low Perpignan. 

Tour  du  Fitly  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 


were  here  employed  in  the  silk,  manufacture 
now  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants  is 
22,000.  The  red  wines  of  Tours  are  inuchc 
teemed.  In  one  of  the  suburbs  is  the  late  abb 
of  Marmoutier,  reputed  the  most  ancient  in  t 
W.  Near  the  city  is  Plessis-les-Tours,  a  late  ro 
al  palace,  built  by  the  profligate  and  superstitio 
Lewis  XL,  who  died  herein  1483.  Tours  is 
ms.  NINE,  of  Poitiers,  54  E.  of  Angers,  and 
SW.  of  Paris.  Longitude  0  47  E.,  latitude  47  ! 
North. 

Touserciy  town  of  Barbary,  capital  of  Biledi 


Isere,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  seated  on  ajge"d,  seated  in  a  country  abounding  in  dateg, 
river  of  the  same  name,  34  ms.  S.  of  Vienna.        [  dependent  on  the  kingdom  of  Tunis.    Lon.  10 

Tour  la  Blanche,  town  of  France,  in  the  de-|  E.,  lat.  32  30  N. 
partment  of  Dordogne,  15  miles  Northwest  of  Per- j     Towamensing,  village,  Northampton  co.,  Pa 
igneaux.    Longitude  0  40  East,  latitude  45   18      Towanda,  tp  ,  village,  and  seat  of  justice,  B 
North.  'ford  co,,  Pa.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Susqueha 

Tour  la  Vilky  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  ofjnah  river.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1820,  1,024. 
Charente,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  sepa-jJune,  1823,  I  visited  Towanda,  and  was  there  i 
rated  from  Cherburg  by  a  river.  formed  that  bituminous  coal  of  the  best  qualit 

Tourrain,  late  province  of  France,  58  miles  j  and  in  great  quantity,  had  been  discovered  in  t 
long  and  55  broad,  now  forming  the  department  j  mountain  valleys  SW.  from  that  place.  Pop. 
of  Indre  and  Loire,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Maine,  j  1840,  1,002. 

on  the  E.  by  Orleannois,  on  the  S.  by  Berry,  and  I     Towceslei-y  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northampton*!!)! 
on  the  W.  by  Anjou  and  Poitou.    The  river  Loire  on  a  small  river,  52  ms.  SE.  of  Coventry,  and 
runs  through  the  middle,  and  it  is  in  general  so'NW.  of  London.    Lon.  1  15  W.,  lat.  52  4  N 
pleasant  and  fertile  a  country,  that  it  was  called  the  \     Toivnsend,  tp.,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.  Tov 


Garden  of  France. 


of  Windham  co.,  Vt.,  between  Sexton  and  Wf 


Tourancourchy,  town  of  Hindoostan,  35  miles  j  rivers,  about  15  ms.  NW.  of  Brattleborough. — 

SSW.  Tritchinopoli.    Longitude  78  36  E.,  lati-j  Village,  Cape  May  co.,  N.  J.  Tp.,  Huron  cc 

tude  47  50  N.  6,  Tp.,  Sandusky  co.,  O. 

Tourine,  town  of  Germany,  in  Liege.  Lon.  5  j  Toiuridge,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Devonshire,  wbi 
0  E.,  lat.  50  36  N.  irises  near  the  source  of  the  Tamar,  not  far  frc 

Toumariy  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine!  the  Bristol  channel,  runs  SE.  to  Haiherly,  ai 


and  Marne,  and  late  province  of  the  Isle  ol  France,!  th 


j  men,  joim 


ng  the  Oak  from  Oakhainpton,  tur 


22  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  2  45  E.,  lat.  j  short  to  the  N.,  and,  passing  by  Torringion  ai 
48  43  N.  |  Biddeford,  enters  the  Bristol  channel  at  Barnst 

Tournayy  considerable  city  of  Flanders,  capital  i  ble  bay. 


of  the  Tournaysis,  is  a  large  trading  place,  with 
several  fine  manufactures,  and  is  particularly  fa- 
mous for  good  stockings.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Scheldt,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts  that  are 
united  by  a  bridge,  14  ms.  SE.  of  Lisle,  30  SW. 
of  Ghent,  and  135  N.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  28 
E.,  lat.  50  33  N. 

Tourneherriy  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Straits  of  Calais,  9  miles  Northwest  of  St. 
Omer. 


Towtaiiy  village  of  Eng.,  in  the  West  Ridii 
of  Yorkshire,  SE.  of  Tadcaster.  It  is  famous  f 
that  bloody  battle  between  the  forces  of  the  hous 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  in  which  35,000  are  sa 
to  have  fallen  on  both  sides.  It  was  fought 
1461. 

Towy,  river  of  S.  Wales,  which  rises  in  Ca 
diganshire,  enters  Carmarthenshire  at  its  NE.  e 
tremity,  and,  passing  by  Carmarthen,  enters  tl 
Bristol  channel. 

Irachenburgy  or  Drachenburg,  town  of  Ge 


Tournoriy  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Ar- 
deche,  and  late  province  of  Languedoc,  with  a  fine!  many,  in  Silesia,  and  capital  of  the  principality 
college.    It  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a  moun-|  Trachenburg.    It  is  seated  on  the  Bartch,  12  m 
892 


i 


TRA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TRA 


iE.  of  Wolaw,  and  26  N.  of  Breslaw.  Lon.  17 
5  E.,  lat.  51  30  N. 

Tracy's  Landing,  and  post  office,  Anne  Arun- 
el  co.,  Md. 

Trafalgar,  promontory  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
t  the  entrance  of  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  30  ms. 
>E.  of  Cadiz.    Lon.  6  1  W.,  lat.  36  1 1  N. 

Trajanapoli,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Romania,  on  the  Marizza,  37  ms.  SW.  of  Adrian- 
pie,  and  112  NW.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  26 
8  E.,  lat.  41  15  N. 

Trajetto,  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavora, 
uilt  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Minturna,  near 
le  mouth  of  the  Garigliano,  in  the  Mediterrane- 
n,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Capua.  Lon.  14  4  E.,  lat. 
.1  20  N. 

Train,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Bavaria,  on 
ie  Ambs,  5  ms.  S.  of  Abensberg,  and  20  E.  of 
igolstadt.    Lon.  11  52  E  ,  lat.  48  40  N. 
Traina,  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona,  on 
high  mountain,  at  the  source  of  the  river  Traina, 

2  ms.  W.  of  Mount  Etna,  and  70  SW.  of  Mes- 
na.    Lon.  14  30  E.,  lat.  37  46  N. 

Tra  los  Mantes,  province  of  Portugal,  beyond 
le  mountains  with  regard  to  the  other  provinces 
f  this  kingdom,  whence  it  has  its  name.    It  is 
ounded  on  the  N.  by  Gallicia,  on  the  W.  by  En- 
e-Douero-e-Minho,  on  the  S.  by  Beira,  and  on 
jie  E.  by  Leon.  It  is  fertile  in  wine  and  oil,  and 
bounds  in  cattle.    The  Douero  divides  it  into 
vq  parts,  and  Miranda  is  the  capital. 
'  Tralee,  maritime  town  of  Ireland,  Kerry  co., 
iated  near  the  bav  of  Tr;dee,  7  ms.  SSE.  of  Ard- 
K    Lon.  9  36  W.,  lat.  52  12  N. 
i  Tralleborg,  maritime  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
rovince  of  Schonen,  near  the  Baltic,  19  ms.  S. 
fLund.    Lon.  13  5  E.,  lat.  55  20  N. 
,  Tranchin,  town  on  the  Waag,  50  ms.  NE.  of 
resburg.    Lon.  17  50  E.,  lat.  49  56  N. 
i  Trancou,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra  los  Montes, 
)  a  fertile  country,  14  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Pinnel. 
on.  7°  E.,  lat.  49  56  N. 

<  Irani,  city  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  and  the 
sual  residence  of  the  governor  of  the  province, 
hich  is  sometimes  called  Terra  di  Trani,  on  the 
ulf  of  Venice,  26  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Bari,  and 
2f>  N.  by  E.  of  Naples.  Lon.  16  36  E.,  lat. 
I  18  N. 

Tranquehar,  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Witry  of  Tanjore,  with  a  fort  and  factory,  be- 
mging  to  the  Danes,  who  pay  an  annual  lent  to 
ie  rajah.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  and 
lstioiis,  and  contains  three  Christian  churches,  a 
rge  mosque  for  the  Mahomet-ins,  and  several  pa- 
Dtlas  for  the  Gentoos.    It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 

the  Cavery,  165  ms  S.  of  Madras.    Lon.  79 

3  E.,  lat.  11  IN.  Tranquebar  was  granted  by 
ie  rajah  of  Tanjore,  in  1621,  to  the  Danes,  and 
as  re.nained  ever  since  in  their  possession. 

Traksit,  to  go  beyond,  or  pass  over.  Applied 
stronomically  to  the  passage  of  Venus  and  Mer- 
ary  over  the  face  of  the  sun,  as  seen  from  the 
irth.  Transit  duty,  money  paid  for  the  ship- 
lent  of  goods  from  one  port  to  another. 

Transylvania,  country  of  Europe,  formerly  an- 
exed  to  Hungary,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Hun- 
ary,  E.  by  Moldavia,  S.  by  Wallachia,  and  W. 
y  Hungary.  It  is  160  ms.  long  and  150  broad, 
id  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  which,  how- 


ever, are  not  barren.    It  produces  as  much  corn 
i  and  wine  as  is  wanted,  and  there  are  rich  mines  of 
;  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  quicksilver,  and  alum. 
It  has  undergone  various  revolutions,  and  now  be- 
longs to  Austria.    The  inhabitants  are  of  various 
religions,  as  Roman  Catholics,  Lutherans,  Calvin- 
ists,  Socinians,  Arminians,  Greeks  and  Mahom- 
etans.     The  government  is  aristocratical,  and, 
|6incethe  year  1722,  rendered  hereditary  to  the 
princes  and  princesses  of  the  house  of  Austria 
Hermanstadt  is  the  capital. 

Transylvania  University. — See  Kentucky  and 
Lexington,  Ky. 

Transylvania,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  Ky.,  on 
Ohio  river,  on  the  point  above  the  mouth  of  Ha- 
j  rod's  creek,  8  ms.  above  Louisville. 
I  Trapani,  ancient  Drepanum,  seaport  on  the 
jNW.  coast  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara,  with  a 
\  fort,  and  an  excellent  harbor  in  the  form  of  a  sickle, 
'  whence  its  ancient  name,  Drepanum.  It  is  a  tra- 
jding  place,  famous  for  its  salt  works  and  fisheries 
I  of  tunnies  and  coral.  It  stands  on  a  small  peninsu- 
;  la,  30  ms.  N.  of  Mazara,  and  45  W.  of  Palermo. 
|  Lon.  12  20  E.,  lat.  38  10  N. 

Trap,  vill.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  9  ms,  NW. 

from  Norristown   Village,  Somerset  co.,  Md  , 

on  a  small  branch  ol  Wicomico  river,  6  ms.  N. 

from  Princess  Ann.  Village,  Talbot  co.,  Md  , 

10  ms.  S.  from  Easton. 

Trapollizza,  town  of  European  Turkey,  near 
the  centre  of  the  Morea,  30  ms.  nearly  N.  from 
Misitra,  and  20  SSW.  from  Corinth. 

Trarbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Moselle,  47  ms.  W.  by  S. 
of  Mentz.    Lon.  7  6  K.,  lat.  49  58  N. 

Trasmaur,  town  and  castle  of  Austria,  seated 
on  the  Trasen,  12  ms.  W.  of  Tuln. 

Trau,  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Ven 
ice,  in  a  small  island  joined  to  the  main  land  by  a 
long  bridge  of  wood,  and  to  the  isle  of  Bau  by 
another  of  stone,  22  ms.  SE.  of  Sebenico,  Lon. 
17  52  E.,  lat.  44°  N. 

Travancore,  province  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan, extending  along  the  coast  of  Malabar  from 
Cape  Comorin  to  the  province  of  Cochin,  140 
ms.  in  length  by  70  in  breadth  at  the  N.  extremi- 
ty, and  contracting  gradually  to  the  S.  point.  It. 
is  subject  to  a  rajah,  who  is  an  ally  to  the  En- 
glish. Town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong 
and  extensive  lines,  110 
and  230  SSE.  of  Calicut. 
25  N. 

Travc,  river  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Holstein,  which  flows  by  Segeber,  Oldeslo,  and 
Lubec,  and  enters  the  Baltic  at  Travemunde. 

Traveller  a  Repose,  post  office,  Pocahontas  co., 
Va.,  by  post  road  190  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Traveller's  Rest,  post  office,  Shelby  co.,  Ky., 
by  post  road  8  ms.  from  Frankfort.  Post  of- 
fice, Greenville  district,  S.  C  ,  by  post  road  125 
ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Travemunde,  strong  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Holstein,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Trave.  It  is  the  port  of  Lubec,  to 
which  it  belongs,  and  is  12  ms.  NE.  of  that  city. 

Travers,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  territory 
of  Neufchatel,  11  ms.  W.  of  Neufchatcl. 

Traunstein,  town  and  castle  of  Bavaria.  Great 

89  3 


ms.  SSW.  of  Madura, 
Lon.  77  15  E.,  lat.  8 


TRE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  TRE 


quantities  of  salt  are  made  here,  from  water  brought 
above  11  ms.  over  mountains,  by  means  of  engines 
and  pipe*,  from  Reicherihall.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Traun,  1G  ms.  WNW.  of  Saltzburg. 

Trantenau,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Konigingratz,  21  ms.  N.  of  Konigingratz. 

Traygucra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valenwa,  30  ms. 
SW.  of  Tortosa. 

Trebbin,  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Middle 
mark,  2*2  ms.  SW.  of  Berlin. 

Treasury  Islands,  a  group  of  Australasia.  Lat. 
7  25  S. 

Trebia,  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  ter;i- 
tory  of  Genoa,  flows  by  Bobio,  in  the  Milanese, 
anil  joins  the  Po  above  Placentia. 

Trebignia,  town  of  Turkish  Dalmalia,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Venice,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Trebenska,  14 
ms.  N.  of  Ragusa. 

Trebisaccia,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cite- 
riore,  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarento,  10  ms.  ENE.  of 
Cassarso. 

Trebisond,  province  and  seaport  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key. Tne  harbor  is  at  the  E.  end  of  the  town, 
and  the  mole  built  by  the  Genoese  is  almost  de- 
stroyed It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  very  steep  hill, 
on  the  Black  sea,  104  ms.  NNW.  of  Erzerum, 
and  440  E.  of  Constantinople.  Lon.  40  25  E., 
lat.  40  45  N.— See  Asia,  p.  83. 

Trcbltz,  town  of  Moravia,  with  manufactures 
of  cloth,  iron,  and  glass,  seated  on  the  Igla,  21  ms 
SE.  of  Iglau. 

Trebnitz,  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality  of 
Oels,  with  a  Cistercian  nunnery,  12  ms.  A.  of 
Brcslau. 

Trebsen,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
seated  on  the  Mulda,  14  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Leipsic. 

Treffurt,  town  of  Ge  inany,  in  Lower  Hesse, 
with  a  castle,  36  ms.  E.NE.  of  Cassel. 

Tregarron,  town  of  Wales,  in  Cardiganshire, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Tivy,  15  ins.  S.  by  E.  of  Abe- 
rystwith,  and  204  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

Tregony,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall,  seated 
on  the  Fale,  G  ms.  E.  of  Truro,  and  253  Wr.  by 
S.  of  Londun. 

Ireguicr,  seaport  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of  Coles 
du  Nord.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula,  near  the 
English  channel,  22  ms,  NW.  of  St.  Brieux, 
Lon.  3  13  W.,  lat.  48  47  N. 

Trtlleborg,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Schonen,  seated 
on  the  Baltic,  26  ms.  S.  of  Lund. 

Trelo-Vouni,  ancient  Hymettus,  mountain  of 
Greece,  in  Attica.  Trelo-Vouni  is  more  particu- 
larly that  ridge  which  rises  from  the  plains  of 
Athens,  and  so  much  celebrated  in  classic  writings. 
SE.  from  Athens,  and  distant  from  that  city  3  ms„ 
the  country  is  intersected  by  Mount  Hymettus, 
and  divided  into  two  ranges;  the  first  running 
from  ENE.  to  WSW,  and  the  second  forming 
an  obtuse  angle  with  the  first,  and  having  a  direc- 
tion from  WNW.  to  ESE.  The  first  rauge  next 
to  Athens,  Hymettus  proper,  ends  about  4  ms. 
from  the  promontory  Zoster,  now  Halikcs;  but  the 
hills  on  the  other  side  of  a  gap,  through  which  runs 
the  road  leading  to  the  Sunian  promontory,  seem 
ing  like  a  continuation  of  the  same  mountain,  has 
been  named  the  lesser  Hymettus.  The  great  range 
is  now  called  Trelo-Vouni ;  that  on  the  SE.  side 
of  the  gap  Lambro-Vouni,  from  the  ruins  of  one 
of  the  ancient  villages  called  Lampros. 
894 


Hymettus  is  neither  a  high  nor  a  picturesqut 
mountain,  being  a  flat  ridge  of  bare  rocks.  Thi 
sides  of  it,  about  half  way  up,  are  covered  witl 
shrubs  and  heath,  whose  flowers  scent  the  air  witl 
\  delicious  perfume.  The  wild  thyme  is  still  ii 
great  abundance,  though  very  little  of  the  once  si 
much  celebrated  honey  is  now  to  be  procured 
though  still  retaining  its  reputation  for  flavor  am 
aromat  c  odor. — Hobhouse. 

Tremesan,  or  Tlemsan,  city  of  Algiers,  in  th< 
province  of  Mascara.  It  is  surrounded  by  stron; 
walls,  and  inhabited  by  poor  Arabs,  Moors,  am 
Jews.  In  the  time  of  the  Arabs,  it  was  the  resi 
dence  of  powerful  princes,  but  is  now  dwindled  ti 
scarce  a  fifth  part  of  the  ancient  city.  Its  on; 
nourishing  manufactures  of  carpets  and  woolei 
coverlets  are  in  a  state  of  decay;  and  the  forme 
masterpieces  of  architecture  have  disappeared,  fu 
there  is  not  a  single  building-  of  excellence  now  U 
be  seen.  It  is  100  ms.  SSW.  of  Oran.  Lon. 
2  W.,  lat.  34  56  N. 

'Fremiti,  three  islands  of  Naples,  in  the  Gulf  o 
Venice,  15  ms.  from  the  N.  coast  of  Capitanata 
They  are  called  Tremili  or  St.  Nicoli,  St.  Dominr 
and  Capraria.  The  first,  which  is  the  principal  o 
them,  has  a  Benedictine  convent  and  a  castle.  Lon 
15  30  E.,  lat.  42  10  N. 

Treniouille,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  department  c 
Vienne,  seated  on  the  Bennaile,  35  ms.  E.  by  S  | 
of  Poitiers. 

Tremp,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  20  ms.  N 
of  Balaguer. 

Trenschin,  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  co.  i< 
its  name,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  a  rock.  It  ha 
celebrated  hot  baths,  and  is  seated  near  the  Waag' 
70  ms.  NNE.  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18°  E.,  lat.  4 
58  North. 

Trent,  principality  of  Germany,  in  the  S  par 
of  Tyrol,  among  the  Alps,  bounded  by  Tyrt! 
proper  and  the  territories  of  Venice.  It  produce- 
excellent  wine.  Fortified  city  of  Germany,  cap 

ital  of  the  Trentino.  It  was  formerly  a  free  impc 
rial  city,  and  is  famous  for  a  council  held  hen 
which  began  in  1545,  and  ended  in  1563.  It  i 
seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  in  a  fertile  valley,  o 
the  river  Adige,  67  ms.  N  W.  of  Venice,  and  26  '< 
NW.  of  Rome.    Lon.  11  27  E.,  lat.  46  8  N. 

Trent,  or  'Trentino,  formerly  a  bishopric  of(i« 
many,  in  the  co.  of  Tyrol,  seated  among  the  Alp: 
which  divide  Italy  from  Germany.  It  is  bounde 
on  the  N.  by  Tyrol  proper,  on  the  E  by  Fcltrin 
and  Bellunese,  on  the  S.  by  Vicentino  and  the  Vt 
rone^e,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Bresciano. 

Trent,  large  river  of  Eng.,  which,  issuing  ftW 
three  springs  between  Congleton  and  Leek,  i 
Staffordshire,  flows  southwards  through  the  mid: 
of  the  country,  continually  augmented  by  rills  froi 
the  same  region  ;  and  at  length,  having  ivceive 
the  Tame  from  the  S  ,  acquires  a  new  directioi 
and  with  a  NE.  course  penetrates  into  Derbyshin 
just  after  its  junction  with  the  Dove.  After  fonx 
ing,  towards  the  N.  part,  the  boundary  betwee 
Nottinghamshire  and  Lincolnshire,  a  corner  i 
which  it  crosses,  it  falls  into  the  Humber  belo< 
Gainsborough.  Parallel  with  the  course  of  th 
river  runs  a  canal,  forming  a  communication  h 
tween  it  and  the  Mersey,  and  joining  it  at  Wildet 
It  is  navigable  through  the  whole  of  Notlinghan 
shirr.   River,  N.   C,  in  Duplin,  Jones,  an 


TRE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TRI 


enoircos.,  which  falls  into  ihe  Neus  at  New- 
cm,  where  it  is  three-quarters  of  a  mile  broad.  It 

navigable  for  vessels  12  ms.  above  its  mouth. 

Trenton,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Me.,  30  ms.  NE. 

om  Castine.     Pop.  in  1840,  1,062.  Town, 

neida  co.,  IV.  Y.,  on  the  V/.  side  of  West  Can- 
la  creek,  about  12  ms.  NNE.  from  Utica.  Pop. 

i  1840,  3,178.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  for 

fercer  co.,  N.  J.,  and  seat  of  government  in 
iiat  State,  situated  on  a  fine  acclivity  from  Dela- 
are  river,  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  30  ms.  NE. 
oin  Philadelphia,  12  ms.  SSW.  from  Princeton, 
nd  26  8W.  from  New  Brunswick.  Lat.  40  13 
J.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  19  E. 

ible  thus  far  lor  sloops.  Trenton  contains  a  State 
ause,  two  banks,  an  academy,  two  very  extensive 
Won,  and  several  other  manufactories.  A  very 
egant  and  substantial  bridge  crosses  the  Delaware 


the  foot  of  the  falls,  opposite,  this  town, 
lion — 

I  1810— Whiles 

Free  colored  persons 
Slaves 


are  many  mountains  and  forests;  but  near  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle  the  soil  is  fruitful,  abounding  in  - 
corn  and  wine.     A  small  part  of  this  territory  lies 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Rhine,  and  in  1800  was 
given  as  an  indemnity  to  the  prince  of  Nassau- 

Weilburg,  and  now  belongs  to  Prussia.  City 

of  Germany,  formerly  the  capital  of  an  archbish- 
opric of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  university,  nu- 
merous remains  of  antiquities,  and  many  fine 
churches  and  palaces,  but  has  greatly  suffered  by 
war,  and  is  now  neither  large  nor  populous.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Moselle,  (over  which  is  a  handsome 
bridge,)  between  two  mountains,  covered  with 
he  Delaware  is  navi-  j  vineyards,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Luxemburg,  and  .05  S. 

by  E  of  Cologne.    Lon.  6  43  E.,  lat.  49  47  N. 

Trevi,  town  of  Italy,  in  Umbria,  25  ms.  SE.  of 
Perugia.    Lon.  11  51  E.,  lat.  42  54  N. 

Trevt'slio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan, 


opu- 


2,547 
272 
181 


Total 


3,000 


1S20- 


-  Whites 

Free  colored  persons 
Slaves  - 


3,342 
515 
85 


Total 


3,942 


i  1840 


4,035 


!  Trenton,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Jones  co., 
il  C,  on  Trent  river,  about  25  ms.  by  water 
jove  its  mouth,  20  ms.  a  little  S.  of  W.  from 
ewbern,  and  by  post  road  139  ms.  SE.  from 

Jaleigh.    Lat.  35  3  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  27'  W.  

iibson    co.,  Tennessee.  Village,  Todd  co., 

;.y.,  by  post  road  209  ms.  S  W.  from  Frankfort. 
, — Village,  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road  98  ms. 
W.  by.  W.  from  Columbus. 
Trents  Bridge,  post  office,  Jones  co.,  N.  C. 
Treptow,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  Eastern 
omerania.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  stockings 
id  woolen  stuffs,  and  is  seated  on  the  Rega, 
ear  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic,  forty-two  ms.  NE.  of 

tetin.    Lon.  15  19  E.,  lat.  54  10  N.  Town 

:  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxony,  in  Anterior  Pome- 
mia,  50  ms.  S.  of  Stralsund,  and  50  WNW.  of 
tetin.  Lon.  13  12  E.,  lat.  53  39  N. 
Tresen,  or  Trosa,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  Suder- 
ania,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  35  ms.  S  W.  of  Stock- 
Dim.  Lon.  17  29  E.,  lat.  59°  N. 
Treshanish  Isles,  four  of  the  W.  islands  on  the 
V.  coast  of  Scot.,  between  the  island  of  Col  and 
lat  of  Mull.   They  are  very  fertile  in  corn,  &c. 

Trethimruw,  town   of  Poland,  in  Volhinia, 
:ated  on  the  Dniester,  45  ms.  below  Kiof. 
Treuchenbrietzen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
axony,  20  ms.  S.  of  Brandenburgh,  and  34  S  W. 
r  Berlin.    Lon.  12  43  E.,  lat.  52  5  N. 

Treves,  late  archbishopric  and  electorate  of  Ger- 
iany,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  bounded  on 
ie  N.  by  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  E.  by  Wet- 
ravia,  S.  by  the  palatinate  of  the  Rhine  and  Lor- 
iin,  and  W.  by  Luxemburg.  It  is  100  ms.  in 
:ngth,  but  the  breadth  is  very  different.  There 


17  miles  ENE.  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  28  E.,  lat.  45 
35  N. 

Trevigo,  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ulte- 
riore,  with  a  bishop's  see,  23  ms.  E.  of  Benevento, 
Lon.  15  20  E.,  lat.  42  6  N. 

Trevino,  town  of  Spa  n,  in  Biscay,  on  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Aguda,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Vittoria. 
Lon.  3  4  W.,  lat.  42  48  N. 

Trevisano,  marquisate  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the 
Ei  by  Friuli  and  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on  tho  S.  by 
that  gulf,  the  Dogado,  and  the  Paduano,  on  theN. 
by  the  Feltrino  and  the  Bellunese,  and  on  the  W. 
by  the  Vicentino.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces 
com,  wine,  and  wood  ;  and  they  export  cattle,  silk, 
and  woolen  cloth.    Treviso  is  the  capital. 

Treviso,  or  Trevigio,  large  city  of  Italy,  capital 
of  Trevisano,  on  the  Silis,  20  ins.  NW.  of  Venice. 
Lon.  12  25  E.,  lat.  45  44  N. 

Trevoux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ain,  and 
late  province  of  Bresse.  The  printing  press  here 
celebrated  for  the  literary  journals  composed  by  the 
Jesuits  of  the  College  of  Louis  le  Grand.  Trevoux 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Saone, 
12  ms.  N.  of  Lyons,  and  188  S.  by  E.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  4  51  E.,  lat.  45  67  N. 

Trexlerstown,  village,  Lehigh  co  ,  Pa.,  on  Lit- 
tle Lehigh  river,  8  ms.  SW.  from  Allentown,  and 
50  NNW.  from  Philadelphia. 

Treysa,  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse,  capital  of 
the  co.  of  Ziegenheim.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  river  Schwalm,  17  ms.  N.  of  Marpug.  Lon.  9 
15  E.,  lat.  50  50  N. 

Trezzo,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  seated 
on  the  Adda,  on  the  frontiers  of  Bergamasco.  Lon. 
9  25  E.,  lat.  45  45  N. 

Triadelphia,  cotton-spinning  factory  and  post 
office,  on  Patuxent  river,  Montgomery  co.,  Md  , 
29  ms.  N.  from  W.  C,  and  62  by  post  road  NW. 
from  Annapolis. 

Triadelphia,  neat  village,  Ohio  co.,  Va.,  on 
North  Wheeling  creek  and  National  road,  10  ms. 
E.  of  Wheeling,  and  20  W.  of  Washington.,  Pa. 

Trianu,  village,  Madison  co.,  Ala.,  on  Tennes- 
see river,  at  the  mouth  of  Indian  creek,  18  ms. 
SW.  from  Huntsville. 

Triangle,  town,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  135  ms. 
SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Triberg,  town  of  Germany,  Suabia,  15  ms.  NE. 
of  Friburg,  and  15  S.  of  Freudenstadt.  Lon.  8  20 
E.,  lat.  48  12  N. 

Tribesers,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 

895 


TRI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TRO 


per  Saxony.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Trebel,  22 
ras.  SSW.  of  Stralsund,  and  30  ESE.  of  Rostock. 
Lon.  13  8  E.,  lat.  54  I  N. 

Tribstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Deux  Points,  18  ms.  NW.  of  Landau.  Lon.  8  2 
E.,  lat.  49  22  N. 

Tricala,  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  European  prov- 
ince of  Macedonia,  50  ms.  ENE.  of  Salonichi. 
Lon.  23  45  E.,  lat.  41  10  N.  Town  of  Tur- 
key, in  the  European  province  Janna,  21  ms.  S. 
of  Larissa. 

Tricarico,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  13 
ms.  SE.  of  Acerenza,  and  21  SW.  of  Matera. 
Lon.  16  14  E  ,  lat.  40  12  N. 

Triceto,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, in  Calabria  Citeriore,  14  ms.  ESE.  of  Scala. 

Tries. — See  Treves. 

Trieste,  town  of  the  empire  of  Austria,  in  Carni- 
ola.  It  is  a  strong  place  ;  the  harbor  is  spacious, 
but  not  good,  being  open  to  the  W.  and  SW. 
winds.  The  inhabitants  have  a  good  trade  in  salt, 
oil,  almonds,  iron,  &c,  brought  from  Laubach  ; 
and  they  make  good  wines.  It  is  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  8  ms.  N.  of  Capo 
d'Istria,  and  80  NE.  of  Venice.  Lon.  14  4  E., 
lat.  45  56  N.  Trieste,  in  some  degree,  has  taken 
the  place  of  Venice  in  regard  to  commerce.  In  his 
statistics  of  Italy,  Professor  William  Spalding,  at 
page  308,  New  York  edition,  observes:  ««  Not- 
withstanding the  attempt  to  save  Venice  by  erect- 
ing it  into  a  free  port,  the  returns  for  its  rival,  Tri- 
este, prove  that  there  is  a  great  and  increasing  bal- 
ance of  trade  in  favor  of  the  latter." 

Trieste  is  liable  to  destructive  inundations  from 
the  casual  swell  by  winds  of  the  waters  of  the  Gulf 
of  Venice.  This  catastrophe  occurred  on  October 
8th,  1829,  when  the  waves  reached  the  highest 
part  of  the  ground  on  which  the  city  stands,  and 
produced  ruinous  consequences  in  cellars  and  mag- 
azines. 

Trigg,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Ten.  SE.,  Ten- 
nessee river  SW.,  Livingston  co.  NW.,  and  Cald- 
well and  Christian  NE.  Length  45  ms.,  mean 
width  10;  area  450  sq.  ms.  Cumberland  river 
winds  obliquely  through  this  county  to  the  NW. 
Surface  low  and  flat  in  general.  Pop.  in  1820, 
3,874. 

Trim,  the  county  town  of  East  Meath,  in  Ire- 
land, seated  on  the  Boyne,  23  miles  NW.  of 
Dublin. 

Trimo,  town  of  Indostan,  on  the  point  above  the 
junction  of  the  Chenaub  and  Jhelum  rivers.  Here 
is  a  famous  ferry,  where  the  great  mercantile  road 
passes,  along  which  merchants  from  Khorasan  tra- 
vel to  India,  traversing  the  Indus  ot  Dera  Ismael 
Khan,  and  thence  by  Trimo  and  Toolumba  into 
India. 

Irincomale,  town  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of 
Ceylon,  with  a  harbor  reckoned  the  finest  in  the 
E.  Indies,  100  ms.  NE.  of  Candv.  Lon,  81  52 
E.,  lat.  8  45  N. 

Tring,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Hertfordshire,  22  ms. 
W.  of  Hertford,  and  31  WNW.  of  London.  Lon. 
0  36  W.,  lat.  51  45  N. 

Trinidad,  island  on  the  NE.  coast  of  Colombia, 
separated  from  Paria  on  the  S.  by  a  strait  about  10 
ms.  over,  and  from  Cumana  on  the  W.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Paria.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1498  ;  it  is  62  ms.  long  and  45  broad  ;  produces 
896 


sugar,  cotton,  Indian  corn,  and  fine  tobacco,  an 
fruit ;  but  the  air  is  unhealthy.  The  capital  is  Poi 
d'Espagne,  in  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  near  the  Bo« 
Lon.  61  30  W.,  lat.  10  0  N. 

Trinidad,  town  of  Guatemala,  on  the  Pacifi 
ocean.  It  is  an  open  town,  but  very  importam 
there  being  no  other  harbor  on  this  coast.  A  mil 
and  a  half  hence  is  a  place  which  the  Spaniard 
call  one  of  the  Mouths  of  Hell,  because  it  is  cor, 
tinually  covered  by  a  thick  smoke,  and  emits  flam 
from  time  to  time.  It  is  70  ms.  SE.  of  Guatemalz 
Lon.  89  30  W.,  lat.  12  50  N. 

Trinidad,  town  of  New  Granada,  seated  on  th 
Rio  de  la  Madalena,  58  ms.  NW.  of  Santa  Fe  d 
Bogota.    Lon.  73  45  W.,  lat.  4  45  N. 

Trinity,  or  La  Trinite,  town  of  Martinico,  wit 
a  spacious  and  safe  harbor.  It  carries  on  g  con 
siderable  trade.     Lon.  61  8  W.,  lat.  14  53  N. 

Trino,  town  of  Italy,  in  Montferrat,  subject  t 
the  king  of  Sardinia.  It  is  seated  near  the  Po, 
ms.  NW.  of  Casal,  and  35  NE.  of  Turin.  Lor 
8  30  E.|  lat.  45  26  N. 

Trinomaly,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Cams 
tic,  near  which  the  troops  of  Hyder  Ally  weredt 
feated  by  the  British  in  1768.  It  is  45  ms.  SSW 
of  Arcot,  and  52  WNW.  of  Pondicherry.  Lon 
78  35  E.,  lat.  12  2  N. 

Tripe's  Hill,  post  office,  Montgomery  co.,  N 
Y.,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Schoharie  creek,  20  ms 
NW.  by  W.  from  Schenectady. 

Triplet,  village,  Fleming  co.,  Ky.,  by  postroa 
80  ms.  eastward  from  Frankfort. 

Troublesome  Iron  Works,  post  office,  Va.,  12 
ms.  by  post  road  NW,  from  Richmond. 

Tripoli. — See  Africa,  pages  16  and  17. 

Tripoli,  ancient  and  considerable  town  of  Syrii 
on  the  Mediterranean,  defended  by  a  citadel.  Th 
inhabitants  are  near  60,000,  consisting  of  Turk: 
Christians,  and  Jews.  About  it  there  is  a  grei 
number  of  mulberry  trees  and  other  fruits,  whic 
enable  them  to  carry  on  a  silk  manufactare  in  th 
town.  It  is  90  ms.  NW.  of  Damascus,  and  12 
R.  of  Scanderoon.    Lon.  36  20  E.,  lat.  34  50  IS 

Trist,  small,  uninhabited  island  of  Mexico.  ! 
is  situated  on  the  coast  of  Tabasco,  in  the  Bay  i 
Campeachy,  and  is  separated  by  a  narrow  chanm 
on  the  E.  from  the  Isle  of  Port  Royal.  It  is 
ms.  in  length,  and  almost  as  much  in  breadth,  bi 
not  inhabited.  Lon.  of  the  E.  point  92  45  W. 
lat.  18  0  N. 

Tristan  d'Acunha,  lofty  island  in  the  S.  Atlar 
tic  ocean,  15  ms.  in  circumference.  Lon.  114 
W.,  lat.  37  8  S.— See  Africa,  p.  31. 

Tritchinopoly,  strong  town  of  Hindoostan,  i 
the  Carnatic,  208  ms.  SSW.  of  Madras.  Lon.  7 
46  E.,  lat.  10  49  N. 

Trivento,  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  in  Moli* 
seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Trigno,  or  Tnn( 
15  ms.  N.  of  Bogano,  and  62  E.  of  Naples.  Lor 
15  37  E.,  lat.  40  50  N. 

Trochtelfingen,  imperial  town  of  Germany,  i 
the  circle  of  Suabia,  16  ms.  NW.  of  Buchau,  an 
29  S.  of  Stutgard.    Lon.  9  7  E.,  lat.  48  18  If. 

Trogen,  town  of  Switzerland,  and  the  chief  plat 
of  the  Protestant  part  of  the  canton  of  Appenze 
It  carries  on  an  extensive  manufactory  of  cloth,  fc 
which  it  has  been  long  celebrated.  It  is  7  ms.  1 
of  Appenzel,  and  7  SE.  of  St-  Gall. 

Trnja,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  at  d 


TRO 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TRO 


ot  of  the  Appennines,  on  the  river  Chilaro,  32 
g.  NE.  of  Benevento,  and  60  NW.  of  Naples, 
on.  15  15  E.,  lat.  41  21  "N. 


grre  by  machinery.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  23  ins. 
SW.  of  Marlborough,  and  98  W.  of  London.  Lon. 
2  6  W.,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Trots  Rivieres,  town  of  U.  C,  on  the  river  St.       Troy,  town  in  the  southern  part  of  Cheshire 


Lon.  71  20 


awrence,  35  ms.  SW.  of  Quebec 
J.,  lat.  46  35  N. 

1  Troki,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of  palatinate 
the  same  name.    It  is  seated  among  morasses, 


co.,  N.  H.,  on  a  branch  of  Ashuelot  river,  10  ms. 
SSE.  from  Keene,  and  69  SW.  from  Concord. 
 Town,  near  the  northern  boundary  of  Or- 
leans co.,  Vt.,  on  the  head  of  Missisque  river,  50 

.  ms.  W.  of  Wilna,  and  85  NiXE.  of  Grodno,  j  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Montpelier.  Town, 

>n.  25  13  E.,  lat.  54  38  N.  |  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  50  ms.  S.  from  Boston.  Pop. 

Tron,  St.,  town  in  Germany,  in  Liege,  21  ms.  ;  in  1810,  1,296  ;  in  1820,  1,300. 
NW.  of  Liege.  Lon.  5  22  E.,  lat.  50  48  N  j  Troy,  city  of  N.  Y.,  and  seat  of  justice  for 
Tropea,  populous  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  I  Rensselaer  co.  It  stands  on  the  E.  side  of  Hud- 
teriore,  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  on  the  E.  coast,  10  j  son,  5  ms.  above  Albany.  The  site  is  a  plain, 
i.  NW.  of  Nicotera,  and  45  N.  by  E.  of  Reggio. !  bounded  by  hills  rising  pretty  abruptly.  It  con- 
m.  16  24  E.,  lat.  38  42  N.  i  tains  the  co.  buildings,  5  churches,  and  in  the  vi- 

Tropes,  St.,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  ;  cinily  8  or  10  flour  mills,  an  extensive  cotton  and 
3  late  province  of  Provence,  with  a  citadel.  It  J  woolen  cloth  factory,  one  for  fire  arms,  a  paper 
seated  on  the  bay  of  Grimauld,  in  the  Med-  j  mill,  a  rolling  and  slitting  mill,  saw  mills,  &c.  It 
Irranean,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Frejus,  and  58  E.  of  j  contains  a  considerable  number  of  wholesale  and  re- 
.irseilles.    Lon.  6  44  E.,  lat.  43  16  N.  j  tail  stores.    This  city  has  increased  rapidly  in 

Tbopic,  Greek,  trepo,  to  return.    Two  circles  |  population,  trade,  manufactures,  and  commerce. 
Tich  pass  round  the  earth  at  23  27  from  the  i  Before  the  year  1794,  it  was  a  very  trifling  vil- 
tiator  on  each  side,  to  which  the  sun  comes  and  j  lage  ;  in  1810,  the  pop.  was  3,895  ;  and  in  1820, 
urns  annually.    This  apparent  advance  and  re- 1  had  risen  to  5,264,    Of  these  there  were — 
csion  of  the  sun  arises  from  the  obliquity  of  the  Engaged  in  agriculture      -  -  -  70 


e:h's  axis  to  the  plain  of  its  motion.    The  space  ! 
ksveen  the  tropics  is  called  the  torrid  zone,  over! 
«ie  part  of  which  the  sun  is  constantly  vertical,  i 
3e  width  of  the  torrid  zone  must  of  course  be 
Bible  that  of  the  inclination  of  the  axK 

Troppau,  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
dhy  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  pleas- 
%  plain,  on  the  rivers  Oppa  and  Mohra,  40  ms. 
tby  E.  of  Olmutz,  and  72  S.  by  E.  of  Breslaw. 
1).  17  40  E.,  lat.  50  1  N. 

Proup,  a  western  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  N.  by 
fcird,  by  Meriwether  E.,  Harris  S.,  and  the 
pie  of  Alabama  W.,  about  equal  to  a  square  of 
1  ns.  each  way  ;  area  324  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  33° 
«»lon.  8°  W.  W.  C.  intersect  within  the  co., 
•.near  its  E.  border.  Pop.  1840,  15,733.  It 
iiaversed  by  Chattahoochie  river. 

Iroupsburg,  town  in  the  S  VV.  angle  of  Steu- 
kico.,N.  Y.,  30  ms.  SE.  from  Angelica,  35 

•  V.  from  Bath,  and  by  post  road  305  ms.  SW. 
I  ff.  from  Albany. 

youpsville,  village,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.,  on, the 
V  side  of  Sodus  bay,  and  on  the  Lake  Ontario. 

'rout  Run,  branch  of  Lycoming  creek,  Pa.,  on 
w;h  is  a  post  office,  15  ms.  N.  from  Williams- 
0i,  and  by  post  road  117  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N. 
fir  i  Harrisburg. 

aouBADouR,  Trombadouk,  Trouvkouh, 
■juvEUK,  or  Trouvere,  from  trompc,  French, 
r  ipet ;  name  formerly  given,  and  yet  retained, 
(OJsignate  a  species  of  wandering  poets  of  the 
»h  of  France  and  north  of  Italy.  The  Trouba- 
<k8  rose  into  a  distinctive  body  early  in  the  12th 
*ury.    In  1144  they  were  caressed  and  hon- 

•  by  Louis  VII,  and  by  all  the  princes  and  no- 

of  southern  France.   With  them  commenced 
ich  poetry  ;  but  court  favor  infused  corruption, 

•  similar  to  the  Bards  and  Scalds  of  the  North, 
h  Troubadours  sunk  to  contempt,  and  finally 

<ted  to  exist. 

rowbridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire.  The 
mUtants  consist  chiefly  of  clothiers,  who  make 
u  fine  broadcloth  and  kerseymere,  in  a  great  de- 
113* 


Do. 
Do. 


manufactures  - 
commerce 


704 

275 


Distributive  population  of  Troy,  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0  to  5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  3U 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100 

100  and  upwards. 


Males. 


1,467 
1,131 

550 
827 
2,194 
1,493 
723 
323 
126 
51 
12 


Females. 


1,357 
1,063 
920 
1,241 
2,394 
1,323 
663 
392 
lfr5 
67 
17 
3 


9,203 

9,630 

9,203 

Total 

18,833 

Colored.—  Agea. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtolO  - 

66 

33 

10  to  24 

56 

24  to  36 

65 

74 

36  to  55 

45 

49 

55  to  100  - 

9 

24 

100  and  upwards 

2 

2 

243 

253 

243 

Total 

50! 

SUMMARY. 

Whites 
Colored 

-  18,833 
501 

Total 

19,334 

Troy,  village,  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  192  ms.  a  lit- 
tle E.  of  N.  from  Harrisburg.  Village  and  seat 

of  justice  for  Miami  co.,  O.  It  is  situated  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Great  Miami  river,  in  Concord 

S97 


TRU  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  TSO 


tpM  8  ids.  S.  from  Piqua,  and  21  N.  from  Day" 
ton.  It  contains  50  dwelling-houses,  and  about 
400  inhabitants.    Pop.  1840,  1,351.    Lon.  7  8 

W.,  lat.  40'  N.  NW.  tp.  of  Cuyahoga  co., 

0.  Tp.,  Geauga  co.,  O.  Tp.,  Delaware 

co.,  O.  River,  village,  and  tp..  Athens  co., 

O.,  immediately  above  the  mouth  of  Hockhocking 

river.  Tp.,  Richland  co.,  O.  Town  and 

seat  of  justice,  Perry  co  ,  la.,  on  the  Ohio  river, 
above  the  mouth  of  Anderson's  creek,  50  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Green  river.    Lat.  38  2  N., 

lon.   W.  C.  9  41  W.  Village,  Lincoln  co., 

Mo.,  on  Cuivre  river,  about  35  ms.  NW.  from 
St.  Charles,  and  53  in  a  similar  direction  from 

St.  Louis.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Obion 

co.,  Tenn.  ;  by  post  road  147  ms.  NW.  by  W. 
from  Murfreesborough. 

Troyes,  considerable  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Aube,  and  late  province  of  Champagne.  Its  com- 
merce, once  very  flourishing,  now  consists  only 
in  some  linens  dimities,  fustians,  wax-chandlery, 
candles,  and  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Seine,  30 
ms.  ENE.  of  Sens,  and  90  ESE.  of  Paris.  Lon. 
4  10  E.,  lat.  48  13  N. 

Trucksville,  village,  Richland  co.,  O.,  79  ms. 
NNE.  from  Columbus. 

Trugillo,  town  of  Venezuela,  120  ms.  S.  of  the 
Lake  Maracaybo.  Longitude  7  40  W.,  lat.  9  46 
North. 

Trumansburg,  one  of  the  northwestern  towns 
of  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  extending  along  the  west- 
ern side  of  Cayuga  lake,  15  ms.  NW.  from  Ith- 
aca. 

Trumbauersville,  post  office,  Bucks  co.,  Pa. 

Trumbull,  town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  between 
Stratford  and  Huntingdon,  65  ms.  SW.  from 
Hartford,  and  15  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  New 
Haven. 

Trumbull  Long  Hill,  post  office  in  Trumbull 
tp  ,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.  This  and  the  preceding 
are  different  post  offices,  though  in  the  same  tp. 

Trumbull,  town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.    Pop.  in 

1810,   1,241;  in  1820,   1,232.  Co.,  Ohio, 

bounded  by  Mercer  co.,  Pa.,  E.,  Columbiana  S., 
Portage  and  Geauga  W.,  and  N.  by  Ashtabula. 
Length  35,  mean  width  25  ms. ;  area  875  sq.  ms. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Staples,  grain, 
flour,  live  stock,  butter,  salted  provisions,  and 
whiskey.  Chief  town,  Warren.  Pop.  in  1820, 
15,546;  and  in  1840,  38,107.  Cent.  lat.  41  16 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  50  W. 

Truns,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
where  the  independence  of  the  Gray  League  was 
first  ratified,  and  an  alliance  concluded  between  the 
chiefs  and  communities.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  7  ms.  W.  of  Hantz. 

Truro,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Cornwall.  It  has 
the  benefit  of  the  coinage  of  tin.  Its  chief  busi- 
ness is  in  shipping  tin  and  copper  ore,  found  in 
abundance  in  its  neighborhood.  Truro  is  seated 
on  a  vale,  between  the  rivers  Kenwyn  and  St.  Al- 
len, tmd  at  the  head  of  Falmouth  haven,  10  ms. 
N.  of  Falmouth,  and  257  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Lon.  4  55  W.,  lat.  50  16  N.  Town,  Barn 

stable  co.,  Mass.,  lying  near  Cape  Cod,  38  miles 
N.  of  Chatham,  and  126  SE.  of  Boston,  along 
the  post  road.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  about 
1,200,  are  principally  the  families  of  fishermen. 

 Tp.,  Franklin  co  ,  O.    Pop.  in  1820,  693. 

S98 


 Town  of  Nova  Scotia,  40  ms.  N.  by  W, 

Halifax. 

Truxillo,  considerable  town  of  Spain,  in  Est! 
madura,  noted  for  being  the  birthplace  of  Pizari 
It  is  seated  among  mountains,  on  the  side  of 
hill,  at  the  top  of  which  is  a  strong  citadel.  It 
situated  near  the  river  Almont,  65  ms.  SW. 
Toledo,  and  1 17  SE.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  5  23  M 

lat.  39  6  N.  Rich  commercial  seaport  of  I 

ru,  in  the  audience  of  Lima,  and  in  the  valley 
Chimo,  built  by  Francis  Pizarro,  in  1535.  Ii 
seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  a  small  river,  n< 
the  Pacific  ocean,  380  ms.  NW.  of  Lima.  L( 

78  35  W.,  lat.  8  1  S.  Strong  seaport  in  He 

duras,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  betwt 
two  rivers,  and  surrounded  by  thick  groves.  L< 
85  50  W  ,  lat.  16  20  N. 

Truxillo,  or  Nuedra  Senora  de  la  Paz,  to 
of  Venezuela,  220  ms.  S.  of  Maracaybo.  L< 
69  15  W.,  lat.  9  21  N. 

Truxton,  NE.  town  of  Cortland  co.,  N.  1 
35  ms.  NE.  from  Ithaca,  and  50  SW.  from  Uti 
Trydriffen,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  betw» 
Charlesiown  and  Radnor  tps.,  and  joining  Mo 
gomery  co.  on  the  NE.  Pop.  in  1810,  1,253; 
1820,  1,449. 

Tdchopa,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Saxoi 
in  the  circle  of  Erzegeburg.  It  is  celebrated  for 
blue  manufactures. 

Tschoulyms,  nation  of  Tartars,  who  occupy 
country  lying  between  the  upper  part  of  the  riv 
Ob  and  Yenisei.    The  country  which  they 
habit  is,  for  the  most  part,  fertile,  with  large  1 
ests,  and  mountainous  only  about  the  banks  of 
two  Yiousses,  which  take  their  sources  among 
mountains  of  the  province  of  Yeniseisk,  near 
river  of  that  name.    In  imitation  of  the  Ostya, 
fishing  and  hunting  are  the  principal  occupatio 
The  latter  furnishes  them  with  the  means  of  p, 
ing  their  tribute,  which  is  in  marten  skins. 

Tuchutski,  country  of  the  E.  extremity  of  A> 
opposite  the  NW.  coast  of  America,  bounded 
the  Anadir  on  the  S.    The  climate  is  cold, 
soil  marshy,  abounding  in  rocks,  barren,  ban 
woods,  and  extremely  wild  and  savage.    It,  h< 
ever,  abounds  in  vast  flocks  of  reindeer.    The  • 
habitants  live  partly  in  caverns  amongst  the  roc 
The.Tchooktches  differ  essentially  from  thee- 
tiguous  Asiatic  nations,  but  resemble  the  save  i 
of  the  NW.  part  of  North  America. 
Tshetshen. — See  Kisti. 
Tsi-nan,  celebrated  city  of  China,  the  cap  I 
of  Chang-tong.    It  is  seated  S.  of  the  river  1  i 
or  Tsing-ho,  160  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Peking.  h 
117  25  E.,  lat.  36  30  N. 

Tsi-ning-tcheou,  city  of  China,  in  the  provi? 
of  Chang-tong,  and  district  of  Yentcheou. 

Tshin-tcheou,  commercial  city  of  China,  i 
Chang-tong. 

Tsong-ming,  island  of  China,  15  ms.  long  1 
10  broad,  lying  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kian  ku,  1 
separated  from  the  province  of  Kiang-nan  by  ' 
channels  13  ms.  broad.  Its  principal  revenue  - 
ses  from  salt,  which  is  made  in  such  abundai.- 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  island,  that  it  can  sof 
most  of  the  neighboring  countries.  It  contt* 
only  one  city  of  the  third  class,  but  villages  ' 
very  numerous.  The  country  is  delightful,  1 
intersected  by  many  canals.    The  city,  of  e 


TUC  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  TVE 


(me  name,  is  situated  at  it  SE.  end.  Lon.  121 
5  E.,  lat.  30  15  N. 

Tsongrad,  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  co.  of 
ie  same  name,  seated  on  the  Tiesse,  opposite  the 
flux  of  the  Koros,  26  ms.  N.  of  Segedin. 

Tuam,  city  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Galvvay. 
he  cathedral  serves  as  a  parish  church.  It  is  20 
iles  NNE.  of  Galvvay,  and  25  WSW.  of  Ros- 
immon. 

Tuahicks.  "Tuaricks,  of  northern  Africa,  are 
white  people,  of  the  Berber  race,  and  are  Mo- 
unmedans  of  the  sect  of  Malek.  The  Tuaricks 
habit  that  extensive  portion  of  the  Sahara  cir- 
imscribed  on  the  E.  by  Fezzan  and  Tibboo,  S. 
t  the  negro  nations  of  Bournoo,  Haoussa,  Gou- 
■sr,  and  Tombuctoo,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  oases 
Teedeekels  and  Twat.  The  country  of  the  Mo- 
bis,  Engoussah,  and  Ghadames,  are  their  north- 
n  limils,  beyond  which  they  never  proceed." — 
odgson.  These  limits  would  give  to  the  Tua- 
:ks  a  country  exceeding  a  million  of  sq.  miles, 
ike  most  of  the  other  African  tribes,  they  are  a 
mmercial  people  ;  their  kafilas  or  caravans  carry 
i  the  commerce  of  Fezzan,  Ghadames,  Twat,  and 
>udan.  Amongst  the  most  valuable  of  Tuarick 
iples  are  slaves.  "  As  Nomadic  tribes,  the)' 
e  found  in  the  vicinity  of  all  the  negro  popula- 
m,  from  Tibboo  to  Tombuctoo.  The  number  of 
ives  sold  in  the  northern  markets  of  Mourtzouk, 
m-Lalal,  Ghadames,  and  Mozab,  by, these  An- 
iropoklephts  must  be  very  great.  This  woid, 
\ianck,)  in  the  Berber  language,  signifies  tribes. 
)  one  man  iergi  is  applied,  and  Tuarick  to  the 
tion. 

Tuat  Atwat,  (bird  of  the  bittern  kind. — Hodgson.') 
>untry  or  oasis  of  northern  Africa,  about  700  ms 
uthward  of  Algiers,  N.  lat.  26°  to  28°,  and  a 
tie  E.  of  the  meridian  of  London.  The  limits  of 
is  tract  imperfectly  known. 
Tuban,  one  of  the  strongest  towns  of  Java,  with 
laroor,  and  a  king  of  its  own.  It  is  seated  on 
B  N.  coast  of  the  island.  Lon.  Ill  51  E.,  lat. 
N. 

Tubingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom  of 
irtemberg,  with  a  celebrated  university.  Here 
3  good  snuff  manufactories.  It  is  seated  on  the 
jckar,  in  a  country  abounding  in  corn  and  wine, 
ms.  S.  of  Stutgard,  and  50  E.  by  S.  of  Stras- 
rg.  Lon.  9  10  E.,  lat.  48  32  N. 
Tuckaseeking,  Effingham  co.,  Ga. — See  Spring- 
,  Id,  Effingham  co.,  Ga. 
Tuckers  Island,  or  Flat  Beach,  Burlington 
.,  N.  .1.,  4  ms.  long,  and  from  half  a  mile  to  a 
le  wide,  6±  ms.  S.  of  the  village  of  Tuckerton, 
•arated  therefrom  by  the  bay  of  Little  Egg  Har- 
r,  which,  in  the  best  channels,  is  navigable  for 
allops,  is  said  to  be  the  finest  bathing  upon  the 
ast,  on  account  of  the  gradual  descent  into  the 
rf ;  it  is  much  frequented  by  the  citizens  of  Phil- 
elphia  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  N.  J. 
Tuckersville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wayne 
I,  Ga.,  25  ms.  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Darien, 
out  70  SW.  from  Savannah,  and  by  post  road 
9  SSE.  from  Milledgeville.    Lat.  31  26  N., 

k  W.  C.  4  51  W.  Village,  Crawford  co., 

•  j  126  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Indianapolis. 
Tuckerton,  village  and  port  of  entry,  in  the  tp. 
Little  Egg  Harbor,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  on 
h  Atlantic  ocean,  at  the  head  of  Tuckerton  Mill 


creek,  which  empties  into  the  bay  of  Little  Egg 
Harbor.  This  creek  is  navigable  for  small  cralt. 
The  village  contains  about  60  dwelling  houses,  and 
Methodist  and  Friends'  meeting-houses,  and  tp  of 
Little  Egg  Harbor;  1840,  pop.  1,875.  The 
dwelling-houses,  with  the  exception  of  one  brick, 
are  all  frame,  and  generally  painted  ;  it  is  hand- 
somely laid  out,  streets  crossing  at  right  angles, 
and  shaded  with  poplar  and  willow  trees.  The 
village  is  a  port  of  entry  for  the  district  of  Little 
Egg  Harbor,  which  extends  from  Barnegat  to 
Brigantine  inlet.  Distance  from  Philadelphia,  52 
miles. 

Tucopia,  called  Harwell  island  in  many  charts. 
S.  lat.  12  15,  E.  lon.  169°  from  W.  C.  It  is  one 
of  the  southern  islands  of  the  group  of  Queen 
Charlotte  islands. 

Tucuman,  extensive  province  of  S.  America, 
lying  between  Chili  and  Paraguay,  to  the  E.  of 
the  Andes,  and  W.  of  Rio  de  la  Plata.  This  pro- 
vince, with  the  country  S.  of  the  river  Plata, 
forms  an  extensive  plain,  almost  without  a  tree. 
The  soil  is  a  deep  fertile  mould,  watered  by  many 
streams  from  the  Andes,  and  clothed  in  perpetual 
verdure.  In  this  rich  pasturage  the  horses  and 
cattle  imported  from  Europe  have  multiplied  to  an 
almost  incredible  degree.  This  has  enabled  the 
inhabitants  not  only  to  open  a  lucrative  trade  with 
Peru,  by  supplying  it  with  cattle,  horses,  and 
mules,  but  to  carry  on  a  commerce  equally  benefi- 
cial, by  the  exportation  of  hides  to  Europe;  not- 
withstanding which,  the  towns  in  this  country 
are  no  better  than  paltry  villages,  to  which  the 
Spaniards  have  endeavored  to  add  some  dignity,  by 
erecting  them  into  bishoprics. 

Tudela,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  with  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  seated  in  a  country  that  produces  good 
wine,  on  the  river  Ebro,  44  ms.  S.  of  Pamplona, 
and  100  E.  of  Burgos.  Lon.  1  38  W.,  lat.  41 
12  N. 

Tver,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  province 
in  the  government  of  Novogorod.  It  was  the  first 
province  modelled  according  to  the  code  of  laws  of 
Catharine  II.  The  country  produces  abundantly 
all  kinds  of  corn  and  vegetables.  Its  forests  yield 
the  most  valuable  timber.  The  quadrupeds  and 
the  feathered  race  are  the  same  as  in  all  the  N.  of 
Europe.  Besides  the  fish  common  to  most  lakes 
and  rivers,  there  is  one  peculiar  to  the  waters  of 
these  northern  regions,  called  the  sterlet,  the  aci- 
penser  ruthenus  of  Linnaeus,  and  is  a  species  of 
sturgeon,  highly  esteemed  for  the  flavor  of  its  flesh 
and  for  its  roe,  of  which  the  finest  caviar  is  made. 

Tver,  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  com- 
merce, being  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Tverza 
and  Volga,  along  which  is  conveyed  all  the  mer- 
chandise sent  by  water  from  Siberia  and  the  S.  pro- 
vinces, towards  Petersburg.  It  is  divided  into  the 
old  and  new  town  ;  the  former,  situate  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  Volga,  consists  almost  entirely  of 
wooden  cottages.  Catharine  II,  at  her  own  ex- 
pense, raised  the  governor's  house,  the  episcopal 
palace,  the  courts  of  justice,  the  exchange,  the 
prison,  and  some  other  public  edifices :  and  to  ev- 
ery person  who  engaged  to  build  a  house  of  brick, 
she  offered  a  loan  of  £300  for  12  years,  without 
interest.  The  streets  are  broad  and  long,  extend- 
ing in  straight  lines,  from  an  octagon  in  the  cen- 

899 


TUM 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


TCR 


tre  ;  the  houses  of  this  octagon  and  of  the  princi- 
pal streets  are  of  brick,  stuccoed  white,  and  make 
a  magnificent  appearance.  Here  is  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal seminary,  which  admits  600  students.  In 
1776,  the  empress  founded  a  school  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  200  burghers' ^children  ;  and  in  L779  an 
academy  for  the  education  of  120  of  the  young  no- 
bility of  the  province.  Tver  is  99  ms.  NNW.  of 
Moscow.    Lon.  36  5  E.,  lat.  56  7  N. 

Tuftonhorough,  tp.,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  on 
the  Winnepisseogee. 

Tugeloo,  river,  one  of  the  constituents  of  Sa- 
vannah river,  and  which  for  some  distance  sepa- 
rates S.  C.  from  Ga. 

Taggsville,  Clarke  co.,  Ala. 

Tuggurt,  town  of  Africa,  in  Barbary,  capital  of 
a  country  of  the  same  name,  310  ms.  SSE.  of  Al- 
giers.   Lon.  5  10  E.,  lat.  33°  N. 

Tuggurt,  as  written  by  Hodgson,  is  the  capital 
of  Wadreag — See  Wadreag  and  Wurgelah. 

Tuggurt,  Tegart,  (Berber,)  signiy  cultivated 
ground  ;  thegarth  signifies  a  garden,  same  lan- 
guage. — Hodgson. 

Tukust,  mountain  of  northern  Africa,  near  Bo- 
na. Hodgson  states  that  the  name  means,  in  the 
Berber  language,  perpetual  snow. 

Tula,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  province 
of  the  government  of  Moscow,  containing  12  dis- 
tricts. Its  capital,  R'san,  is  seated  on  the  Tu- 
besh,  118  ms.  SE.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  40  45  E., 
lat.  55  25  N. 

Tulebras,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  situated 
on  the  river  Queois.  7  ms.  W.  of  Tudela. 

Tullamorey  town  of  Ireland,  in  King's  co.,  sit- 
uated on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Tulles,  episcopal  and  commercial  town  of  Fr., 
in  the  department  of  Correze,  and  late  province  of 
Guienne.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Correze  and  Solane,  partly  on  a  mountain  and 
partly  below  it,  in  a  country  surrounded  by  moun 
tains  and  precipices,  37  ms.  SE.  from  Limoges, 
and  62  SW.  of  Clermont.  Lon.  1  42  W.,  lat. 
45  23  Nr 

Tallow,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Car- 
low,  38  ms.  SSW.  of  Dublin. 

Tally,  town,  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  between 
Sempronius  and  Fabius,  equidistant  from  both. 
Pop.  1820,  1,194. 

lullytovon,  village,  Greenville  district,  S.  C, 
98  ms.  NW.  from  Columbus. 

Tumbling  Shoals,  of  Reedy  river,  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Laurens  district,  S.  C,  90  ms.  NW. 
from  Columbus. 

Tain,  town  of  Germany,  in  Austria,  near  the 
"Wienarwald,  or  wood  of  Vienna,  and  near  the 
river  Tuln,  in  a  country  abounding  in  corn  and 
wine,  15  ms.  W.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16  6  E.,  lat. 
48  14  N. 

Tulpehocken,  creek,  Pa.,  which  rises  in  Dau- 
phin co. ;  general  course  SE.,  till  it  falls  into  the 
Schuylkill,  about  half  a  mile  above  the  borough  of 
Reading.  The  Union  Canal  Company  has  chosen 
the  valley  of  this  creek  as  part  of  a  water  commu- 
nication between  the  rivers  Delaware  and  Susque- 
hannah.  Township,  Berks  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, lying  on  the  waters  of  the  above-mentioned 
creek. 

Tumbez,  town  of  S.  America,  in  Peru,  in  the 
audience  of  Quito.    It  was  formerly  a  place  of 
900 


some  note,  with  a  magnificent  temple,  and  an  i 
ca's  palace.    The  Spaniards  first  landed  here, 
discovering  the  country.    It  is  seated  on  the  Pa* 
fic  ocean,  270  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Quito.  Lon. 
51  W.,  lat.  3  40  S. 

Turnel,  rapid  river  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshi 
which,  after  exhibiting  many  beautiful  catarac 
forms  itself  into  a  lake,  called  Loch  Tuniel,  ml 
then  falls  into  the  Garry. 

Tumen,  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  province 
Tobolsk,  125  ms.  W.  of  Tobolsk. 

Tumpach,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 
ms.  NNW.  of  Amberg,  and  32  ENE.  of  Nurei 
berg.    Lon.  11  55  E.,  lat.  49  40  N. 

Tanbridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the  To 
one  of  the  five  branches  of  the  Medway,  over  ea 
of  which  is  a  stone  bridge.    It  is  12  ms.  WSV 
of  Maidstone,  and  30  SSE.  of  London.    Lou.  2|i 
E.,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Tanbridge  Wells,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent, 
ms.  S.  of  Tunbridge.    It  is  much  resorted  to  j 
the  months  of  June,  July,  and  August,  on  accou 
of  its  chalybeate  waters,  discovered  in  1606 
Dudley  Lord  North.    The  Wells  are  35  ms.  SS 
of  London. 

Tunbridge,  town,  Orange  county,  Vt.,  betwe 
Strafford  and  Randolph,,  and  joining  Windha 
co.  in  the  S. 

Tunkhannoch,  a  mountain  ridge  of  Pa.,  in  t 
northern  part  of  Luzerne.  It  rises  from  the  St , 
quehannah  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Tunkhanno 
creek,  and  extends  to  the  northeastward,  towar 
the  SE.  angle  of  Susquehannah  co. 

Tunkhannoch,  small  river,  Penn.,  rising 
Susquehannah,  and,  flowing  SW.  into  Luzen 
co.,  falls  into  Susquehannah  river  55  ms.  abo 

Wilkesbarre.  Tp.,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  i 

the  E.  branch  of  Susquehannah,  and  watered  I 
Tuukhannock  creek. 

Tunkinskoi,  town  of  Russia,  situated  on  t|l 
Irkut,  80  ms.  SW.  of  Irkutsk.    Lon.  103  15  I 
|  lat.  51  18  N. 

Tunja,  town  of  New  Granada,  in  S.  Anieria 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It 
seated  on  a  high  mountain,  in  a  country  wbe 
there  are  gold  and  emeralds,  30  ms.  S  W.  of  Tru  ■ 
illo.    Lon.  73  5  E.,  lat.  5°  N. 

Tunis. — See  Africa,  p.  17. 

Tunis,  city  of  northern  Africa,  occupying  t 
site  of  ancient  Carthage.  Hodgson  renders 
probable  that  the  name  or  term  Tunis  pieced' 
that  of  Carthage,  and  that  the  former  was  the  a 
cient  as  it  is  the  modern  name  of  the  city  by  tl 
aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the  country.  Tim 
says  Hodgson,  signifies  "  a  foreigner  in  peace  m 
safety 

Tunkerstown. — See  Ephraia. 

'Jura,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  country  ofT 
rol,  24  ms.  SW.  of  Trent. 

Turbot,  northern  tp.,  Northumberland  co 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehannah  river.  Po 
in  1820,  2,752. 

Turchheim,  town  of  France,  in  the  depai 
ment  of  Upper  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  A 
sace.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Colmar,  1  mi 
NW.  of  Colmar. 

Turcoin,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nort 
6  ms.  NNE.  of  Lille. 

Turcomania,    general  name   for  the  eastei 


TUR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TUR 


ores  of  the  Caspian  sea,  from  the  Trukmenes  or 
jrcomans,  who  are  its  inhabitants. 
Turcomania,  ancient  Armenia  major.  The 
idem  Tartar  name  was  imposed  by  the  Turco- 
ins,  a  Tartar  nation  from  the  eastern  shores  of 
;  Caspian  sea. 

Turcomans,  inhabitants  of  Turcomania.  They 
I  pastoral,  ignorant,  and  contented  wanderers. 
',iey  have  adopted  the  Turkish  language,  and  a 
ile  form  of  Mahometanism.  They  support 
rmselves  on  the  produce  of  their  flocks,  and  live 
der  tents  of  felt.  The  careless  indifference  of 
..ropean  geographers  confound  the  free  noma- 
L  but  in  many  respects  a  respectable  nations  of 
.ia.  The  Turcomans  and  Koords  have  been  thus 
iistaken  and  blended,  though  radically  distinct. 
'  ey  are  both  shepherds  and  wanderers,  and  both 
iiupy  parts  of  Armenia,  but  the  Turcomans 

■all  the  Turkish,  the  Koords  the  Persian  lan- 
ugo. The  Turcomans  are  recent  emigrants; 
t  Koords  are  the  Carduchi,  Gordyaei,  or  Kyrti 
<  the  ancients,  and  have  occupied  their  present 
jidence  on  the  waters  of  the  Tigris  since,  and  no 
ubt  ages  before  the  age  of  Xenophon.  The 
'rcomans  give  marriage  portions  with  their 
dghters;  the  Koords  receive  a  high  price  from 
tir  bridegroom.  The  Turcomans  pay  no  re- 
lict to  distinctions  of  birth;  the  Koords  set  a 
ih  value  on  extraction.  The  Turcomans  are 
i  addicted  to  thieving ;  the  Koords  are  robbers. 

See  Asia,  p.  6. 

Turenne,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Correze, 
1ms.  SSW.  of  Tulle. 

Turin,  fortified  city  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  the 
minions  of  the  king  of  Sardinia.  It  stands  in  a 
1  ile  plain  at  the  confluence  of  the  Doria  with 
t  Po.  Here  is  a  citadel  deemed  the  strongest  in 
l|Ppe,  and  a  university,  founded  in  1405  by 
nadoe,  duke  of  Savoy.  Most  of  the  streets  are 
»il  built,  uniform,  straight,  and  terminate  on 
me  agreeable  object.  The  Strada  di  Po,  the 
list  and  the  largest  leads  to  the  royal  palace,  and 
i  domed  with  piazzas  filled  shops,  as  are  various 
cersuf  the  best  streets,  all  of  which  are  kept 
din  by  means  of  a  canal  from  the  Doria,  with 
s  ces  that  flow  through  them  into  the  Po.  The 
i  abitants  are  computed  to  be  80,000.  The  cita- 
d  is  a  regular  pentagon,  and  comprehends  an 
» snsive  and  well  furnished  arsenal,  a  cannon 
fndry,  a  chemical  laboratory,  &c.  There  are  fine 
v  ks  on  the  ramparts  and  walls  of  the  city,  fine 
f^dens  on  the  side  of  the  river  Po,  and  a  charm 
'  public  place  called  the  Corfo,  where  many  peo- 
1  assemble  in  an  evening  to  exhibit  themselves 
I  their  equipage.  jNear  this  city,  on  the  banks 
I  -he  Po,  is  the  beautiful  castle  of  Valentin,  the 
^Jen  of  which  is  applied  to  botanical  studies.  In 
1  4  it  was  restored  to  the  king  of  Sardinia. 
mik  is  68  ms.  NW.  of  Genoa,  and  80  SW.  of 
f  an.    Lon.  7  40  E.,  lat.  45  4  N. 

Vuringe,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
■  lermanland,  24  ms.  WSW.  of  Stockholm. 

Vurinsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Pbolek,  with  a  port,  190  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  To- 
bik.    Lon.  63  44  E.,  lat.  58  5  N. 

Purivacary,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
csisting  of  an  outer  and  inner  fort,  strongly  de- 
:  led  by  a  ditch  and  mud  wall,  and  an  open  su- 
-  J  at  a  little  distance.    Here  are  two  small  tem- 


ples of  curious  workmanship.  It  is  34  ms.  S.  of 
Sera,  and  50  N.  of  Seringapatam. 

Turk,  this  very  ancient,  important,  and  ethno- 
graphical term,  has  been  strangely  confounded  with 
the  term  Tartar.  The  countiy  to  E.  and  SE.  of  the 
Caspiansea  is  named  Tyrkland,  in  the  Ynglinga- 
Saga  of  Snorre  Sturlesson,  an  Icelandic  historians 
who  flourished  from  A.  D.  1213  to  1241.  Those  na- 
tions which  we  with  any  propriety  call  Tartars 
call  themselves  Turks.  The  Byzantine  writers 
called  the  Huns  Turks.  It  is  now  amongst  histor- 
ical established  facts  that  the  Huns,  Finns,  and 
Turks,  are  branches  of  one  great  family  of  nations. 
During  the  middle  ages  of  the  countries  now 
called  independent  Tartary,  and  the  southeastern 
part  of  European  Russia,  beyond  the  Volga  and 
Karro,  were  called  Tyrkland  by  the  Icelandic  wri- 
ters, Joungouria  by  Russian  writers,  and  Great 
Hungary  by  Rubriquis  and  other  writers  of  western 
Europe.  Turkestan,  a  Persian  term,  meaning 
"country  of  the  Turks,"  has  superseded  the 
former.  It  was  not  until  in  the  12th  century  of 
our  era  that  the  term  Tartar  or  Tatar  became  fa- 
mous in  Europe.  The  Turkish  author  Abul 
Ghazi,  informs  us  that  the  Tartars  were,  in  fact, 
only  part  of  the  Turks.  The  Chinese,  it  appears' 
give  the  name  Tata  to  the  nomade  nations  of  cen- 
tral Asia.  It  is,  therefore,  doubtful  whether  the 
original  term  applies  most  correctly  to  the  Turks  or 
Mongols;  but  it  is  certainly  improper  if  applied 
|  nationally  to  both,  as  the  Turkish  nations  west  of 
j  the  Belur  (ancient  Imaus)  differ  as  much  from  the 
Mongol  as  the  Moors  do  trom  the  Negroes.  The 
probability  is,  that  the  Chinese  term  Tata  applies 
to  the  Nomadic  mode  of  life,  and  not  to  any  par- 
ticalar  nation,  which  is  not  the  case  with  the  prim- 
itive term  Turk. 

Turkestan,  country  of  western  Tartary,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  and  E.  by  the  country  of  the  KaU 
mus,  S.  by  Bokharia,  and  W.  by  the  lake  Aral. 
The  chief  of  this  country  is  generally  called  the 
khan  of  the  Karakalpahs.  The  capital  is  Taraz. 
The  name  Turkestan  has  been  known  to  European 
writers  since  the  5th  century,  and  simply  means 
"the  country  of  the  Turks  or  Tartars."  Its  ex- 
tent has  varied  with  the  political  revolutions  of  cen- 
tral Asia. 

Turkey,  large  empire  extended  over  part  of  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  and  Africa.  Turkey  in  Europe  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Croatia,  Sclavonia,  Hun- 
gary, Transylvania,  and  Poland,  E.  by  New  Rus- 
sia, the  Black  sea,  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  the 
Archipelago,  S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  VV.  by 
that  sea  and  the  Venetian  and  Austrian  territories. 
It  contains  Moldavia,  Bessarabia,  Walachia,  Bul- 
garia, Servia,  Bosnia,  part  of  Croatia,  and 
Dalmatia,  Romania,  Macedonia,  Albania,  Janna 
Livadia,  and  the  Morea.  These  countries  lie  be- 
tween 17°  and  40°  E.,  Ion.,  and  36°  and  49°  N. 
lat.  Turkey  in  Asia  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Black  sea  and  Circassia,  E.  by  Persia,  S.  by  Ara- 
bia, and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the  sea  of 
Marmora.  It  lies  between  27°  and  46°  E.  Ion., 
and  28  and  45  N.  lat.,  and  contains  the  countries 
of  Irac-Arabi,  Diarbeck,  Kordistan,  Armenia,  Car- 
amania,  Natolia,  and  Syria,  with  Palestine.  In 
Africa  the  Turks  have  Egypt,  part  of  Nubia,  and 
Barca;  and  the  States  of  Tripoli,  Tunis,  and  Al- 
giers are  under  their  proteciion. 

901 


TUR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  TUR 


The  following  table  exhibits  a  synoptic  view  of 
the  Turkish  empire  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  and,  nominally,  at  the  present 
epocha : 

Turkey  in  Europe. 


Servia,  Bosnia,  and  Turkish  Dalmatia  ■ 
Walachia  - 

Moldavia,  including  Bessarabia 
Bulgaria  - 
Romania  proper 
Macedonia  - 

Albania  -  -  -  - 

Greece,  continental,  with  Epirus 
Morea  - 
Candia  - 

Euboea  and  other  Grecian  islands  in  Eu 
rope-  - 

Total  in  Europe       -  -  f 


Sq.  ms. 
31,400 
23,100 
26,640 
27,170 
25,700 
21,150 
16,640 
14,900 
7,200 
4,600 

3,800 


202,300 


Asia  Minor  to  the  Euphrates    -  -  200,200 

Syria  -                                 -  51,800 

Turcomaniaor  Armenia          -  -  64,000 

Diarbekir,  Mesopotamia,  &c.    -  -  144,600 

Total          -  460,600 

Turkey  in  Africa,  exclusive  of  Barbary  152,300 

Total  in  Europe  and  Asia     -  -  662,800 

Total  area  of  the  Ottoman  empire  -  815,100 


This  vast  empire  may,  in  general  terms,  be  con- 
sidered as  extending  from  the  northern  tropic  in 
Africa,  to  the  Carpathian  mountains  in  Europe, 
and  in  Asia  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Elwend 
mountains  from  W.  to  E.,  and  from  S.  to  N., 
from  the  sands  of  Arabia  to  the  mountains  of  Cau- 
casus. A  single  glance  upon  a  map  of  the  world 
is  sufficient  to  carry  conviction  to  any  mind,  that 
no  other  empire  of  the  eastern  continent  ever  pos- 
sessed so  pre-eminent  a  position  as  that  of  the  Ot- 
toman Turks  ;  and  a  very  slight  acquaintance  with 
their  history  exhibits  an  unequalled  disregard  of 
every  advantoge  afforded  by  nature  to  secure  com- 
mercial, scientific,  and  political  aggrandizement. 
"  It  is  well  for  'them,"  says  Montesquieu,  "  that 
God  permitted  the  Turks  and  Spaniards  to  exist ; 
the  two  nations  who  have  most  uselessly  possessed 
a  great  empire."  There  was,  indeed,  no  material 
dissimilarity  between  the  various  tribes  which,  for 
nearly  1,000  years  successively,  poured  on  Europe 
and  southwestern  Asia,  from  the  regions  of  the  N. 
and  E.  Rude,  ferociously  warlike,  and  unac- 
quainted with  the  arts  of  civil  policy,  the  Goths, 
Hunj,  and  Turks  were,  in  the  first  instance,  de- 
stroyers.   The  latter,  in  the  Romano-Greek  em- 


pire, found  no  great  civilized  community  to  mix 

with  and  soften  their  manners.    On  the  contrary,  j  which,  under  the  name  of  Ugri,  Ungri,  or  Jgou 


been  rather  an  assemblage  of  nations,  violen 
and  nominally  formed  into  one  State,  than  a  rec 
lated  sovereignty  united  by  law  and  policy.  '[ 
recent  revolt  of  the  Greeks  is  only  one  of  a 
of  revolts  almost  coexistent  with  the  empire  its 
but  in  the  present  condition  of  Europe  it  is  v 
improbable  that  the  wounds  of  Turkey  can  be 
to  heal  by  the  slow  operations  of  nature  as 
former  instances. 

Turks. — In  the  ignorant  admixture  of  natioi 
religion,  and  language,  too  common  in  our  loo 
Turk  and  Mahometan  are  used  as  synonymous 
correlative  terms  ;  and,  with  the  same  precisii 
might  Christian  and  French,  English  or  Germi 
be  confounded.  The  Turks  are  a  Mahometan 
tion,  but  they  are  only  one  of  the  many  natic 
who  profess  that  system  of  religious  creden 
The  Turks,  from  the  best  authorities,  were  a  T 
tar  tribe.  The  former  is,  however,  more  ancie 
in  our  literature,  than  the  latter.  The  name  Ti 
occurs  in  Pomponius  Mela  and  in  Pliny,  whils: 
was  not  until  the  twelfth  century  that  the  Tart 
became  famous  in  Europe.  All  the  Tartar  natk 
acknowledge  the  appellation  of  Turks  as  belongi 
to  them  in  common.  Those  nations  called  Tu 
by  Abul-Ghazi-Khan,  according  to  that  auth 
contained  one  sub-tribe,  designated  Tartars, 
the  progress  of  migration  and  conquest,  two  gr 
branches  of  the  Turks  or  Tartars  have  reached  a 
obtained  permanent  settlement  in  Europe.  Th 
are  the  Hungarians  and  Ottoman  Turks. 

Though  inhabiting,  it  is  probable,  from  very 
mote  antiquity,  the  great  central  slope  of  Asia,  i 
Turks  did  not  become  formidable  as  conquero 
known  to  European  writers,  until  the  middle  of  I 
sixth  century,  though  their  name  had  been  inl 
duced  some  centuries  previous  to  that  era.  In  5t 
in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  an  embassy  from  (1 
people  reached  Constantinople;  and  in  582  th 
embassy  was  returned,  and,  for  the  first  time,  I 
silks  of  China  reached  Europe  by  the  N.  side 
the  Caspian.  At  that  period,  the  Turks  or  Tart; 
were  dominant  in  central  Asia,  under  the  name 
the  kingdom  of  Touran.  On  the  SW.  they  press 
on  Persia,  and  were  known  as  the  Turks  of  Trai 
oxiana,  or  Turks  beyond  the  Oxus.  The  white  Hu 
or  Ephthalites,  so  called  by  the  Persians  from  A 
Iclah,  their  name  for  the  Oxus,  were  also,  it 
probable,  merely  the  Turks  resident  on  that  riv 
What  is  generally,  in  our  books,  called  Independi 
Tartary,  was  then,  and  by  the  Turkish  nations 
still  called  Turkestan,  or  country  of  the  Tur) 
Taraz  and  Otrar  were  successively  capitals  ofT< 
ran  or  Turkestan.  This  first  Turkish  empire  gn 
ually  declined,  but  the  nation  continued  numero- 
and  migrated  to  the  W.  Naturally  divided  by  t 
Caspian  sea,  this  tide  of  nations  was  brokt 
One  wave  rolled  northwards  and  thence  westwai 
first  ravaged  and  finally  settled  in  Pannonia, 


what  little  of  science  remained  amonst  the  Greek 
was  lost  to  the  Turks  from  religious  and  political 
animosity.  The  Turks  are,  however,  it  is  proba- 
ble, as  far  advanced  as  were  the  European  nations 
previous  to  the  promulgation  of  the  art  of  print- 
ing; and  the  Pachaliks  of  the  Ottoman  empire  not 
worse  governed  at  this  moment  than  were  the  prov- 
inces of  Fiance,  Germany,  Poland,  and  Russia 
during  the  middle  age?,  This  empire  has  always 
902 


they  imposed  the  name  of  Hungary.  The  Hi 
garians  adopted  the  Christian  religion,  and 
many  ages  were  the  guards  of  Europe  agaii 
their  Mahometan  countrymen.  It  is  a  very  si 
gular  instance  of  the  mutations  of  national  app 
lations,  that  two  names  so  different  as  Hunga 
an  and  Turk  should  have  sprung  from  the  sal 
root. 

At  the  same  period  in  which  the  Turks,  w 


TUR 


TUR 


grated  north  from  the  Caspian  sea,  were  min-  j  fortunate  circumstance  for  the  Christian  part  of  the 
ng  with  the  Christian  nations  of  Europe,  and  empire  that  a  body  of  privileged  Europeans  were 

admitted,  as  by  that  means  a  communication, 
though  limited  in  its  extent,  was  preserved  with 
the  civilized  part  of  the  world.  Severe  and  re- 
served even  to  one  another,  mutual  intercourse  is 
very  defective  in  Turkey,  but  between  Mahome- 
tans and  Christians  all  association  is  closed.  "  A 
stranger  at  Constantinople,  says  Hobhouse,"  "would 
naturally  wish  to  live  among  the  Turks  as  he 
would  amongst  the  French  at  Paris  and  the  Aus- 


;re  adopting  the  Christian  religion,  their  brethren, 
10  had  passed  westward  between  the  Caspian 
i  and  Indian  ocean,  became  the  disciples  of  Ma- 
met.  Their  agency  produced  the  most  exten- 
•e  revolutions.  The  empire  of  the  Khalifs  sunk 
!  ore  them.  Early  in  the  eleventh  century  Mah- 
iud,  of  Gazna,  founded  an  empire,  embracing 
;at  part  of  Hindoostan  and  Persia.  The  empire 
.  the  Gaznavides  was  followed  by  that  of  the  Sel 


an  Turks  in  Persia.    This  was  a  most  impor-  \  trians  at  Vienna ;  but  the  difference  of  manner, 
it  era  in  human  affairs.    In  their  various  revo-  j  custom,  and  language,  render  it  absolutely  impos- 
,  ions,  the  Mahometan  nations  had  hitherto  made  |  si ble  to  become  domesticated  in  a  Mahometan 
•  It  lit  tie  impression  on  the  Romano  Greek  prov- 
i:es  in  Asia  Minor ;  but,  in  1050,  the  Turks 


family,  or,  at  a  short  residence,  even  to  join  in  the 
very  little  social  intercourse  enjoyed  amongst  the 


;hed  in  a  destructive  torrent  into  the  Greek  prov-  j  natives  themselves 
es.  At  various  subsequent  advances  and  par-  !  These  obstacles  are  more  numerous  and  formi- 
L  regressions,  this  fierce  horde  gradually  over-  ;  dable  over  every  other  part  of  the  Ottoman  em- 
read  the  fine  regions  of  Asia  Minor  and  Greece,  |  pire,  and  have  left  the  Turks  a  barbarous  horde 
tl  in  1453  gained  possession  of  Constantinople,  j  of  strangers,  without  the  smallest  tie  of  senti- 
'  race,  Bulgaria,  Bosnia,  Servia,  Wallachia,  Mol- :  ment,  kindred,  or  cultivated  association  with  the 
>/ia,  the  Crimea,  Greece,  and  her  islands  in  Eu- 1  European  nations;  and  what  renders  the  situation 
»e,  became  subject  to  their  arms.    Most  of  these  of  this  people  in  a  peculiar  manner  striking,  is, 


pvinces  they  yet  retain,  and  present  to  the  states 
in  and  philosopher,  the  singular  spectacle  of  a 
:  ion  of  strangers,  who,  after  a  residence  five  cen- 
lies,  continue  hostile  aliens  in  Europe.  Suffered 
lhang  a  portentous  cloud  on  the  borders  of  Chris- 
idom,  from  the  conflicting  interests  of  Christian 
lions,  the  Turks  remain  Asiatics  in  manners  and 
})earance.  Admixed  with  Caucasian  blood,  this 
'  rtar  race  has,  in  person,  the  majestic  attitude  of  the 
Jropean,  with  the  agile  movements  of  their  Scy- 
lan  ancestors.  The  Turks  are  generally  robust, 
'U-shaped,  and  of  good  mien.  They  shave  iheir 
hds,  but  wear  long  beards,  except  those  in  the 

•  aglio  or  palace,  and  military  men,  who  wear 
« y  whiskers.    The  turban  worn  by  the  men  is 

ite,  and  consists  of  long  pieces  of  thin  linen 
i  de  up  together  in  several  folds. 

The  very  existence  of  such  an  empire  as  that  of 
I  Mahometan  Turks,  on  the  verge  and  within 
I  reach  of  the  powerful  Christian  States,  may 
I  viewed  as  a  paradox,  and  so  may  be  considered 
■  ny  of  the  interior  regulations  of  the  Turks. 

Nothing,"  says  Hobhouse,  "attracts  the  atten- 
lr»  of  a  traveller  in  the  Levant  more  than  the  con- 
>  ar  establishments,  which  the  Turks,  so  haughty 
B  despotic,  so  averse  to  every  thing  Christian, 
1/e  long  suffered,  and  still  suffer  to  exist,  in  al- 
!  st  all  the  principal  towns  of  their  empire.  At 
'•yrna,  the  Frank  town,  no  inconsiderable  place 

•  itself,  may  be  said  to  be  under  the  complete  ju- 
nction of  the  foreign  Powers.  The  consuls  dis- 
)y  the  standards  of  their  respective  nations;  they 
I  /e  their  prisons,  and  their  soldiers  who  wait  at 
1  ir  gates,  and  precede  them  when  they  walk  or 
•e ;  and  their  houses  are  sanctuaries  which  not 
';n  the  Turk  attempts  to  penetrate." — Hobhouse, 

•  2,  p.  73. 

The  first  residents,  under  the  name  of  consuls, 
mercantile  representatives,  were,  it  is  supposed, 
Pointed  by  the  republic  of  Florence  in  the  time 
1  the  first  Cosmo  de  Medicis,  and  called  consules 
1  ritimi,  and  were  permitted  to  exercise  their 
1  ictions  in  Turkey,  from  the  pride  and  indolence 
'her  than  from  any  consideration  of  their  utility 


that  they  are  ever  still  more  inveterately  set  apart 
from  their  Mahometan  than  from  their  Christian 
neighbors.  If  their  political  power  was  broken, 
the  very  nation  would  seem  to  vanish  from  the 
earth. 

The  government  of  Turkey  is  like  the  people, 
foreign  to  Europe,  and  undefinable  by  any  general 
terms  used  amongst  Christians.  It  may  be  assum- 
ed as  a  postulate,  that  in  the  very  nature  of  man, 
no  actually  unlimited  despotism  can  exist.  That 
of  the  Grand  Sultan,  though  nominally  absolute,  is 
in  reality  restricted  by  religious  institutions,  by  the 
indispensable  distribution  of  power,  but,  more  than 
all,  in  Turkey,  by  the  mental  imbecility  superin- 
duced by  secluded  education.  The  administration 
of  government  and  justice  in  that  empire  retains 
all  the  rude  simplicity  and  consequent  anarchy  of  a 
nomadic  military  band.  Though  12  centuries  have 
elapsed  since  their  original  removal  from  the  central 
plains  of  Asia,  they  have  profited  little  by  their 
contact  with  civilized  nations.  The  Goths  first 
trampled  on,  and  then  adopted,  the  Roman  juris- 
prudence. The  Mandschurs  followed  a  similar 
routine  in  China.  But  the  inflexible  Turk  sur- 
rounded by  and  actually  visited  commercially  by 
the  most  enlightened  and  active  nations  of  the 
earth,  remains  a  Scythian. 

These  notes  on  Turkey  were  written  upwards  of 
20  years  past,  since  which  some  important  changes 
have  been  effected  ;  the  janisaries  have  been  sup- 
pressed ;  Greece  has  been  severed  from  Turkey,  and 
formed  into  a  kingdom,  Sic. — See  page  374.  The 
body  of  the  article  is,  however,  retained,  as  histori- 
cal. Turkey,  as  an  independent  nation,  cannot  be 
regarded  as  in  existence,  as,  without  the  consent  of 
the  great  Christian  Powers,  the  Turkish  nation 
cannot  perform  an  act  evincing  national  sover- 
eignty. 

Turkey,  tp  ,  Essex  co.,  X.  J.,  14  miles  NW, 
from  Elizabethtown. 

Turkey  Foot,  post  office  in  the  SVV.  part  of  So- 
merset co.,  Pa.,  18  ms.  SW.  from  the  borough  of 
Somerset,  and  35  NW.  by  W.  from  Cumberland, 
in  Maryland.    The  name  Turkey  Foot,  was  im 


i  the  minds  of  the  Turks.    It  was,  however,  ai  posed  from  the  peculiar  courses  of  Youghiogany 

903 


TUS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TUS 


river  and  Cattleman's  river  with  Laurel  Hill  creek, 
at  their  junction. 

Turkey  Poi?it,  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  between  North 
East  river  and  Elk  river. 

Turkheim. — See  Durkheim. 

Turkic,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Caucasia,  situate  on  the  Caspian  sea,  140  ms.  S. 
of  Astracan.     Lon.  47  15  E.,  lat.  44  15  N. 

Tumagain  Cape,  cape  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
northern  island  of  New  Zealand.  Lon.  176  56  E., 
lat.  40  28  8. 

Tumau,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Buntzlau,  on  the  river  Iser,  12  ms.  NNE.  of  Jung 
Buntzlau. 

Turner,  town,  Oxford  county,  Maine,  on  the 
VV.  side  of  Androscoggin  river,  18  miles  E.  from 

Paris.  Village  in  Turner  tp.,  Oxford  county, 

Maine.  Turner  town  and  Turner  village  are  sep- 
arate post  offices,  though  in  the  same  township. 

Tamer's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Bertie  co., 
N.  C,  by  post  road  144  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from 
Raleigh. 

Turnersville,  village,  Robertson  co.,  Tenn.,  72 
ms.  NW.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Turnhout,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, in  Brabant,  24  miles  NE.  of  Antwerp. 
Lon.  5  0  E.,  lat.  51  22  N. 

Tursi,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  seated  on  the 
river  Sino,  50  ms.  of  SW.  Bari.  Lon.  16  50  E., 
lat.  40  36  N . 

Turtle  Creek,  creek  of  Alleghany  county,  Pa., 
falls  into  the  Monongahela  12  miles  above  Pitts- 
burg. Tp.,  Shelby  county,   Ohio,  containing 

the  village  of  Sydney.  Tp.,  Warren  co.,Ohio, 

containing  the  village  of  Lebanon. 

Turtle  Island,  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Lon. 
177  5  Wv,  lat.  19  48  S. 

Tuscaloosa,  or  Black  Warrior,  the  principal 
branch  of  Tombigbee,  rises  in  the  spurs  of  Alle- 
ghany mountains,  20  or  25  miles  S.  of  the  great 
!>end  of  Tennessee,  about  34°  N.  lat.  It  is  form- 
ed by  the  union  of  the  Big  and  Little  Warrior 
rivers,  having  a  general  course  to  the  SVV.  230 
ms.,  falls  into  the  Tombigbee.  The  Tuscaloosa  is 
navigable  for  boats  of  requisite  tonnage  160  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

Tuscaloosa,  county,  Alabama,  bounded  S.  by 
Perry  and  Greene,  W.  by  Pickens,  N.  by  Jeffer- 1 
son,  and  E.  by  Shelby  and  Bibb;  length  40  miles, 
mean  width  30,  area  1,200  sq.  miles.  Tuscaloosa 
river  winds  across  this  county  from  N.  to  S.  Chief 
town,  Tuscaloosa.  Pop.  in  1820,  8,229  ;  and  in 
1840,  16,583.  Central  latitude — see  Tuscaloosa 
village. 

Tuscaloosa,  village  and  scat  of  justice  for  Tus- 
caloosa county,  Alabama,  and  seat  of  government 
in  that  State,  is  situated  on  the  bank  of  Tuscaloo- 
sa river,  about  60  ms.  above  its  mouth,  120  SSW. 
from  Huntsville,  and  200  a  litile  E.  of  N.  from 
Mobile.    Lat.  33  13  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  37  W. 

Tuscany,  sovereign  State  of  Italy,  with  the  title  I 
of  a  grand  duchy,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Romagna,  j 
the  Bolognese,  ihe  Modenese,  and  the  Parmesan, 
on  the  S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  E.  by  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  the  Perugino,  the  Orvietano,  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  and  the  duchy  of  Castro, 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Mediterranean,  the  territory 
of  Lucca,  and  that  of  Genoa.  It  is  150  ms.  long 
and  100  broad,  and  watered  by  several  rivers,  of 
904 


which  the  Arno  is  the  chief.  There  are  seven 
mountains,  in  which  are  mines  of  iron,  alum,  an 
vitriol ;  also,  quarries  of  marble,  alabaster,  and  por 
phyr}',  besides  hot  baths  and  mineral  waters.  Man' 
parts  of  it  are  fruitful  in  com  and  wine,  and  pro 
duce  plenty  of  citrons,  oranges,  pomegranates,  an» 
other  fruits.  The  inhabitants  are  distinguished  b' 
their  attachment  to  commerce,  and  have  establisher 
various  manufactures,  particularly  of  silks,  stuffs 
earthenware,  and  gilt  leather.  They  are  mucl 
visited  by  foreigners,  on  account  of  their  politeness 
and  because  the  Italian  language  is  here  spoken  ir 
its  greatest  purity.  This  duchy  is  divided  int( 
three  parts,  namely,  the  Florentino,  the  Pisano 
and  the  Sienese.  It  is  now  an  independent  duchy, 
governed  by  an  Austrian  prince.  Chief  cities, 
Florence,  Leghorn,  and  Pisa.  According  to  Mr. 
Bowring,  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany,  in  1 836, 
contained  a  population  of  1,436,785,  and  an  area 
of  7,686  sq.  ms.  Eng.  This  would  give  a  distri- 
butive population  to  the  sq.  m.  of  186. 

Tuscarawas,  river,  Ohio,  rises  in  Wayne,  Me- 
dina, Portage,  and  Stark  cos.,  and,  forming  a  large 
navigable  creek  in  the  latter,  Hows  SSE.  30  ms., 
receives  Sandy  creek  from  the  E.,  and  12  ms.  still 
lower  Sugar  creek  from  the  W.,  near  New  Phila- 
delphia. Below  the  latter  place,  the  Tuscarawas 
curves  gradually  SE.  and  SW.,  and  finally  W., 
flows  50  ms.  to  its  junction  with  Whitewoman's 
river  at  the  town  of  Coshocton.  The  two  rivers  at 
their  confluence  are  nearly  of  equal  size,  and  arc 
both  lost  in  the  general  name  of  the  Muskingum. 
Assuming  a  southern  course  cf  10  ms.,  Wills  creek 
enters  from  the  SE.,  and  winding  more  to  the  W., 
30  ms.  further,  receives  Licking  creek,  a  large  tri- 
butary branch,  at  the  town  of  Zanesville,  in  Mus- 
kingum co.  Here  the  river  is  precipitated  over  its 
only  falls,  or  rather  rapid,  30  or  40  feet  entire  de- 
pression. Below  the  falls,  Muskingum  turns  to 
the  SE.  80  ms.,  to  its  junction  with  Ohio  river,  at 
Marietta,  in  Washington  co. 

From  this  sketch,  we  find  this  inland  channel 
lying  in  nearly  a  N.  and  S.  direction.  Advancing 
from  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie,  up  the  Cuyahoga 
40  ms.,  we  reach  the  portage  from  the  stream  to 
the  Tuscarawas  ;  thence,  10  ms.  over  that  portage, 
and  again  down  the  Tuscarawas  and  Muskingum 
212  ms.  to  Marietta,  exhibits  an  entire  line  of  262 
ms.  A  canal  extends  now  from  Zanesville,  up  the 
Muskingum  valley,  to  Dresden,  where  it  unites 
with  the  central  trunk.  Below  Zanesville,  the 
Muskingum  has  been  made  navigable  by  dams  and 
locks  to  its  influx  into  Ohio. 

Tuscarawas,  co.,  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by  Stark, 
E.  by  Harrison,  S.  by  Harrison  and  Guernsey,  and 
W.  by  Coshocton  cos.  It  is  30  by  29  ms.  in  ex- 
tent, containing  680  sq.  ms.  The  principal  waters 
are  the  J  uscarawas,  Sandy,  Conoten,  Stillwater, 
and  Sugar  creeks.  Chief  town,  New  Philadel- 
phia. Pop.  in  1820,  8,328  ;  and  in  1840,  25,631. 
Central  lat.  40  28  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  30  W. 
Tuscarawas,  tp.  in  the  western  borders  of  Stark 

co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  735.  Small  village 

on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Tuscarawas  river,  and  in 
the  co.  of  the  same  name,  Ohio,  9  ms.  southerly 
from  New  Philadelphia. 

Tuscarora,  valley  and  town,  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  by 
post  road  63  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 
Tuscaroras. — See  Oneidas. 


^ ,  /.   ^ -r^^y 

<qj  2Sr  <*>l(l  -K^^k 


TYB  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


TYR 


Tuscumbia,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Ala.,  by 
post  road  249  ms.  NNVV.  from  Cahaba. 

Tusis,  town  of  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  18 
tns.  S.  by  W.  of  Coire. 

Tutbury,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Staffordshire,  15 
ms.  E.  of  Stafford,  and  34  NE.  of  London.  Lon. 
140  W.,  lat.  53°  N. 

Tutacorin,  town  of  Hindoostan,  with  a  Dutch 
factory.  It  is  GO  ms.  NE.  of  Cape  Comorin.  Lon. 
76  40  E.,  lat.  9  15  N. 

Tutura,  town  of  Russia,  situated  on  the  Lena. 
Lon.  105  40  E.,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Tuxford,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Nottinghamshire,  13 
ms.  NNW.  of  Newark,  and  137  N.  by  W.  of 
London.    Lon.  50f.E.,  lat.  53  16  N. 

Tuy,  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  62  ms.  S.  of 
Compostella,  and  254  W.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  8  12 
W.,  lat.  42  4  N. 

Tuzla,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  situated  on  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  28  ms.  N.  of  Cogni.  Lon. 
35  55  E.,  lat.  38  20  N. 

Tweedy  river  of  Scot.,  which  rises  from  innu- 
merable springs  in  the  mountainous  tract  of  Pee- 
blesshire, called  Tweedsmuir.     It  divides  England  | 

from  Scotland,  and  falls  into  the  German  ocean  at  to  the  W.  of  Dunbar. 


Tyboine,  SW.  tp.,  Perry  co.,  Pa.,  joining  the 
SE.  side  of  the  Tuscarora  mountain. 

Tycokzin,  town  of  Poland,  in  Polachia,  with  a 
castle  and  a  mint.  It  is  seated  on  the  Narew,  22 
ms.  NW.  of  Bielsk.    Lon.  23  40  E.,  lat.  53°  N. 

Tydore,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  three 
leagues  S.  of  Ternate. 

Tyler,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Ohio  river  NW., 
Ohio  co.  N.,  Harrison  SE.,  and  Wood  SW. 
Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20  ;  area,  600  sq.  ms. 
Surface  very  broken,  but  soil  generally  fertile. 
Pop.  in  1840,  6,954.  Central  lat.  39  32  N.,  lon. 
W.  C.  3  50  W. 

Tymotchie,  creek  and  post  office,  Delaware  co., 
Ohio,  by  post  road  73  ms.  northwardly  from  Co- 
lumbus, 

Tyne,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Northumberland,  formed 
by  a  branch  from  the  co.  of  Durham,  and  another 
from  the  hills  on  the  borders  of  Scotland.  These, 
uniting  a  little  above  Hexam,  form  a  large  river, 
which  flows  by  Newcastle,  and  enters  the  German 

ocean  at  Tinmouth.  River  of  Scot.,  which  rises 

in  the  mountains  in  the  S.  of  Haddingtonshire, 
waters  Haddington,  and  enters  the  German  ocean 


Berwick. 

Tweeddale. — See  Peeblesshire. 

Tweedsmuir,  rugged  and  healthy  mountain,  in 
the  S.  part  of  Peeblesshire,  Scotland. 

Twenty -mile  Stand,  post  office,  Warren  co., 
Ohio,  by  post  road  89  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus.  " 


Tynemouth. — See  Tinmouth. 
Tyngsborough,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  28 
ms.  NW.  from  Boston.    Pop.  in  1810,  704;  and 
in  1820,  808. 

Tyre,  seaport  of  Syria,  in  that  part  formerly 
called  Phoenicia,  now  a  heap  of  venerable  ruins.  It 


Twickerham,  village  of  Eng.,  Middlesex,  seated '  has  two  harbors,  that  on  the  N.  side  exceedingly 
on  the  Thames,  3  ms.  SSW.  of  Brentford.    A  good  ;  the  other  choked  by  the  ruins  of  the  city.  It 


branch  of  the  Coin  here  falls  into  the  Thames, 
which  are  erected  some  powder  and  oil  mills. 

Twiggs,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  W.  by  the  Oakmul- 
gee  river,  or  Monroe  co.,  Jones  co.  NW.,  Wilkin- 


son NE.,  and  Pulaski  SE.    Length  27  ms.,  mean  and  in  1820,  1,443. 


is  60  ms.  SW.  of  Damascus,  and  now  called  Sout 
or  Sur.    Lon.  35  50  E.,  lat.  33  18  N. 

Tyringham,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  15 
ms.  'SSE.  from  Lenox.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,682; 


width  15;  area  about  400  sq.  ms.  Chief  town, 
Marion.  Pop.  in  1840,  8,422.  Central  lat.  32 
40  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  25  W. 

Twin,  tp.,  Dark  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Ross  co., 

Ohio,  8  ms.  W.  from  Chillicothe.  Tp 

co.,  Ohio. 

Twinsburg,  village,  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  by  post 
road  185  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

TiuitcheWs  Mills,  and  post  office,  Pope  co.,  111., 
115  ms.  SSE.  from  Vandalia. 


Twymarfs  Store,  and  post  office,  Spottsylvania  gannon. 


Tyrnaw,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Trentschan,  30  ms.  NE.  of  Presburg. 
Lon.  17  33  E.,  lat.  48  23  N. 

Tyrone,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Ulster, 
Preble  46  ms.  long,  and  37  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Londonderry,  on  the  E.  by  Armagh  and  Lough 
Neagh,  on  the  SW.  by  Fermanagh,  and  on  the 
W.  by  Donegal.  It  is  a  rough  country,  but  toler- 
ably fruitful;  contains  30  parishes,  and  sends  10 
members  to  Parliament.     The  capital  is  Dun- 


co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  94  ms.  northward  from 
Richmond. 


Tyrone,  one  of  the  eastern  towns,  Steuben  co., 
N.  Y.,  lying  E.  from  Mud  lake,  15  ms.  NE.  from 
Twunt,  name  of  a  river.    This  word  means  Bath,  and  30  W.  from  Ithaca-  Tp.,  Perry  co., 


portion,  or  division,  and  is  here  particularly  appro- 
priate, for  this  river  separates  the  dominions  of  Al- 
giers from  those  of  Morocco. — Hodgson. 

Tye,  small  river,  Va.,  gaining  importance  from 
forming,  by  its  main  branch,  Pine  river,  a  common 
boundary,  between  Nelson  and  Amherst  cos.  It 


Pa.,  between  Big  Buffalo  and  Sherman's  creek, 
with  Rye  tp.  in  the  E.,  and  Tyboine  in  the  W. 

Pop.  in  1810,  2,604;  and  in  1820,  2,236.  

One  of  the  northern  tps.,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  between 
Youghiogany  river  and  Jacob's  creek.  Pop.  in 
1810,  989;  and  in  1820,  1,058.  Tp.,  Hun- 


rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  drains  part  of  the  two  tingdon  co.,  Pa.,  on  Sinking  creek,  14  ms.  NW. 
cos.  which  it  separates,  and,  after  a  comparative  from  Huntingdon.    Pop.  in  1810,  753;  and  in 


course  of  30  ms.,  falls  into  James  river,  25  ms.  by 
land  below  Lynchburg. 

Tye  Rivtr  Mills,  post  office,  Nelson  co.,  Va., 
about  20  ms.  N.  from  Lynchburg. 

Tye  River  Warehouse,  and  post  office,  Nelson 
co.,  Virginia,  by  post  road  95  ms.  W.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Tybee,  island  of  Georgia,  at  the  mouth  of  Sa- 
vannah river. 
114* 


1820,  813. 

Tyrrel,  co  ,  N.  C  ,  bounded  by  Albemarle 
sound  N.,  Roanoke  sound  E.,  Pamlico  sound  SE., 
Hyde  co.  S.,  and  Washington  W.  Length  40 
ms.,  mean  width  IS  ;  area,  720  sq.  ms.  Surface 
level,  and  soil  generally  poor,  sandy,  or  marshy. 
Alligator  river  or  bay  puts  up  from  Albemarle 
sound,  and  divides  the  co.  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts.    Chief  town,  Elizabeth.    Pop.  in  1820, 

905 


UCK 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UKR 


4,319;  and  in  1840,4,657.  Central  lat.  35  45 
N..  Ion.  W.  C.  1°  E. 

Tyson's  Store,  and  post  office,  Moore  co.,  N. 
C  ,  by  post  road  95  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh. 

Tysted,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  province  of 
North  Jutland,  with  a  citadel,  on  the  Gulf  of  Lim- 
ford,  44  ms.  NW.  of  Wiburg,  and  46  W.  of  Al- 
burg.    Lon.  8  25  E.,  lat.  56  54  N. 

Tyvy,  or  Teivy,  river  in  Wales,  which,  issuing 
from  a  lake  on  the  E.  side  of  the  country,  enters 
the  bay  of  Cardigan,  below  the  town  of  Cardigan. 

Tywappity,  extensive  flat,  along  the  Mississip- 
pi river,  Mo.,  partly  in  New  Madrid,  and  partly 
in  Cape  Girardeau  cos. 

Tzadurilla,  town  of  Natolia  proper,  near  the 
river  Sangar,  or  Aclu,  63  ms.  SE.  of  Isnic.  Lon. 
31  8  E.,  lat.  39°  N. 

Tzaritzyn,  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Saratof.  It  is  seated  on  the  Volga, 
122  ms.  NW.  of  Astracan.  Lon.  45  25  E.,  lat. 
48°  N. 

Tzernitz,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Ro- 
mania, near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  32  miles 
NNE.  of  Adrianople.  Lon.  26  40  E.,  lat.  42° 
North. 

Tzivilsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Kasan,  57  ms.  W.  of  Kasan.  Lon.  47  25  E., 
lat.  55  40  N. 


u. 


i'btda,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated  in 
a  fertile  country,  abounding  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
and  fruits,  especially  figs.  It  is  5  ms.  NE.  of 
Baeza,  and  158  SE.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  3  13  W., 
lat.  37  48  N. 

Uberlingen,  city  of  Suabia,  in  the  co.  of  Fur- 
btenburg,  and  grand  duchy  of  Baden.  The  in- 
habitants, who  are  partly  Roman  Catholics  and  | 
partly  Protestants,  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  corn,  ! 
which  they  send  to  Switzerland,'  and  not  far  hence 
are  very  famous  baths.  It  is  seated  on  a  high  rock, 
near  the  Lake  of  Constance,  12  miles  N.  of  Con- 
stance.   Lon  9  10  E.,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Ubes,  St.,  or  Setubal>  fortified  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Estramadura,  with  a  good  harbor,  defended 
by  the  fort  of  St.  Jago.  It  is  built  on  the  ruins  of 
the  ancient  Setobriga,  at  the  head  of  a  bay,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Zadaen.  It  is  22  ms.  SE.  of 
Lisbon.    Lon.  8  54  W.,  lat.  38  32  N. 

Ubigau,  town  of  Prussia  in  Upper  Saxony,  in  j 
Germany,  28  ms.  SE.  of  Wiltemburg.    Lon.  13 
12  E.,  lat.  51  34  N. 

Uby,  or  Pulo  Uby,  island  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
at  the  entrance  of  bay  of  Siam,  20  ms.  in  circum- 
ference. It  yields  good  water  and  plenty  of  wood. 
Lon.  105  56  E.,  lat.  8  25  N. 

Uchland.—See  Uwchland. 

Ucayale,  the  principal  of  the  main  sources  of  the 
Amazon,  formed  by  several  streams,  rising  about 
lat.  16°S.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  4°  E.  It  flows  gener- 
ally N.,  and  joins  the  Paro,  at  lon.  W.  C.  4°  E., 
and  lat.  11°  S.  This  great  river  has  its  remote 
sources  about  S.  lat.  18°,  interlocking  with  those 
of  Pilcomayo  and  Madeira,  amongst  the  highest 
mountains  of  S.  America. 

Ucker,  river  of  Germany,  which  has  its  source 
in  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  near  Prenzlo,  in  the 
906 


Ucker  marche  of  Brandenburg,  runs  N.  through 
Pomerania,  and,  being  joined  by  the  Rando,  en- 
ters the  Fri-di  Haf,  a  bay  of  the  Baltic. 

Uckermunde,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Sax- 
ony, on  the  Frish  Haf,  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  25  ms. 
NW.  of  Stetin.    Lon.  14  12  E.,  lat.  53  53  N. 

Uddevala,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Gothland, 
situated  in  a  bay  of  the  Cattegate,  at  the  bottom  of 
some  steep  rocks,  at  the  extremity  of  a  small  but 
fertile  valley.  It  exports  iron,  planks,  and  her- 
rings, and  is  50  ms.  N.  of  Gotheborg.  Pop.  3,000. 

Udenskoi,  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  government 
of  Irkutzk,  seated  on  the  SE.  side  of  the  Lake 
Balkul,  on  the  roa-1  from  Tobolsk  to  China,  1,000 
ms.  NW.  of  Peking,  and  1,200  E.  of  Tobolsk. 
Lon.  96  30  E.,  lat.  53°  N. 

Udina,  or  Udine,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  Friuli. 
It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain,  near  the  rivers  Tagle- 
mento  and  Lisenzo,  10  ms.  N.  of  Aquileia,  and  55 
N.  by  E.  of  Venice.  Pop.  16,000.  Lon.  13  3 
E.,  lat.  46  12  N. 

Udskoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Irkutzk,  near  the  Udda,  1,100  ms.  ENE.  of  Ir- 
kutzk.   Lon.  135  30  E.,  lat.  55  16  N. 

Ufa,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  included 
in  the  government  of  Orenburg.    It  is  divided  into 

the  two  provinces  of  Ufa  and  Orenburg.  Town 

of  Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  760  ms.  E.  of  Moscow.  Lon.  57° 
E.,  lat.  54  40  N. 

Uffenheim,  town  Germany,  in  Fianconia,  22 
ms.  NNE.  of  Anspach. 

Ugento,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Terra 
d'Otranto,  with  a  bishop's  see,  8  ms.  W.  of  Alessa- 
no,  and  20  SW.  of  Otranto. 

Ugliani,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  16  mile. 
SE.  of  Austa.    Lon.  17  47  E.,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Ucocz,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a  co. 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a  small 
river  that  falls  into  the  Neisse,  15  ms.  N.  of  Zat 
mar.    Lon.  22  34  E  ,  lat.  48  5  N. 

Ugogna,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan, 
seated  on  the  Tosa,  16  ms.  N.  of  Varailo,  and  45 
NW.  of  Milan.    Lon.  8  24  E.,  lat.  45  52  N. 

Uist,  North  and  South,  two  islands  of  the  Heb- 
rides, on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  viz: 

Uist,  North,  which  lies  to  the  southward  of  Har- 
ris, separated  by  a  channel  of  about  9  ms.  over, 
is  somewhat  more  considerable,  being  about  30 
ms.  in  circumference.  North  Uist  is  15  ms.  S.  ol 
the  isle  of  Skye.  And 

Uist,  South,  is  about  2 1  ms.  in  length  and  3  or 
4  in  breadth,  20  ms.  W.  of  the  isle  of  Skye. 

Ukase,  Russian  term  for  an  imperial  edict.  A 
proclamation  having  the  force  of  law  is,  in  the 
English  language,  the  instrument  most  nearly 
equivalent  to  ukase. 

Ukensoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  oi 
Tobolsk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Irtysh  and  Oby. 
Lon.  69  15  E.,  iat  61  10  N. 

Ukraine,  large  country  of  Europe,  lying  on  tlic 
borders  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  Poland,  Russia,  and 
Little  Tartary.  Its  name  properly  signifies  a  fron- 
tier, and  lies  along  the  Dneiper,  and  belonged 
many  ages  to  Russia.  Kiel  was  one  of  the  origi 
nal  capitals  of  that  empire.  After  a  series  of  rev- 
olutions, it  has  again  entirely  fallen  under  the  Rus- 
sian sceptre.  The  principal  town  is  Kief.  — Sec 
Cossacs. 


ULS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UMR 


Vladimir. — See  Volodimir. 

Ulala,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Canara,  3  ins. 
SW.  of  Mangalore. 

Ulapool,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ross-shire,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  entrance  of  Loch  Broom,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name,  with  a  good  harbor, 
and  commodious  road.  It  is  a  great  fishing  sta- 
tion, and  situate  in  the  midst  of  a  wool  country,  48 
ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Tain.  Lon.  5  5  W.,  lat.  57 
50  N. 

Ulea,  or  Ulaborg,  seaport  of  Russian  Finland, 
and  the  largest  town  in  East  Bothnia,  with  a  com- 
modious harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  340  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Abo.  Lon.  24 
40  E.,  lat.  65  30  N. 

Vlieland.—See  Vlie. 

Ulitea,  one  of  the  Society  isles,  in  the  Pacific 
ocean.  It  has  a  harbor  called  Ohamaneno.  Lon. 
151  38  W.,  lat.  16  45  S. 

Uliswater,  lake  of  Eng.,  on  the  borders  of 
Westmoreland  and  Cumberland,  10  ms.  N.  of 
Ambleside.  It  is  8  ms.  long.  The  river  Eamont 
flows  through  this  lake,  and  by  Penrith  to  the 
Eden,  forming  that  part  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  two  cos. 

Ulm,  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Wirtemberg,  in 
Suabia.  It  is  a  fortified,  large,  and  handsome 
place,  in  which  the  archives  of  the  late  imperial 
towns  of  Suabia  were  preserved,  and  the  diet  of 
the  circle  was  generally  held.  Here  is  an  ex- 
cellent college,  with  a  theological  seminary  an- 
nexed. Its  other  most  remarkable  buildings  are 
the  abbey  of  St.  Michael,  commonly  called  Wen- 
gen,  the  town  house,  the  arsenal,  the  magazines, 
and  the  valuable  town  library.  The  inhabitants 
are  Protestants,  and  estimated  at  15,000.  They 
have  a  good  trade  in  linens,  fustians,  paper,  wine, 
and  wool.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Blau  with  the  Danube,  opposite  the  influx  of  the 
Her,  38  ms.  W.  by  N.  of  Augsburg,  and  40  SE. 
of  Stutgard.    Lon.  9  56  E.,  lat.  48  24  N. 

Ulmen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory  of 
Treves,  28  ms  W.  of  Coblentz. 

Ulotho,  or  Vlothow,  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  co.  of  Ravensburg,  near  which  is  a  medicinal 
spring.    It  is  6  ms.  S.  of  Minden. 

Ulrichstein,  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Hesse, 
with  a  fortified  castle,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Marburg. 

Ulrichshamn,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Goth- 
land, formerly  called  Bogesund,  the  present  name 
being  given  it  in  1741,  in  compliment  to  Queen 
Ulrica  Eleanora.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
cattle,  provisions,  tobacco,  &c,  and  is  50  ms.  E. 
of  Gotheburg. 

Ulster,  province  of  Ireland,  1 1 6  ms.  long  and 
100  broad,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Irish  sea, 
N.  by  the  Northern  ocean,  W.  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  SW.  by  the  province  of  Connaught,  and 
S.  by  that  of  Leinster.  It  contains  the  cos.  of 
Donegal,  Londonderry,  Antrim,  Tyrone,  Ferman- 
agh,  Monaghan,  Armagh,  Down,  and  Cavan. 

The  principal  place  is  Londonderry.  Co.,  N. 

Y.,  bounded  by  Hudson  river  E.,  Orange  co.  S., 
Sullivan  W.,  Delaware  NW.,  and  Greene  N. 
Length  40  ms,,  mean  width  30  ;  area  about  1,200 
sq.  ms.  Surface  highly  variegated  by  mountain, 
hill,  dale,  and  valley.  Its  front  on  the  Hudson  is 
rocky  and  precipitous,  but  most  of  its  vales  highly 
productive.    Staples,  grain,  flour,  live  stock,  &e. 


It  is  watered  by  the  Wallkill  and  Kingston  creeks. 
Chief  town,  Kingston.  Pop.  1820,  30,934;  and 
in  1840,  45,822.    Cent.  lat.  41  52  N.,  Ion.  W. 

C.  2  45  E.  Town,  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 

right  3ide  of  Susquehannah  river,  above  Towanda. 

Ultimatum,  Latin,  ultimus,  last ;  diplomatic 
term,  used  to  express  the  final  conditions  as  base 
of  a  treaty  or  convention,  and  from  which  the  party 
laying  down  the  ultimatum  expresses  a  determina- 
tion not  to  swerve. 

Ultzen,  or  Veltzen,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  duchy  of  Lunenburg.  It  has  a  trade  in  flour 
and  wool,  and  is  seated  on  the  Ilmenau,  20  ms. 
SE.  of  Lunenburg. 

Ulverston,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  at  the 
foot  of  some  hills,  near  a  shallow  arm  of  the  Irish 
sea,  and  has  a  canal  to  the  estuary  of  the  Leven. 
It  is  the  port  of  the  district  of  Furness,  and  exports 
much  corn,  limestone,  iron  ore,  and  blue  slate.  It 
is  18  ms.  NW.  of  Lancaster,  and  261  NNW.  of 
London.    Lon.  3  12  W.,  lat.  64  14  N. 

Ulysses,  tp.,  Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  containing 
Ithaca.    Pop.  1810,  3,250;  in  1820,  6,345. 

Uma,  or  Umea,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  West 
Bothnia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Uma,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  houses  are  built  of  wood, 
and  it  was  twice  burnt  by  the  Russians.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  governor  of  West  Bothnia,  and 
310  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  19  18  E., 
lat.  63  5  N. 

Umago,  seaport  of  Venetian  Istria,  seated  be- 
tween the  Gulf  of  Largena  and  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Quieto. 

Umbagog,  lake  mostly  in  Maine,  but  extending 
into  Coos  co.,  in  N.  H.  It  is  above  30  ms.  long, 
and  from  1  to  10  ras.  wide,  and  is  discharged  into 
the  Androscoggin  river. 

Umbriatico,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  though 
now  reduced  to  a  small  place,  having  only  about 
50  houses.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lipuda,  15  ms.  N. 
by  W.  of  St.  Severina.  Lon.  17  10  E.,  lat.  38 
29  N. 

Ummerapoora,  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and 
best  built  cities  of  Asia,  the  metropolis  of  the  Bir- 
man  empire,  with  a  spacious  and  regular  fort, 
completely  fortified  after  the  eastern  manner.  It 
was  founded  in  1783  by  the  emperor  Minderagree, 
4  ms.  to  the  NE.  of  Ava,  the  ancient  capital.  A 
peninsula  formed  by  the  Irawaddy  on  the  W.,  and 
a  narrow  channel  branching  E.  from  the  river, 
which  soon  takes  a  N.  direction,  and  expands  to  a 
lake  on  the  E.  side  of  that  city  ;  7  ms.  long  and 
1  k  broad.  It  is  520  ms.  SE.  from  Calcutta,  and 
620  NNW.  of Siam.  Lon.  76  7  E.,  lat.  21  57  N. 

Umritsir,  city,  Hindoostan,  in  the  Punjaub,  and 
one  of  the  capitals  of  the  Siks  or  Seiks.  It  is  situ  - 
ated on  the  Beas  river,  30  ms.  E.  of  the  city  of 
Lahore,  and  about  280  ms.  NW.  from  Delhi.  N. 
lat.  31  20,  lon.  75°  E.  Tt  is  a  great  internal  mart 
of  trade  and  place  of  manufacture.  Umritsir  is  30 
ms.  to  the  east  of  Lahore,  the  intermediate  dis- 
tance richly  cultivated.  The  great  canal,  or 
"nuhr,"  bringing  the  water  upwards  of  80  ms., 
passes  by  this  city,  and  runs  parallel  to  the  Lahore 
road.  It  is  very  shallow,  and  sometimes  does  not 
exceed  a  depth  to  admit  only  small  boats,  which 
still  navigate  it.  Umritsir  is  a  larger  city  than 
Lahore,  and  the  former  is  the  great  emporium  of 
commerce  between  India  and  Cabool. 

907 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  UNI 


Unadilla,  river,  rises  in  the  southern  sides  of  j 
Oneida  and  Herkimer  cos.,  N.  Y.,  and,  flowing' 
SSW.,  separates  for  about  10  ms.  Madison  from 
Otsego,  and,  thence  to  its  mouth,  Otsego  from 
Chenango.  It  falls  into  the  Susquehannah,  after 
an  entire  course  of  about  40  ms.  Town,  Otse- 
go co.,  N.  Y.,  lying  on  the  right  side  of  Susque 
hannah  river,  5  ms.  above  its  junction  with  Una- 
dilla river.     Pop.  1810,  1,426;  in  1820,  2,194. 

Uncasville,  village,  New  London  co.,  Ot.,  4f) 
ms.  SE.  from  Hartford. 

Underswen,  or  Underseen,  handsome  town  of ^ 
Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  near  which  is 
the  famous  cavern  of  St.  Pat.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Lake  Thun,  25  ms.  SSE.  of  Bern,  and  30  SE.  of 
of  Friburg.     Lon.  7  32  E.,  lat.  46  32  N. 

Underwalden,  canton  of  Switzerland,  the  sixth 
in  rank,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  canton  of  Lu- 
cerne and  the  Lake  of  the  Four  Cantons,  on  the  E. 
by  high  mountains,  which  separate  it  from  the 
canton  of  Uri,  on  the  S.  by  Mount  Brunich,  j  N.,  and  Johnson  E 
which  parts  it  from  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  on  area  430  sq.  miles 
the  W.  by  that  of  Lucerne.  It  takes  its  name 
from  a  wood,  which  runs  nearly  in  the  middle  of 


the  country,  from  N.  to  S.    It  is  25  ms.  long  and  C.  12  10  W. 


and  Tyger  rivers.  Chief,  town  Union.  Pop.  in 
1820,  "14,126  ;  and  in  1840,  18,936.  Central  lat. 
34  42  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  34  W. 

Union,  county,  Ohio,  bounded  by  Delaware  E., 
Madison  and  Champaign  S.,  Logan  W.,  and  Har- 
din and  Marion  N.  ;  length  27  miles,  breadth  17, 
area  500  sq.  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of 
Darby  and  Mill  creeks.  Soil  generally  fertile. 
Chief  town,  Marysville.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,996. 
Central  lat.  40  20  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  32  VV. 

Union,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded  by  Ohio 
river  W.  and  N  W.,  Henderson  county  NE.,  Hop- 
kin-  SE.,  and  Tradewater  river  or  Livingston  co. 
SW. ;  length  30  miles,  mean  width  16,  area  540 
sq.  miles.  This  county  lies  opposite  to  the  mouth 
of  Wabash  river,  Chief  town,  Morganfield.  Pop. 
in  1820,  3,470  ;  and  in  1840,  8,422.  Central  lat. 
37  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  45  W. 

Union,  county,  Illinois,  bounded  by  the  Mis- 
issippi  river  W.,  Jackson  and  Franklin  counties 
length  24  ms.,  breadth  18, 
Chief  towns,  Hamburg  and 
.lonesburg.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,362;  and  in  1840. 
2,362.    Central  latitade  37  28  N.,  longitude  W, 


17  broad,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts — that  above 
the  wood  and  that  below  it — called  Oberwald  and  Wiscasset 
Underwald.    The  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catho 
lies.     Stantz  is  the  capital. 

Underwood's,  post  office,  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y. 
by  post  road  86  ms.  N  W.  from  Albany. 


Union,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  30  ms.  NE.  from 
Town,  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut, 
33  ms.  NE.  from  Hartford.    Pop.  in  1810,  752; 

|  and  in  1820,  757.  Town,  Broome  county,  N. 

j  Y.,6  ms.  below  Chenango,  on  the  Susquehannah. 
Pop.  in  1820,  2,037.  Village  in  Washington 


Unghwar,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  ofico.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Batterhdl,  6  ms. 
a  co.  of  the  same  name,  in  an  island  formed  by  above  its  mouth.    It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy  and 

the  Ungh.    It  is  strong,  from  its  situation  among]  extensive  manufacture  of  cotton  goods.  Town, 

the  mountains  of  Crapach,  and  is  47  ms.  E.  of |  Essex  co.,  New  Jersey.  Tp  ,  Erie  co.,Pa.,5 


Cassovia.  Lon.  22  23  E.,  lat.  48  48  N.  Ungh- 
war stands  not  far  from  a  direct  line  from  Buda, 
in  Hungary,  to  Lemburg,  in  Austrian  Poland,  150 
ms.  SW.  of  the  latter,  and  180  NE.  by  E.  of  the 
former  city. 

Union,  river  of  Hancock  county,  Maine,  fails 
into  the  Blackhill  bay.  This  stream  is  followed 
advancing  NE.  by  several  minor  rivers,  which  are 
included  in  this  article.  xNarraguagus  into  Pigeon- 
hill,  or  Narragaugus  bay  ;  Pleasant  river  into  the 
bay  of  the  same  name ;  Chandler's  river  into  Eng- 
lish bay  ;  and  Macbias  and  East  rivers  into  Ma- 
chias  bay.  None  of  those  streams  have  sources 
60  miles  inland,  and,  though  in  a  very  remarka 
ble  manner  supplied  with  convenient  harbors,  the 
inland  commerce  of  the  country  is  very  confined. 

Union,  county,  Pennsylvania,  bounded  by  Sus- 
quehannah river  E.,  or  Northumberland  county 
E.,  Mifflin  S.  and  SW.,  Centre  W.,  and  Lycom- 
ing N.  ;  length  26  ms.,  mean  width  21,  area  551 
square  miles.    This  is  a  mountain  county,  and  of 


ms.  E.  from  Waterlord.  Tp.,  Huntingdon  co., 

Pa.,  in  Trough  creek  valley,  15  miles  nearly  S. 

from  Huntingdon.   Pop.  in  1820,  1,078.  Tp., 

Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  extending  from  the  Susquehan- 
nah river  to  the  E.  limit  of  Lycoming  county,  13 

ms.  below  WUkesbarre.  Town,  borough,  and 

seat  of  justice,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  on  both  sides  of 
Redstone  creek,  12  miles  SE.  from  Brownsville.— 
See  Uniontown,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.  Tp.,  Fay- 
ette county,  Pa.,  around  the  borough  of  the  same 

name.  Tp.,  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  adjoining  Centre 

and  Huntingdon  cos.  V  illage,  Loudon  county, 

Va.,  by  post  road  49  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  W.  C. 

 Village,  .Monroe  co.,  Va.,  240  miles  W.  f:om 

Richmond.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Union 

district,  South  Carolina,  60  ms.  NNVV.  from  Co- 
lumbia. Tp.,  Union  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Bel- 
mont co.,  Ohio,  containing  the  village  of  Morris- 
town.  'J'p.,  Washington  co.,  Ohio.  Tp  , 

Lawrence  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

One  of  the  northern  townships  of  Ross  county, 


course  much  broken,  but  the  river  and  creek  lands!  Ohio.  NW.  tp.,  Highland  county,  Ohio.  

are  highly  productive.  This  county  is  washed  in 
its  greatest  length  by  Susquehannah  river,  and 
drained  by  White  Deer,  Buffalo,  Penn's,  and  Ma- 
honing creeks.  Chief  town,  New  Berlin.  Pop. 
in  1820,  18,619  ;  and  in  1840,  22,787.  Central 
lat-  40  53  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  8  W. 

Union,  district,  South  Carolini,  bounded  by 
Broad  river,  or  York,  Chester,  and  Fairfield  districts 
E.,  Ennoree  river  or  Newberry  and  Laurens  dis- 
tricts SW.,  and  Spartanburg  W.  and  NW.;  length 
45  ms.,  mean  width  15,  area  675  sq.  ms.  Beside 
the  two  bounding  rivers,  it  is  drained  by  Pacolet 
908 


Tp.,  Champaign  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Logan  co  , 

Ohio.  Tp.,  Madison  county,  Ohio,  in  which  is 

situated  the  town  of  London.  Tp.,  Fayette  co., 

Ohio,  containing  the  town  of  Washington.  • 

Tp  ,  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  containing  the  town  of 

Wilmington.  NW.  tp.,  Scioto  county,  Ohio. 

 Tp.,  Warren  co.,  Ohio.  Tp  ,  Butler  co., 

Ohio.  Eastern  tp.  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio, 

through  which  the  road  passes  from  Zanesville  to 

Wheeling.  Western  tp.,  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

 -SW.  tp.,  Miami  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Mont- 

gomery  co.,  Ohio,  12  ms.  NW.  from  Dayton. 


UNI  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UNI 


Union,  West. — See  West  Union. 

Union,  or  Shakerstown,  settlement  of  Shakers, 
in  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  4  ms.  Ws  of  Lebanon. 

Union  Bridge,  village,  Carroll  county,  Mary- 
land, 62  miles  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Washington 

Union  C.  H.,  post  office,  Union  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  sixty  five  miles  Northwest  from 
Columbia. 

Union  Mills,  post  office,  Erie  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Union  Mills,  post  office  on  Little  Pipe  creek, 
NE.  part  of  Carroll  county,  Maryland,  74  miles  a 
ittle  W.  of  N.  from  Washington  city,  and  20 
miles  NE.  from  Fredericktown. 
]  Union  Mills,  post  office,  Amherst  county,  Vir- 
ginia, one  hundred ^and  fifty-six  miles  NW.  from 
Richmond. 

\  Union  Mills,  post  office,  Fluvanna  county,  Vir- 
ginia, by  post  road  seventy  miles  Noithwest  from 
Richmond. 

'  Union  Society,  village,  Green  county,  New 
York. 

Union  Springs,  village,  Cayuga  county,  New 
York. 

|  Union  Springs,  village,  Fayette  county,  Penn- 
'syvania. 

Union  Square,  post  office,  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y., 
1117  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

Uniontown,  village  in  the  NE.  part  of  Frederick 
county,  Maryland,  near  the  road  from  Baltimore 
to  Chambersburg,  35  ms.  NW.  from  the  former 
city. 

Uniontown,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Fayette 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  both  sides  of  Redstone 
creek,  about  4  ms.  from  the  western  foot  of  Lau 
rel  Hill,  186  miles  a  little  S.  of  W.  from  Harris - 
burg,  276  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  12  SE 
from  Brownsville.  It  is  a  tolerably  compact  vil- 
lage. Pop.  in  1840,  1,710.  Lat.  39  54  N.,  Ion 
W.  C.  2  45  W. 

Uniontown,  village,  Belmont  county,  Ohio. 

Uniontown,  village  on  the  SW.  border  of  Musk- 
ingum county,  Ohio,  18  ms.  SW.  from  Zanesville 
and  74  miles  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Columbus. 

Unionville,  village,  Orange  county,  New  York. 

Unionville,  village,  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
10  miles  SW.  from  Westchester,  and  35  SSW. 
from  Philadelphia. 

Unionville,  village,  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  hy  post 
road  224  miles  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Unionville,  village,  Union  tp.,  Broome  co.,  N. 
Y.,  on  Susquehannah  river,  15  miles  E  from  Os 
wego,  and  by  post  road  148  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 
i  Albany. 

United  Provinces  of  the  Netherlands,  formerly 
a  republic  of  Europe,  consisting  of  seven  provinces, 
which  extended  150  ms.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  100 
from  E.  to  VV.  They  were  bounded  on  the  W. 
and  N.  by  the  German  ocean,  on  the  S.  by  Bra- 
bant and'the  bishopric  of  Liege,  and  on  the  E.  by 
Germany.  They  were  ranked  in  the  following  or- 
der :  Guelderland,  Holland,  Zealand,  Utrecht, 
Friesland,  Overyssel,  and  Groningen.  They  now 
form  the  two  kingdoms  of  Belgium  and  Holland  ; 
which  see,  under  their  proper  heads. 

United  States,  country  of  North  America,  bound- 
ed by  the  Atlantic  ocean  E.  and  SE.,  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico S.,  the  Spanish  or  Mexican  provinces  SW., 


Pacific  ocean  W.,  and  N.  by  the  Russian  and  Brit- 
ish territories  in  North  America.  This  extensive 
region  has  the  following  limits  : 

tMiles. 

Commencing  on  Passamaquoddy  bay,  at  the 
mouth  of_  St.  Croix  river,  and  thence 
along  the   Atlantic   ocean   to  Florida 
point  -  1,800 
Thence  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the 

mouth  of  the  Sabine     -  1,100 
From  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine,  in  common 
with  the  Spanish  or  Mexican  provinces, 
to  the  Pacific  ocean      -  -  .  2,300 

Along  the  Pacific  ocean  from  lat.  42°  to  49° 

N.,  or  about  -  500 
Due  E.  from  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  lat.  49° 
N.,  on  the  Russian  territories  to  the 
Rocky  or  Chippewayan  mountains  -  600 
Thence,  in  common  with  Cabotia,  or  Brit- 
ish Ni<rth  America,  to  the  mouth  of  St. 
Croix  -  3,000 

Having  an  entire  outline  of  -  9,300 

The  longest  direct  line  which  can  be  drawn  over 
this  great  region  stretches  from  Cape  Canaveral,  in 
East  Florida,  to  the  Northern  cape  of  Queen  Char- 
lotte's island,  on  Dixon's  entrance,  3,214  statute 
miles.  Assuming  this  line  as  base,  the  mean 
breadth  is  about  seven  hundred  miles,  and  area  in 
square  statute  miles,  in  round  numbers,  two  mil- 
lions two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand. 

The  whole  territory  of  the  United  States  is  di- 
vided into  three  natural  sections.  Eastern  section, 
the  Atlantic  slope,  or  surface  drained  into  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean ;  Central  section,  between  the  Appalachian 
and  Chippewayan  systems  of  mountains,  and  drain- 
ed generally  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  though  a  minor 
northern  section  inclines  towards  and  is  drained 
into  the  Canadian  lakes,  or  the  Red  river  source  of 
Saskatchawaine  ;  and  the  Western  Oregon,  or  Pa- 
cific section,  watered  by  the  numerous  confluents 
of  Columbia  river,  and  by  a  few  streams  of  minor 
importance,  chiefly  towards  the  northwestern  an- 
gle. 

As  to  the  relative  extent  of  these  three  sections, 
and  also  the  aggregate  extent  compared  with  other 
parts  of  the  earth,  and  particularly  with  that  of 
Europe,  very  erroneous  statements  have  been  made 
by  several  writers  in  the  United  States.  By  a  line 
slightly  curving,  the  greatest  length  of  Atlantic 
slope  is  1,750  ms.  from  Cape  Sable,  in  Florida,  to 
the  northeasternmost  angle  of  Maine.  Including 
with  the  Atlantic  slope  all  Florida  and  the  basins 
of  the  Appalachicola  and  Connecuh  rivers,  I  find, 
on  careful  renaeasurement,  that  the  eastern  section 
of  the  United  States  contains  293,500  sq.  ms.,  and 
a  mean  breadth  of  170,  very  nearly.  Assuming, 
however,  300,000  sq.  ms.  for  this  section,  we  pro- 
ceed to  that  of  the  centre,  what  may  be  called  the 
Mississippi  region.  The  following  are  the  already 
organized  States  of  the  centre,  and  such  fractions  of 
those  of  the  Atlantic  border  as  extend  into  the  cen- 
tral section  : 

Sq.  ma. 

New  York  (one-half)    -  -  -23,180 

Pennsylvania  (one-third)  -  -  15,666 

Virginia  (one-half)  ...  35,000 
North  Carolina  (one-tenth)      -  -  5,000 

909 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.' 


UNI 


Ohio  - 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama  (two-thirds) 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Arkansas 

Missouri 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 


Sq.  ma. 

44,000 

40,580 

42,800 

34,500 

46,500 

48,220 

52,000 

04,000 

53,480 

36,670 

56,610 

80,000 

64,260 


Total  of  organized  centre       -  742, 4 6P 


O0C: 


560,001 

I 


It  may  he  premised  that  under  the  name  of  Iowa 
in  the  above  is  included  the  space  which  will  be 
probably  designated  as  its  limits  and  area  as  a  State. 

summary.  sq.  ms- 

Allantic  slope  -  -  -  300,000 

Organized  States  and  Territories  of 

central  basin         -  742,466 


Total  organized 


1,042,466 


Remarks. — It  is  not  the  least  remarkable  cir- 
cumstance in  our  statistics,  that  the  entire  territory 
of  the  United  States,  from  ocean  to  ocean,  is  di- 
vided into  two  not  very  unequal  great  sections  by 
a  line  drawn  as  follows :  commencing  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine  river,  and 
thence  along  the  western  border  of  the  States  of 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  what  probably  will 
be  fowa,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Sancton  Sioux  river, 
and  thence  due  north  along  Ion.  20  0  W.  of 
Washington  to  our  northern  border.  Limiting  the 
western  section  to  1,000,000  sq.  ms.,  would  leave 
a  territory  of  640,000,000  acres.  In  regard  to 
soil,  the  western  is  not  equal  to  the  eastern,  but  there 
is  no  space  of  the  former  which  would  not  support 
five  or  six  more  than  the  mean  population  of  the  east- 
ern, as  shown  by  our  general  summary.  If  we 
assume  so  high  a  mean  as  60,000  sq.  ms.  for  each 
Sta'e,  still  16  or  17  States  may,  no  doubt  will,  be 
formed  westward  of  the  dividing  line  we  have  de- 
lineated. By  actual  calculation,  it  is  N.  76°  W., 
and  within  a  very  small  fraction  of  1,700  statute 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kanzas,  on  the  west- 
ern border  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  to  the  mouth  of 
Columbia  river. 

As  another  illustration  of  the  immensity  of  the 
territory  of  the  United  States,  taken  in  its  utmost 
extent,  we  may  observe  that  the  bearing  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river  from  Washington  is 
a  very  little  above  N.  80°  W.,  and  distance  2,500 
ms.  ;  and  the  mid  distance  is  near  the  great  bend 
of  Missouri  river,  and  by  air  distance  550  ms.  above 
St.  Louis. 

In  order  to  show  the  real  extent  of  the  central 
section,  we  have  above  stated  the  aggregate  space 
already  organized — to  which  we  now  add  : 

Sq.  ms. 

Northward  of  the  Red  river,  westward 
of  the  States  of  Arkansas  and  Mis- 
souri, and  as  far  northward  as  where 
the  western  boundary  of  the  United 
States  comes  to  Arkansas  river      -  105,000 

910 


Northward  of  a  line  drawn  from  the 
mouth  of  St.  Peter's  river,  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, to  that  of  Sioux  river,  of 
Missouri,  and  including  the  inter- 
mediate space  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Missouri  rivers   -  -  90,00( 

Northward  of  Arkansas  river,  west- 
ward of  the  Missouri  river,  eastward 
of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  south- 
!     ward  of  N.  Iat.49°  -  .  365, 

Total  of  unorganized  territory  west- 
ward of  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa, 
and  Wisconsin,  and  eastward  of  the 
Rocky,  or  Chippewayan  mountains 

To  which  add  the  extent  of  central  sec- 
tion organized      -  742, 46( 

Total  area  of  the  central  valley  section 

of  the  Unitad  States         -  -  1,302,466 

To  close  this  condensed  view  of  the 
territory  of  the  United  States  from 
ocean  to  ocean,  we  have  now  to 
add  the  great  extreme  western  or 
Columbian  territory,  bounded  by 
treaty  on  the  south  side  by  N.  lat. 
42°,  and  on  that  of  the  north  by  N.  .|j 
lat.  54°,  and  including  all  between 
those  latitudes  and  between  the 
Chippewayan  mountains  and  Pa- 
cific ocean  ...  560,000 

Total  United  States  territory,  exclusive 

of  Atlantic  slope  -  -  .  1,862,466 


Atlantic  slope 
Central  valley 


9UMMART. 


Oregon  or  Pacific  or  Western  terri- 


tory 


Sq.  ms. 
300,000 
1,302,466 

560,000 


Total  territory  of  the  United  States  of 

North  America     -  -  -  2,162,466 


The  reader  will  note  a  discrepancy  in  these  tab- 
ular views  between  the  aggregate  assumed  at  the 
commencement  and  that  deduced  from  the  differ- 
ent parts ;  but  an  excuse  must  be  valid  from  the 
extreme  difficulty  of  measuring  to  exactness, 
with  the  best  maps,  spaces  so  intricate  in  outline. 
Combining  the  two  aggregates,  the  mean  comes 
out  so  near  2,200,000  square  miles  that  we  adopt 
it  as  sufficiently  near  for  all  general  purposes — sup- 
posing that  the  discrepancies  will  fall  nearly  in 
equal  proportions  on  the  parts,  leaving  compara- 
tive extent  not  essentially  affected. 

With  our  element  we  find  the  surface  of  the  At- 
lantic section  not  quite  the  one-seventh  of  the 
whole  area  ;  the  central  valley  or  basin  occupying 
nearly  fifty-nine  parts  in  one  hundred ;  and  the 
wer-tern  the  Pacific  ;  or  Oregon  comprising  near  the 
one-fourth  of  the  entire  area.  A  very  interesting 
question  here  arises — that  is,  what  proportion  does 
the  whole  United  States  territory  bear  to  the  other 
natural  and  political  sections  of  the  earth  ? 

When  making  up  the  matter  for  the  article 
Earth,  in  my  Geographical  Dictionary,  I  found 
that,  rejecting  the  irreclaimable  deserts  of  the  old 
continent,  as  also  the  polar  extremes  of  Asin,  En- 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UNI 


ope,  and  America,  the  surfaces  admitting  any  se 
ious  density  of  population  would  be  fully  estima- 
ed  at  30,000,000  square  miles.  The  zone  of 
^orth  America  embraced  by  the  domain  of  the 
Jnited  States  lying  altogether  in  temperate  lati- 
udes,  and  reaching  neither  extreme  of  the  north- 
rn  temperate  zone,  having  no  irreclaimable  tracts, 
lay  be  confidently  considered  fully  equal  in  hab- 
,able  facility  tr»  its  comparative  extent.  These 
ata  admitted,  the  United  States  comprise  within 
n  indifferent  fraction  one-fourteenth  part  of  the 
eally  habitable  earth. 
Such  natural  and  decided  facts,  it  might  be  sup- 
osed,  would  preclude  exaggeration;  but  such  has 
ot  been  the  uniform  result  To  say  that  the 
nited  central  region  contains  nearly  as  many 
juare  miles  as  continental  Europe,  is  a  too  com- 
lon  but  gross  error.  The  excellent  Atlas  of  Adam 
nd  Charles  Black,  by  Sydney  Hall, of  Edinburgh, 
i  now  under  my  hand,  and  under  the  tabular 
ead  of  "  Europe"  the  extent  in  square  statute 
liles,  reduced  from  the  geographic  miles,  comes 
ut  3,042,739.  Malte  Brun  gives  to  Europe 
00,000  square  leagues  of  twenty-five  to  an  equa- 
>rial  degree  ;  an  exaggeration,  no  doubt,  though 
i  the  Compendium  of  Laenaudiere,  Balbi,  and 
[uot,  the  aggregate  area  of  Europe  is  very  little 
!ss ;  and  all  authorities  give  an  area  to  that  part 
f  the  earth  above  three  millions  of  square  Eng- 
sh  miles.  1  have  long  since  regarded  Europe 
nd  the  United  States  as  bearing  very  closely  the 
;lations  of  three  to  two.  It  must  be  granted,  un- 
!ss  we  disregard  all  accredited  data,  that,  so  far 
om  the  central  valley  of  the  United  States  nearly 


equaling  Europe,  the  entire  territory  of  the  former, 
from  ocean  to  ocean,  does  not  much  exceed  the 
two-thirds  of  the  latter.  There  is  again  a  still 
more  mischievous  error,  which  too  many  persons 
in  the  United  States  labor  under  in  regard  to  Eu- 
rope. "  Worn  out"  is  worse  than  misplaced. 
Neither  in  soul  nor  soil  is  Europe  worn  out;  but 
the  reverse.  In  no  former  stage  of  human  pro- 
gress in  that  quarter  of  the  world  has  an  approach 
been  made  to  the  moral  and  physical  improvements 
now  advancing  in  Europe.  That  fine  region  pos- 
sesses one  advantage,  in  common  with  the  United 
States,  in  having  no  deserts  to  break  the  continuity 
of  civilized  sosiety  ;  whilst  the  possession  of  a 
common  language  will  secure  to  the  United' States 
an  advantage  ages  alone,  if  even  time  itself,  can 
bestow  on  Europe. 

The  articles  Germany,  Russia,  Prussia,  Great 
Britain,  and  many  others  in  the  Geographical  Dic- 
tionary, will  serve  to  show  how  unfounded  is  the 
idea  that  Europe  is  worn  out.  It  is,  it  may  be 
added,  a  very  destructive  error  to  suppose  that  such 
regions  as  Europe  and  that  of  the  United  States 
can  be  worn  out.  On  the  contrary  every  part  ot 
both,  when  under  the  action  of  even  moderately 
well-conducted  industry  must  improve,  and  the  re- 
sources of  life  increase.  In  making  the  matter 
for  many  European  articles,  I  was  anxious  to  pro- 
cure and  careful  to  insert  all  well-authenticated 
documents  in  regard  to  the  very  important  fact  of 
human  increase.  In  order  to  afford  materiel  for 
comparison,  and  to  illustrate  the  history  of  popu- 
lation in  the  United  States,  the  following  tables  are 
inserted  : 


TABLE  No.  I. 


Jo.  1 — Exhibiting  the  total  population  of  the  several  States  ut  each  of  the  four  national  enumera- 
tions, ivith  the  increase  and  rate  of  increase  between  the  different  periods. 


Population. 

Rate  of  increase. 

Increase 

from 

In  1790. 

In  1800. 

In  1810. 

In  1820. 

1790  to 

From  1790 

From  1800 

From  1810 

1820. 

to  1800 

to  1810. 

to  1820. 

Iaine 

96,540 

151,719 

228.705 

298,335 

201,795 

57.2  p.  c. 

50.7  p.  c. 

30.4  n.  c. 

lew  Hampshire  • 

141,885 

183,858 

214,460 

244,161 

102,276 

29.6 

16.6 

13.8 

'ermont 

85,539 

154,465 

217,895 

235,764 

150,225 

80.5 

41,0 

8.2 

Iassachusetts 

378,737 

422,845 

472,040 

523,267 

144,500 

11  5 

11.6 

10.9 

:hode  Island 

68,825 

69,122 

76,931 

83,059 

14,234 

0.4 

11  4 

8.0 

onnecticut 

237,946 

251,002 

261,942 

275,248 

37,202 

5.5 

4.3 

51 

lew  York 

340.120 

586,050 

959,049 

1,372,812 

1,032,692 

72.0 

63.6 

431 

lew  Jersey 

184,139 

211,149 

245,562 

277,575 

913,436 

14.3 

16.3 

13.0 

enusylvania 

434,373 

602,548 

810,091 

1,049,458 

615,085 

38.6 

34.4 

29.5 

•elaware 

59,094 

64,273 

72,674 

72,749 

13,645 

8.7 

13.0 

0.1 

laryland 

'irginia 

forth  Carolina 

319.728 

349,692 

380,546 

407,350 

87,622 

6.8 

11.4 

7.0 

747|610 

886.149 

974,622 

1 ,065,366 

317,756 

17.6 

10.7 

9.3 

393,751 

478;  103 

555.500 

638,529 

245,078 

,  21.4 

16.2 

11.4 

outh  Carolina 

240,073 

345,591 

415,115 

502,741 

250,568 

38.6 

20.1 

18.1 

teorgia 

82,548 

162,686 

252,433 

340,989 

258,441 

97.0 

55.1 

35.1 

labama 
Iississippi 

j  8,850 

31,502 

127,901 
75,448 

^356.0 

545.0 

/ouisiana 

76,556 

153,407 

100.0 

Tennessee 

35,691 

105,602 

261,727 

422,813 

387,122 

196.0 

147.8 

61.5 

Kentucky 

73,677 

220,959 

406,511 

564,317 

490,640 

200.0 

83.9 

39.0 

>hio 

3,000 

45,365 

230,760 

581,434 

578,434 

1400.0 

409.0 

152.0 

tidiana              -              '  - 

4,875 

24,520 

147,178 

408.6 

500.0 

linois 

215 

12,282 

55,211 

5609.0 

351.0 

lissouri 

I  20,845 

66,586 

.rkansas  Territory 

14,273 

£  288.0 

lichigan  Territory 

551 

4,762 

8,896 

76.4 

88.0 

•istrict  of  Columbia 

14,093 

24,023 

33,039 

70  0 

37.6 

Grand  Total 

3,929,326 

5,306,035 

7,239,903 

9,638,226 

5,708,900 

35.1 

34.6 

32.9 

911 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


UNI 


No.  2 — Exhibiting  the  different  classes  of  population  according  to  the  census  of  1820. 


States. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire 
Vermont 
Massachusetts 
Rhode  Island 
Connecticut 
New  York 
New  Jersey 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware 
Maryland 
Virginia 
North  Carolina 
South  Carolina 
Georgia 
Alabama 
Mississippi 
Louisiana 
Tennessee- 
Kentucky 
Ohio- 
Indiana 
Illinois 
Missouri 

Michigan  Territory 
Arkansas  Territory 
District  of  Columbia 

Grand  Total 


Whites. 


297,340 
243,236 
234,846 
516,419 
79,413 
267,181 
1,332,744 
257,409 
1,017,094 
55,282 
260,222 
603,074 
419,200 
237,440 
189,566 
85,451 
42,176 
73,383 
339,925 
434,644 
576,572 
145,753 
53,788 
55,988 
8,591 
12,579 
22,614 


7,861,935 


None. 
None. 
None. 
None. 
48 
97 
10,088 
7,557 
211 
4,509 
107,398 
425,153 
205,017 
258,475 
149,656 
41,879 
32,814 
69,064 
80,097 
126,732 
None. 
190 
917 
10,222 
None. 
1,617 
6,377 


1,538,118 


Free 
blacks. 


929 
786 
918 
6,740 
3,554 
7,870 
29,279 
12,460 
30,202 
12,958 
39,730 
36,889 
14,612 
6,826 
1,763 
571 
458 
10,476 
2,739 
2,759 
4,723 
1,230 
457 
347 
174 
59 
4,048 


233,557 


Total.* 


298,335 
244,161 
235,764 
523,237 

83,059 
275,243 
1,372,812 
277,575 
1,049,458 

72,749 
407,350 
1,065,366 
638,829 
502,741 
340,989 
127,901 

75,448 
153,407 
422,813 
564,317 
581,434 
147,178 

55,211 

66,586 
8,896 

14,273 

33,039 


Foreigners 
not  natu- 
ralized. 


9,638,226 


1,680 
124 
935 

3,425 
237 
568 
15,101 

1,529 
10,728 
331 

3,776 

2,142 
415 

1,205 
453 
162 
181 

3,145 
312 
529 

3,495 
833 
598 
497 
656 
34 
564 


53,655 


Persons  engaged  in 


Agricul- 
ture. 


55,031 
52,384 
50,951 
63,460 
12,559 
50,518 
247,648 
40,812 
140,801 
13,259 
79,135 
276,422 
174,196 
161,560 
101,185 
30,642 
22,033 
53,941 
101,919 
132,161 
110,991 
61,315 
12,395 
14,247 
1,463 
3,613 
853 


2,065,499 


Com-  Manufac- 
merce.  tures. 


4,297 
1,068 
776 
13,301 
1,162 
3,581 
9,113 
1,830 
7,033 
533 
4,771 
4,509 
2,551 
2,588 
2,139 
452 
294 
6,251 
882 
1,617 
1,459 
429 
233 
495 
392 
79 
512 


72,397 


7,64; 


33,46 
6,09. 
17,54 
60,0a 
15,91 
60,21; 
•2,82 
18,64! 
32,331 
11,84- 
6,481 

3,55; 

J,  415 

651' 
6,04i 
7,8« 
11,77! 
18,95( 
3,22! 
1,00/ 
1,95: 

19! 

17: 
2,18- 


349,24; 


*  Besides  the  persons  enumerated  in  the  preceding  columns,  the  numbers  in  this  column  include  those  who  are  en 
tered  in  the  census  under  the  description  of  "  all  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not  naturalized,"  amounting  only  to  4,631 
for  the  whole  United  States. 


No.  3. — Civil  Divisions  and  Population. 

The  Confederacy  originally  consisted  of  13 
members;  but  by  the  formation  of  new  States  the 
the  number  is  now  increa?ed  to  24  ;  the  names, 
extent,  and  population  of  which  are  given  in 
the  following  table.  The  13  original  Slates  are 
N.  H.,  Mass.,  R.  I.,  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Del., 
Md.,  Va.,  N.  C,  S.  C,  and  Ga. 


States. 


Maine  . 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont. 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut.  - 

New  York  • 

New  Jersey  - 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Alabama 

Mississippi  - 

Louisiana 

Tennessee  - 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Territories. 
Michigan 
Arkansas 

District  of  Columbia 
Total 


Sq.  ms. 


32,000 
9,2-0 
10,212 
7,800 
1,360 
4,674 
46,000 
6.900 
43,950 
2,068 
10,80 
64,000 
43,800 
30.080 
58,200 
50,800 
45,350 
48,220 
40,000 
39,000 
39,000 
36,250 
59,000 
60,300 

54,000 
121,000 
100 


Pop.  in 
1820. 


298.335 
244,161 
235,764 
523,287 
83,059 
275,248 
1,372,812 
277,575 
1,049,458 
72,749 
407,350 
1,065,366 
638,829 
502,741 
340,989 
127,901 
75,448 
153,407 
422,813 
564,317 
581,431 
147,178 
55.211 
66,586 

8,896 
14,273 
33,039 


,638,226 


Pop.  on 
a  sq.  m, 


;J30 


Slaves 
in  1820. 


None. 
None. 
None- 
None. 
48 
97 
10,0S8 
7,557 
211 
4,509 
107,398 
425,153 
205,017 
258,475 
149,656 
41,879 
32,814 
69,064 
80,097 
126,732 
None. 
'  190 
917 
10,222 

None. 
1,617 

6,377 


1,538,118 


An  abstract  of  a  **  careful  revision  of  theenumer 
ation  of  the  United  States,  for  the  years  1790, 
1800,  1810,  1820,  and  1830,"  compiled  at  thC 
Department  of  Slate  agreeably  to  law  ,  and  an 
abstract  from  the  aggregate  returns  of  the  sev 
eral  marshals  of  the  U.  States  of  the  "  Fifth 
Census.'" 


States. 


Maine 

N.  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut  - 

Vermont 

New  York  - 

New  Jersey  - 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Dist.  Columbia 

Virginia 

N.  Carolina 

S.  Carolina 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Louisiana 

Missouri 

Alabama 

Michigan 

Arkansas 

Florida 


Total 


1790. 


96,540 
141,899 
373,717 

69,110 
238,141 

85,416 
340,120 
184,139 
434,373 

59,096 
319,728 

748,303 
393,751 
249,073 
82,548 
73,077 
35,791 


1300. 


1810. 


151,719 

183,762 
423,245 

69,122 
251,002 
154,465 
586,756 
211,949 
602,365 

64,273 
341,548! 

14,098 
830,200 
478,1031 
345,591 
162,101 
220,555 
105,602 

45,365 
4,375 
8,850 


1820. 


228,705 
214,360 
472,040 
77,031 
262,042 
216,713 
959,049  |l 
245,5551 
810,091  1 
72,674' 
380,546 
24,022 
974,622 
555,500 
415,115 
252,433 
406,511] 
281,7271 
230,7601 
24,520 
40,350| 
1 2,283 j 
76,556; 
20,845; 

4,762 


298,335 
244,161 
523,287 

83,059 
275,202 
235,764 
,372,812 
277,575 
,019,458 

72,749 
4' 17,350 

33,039 
,065,379 
338,829 
502,741 
340,987 
564,317 
422,813 
581,434 
147,178 

75,458 

55,211 
153,407 

66,586 
127,901 
8,896 

14,273 


3,929,827  5,305,925  7,280,314  9,638,131  12,356,40; 


1830. 


399,46!' 
269,54 
610,01" 
97,21( 
297,711 
280,67! 
1,913,501 
320,771 
1,347,67! 
76,73! 
446.9K1 
39,58; 
1,211,261 
733,47f 
531,45f 
516.501 
688,841 
634,822 
937,67f 
341,582 
136,806 
157,57; 
215,791 
14  ',081 
309,206 
31,128 
30,38:- 
34,72= 


912 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UNI 


Abstract  of  the  population  of  the  United  Slates  by 
the  census  of  1830. 


Stales,  &c. 


Aggreg'te 
of  each 
State. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire  . 
Massachusetts 
Rhode  Island 
Connecticut 
(Vermont 

New  York        n  . 
'New  Jersey      '  . 
Pennsylvania 
Delaware 
Maryland 
Virginia  . 
North  Carolina 
South  Carolina  . 
Jeorgia 
Kentucky 
Tennessee 
Ohio 

jjouisiana 
juliana  . 
Mississippi 
:  Uinois  . 
iLlabama . 
Missouri  . 
Michigan  Territory 
Irkansas  Territory 
Florida  Territory  . 
Bist.  of  Columbia  . 
[Total  TJ.  S.  and  7 
*  Territories  3 


I  399,43 
I  269,326 
610,40c- 
97,199 
i  297,67i 
'  280,657 
i  1,918,605 
!  330,823 
i  1,348,233 
[  76,748 
!  447,040 
I  1,211,405 
737,987 
!  581,185 
j  516,823 
I  687,917 
i  681,91)3 
:  935,8*1 
I  215,739 
!  343,031 
!  136,621 
157,445 
!  309,527 
1  140,455 
I  31,639 
30,386 
34,7:30 
39,834 


Free  pop.  j 
of  each; 
State.  ! 


Slaves. 


399,431 : 
269,323! 
610,404; 
97,185 
297,650 1 
280,657 
1,918,532 
318,569 
1,347,830! 
73,456 
341,046 
741,648 
492,386. 
265,7841 
299,292, 
522,704; 
540,300! 
935,878! 
106,151: 
343,028 
70,962! 
156,698| 
191,976' 
115,3641 
31,607 
25,612, 
19,229' 
33,71 5  i 


76 
2,254 
403 
3,292 
102,994 
469,757 
245,601 
315,401 
217,531 
165,213 
111,603 
6 

109,588 

3 

65,659 
747 
117,549 
25,091 
32 
4,576 
15,501 
6,119 


12,858,670  10,319,620; 


Fed'l  No. 
of  each 
State. 


Progressive  population  of  the  United  Stales. 


States,  &c. 


399,434 
269,326 
610,405 
97,193 
297,665 
230.657 

1,918,577 
319,922 

1,318,072 
75,431 
405,812 

1,023,502 
639,747 
455,025 
429,810 
621,832 
625,263 
935  882 
171,904 
343,030 
110,358 
157,147 
262,503 
130,419] 
31,625| 
28,5571 
28,529  I 
37,389 


1,009,050  12,055,050 


i  Maine 

j  New  Hamp.  - 

!  Mass. 

Connecticut  - 

R.  Island 

Vermont 

New  York  - 

New  Jersey  - 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

D.  Columbia 

Virginia 

N.  Carolina  - 

S  Carolina  - 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 
Mississippi  . 
Louisiana 
Tennessee  - 
Kentucky 
Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Wisconsin  - 
Iowa  - 


Po 


op.  11 
1630. 


399,468 
269,533 
610,014 
297,711 
97,210 
280,679 
1,913,508 
320,779 
1,347,672 
76,739 
446,913 
39,538 
1,211,266 
738,470 
561,458 
516,504 
34,725 

309,206 
136,806 
215,791 
684,822 
688,844 
937,679 

31,128 
341V5S2 
157,575 
140,084 

30,383 


Pop.  in 
1840. 


501,793 
284,574 
737,699 
309,978 
108,830 
291,948 

2. 128,921 
373,306 

1,724,033 
78,085 
469,232 
43,712 

1.239,797 
'753,419 
594,398 
691,392 
54,477 

590,756 
375,651 
352,411 
529,210 
779,828 
1,519,467 
212,267 
685,866 
476,183 
383,702 
97,574 

30,945 
43,112 


Remarks., 


1.2i 
1.05.58 
1.20.09 
104.12 
1.11.95 
1.40.04 
1.26.93 
1.16.37 
1.27.92 
1.01.75 
1.02  75 
1.10.41 
1.02.35 
1.02 
1.02.22 
1.33.85 
1.56.09 


3.02 

2.73.09 

3.21.14 


J  Of  the  preceding  were- 
iVhite  males 
JVhite  females 

Total  whiles  - 
,'ree  colored  males  - 
j'ree  colored  females 

Total  free  colored 
!»laves,  male3 
slaves,  females 

Total  slaves  - 


-  5,357,102 
.  5,172,942 

 ■  10,530,014 

•      153,443  ! 

-  166,133 
 319,576 


United  States. 


Whites.— Ages. 


1,012,82 
996,228 


Total  population  of  the  U.  S.  in  1830 


0  to  5 
I  5  to  10 
10  to  15 
'  2,009,050  15  t0  o0 

 20  to  30 

12,858,670  30  to  40 
 !  40  to  50 


Progressive  population  of  the  United  Stales. 


States,  Sec. 


Maine 

'^ew  Hampshire 
Massachusetts  . 
Connecticut 
Ihode  Island 
Vermont 

lew  York 

"lew  Jersey 

'ennsylvania  . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

)isl.  of  Columbia 

/'irginia 

,Sk>rth  Carolina  . 
iouth  Caroliua  . 
ieorgia 

rlorida 

Uabama 

Mississippi 

-<ouisiana 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

)hio  . 

(Michigan 

Indiana  . 

Uinois 

Missouri 

irkansas 


Pop.  in 
1820. 


Pop.  in  Ratio  of 
1630.  I  incr'se. 


298,335 
211,161 
523,287 
275,202 
83,059 
•2-35,761 

1,372,812 
277,575 

1,049,456 
72,749 
407,350 
33,039 

1,065,379 
638,829 
502,741 
340,987 


1  -7,901 
75,448 : 
153,407  j 
422,313 
564,317 
561,434 
8,3961 
147,176: 
55,211 
66,586 
14,273 


399,468!  1.34 
269,533;  1.11.07 
610,014'  111.06 
297,711;  1.08.01 
97,210  1.17 
280,679j  1.19 


1.39.33 

115.56 

1.28.41 

1  05.03 

1.09.07 

1.19.05 

1.13.69 

1  16 

1.15.69 

1.51.47 


1,913,508 

320,779 
1,317,672 
76,739 

446,913 
13,588 
1,211,266 

738,470 

561,456 

516,501 

34,725 

309,206  2.41 

136,806!  1.81.19 

215.79T  1.04 

684,822!  1.61.09 

668,844  1  22 

937,679,  1.61.27 

31, 128  j  1.05 

341,582  2  32 

157,575;  2.S5.04 

140,034:  2.12 

30,383!  2.12  87 


Aggregate. 


I  50  to  60  - 
!  60  lo  70  • 
■  70  to  80  - 
i  SO  to  90  - 
I  90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


1  1820,  1,656,.: 
I  808;  1630, 1,-| 
V  944,615  ;from: 
[which  joint] 
1  ratio  of  mcr, 
J  1.11.33. 


'Total  whites 


Males. 


1,270,790 
1,02-1,072 
879,499 
756,022 
1,322,440 
666,431 
536,568 
314.505 
174i226 
80,051 
21,679 
2,507 
476 


,249,266 


Females. 


14,159,103 


;  aJoil 


Ills  I 


S  3  r«    g  go 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

1 

Males,  j  Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Otn  10 
10  to  2-1 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

Total 

56.323  55,069 
52,799'  56,562 
35,308,  41,673 
28,2561  30,385 
13,493,  15,728 
236  361 

422,599 
391,131 
235,373 
145,264 
51,288 
753 

421,470 
390,075 
239,787 
139,201 
49,692 
550 

156,167,  199,778 
1  186,457 

1,246,408 

1,240,505 
1,246,403 

;  386,245 

-  2,437,213 

SUMMARY. 

*  In  the  period  of  ten  y6ars  the  population  of  the  whole  1 
vtlantic  States  had  increased  from  7,417,727  to  9,116,712,1 
<'hich  gives  a  ratio  of  1.22.9. 

115* 


Whites  - 
.  ,  Free  colored 
g  o«3  W*S  Slaves  "- 
-crcf  o_;  Persons  on  board  of 


ships  of  war  belonging  to 
the  United  States,  1840  - 

Grand  total  • 


14,189,103 
386,245 
2,487,213 

6;ioo 

17,063,666 

913 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UNI 


All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in- 
Mining  - 
Agriculture  - 
Commerce  - 

Manufactures  and  trades  - 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  - 
Learned  professions  - 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  - 

Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Do.  students  in  - 
Primary  and  common  schools  • 
Do.  scholars  in 
Scholars  at  public  charge 

White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot 
read  or  write  - 

Whites,  dpaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25  - 

Do.  above  25  -        ,  - 

Total  whites  deaf  and  dumb 
White  persons  blind  -  -  - 

Insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge  - 

Total  white  persons  insane  and  idiots 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  in  the  foregoing, 

who  are — 
Deaf  and  dumb  - 
Blind         -  -  -  - 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Private  charge  - 

Public  charge  .... 

Total  insane  and  idiots  amongst  the  colored 
caste  ..... 


15,203 
3,717,756 
117,575 
791,545 
56,0-25 
33,067 
65.236 
W',797 

173 
16,233 
3,242 
164  159 
47,209 
1,845,244 
466,264 

549,693 


2,056 
2,707 


14,508 


977 
1,892 


2,093 
833 


2,926 


By  the  census  of  1840,  the  proportion  of  the 
sexes  appears  to  be  as  follows  : 

Whites  (males)  about  44  in  1,000  excess  over 
females;  on  the  contrary,  in  the  colored  caste, 
free  and  slaves,  females  exceed  something  above 
50  in  1,000. 

By  turning  to  the  general  tables  under  the  head 
of  whites,  we  discover  that  beyond  70  years  of  age 
longevity  is  in  favor  of  females ;  and  it  would 
appear  as  a  standing  law  of  life  in  the  United 
States.  The  sexes  in  aggregate  beyond  70  stood 
thus : 


1800 
1810 
1820 

1830 

1840 


Progressive  population  of  white  persons. 

Ratio  of  increase 

1.37 
1.32.2 
}  1.33.75 
.34.3 
.35.474 

Progressive  population  of  the  colored  race. 


1790 

-     3,227,046  J 

1800 

4,429,881  < 

1810 

-      5,862,093  | 

1820 

-     7,840,713  * 

1830 

-    10,530,044  > 

1840 

-    14,189,108  3 

137 

1,377,810  ^.2809 
1,764,834  i 

2,328,626 

2,873,458 


51.233 
}l.319 


1830 
1840 


Males. 

-  75,920 

-  104,712 


Females. 
78,531 
108,072 


Not£. — It  appears  from  the  two  preceding  table 
that  from  1810  to  1840,  inclusive,  every  1,00*. 
whites  had  increased  to  2,418  7. 10  ;  whilst  in  th ; 
same  period  of  30  years  the  colored  race,  free  am 
slaves,  had  increased  only  as  1,000  to  2,085. 

The  increase  of  the  whole  aggregate  populatioi 
in  the  above  stated  period  of  30  years  was  a: 
1,000  to  2,357. 

Assuming  the  whole  aggregates  at  the  two  ei 
tremes  of  50  years  from  1790,  when  the  first  cen 
sus  was  taken,  to  1840,  when  by  the  last  enu 
meration  a  population  of  17,068,666  was  found 
the  ratio  of  increase  comes  out  4.343.  Applying 
this  latter  ratio  to  17,068,666,  the  aggregate  fo 
the  next  period  of  50  years,  terminating  in  1790 
comes  out  74,149,216.  There  is  every  concomi 
tant  principle  to  support  the  conclusion  that  th< 
people  of  the  United  States  will  considerably 
exceed  70,000,000  in  1890.  Again:  if  in  1891 
we  only  suppose  70,000,000,  and  apply  the  pre 
ceding  ratio  4.343,  at  the  end  of  a  century,  or  i 
1940,  the  aggregate  will  exceed  300,000,000. 


Whites.— 1840. 


Deaf  and  dumb 
Blind 

Insane  and  idiots 


-  1  in  2, 12 

-  1  in  2,80- 

-  1  in  97 


From  the  manner  of  taking  the  respective  enu- 
merations of  the  races,  the  census  tables  do  not  ad-i 
mit  decided  comparisons  of  age  except  those! 
beyond  100  years;  but  beyond  that  age  the  law 
of  life  above  stated  holds  with  the  free  and  is  re- 
versed  amongst  the  slave  colored  : 


1  in  2,94 
1  in  1,51) 
L  in  98 


1  in  2,20 
I  in  17,93i 


Free  colored. 


1830 
1840 


Slaves. 


1830 
1840 


Males. 
269 
286 


Males. 
748 
753 


914 


Females. 
386 
361 


Females. 
676 
580 


Colored,  free  and  slaves 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Blind  - 
Insane  and  idiots 

Whiles. 

Between  80  and  100  years  - 
100  years  and  upwards 

Colored,  free  and  slaves. 
100  years  and  upwards     -  -  I  in  1,45 

In  order  to  show  that  this  enormously  greate 
number  in  proportion  of  colored  persons  over  JO' 
years  than  white  persons  of  similar  age  is  no 
alone  supported  by  the  census  of  1840,  the  fol 
lowing  table  was  constructed,  including  under  th 
head  of  colored  persons,  both  free  and  slaves  : 

100  years  and  upwards. 

Whites.  Colom 

1830       -  -  -   539  2,07 

1840       -  -  -   791  1,98' 

From  this  tabular  view  it  appears  that  in  1830 
when  the  whites  amounted  to  10,530,044,  thos 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UNI 


ibove  100  years  of  age  were  as  1  in  17,681,  whilst 
:he  colored  amounted  only  to  1,328,626,  and 
those  of  that  caste  above  100  were  as  1  to  539. 

These  very  remarkable  effects,  as  has  been  re- 
marked by  Mr.  Knapp  and  others,  may  in  part  be 
iccounted  for  from  mere  uncertainty  in  the  case 
)f  the  colored  ;  but  the  general  results  are  too 
steady  to  be  resisted,  and  a  very  great  superiority 
n  longevity  must  be  conceded  to  the  colored  over 
:he  white  race. 

There  are  some  very  remarkable  phenomena  at- 
lending  the  increase  of  population  in  the  United 
States.  If  we  tajfce  3,929,827,  the  amount  by  the 
census  of  1790,  and  divide  by  three,  and  add  the 
luotient  to  the  dividend,  we  have  the  subjoined 
results ; 


1800  -  -  -  5,239,802 

1810  -  -  -  6,986,402 

1820  -  -  -  9,315,902 

1830  -  -  -  12,420,269 

1840  -  -  -  16,560,359 

This  method  gives  only  508,307  less  on  five 
)perations  than  the  actual  returns  of  the  respective 
numerations ;  and,  commencing  with  the  amount 


By  the  census. 
5,305,925 
7,280,314 
9,638,131 
12,856,407 
17,068,666 


for  1800,  the  final  result  yields  only  a  deficiency 
of  296,650.  This  ruleis  evidently  safe,  applied 
to  the  future,  as  it  differs  from  actual  enumerations 
by  giving  a  less  aggregate.  Let  us,  therefore, 
assume  the  result,  16,560,359,  as  deduced  by  di- 
viding by  3,  commencing  with  3,929,827,  and 
carry  on  the  synthesis  to  1890,  and  we  havo 
for— 

1850  -  22,080,478 

I860  -  29,107,304 
1870  ....  38,809,739 
1880  -  51,846,319 
1890         ....  69,128,425 

The  ratio  of  increase  for  the  whole  mass,  de- 
duced from  3,929,827  in  1790,  and  17,068,666  in 
1840,  comes  out  4.34,  and,  applied  to  17,068,666, 
yields  an  aggregate  of  74,149,986  at  the  fifth  cen- 
sus from  1840.  We  may  therefore,  with  full  con- 
fidence, regard  the  conclusion  safe  that  the  inter- 
mediate numbers  and  final  results  will  rather  ex- 
ceed the  real  enumerations. 

The  distribution  of  the  fractions  of  the  mass  of 
population  is  again  a  matter  of  intense  interest. 
The  relative  extent  of  the  three  physical  sections — 
the  Atlantic  slope,  Central  basin,  and  Pacific  slope. 


Tabular  statement  of  the  population  of  the  United  States. 


States  and  Territories. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut, 

Vermont  - 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware  - 

Maryland  • 

District  of  Columbia 

Virginia  - 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Alabama  - 

Mississippi ' 

Louisiana  - 

Tennessee 

Kentucky  - 

Ohio 

Indiana 

"Illinois 

Missouri  . 

Arkansas  - 

Michigan  - 

Florida 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Total  - 


'•S  ':  .  O  M 


=  ~  ~  r 


267,270 
134,125 
325,269 

4-N/52 
138,013 
147,082 
1,223,368 
1S4,624 
910.198 

30^35 
163.630 

15;642 
410,901 
275,185 
147,421 
246,738 
204,235 
105,236 

79,457 
339,295 
347,279 
863.382 
410,649 
273,841 
192,209 

46.619 
115;371 

13,999 

13,776 

23,468 


7,749,409 


■1  =  >o" 

or- '  .3  53; 
°5  03  _>  C  "o 

•2 «  «- 

§  §  2  2  % 


233,168 
149,911 
403,761 

56,835 
163.843 
144,136 
1,155,522 
166,964 
765,917 

27,626 
154,087 

15,015 
330,067 


209.685 
lli;663 
160,957 
130,900 
73,>38 
79,000 
301,332 
242,974 
633,740 
268,049 
198,413 
131,679 
30,555 
96,189 
13,944 
16,973 
19,456 


C  CO 


ii  x7o"S 
^  <a  <n 


2 
a>5 


.  e     §  ■ - 


500,438 
234,036 
729.030 
105,587 
301,856 
291,218 
2,378,890 
351,588 
1,676,115 
53,561 
317,717 
30,657 
740,968 
434,870 
259,084 
407,695 
335,185 
179,074 
158,457 
640,627 
590,253 
1,502,122 
678,693 
472,254 
323,883 
77,174 
211.561 
27,943 
30,749 
42,924 


6,439,699 


14,189,108 


3,241 
942 
4,443 
1,614 
526 
2,270 
44.452 
6;385 
33,940 
4.832 
11,605 
1,0-33 
53,73! 
56,609 
20,615 
30,717 
22,592 
8,360 
4,861 
58,531 
40,018 
35,394 
38,100 
27.502 
19,457 
6,567 
2,173 
1,303 
1,701 
1,118 


549,693 


<i>  a>  <d  wrs 


a©  k ja 


aft*81  . 

X:  a>  a>  <o  o  > 


Cg?2-s 


■z>  <->  t» 


6.4 

3 

6 

14 
1.74 

8  nearly 
18.6 
17.5 
20 

82 
36 
33 
79 

116.77 

79 

75.33 

69 

46.6 

30 

90 

67.75 

23.5 

57  5 

53 

60 

85 

10 

46.5 


14  nearly. 

6.2 
11 

!  28.4 
i  3.2 
:  15.7 
:  33.46 
1  38 
;  44 
'  175 

75.33 
I  68.8 
!  178 

269.5 

185.5 

190 
!  172 

113 
!  61 
!  194 

;  55 

I  142 
1  138.5 
I  147.75 
I  215  nearly. 
1  22.5 

93.4 
100 

57 


85.33 


The  elements  of  this  table  are  in  a  peculiar  manner  interesting;,  as  by  them  we  find:  1st.  That  between  the  11th  and 
12th  part  of  the  white  pop.  of  the  U.  S.  could  not,  in  1840,  either  read  or  write.  If  we  w-re  to  allow  of  any  excess  in  the 
estimates,  which,  however,  we  do  not,  such  excess  would  be  compensated  amply  by  the  number  of  those  who  can  read 
and  write,  and  altogether  nested  to  use  the  formei  art.  2dly.  The  enormous  disproportion  of  the  sections  of  the  U.  S.,  in 
regard  to  reading  and  writing,  must  excite  v^ry  serious  reflections  in  the  mind  of  every  one  whose  thoughts  are  awa- 
kened on  the  subject.  3dly.  We  are  disposed  to  regard  the  age  of  20  as  too  far  advanced  to  yield  entirely  conclusive  data. 
In  the  present  instance  the  distinction  was  made  intellectually,  and  a?,  in  that  respect,  many  are  more  advanced  at  18,  or 
even  earlier  in  life,  than  others  long  years  their  elders.  4ihly.  There  are  very  important  facts  disclosed  in  th1  table,  in 
regard  to  human  life.  If  we  assume  birth  and  80  years  as  the  extremes  of  man's  period  of  life,  and  divide  these  fcO  years 
into  four  sub-periods,  we  find  more  than  one-half  in  the  first  20  years. 

915 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


UNI 


The  following  table,  taken  from  the  late  census,  exhibits  the  number  of  the  insane  and  idiots,  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  and  also  the  number  of  blind,  in  each  State  and  Territory.  It  is  believed,  how- 
ever, to  fall  short  of  the  real  number  of  each. 


States. 

White  insane  and 
idiots. 

Colored  insane  and 
idiots. 

Total. 

Population. 

1 

Proportion  to  popu- 
lation. 

White  blind. 

Colored  blind.  1 

1 

Total. 

Proportion  of  blind 
lo  population. 

White  deaf  &  dumb. 

Col 'd  deaf  &  dumb. 

Total. 

Proportion  of  deaf 
and  dumb  to  pop- 
ulation. 

Maine 

537 

94 

631 

501  793 

1  to 

795 

180 

in 

190 

1  to  z,o4I 

222 

13 

225 

1        n  in. 

1  to  2,13a 

ft.  Hampshire 

488 

19 

505 

284^574 

1  to 

563 

153 

3 

156 

1         1  QO/i 
I  10  1 jOZ-i 

181 

9 

190 

1  10  1,1/3 

Massachusetts 

1  071 

20C 

1,271 

737,699 

1  to 

580 

308 

22 

330 

1  10  *,oUZ 

273 

17 

290 

1  to  3,822 

Rhode  Island 

'203 

13 

216 

1 08'830 

503 

63 

64 

1  to  1,577 

74 

3 

77 

1  to  1,491 

Connecticut 

496 

44 

542 

31o!oi5 

1  to 

572 

143 

13 

156 

1  to  1,987 

399 

g 

317 

1  to  978 

V  ermont 

3S7 

394 

291,948 

1  to 

740 

101 

0 

103 

1  to  2,834 

135 

2 

137 

1  10  1,1 01 

New  York 

2  146 

194 

2,340 

2  428  921 

1  to 

1  038 

875 

91 

966 

1  to  2,555 

1  03S 

65 

1,107 

1  tO  £.ls<i 

New  Jersey 

369 

73 

442 

373*3  6 

1  to 

'844 

126 

26 

152 

1  to  2,456 

'l64 

15 

179 

1  10  ifJOo 

Pennsylvania 

1,946 

187 

2,331 

1,724,022 

1  to 

808 

540 

06 

636 

1  to  2,710 

781 

51 

832 

1  to  2,072 

Delaware 

358 

25 

80 

78,085 

1  to 

976 

15 

18 

33 

1  to  2,366 

45 

8 

53 

1  to  1,473 

Maryland 

389 

139 

528 

499,233 

1  to 

888 

165 

91 

256 

1  to  1,833 

178 

66 

244 

1  to  1,923 

Virginia 

1,048 

384 

1,432 

1,239,797 

1  to 

865 

426 

466 

852 

1  to  1,455 

453 

150 

603 

1  to  2,056 

North  Carolina  - 

561 

219 

780 

753,110 

1  to 

965 

223 

167 

390 

1  to  1,931 

280 

74 

354 

1  to  2,102 

South  Carolina  - 

376 

137 

313 

594,398 

1  to 

1,158 

133 

156 

289 

1  to  2,056 

140 

78 

218 

I  to  2,268 

Georgia 

243 

109 

352 

677,197 

1  to 

1,923 

136 

151 

287 

1  to  2,568 

195 

64 

259 

1  to  2,614 

Alabama 

231 

113 

344 

569,645 

1  to 

1,655 

113 

96 

209 

1  to  2,725 

173 

53 

226 

1  to  2,520 

Mississippi 

116 

82 

198 

375,651 

1  to 

1,892 

43 

69 

112 

1  to  3,345 

64 

28 

92 

1  to  4,083 

Louisiana 

53 

45 

98 

351,176 

1  to 

3,592 

37 

36 

73 

1  to  4,824 

42 

17 

59 

1  to  5,952 

Tennessee 

699 

152 

851 

829,210 

1  to 

962 

255 

99 

354 

1  to  2,320 

291 

67 

358 

1  to  2,316 

Kentucky 

682 

151 

833 

777,397 

1  to 

934 

236 

141 

377 

1  to  2,062 

400 

77 

477 

1  to  1,629 

Ohio 

1,195 

165 

1,360 

1,519,467 

1  to 

1,117 

372 

33 

40.5 

1  to  3,751 

559 

33 

592 

I  to  2,566 

tndici.nci 

493 

75 

r.RQ 

683,314 

1  to 

1.203 

135 

19 

1  to  4,436 

297 

15 

010 

1  to  2,190 

Illinois 

187 

40 

227 

474,404 

1  to 

2,089 

86 

10 

96 

1  to  4,941 

155 

24 

179 

1  to  2,639 

Missouri 

209 

69 

278 

381 ,102 

1  to 

1,370 

82 

42 

124 

1  to  3,073 

126 

27 

153 

1  to  2,491 

Arkansas 

17 

11 

28 

95,642 

1  to 

3,415 

26 

8 

34 

1  to  3,106 

40 

2 

42 

1  to  2,267 

Michigan 

43 

26 

69 

211,705 

1  to 

3,053 

25 

4 

29 

1  to  7,031 

31 

2 

33 

1  to  6,415 

Florida 

11 

12 

23 

54,207 

1  to 

2,356 

9 

10 

19 

1  to  2,835 

14 

2 

16 

1  to  3,388 

Wisconsin 

10 

3 

13 

30,752 

1  to 

2,365 

9 

9 

1  to  3,408 

5 

5 

1  to  6,150 

Iowa 

4 

11 

43,068 

1  to 

3,915 

3 

3 

6 

1  to  7,011 

10 

4 

14 

1  to  3,076 

District  Columbia 

14 

7 

21 

43,712 

1  to 

2,081 

6 

9 

15 

1  to  2,247 

8 

4 

12 

1  to  3,642 

5,346 

2,926 

8,272 

17,062,566 

5,024 

1,892 

6,916 

6.682 

977 

7,659 

By  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  there  were  in  1840  in  the  U.  S.  8,272  insane  and  idiots  ;  of  these,  2,926  were  colored, 
and  5,346  were  white  persons  ;  that  the  average  proportion  of  insane  and  idiots  to  the  whole  population  of  the  U.  S.  was  1 
to  2,062;  that  there  were  4,329  white  insane  and  idiots  at  public  charge,  aud  10,179  at  private  charge.  There  were  2,093 
colored  insane  and  idiots  at  private  charge,  and  833  at  public  charge.  There  were  5,024  white  blind  persons,  and  1,892 
blind  colored  persons ;  and  the  average  proportion  of  blind  to  the  general  population  of  the  U.  S.  was  1  to  2,467.  There 
were  7,659  deaf  and  dumb  persons  in  the  U.  S. :  of  these,  6,682  were'white,  and  977  colored  ;  of  the  white  deaf  and  dumb, 
1,9*9  were  under  14  years  of  age,  2,056  over  14  and  under  25,  and  2,707  over  25  years  of  age  ;  and  the  average  proportion  of 
tne  deaf  and  dumb  to  the  general  population  of  the  U.  S.  was  1  to  2,227. 

The  following  statement  of  the  annual  amounts  of  deposites  of  gold  for  coinage,  at  the  mint  of  ihe 
U.  S.  and  its  branches,  from  mines  in  the  U.  S.,  is  taken  from  the  last  annual  report  of  Dr.  R.  M.  . 
Patterson,  director  of  the  mint,  dated  January  19,  1842. 

Statement  of  the  annual  amounts  of  deposites  of  gold  for  coinage,  at  the  mint  of  the  U.  S.  and  its 
branches,  from  mines'  in  the  V.  S.,  taken  from  ihe  last  annual  report  of  Dr.  R.  M.  Patterson, 
director  of  the  mint. 


Deposited  at  the  United  States  mint. 


From  Vir- 

From N. 

From  S. 

From 

From 

From 

From 

Total  at 

Periods. 

ginia. 

Carolina. 

Carolina. 

Georgia. 

Tenn. 

Ala. 

various 
sources. 

U.S.  mint. 

1824 

$5,000 

$5,000 

1825 

17,000 

17,000 

1826 

20,000 

20,000 

1827 

21,000 

21,000 

1828 

46,000 

46,000 

1829 

$2,500 

134,000 

$3,500 

140,000 

1830 

24,000 

204,000 

26,000 

$212,000 

466,000 

1831 

26,000 

294,000 

22,000 

176,000 

$1,000 

$1,000 

520,000 

1832 

34,000 

458,000 

45,000 

140,000 

1,000 

678,000 

1833 

104,000 

475,000 

66,000 

216,000 

7,000 

868,000 

1834 

62,000 

380,000 

38,000 

415,000 

3,000 

898,000 

1835 

60,400 

263,500 

42,400 

319,900 

100 

12,200 

698,500 

1836 

62,000 

148,100 

55,200 

201,400 

300 

407,000 

1837 

52,100 

116,900 

29,400 

83,600 

282,000 

1838 

55.000 

66,000 

13,000 

36,000 

1,500 

200 

171,700 

183Q 

57,600 

53,500 

6,300 

20,300 

300 

$500 

138,500 

1840 

'38,995 

36,804 

5.319 

91,113 

104 

4,431 

176,766 

1841 

"25,736 

76,431 

3,440 

139,796 

1,212 

1,863 

248,478 

Total  - 

604,331 

2,815,235 

355,559 

2,051,109 

15,516 

6,794 

13,400 

5,861,944 

916 


UNI 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  UNI 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

'atistical  vieu)  of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States,  exhibiting  the  value  of  imports  from  and  ex- 
ports to  each  foreign  country  also,  the  tonnag0,  of  American  and  foreign  vessels  arriving  from 
and  departing  to  each  foreign  country,  during  the  year  ending  on  the  30th  September,  1842. 


COUNTRIES. 


;veden 

ralish  West  Indies 
■mnark 

mish  West  Indies 
riland 

itch  East  Indies 
itch  West  Indies 
itch  Guiana 
dgium 
uise  Towns 
.lgland 
Gotland 
dand 
ibraltar 
ilta 

Jitish  East  Indies 
.auritius 
istralia 

fcpe  of  Good  Hope 
itish  African  ports 
j'itish  West  Indies 
htish  Guiana 
jnduras 
•itish  American  colonies 
her  British  colonies  - 
•ance  on  the  Atlantic 
auce  on  the  Mediterranean 
)urbon 

•ench  African  ports  - 
••ench  West  Indies 
ench  Guiana 

iquelon  and  French  fisheries 
■ayti 

oain  on  the  Atlantic  - 
Jain  on  the  Mediterranean 
sneritfe  and  other  Canaries 
anilla  and  Philippine  islands 
iba 

.her  Spanish  West  Indies 

jrtugal 

Madeira 

iyal  and  other  Azores 
ipe  de  Verd  islands  - 
>rtuguese  African  ports 

n 

cily 
irdinia 
nian  islands 
rieste 
urkey 

orocco,  &c.  • 

exas 

exico 

enezuela 

ew  Granada 

antral  America 

razil 

rgentine  Republic  - 
isplatine  Republic  - 
hili 

;eru 

3uth  America  generally 
hina 

urope  generally 

,sia  generally 

frica  generally 

7 est  ladies  g«nerally 

Uantic  ocean 

outh  seas 

andwich  islands 

"orthwest  cuast  of  America 

ucertain  places 

f  Total 


COMMERCE. 


Value  of 
imports. 


tl, 350,106 
13,192 
890,934 
23,242 

584,321 
1,067,438 
741,048 
331,270 
74,764 
619.568 
2,274^19 
33,446,499 
.655,050 
102,700 
12,268 
7,300 
1,530,364 

28,693 
23,815 

826,481 
15,004 
202,368 
1,762,001 

16,015,380 
958,678 


199,160 
50,172 

1,266,997 
79,735 
1,065,640 
91,411 
772,372 
7,650,429 
2,517,001 
142,587 
146,182 
41,049 
17 , 

987,528 
539,419 

14,294 
413,210 
370,248 
4,779 
480,892 
1,995,696 
1,544,342 
176,216 
124,994 
5,948,814 
1,835,623 
581,918 
831,039 
204,768 

4,934,645 

979,689 
539,458 


41,747 
10,144 


100,162,087 


VALUE  OP  EXPORTS. 


Domestic 
produce. 


$316,026 
149,141 
238,948 
129,727 
70,766 
791.828 
3,236,338 
85,578 
251,650 
101,055 
1,434,038 
3,814,994 
36,681,808 
1,522,735 
49,968 
466,937 
11,644 
399,979 

52,651 


3,204,346 
115,991 
127,339 

5,950,143 

15,340,728 
1,674,570 

3,899 
495,397 
44,063 
4,932 
844,452 
333,222 
221,898 
12,723 
235,732 
4,197,468 
610,813 
72,723 
43,054 
49,133 
103,557 

515,577 
23/,861 
40,208 

748,179 
125,521 

278,978 
969,371 
499,380 
57,363 
46,649 
2,225,571 
265,356 
201,999 
1,270,941 

147,222 
737,509 
19,290 
283,367 
472,841 
205,913 

128,856 


92,969,996 


Foreign 
produce. 


$520,567 
7,547 
105,970 
3,320 
27,819 
157,260 
336,988 
193,58. 
15,581 

176,646 
749,519 
2,932,140 
80,279 

115,961 
8,261 
283,825 


23,36? 
2,462 
36,648 
240,166 

1,076,684 
73,868 

80 
23,609 
1,03 1 

55,514 
1,2.0 
16,578 
518 
100,444 
572, 
19,718 
1,383 
1,930 
19,600 
11,529 

304,940 
195,79 


136,526 
76,515 

127,951 

564,862 
166,832 
46,361 
22,817 
375,931 
145,905 
67,968 
368,735 

1,200 

706,888 

294,914 
51,135 
1,790 

17,524 

2,370 


11,721,538 


Total. 


$836,593 
156,683 
344,918 
133,047 
98,585 
949,033 
3,623,326 
279.158 
267^231 
101,055 
1,610,684 
4,564,513 
39,613,948 
1,603,014 
49,968 
582,898 
19,905 
683,804 

52,651 


3,227,713 
118,453 
163,987 

6,190,309 

16.417,412 

1,748,'"" 

3,979 
519,006 
45,093 
4,932 
899,966 
334,422 
238,476 
13,241 
336,176 
4,770,449 
630,531 
74,111 
44,984 
68,783 
115,036 

820,517 
433,658 
40,208 

884,705 
202,036 

406,929 
1,534,233 
666,212 
103,724 
69,466 
2,601,502 
411,261 
269,967 
1,639,676 

148,422 
1,444,397 
19,290 
578,281 
523.97  i 
207,703 

146,3i0 

2,370 


104,691.534 


NAVIGATION. 


AMERICAN  TONNAGE. 


Entered 
the  Unit- 
ed States. 


8,068 
603 
3,394 
1,266 
453 
21,680 
24,502 
4,861 
8,974 
3,900 
12,132 
14,125 
307,243 
4,736 
3,369 
3,297 
521 
10,099 

1,205 

312 
64,363 
2,445 
5,271 
334,634 

116,356 
15,527 


13,326 
1,986 

26,531 
11,948 
16,587 
1,856 
7,817 
170,797 
56,635 
8,290 
1,244 
2,276 
448 

4,560 
18,360 
314 
315 
4,547 
4,257 

22.490 
13,481 
12,267 
1,837 
2,281 
37,058 
11,61? 
6,104 
3,072 
316 

12,125 

3,261 
8,125 

9,882 
39,946 
799 


1,510,111 


Cleared 
from  the 
U.  States. 


5,691 

1,311 

2,663 
795 
26,740 
33,589 
794 
4,254 
5,454 
12,949 
16,779 
285,479 
6,390 
631 
12,115 
756 
9,079 
565 
1,787 

312 
86,691 
5,334 
5,679 
323,315 
68 

130,865 
21,944 


29,790 
1,512 
2,002 

21,115 

11,656 
5,319 
426 
4,797 
182,456 

29,565 
3.305 
2/253 
1,622 
3,219 
198 
7,367 
1,272 
1,153 

10,520 
1,815 

24,316 

15,912 
9,742 
1,615 
1,638 

38,778 
2,120 

14,215 
7,092 

1,587 
7,259 

6,155 
6,462 
16,920 
9,056 
50,481 
510 
202 


1,536,451 


FOREION  TONNAGE. 


Entered 
the  Unit- 
ed States. 


1,597 

13,291 
73 
231 
5,334 
2,906 


7,810 
40,988 
141,989 
27,776 
20,797 


37,466 
7,010 
274 
359,830 

11,877 
2,095 


6,120 

392 

419 

628 
2,884 
1,035 

214 
10,757 
1,304 
1,921 

100 


1,031 
6,167 


33'2 


1,768 
1,586 
2,796 
744 

5,593 
2,260 
938 


Cleared 
from  the 
U.States. 


732,7 


917 


UNZ  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


Apportionment  of  Congress  by  the  census  of  IS40. 

States.  No.  of  Reps 

Maine  7 
New  Hampshire  4 

Massachusetts  -  -  -  10 

Rhode  Island  2 
Connecticut  4 

Vermont         -  -  -  4 

New  York  -  ...  34 
New  Jersey  5 

Pennsylvania   -  -  -  24 

Delaware  1 
Maryland  6 

Virginia  -  -  -  15 

North  Carolina  9 

South  Carolina  -  -  7 

Georgia  8 
Alabama  7 

Mississippi      -  -  -  -  4 

Louisiana  4 

Tennessee       -  -  -  11 

Kentucky        -  -  -  10 

Ohio   -----  21 

Indiana  -  -  -  -  10 

Illinois  -  -  7 

Missouri  5 
Arkansas  1 
Michigan  3 


Total 


223 


The  average  insane  and  idiots  to  tho  popula- 
tion of  the  United  States  is  -  -  1  to  2,062 
The  average  blind  to  the  population  of 

the  United  States  is  -  -  1  to  2,467 

The  average  deaf  and  dumb  to  the 

population  of  the  United  States  is  -  1  to  2,227 
White  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years 

of  age  -  -  -  1,91< 

White  deaf  and  dumb,  over  14  years 

and  under  25  years  of  age  -  2,056 

White  deaf  and  dumb,  over  25  years 

of  age  -  -  -  2,707 

Insane  and  idiots  (white)  at  public 

charge  -  4,329 
Insane  and  idiots  (white)  at  private 

charge  ....  10,179 
Insane  and  idiots  (colored)  at  public 

charge      -  -  -  -  833 

Insane  and  idiots  (colored)  at  private 

charge      -  2,093 

Unity,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Md.,  about  30 j 

ms.  N.  from  W.  C.  Tp.,  Columbiana  co.,  O. 

Pop.  1,200. 

University  of  Virginia,  and  post  office,  Albe- 
marle co.,  Va.,  in  the  vicinity  of  Charlottesville, 
80  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond,  and  120  SW.  from 
Washington  City. 

Unna,  Marck  co.,  Hanseatic  town,  10  ms.  NE. 
from  Dortmund,  and  35  S.  from  Munster.  Lon. 

7  49  E.,  lat.  51  28  N.  River  of  European 

Turkey,  in  Croatia,  falling  into  the  Save  after 
having  passed  Wihitch  and  Dubitza. 

Unst,  island,  most  northwardly  of  the  Shetland, 

8  ms.  long  and  4  broad.    Lat.  61°  N. 
Unsterseen,  village  of  Switzerland,  in  Berne. 

Lat.  46  35  N.,  Ion.  7  28  E. 

Unza,  or  Unsha,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kostroma.    Lat.  57  56  N.,lon.  44  15  E. 
918 


Up/and,  province  of  Sweden,  which  is  a  sort  o 
peninsula,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Westmania  am 
Gestricia,  on  the  NE.  by  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  S 
by  the  sea  of  Sudermania.  It  is  70  ms.  long  am 
45  broad,  enriched  with  inexhaustible  mines  o 
copper,  iron,  and  silver;  and  the  peasants  an 
chiefly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  those  metals 
Stockholm  is  the  capital. 

Upminster,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  seated  oi 
a  lofty  eminence,  3  ms.  SE.  of  Rumford. 

Upper  Dublin,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  be 
tween  Horsham  and  Whitemarsh,  5  ms.  NW.  o 
Jenkintown. 

Upper,  SW.  tp.,  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio. 

Upper  Freehold,  tp.,  Monmouth  co.,  N.  J.,  oi 
the  S.  side  of  the  river  Shrewsbury,  12  ms.  S.  o 
Amboy. 

Upper  Hunting  Creek,  post  office,  Caroline  co. 
Md.,  12  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Easton. 

Upper  Lisle,  village,  northern  part  of  Broom 
co.,  N.  Y. 

Upper  Marlborough,  village,  Prince  George  co.i 
Md.,  18  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Washington,  and  20  SW 
of  Annapolis. 

Upper  Peach  Tree,  village,  Wilcox  co.,  Ala 
Upper  Red  Book,  village,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y. 
43  ms.  S.  from  Albany. 

Upper  Sandusky,  village  and  seat  of  justice 
Crawford  co.,  Ohio,  on  Sandusky  river,  about  81 
ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  from  Columbus.  Lat.  40  4! 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  22  W. 

Upperville,  village,  Loudoun  county,  Va. 
Uppingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Rutlandshire 
on  an  eminence,  6  ms.  S.  of  Oakham,  and  90  N 
by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  45'  W.,  lat.  52  36  N 
Upsal,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland,  with  a  fa 
mous  university.  It  stands  in  an  open  plain,  fer 
tile  in  grain  and  pasture,  is  a  small  but  very  nea 
town,  containing,  exclusive  of  the  students,  abou 
3,000  inhabitants.  The  university  is  the  most  an 
cient  in  Sweden,  and  the  1st  seminary  in  the  N 
for  academical  education.  The  Royal  Society  her 
is  likewise  the  oldest  literary  academy  in  the  N 
Here  is  an  observatory,  planned  by  the  celebratei 
Celsius,  from  which  the  Swedish  geographers  com 
pute  the  longitude  ;  also,  a  botanical  garden,  o 
which  the  famous  Linnaeus  was  superintendent 
Upsal  is  35  ms.  NNW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  I 
39  E.,  lat.  59  52  N. 

Upson,  co.,  Ga.  C.  H.  and  town,  Upsoi 

co.,  Georgia. 

Upton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire,  on  the 
Severn,  11  ms.  S.  of  Worcester,  and  111  WNW 
of  London.— — Town,  Worcester  county,  Massa 
chusetts. 

Urach,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom  of  Wir 
temberg.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  paper,  damasks 
and  linen,  and  is  21  ms.  SSE.  of  Stutgard. 

Uruguay,  province  of  Paraguay,  so  named  frorr 
a  large  river,  which  unites  with  the  Parana  7( 
ms.  above  Buenos  Ay  res,  and  forms  the  famou 
river  Plata. — See  Parana. 

Ural,  river  of  Russia,  which  rises  in  Mount  Cau 
casus,  flows  by  Orenburg,  Uralsk,  and  Gurief,  ant 
enters  the  Caspian  sea  by  3  mouths. 

Ural,  formerly  the  Saik,  river  has  its  extrerm 
source  in  that  nucleus  of  the  main  Ural  mountains 
from  which  flow  to  the  SW.  the  higher  fountains 
of  the  Bielaia,  eastward  the  Uis  branch  of  the  To 


URA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


URS 


,ol,  and  southward  the  Ural  itself,  which,  pursuing 
.  southern  course  250  ms. ,  inflects  thence  westward 
50  ms.  to  the  influx  from  the  N.  of  the  Sakmara, 
t  the  town  of  Orenburg,  where  inflecting,  though 
lightly,  to  the  southward,  flows  on  200  ms.  to  the 
own  of  Uralsk,  and  thence,  by  a  general  southern 
ourse  of  300  ms.,  to  its  influx  into  the  Caspian, 
laving  a  comparative  course  of  900  miles. — See 
lourif. 

Ural,  or  Uralian,  mountains,  separating,  by 
ommon  consent  of  geographers  and  politicians, 
Europe  from  Asia,  between  latitudes  50°  and  6G  30 
and  following  the  inflections  of  the  system 
,200  ms.  The  breadth  varies  across  the  chains 
rom  50  to  100  m>.  At  the  extreme  northern  ele- 
ation,  or  where  this  system  rises  from  the  flat  and 
□arshy  plains  towards  the  Frozen  ocean,  the  moun- 
ains  are  of  moderate  height.  Extending  thence 
:50  ms.  to  the  SW.,  giving  source  on  one  side  to 
onfluents  of  the  Oby,  and  on  the  other  to  the 
)usa,  or  main  constituent  of  the  Petchora.  At  the 
outhern  termination  of  this  range,  the  Urals  ap- 
roach  within  60  ms.  of  the  main  stream  of  the 
'etchora,  but,  inflecting  at  an  angle  of  about  100°, 
tie  system  assumes  a  direction  of  a  little  E.  of  S., 
irhich  it  preserves  to  its  bifurcation  at  the  sources 
f  the  Tobol,  a  branch  of  the  Oby,  those  of  the 
Jral  flowing  into  the  Caspian  sea,  and  those  of  the 
iielaia  into  the  Wolga  river.  About  from  the 
8th  to  the  60th  degree  of  lat.,  near  Solikamsk  and 
Vertchoturia,  these  chains  rise  to  considerable 
eight,  but  depress  near  Ekaterinburg,  though 
ising  again  in  the  Baskeeis  country,  N.  lat.  54° 
nd  55°.  The  Pavvdinskoi  Kamen  was  found  by 
rigonometrical  measurement  to  be  6,8 19  feet  above 
he  Caspian.  Several  summits  of  the  Wertchotu- 
ian  part  of  the  system,  about  N.  lat.  60°,  are  co- 
'ered  with  perpetual  snow.  Taken  as  a  whole, 
he  Ural  forms  a  long  plateau,  4,000  or  5,000  feet 
n  height,  and  on  which  stand  peaks  of  1,000  to 
1,600  feet  elevation  above  their  bases  on  the  pla- 
eau.  The  principal  part  of  the  system  is  divided 
>y  the  Russians  into  the  ranges  of  Wertchoturian, 
Ekaterinburg,  and  Boshkeer.  The  Urals  are  re- 
markably metaliferous,  producing  iron,  copper,  pla- 
ina,  gold,  and  lead,  with  several  kinds  of  precious 
itones,  marbles,  serpentine,  &c.  About  N.  lat. 
)3°  the  great  mass  of  the  Urals  becomes  broken, 
ind  bifurcations  protrude  themselves  in  different 
lirectious;  the  Obstchei-Syrt,  westward  into  Eu- 
ope,  between  the  Ural  and  Bielaia  rivers ;  the  Su- 
>erlinski,  embranching  from  the  Boshkeer  moun- 
ains,  and  joining  on  the  eastern  side  the  moun- 
tains of  Ulu-Tan  ;  and  Algydim  Shalo,  separating 
the  steppes  of  Issim  on  the  north  from  that  of  Kir- 
;uis  south,  and  forming  a  connecting  chain  be- 
tween the  Urals  and  the  Altaian  of  central  Asia. 

Uralian  Cossacs,  a  tribe  that  inhabit  the  Rus- 
sian province  of  Orenburg,  on  the  S.  of  the  river 
Ural.  These  Cossacs  are  descended  from  those  of 
the  Don,  and  were  formerly  called  the  Cossacs  of 
the  Yaik ;  but  the  name  of  the  river  and  people  was 
changed  in  1771,  on  the  suppression  of  the  rebel- 
lion of  Pugatchef.  The  river  Yaik  was  from 
thence  called  the  Ural;  the  Yaik  Cossacs  were  de- 
nominated Uralian  Cossacs;  and  the  town  of 
Yaitsk  was  named  Uralsk. 

Uralsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Caucasus,  and  province  of  Orenburg,    It  was  for- 


merly called  Yaitsk,  and  is  seated  on  the  river 
Ural,  375  ms.  NNE.  of  Astracan.  The  city  of 
Uralsk,  pronounced  Ooralsk,  is  a  fine  city,  present- 
ing European  features,  on  the  borders  of  Asia. 
Lon.  50  10  E.,  lat.  52°  N. 

Uraniburg,  once  a  magnificent  castle  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  island  of  Huen.  It  was  built  by  Ty- 
cho  Brahe,  the  celebrated  astronomer,  who  called 
it  Uraniburg,  or  Castle  of  the  Heavens,  and  here 
made  his  observations.  It  is  now  in  ruins.  Lon. 
12  43  E.,  lat.  55  55  N. 

Urbania,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Urbino, 
built  by  Urban  VIII.,  on  the  Metro,  7  ms.  SSW. 
of  Urbino. 

Urbanna,  village,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post 

road  227  ms.  westward  from  Albany.  Seaport 

and  village  in  Middlesex  co.,  Va.,  on  the  SE.  side 
of  Rappahannock  river,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Lancaster, 
and  47  N.  of  York,  and  60  N.  by  W.  of  Williams- 
burg.   Lat.  37  38  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  21'  E. 

Urbano,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Champaign 
co.,  Ohio,  containing  a  printing  office,  a  court- 
house and  a  jail,  a  bank,  a  Methodist  meeting 
house,  a  market  house,  and  644  inhabitants.  Dis- 
tance 43  ms.  W.  by  N.  from  Columbus.  Lat.  40 
3  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  6  4  W.    Pop.  in  1840,  1,070. 

 The  name  of  a  tp.  in  which  is  situated  the 

above-described  village. 

Urbino,  duchy  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastical 
State,  55  ms.  long  and  43  broad,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on  the  S.  by  Perugino 
and  Spoletto,  on  the  E.  by  Ancona,  and  on  the 
W.  by  Tuscany  and  Romagna.    The  air  is  not 

very  wholesome,  nor  is  the  soil  fertile.  Town 

of  Italy,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  1,'rbino,  between 
the  rivers  Metro  and  Foglia,  18  ms.  S.  of  Rimini, 
58  E.  of  Florence,  and  20  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon. 
12  40  E.,  lat.  46  46  N. 

Ureden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  West- 
phalia.   Lon.  7  8  E.,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Urgantz,  or  Jurguntz,  town  of  the  country  of 
the  Turcomans,  formerly  a  considerable  place,  4 
ms.  in  circumference,  but  now  in  ruins.  It  is  240 
ms.  E.  of  the  Caspian  sea,  and  70  S.  of  the  Lake 
Aral.  Lon.  60  25  E.,  lat.  40  55  N. — See  Andorra. 

Urgel,  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Sagra,  in  a  fertile  plain,  surrounded  by  mountains, 
planted  with  vineyards,  60  ms.  W.  of  Perpignan, 
and  75  N.  by  W.  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  1  44  E., 
lat.  42  32  N. 

Uri,  the  most  southern  canton  of  Switzerland, 
and  the  fourth  in  rank.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  canton  of  Schwitz  and  the  Lake  of  the  Four 
Cantons,  on  the  E.  by  the  country  of  the  Grisons 
and  the  canton  of  Glarus,  on  the  S.  by  the  baili- 
wics  of  Italy,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  cantons  of 
Underwalden  and  Bern.  It  is  30  ms.  long  and  12 
broad. — See  Schweitz. 
•  Uri,  Lake  of . — See  Waldst seller  Sea. 

Urmund,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia. 

UrquharVs  Store,  and  post  office,  Southampton 
co.,  Virginia. 

Ursel,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  18  ms.  NE.  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  28  E.,  lat. 
50  9  North. 

Urseren,  town  of  Switzerland.  Lon.  11  20  E., 
I  lat.  49  8  N. 

919 


USS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.     '  UTR 


Ursitz,  St-,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Basle,  seated  on  the  Doubs,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge,  7  ras.  S.  of  Porentru. 

Urutia,  (ancient  Spanta,)  lake  of  Persia,  in 
Aderbijian,  which,  similar  to  many  others  in  Asia, 
has  no  visible  outlet.  Urutia  lies  between  Zab, 
branch  of  the  Tigris,  and  the  Kizil  Ozein.  Lat.  37°  N. 

Usbeck  Tartars,  a  grand  division  of  the  vast 
Turkish  race,  possess  a  large  region  of  western 
Asia,  forming  once  the  kingdoms  of  Bukharia, 
Khoaresm,  and  Ferganna.  The  Usbecks  are  gen- 
erally short  and  stout  men,  with  broad  foreheads, 
high  cheek  bones,  thin  beards,  small  ey/es,  clear 
and  ruddy  complexions,  and  generally  black  hair. 
They  speak  the  Zagatayan  language.  Religion, 
Mahometan.    Government,  despotic. 

Usbeck  Tartary,  kingdom  or  rather  region  of 
Asia,  inhabited  by  the  Usbecks.  The  limits  of  this 
naturally  fine  country  are  indefinite,  but  generally 
considered  as  limited  on  the  N.  by  Asiatic  Russia, 
E.  by  the  Beloor  mountains,  S.  by  Afghanistan, 
SW.  by  Persia,  and  W.  by  the  Caspian  sea. 
Usbeck  Tartary  is  a  very  diversified  country.  The 
eastern  part  is  mountainous,  the  northern  and 
western  level,  and  in  part  sandy  plains,  but  the 
central  regions,  watered  by  the  numerous  branches 
of  the  Oxus  and  Iaxarte^,  are  in  a  peculiar  manner 
fertile,  well  watered,  and  salubrious,  and  when  in- 
habited by  a  civilized  race  of  men  equal  to  any  por- 
tion of  the  eastern  continent.  The  country  pecu- 
liarly called  Usbeck  Tartary  is  the  southern  part 
of  what  is  usually  called  Tartary.  Central  lat.  40° 
N.  Chief  cities,  Bucharia,  Samarcand,  Khiva, 
and  Badakshan.  The  government  is  a  pure  and 
unqualified  despotism.  Pop.  in  the  aggregate  un- 
certain;  in  detail,  the  country  is  thinly  peopled, 
and  5,000,000  would  probably  be  too  large  an  es- 
timate. 

Uscapia. — See  Scopia. 

Usedom,  island  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Oder,  in  the  Baltic  sea,  between 
which  and  the  island  of  Wollin  is  a  passage  called 
the  Swin.  It  had  formerly  a  considerable  town  of 
the  same  name,  which  was  almost  reduced  to  ashes 
in  1473.    Lon.  14  11  E.,  lat.  54  6  N. 

Userche,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Correze,  and 
late  province  of  Lorraine,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock, 
at  the  foot  of  which  flows  the  Vezere,  37  ms.  SE. 
of  Limoges,  and  217  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  37  E., 
lat.  5  27  N. 

Ushajitt  island  of  France,  on  the  coast  of  the 
dep.  of  Finisterre,  and  late  province  of  Brittany, 
opposite  to  Conquet.  It  is  8  ms.  in  circumference, 
and  contains  several  hamlets  and  a  castle.  Lon. 
5  4  W.,  lat.  48  28  N. 

Usingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Rhine,  and  principality  of  Nassau  Weiburg, 
22  miles  NE.  of  Mentz.  Longitude  8  25  E.,  lat- 
itude 50  10  .\. 

Usk,  town  of  England,  in  Monmouthshire,  on 
the  river  Usk,  12  miles  SW.  of  Monmouth,  and 
140  W.  by  N.  of  London.    Lon.  2  36  W.,  lat. 

51  41  N.  River  of  South  Wales,  which  rises 

on  the  W.  side  of  Brecknockshire,  divides  Mon- 
mouthshire into  unequal  portions,  and  falls  into  the 
Bristol  channel. 

Ussel,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Correze,  and 
late  province  of  Limosin,  32  ms.  NE.  of  Tulles. 
Lon.  2  15  E.,  lat.  45  32  N. 
V20 


Ustanio,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Cremonese,  seate 
on  the  Oglio,  12  ms.  NE.  of  Cremona.  Lon.  li 
8  E.,  lat.  45  17  N. 

Ustiug,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  c 
Vologda.    Lon.  16  30  E.,  lat.  61  15  N. 

Utica,  incorporated  city,  Oneida  county,  Nev 
York,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mohawk  river,  oi 
the  site  of  Fort  Schuyler.  The  banks  of  the  rive 
rise  by  a  gentle  acclivity  from  the  water,  and  th 
streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles  to  each  other 
It  is  the  mart  of  a  highly  fertile  and  well- cultivate! 
country,  and  the  most  commercial  place  betweei 
Schenectady  and  Buffalo.  The  Erie  canal  passe 
through  the  lower  part  of  this  town.  A  fine  wood 
en  bridge  unites  it  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
It  is  96  ms.  by  land  from  Albany,  93  from  Sack 
ett's  Harbor,  and  220  from  Buffalo.  Lat.  43  6  N 
Pop.  in  1820,  2,972;  and  in  1830,  8,320.  Few 
places  in  the  interior  of  New  York  have  exceedei 
the  rapid  prosperity  of  Utica.  In  1840,  populatior 
12,782 — exceeding  a  four-fold  increase  in  twent) 
years. 

Population  in  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females 

0to5 

860 

5  to  10 

759 

77! 

10  to  15 

658 

75E 

15  to  20 

720 

961, 
1,30, 

20  to  30 

1,370 

30  to  40 

831 

73! 

40  to  50 

540 

5* :' 

50  to  60 

258 

27; 

60  to  70 

85 

121  s 

70  to  80 

30 

80  to  90 

11 

I 

90  to  100 

100  and  upwards 

1 

6,153 

6,385 

6,15; 

Total 

12,54! 

Colored.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

OtolO  - 

22 

10  to  24         -              -  . 

28 

24  to  36 

24 

36  to  55 

27 

55  to  100 

7 

100  and  upwards 

1 

i 

109 

133 

10S 

Total  -  *V^4gp^jKfl 

SUMMARY. 

Whites 

-  12,540 

Colored 

242 

Total 

Utica,  village,  Clarke  county,  Indiana,  on  Ohio 
river,  opposite  Transylvania,  in  Jefferson  county, 
Kentucky. 

Utoxeter,  town  of  England,  in  Staffordshire,  on 
a  rising  ground  near  the  river  Dove,  13  miles  NE. 
of  Stafford,  and  136  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  1 
50  E.,  lat.  53  10  N. 

Utrecht,  province  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 30  miles  long  and  20  broad,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Holland  and  the  Zuider  Zee,  E.  and  S.  by 
Guefderland,  and  W.  by  Holland.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile, and  there  are  no  inundations  to  fear,  as  in  the 


VAC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VAL 


•ther  provinces.  Fortified  city  of  the  kingdom 

f  Holland,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
vith  a  university.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  18 
ns.  SE.  of  Amsterdam,  and  35  NNW.  of  Nime- 
uen.  Lon.  5  8  E.,  Iat.  52  6  N.  The  city  of 
Jtrecht  is  the  Trajectum  Ulpii  of  the  emperor  Tra- 
in, and  is  amongst  the  most  ancient  of  that  part 
f  Europe  in  which  it  stands-  It  was  the  seat  of  a 
ishopric  early  in  the  8th  century. 

Utrera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  near  which 
s  a  salt  spring.    It  is  21  ms.  S.  of  Seville. 

Uttoxeter,  town  of  Eng.,  irt  Staffordshire,  with 
lanufactures  of  hardware.  It  is  seated  on  a  rising 
round,  near  the  river  Dove,  13  ms.  NE.  of  Staf- 
jrd,  and  135  NNW.  of  London. 

Utznach,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  bail- 
?ick,  belonging  to  the  cantons  of  Schweitz  and  Gla- 
s.  It  is  3  miles  E.  from  the  Lake  of  Zurich,  and 
5  N.  by  W.  of  Glaris. 

Uwchlan,  village,  Chester  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  N. 
>rk  of  Brandywine  creek,  commencing  two  miles 
bove  Downingstown.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,178  ;  and 
l  1820,  1,198. 
I  Uxbridge,  town  of  England,  in  Middlesex,  with 
I  great  trade  in  corn  and  flour.    The  Coin  flows 
I  irough  it  in  two  streams,  and  the  Grand  Junction 
j  inal  passes  close  by.    Uxbridge  is  15  ms.  W.  by 
Rf.  of  London. — ■ — Town,  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
j  husetts,  16  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Worcester,  and  40 
||W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,404 ;  and  in 
|820,  1,551. 

H  Uxbridge,  South,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  Pawtucket  river,  34  miles  SW.  from 
loston. 

Ij  Uzeda,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  capital 
f  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
jated  on  the  Cogolluda,  26  miles  NNE.  of  Mad- 
d.    Lon.  3  13  W.,  Iat.  40  46  N. 

Uzel,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
le  North  Coast,  and  late  province  of  Bretagtie, 

7  miles  S  W.  of  St.  Brieux.  Lon.  2  52  W.,  Iat. 

8  16  N. 

Uzes,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  and 
ite  province  of  Languedoc,  seated  in  a  country 
bounding  in  corn,  oil,  silk,  and  good  wine,  12 
is.  N.  of  Nismes,  and  20  SW.  of  Orange.  Lon, 
27  E.,  Iat.  44  2  N. 

V. 

Vaast,  St.,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
f  the  Channel,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  5 
is.  from  Harfleur,  and  8  from  Valogne. 

Vabres,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
iveiron,  and  late  province  of  Koergue,  30  miles 
E.  ofRodez,  and  32  E.  of  Alby.  Lon.  2  55  E., 
it.  43  57  N. 

Vacasausa,  bay  of  Florida,  extending  in  a  cir- 
ular  form,  20  miles  E.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Su- 
wannee river,  and,  opening  SW.  into  the  gulf  of 
lexico,  between  Pagoi  and  Cedar  Keys.  The 
hores  around  Vacasausa  are  generally  low  and 
wampy.  The  central  part  in  N.  Iat.  29  24,  lon. 
V.  C.  6  5  W. 

Vacha,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  landgravate  of 
lesse  Cassel,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Cassel.  Lon.  10  12 
2.,  Iat.  50  55  N. 

Vachq,  one  of  the  West  India  islands,  lying  to 
ie  S.  of  St.  Domingo,  opposite  St.  Louis. 
116* 


Vacheluse,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  Med 
iterranean,  near  the  coast  of  Naples. 

Vada,  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  seated  on  the 
Tuscan  sea,  20  ms.  S.  of  Leghorn.  Lon.  10  20 
E.,  Iat.  43  15  N. 

Vadagary,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  the  province  of  Madura,  64  miles  SSW.  of 
Madura. 

Vadin,  town  of  Turkey,  in  the  European  pro- 
vince of  Bessarabia,  situated  on  the  Danube,  32 
miles  W.  of  Nicopoli.  Longitude  25  0  E.,  lati- 
tude 44  25  N. 

Vado,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Ge- 
noa, with  a  fort,  taken  by  the  French  in  1795.  It 
is  3  miles  W.  of  Savona,  and  24  SW.  of  Genoa. 
Lon.  8  8  E.,  Iat.  44  15  N. 

Vadstein,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Ea  t  Gothland, 
on  the  side  of  the  Lake  Wetter,  near  the  river  Mo- 
tala,  32  miles  W.  of  Nordkioping.  Lon.  15  55 
E.,  Iat.  58  12  N. 

Vadutze,  town  and  castle  of  Austrian  Germany, 
in  Suabia,  26  miles  S.  of  Lindau,  and  34  SSE.  of 
Constance.    Lon.  9  22  E.,  Iat.  47  7  N. 

Vaena,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated  at 
the  source  of  the  Castro,  23  ms.  SE.  of  Cordova. 
Lon.  3  50  W.,  Iat.  37  40  N. 

Valhingen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Wirtem- 
burg,  in  Suabia,  on  the  Neckar,  24  ms.  SW.  of 
Habliron.    Lon.  9  3  E.,  Iat.  48  58  N. 

Vaiseaux,  small  island  of  the  State  of  Missis- 
sippi— See  Ship  Island. 

Vaivod. — See  Way  Wode. 

Valais,  co.  of  Switzerland,  extending  100  ms. 
from  E.  to  W.,  and  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower 
Valais.  The  former  reaches  from  Mount  Furca  to 
the  river  Murge,* below  Sion  ;  and  the  latter  from 
that  river  to  St.  Gingou,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 
Population  120,000. 

Vol,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
3  miles  W.  of  Maestricht. 

Vol  di  Demona,  province  of  Sicily.  It  means 
the  valley  of  Demons,  and  is  so  called,  because 
Mount  ^Etna  is  situated  in  this  province,  which 
occasioned  ignorant  and  superstitious  people,  at 
the  time  of  its  fiery  eruptions,  to  believe  it  was 
a  chimney  of  hell.  This  province  is  said  to  con- 
tain upwards  of  300,000  inhabitants.  The  capital 
is  Messina. 

Val  di  Mazara,  province  in  the  W.  angle  of 
Sicily,  so  called  from  the  town  of  Mazara.  It  con- 
tains the  town  of  Palermo,  the  capital  of  the  whole 
island. 

Val  di  Noto,  province  of  Sicily,  so  called  from 
the  Noto,  which  is  its  capital  town. 

Val  Ombrosa,  celebrated  monastery  of  Tuscany, 
in  the  Appennines,  15  ms.  E.  of  Florence. 

Valckowar,  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated  on  the 
Walpo,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Danube,  be- 
tween Esseck  and  Peterwaradin,  70  ms.  N W.  of 
Belgrade.    Lon.  19  51  E.,  Iat.  45  55  N. 

Valdai,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod,  on  the  side  of  a  lake  of  the  same  name. 
Its  environs  abound  with  beautiful  lakes,  sprinkled 
with  woody  islands,  and  skirted  by  forests,  corn 
fields,  and  pastures. 

Valdai,  Lake  of,  in  the  government  of  Novogo- 
rod, in  Russia.  It  is  about  20  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. In  the  middle  of  it  is  an  island,  on  which 
there  is  a  convent. 

921 


VAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VAL 


Valdai  Hills,  hills  of  Russia,  in  the  governments 
of  Novogorod,  Tver,  and  Vologda.  They  separate 
the  sources  of  the  Volga  from  those  of  the  Masta, 
Volkof,  and  other  streams  flowing  into  the  Baltic 
and  Lake  Ladoga. — See  Volga. 

Valdasnes,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of 
Tra  los  Montes,  9  ms.  ESE.  of  Mirandola. 

Valdeburon,  town  of  Spain.  Lon.  4  55  W., 
lat.  43  5  N. 

Valdecona,  town  of  Spain,  15  miles  S.  of  Tor- 
toso.    Lon.  0  35  E.,  lat.  11  15  N. 

Valdigem,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira. 

Valdivia. — See  Baldivia. 

Valence,  episcopal  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Drome,  and  late  province  of  Dauphi- 
ny,  on  the  Rhone,  30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Vivers, 
and  335  S  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  52  E.,  lat.  44 
56  N. 

Valence,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lot  and  Garonne,  and  late  province  of  Guienne, 
situated  on  the  Garonne. 

Valenca  d'  Alcantara,  considerable  town  of 
Spain,  in  Estramadura,  15  ms.  SW.  of  Alcanta 
ra,  and  37  N.  of  Badajoz.  Lon.  6  30  W.,  lat. 
39  26  N. 

Valencey,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre, 
and  late  province  of  Berry. 

Valencia,  province  of  Spain,  formerly  a  king- 
•  dom,  bounded  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  NE.  by  Catalonia,  on  the  N  VV.  by 
Arragon,  and  on  the  W.  by  New  Castile  and 
Murcia.  It  is  162  ms.  long  and  62  broad,  and  is 
the  most  pleasant  and  populous  country  in  Spain, 
for  here  they  enjoy  a  perpetual  spring.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  a  great  number  of  streams,  which  render 
it  fertile  in  all  the  necessaries  of  life,  especially 
fruits  and  wine;  and  in  the  mountains  are  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  and  alum.  City  of  Spain,  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  uni- 
versity. It  is  a  very  populous  place,  and  has  sev- 
eral good  manufactures  of  cloth  and  silk,  carried 
on  with  great  success  and  industry  ;  for  even  the 
very  children  are  employed  in  spinning  silk.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Guadalvia,  (over  which  are  5  bridges,) 
near  the  Mediterranean,  130  ms.  ESE.  of  Mad- 
rid.   Lon.  0  10  E.,  lat.  39  23  N. 

Valencia,  New,  town  of  Caraccas,  seated  on  the 
Lake  Tocaragea,  57  ms.  SW.  of  Porto  Cavello. 
Lon.  65  30  W.,  lat.  9  50  N. 

Valenciennes,  city  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
North.    It  contains  about  20,000  souls,  and  the 
Scheldt  divides  it  into  two  parts.    It  is  20  miles 
WSW.  of  Mons,  28  SE.  of  Lisle,  and  120  NNE 
of  Paris.    Lon.  3  37  E  ,  lat.  50  21  N. 

Valentia,  an  island  of  Ireland,  lying  in  the  At- 
lantic ocean,  and  forms  a  part  of  Kerry  co.  It  is 
about  6  ms.  by  l£,  extending  from  the  Kerry  coast 
SW.  into  the  ocean,  and  separated  from  the  main 

land  by  a  narrow  channel.  Town  of  Ireland, 

Kerry  co.,  and  on  the  island  of  the  same  name. 
Lat.  51  40  N.,  lon.  from  London  10  30  W. 

Valentine,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Garonne,  9  ms.  NE.  of  St.  Bernard.  Lon.  0  57 
E.,  lat.  43  1  N. 

Valenzrt,  or  Valencia,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Milanese,  capital  of  the  Lomeline,  and  subject 
to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  on  a  mountain  near  the 
river  Po,  12  ms.  E.  of  Casal,  and  35  SW.  of 
Milan.  Lon.  8  56  E.,  lat.  44  58  N. 
922 


Valenzo-do-Minho,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Entre-Minho  e-Douero,  seated  on  ar 
eminence,  near  the  river  Minho,  3  ms.  S.  of  Tuy. 
Lon.  8  11  W.,  lat.  42  2  N. 

Valestra,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchv  of  Mode- 
na.    Lon.  10  52  E.,  lat.  44  26  N. 

Valette,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Charente 
and  late  province  of  Angoumois,  10  ms.  S.  of  An 
goleme.    Lon.  0  15  E.,  lat.  45  30  N. 

Valkenburg,  or  Fauquemont,  town  of  Dutch 
Limburg,  on  the  Guele.  Lon.  5  50  E.,  lat.  5( 
52  N. 

Valladolid,  city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile.  Th« 
environs  of  this  city  are  a  fine  plain,  covered  witl 
gardens,  orchards,  vineyards,  meadows,  and  fields 
It  is  sealed  on  the  Escurva  and  Pisuerga,  near  thi 
Donero,  52  ms.  SW.  of  Burgos,  80  SE.  of  Leon 
95  N.  by  W.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  4  25  W.,  lat.  4i 

50  N.  Town  in  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  nea 

the  coast  of  the  bay  of  Honduras,  94  ms.  E.  b\ 
S.  of  Merida.  Lon.  88  30  E.,  lat.  20  33  N. — - 
Town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Quito,  situatec 

near  the  Andes.    Lon.  75  5  W.,  lat.  6  2  S.  

Formerly  an  intendancy  of  Mexico,  now  State  o 
Mechoacan,  the  ancient  name  of  the  country  hav 
ing  been  restored. — See  Mechoacan. 

Valladolid  de  Mechoacan,  capital  of  the  State  o 
Mechoacan.  It  is  elevated  6,396  feet  above  thi 
level  of  the  ocean,  at  lat.  19  42  N.  Snow  ha 
been  known  to  fall  in  its  streets.  The  aqueduc  ' 
which  supplies  this  city  with  potable  water  cos 
upwards  of  $900, 000. — See  Mechoacan. 

Valee  Mines,  and  post  office,  Jefferson  co.,  Mo 

Vallelonga,  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteri 
ore.    Lon.  16  40  E.,  lat.  38  44  N. 

Vallemont,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lowe 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  with  a  cas 
tie,  16  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Caudebec.  Lon.  1  2.' 
W.,  lat.  49  46  N. 

Vallencay,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre 
Lon.  1  26  E.,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Vallengin,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  cc 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  priracipality  of  Neufcha 
tel.  It  is  seated  near  the  lake  of  Neufchatel,  2: 
ms.  NW.  of  Bern.  Lon.  6  40  E.,  lat.  47°  N.- 
See  Neufchatel.  s 

Vallers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre  ani 
Loire,  with  some  mineral  waters.  Lon.  0  41  E. 
lat.  47  24  N. 

Vallery,  St.,  commercial  town  of  Fr.,  in  th 
dep.  of  Somme,  and  late  province  of  Picardy,  a 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Somme,  whose  entrance  i 
very  dangerous.  It  is  10  ms.  NW.  of  Abbeville 
and  100  N.  by  WT.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  37  E.,  lat 
50  11  N. 

Vallery,  en-Caux,  St.,  seaport  of  Fr.,  in  th. 
dep.  of  Lower  Seine,  and  late  province  of  Nor 
mandy,  15  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Dieppe,  and  101 
NW.  of  Paris.    Lon.  0  41  E.,  lat.  49  52  N. 

Valelta.—  See  Malta. 

Valley,  post  office,  Mifflin  co.,  Pa. 

Valley  Forge,  village  on  the  Schuylkill  river,  ii 
the  NE.  part  of  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  20  ms.  NW 
from  Philadelphia. 

Valley  Towns,  village  in  the  Cherokee  territory 
Tenn.,  166  ms.  SE.  from  Nashville. 

Vallier,  St.,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ar 
deche,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  7  ms.  NE 
ofTournon-    Lon.  2  5  E.,  lat.  49  10  N. 


VAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  VAR 


Valogne,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Chan- 
el, and  late  province  of  Normandy,  noted  for  cloth 
id  leather.  It  is  seated  on  a  brook,  8  ms.  from 
lesea,  and  158  W.  by  N.  of  Paris.  Lon.  I  26 
V.,  lat.  49  30  N. 

Vallona,  ancient  Aulon,  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Upper  Albania,  on  the  N.  side  of  a 
ulf  of  the  same  name.  It  supplies  Upper  Alba- 
ia  with  Italian  articles  of  commerce,  and  exports 
le  wool,  galls,  oil,  and  timber,  of  the  surrounding 
juntry.  Lat.  40  34  N.,  lon.  20°  E.  Vallona 
;ands  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Aulon,  opposite 
>  the  Acroceraunian  promontory,  now  Cape  Len- 
uetta.  The  bay  between  Cape  Lenguetta  and 
'allona  is  the  ancient  Oricum,  and  very  nearly 
pposite  Brindisi  in  Italy.  It  is  in  great  part  land- 
>oked  by  the  projecting  capes  and  by  the  Sasso- 
a  islands.  The  breadth  of  tho  strait  between 
*ly  and  Albania  is  in  this  place  about  30  miles, 
nd  the  distance  from  Brindisi  to  Aulon  75  ms. 

Valonia,  village,  Jackson  co.,  Ia.  ;  by  post 
)ad  64  ms.  S.  from  Indianapolis. 
•  Valparaiso,  town  of  Chili,  with  a  well-fre- 
□ented  harbor,  defended  by  a  strong  fort.  It  is 
;ated  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  at  the  foot  of  a  high 
lountain.  Lon.  72  14  W.,  lat.  33  3  S.  Since 
ie  revolution  in  Spanish  America  has  opened  this 
ort,  (1817,)  it  has  become  a  place  of  very  exten- 
jve  trade;  but  the  enormous  importation  of  Brit- 
ih  goods  affords  no  sale  criterion  to  estimate  the 
blid  prosperity  of  its  inhabitants.  According  to 
H  Morse,  from  February,  1817,  to  July,  1818, 
3,300,000  worth  of  British  manufactured  goods 
ntered  Valparaiso. 

Valrees,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  Venaissin,  12  ms. 
!.  of  St.  Paul  Trois  Chateaux. 

Vols,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardeche,  and 
ite  province  of  Dauphiny,  remarkable  for  a  mine- 
al  spring.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ardeche,  3  ms.  N. 
f  Aubenas.    Lon.  4  26  E.,  lat.  44  48  N. 

Valteline,  called  by  the  inhabitants  Valle-telino, 
Brtile  valley  of  Switzerland,  subject  to  the  Giisons. 
t  is  about  50  ms.  in  length,  extending  from  the 
onfines  of  Bormio  to  the  lake  of  Chiavenna,  and 
3  enclosed  between  two  chains  of  mountains.  It 
s  separated  by  the  N.  chain  from  the  Grisons,  by 
he  S.  chain  from  the  Venetian  territories ;  on  the 
3.  it  borders  on  the  co.  of  Bormio,  and  is  bound- 
id  on  the  W.  by  the  duchy  of  Milan.  The  Val- 
eiines  export  wine,  silk,  planks,  cheese,  butter, 
ind  cattle.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  to  be 
52,0  0  0,  and  are  all  Roman  Catholics.  It  now 
brms  a  part  of  the  Lo  nbardo-Venetian  kingdom. 

Valverde,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  on  the 
:onfines  of  Spain,  30  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Alcantara, 
Hid  38  SSE  of  Guardia.    Lon.  6  19  W.,  lat.  39 

14  N.  Town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  and 

3  ms.  from  Badajoz. 

Van,  lake  of,  ancient  Mantiavus,  lake  of  Asia, 
near  the  city  of  Van.  It  is  one  of  those  lakes 
ivithout  visible  outlet,  so  common  in  Asia.  Lake 
Van,  in  lat.  38i°  N.,  is  very  elevated,  and  lies  be- 
tween the  sources'  of  the  Aras,  Euphrates,  and 
Tigris. 

Vun,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Armenia,  near 
ihe  frontiers  of  Persia.  It  is  a  populous  place,  de- 
fended by  a  castle,  seated  on  a  mountain.  It  is 
likewise  a  beglerbegic,  under  which  there  are  nine 
sangiacates,    or   particular   governments.  The 


Turks  always  keep  a  numerous  garrison  in  the 
castle.    Lon.  44  30  E.,  lat.  38  30  North. 

Vanceburg,  village,  Lewis  co.,  Ky.,  near  the 
Ohio  river,  35  ms.  NE.  by  E-  from  Washington. 
There  are  salt  works  near  this  place. 

Vancouver's  Island. — See  Quadras  and  Van- 
couver's Island,  as  also  Queen  Charlotte's  Island. 

Vandalia,  seat  of  government,  Fayette  co., 
111.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Kaskaskia3  river,  about 

55  ms.  from  St.  Louis.  It  was  chosen  whilst  oc- 
cupied by  a  wilderness  as  the  seat  of  government 
for  III.,  and  is  now  rapidly  assuming  the  aspect 
of  a  flourishing  village,  with  the  ordinary  State 
and  co.  buildings  found  in  those  places  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  in  which  the  Slate  Legistature  and  co. 
courts  are  held.  Lon,  W  C.  12  I  W.,  lat.  39 
5  N. 

Vandenburgh,  co.,  Ia.,  bounded  by  Ohio  river 
S.,  Posey  W.  and  N.,and  Warwick  E.  Length 
20  ms.,  mean  width  12;  area  240  sq.  ms.  It  is 
drained  by  Big  Pigeon  creek.  Chief  town,  Evans- 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  1,798;  and  in  1840,  6,250. 
Cent.  lat.  38  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  28  W. 

Van  Dleman's  Land,  long  considered  as  a  part 
of  New  Holland,  but  in  1797  was  determined  to 
be  a  separate  island  by  Mr.  Boss,  surgeon  to  Cap- 
tain Flinders.  It  is  now  colonized  by  the  British, 
and  divided  into  two  cos.,  Buckingham  and  Corn- 
wall. Capital,  Hobanown.  Lat.  43°  S.,  lon. 
147°  E.— See  Australia,  p.  112. 

Van  Dieman's  Road,  road  of  the  island  of  Ton- 
gataboo,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands.    Lon.  176 

56  W.,  lat.  21  4  S. 

Vanhook's  Store,  and  post  office,  Person  co., 
N.  C. 

Vannes,  seaport  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  formerly  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Morbihan.  Its  principal  trade  is  in  wheat 
and  rye  for  Spain ;  and  it  has  a  trade  also  in  pil- 
chards and  sea  eels.  It  is  3  ms.  from  the  Atlantic, 
56  W.  of  Rennes,  and  255  W.  by  S.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  46  W.,  lat.  47  39  N. 

Vansville,  town,  Prince  George's  co.,  Md  ,  13 
ms.  NE.  from  W.  C. 

Van  Syckle's  Store,  and  post  office,  Hunterdon 
co.,  N.  J.,  by  post  road  38  ms.  from  Trenton. 

Vanwert,  co.  in  the  NW.  part  of  O.,  bounded 
by  Paulding  N.,  Putnam  and  Allen  E.,  Mercer 
S.,  and  State  of  Ia.  W.  Length  24  ms.,  width 
18,  area  432  sq.  ms. 

Var,  department  of  Fr.,  including  part  of  the 

late  province  of  Provence,  River  which  has  its 

source  in  the  co.  of  Nice,  and  falls  into  the  Medi- 
terranean 4  ms.  W.  of  Nice.  It  gives  name  to  the 
above  department. 

Vardari,  ancient  Axius,  river  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Macedonia,  is  formed  by  numerous  conflu- 
ents rising  in  and  flowing  from  the  mountains  of 
Scardius — See  Macedonia. 

Varollo,  strong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Milan,  47  ms.  WNW.  of  Milan.  Lon.  8  25  E., 
lat.  45  42  N. 

Varrambon,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ain,  14 
ms.  NNW.  of  Bourge.  Lon.  3  15  E.,  lat.  46 
23  N. 

Varella,  cape  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  kingdom  of 
Ciampa.  Behind  it  is  a  mountain,  remarkable  for 
having  a  high  rock  on  its  summit.  Lon.  109  17 
E.,  lat.  12  50  N. 

923 


VAU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VED 


Varendore,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Minister,  seated  on  the  river  Embs. 

Varennes,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Allier,  seated  on  an  eminence  near  the  river  Allier, 
14  ms.  SSE.  of  Moulins.    Lon.  3  31  E.,  lat.  46 

22  N.  Town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 

Meuse.    It  is  13  ms.  of  Clermont.  Village  on 

Rocky  river,  in  the  SE.  part  of  Pendleton  district, 
S.  C,  by  post  road  143  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from 
Columbia. 

Varhely,  town  of  Transylvania,  60  ms.  E.  of 
Temeswar.    Lon.  17  10  E.,  lat.  45  40  N. 

Variety  Mills,  village,  Nelson  co  ,  Va.,  by  post 
road  102  ms.  westerly  from  Richmond. 

Varinas,  province  of  Colombia,  SW.  from  Ca- 
raccas,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Apure  river. 

Varna,  considerable  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Bulgaria,  capital  of  the  territory  of  Dro- 
bugia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Varna,  in  the  Black 
sea,  22  ms.  N.  of  Mesembria,  and  145  NW.  of 
Constantinople.    Lon.  28  28  E.  lat.  42  44  N. 

Varzey,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Yonne, 
with  a  castle,  32  ms.  from  Auxerre. 

Vasil,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod,  situated  on  the  Volga,  60  miles  E.  of 
Novogorod.    Lon.  45  44  E.,  lat.  56  16  N. 

Vasilipotamos,  or  Royal  river,  (ancient  Euro- 
tas,)  river  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea.  Though  so 
much  celebrated  in  ancient  history,  the  Eurotas  is 
a  mere  mountain  torrent,  formed  by  two  branches 
flowing  from  Mount  Taygetus.  Pursuing  a  course 
nearly  S.,  the  two  streams  unite  6  or  7  ms.  from 


neva,  rising  gradually  from  the  edge  of  that  lake 
and  is  richly  laid  out  in  vineyards,  corn  fields 
and  meadows,  and  checquered  with  continued  vil 
lages  and  towns.    Lausanne  is  the  capital. 

Vaudalks,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Pm 
de  Dome,  5  ms.  from  Isloire,  and  240  S.  by  E.  o 
Paris. 

Vaudemout,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  o 
Meurthe,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  in  the  raos 
fertile  country  for  corn  in  all  Lorraine,  15  ms  SE 
of  Toul,  and  18  SW.  of  Nancy.  Lon.  5  57  E. 
lat.  48  26  N. 

Vaudois,  Valleys  of,  in  Piedmont.  They  li 
N.  of  the  marquisate  of  Saluzzo,  and  the  chie 
town  is  Lucerna.  The  inhabitants  are  calie< 
Vaudois,  also  Waldenses,  from  Peter  Waldo, 
merchant  at  Lyons,  who  exposed  the  superstition 
of  the  church  of  Rome,  in  1160,  and,  being  ban 
ished  from  France,  came  here  with  his  disciple* 
The  Vaudois  underwent  the  most  dreadful  perse 
cution  in  the  17th  century,  particularly  in  1653 
1656,  and  1696. 

Vaudrevange,  decayed  town  of  France,  in  th 
dep.  of  Meurthe,  seated  on  the  Sare,  near  th 
strong  fortress  of  San  Louis,  50  ms.  NE.  of  Nanc\ 
Lon.  6  36  E.,  lat.  49  28  N. 

Vauxhall,  village  of  Eng  ,  in  Surry,  seated  o; 
the  Thames,  2  ms.  SW.  of  London. 

Vecht,  river  that  has  its  source  in  Westphalia 
near  Munster,  crosses  the  cos.  of  Stenford  an 
Benthiem,  and,  entering  Overyssel,  passes  by  On 
men,  Haffelt,  and  Swartsluys,  below  which  it  fall 


the  Gulf  of  Laconia,  now  Colokythia.    The  entire  i  into  the  Zuyder  Zee,  under  the  name  of  Swartwa 

length  of  the  Vasilipotamos  is  short  of  40  miles  ;  !  ter — that  is,  Blackwater.  River  of  the  Ntthei 

dry  in  summer  and  autumn,  and  only  swelled  by  j  lands,  which  branches  off  from  the  old  channei  i 
winter  rain.  the  Rhine,  at  Utrecht,  and  enters  the  Zuyder  Ze 

Vassalborough,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  on  ;  at  Muyden. 
the  E.  side  of  Kennebec  river,  7  ms.  S.  of  Fort  j     Vechta,  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circl 
Halifax,  40  N.  of  Wiscasset,  and  about  83  NE.  of  of  Westphalia,  and  bishopric  of  Munster,  30  m* 


Portland.    Pop.  1810,  1,188;  in  1820,  2,484. 
Vasserburg,  town  of  Bavaria.    It  is  surrounded 


N.  of  Osnaburg.    Lon.  8  24  E.,  lat.  52  54  N. 
Vector  Radius,  line  supposed  to  be  draw 


by  high  mountains,  and  seated  on  the  river  Inn,  !  from  the  centre  of  the  sun  to  that  of  any  planet  n 


28  ms.  E.  of  Munich.  Lon.  12  15  E.,  lat.  48  10 
North. 

Vassi,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Marne,  seated  on  the  Blaize,  10  ms.  IN  W.  of  Join- 
ville,  and  1 15  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  10  E.,  lat.  48 
27  N. 

Vatan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Indre,  seated 
in  a  fine  plain,  8  ms.  NW.  of  Issoudun.  Lon.  1 
56  E.,  lat.  47  2  N. 

Vathi,  village  of  Greece,  in  Livadia,  on  the 
straits  of  Negropont,  5  ms.  SW.  from  the  town  of 
Negropont. 

Vatica,  seaport  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  the 
Morea,  situated  in  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  44  ms. 
SE.  of  Misitra.    Lon.  23  2  E.,  lat.  36  38  N. 

Vaucoleures,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse, 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Meuse, 
10  ms.  W.  of  Toul,  22  SW.  of  Nancy,  and  150 
E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  5  40  E.,  lat.  48  36  N.— See 
Domremy  la  Pucelle. 

Vaucluse,  department  of  France,  which  includes 
the  co.  of  Venaissin  and  territory  of  Avignon. 

 Village  and  fountain  of  France,  in  the  dep.  to 

which  it  gives  name,  12  ms.  E.  of  Avignon,  cele- 
brated by  Petrarch. 

Vaud,  Pays  de,  country  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern.    It  extends  along  the  lake  of  Ge 
924 


volving  round  that  luminary.  It  is  from  Lati 
veho  or  vectum,  to  carry,  as,  apparently,  this  lin 
attaches  the  planet  to  the  sun,  and  by  which  it  i 
carried  round  as  a  stone  in  a  sling. 

Vedas,  or  Great  Shastras,  the  Hindoo  ei 
cred  books,  consisting  of  one  class,  called  "  Tl 
Four  Vedas.'"  These  are  regarded  as  not  revel; 
tions  to  inspired  men,  and  by  them  communicate 
to  mankind  generally,  but  as  proceeding  direct  ov 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Creator.  Second  class,  "  Tl' 
Four  Upa  Vedas,"  given  to  mankind  by  Brahma 
these  and  the  following  are  revelations.  Thir 
class,  "  The  Six  Ved- Angus  "  Fourth  clas* 
"  Up-Angas,"  which  is  the  most  copious,  an 
contains  the  Puranas,  or  sacred  poems.  Aft< 
stating  the  above,  the  Foreign  Missionary  Chron 
cle  for  November,  1840,  contains  the  f.illowin 
observations : 

*«  These  works  are  in  great  part  composed  in 
kind  of  blank  verse  or  measured  phrase.  The 
number  and  bulk  are  not  easily  described.  Tr 
Four  Vedas  form  eleven  large  folio  volumes.  Tl) 
Puranas  and  two  other  poems  contain  two  and 
half  millions  of  lines,  whilst  an  octavo  bibtej  i 
large  print,  contains  less  than  one  hundred  thoi 
sand  lines,  and  these  are  but  a  small  part  of  th 
whole.    The  longest  life  would  not  suffice  for 


VEL  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  VEN 


ingle  perusal  of  the  books  claiming  to  be  a  divine 
svelation  to  direct  man  in  the  worship  of  his  Cre- 
tor,  and  his  duty  to  his  fellow-man. 

Vedenskoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
f  Archangel,  on  the  Vokscha,  200  ms.  ESE.  of 
irchangel.    Lon.  46  44  E.,  lat.  58  45  N. 

Veere. — See  Tervere. 

Veglia,  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
oast  of  Dalmatia,  with  a  good  harbor.  It  is  the 
lost  populous  island  on  this  coast ;  it  abounds  in 
»'ine  and  silk.  The  only  town,  of  the  same 
iame,  is  seated  on  the  sea,  on  a  hill,  commanded 
V  two  mountains,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Arbe,  and  1 10 
;E.  of  Venice.    Lon.  14  64  E.,  45  22  N. 

Vagliana,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  in  the 
narquisate  of  Susa,  seated  on  the  eminence,  near 
he  river  Doria,  12  ms.  NW.  of  Turin.  Lon.  7 
14  E.,  lat.  45  7  N. 

Veiros,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  with  a 
astle,  seated  on  the  Anhaloura,  10  ms.  SSW.  of 
5ortalegre.    Lon.  7  34  W.,  lat.  38  57  N. 

Vert,  St.,  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  Austria, 
eated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Glan  and  Wanich, 
I  ms.  N.  of  Clagenfort,  and  173  SW.  of  Vienna. 

(!Jon.  14  20  E.,  lat.  47  1  N.  Strong  seaport  of 

f  istria. — See  Fiume. 

\  Vela,  eape  of  S.  America,  on  the  N.  coast  of 

Nferra  Firma,  160  ms  ENE.  of  St.  Martha.  Lon. 

ttl  25  W.,  lat.  12  50  N. 

Velay,  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on  the 

fLV.  by  Forez,  on  the  W.  by  Auvergne,  on  the  S. 
>y  Gevauden,  and  on  the  E.  by  Vivarez.    It  is 

i  full  of  high  mountains,  covered  with  snow  the 
greater  part  of  the  year,  but  abounds  in  cattle.  It 
now  forms  the  department  of  Upper  Loire. 
;  Velden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Ba- 
varia, 22  ms.  NW.  of  Ratisbon.  Lon.  11  50  E., 
ilat.  40  10N. 

1  Veldentz,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Moselle,  13  ms.  NE. 
of  Treves.    Lon.  7  3  E.,  lat.  49  52  N. 

Veleki  Ustiug,  province  of  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Vologda.    Ustiug  is  the  capital. 

Veletri,  or  Velletri,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma.  It  is  a  very  pleasant  place,  and  there 
are  large  squares  adorned  with  fine  fountains.  It 
is  seated  on  an  eminence,  surrounded  by  hills,  8 
ms.  ESE.  of  Alt'ano,  and  20  SE.  of  Rome.  Lon, 
12  36  E.,  lat.  41  46  N. 

Velez,  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with  a 
castle,  45  ms.  NE.  of  Toledo,  and  50  SE.  of 
Madrid.    Lnn.  2  22  W.,  lat.  40°  N. 

Velez  de  Gomara,  town  of  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  with  a  harbor,  seated  between  two 
high  mountains,  on  the  Mediterranean,  120  ms. 
NNE.  of  Fez.    Lon.  4°  W.,  lat.  35  10  N. 

Velez  Malaga,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  seat- 
ed in  a  large  plain,  near  the  Mediierranean  sea,  12 
ms.  NE.  of  Malaga,  and  52  SW.  of  Granada. 
Lon.  3  24  W..  lat.  36  42  N. 

Velika,  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated  on  the  river 
Bakawa,  10  ms.-E.  of  Cruetz,  and  60  NW.  of 
Posega.    Lon.  16  50,  lat.  46  18  N. 

Velino,  small  river  of  Italy,  flows  past  Terni, 
'  and  near  that  town  falls  over  a  precipice  300  feet. 
This  is  the  cataract  so  poetically  described  by  By- 
ron.— See  Terni. 

Vehre,  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic.  It 
is  a  post  of  great  importance,  commanding  the 


great  road  from  Mysore  into  the  Carnatic.  It 
consists  of  three  strong  forts,  on  as  many  hills,  and 
is  deemed  impregnable  to  an  Indian  army*.  It  is 
90  miles  W.  of  Madras,  and  214  from  Seringa- 
patam. 

Veltzen. — See  Ultzen. 

Vena,  or  Monti-della-  Vena,  mountains  of  Car- 
niola,  on  the  confines  of  Istria,  on  the  S.  of  the 
Lake  Czernic. 

Venafro,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Terra-di- 
Lavora,  with  a  bishop's  see,  seated  near  the  Vol- 
turno,  27  ms.  W.  of  Capua,  and  43  N.  of  Naples. 
Lon.  14  19  E.,  lat.  43  32  N. 

Venaissin,  small  but  fertile  territory  of  France, 
lately  depending  on  the  Pope,  but  now  decreed  a 
part  of  France,  and  included  in  the  department 
of  Vaucluse.  It  is  of  small  extent,  but  pleasant  and 
fertile. 

Venango,  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  Armstrong 
SE.,  Butler  SW.,  Mercer  W.,  Crawford  NW., 
Warren  NE.,  and  Jefferson  E.  Length  38  ms., 
width  29  ;  area  1,1 14  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally 
broken,  though  much  good  soil  lies  along  the  wa- 
tercourses. Alleghany  river  winds  through  and 
receives  French  creek  in  this  county.  Chief  town, 
Franklin.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,915;  and  in  1840, 
17,900.    Central  lat.  41  24  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2 

40  W. 

Venango,  NE.  tp.,  Butler  co.,  Pa.  One  of 

the  northern  tps.  of  Crawford  co.,  Pa.,  NW.  from 
French  creek,  6  ms.  N.  from  Meadville.  Pop.  in 
1820,  630. 

Venani,  St.,  town  of  Fr  ,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Straits  of  Calais,  and  late  province  of  Artois.  It 
can  be  laid  under  water  at  any  time,  which  is  its 
chief  defence,  and  is  27  miles  SE.  of  Dunkiik, 
and  23  NW.  of  Arras.  Lon.  2  39  E.,  lat.  50 
38  N. 

Venasque,  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  in  a  val- 
ley  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Essara,  in  a  country  producing  good 
wine,  35  ms.  E.  of  Balbastro.    Lon.  0  25  E,,  lat. 

41  58  N. 

Venetighery,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  51  ms.  E.  of  Bangalore,  and  54  W.  of  Ar- 
cot.    Lon.  78  38  E.,  lat.  13  5  N. 

Vence,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  and  late 
province  of  Provence,  8  ms.  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  10  W.  of  Nice. 

Vendee,  dep.  of  Fr  ,  including  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Poitou.  It  is  so  called  from  a  small 
river  of  the  same  name.  Fontenay-le-Compe  is 
the  capital. 

Venden,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Riga,  36  ms.  NE.  of  Riga.  Lon.  25  15  E.,  lat. 
57  12  N. 

Vendome,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Loir  and 
Cher,  and  late  province  of  Blaisois,  seated  on  the 
river  Loier,  30  ms.  NE.  of  Tours,  and  95  SW.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  1  8  E.,  lat.  47  50  N. 

Vendrell,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  25  ms. 
VVSW.  of  Barcelona.  Lon.  150  E.,  lat.  41  12  N. 

Venezuela,  province  of  Colombia,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Caribbean  sea,  on  the  E.  by  Carac- 
cas,  on  the  S.  by  New  Granada,  and  on  the  W. 
by  St.  Martha.  When  the  Spaniards  landed  here 
in  1499,  they  observed  some  huts  built  upon  piles, 
in  an  Indian  village,  in  order  to  raise  them  above 
the  stagnated  water  that  covered  the  plain,  and 

925 


VER  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  VER 


this  induced  them  to  give  it  the  name  of  Venezu- 
ela, or  Little  Venice.  Near  the  sea  coast  are  high 
mountains,  the  tops  of  which  are  barren,  but  the 
lower  parts  in  the  valley  are  fertile,  producing 
plenty  of  corn,  rich  pastures,  sugar,  tobacco,  and 
fruits.  There  are  also  plantations  of  cocoa  nuts, 
which  are  exceedingly  good  ;  and  gold  is  found  in 
the  sands  of  rivers. 

Venezuela,  or  Coro,  capital  of  the  province  of 
the  same  name,  in  Colombia,  seated  on  a  penin- 
sula on  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela,  70  ms.  NE.  of 
Ma/acaybo.    Lon.  70  15  W.,  lat.  10  43  N, 

Venezuela,  gulf  on  the  N.  coast  of  Terra  Firma, 
which  communicates  with  the  Lake  of  Maracaybo 
by  a  narrow  strait. 

Venice,  late  celebrated  republic  of  Italy,  which 
comprehended  the  Dogado,  Paduano,  Vicentino, 
Veronese,  Bresciano,  Bergamo,  Cremasco,  Pole- 
sinodi  Rovigo,  Trevisano,  Feltrino,  Bellunese,  Ca» 
dorino,  and  part  of  Friuli  and  Istria,  The  Vene- 
tian territories  on  the  continent,  enumerated  above, 
(and  which,  by  way  of  distinction,  are  sometimes 
called  the  Terra  Firma,)  are  described  in  their  re- 
spective places.  This  once  powerful  State,  since 
1814,  has  formed  one  of  the  great  sections  of  Aus- 
trian Italy  ;  area  9,950  sq.  ms.    Pop.  1,930,000. 

Venice,  city  of  Italy,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
in  the  wo'rld,  and  capital  of  a  republic  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  patriarchate  and  a  university.  It 
stands  on  72  Utile  islands,  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 
The  approach  to  the  city  is  marked  by  rows  of 
stakes  on  each  side,  which  direct  vessels  of  a  cer- 
tain burden  to  avoid  the  shallows.  These  shal- 
lows are  a  better  defence  than  the  strongest  fortifi- 
cations. Venice  is  included  in  the  province  called 
the  Dogado,  and  is  72  ms  E.  by  N.  of  Mantua, 
115  NE.  of  Florence,  140  E.  of  Milan,  212  N. 
of  Rome,  and  300  N.  by  W.  of  Naples.  Lon.  12 
10  E.,  lat.  45  26  N.  The  trade,  opulence,  and 
population  of  Venice  are  still  respectable.  The 
inhabitants  amount  to  about  140, 0U0. 

Venice,  Gulf  of,  sea  between  Italy  and  part  of 
Turkey  in  Europe.  It  is  the  ancient  Adriaticum 
Mare,  and  is  still  sometimes  called  the  Adriatic. 
It  extends  from  SE.  to  NW,  between  Italy  to  the 
SW.,  and  Albania,  Herzigowina,  Daltnatia,  and 
Illyria,  NE.,  reaching  from  lat.  40°  to  46°  N.^ 

Venice,  village  between  Genoa  and  Scipio,  Cay- 
uga co.,  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  N.  from  Ithaca,  and  15  S. 
frbm  Auburn. 

Venlo,  strong  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, in  Guelderland,  formerly  in  alliance  with 
the  Hanseatic  Towns,  19  ms.  N.  of  Ruremonde, 
and  35  NW.  of  Juliers.  Lon.  5  50  E.,  lat.  51 
20  N. 

Venosa,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  on  Basilicata, 
a  fertile  plain  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  13  ms. 
NW.  of  Acerenza,  and  72  NE.  of  Naples.  Lon. 
15  52  E  ,  lat.  40  54  N. 

Venta-de  Cruz,  town  of  Colombia,  in  Darien, 
on  the  river  Chagre.  Here  the  Spaniards  used  to 
embark  the  merchandise  of  Peru  on  that  river  for 
Porto  Belio.    Lon.  79  0  W.,  lat.  9  20  N. 

Venzone,  town  of  Italy,  in  Friub,  32  ms.  ENE. 
of  Belluno.    Lon.  13  40  E.,  lat.  46  22  N. 

Vera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with  a  har- 
bor    It  is  43  ms.  NE.  of  Almeria,  and  32  SW. 

f  Carthagena.    Lon.  1  30  W.,  lat.  37  15  N. 
o  Vera  Cruz,  formerly  an   intendancy,   now  a 
926 


State  of  the  republic  of  Mexico.  It  is  a  long,  nar 
row  slip  extending  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  450  ms. 
with  a  mean  width  inland  of  60  ms.  ;  area  27,00( 
sq.  ms.  ;  lying  between  N.  lat.  17°  and  22°  20' 
lon.  W.  C.  17  5  to  22  0  W.  In  all  its  great  Lin 
of  sea  coast,  not  one  really  good  harbor  exists.  Ve 
ra  Cruz  itself  is  a  mere  roadstead.  There  are  few 
if  any  other  regions  of  the  world  where  transition  o 
soil,  elevation,  and  vegetable  life,  are  more  rapii 
and  striking.  The  western  part  rises  on  the  de 
clivity  of  Anahuac.  In  one  day  the  traveller  as 
cends  from  the  parched  plains  near  the  Mexicat 
gulf  to  the  region  of  perpetual  snow.  Ascendim 
from  the  city  of  Vera  Cruz  to  the  table  land  of  Pe 
rote,  we  see  the  physiognomy  of  the  country,  tb 
aspect  of  the  sky,  the  form  of  plants,  the  figure  o 
animals,  the  manners  of  the  inhabitants,  and  thei 
modes  of  cultivation,  assume  a  different  aspect  a 
every  step.  Staples,  vanilla,  cocoa,  tobacco,  cot 
ton,  sugar,  and  rice.  This  intendancy  contain 
the  two  great  volcanic  summits  of  Orizaba  am  i 
Coffre  de  Perote.  In  it,  near  Papantla,  are  foun< 
very  well  preserved  remains  of  ancient  monuments 
— See  Pyramids  of  Mexico.  Its  cities  are  Ven 
Cruz,  Xalap.i,  Perote,  Cordoba,  Orizaba,  and  Tla 
cotlalpan.  It  is  drained  by  the  Sumasinta,  Gua 
sacualco,  Alvarado,  and  some  streams  of  lesse 
consequence. 

Vera  Cruz,  city  of  Mexico,  and  capital  of  thi 
State  of  the  same  name.  This  city,  beautiful  am 
wealihy  from  art,  owes  nothing  to  nature  I 
stands  on  the  low,  sandy,  and  insalubrious  coast  o 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  harbor,  if  it  ought  to  bi p. 
so  called,  is  in  some  measure  protected  by  the  smal 
island  of  St.  Jean  d'Uloa,  but  is  in  reality  very  in 
secure.  The  winter  population  of  Vera  Cruz  i 
about  17,000,  but  in  summer  the  yellow  feve1 
drives  the  wealthy  to  Xalapa,  and  other  places  o 
the  interior.  Arid  sands  environ  this  city,  whicl 
depends  on  foreign  commerce  for  its  very  existence 
Lat.  19  11  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  19  9  W. 

Vera  Paz,  province  of  Guatemala,  bounded  oiL 
the  N.  by  Yucatan,  E.  by  the  bay  and  province  o 
Honduras,  S.  by  Guatemala  proper,  and  W.  b; 
Chiapa.  It  is 'full  of  mountains  and  forests,  bu 
there  are  many  fertile  vaileys,  which  feed  a  grea 
number  of  horses  and  mules.  There  are  also  man; 
towns  and  villages  of  the  native  Americans.  Th< 
capital,  of  the  same  name,  or  Coban,  is  a  bishop' 
see,  but  is  inconsiderable.  It  is  120  ms.  NE.  o 
Guatemala.    Lon.  90  55  W.,  lat.  15  30  N. 

Veragrua,  province  of  Colombia,  on  the  isthmu 
of  Darien,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Caribbeai 
sea,  E.  by  the  province  and  bay  of  Panama,  S.  b' 
the  Pacific  ocean,  and  W.  by  Costa  Rica.  It  i 
125  ms.  long  and  40  broad,  and  is  a  mountainou 
and  barren  country,  but  abounds  in  gold  and  sil 
ver.    St.  J  ago  is  the  capital. 

Verberie,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  oi 
the  river  Oise,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Senlis. 

Vercelli,  city  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a  lordshij 
of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The  in 
habitants  are  estimated  at  20,000.  It  is  seated  a 
the  conflux  of  the  Cerva  with  the  Sesia,  40  ms 
NE.  of  Turin.    Lon.  8  24  E.,  lat.  45  31  N. 

Vercholensk,  town  of  Russia,  in  thegovernmen 
of  Irkutsk,  seated  on  the  Lena,  120  ms.  N.  oflr 
kutsk.    Lon.  105  35  E.,  lat.  54  0  N. 

Verchoturu,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern 


VER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VER 


ent  of  Perm  This  was  the  first  town  the  Rus- 
ms  built  in  Siberia.  It  is  situated  near  the  river 
ura,  120  ms.  N.  of  Catharinenburg.  Lon.  60  15 
.,  ]at.  58  45  N. 

Verd,  Cape,  promontory  on  the  W.  coast  of  Af- 
:a,  145  ms.  NVV.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia, 
bn.  17  31  W.,  lat.  14  44  N. 

Verd  Islands,  Cape,  islands  in  the  Atlantic, 
>ove  300  ms.  W.  of  the  coast  of  Africa,  between 
1°  and  19°  N.  Iat.  They  are  said  to  have  been 
town  to  the  ancients  under  the  name  of  Gorgades, 
it  not  visited  by  the  moderns  till  they  were  dis- 
vered,  in  1446,  by  Anthony  Noel,  a  Genoese, 

the  service  of  Portugal,  and  received  their  gen- 
al  name  from  their  situation  opposite  Cape  Verd. 
hey  are  ten  in  number,  lying  in  a  semicircle. 
:he  names  are  St.  Antonio,  St.  Vincent,  St.  Lu- 
a,  St.  Nicholas,  Sal  Bonavista,  Mayo,  St.  Jago, 
uego,  and  Brava.  St.  Jago  is  the  principal, 
i  Verden,  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom 
.'Hanover,  28  ms.  long  and  nearly  as  much  broad, 
>unded  on  the  W.  and  N.  by  the  duchy  of  Bre- 
en,  and  E.  and  S.  by  the  duchy  of  Lunenburg. 

consists  chiefly  of  heaths  and  high  dry  lands, 
at  there  are  good  marshes  on  the  rivers  Weser 
ad  Aller.  Tt  now  forms  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
ianover. 

Verden,  town  of  Hanover,  capital  of  a  duchy 
'  the  same  name.    It  contains  four  churches,  and 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Aller,  18  ms.  ESE.  of 
[remen.    Longitude  9  20  East,  latitude  52  58 
orth. 

,  Verdon,  village,  Hanover  co.,  Va.,  32  ms.  from 
ichmond. 

Verdun,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse. 
'he  citadel,  which  is  a  regular  fortification,  was 
onstructed  by  Vauban,  who  was  a  native  of  this 
lace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Meuse,  28  ms.  N.  by 
!.  of  Bar  le  Due,  and  140  E.  by  N.  of  Paris, 
.on.  5  23  E.,  lat.  49  9  N. 

Verdun,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
•aone  and  Loire,  seated  on  the  Saone,  at  the  in- 
ux  of  the  Donbs,  80  miles  East  by  South  of 
mtun, 

Verdun,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
inronne,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  20  ms.  NNW. 
f  Toulouse. 

Verea,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Macedo- 
ia,  48  ms.  W.  of  Salonica. 

Vergennes,  town  of  Vt  ,  in  Addison  co.,  seated 
n  Otter  creek,  6  ms.  from  its  mouth  in  Lake 
^hamplain,  and  10  N.  of  Middlebury. 

Verina,  town  of  Colombia,  in  the  province  of 
Humana,  celebrated  for  its  tobacco.  It  is  situated 
>n  a  gulf  the  Atlantic,  45  ms.  E.  of  Cumana. 
^on.  63  44  W.,  lat.  10  8  N. 

Vermandois,  territory  of  France,  in  Picardy, 
vhich,  with  the  late  Territory  of  Soissonnois,  is 
low  included  in  the  department  of  Aisne.  It 
ibounds  in  corn  and  excellent  flax. 

Vermtjo,  or  Rio  Grande,  river  of  South  Amer- 
ca,  rising  from  the  eastern  valleys  of  the  Andes, 
n  the  province  of  Salto,  and  falling  into  the  Par- 
aguay from  the  W.,  a  little  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Parana.— See  Rio  Grande. 

Vermillion,  small  river  of  Ohio,  rises  near  the 
lorthem  boundary  of  Richland,  and,  flowing  N. 
)ver  Huron  co.,  falls  into  Lake  Erie,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  30  ms.  Town,  Huron  co., 


Ohio,  on  Vermillion  river.  Tp.,  Richland  co., 

Ohio.  River  of  Illinois  and  Indiana,  rises  in 

the  former,  and,  flowing  SE.  by  comparative 
courses  50  ms.,  enters  the  latter  State  and  falls 
into  the  Wabash  at  lat.  39  58  N.,  in  Vermillion 
co.  River  of  Illinois,  heading  with  the  Ver- 
million branch  of  Wabash,  but,  flowing  NW.  by 
comparative  course  60  ms.,  falls  into  Illinois  river 

at  Vermillion  rapids.  River  and  branch  of  the 

Mississippi,  entering  that  stream  above  the  falls  of 

Pegagama.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Vermillion 

co.,  Illinois,  about  120  ms.  NE.  from  Vandalia, 
and  100  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Indianapolis,  in 
Indiana. 

Vermillion,  co.  of  Indiana,  and  Vermillion  co., 
Illinois,  bound  on  each  other,  and  are  both  crossed 
by  the  river  of  the  same  name  and  by  N.  lat  40°. 
Newport  is  the  co.  seat  of  that  of  Indiana,  and 
Danville  of  that  of  Illinois.  Pop.  of  Vermillion, 
Indiana,  in  1840,  8,274;  pop.  of  Vermillion,  Illi- 
nois, in  1840,  9,303.  Co.,  Illinois,  on  Ver- 
million of  Wabash,  and  N.  from  Edgar  co.  It  is 
traversed  by  lat.  40°  N. 

.  Vermillion,  river  of  La.,  rises  3  ms.  NW.  from 
the  town  of  St.  Landre,  in  Opelousas,  by  Bayou 
Bourbee.  After  continuing  to  flow  to  the  S.  a 
little  E.  12  ms.,  an  interlocking  stream,  the  Fu- 
silier, unites  the  Vermillion  and  Teche,  forming 
the  limit  between  Opelousas  and  Attacapas  at  that 
place.  The  Vermillion  continues  through  St. 
Martin's,  the  upper  parish  of  Attacapas,  in  nearly 
a  S.  direction  60  ms.,  having  an  entire  course  of 
a  little  more  than  70  ms.  The  arable  lands  along 
the  Vermillion  are  extremely  fertile,  and,  as  the 
stream  flows  S.  of  lat.  30°,  sugar  can  be  culti- 
vated on  its  banks  ;  considerable  forests  clothe  the 
banks  of  the  Vermillion  near  the  limits  of  the 
Opelousas  and  Attacapas  ;  but  in  proceeding  to- 
wards the  sea  trees  gradually  diminish,  and  near 
the  bay,  except  a  few  clumps  of  cypress,  live  oak, 
&c,  the  prairie  or  sea  marsh  extends  on  all  sides. 
The  tide  rises  in  the  Vermillion  15  or  20  ms.  ;  but 
the  bar  at  the  mouth  only  admits  vessels  drawing  4 
or  5  feet  of  water.  , 

Vermillion,  and  Cote  Blanche  Bays,  Louisi- 
ana, are  only  parts  of  the  same  sheet  of  water  in- 
dented by  Point  Cypiiere  Mort,  and  limited  on  the 
S.  by  a  chain  of  low  marshy  islands.  The  depth  of 
water  over  the  two  bays  is  10  or  12  feet,  though 
no  vessels  drawing  more  than  5  feet  can  enter 
The  coast  along  the  shores  is  low  and  marshy, 
except  the  two  small  elevated  spots  of  Cote  Blan- 
che and  Grand  Cote.  Small  clumps  of  trees  are 
scattered  along  the  lagunes,  but  the  general  sur- 
face grassy  marsh. 

The  grand  or  western  pass  into  Vermillion  bay 
is  the  main  outlet  of  Vermillion  river,  and  is  about 
one  mile  wide  and  three  long.  Morrison's  cut  or 
eastern  pass  is  merely  a  strait  between  two  small 
islands,  each  pass  having  about  5  feet  water. 

Vermillion  Bridge,  and  post  office,  St.  Martin's 
parish,  La.,  15  ms,  NW.  from  St.  Martin's,  and 
25  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  St.  Landre,  in  Ope 
lousas. 

Vermillion  Sea.— See  Gulf  of  California. 
Vermont,  State  of  the  United  States,  bounded  by 
L.   Canada  N.,  Conn,  river  or  N.  Hampshire 
E.,  Mass.  S.,  and  N.  York  and  Lake  Champlain 
West. 

927 


VER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VER 


Miles. 

Having  an  outline  along  Connecticut  river, 

in  common  with  N.  Hampshire  -          -  170 

Along  the  N.  boundary  of  Massachusetts  -  43 

In  common  with  N.  York  and  along  Lake 

Champlain        -  160 

Along  L.  Canada,  on  lat.  45°  N.  -          -  90 

Whole  outline  -  463 
Length  from  N.  to  S.  160  ms.,  mean  width  52; 
area,  8,000  sq.  ms;  lying  between  lat.  42  44 
and  45°  N.  A  chain  of  high  mountains,  running 
N  and  S.,  divides  the  State  nearly  in  the  centre, 
between  the  river  Connecticut  and  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  The  natural  growth  upon  this  chain  is 
hemlock,  pine,  spruce,  and  other  evergreens  ;  hence 
they  are  called  the  Green  mountains,  and  give 
name  to  the  State.  The  country  is  generally  hilly, 
but  not  rocky,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.  It  has  nu- 
merous streams  and  rivers,  which  all  rise  in  the 
Green  mountains ;  the  largest  are  on  the  W.  side, 
and  the  chief  are  Otter  creek,  Onion  river,  La 
Moelle,  and  Mischiscou  ;  the  most  numerous  are 
on  the  E.  side,  and  the  largest  are  West  river, 
White  river,  and  Passumpsic. 

Vermont  is  subdivided  into  the  counties  of — 


Counties. 

Sq.  ms. 

Population. 
1820. 

To  sq.  ni. 

Addison 

500 

20,46Q 

41 

Bennington  - 

630 

16,125 

24 

Caledonia 

500 

16,669 

33 

Chittenden  - 

630 

16,055 

25 

Essex  ■ 

728 

3,284 

4 

Franklin 

810 

17,192 

21 

Grand  Isle 

90 

3,527 

39 

Orange 

600 

24,681 

41 

Orleans 

800 

6,976 

8| 

Rutland 

720 

29,983 

41 

Washington  • 

480 

14,113 

30 

Windharn 

640 

28,457 

44 

Windsor 

732 

38,233 

38 

8,000 

235,764 

29 

Population  in  1810. 


Free  white  males 
Free  white  females 

Total  whites 


All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 
taxed  -  -  - 

Slaves  -  -  -  - 

Total  population  in  1810 


Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males  -  -  - 
Free  white  females  - 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed        -           -           -  - 

Total  whites  - 
Free  persons  of  color,  males  - 
Free  persons  of  color,  females 

Total  population  in  1820 


109,951 
107,194 


217,145 


750 
0 


217,895 


117,310 
117,536 

15 

234,861 
438 
465 


235,764 


Of  these : 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  9; 

Engaged  in  agriculture         -  -  50,9,' 

Do       manufactures     -  -  8,4f 

Do       commerce  t, 

Pop.  to  the  sq.  mile,  28. 

Distributive  population  of  Vermont,  from  t, 
census  of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0  to  5 

5  to  10  - 

10  to  15  - 

15  to  20  - 

20  to  30  - 

30  to  40  - 

40  to  50  - 

50  to  60  - 

60  to  70  - 

70  to  80  - 

80  to  90  - 

90  to  100  - 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites  - 


Males. 


21,786 
19.069 
17,551 
16,999 
23,006 
17,596 
12,817 
7,982 
5,454 
3,137 
884 
84 
13 

146,378 


Free  colored  persons.— Ages. 


Oto  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwa 


Total  free  colored 
Slaves 


Aggregate 


Males. 


364 


Female 


20,3 
18,3 
16,6 
15,7 
24,2 
18.1 
12,8 
8,6 
5,4 

1 


144,8 
146,3 

291,2 


Female 


291,9 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 

Do. above  25    -  -  -  -  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb  -  -  -  1. 

Do.  blind        -  -  -  -  I 

White  persons  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge 
Private  charge 

Do.  total  insane  and  idiots 
Free  colored  persons  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 

Blind  .... 
Do.  insane  and  idiots 
Number  of  persons  employed  in- 
Mining 

Agriculture      ....  -  73,1 

Commerce      -  -  -  -  H 

Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers       -  -  \ 

Learned  professions 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services     -  1,3 
Universities  or  colleges 
Students  in  do 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Students  in  do.  -  -  -  *  oi' 

Primary  and  common  schools     -  -  -  Sm 

Scholars  in  do.  ...  - 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -  -  -  H7' 

Number  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 
cannot  read  or  write   -  -  -  -2,. 


93S 


VER 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VER 


Population  of  Vermont,  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Whites. 

Free  col. 

Slaves. 

persons 

.  Counties. 

<h 

<p 

m 

<u 

Total. 

si 

Oi 

1 

9 

cs 

S 

1 

3 

1 

i 

CD 

m 

i 

<» 

,9 

hittenden 

11,557 

11,338 

39 

43 

'ranklin 

12,420 

12,053 

31 

27 

24,531 

laledunia 

10,941 

10  936 

3 

11 

2;!'s83 

rrand  Isle 

1^959 

l',924 

6,871 

6,752 

5 

6 

- 

13',634 

Vashington  • 

11,742 

11,743 

11 

10 

23,506 

Issex 

2,121 

2,097 

6 

2 

4,226 

grange 

13,882 

13,970 

10 

-11 

27,873 

(Vindham 

13,713 

13,695 

16 

18 

27,442 

,,amoille 

5,351 

5,121 

3 

10,475 

'pnni  n  art  fill 

8.503 

8  268 

55 

46 

16,872 

'.utland 

15,414 

15,155 

61 

69 

30,699 

Vindsor 

20,108 

20,112 

73 

63 

40,356 

ildison 

11,796 

11,676 

54 

57 

23,583 

'otal  Vermont 

146378 

144840 

364 

366 

291948 

Progressive  population. 

n  1790 

-  85,539 

1800 

-  154,465 

:  1810 

-  217,865 

,  1820 

-  235,764 

1830 

-  280,667 

1840 

-  291,948 

Pop.  to  the  sq.  mile  in  1840,  38^. 
The  principal  products  of  Vermont  are  small 
rain,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  beef,  pork,  &c.  The 
pening  of  the  Champlain  canal  must  be  of  incal- 
ulable  advantage  to  the  western  section  of  Ver- 
mont, in  opening  to  the  inhabitants  the  markets  of 
he  Hudson. 

There  are  two  colleges  in  Vermont,  located  at 
Turlington  and  Middlebury. 
Vermont,  village,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y. 
Vernal,  village,  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y. 
Vernet. — See  Issoire. 

Verneuil,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure,  and 
ite  province  of  Normandy,  seated  on  the  Aure,  22 
as.  SW.  of  Evreux,  and  65  W.  by  S.  of  Paris. 

ion.  59'  E.,  lat.  48  42  N.  Town  of  France, 

a  the  department  of  Allier,  and  late  province  of 
Sourbonnois,  3  ms.  from  the  river  Allier,  and  15 
!.  of  Moulins.    Lon.  3  25  E.,  lat.  45  20  N. 

Vernon,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Jure/and  late  province  of  Normandy,  27  ms.  SE. 
f  Rouen,  and  42  NW.  of  Paris.  Lon.  1  42  E„ 
at.  49  6  N. 

Vernon,  tp.,  Windham  co.,  Vt.,on  Connecticut 

iver.    Pop.  600.  Town,  Tolland  co.,  Ct.,  12 

ns.  NE.  from  Hartford.  Town,  Oneida  co., 

m  Y,,  18  ms.  W.  from  Utica.    it  is  the  seat  of  a 

lass  factory.  Town,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  21 

ns.  NE.  from  Newtown.  Village,  Kent  co., 

)el.,  by  post  road  43  ms.  from  Dover.  Village, 

Montgomery  county,  Georgia. — See  Mount  Ver- 

wn,  Montgomery  county,  Georgia.  Southeast 

ownship,  Clinton  county,  Ohio.    Population  in 

820,  1,383.  Town,  Trumbull  county,  Ohio. 

^he  village  is  20  ms.  NE.  from  Warren.  

["own  and  seat  of  justice,  Jennings  co.,  Ia.,  64 
is.  SSE.  from  Indianapolis.    Lat.  39  1  N.,  lon. 

V.  C.  8  30  W.  Town  and  seat  of  justice, 

117* 


Hickman  co.,Tenn.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Duck 
river,  45  ms.  SW.  from  Nashville.    Lat.  35  48 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10  24  W.  Village,  Autauga 

co.,  Alabama,  on  Alabama  river,  34  ms.  E.  from 
Cahaba. 

Vernon  Centre,  post  office,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y., 
18  ms.  W.  from  Utica. 

\eroli,  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
on  the  Cosa,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  45 
ms.  SE.  of  Rome.    Lon.  13  15  E.,  lat.  41  28  N. 

Verona,  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Veronese, 
with  an  academy,  17  ms.  NE.  of  Mantua,  and  62 
SW.  of  Venice.    Lon.  11  24  E.,  lat.  45  26  N. 

 Town,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Erie  canal, 

10  ms.  W.  from  Rome. 

Veronese,  province  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
former  territory  of  Venice,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Trentino,  on  the  E  by  the  Vincentino  and 
Paduano,  on  the  S.  by  the  Mantuan,  and  on  the 
W.  by  the  Bresciano.  It  is  35  ms.  long  and  27 
broad,  and  one  of  the  most  fertile  countries  in 
Italy,  abounding  in  corn,  wine,  fruits,  and  cattle. 
Area  1,330  sq.  ms.,  and  population  285,000. 

Vernois,  considerable  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Rozan,  seated  on  a  mountain,  near 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  which,  a  little  lower, 
falls  into  the  Don.  Lon.  42  29  E.,  lat.  53  15  N. 

Verplank's,  post  office,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y.,  1 1 
ms.  E.  from  Poughkeepsie. 

Verrez,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  with  an 
impregnable  fortress. 

Verriers,  town  of  Switzerland,  6  ms.  ENE.  of 
Pontarlier,  and  20  WSW.  of  Neufchatel. 

Versailles,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise.  It  contains  60,000  inhabitant*, 
and  since  the  revolution  has  been  created  a  bish- 
op's see.  In  the  reign  of  Louis  XTII  it  was  only 
a  small  village,  till  Louis  XIV  built  a  magnificent, 
palace  here,  which  was  the  usual  residence  of  the 
kings  of  France  till  1789.  The  gardens,  with  the 
park,  are  5  ms.  in  circumference,  and  surrounded 
by  walls.  Versailles  is  10  ms.  WSW.  of  Paris. 
Lon.  2  12  W.,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Versailles,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Ripley 
co.,  Ia.,  on  Loughery  creek,  45  ms.  W.  from 
Cincinnati,  and  by  post  road  89  ms.  SE.  from  In 
dianapolis.  Lat.  39  6  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  8  11  W. 
Pop.  in  1840,  1,044.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Woodford  co.,  Ky.,  12  ms.  W.  from  Lex- 
ington, and  12  SE.  from  Frankfort.  Lat.  38  5 
N\,  lon.  W.  C.  7  26  W. 

Vershire,  tp.,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  Connecticut  river,  20  ms.  E.  of  Ran- 
dolph. 

Versio,  village  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  near  the  river  Versio. 

Vertus,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Marne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne,  on  a 
plain  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  which  are  vine- 
yards, producing  very  good  wines,  17  ms.  SW.  of 
Chalons,  and  78  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  2  E., 
lat.  48  53  N. 

Verue,  or  Verrua,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
in  the  co.  of  Asti.  »  It  is  seated  on  a  rill  near  the 
river  Po,  20  ms.  W.  of  Cassab,  and  23  NE.  of 
Turin.    Lon.  8  2  E.,  lat.  45  13  N. 

Verviers,  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Wese,  4  ms, 
SW.  of  Limburg,  and  17  SE.  of  Liege. 

929 


VIA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VIC 


Vervins,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  and  late  province  of  Picardy,  on  the 
Serre,  110  ms.  NE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4°  E.,  lat. 
49  50  N. 

Verulam,  the  vestiges  of  a  celebrated  Roman 
town  in  Hertfordshire,  close  by  St.  Albans.  In 
the  time  of  Nero  it  was  a  municipium  or  town, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  enjoyed  the  privileges  of 
Roman  citizens.  By  Tacitus,  it  is  called  Y'eru- 
lamium  ;  and  by  Ptolemy,  Urolamium. 

Verzuolo,  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  with  a 
Caslle. 

Vesley,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  and  late  province  of  Soissonnois,  seated  on 
the  river  Aisne. 

Vesoul,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Saone,  and  late  province  of  Franche 
Compte,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  called  Motte  de 
Vesoul,  near  the  river  Burgeon,  22  ms.  N.  of 
Besangon,  and  200  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  6  8  E 
lat.  47  36  N. 

Vesperin,  or  Wesibrain,  town  of  Lower  Hun- 1 
gary,  capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  with  a  i 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lake  Balaton,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Sarwise,  50  ms.  SW.  of  Stri- 
gonia,  and  83  6E.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  17  57  E., 
lat.  47  14  N. 

Vesuvius,  celebrated  volcano  of  Italy,  6  ms.  E. 
ot  Naples.  This  mountain  has  two  tops,  one  of 
which  only  goes  by  the  name  of  Vesuvius,  the 
other  being  now  called  Somma ;  but  Sir  Wil- 
liam Hamilton  is  of  opinion  that  the  latter  is  what 
the  ancients  called  Vesuvius.  The  perpendicular 
height  of  Vesuvius  is  only  3,978  feet,  though  the 
ascent  from  the  foot  to  the  top  is  3  Italian  miles. 
One  side  of  the  mountain  is  well  cultivated  and 
fertile,  producing  great  plenty  of  vines  ;  but  the 
S.  and  W.  sides  are  entirely  covered  with  cinders 
and  ashes,  while  a  sulphureous  smoke  constantly 
issues  from  the  top,  sometimes  attended  with  the 
most  violent  explosion  of  stones,  the  emission  of 
great  streams  of  lava,  and  all  the  other  attendants  of 
a  most  formidable  volcano.  The  top  of  the  moun- 
tain fell  in  1634,  and  the  mouth  is  now  little 
short  of  2  ms.  in  circumference. 

Veteran,  post  office,  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y. 

Vevay,  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  baili- 
wick ot  the  same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Berne.  It 
stands  on  a  small  plain,  on  the  edge  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  37  ms.  SW.  of  Berne.  Lon.  7  4  E.,  lat. 

46  28  N. 

Vevay,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Switzerland 
county,  Indiana,  on  an  elevated  bank  of  the  Ohio 
river,  65  miles  by  water  and  45  by  land  below 
Cincinnati.  The  original  settlers  were  emigrants 
from  the  canton  of  Berne,  in  Switzerland.  Lat.  38 

47  N. 

Veude,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Allier,  and  late  province  of  Bourbonnois,  seated  on 
the  river  Allier,  17  ms.  N  W.  of  Moulins. 

Vezelay,  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  and  late  province  of  Nivernois.  Theodore 
Beza  was  born  in  this  town.  It  is  seated  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Cure,  20  ms.  S. 
of  Auxerre,  and  117  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3 
42  E.,  lat.  47  26  N. 

Vezelize,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurthe. 
Lon.  6  10  E.,  lat.  48  29  N. 

Viadana,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Mantua, 
930 


seated  on  the  Po,  8  miles  N.  of  Parma,  and  17  S. 
of  Mantua.    Lon.  10  35  E.,  lat.  44  58  N. 

Viana,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  seated  near 
the  Ebro,  3  miles  N.  of  Logrono,  and  46  SW.  of 

Pampeluna.    Lon.  2  20  W.,  lat.  42  32  N.  . 

Town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre-Douero-e-Minho,  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lima,  with  a  good 
harbor,  defended  by  a  fort,  15  miles  W.  of  Araga, 
and  36  N.  of  Oporto.  Longitude  8  29  W.,  lati- 
tude 41  39  N. 

Vianden,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 
in  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name.  It  is  divided  into  two 
towns  by  the  river  Uren.  In  the  one  is  a  castle 
built  on  a  steep  mountain.  It  is  22  miles  N.  ol> 
Luxemburg,  and  22  NW.  of  Treves.  Lon.  €■ 
13  E.,  lat.  49  55  N. 

Vianen,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Holland,  on  the  Leek,  7  ms.  S.  of  Utrecht. 
Lon.  5  8  E.,  lat.  52  0  N. 

Viatka,  government  of  Russia,  which  was  for- 
merly a  province  of  Kasan.    It  takes  its  name  from 

the  river  Viatka,  which  runs  through  it.  Tom 

of  Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  bishop's  see  and  a  castle.  It  wai 
formerly  called  Khlvnof,  and  is  seated  on  the  rivei 
Viatka,  100  miles  N.  of  Kasan.  Lun.  54  15  E., 
lat.  57  25  N. 

Vic,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurthe 
and  late  province  of  Lorraine,  seated  on  the  Seille 
12  miles  ENE.  of  Nancy,  and  197  E.  of  Paris. 

Lon.  6  38  E.,  lat.  48  47  N.  Town  of  France 

in  the  dep.  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees.  Lon.  0  9E. 
lat.  43  24  N. 

Vic,  or  Vicq,  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on  i 
small  river  that  falls  into  the  Tar,  30  miles  N.  o 
Barcelona,  and  265  ENE.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  |l 
E.,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Vicar,  Latin,  vicarius,  one  who  supplies  thi 
place  of  another.  Under  the  Roman  empire,  Itab 
was  governed  by  two  vicars,  one  at  Rome  and  th« 
other  at  Milan.  Under  the  German  empire,  ii 
case  of  the  death  or  deposition  of  the  emperor,  ant 
when  no  king  of  the  Romans  was  in  office,  th1 
count  palatine  of  the  Rhine  and  dukes  of  Saxon; 
and  Bavaria  were  imperial  vicars.  In  the  Romai 
Catholic  church,  the  apostolic  vicar  is  a  clergymei 
appointed  by  the  Pope  to  represent  him  in  coun 
tries  not  catholic.    Assistant  clergy  are  vicars. 

Vic-Fezensac,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  c 
Gers,  and  late  province  of  Arraagnac,  seated  oi 
the  Douze,  15  ms.  W.  of  Auch. 

Vichada,  river  of  South  Am'eiica,  in  Colombia 
flowing  from  the  plains  between  the  Meta  and  Ua 
NE.  by  E.  300  ms.  by  comparative  courses,  am 
falling  into  the  Orinoco  immediately  above  th 
cataract  of  Atures. 

Vic-le-  Compte,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Puy-de-Dome,  and  late  province  of  Ac 
vergne,  230  ms.  S.  of  Paris.  Lon.  3  22  E  ,  lat 
45  26  N. 

Vicegrad,  or  Vizegrad,  strong  town  of  Low 
Hungary,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Danube,  8  mile 
SE.  of  Gran,  and  16  NW.  of  Buda.    Lon.  19 
E.,  lat.  47  35  N. 

Vicentino,  territory  of  Austrian  Italy,  bounde 
on  the  N.  by  Trentino  and  Feltrino,  on  the  E.  b 
Trevisano  and  Paduano,  on  the  S.  by  Paduanc 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Veronese.    It  is  33  mil* 


VIE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VIE 


ong  and  27  broad,  and  so  very  pleasant  and  fer- 
ile  that  it  is  called  the  Garden  of  Venice.  The 
vine  is  excellent,  and  the  butter  and  cheese  very 
food.  Here  are  also  great  numbers  of  mulberry 
rees,  for  silk  worms ;  and  there  are  mines  of  sil- 
'er  and  iron,  and  quarries  of  stone  almost  as  fine 
is  marble. 

Vicenza,  town  of  Italy,  the  capital  of  Vicen- 
ino.  It  is  seated  between  the  rivers  Bachiglione 
md  Rerone,  and  two  mountains,  in  a  fertile  plain, 
3  miles  NW.  of  Padua,  31  W.  of  Venice, 
md  135  N.  of  Rome.  Longitude  11  43  E.,  lati- 
ude  45  26  N. 

Vichy,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Allier, 
md  late  province  of  Bourbonnois,  famous  for  the 
nineral  waters  near  it.  It  is  seated  on  the  Allier, 
5  ms.  SE.  of  Gannat,  and  180  S.  by  E.  of  Paris. 
,0m  3  22  E.,  lat.  46  0  N, 

Vicksburg,  village,  Fairfield   co.,  Ohio.  

tillage,  Warren  co.,  Miss.,  about  60  ms.  NNE. 
irom  Natchez. 

I  ico,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
javora,  with  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  almost 
uined  by  an  earthquake,  in  1694,  for  there  were 
inly  40  houses  left.  It  is  seated  near  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  15  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Naples.    Lon.  14  28 

E.,  lat.  40  38  N.  Town  of  Corsica,  15  ms. 

|3W.  of  Corte.    Lon.  9  16  E.,  lat.  41  55  N.  

Town  of  Italy,  in  Naples.  Lon.  14  30  E.,  lat. 
i0  43  N. 

ij   Vicovaro,  town  and  principality  of  Italy,  in  the 
>rovince  of  Sabina,  seated  near  the  Teverone,  8 
ns.  E.  of  Tivoli,  and  40  NE.  of  Rome.  Lon. 
3  8  E.,  lat.  42  30  N. 
':   Victoria. — See  Vittoria. 

Victor,  town,  Ontario  co.,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in 
1820,  2,084. 

1   Victory,  tp.  in  Essex  co.,  Vt.,  45  ms.  NE.  : 

Yom  Montpelier.  Town  in  the  NW.  part  of  j 

Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from 
VIontezuma. 

Vidalia,  village,  parish  of  Concordia,  Lou.,  on 
he  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  directly  opposite 
Xatchez.    It  is  a  small  village  in  a  single  street, 
Parallel  to  the  river,  and  within  the  levee. 
'   Vidin. — See  Widden. 

Vielleborough,  village  in  the  northern  part  of  ( 
Caroline  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  71  ms.  SSW.  | 
torn  W.  C.,  and  52  NNE.  from  Richmond. 

Vielsk,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Vologda,  situate  on  the  Vaga,  156  ms.  NNE.  of , 
Vologda.    Lon.  41  45  E.,  lat.  61  40  N. 

Vienna,  city  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  Em- 
pire of  Austria.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  plain,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the 
little  river  Vien.  The  city  itself  is  not  of  great 
extent,  nor  can  it  be  enlarged,  being  limited  by 
fortifications  ;  but  it  is  populous,  and  contains 
78,000  inhabitants.  The  streets  in  general  are 
narrow,  and  the  houses  high  ;  but  there  are  several 
fine  squares,  and  in  that  called  Joseph  square  is  a 
collossal  equestrian  statue  in  bronze  of  Joseph 
II.  Some  of  the  public  buildings  are  magnificent; 
the  chief  of  them  are  the  imperial  palace,  the  pal- 
aces of  the  princes  Lichtenstein,  Eugene,  &c, 
the  imperial  chancery,  the  extensive  imperial  ar- 
senal, the  city  arsenal,  the  mint,  the  general  hos- 
pital, the  town  house,  the  custom-house,  the  bank, 
he  library,  and  the  museum.    No  houses  within 


the  walls  are  allowed  to  be  built  nearer  to  the 
glacis  than  600  yards;  so  that  there  is  a  circular 
field  of  that  breadth  all  around  the  city,  which  has 
a  beautiful  and  salutary  effect.  The  eight  su- 
burbs are  said  to  contain  220,000  inhabitants ; 
but  they  are  not  populous  in  proportion  to  their 
size,  for  many  houses  have  extensive  gardens. 
The  circumference  of  the  city  and  suburbs  is  up- 
wards of  18  ms.  Many  families  who  live  during 
the  winter  within  the  fortifications  spend  the 
summer  in  the  suburbs.  The  cathedral  is  built  of 
freestone,  and  the  steeple  contains  a  bell  of  un- 
common magnitude.  The  archducal  (now  im- 
perial) library  is  much  frequented  by  foreigners, 
as  it  contains  above  290,000  printed  books  and 
10,000  manuscripts.  The  archducal  treasury, 
and  a  cabinet  of  curiosities  of  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria, are  great  rarities.  The  Danube  is  here  very 
wide,  and  contains  several  woody  isles,  one  of 
which  is  the  prater,  or  imperial  park;  it  also  forms 
a  sort  of  harbor,  where  are  magazines  of  naval 
stores,  and  ships  have  been  fitted  out  to  serve  on 
thaL  river  against  the  Turks.  The  trade  of  Vienna 
is  in  a  flourishing  state,  and  it  has  manufactures  of 
silk  stuffs,  gold  and  silver  lace,  tapestry,  looking- 
glasses,  &c.  It  is  50  ms.  W.  of  Presburg,  350 
NNE.  of  Rome,  and  570  E.  of  Paris.  Lon.  16 
16  E.,  lat.  48  13  N.— See  art.  Germany,  p.  349. 
Vienna,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  26  ms.  NW. 

from  Augusta.  Town,  Oneida  co  ,  N.  Y  ,  on 

Oneida  lake.    Pop.  in  1820,   1,307.  Port  of 

entry  and  village  in  Dorchester  county,  Mary- 
on  the  W.  side  of  Nanticoke  river,  13  miles 
northwest  of  Salisbury,  on  the  Wicomico,  and  33 

from  Snow   Hill,    in  the  same  direction.  

Village,  Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  8  ms.  NE. 
from  Warren,  and  by  post  road  221  ms.  NE.  from 

Columbus.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Johnson 

co.,  Illinois,  on  a  small  branch  of  Cash  river, 
about  40  ms.  NE.  from  the  mouth  of  Ohio,  and  by 

post  road  156  ms.  S.  from  Vandalia.  Small 

village  on  Green  river,  in  the  southern  part  of 
Davies  co.,  Ky.,  22  ms.  SSW.  from  Owings- 
burg. 

Vienne,  considerable  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep. 
of  Isere,  and  late  province  of  Dauphiny,  15  ms.  S. 
of  Lvons,  and  265  SE.  of  Paris.  Lon.  4  55  E., 
lat.  45  31  N. 

Vienne,  dep.  of  Fr.,  formed  of  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Poitou.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river 
which  rises  in  the  dep.  of  Correze,  and  falls  into 
the  Loire  between  Chinon  and  Saumur.  Poitiers 
is  the  capital. 

Vienne,  Upper,  dep.  of  Fr.,  comprising  the 
late  province  of  Limosin.    Limoges  is  the  capital. 

Vierarden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the  Vesle,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Oder.  Lon.  14  20  E.,  lat.  53 
2  N. 

Vierzon,  ancient  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
Cher,  and  late  province  of  Beam.  '  It  is  seated  on 
the  Cher  and  Yevre,  in  the  most  fertile  part  of  the 
dep.,  17  ms.  NW.  of  Bourges,  and  100  SW.  of 
Paris.    Lon.  2  10  E  ,  lat.  47  12  N. 

Viesti,  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Venice,  in  the  place  called  the  Spur  of 
the  Boot,  and  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Garden,  25  ms. 
NE.  of  Manfredonia,  and  117  of  Naples.  Lon. 
16  43  E„  lat.  41  51  N. 

931 


VIL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VIL 


Vigan,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  and 
late  province  of  Languedoc. 

Vigevano,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Milan,  j 
capital  of  the  Vigevanasc®.  It  was  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  dukes  of  Milan,  and  is  sealed 
near  the  Tesino,  12  ms.  SE.  of  Novara,  and  15 
SW.  of  Milan.  Longitude  8  54  E.,  lat.  45  22 
North. 

Vignamont,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Liege,  2  ms.  N.  of  Huy.  Lon.  5  22  E.,  lat. 
50  44  N. 

Vignot,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse. 
Lon.  5  25  E.,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Vig?iuola,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Modena.  j 

Vigo,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  situate  on; 
a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  defended  by  a  fort  on  an 
eminence  and  an  old  castle.  It  has  a  good  har- ! 
bor,  and  stands  in  a  fruitful  country,  14  ms.  i 
WNW.  o?  Tuy,  and  47  S.  of  Compostella.  Lon. 
8  40  W.,  lat  42  14  N. 

Vigo,  co.,  Ia.,  bounded  by  the  State  of  Illinois 
W.,  Parke  N.,  Putnam  E.,  and  Sullivan  S. 
Length  20  ms.,  width  18,  area  360  sq.  ms.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  Wabash  river  from  N.  to  S.  The 
chief  town,  Terre  Haute,  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Wabash,  60  ms.  by  land  above  Vin- 
cennes.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,390 ;  and  in  1840, 
12,076.  Central  lat.  39  30  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  10 
16  W. 

Vihiers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Mayenne 
and  Loire,  20  ms.  S.  of  Angers,  and  20  W.  by 
S.  of  Saumur. 

Vilaine,  river  of  Fr.,  which  rises  in  the  dep.  of' 
Mayenne,  passes  by  Vitre  and  Rennes,  divides  the  | 
dep.  of  Morbihan  from  that  of  Lower  Loire,  and 
enters  the  Bay  of  Biscay  below  Roche  Bernard. 

Villa  de  Conde,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre- 
Douero-e-Minho,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ava,  20  ms. 
N.  of  Oporto. 

Villa  F/or,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra-los-Mon- 
tes,  28  ms.  S.  by  W.  of  Braganza. 

Villa  Franca,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the  co.  of 
Nice.  The  harbor  is  capacious,  and  the  moun- 
tains which  enclose  it  extend  into  the  sea  like  pro- 
montories.   It  is  3  ms.  E.  of  Nice. 

Villa  Franca,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese, 
with  a  silk  manufacture,  10  ms.  S.  of  Verona. 

 Town  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura,  on  the 

estuary  of  the  Tagus,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Lisbon. 

Villa  Franca,  town  on  the  S.  coast  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, one  of  the  Azores,  defended  by  a  fort  and 
other  works.  Opposite  this  place,  half  a  mile  from 
the  shore,  is  a  small  island,  which  has  a  basin  with 
a  narrow  entrance,  where  fif  ty  vessels  might  anchor 
in  security.  It  is  16  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Punta  del 
Guda.    Lon.  25  30  W.,  lat.  37  50  N. 

Villa  Franca  de  Panades,  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  18  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Barcelona. 

Village  Green,  village,  Delaware  co.,  Pa.,  5 
ms.  W.  from  Chester,  and  20  SW.  from  Phila- 
delphia. 

Village  Springs,  village,  Blount  co.,  Ala.,  181 
ms.  N.  from  Cahaba. 

Village  Hill,  Nottaway  co.,  Va. 

Villa  Hermosa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
near  the  river  Millas,  58  ms.  N.  of  Valencia. 

Villa  Hermosa,  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tabasco,  on  the  river  Tabasco,  60  ms. 
SW.  of  Tabasco,  and  70  NE.  of  Chiapa. 
932 


Villa-Joiosa,  or  Joysa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia.   Lon.  0  15  E  ,  lat.  38  52  N. 

Villa- Nova-da- Cervera,  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  province  of  Entre-Douero-e-Minho.  Lon.  8 
40  W.,  lat.  41  55  N. 

Villa- Nova-de- Porta,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Entre-Douero-e-Minho,  seated  on  the 
river  Douoro,  opposite  Oporto,  (on  which  it  de- 
pends,) and  defended  by  several  forts.  Pop.  about 
3,000. 

Villa- Nova-di-Portimao,  seaport  of  Portugal, 
in  the  province  of  Algarva.  Lon.  8  41  W.,  lat. 
37  5  N. 

Villa- JVuova-d'Asti,  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the 
co.  of  Asti,  10  ms.  E.  of  Turin.  Lon.  7  59  E., 
lat.  45  50  N. 

Villa-Panda,  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  with  an 
arsenal,  and  a  palace  belonging  to  the  constable 
of  Castile.  It  is  26  ms.  N.  of  Toro.  Lon.  5  0 
W.,  lat.  42  5  N. 

Villa-Real,  town  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  ol 
Tra-los-Montes,  and  capital  of  Comarca,  in  a  very 
pleasant  situation,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Corgo 
and  Ribera,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Lamego,  and  45  SE. 

of  Braga.   Lon.  7  20  W.,  lat.  41  9  N.  Town 

of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Valencia,  26  ms.  N. 

of  Valencia.    Lon.  0  20  E.,  lat.  39  46  N.  

Town  of  Spain,  in  Guipuscoa. 

Villa-Rica,  seaport  of  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz, 
in  the  republic  of  Mexico,  seated  on  the  gulf  o! 
Mexico,  200  ms.  E.  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  Lon, 

97  15  W.,  lat.  20  26  N.  Town  of  Chili,  seat 

ed  on  the  Lake  Malabaugen,  62  ms.  from  the  Pa- 
cific ocean.  Longitude  72  41  W.,  latitude  39  It 
South. 

Villa-  Viciosa,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  1( 
ms.  SW.  of  Elvas,  and  83  SE.  of  Lisbon.  Lon 

7  16  W.,  lat.  38  36  N.  Seaport  of  Spain,  it 

Asturia  d'Oviedo,  seated  on  the  bay  of  Biscay,  22 
ms.  NE.  of  Oviedo.    Lon.  5  24  W.,  lat.  43  2St 

N.  Town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  6  mile 

NE.  of  Brihuega,  and  49  NE.  of  Madrid. 

Villac,  town  of  Austrian  Germany,  in  Carin 
thia,  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  southwes 
of  Vienna,  and  eighty  miles  N.  of  Trieste.  It  I 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Drave  and  Geil 
surrounded  by  mountains,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Cla 
genfurt,  and  88  NE.  of  Brixen.  Lon.  14  3  E. 
lat.  46  50  N. 

Ville  Dieu,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Chan 
nel,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  12  mile 
NNE.  of  Avranches,  and  11  SE.  of  Coutances 
Lon.  1  8  W.,  lat.  48  52  N. 

Villefort,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lozere 
18  ms.  E.  of  Mende,  and  19  N.  of  Alais. 

Villefranche,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Rhone 
surrounded  by  walls,  and  seated  on  the  Saone,  If 

ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Lyons.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  th 

dep.  of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  with  a  fort,  seated  oi 

the  river  Tet,  25  ms.  WSW.  of  Perpignan.  

Town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aveiron,  with 
great  trade  in  linen  cloth,  seated  on  the  Aveiron 

20  ms.  W.  of  Rodez.  Town  of  Fr.,  in  th 

dep.  of  Upper  Garonne,  on  the  canal  royal,  22  mi 
SE.  of  Toulouse. 

Villejuive,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Paris, 
ms.  S.  of  Paris. 

Villemont,  village,  Chicot  co.,  Ark. 

Vi /lemur,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upp< 


VIN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  VIR 


aronne,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  12  ms.  NNE.  of 
oulouse. 

Villena,  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia.  In  the 
■ighborhood  is  a  morass,  from  which  salt  is 
ade.  It  is  18  ms.  SSE.  of  Almanza,  and  50 
.  by  E.  of  Murcia. 

Villeneuve,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Lot  and 
aronne,  on  the  river  Lot,  17  ms.  N.  of  Agen. 
— Town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  on  the 
hone,  opposite  Avignon,  21  ms.  ENE.  of  Nis- 

es.  Town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 

erne,  situate  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of 
eneva,  3  ms.  from  the  influx  of  the  Rhone,  and 
;  ESE.  of  Lausanne. 

Villeneuve  de  Berg,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
rdeche,  13  ms.  S.  of  Privas. 

Villers  Coterets,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of 
isne,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Soissons,  and  44  NE.  of 
aris. 

Villingen,  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Brisgau,  20 
s.  E.  by  N.  of  Friburg. 

Vilseck,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  principality 
Bamberg,  near  which  are  several  foundries.  It 
seated  on  the  Vils,  20  m?.  N.  of  Amberg. 
|:  Vilshofen,  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Dan- 
pe,  at  the  influx  of  the  Vils,  11  ms.  W.  by  N. 
If  Passau. 

[i  Vilvorden,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
nds,  in  Brabant,  seated  on  the  Senne,  7  miles 
!NE.  of  Brussels. 

j  Vimieiro,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  12 
is.  W.  by  N.  of  Estremos. 
Vimiera,  village  of  Portugal,  in  Estramadura, 
)  ms.  N.  of  Lisbon. 

Vimioso,  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tra-los-Montes, 
j  ms.  WNW.  of  Miranda,  and  17  SE.  of  Bra- 
mza. 

Vincennes,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Knox 
>.,  Ia.,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Wabash  river,  160  ms. 

E.  of  Kaskaskia,  and  136  NW.  of  Louisville,  in 
■  As  this  town  lies  in  the  bosom  of  a  fertile 
nintry,  it  must  still  progress  rapidly  in  pop.  and 
oprovement.  Lat.  38  42  JN\,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  24  W. 

Vincent,  town,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW. 
de  of  Schuylkill,  between  Pikeland  and  East 
(antmill.  French  creek  runs  nearly  through  the 
liddle  of  it.   Pop.  1810,  1,630;  in  1820,  1,918. 

Vincentown,  village,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J.,  5 
is.  S.  from  Mount  Holly,  and  20  E.  from  Phila- 
elphia. 

Vindhia,  mountains  of  Hindoostan,  The  central 
hains,  which  run  parallel  to  the  course  of  the  Ner- 
uddah  river,  one  on  the  north  side  and  the  other 
n  the  south,  generally  pass  under  the  Sanscrit 
ame  of  the  Vindhia  ;  their  extent  uncertain,  and 
ften  very  vaguely  extended,  though  Arrowsmith 
onfines  the  term  to  the  mountains  near  the  Ner- 
uddah  and  parallel  to  its  course.  It  is  very  prob- 
ble,  judging  from  analogy,  that  the  Sanscrit 
rmdhia  and  the  Hindoo  Sanyah  and  Sookhian 
jountains  are  only  generally  the  extreme  buttres- 
es  of  the  respective  table  lands  projecting  towards 
be  deep  valley  of  the  Nerbuddah. 

Vineyard,  tp.,  Grand  Isle  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  small 

sland  of  Motte.  Post  office,  Mecklenburg  co., 

/a. 

Vingorla,  Dutch  settlement  in  the  peninsula  of 
lindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  Concan,  a  little  N.  of 
*oa.    Lon.  73  22  E.,  lat.  15  57  N. 


Vingorla  Rocks,  rocks  lying  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
possessed  by  the  Malwans,  a  tribe  of  pirates.  Lon. 
73  16  W.,  lat.  15  52  N. 

Vintimiglia,  town  of  Italy,  with  a  smull  har- 
bor, on  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rotta,  20  ms.  ENE.  of  Nice,  and  70  SW.  of  Ge- 
noa.   Lon.  7  37  E.,  lat.  43  53  N. 

Vire,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados,  and 
late  province  of  Normandy,  with  several  manufac- 
tures of  coarse  woolen  cloths,  ft  is  seated  on  the 
Vire,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Courances,  and  150  W.  of 
I  Paris.    Lon.  0  45  W.,  lat.  48  48  N. 

Virgil,  town,  Courtlandt  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Chenango,  10  ms.  S.  from  Homer. 
[Pop.  in  1810,  913;  in  1820,  2,411. 

Virgin  Cape,  eape  of  Patagonia.  Lon.  67  54 
W.,  lat.  52  23  S. 

Virgin  Gorda. — See  Virgin  Islands. 

Virgin  Islands,  about  30  islands  and  keys  in 
the  West  Indies,  between  St.  Juan  de  Puerto  Ri- 
co and  the  Leeward  Caribbee  islands.  They  are 
possessed  by  the  Engl  sh  and  Danes.  In  the  first 
division,  belonging  to  the  English,  is  Tortola,  the 
principal,  to  which  belongs  Just  Van  Dyke's  and 
Little  Van  Dyke's,  Guana  Isle,  with  Beef  and 
Thatch  islands.  In  the  second  division  is  Virgin 
Gorda,  to  which  belong  Anegada,  or  Drowned 
Isle,  Nicker,  Prickly  Pear,  and  Musquito  islands, 
the  Commanoes,  Scrub,  and  Dog  islands,  the  Fal- 
ler  City,  (two  rocky  islets  close  together,  at  a  dis- 
tance resembling  ruins,)  the  Round  Rock,  Gin- 
ger, Cooper's  Salt  island,  Peler's  island,  and  the 
Dead  Chest.  Of  the  Danish  division,  the  princi- 
pal islands  are  St.  Thomas  and  St.  John.  Lon. 
from  63  45  to  64  55  W.,  lat.  from  17  10  to  18 
30  N. 

Virginia,  State  of  the  U.  S.,  bounded  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean  E.,  N.  C.  and  Tenn.  S.,  Ky.  W., 
Ohio  river  or  the  State  of  Ohio  NW.,  Pa.  N., 
and  Md.  NE. 

Miles. 

Having  an  outline  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  of  110 
In  common  with  Md.  from  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  across  the  eastern  shore  peninsula 
and  Chesapeake  bay,  to  the  mouth  of  Po- 
tomac river      -  -  -  55 
Up  Potomac  river  to  its  source     -  -  200 
Thence  due  N.  to  the  S.  boundary  of  Pa.  36 
Thence  due  W.  to  the  SW.  angle  of  Pa.  53 
Thence  due  N.  along  W.  boundary  of  Pa. 

to  Ohio  river   -  -  -  64 

Down  the  Ohio  river,  following  its  course, 

to  the  mouth  of  Big  Sandy  river  -  355 

From  the  mouth  of  Big  Sandy  river,  in 
common  with  Ky.,  to  the  N.  boundary 
of  Tenn.         -  -  -  170 

Thence  E.,  along  Tenn.  and  N.  C,  to  the 

Atlantic  ocean  -  440 


Entire  outline 


-  1,483 


Breadth  from  N.  C.  to  Pa.  233  ms. 

Between  lat.  36  30  and  40  37  N. 

From  its  great  extent,  and  from  being  so  much 
intersected  by  mountains,  Va.  presents  a  very 
marked  diversity  of  soil  and  climate.  It  possesses 
the  main  southern  nucleus  of  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem, spreading  also  into  the  widest  base  upon 
which  that  system  rests. — See  art.  United  States. 

G33 


VIR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  VIR 


In  point  of  soil,  Va.,  like  Md.,  presents  three 
distinct  tracts.  The  first,  that  of  the  alluvial  sea 
sand,  inland  to  the  falls  of  the  rivers,  and  general- 
ly to  the  head  of  tide  water.  This  region  is  fiat, 
and  in  part  marshy  along  the  sea  coast,  but  rising 
imperceptibly,  inland,  into  the  second  or  hilly  tract. 
The  latter  again  merges  gradually  into  the  third 
or  mountain  section.  The  subjoined  tables  will 
exhibit  the  relative  density  of  pop.  on  the  respect- 
ive sections.  The  middle  section  of  Va.  is  re- 
markable for  its  rich  scenery,  and  generally  for 
good  soil  and  the  production  of  excellent  grain. 
The  narrow  zone  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Al- 
leghany mountain  is  generally  considered  as  the 
most  productive  region  of  Va. 

In  order  to  give  the  reader  means  of  estimating 
correctly  the  present  locality  of  population  in  Vir- 
ginia, the  counties  in  the  respective  zones,  as 
far  as  their  outlines  would  admit,  are  given  sepa- 
rately. 

No.  1. — Eastern  or  alluvial  Virginia. 


Counties. 

Sq.  rns. 

Pop. 

To  sq. 

1820. 

mile. 

Accomac  - 

240 

15,969 

66 

Caroline 

600 

16,003 

30 

Charles  City  - 

200 

5,255 

25 

Elizabeth  City 

64 

3,7e9 

59 

Essex 

280 

9,909 

35 

Gloucester  • 

320 

6,673 

30 

Greensville  - 

300 

6,858 

23 

Isle  of  Wight 

450 

10,139 

22 

Jame3  City,  including  "Williams- 

burg 

184 

4,563 

17 

King  and  Queen 

400 

11,798 

29* 

King  George  - 

160 

6,116 

38 

King  William 

4S0 

9,697 

20 

Lancaster 

230 

5,517 

2*$ 
86* 

Mathews 

80 

6,920 

Middlesex  - 

210 

4.057 

19 

Nansemond  - 

660 

10;494 

16 

New  Kent  - 

230 

6,630 

29 

Norfolk,  including  Norfolk  bo- 

rough 

600 

23,943 

40 

Northampton 

240 

7,705 

32 

Northumberland 

240 

8,016 

33 

Princess  Anne 

300 

8,767 

29 

Prince  George's 

312 

8,030 

29 

Prince  William 

300 

9,419 

31 

'Richmond 

160 

5,706 

36 

Southampton 

500 

14,170 

28 

Surry 

360 

6,594 

18 

Sussex 

560 

11.834 

21 

Warwick 

105 

1,603 

16 

Westmoreland 

150 

6,901 

46 

York 

120 

4,384 

36| 

Total  - 

8,875 

262,524 

30 

No.  2. — Middle  Virginia. 


Counties. 

Sq.  ras. 

Pop. 

To  sq. 

1820. 

mile. 

Alb°marle 

700 

19,750 

28 

Amelia  - 

300 

11,106 

37 

Amherst  - 

418 

10,426 

25 

Augusta  - 

900 

16,724 

19 

Bath 

900 

5,287 

6 

Bedford  - 

660 

19,305 

30 

Berkley  - 

500 

11,211 

22 

Botetourt 

1,120 

13,589 

12 

Brunswick 

570 

16,687 

30 

Buckingham 

680 

17.570 

26 

Campbell 

550 

16;569 

30 

t  harlotte 

600 

13,290 

22 

Chesterfield 

480 

18,003 

27 

Culpeper 

540 

20  942 

38 

Cumberland 

320 

11.023 

34 

Dinwiddie 

600 

20;4S2 

36 

934 


Table— Continued. 


Counties. 

oq.  ms. 

Pop. 
1820. 

To  sq. 
mile. 

• 

rairfax  - 

450 

11,404 

24 

rauquier 

720 

23,103 

32 

Fluvanna 

414 

6,704 

16 

Franklin 

670 

12,017 

18 

Frederick 

736 

24.706 

33 

Goochland 

236 

10,007 

30 
20 

Halifax  - 

630 

19,060 

Hampshire 

1,250 

10,889 

8 

Hanover               -  - 

640 

15,-67 

23 
8 

Hardy  ... 

700 

5,730 

Henrico,  including  the  city  of 

Richmond 

300 

23,657 

78 

Henry  - 

400 

■  5,624 

14 

Jefferson  • 

300 

13,087 

43 

Loudoun  - 

400 

22,702 

56 

Louisa 

560 

13,746 

24 

Lunenburg 

220 

10,662 

48 

Madison 

784 

8,490 

10 

Mecklenburg  • 

600 

19,786 

33 

Morgan  - 

450 

2,500 

5 

Not  i  away 

264 

9,658 

36 

Nelson  - 

345 

10,137 

30 

Orange  ... 

600 

12,913 

21 

Patrick  - 

600 

5,089 

6 

Pendleton 

1,000 

4,836 

4 

Pittsylvania 

1,000 

21,313 

21. 

Prince  Edward 

250 

12,577 

40 

t'owhatan 

320 

8,292 

25 

Pocahontas. 

Rockbridge 

700 

11,945 

17 

Rockingham 

770 

14,784 

19 

Shenandoah 

900 

18,926 

21 

Spottsylvania 

450 

14,254 

31: 

Stafford  ■ 

240 

9,517 

45 

Total 

24,277' 

655,266 

27 

No.  3. — The  surface  of  West  Virginia  is  stil 
more  broken  than  that  of  West  Pa.  In  one  respec 
the  two  sections  are  equal;  the  air  and  water  0 
both  are  pure  and  healthful.  Strenuous  exertion 
are  making  by  the  Legislature  and  people  of  Va 
to  open  an  uninterrupted  water  communicatior 
from  James  river  to  the  Great  Kanawha,  and  dowr 
that  stream  to  the  Ohio.  Should  such  an  under 
taking  be  carried  into  effect,  and  nature  appears  t( 
have  opposed  no  obstacle  insuperable  to  genius, 
wealth,  and  industry,  to  remove,  then  will  a  new 
and  most  important  commercial  line  be  added  t( 
connect  and  cement  the  two  opposing  slopes  of  th( 
Ohio  river  and  Atlantic  ocean. 


West  Virginia. 


Counties. 

Sq.  ms. 

Population. 

To  sq.  m. 

Brooke 

150 

6,611 

44 

Cabell 

1,750 

4,789 

24 

Giles 

1,900 

4,521 

2 

Grayson 

900 

5,598 

6 

Greenbriar  • 

1,200 

7,041 

6  nearly 

Harrison 

1,125 

10,932 

9 

Kanawha 

2,400 

6,399 

n 

Lee 

780 

4,256, 

5 

Lewis 

1,400 

4,247 

3 

Mason 

830 

4,868 

6  nearly 

Monongalia,  E.  and  W. 
iYionroe 

660 

11,060 

16 

450 

6,620 

13 

Montgomery 

950 

8,733 

9 

Ohio" 

440 

9,182 

20 

Nicholas 

900 

2,853 

2 

Preston 

640 

3,422 

5 

Randolph 

2,800 

3,357 

1 

Russel 

1,575 

5,536 

H 

Scott 

1,100 

4,263 

3| 

Tazewell 

2,400 

3,916 

1* 

Tyler 

600 

2,314 

4 

W  ashington  - 

850 

12,444 

16  nearly. 

Wood 

1.300 

5,860 

<i 

Wythe 

1,030 

9,692 

9 

Total 

28,130 

147,514 

VIR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VIR 


The  entire  population  of  West  Virginia  were 
Iassed  by  the  census  of  1820 — 

'oreigners  not  naturalized        -  *  235 

]ngaged  in  agriculture            -  -  34,314 

Engaged  in  manufactures         -  -  3,878 

Engaged  in  commerce  -  343 


Total 


-  39,314 


We  perceive,  by  the  foregoing  table,  that  a  very 
cattered  population  of  a  little  more  than  5  to  the 
q.  m.  spreads  over  a  surface,  in  West  Virginia,  of 
8,130  sq.  ms.  This  includes  also  the  two  cx- 
remes,  and  comparatively  thickly  populated  cos.  of 
Irooke  and  Ohio,  W.  from  Pennsylvania,  the  two 
donongalias,  on  Monongahela  river,  S.  from  Pa., 
nd  Washington,  on  the  waters  of  Tennessee.  The 
uperfices  and  population  of  these  cos.  are,  if  taken 
agether,  2,100  sq.  ms.,  and  39,297  inhabitants ; 
saving  for  the  residue  26,030  sq.  ms.,  and  107,817 
nhabitants.  This  presents  a  surface,  in  West 
/irginia  exceeding,  26,000  sq.  ms.  ;  upon  which 
here  exists  a  population  of  within  a  trifling  frac- 
ion  of  4  persons  to  the  sq.  mile. 


SUMMARY. 

Sectiona. 

Sq.  ms. 

Population. 

To  sq.ni. 

iast  Virginia 
Middle  Virginia 
Vest  Virgiuia 

8,875 
24,297 
28,130 

262,524 
655,266 
147,514 

30 
26 

5 

Total 

61,302 

1,065,304 

1  We  here  behold  the  interesting  results,  that  al- 
hough  the  large  towns  of  Richmond,  Petersburg, 
ind  Lynchburg  are  all  included  in  the  middle  sec- 
ion,  and  though  comparatively  inferior  in  soil,  that 
he  alluvial  portion  of  Virginia  contains  the  most 
lense  population  of  any  of  the  great  sections  of 
hat  State. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  entire  population 
it  the  respective  censuses  of  1810  and  1820. 

Population  in  1810. 
Free  white  males       -  -  -  280,038 

Do.    do.  females     -  -  -  271,496 


Total  whites  -  -  -  551,534 
MI  others  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed         ....  30,570 

Slaves          -  392,518 


Total  pop.  in  1810 

Population  in  1820. 
Free  white  males 
Do.    do.  females 

All  other  persons,  except  Indians, 
taxed  - 

Total  whites 
Free  persons  of  color,  males  - 
Do.  do.       females  - 

Slaves,  males  - 
Do.  females 
Total  slaves  and  free  colored  persons 

Total  pop.  in  1820 


974,622 


304,731 
298,343 


not 


250 


603,324 
17,849 
19,040 
218,274 
206,879 
462,042 


,065,366 


^  Of  these— 

Foreigners  not  naturalized  -  -  2,142 

Engaged  in  agriculture  -  -  276,422 

Engaged  in  manufactures  -  -  32,336 

Engaged  in  commerce  -  -  4,509 

Pop.  to  the  sq.  m.,  17^. 

Progressive  population . 

In  1790       -  -  .  .  747,601 

In  1800  -  886>149 
In  1810  and  in  1820,  as  ifl  the  preceding  table. 

"The  following  tables  show  the  population  of  Vir- 
ginia by  the  census  of  1840  : 


East  Virginia. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
SO  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Total  whites  • 


Males.  Females. 


32,161 

25,322 
22,051 
18,907 
31,094 
21,283 
14,259 
8,930 
5,082 
2,262 
610 
S9 
14 


182,074 


30,108 
24,733 
21,639 
21,400 
34,174 
21,875 
14,69?. 
9,609 
5,687 
2,481 
681 
120 
25 


187,324 
182,074 


369,393 


Ages. 


Oto  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwa 


Total 


da 


Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

6,703 
6,082 
3,303 
2,620 
1,369 
17 

6.671 
6,490 
4,227 
3,021 
1,758 
33 

67,446 
59,628 
35,219 
27,240 
11,265 
76 

66,638 
57,334 
33,964 
24,852 
11,480 
108 

20,094 

22,200 
20,094 

200,874 

194,376 
200,874 

42,294 

395,250 

Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 

Total 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  above  25 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge 
Private  charge 

Total  white  persons  insane  and  idiots 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  ; 

Deaf  and  dumb 

Do.  blind  - 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charg© 

Private  chares 


369,398 
42,294 
395,250 

806,942 


68 
49 

95 

212 
256 


176 

336 


125 
417 


267 


935 


VIR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  VIR 


All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in 
Mining 
Agriculture  - 
Commerce  - 
Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  - 
Learned  professions  - 
Universities  or  colleges 
Do.  students  in 

Academies  and  grammar  schools 
Do.  students  in 

Primary  and  common  schools  • 
Do.  scholars  in 
Scholars  at  public  charge 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services 
White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot 
read  or  write 


1,412 

222,827 
4,S00 
37,471 
574 
2,288 
2,516 
10 
754 
323 
8,764 
978 
20.763 
6,070 
623 

29,808 


Commerce 

Manufactures  and  trades  - 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  - 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 
Learned  professions 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  milita: 
Universities  or  colleges 
Dj.  students  in  - 
Academies  and  grammar  sohools 
Do.  students  in  - 
Primary  and  common  schools 
Do.  scholars  in  • 
Scholars  at  public  charge  - 
White  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot 
read  or  write  - 


1,56. 
16,676 

•*6 
664 
1,356 
37f 

55 
2,3l< 

off 
14,56( 
3,724: 

23,924 


All  Virginiat  East  and  West. 


West  Virginia. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0to5 

5  to  10 
10  to  15 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100 
100  and  upwa 


Total 


ds 


Males. 


37,147 
28,163 
23,771 
19,356 
32,371 
19,858 
13,206 
7,740 
4,591 
2,196 
631 
107 


189,119 


Females. 


Whites.— Ages. 


0 

to 

5 

5 

to 

10  • 

10 

to 

15  - 

15 

to 

20  - 

20 

to 

30  - 

3il 

to 

40  - 

40 

to 

50  - 

50 

to 

60  - 

60 

to 

70  - 

70 

to 

80  - 

80 

to 

90  - 

90 

to 

100  - 

4,299  100  and  upwards 
1,987 

575  I 
82: 
15  I 


182,421 
189.149 


Total  whites 


Males. 


69,308 
53,485 
45,822 
38,263 
63,465 
41,141 
27,465 
16,670 
9,673 
4,458 
1,241 
196 
26 


371,223 


Females. 


65,286 
5-^,264 
43,996 
12,47- 
65,797 
40,083 
25,92c ! 
16,860 
9,986 
4,465 
1,256 
203 
4C 


369,745 
371,225 


740,965 


371,570 


Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

1,255 
1,083 
595 
505 
283 
3 

1,228 
1  126 
644 

535 
288 
3 

9,401 
9,123 
4,975 
3,140 
1,133 
15 

9,065 
8,480 
4,308 
2,929 
1,156 
12 

3,724 

3,824 
3,724 

27,787 

25,950 
27,787 

Total 

•     -     1  7,548 

53,737 

Ages. 

Free  colored. 

Slaves.  '  f 

Males. 

Fern's. 

Males. 

Fern's. 

0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

Total 

7,958 
7,165 
3,898 
3,135 
1,652 
20 

7,899 
7,616 
4,871 
3,556 
2,046 
36 

76,847 
68,751 
40,194 
30,380 
12,398 
91 

75,703 
65,814 
38,372 
27,781 
12,636 
120 

23,828 

26,024 
23,828 

22S,661 

220,426 
228,661 

49,852 

449,087 

Whites 
Free  colored 
Slaves 


|  Whites 

j  Free  colored 

j  Slaves 

Total 


Total 


White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 
Do.  from  14  to  25 
Do.  over  25  - 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge  - 

Colored  persons,  free  and  slaves,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge  - 
Private  charge  - 
All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed 
Mining 
Agriculture 

936 


371,570 

7  548  i  '  1  

53,737  White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are— 

— I        Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age 

432.855  Du-  from  14  to  25 
'  .    !  Do.  above  25  - 


Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb 
Do.  blind 

White  persons  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge 
Private  charge 

Do.  total  insane  and  idiots 
Colored  persons,  free  and  slav  s,  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb 
Blind 

Do.  insane  and  idiots  at— 
Public  charge 
Private  charge 

Number  of  persons  employed  in 
|  Mining 
I  Agriculture 

Commerce 

Manufactures  and  trades 
Navigation  on  the  ocean 
I  Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers 


740,968 
49,852 
449,087 

1,239,847 


65 
62 
114 

24f 
,170 


Ml 


583 
95,944 


133 
II! 

an 

453 
426 


326 


331 


150 

m 


1.995 
3ia77l 
66,361 
54,147 
582 
2,962 


VIR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VIR 


Learned  professions      ....  3,860 

Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services     -  993 

Universities  or  colleges            -           -  13 

Students  in  do             ....  1,097 

Academies  and  grammar  schools             -           -  382 

Students  in  do.            ....  11,083 

Primary  and  common  schools      -           -           -  1,561 

Scholars  in  do.            ....  35)331 

Scholars  at  public  charge  .  -  .  9,791 
iNumber  of  white  persons,  over  20  years  of  age,  who 

cannot  read  or  write  ....  58,787 


Population  of  Virginia,  by  counties,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Table — Continued. 


Whites. 


Counties. 


Whites. 


4,673 
5,354 
1,49b 

3,279 
5,600 
2,459 
3,6]  3 
5,205 
3  227 

829 
2.450 
3,690 
2,412 
1,611 
4,987 

972 
1,665 
2,675 
5,147 
2,214 
5,184 
2,214 
1,746 

934 
1,252 
5,535 
2,940 
8,51b 
2,14b 
2,367 

699 
1,063 
1,521 
2,120 

929 
6,792 
2,948 
1,996 
1,807 
1,861 
3,87d 

996 
2,374 
3,172 
1,227 
7,413 
1,647 
2,024 
1.236 
L747 
3,050 
7,068 
1J90 
2,027j 
2,445 
1,329 
2,407 
2,596 
1,517 
2,960 
3,210! 
2,165: 
1,238 
1,690 

323 
1,76s 

997 


182074 


4,945 
5,156 
1,578 
3,147 
5,416 
2,519 
3,66) 
5,008 
3,496 

642 
2,580 
4,169 
2,521 
1,652 
4,850 

962 
2,09u 
2,794 
5,354 
2,231 
5,316 
2,196 
1,822 

994 
1,195 
5,610 
3,322 
8,334 
2,097 
2,551 

626 
1,206 
1,629 
2,306 

974 
7,048 
3,099 
2,136 
1,922 
2,108 
3,876 
1,045 
2,464 
2,99b 
1,245 
8,031 
1,694 
2,010 
1,254 
1,82b 
3,037 
7,215 
1,242 
1,969 
2,47b 
1,363 
2,460 
2,711 
1,575 
3,191 
3,576 
2.324 
1,31b 
1,894 

281 
1,698 

961 


187324 


Free  col. 


1,356 
297 
102 
ISO 
174 
292 
231 
362 
362 
336 
147 
249 
177 
lb5 
1,265 
23 
280 
211 
328 
103 
83 
292 
348 
79 
20 
290 
149 
1,353 
111 
604 
229 
132 
156 
254 
111 
638, 
1731 
103 
36 
72 
514 
70 
6G9 
73 
160 
1.059 
'339 
324 
70 
97 
54 
256 
174 
100 
295 
230 
235 
140 
258 
838 
340 
194 
501 
40' 
9 

454 
320 


1,492 

306 
121 
193 
149 
271 
218 
410 
412 
334 
158 
338 
214 
170 
1,479 

21 
"318 
237 
360 
118 

91 
320 
342 

57 

25 
235 
163 
1,58 

129 

664 
276 
144 
172 
245 
136 
680 
203 
113 
31 
92 
541 
72 
736 
79 
213 
1,331 
415 
323 
86 
89 
49 
299 
189 
90 
275 
239 
275 
147 
252 
961 
445 
175 
569 
411 
12 
509 
330 


20094  22200 


Slaves. 


Total. 


2,355 
6,022 
3,535 
2,903 
4,554 
4,460 
5,811 
5,175 
4,956 
1,255 
4,758 
4,595 
3,068 
3,556 
5,019 

925 
3,347 
1,715 
5,369 
2,113 
2,462 
2,855 
2,900 
2,203 

815 
7,303 
4,171 
7.110 
L309I 
2,064| 
1,019 
1,686 
2,743 
2,926 
1,2U7 
2,668 
4,525 
3,3a7 
2,240 
1,594 
6,126 
1,072 
2,357 
3,051 
1,613 
4,609 
1,836 
1,609 
3,556 
2,662 

876 
5,912 
2,705 
1,604 
4,607 
2,083 
1,398 
1,802 
1,143 
3,443 
3,677 
1,942 
1,492 
3,586 

398 
1,S32 
1,064 


200374 


2,275 
5,780 
3,486 
2,67  i 
4,310 
4,3.'5 
5,20c 
4,871 
5  358 

M 

4,502 
4,10 
3,001 
3,225 
4,928 

763 
3,40'd 
1,736 
5,339 
2,033 
2,690 
2,830 
2,594 
2,099 

695 
6,913 
4,223 
0.127 
1,483 
1,722 

928 
l,69u 
3,037 
3,011 
1,271 
2,605 
4,465 
3,320 
2,06; 
1,715 
5,7o9 
1,137 
2,173 
2,916 
1,772 
5,120 
1,782 
1,634 
3,515 
2,662 

964 
5,64b 
2,424 
1,483 
3,90b 
1,931 
1,369 
1,861 
1,220 
3,112 
3,913 
1,65^ 
1,361 
3,248 

433 
1,756 
1,04c 


17,096 

22,924 
10,320 
12,576 
20,203 
14,346 
18.786 
21,030 
17,613 
4,774 
14,595 
17,148 
11,393 
10,399 
22,558 
3,706 
11,309 
9,730 
21,897 
8,812 
15,832 
10.715 
9,760 
6,366 
4,232 
25338 
14,968 
33,076 
7,335 
9,972 
3,779 
5,927 
9,258 
10,862 
4,628 
20,431 
15,433 
11,055 
8,107 
7,442 
20,724 
4,392 
10,795 
12,287 
6,230 
27,569 
7,715 
7,924 
9,719 
9,125 
8,032 
26,398 
7,924 
7,265 
14,069 
7,175 
3,144 
9,257 
5,965 
14,525 
15,161 
8,454 
6,480 
11,229 
1,456 
8,019 
4,7.0 


194376  806942 


3,499 
2,167 

3,788 
2,547 
3,673 
3,000 
1.335 
3,269 
1,601 
3,476 
7,649 
5,579 
5,160 
8,418 
1,26: 
2,356 
8,442 
3,575 
3,728 
3,745 
5,834 
7,487 
6,579 
2,462 
1,953 
2,711 
4,631 
5,306 
5  336 
2.625 
1,934 
2,954 
1,420 
3,955 
3,949 
1,373 
3.076 
4,367 
3,069 
1,969 
1,251 
1,121 
3,445 
2,037 
3,853 
4,067 
4,157 
4,981 
1,067 
2,755 
3,417 
5,706 


3,365 

3,644 
2,256 
3,614 
2,825 
1,349 
3,176 
1,569 
3,435 
7,423 
5,540 
5,160 
6,43~ 
1,177 
2,328 
8,520 
3,577 
•3,729 
3,498 
5,076 
7,457 
6,263 
1,651 
1,898 
2,826 
4,129 
5,140 
5,395 
2,572 
1,911 
2,845 
1,447 
3,825 
3.880 
1,395 
2,847 
4,175 
3,031 
1.8J4 
1,228 
1,021 
3,298 
2,066 
3,721 
3,922 
4,220 
4342 
1,050 
2,711 
3,437 
4,997 


Free  col. 


w.  vmaiNiA. 

Tyler 

Logan 

Wythe 

Jackson 

Greenbriar  - 

Montgomery 

Pocahontas  - 

Pendleton  - 

Bath 

Scott 

Augusta 

Frederick  • 

Shenandoah 

Harrison 

Nicholas  • 

Giles 

Monongalia 

KUSSrU 

Monroy 
Wood 

Kanawha  - 
Rockingham 
Ohio 

Morgan      -  I 

Warren 

Smythe 

Berkeley 

Rockbridge 

Washington 

Page 

Roanoke 

Randolph 

Clarke 

Brooke 

Lee 

Pulaski 

Mason 

Grayson 

Hardy 

Fayette 

Braxton 

Alleghany 

Preston 

Floyd 

Cabell 

Lewis 

Botetourt 

Jefferson 

Mercer 

Tazewell 

Marshall  . 

Hampshire  • 


Total  W.  Va.  189149  182421  3,724:  3,624  27,787 


65 

100 
42 
11 

15 
42 
26 
168 
40o 

136 
51 
1 

31 

71 
11 
41 
3^ 
01 
24b 
146 
4 
160 
53 

1 

159 
104 
114 

5; 

100 
73 
39 
17 
8 
2.3 
29 

188 
7 

27 
15 
3 

12| 
21 1 
150 
299 

4 

20! 
17t 
98; 


CO 


45 
8 
18 
41 
22 
233 
421 
129 
75 
2 
18 
74 
15 
56 
24 
36 
153 
155 

132 
92 
136 
107 
105 
102 
43 
93 
88 
36 
15 
9 
23 
24 
203 
11 
1 

S3 
17 
6 
10 
17 

isr 

303 
4 
15 
20 
91 


Slaves. 


31 

79 
832 

4-^ 
630 
763 
114 
*34 
50 
165 
2,ltl 
1,14b 
577 
31b 

38 
27b 
131 
331 
440 
317 
1,519 
964 

81 

62 
7uU 
416 
961 
1,876 
1,031 
431 
806 

97 
1,771 

43 
273 
491 
416 
240 
591 

65 

29 
318 

45 
143 
274 

56 
1,511 
2,202 

50 
400 

26 
731 


54 
71 

7db 
45 
554 
740 
105 
2*8 
539 
179 

1,974 

1,156 
456 
•377 
34 
290 
129 
369 
428 
307 

1,041 
915 
131 
72 
734 
419 
93c 

1,63. 

1,027 
350 
74? 

us 

1,554 

4t 
307 
40b 
392 
252 
540 

66 

35 
229 

4fc 
1 7c 
293 

66 
1,414 
1,955 

48 
366 

21 
672 


25,950 


Total 


6,954 
4,309 
9,375 
4,890 
8,695 
7,405 
2,922 
6,940 
4,300 
7,303 
19,628 
14,242 
11,618 
17,669 
2,516 
5,307 
17,363 
7,878 
8.422 
7,923 
13,567 
17,344 
13,357 
4,253 
5,627 
6,522 
10.972 
14,284 
13,001 
6,194 
5,499 
6,208 
6,353 
7,948 
8,441 
3,739 
6,777 
9,087 
7,622 
3,924 
2,575 
2,749 


8,163 
8,151 
11,679 
14,(82 
2,233 
6,290 
6,937 
12,295 

432555 


118* 


In  the  alluvial  and  middle  counties  enumerated 
in  sections  Nos.  I.  and  II.  there  were,  by  the  cen- 
sus of  1820,  free  whites  452,930,  and  slaves  and 
free  colored  persons  424,370. 

In  the  cos.  of  West  Virginia  there  were,  by  the 
census  of  1820,  6,728  male  and  6,568  female 
slaves,  amounting  to  13,296.  There  were  free  per- 
sons of  color,  551  males,  487  females,  amounting 
to  1,028.  The  slaves  and  free  persons  of  color, 
united,  making  an  aggregate  of  13,296,  and  leaving 
free  whites  132,790. 

The  interests  of  education  have  received  ample 
consideration  from  the  Legislature  of  Virginia.  The 
Univeisity  of  Virginia  is  located  at  Charlottesville. 
The  most  ancient  college  of  that  S  ate,  William 
and  Mary,  is  at  Williamsburg. — See  Williams- 
burg. Washington  college  at  Lexington. — See 
Lexington.  Hampden  Sydney  college  stands  in 
Prince  Edward  county. — See  Prince  Edward-. 

937 


VIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VOG 


The  funds  appropriated  by  the  Legislature  of 
Virginia  for  literary  purposes  are  about  1,200,000 
dollars,  received  from  the  United  States  for  military 
services,  and  other  sums  arising  from  escheats, 
fine*,  &c. — the  whole  estimated  to  yield  annually 
$90,000  ;  of  which,  about  one-half  is  appropria- 
ted to  primary  schools,  and  $15,000  to  the  State 
university. 

The  actual  commercial  relations  of  Virginia  may 
be  seen  by  reference  to  the  articles  Alexandria, 
Norfolk,  Petersburg,  and  Richmond,  its  four  prin 
cipal  ports.  The  most  valuable  staples  of  this 
State  are  wheat  and  tobacco,  but  a  considerable 
quantity  of  cotton  is  cultivated  in  the  SE.  counties. 
Small  grain,  fruit,  and  pasturage,  abound,  where 
due  attention  has  been  paid  to  agriculture.  Iron, 
lead,  gypsum,  salt,  and  mineral  coal,  are  its  most 
valuable  and  abundant  metallic  productions. 

Virnenberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia/  It  is  20  ms.  W.  of  Coblentz.  Lon. 
7  5  E.,  lat.  60  27  N. 

Virton,  town  of  Belgium,  in  Luxemburg,  22  ms. 
W.  of  Luxemburg.    Lon.  5  41  E.,  lat.  49  36  IN. 

Visagapatam,  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan.    Lon.  82  40  E.,  lat.  17  45  N. 

Visalia,  village,  Campbell  co.,  Ky. 

Vischmciy  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Tobolsk.    Lon.  61  22  E.,  lat.  62  36  N. 

Visety  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Maese,  7  ms.  N.  of  Liege. 
Lon.  5°  E.,  lat.  50  44  N. 

Vishnei-Volotchok,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tver.  Lon.  35°  E.,  lat.  57  23  N. 
This  place  is  situated  on  the  canal  which  unites 
the  Masta  to  the  Tver,  and  takes  its  name  from  the 
Russian  noun  Volok,  signifying  the  space  between 
two  navigable  rivers. 

Visiapour,  or  Bejapour,  considerable  city  of  the 
Deccan  of  Hindoostan,  formerly  the  capital  of  a 
large  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  now  subject  to 
the  Poonah  Mahrattas.  It  is  136  ms.  E.  of  Poo- 
nah,  and  234  SE.  of  Bombay.  Lon.  75  19  E., 
lat.  17  26  N. 

Visogorod,  town  of  Poland,  in  Masovia,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Vistula,  50  ms.  NW.  of 
Warsaw. 

Vistula,  large  river  which  rises  in  Mount  Cra- 
pach,  on  the  confines  of  Silesia  and  Hungary, 
crosses  Poland  and  Prussia,  and  falls  by  three 
mouths  into  the  Baltic,  below  Dantzic.  It  is 
formed  by  the  Vistula  proper,  the  Bug,  and  Narew, 
and  passes  Cracow,  Sandomir,  Warsaw,  Culm, 
Marienberg,  and  Dantzic.  The  Vistula  is  a  very 
important  river  in  the  general  commercial  con- 
nexion of  Europe;  its  basin,  400  by  180,  extends 
over  72,000  sq.  ms.  Canals  of  considerable  mag- 
nitude unite  the  Vistula  with  the  basins  of  the 
Dnieper  and  Oder.  That  of  Thorn  joins  the  War- 
ta  to  the  Vistula,  and  that  of  Pinsk  unites  the 
Bug  and  Prypec.  The  Vistula  is  navigable  from 
Austrian  Gallicia  to  the  Baltic  at  Dantzic,  nearly 
400  ms,  ;  its  branch,  the  Bug,  nearly  400  ms., 
and  as  much  by  the  Narew.  By  these  the  produce 
of  Poland  passes  down  to  Dantzic  in  sloops  and 
flat-bottomed  barges  of  from  30  to  60  tons.  Below 
Marienwerder  the  river  divides  into  various  chan- 
nels. That  to  the  NW.  passes  Dantzic,  and  en- 
ters the  Baltic  at  Weichelmunde  by  an  artificial 
cut.  The  main  body  enters  the  Friche  Haff,  by 
938 


which  the  inland  navigation  is  prolonged  to  K 
nigsberg,  on  the  Pregel.  The  delta  of  the  Vistul  i 
as  high  as  Marienwerder,  is  an  embanked  countr 

Vitena-Gemot,  "  Meeting  of  the  wise  men 
Anglo-Saxon,  Legislature,  parent  of  the  Briti< 
Parliament.  This  council  was  otherwise  call* 
«'  Mycel-getheaht,"  Great  Thought. 

ViUrbo,  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  pat 
mony  of  St.  Peter,  containing  10,000  inhabitant 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  from  the  top 
which  the  city  of  Rome  and  the  Mediterranean  s< 
may  be  seen ;  the  latter  at  a  distance  of  near  ( 
ms.  It  is  20  ms.  SE.  of  Orvieto,  and  35  N.  1 
W.  of  Rome. 

Vilre,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Isle  and  V 
laine,  and  late  province  of  Brittany,  with  a  trade 
linen  cloth  and  knit  stockings  and  gloves.  It 
seated  on  the  Vilaine,  20  ms.  NE.  of  Rennes. 

Vitri-le-Brule,  village  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
Maine,  and  late  province  of  Champagne. 

Vitri-le-Francois,  town  of  France,  in  the  de 
of  Marne,  and  late  province  of  Champagne.  It  h  : 
a  great  trade,  particularly  in  grain,  and  is  seat* 
on  the  Marne,  15  ms.  SE.  of  Chalons,  and  1(( 
E.  of  Paris.    Lon.  4  38  E  ,  lat.  48  44  N. 

Vitring,  town  of  Germany,  in  Austria,  on  Lai 
Wordstee,  4  ms.  SW.  from  Clagenfurt. 

Vitteaux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Coted'C 
and  late  province  of  Burgundy,  on  the  river  Brain 
where  there  are  quarries  of  marble,  12  ms.  SE. 
Semur,  and  27  W.  of  Dijon. 

Vittoria,  or  Victoria.,  town  of  Spain,  in  Bisca; 
capital  of  the  province  of  Alaba.  It  has  a'gre 
trade  in  hardware,  particularly  in  sword  blade 
|  which  are  mado  here  in  great  quantities.  It 
seated  on  an  eminence,  at  the  end  of  a  plain  fe 
tile  in  corn  ami  grapes,  32  miles  SE.  of  Bilbo; 
and  155  N.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  2  56  W.,  lat.  42  55T 

Vivarais,  late  small  province  of  Fr.,  and  no 
included  in  the  dep.  of  Ardeche. 

Vivero,  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  seated  at  tl 
foot  of  a  s-teep  mountain,  near  the  river  Landrovi 
whose  mouth  forms  a  large  harbor  in  the  Atlantii 
30  ms.  NW.  of  Mondonnedo.   Lon.  7  34  W.,  la 

43  50  N. 

Viviers,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardecht 
and  bite  province  of  Languedoc.    It  is  seatf 
among  rocks,  (on  one  of  which  the  cathedral 
built,)  on  the  river  Rhone,  20  ms.  N.  of  Orangr 
and  70  NE.  of  Montpelier.    Lon.  4  46  E.,  la 

44  20  N. 

Viza,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Romanic- 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  at  the  source  of  the  riv< 
Glicenero. 

Vizir,  from  Arabic,  wazara,  or  wazir,  to  »ut' 
tain,  carry,  bear  the  burden,  or  perform  the  dut 
of  another.  The  Grand  Vizir  in  Turkey  repre 
sents  the  Sultan,  and  is  the  highest  dignitary  ud 
der  that  monarch.  Vizir  Azem,  ox  Grand  Vizii 
was  created  by  Amurath  I.,  in  A.  D.  1370. 

Voerden,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland.  1 
is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  10  miles  W.  of  Utrecht 
and  20  S.  of  Amsterdam.  Lon.  4  58  E.,  lat.  52  6  N 

Voghera,  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  c 
Milan,  and  territory  of  Pavia.  It  is  pleasantl; 
seated  on  the  Staffora,  14  ms.  SS  W.  of  Pavia,  an; 
30  S.  by  W.  of  Milan.  Lon.  9  10  E-,  lat.  41  59  I* 

Voglabruck,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  archduch; 
of  Austria.    Lon.  13  40  E.,  lat.  58  1  N. 


VOL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


VOL 


Vogouls,  people  in  Asia,  subject  to  Russia,  who 
lave  established  their  habitations  in  the  forests,  on 
he  N.  side  of  Mount  Oural,  extending  themselves 
o  the  W.,  and  still  further  on  the  plains  to  the  E. 
>f  this  chain  of  mountains.  Here  they  have  dwelt 
rom  time  immemorial,  and  are  possessed  of  tradi- 
ions  which  have  a  great  conformity  with  history, 
iiome  authors  pretend  that  they  are  the  brethren  of 
he  ancient  Ougrians,  or  of  the  present  Hunga- 
ians.  and  found  their  conjecture  on  the  situation 
f  the  Vogoul  territory,  and  the  striking  resem 
•lance  there  is  between  the  language  of  the  two 
lations. 

*Void,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurthe,  and 
ate  province  of  Lorraine. 

Voigt,  or  Voot,  German,  and  having  the  same 
ignification  as  praefectus,  Latin,  president  of  a 
istrict.  The  ancient  family  of  Hunelstein  retains 
he  honorary  title.  The  eldest  male  heir  is  styled 
^oigt  Von  Hunelstein. 

Vioghiland,  territory  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
iaxony,  on  the  four  circles  of  the  marquisate  of 
iisnia.    It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Bohemfa,  on 
le  N.  by  the  duchy  of  Altenburg,  and  on  the  W. 
l  y  Thuringia  and  Franconia.    Plawen  is  the  cap- 
f  a!.    This,  like  many  other  terms  in  German  ge- 
I  graphy,  is  in  a  great  part  obsolete, 
s  Voigtsberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Jpper  Saxony,  with  a  citadel. 
I  Vokelmark,  or  Wolickmark,  town  of  Germany 
l  the  circle  of  Austria.    Lon.  14  56  E.,  lat.  46 
£  N. 

Vfilano,  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrarese,  seated 
n  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  at  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
fcfo,  40  ms.  E.  of  Ferrara.    Lon.  12  36  E.,  lat. 
4  52  N. 

Volcano,  in  geography  and  geology,  a  fierv 
ruption  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth.  Of  the  mat- 
er ejected,  lava  and  scoria  have  been  reduced  to 
heir  respective  conditions  by  the  action  of  exces- 
ive  heat ;  lava  is  the  matter  which  has  been  com- 
•letely  fused,  and  scoria  the  same,  though  less  act- 
il  upon  by  heat ;  and  pozzolana,  or  puzzolana,  is  the 
shes  or  earth  thrown  out  of  volcanoes.  Mud  and 
vater  have  been  also  ejected  from  some  American 
'oleanoes.  Mountains  are  almost  invariably  asso- 
rted with  volcanoes,  and  all  known  volcanoes  are 
n  mountain  systems;  but  when  we  carefully  ana- 
yse  the  phenomena  of  those  furnaces,  we  are  jus- 
ified  to  regard  volcanic  cones,  at  least,  as  the  effect 
)f  the  internal  force,  whatever  may  be  its  cause. 
nto  the  theory  of  volcanoes  we  cannot  enter  in 
his  treatise,  and  may  only  observe,  that  most  ac- 
ive  volcanoes  are  near  the  sea.  The  number  of 
ictive  volcanoes  amount  to  some  hundreds,  but  are 
ew,  however,  when  compared  with  those  the  fires 
)f  which  are  extinct. 

Volcano,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  Medi- 
erranean,  12  ms.  in  circumference.  It  is  a  volca- 
io,  in  the  form  of  a  broken  cone,  but  now  emits 
imoke  only. 

VolcaJiello,  small  volcanic  island  in  the  Mediter- 
anean,  between  that  of  Lipari  and  Volcano. 

Volga,  largest  river  in  Europe,  which  has  its 
source  in  two  small  lakes,  in  the  government  of 
Pleskof,  in  Russia,  about  80  ms.  W.  of  Tver.  It 
jegins  to  be  navigable  a  few  miles  above  that  town, 
*nd  is  considerably  augmented  here  by  the  junc- 
ion  of  the  Tverza,  which  is  a  broader,  deeper,  and 


more  rapid  river.  By  means  of  the  Tverza,  a  com- 
munication is  made  between  the  Volga  and  the 
Neva,  or,  in  other  words,  between  the  Caspian  and 
the  Baltic.    This  river  waters  some  of  the  finest 
provinces  in  the  Russian  empire,  passes  by  Yaros- 
laf,  Kostroma,  Nisnei-Novogorod,  Kasan,  Sim- 
birsk, and  Saratof,  entering  the  Caspian  sea,  by 
several  mouths,  below  Astracan.    The  Volga  u 
formed  by  two  immense  branches,  the  Volga  pro- 
per flowing  from  the  W.,  and  the  Kama  from  the 
E.    These  two  great  streams  unite  at  lat.  55  10 
N\,  lon.  50  0  E.  from  London.  Below  their  junc- 
tion, the  united  waters  assume  a  general  course  a 
little  W.  of  S.  800  ms.  to  the  Caspian.  Esti- 
mating by  comparative  courses,  and  following  the 
Volga  proper,  the  entire  length  is  about  1,600  ms. , 
by  the  Kama,  1,300  ms.     Below  Saratov,  the 
Volga  receives  no  branches  of  any  consequence  in 
a  distance  of  400  ms.    Rejecting,  therefore,  this 
prolongation,  the  basin  of  this  fine  river  is  in  length, 
from  the  Ural  mountains  to  the  sources  of  the  Oka, 
1,100  ms.,  and  in  breadth  from  N.  to  S.  500  ms. 
Area  550,000  sq.  ms.,  or  about  the  one-sixth  part 
of  all  Europe.    The  usual  fertility  of  the  deltas  of 
large  rivers  has  an  exception  in  that  of  the  Volga, 
which  river  does  not  bring  with  it  a  rich  alluvial 
deposite.    The  adjacent  country  to  the  mouth  of, 
and  not  inundated  by  the  waters  of  the  Volga,  con- 
sists chiefly  of  heaths  and  downs,  which,  though 
not  entirely  sterile,  are  ill  adapted  to  agriculture. 
As  it  seldom  rains  in  that  part  of  Russia,  the  peo- 
ple are  obliged  to  water  artificially  every  field  that 
is  cultivated  on  the  banks  of  the  river.    The  sum- 
mer heat  over  the  Volga  delta  is  most  oppressive  ; 
the  thermometer  of  Fahrenheit  rises  at  times  to  103°. 
The  winter  cold  is  equally  oppressive ;  the  north 
winds  often  sink  the  mercury  to  22°  below  zero. 
This  stream,  taken  in  extenso,  however,  includes 
the  most  expanded  uninterrupted  navigable  basin 
on  the  eastern  continent,  and  is,  in  nearly  all  its 
parts,  exempt  from  falls,  or  even  rapids.    On  the 
northern  side,  the  Valday  hills  separate  the  basin  of 
the  Volga  from  the  great  slope,  inclining  towards 
the  Baltic  and  White  seas. 

Through  the  Valday  hills  three  passes  have  been 
examined  for  canal  erection.  One  to  theSW.,  by 
the  Emsta,  Lake  Ilmen,  and  river  Volchoff;  the 
fall  to  the  Gulf  of  Finland  is  about  570  feet,  and  to 
the  Caspian  about  890  feet.  The  second  route  is 
by  the  Lake  Ladoga  and  rivers  Sass  and  Fiffin  ;  the 
fall  towards  the  Gulf  of  Finland  is  about  920  feet, 
and  into  the  Caspian  1,240.  The  third,  or  NE. 
route,  is  the  lowest  depression  between  the  Caspian 
and  Baltic  seas.  It  rises  from  the  latter  by  the 
river  Neva,  Lake  Ladoga,  river  Swire,  Lake  One- 
ga, and  the  river  Whitegra,  about  460  feet,  and  falls 
in  the  opposite  direction  780  feet.  For  the  cause 
the  different  descents  towards  the  Caspian  and  Bal- 
tic seas,  see  art.  Caspian.  Through  the  south- 
western route,  a  navigable  canal  has  been  in  ope- 
ration above  a  century. 

Volhynia,  palatinate  of  Russian  Poland,  300  ms. 
long  and  150  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Polesia, 
on  the  E.  by  Kiof,  on  the  S.  by  Podolia,  and  on 
the  W.  by  Austrian  Poland.  It  consists  chiefly  of 
plains  watered  by  a  great  number  of  rivers.  Lucko 
is  the  capital. 

Vollenhoven,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
in  Overyssel,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 

939 


VOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAB 


name,  on  the  Zuyder-Zee,  8  miles  SW.  of  Steen 
wich,  and  12  NW.  of  Zwol.  Lon.  5  42  E.,  lat 
52  44  N.  ' 

Volney,  tp.,  Oswego  county,  N.  Y.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,691. 

Volo,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Janna,  on 
a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  where  there  is  a  good 
harbor,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Larissa.  Lon.  22  55  E., 
lat.  39  21  N. 

Volodimir,  or  Vladimir,  government  of  Russia, 
formorJy  a  province  of  Moscow,  containing  14 
districts. 

Vo/odimir,  or  Vladimir,  town  of  Russia,  capi- 
tal of  the  government  of  that  name,  and  once  the 
metropolis  of  the  Russian  empire.  It  is  seatrd  on 
the  Kliasma,  1 10  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Moscow. 

Vologda,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  the 
largest  province  of  Russia,  divided  into  the  two 
provinces  of  Vologda  and  Veliki-Ustiug,  and  con 
taining  12  districts. 

Vologda,  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name,  seated  on  a  marsh,  on  the  river 
Vologda.  Longitude  39  46  East,  latitude  69  40 
North. 

Volotchok,  a  Russian  term,  signifying  a  space 
of  land  between  two  navigable  riveis,  over  which  a 
commercial  route  extends,  and  means  the  same  as 
"  a  carrying  place." 

Volta,  river  of  Africa,  which  runs  from  N,  to  S., 
and  falls  into  the  Atlantic. 

Volterra,  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  30  ms. 
SW.  of  Florence.    Lon.  10  42  E.,  lat.  43  26  N. 

Voltei,  town  of  Italy,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
6  ms.  W.  of  Genoa. 

Volturno,  river  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  which  rises 
in  the  Appennines,  passes  by  Isernia  and  Capua, 
and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Gaieta. 

Volturara,  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  seat- 
ed at  the  foot  of  the  Appennines,  20  ms.  W.  of 
Lucera,  and  52  NE.  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  14  E., 
lat  41  26  N. 

Volvic,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy  de 
Dome.  There  are  immense  quantities  of  lava  in 
its  vicinity,  which  is  formed  into  quarries,  and  is 
used  instead  of  stone  in  building  the  adjacent  towns, 

Voluntown,  town,  Windham  co.,  Ct.  Pop.  in 
1810,  2,016  ;  in  1820,  1,116. 

Voniiza,  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
or  rather  in  Carnia,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Gulf  of 
Arta,  12  or  13  ms.  SE.  from  Prevesa.  It  is  in- 
habited chiefly  by  Greeks,  who  trade  in  bonteroga, 
or  roe  of  fishes. 

Voorn,  fort  of  Guelderland,  on  an  island  formed 

by  the  junction  of  the  Wahal  and  the  Maese.  

Island  of  South  Holland,  between  the  mouths  of 
the  Maese.    Briel  is  the  capital. 

Voornland,  territory  of  South  Holland,  consist 
ing  of  the  islands  of  Voorn,  Goree,  and  Over 
slackee. 

Vorarlberg,  or  Voralberg,  district  of  Upper  Aus 
tria,  comprising  the  four  counties  of  Feldkirch, 
Bregentz,  Pludentz,  and  Sonnaberg. 

Vorden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  West- 
phalia.   Lon.  8  24  E  ,  lat.  52  29  N. 

Voringen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia.  Lon 
9  12  E.,  lat.  48  15  N. 

Voronetz,  government  of  Russia,  containing  15 

district?.  Town  of  Russia,  the  capital  of  a  gov 

ernme  nt  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vo 
940 


ronetz,  below  its  junction  with  the  Don,  317 
S.  by  E.  of  Moscow.    Lon.  39  40  E.s  lat.  5 

36  N. 

Vosgea,  department  of  France,  including  tha 
part  of  Lorraine  which  was  lately  a  province  of  th 
same  name.  It  is  so  called  from  a  chain  of  moun 
tains,  covered  with  wood,  that  separates  this  de 
partment  from  the  departments  of  Upper  Saon 
and  Upper  Rhine. 

Vostibza,  (supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Egium, 
village  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  on  the  gulf  o 
Lepanto,  24  ms.  E.  from  Patras,  and  36  NW.  b; 
W.  from  Corinth.  ««  The  post  of  Vostibza,' 
says  Poqueville,  "  \*  much  frequented  by  a  num 
b<ir  of  small  vessels  which  take  in  cargoes  of  rav 
silk,  cheeses,  raisins  of  Corinth,  undried  skins  o 
oxen,  &c." 

Votiaks,  name  of  a  people  who  inhabit  the  lam 
between  the  rivers  Kama  and  Viatki;  they  ar 
commonly  of  a  middling  stature,  and  thin.  Tri- 
color of  their  hair  is  various,  but  for  the  most  par 
reddish ;  and  they  resemble  the  Finns  in  thei 
make  more  than  any  other  nation  that  derives  it 
origin  from  them. 

Voughine,  village,  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas- 

Vou-hou-hien,  city  of  China,  in  the  proving 
of  Kian-nan,  and  jurisdiction  of  Tay-ping-fou 
the  most  considerable  in  point  of  riches  in  that  ju 
risdiction.    It  is  52  ms.  SW.  of  Tay-ping-fou. 

Vouille,  village  of  France,  where  was  fough 
the  memorable  battle  between  Clovis  and  A  lark- 
king  of  the  Visigoths,  A.  D.  508,  by  which  tht 
power  of  the  Goths  was  destroyed,  and  thai  o 
the  Franks  established  in  Gaul. 

Von4chang  fou,  city  of  China,  and  capital  o, 
a  province  of  Hou-quang. 

Vou-theou,  or  Fuu-thceou,  city  of  China,  in  th< 
province  of  Kiang-si,  250  ms  S.  by  W.  of  Nan 
king.    Lon.  1 1G  25  E.,  lat.  25  50  N. 

Vraona,  name  of  two  villages  of  Greece,  ir 
Attica.  They  are  distinguished  as  Apano-Vraona 
and  Kata -Vraona,  and  situated  on  the  sea  coast  be. 
tween  Keratea  and  Marathon. 

Vulgate,  from  Latin,  vulgus,  people,  common 
That  e  dition  of  the  Jewish  scriptures  declared  ca- 
nonical by  the  Council  of  Trent,  and  used  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  churches. 


w. 


Waag,  river  of  Hungary,  which  rises  in  th« 
Carpathian  mountains,  flows  by  Leopoldstadt,  and 
joins  the  Danube  below  Comorin. 

Waal,  river  of  Holland,  being  the  left  branch 
from  the  Rhine  below  Schenk.  It  flows  W.  through 
Guelderland,  passes  by  Nimeguen,  Tie!,  Bommel, 
and  Gorcum,  and  joins  the  Meuse  at  Briel. 

Wabash,  river  of  the  United  States,  in  Indiana. 
It  rises  near  some  small  lakes  to  the  S  W.  of  Lake 
Erie,  and,  taking  a  SS  W.  course  of  400  ms.,  enter* 
the  Ohio  128  ms.  above  the  confluence  of  that  river 
with  the  Mississippi.  The  Wabash  is  navigable  340 
ms.,  and  it  approaches  within  9  ms.  of  the  naviga- 
ble waters  of  Lake  Erie. 

Wabash,  co.,  Indiana.  By  the  census  of  1840, 
this  co.  is  named  with  a  population  of  2,756;  it  lies 
N.  from  Vigo;  Parke  and  Putnam  cos.  have  been 


WAG 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAL 


ubsequently  formed  out  of  the  country  it  em- 

>raced.  Co.  of  Illinois,  on  the  waters  of  Wabash 

iver.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Wabash  co.,  Illi- 

iois. 

Wachenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palati- 
iate  of  the  Rhine,  17  ms  SSW.  of  Worms. 

Wachitau. — See  Washitau. 

Wachovia,  a  rather  obsolete  name  for  a  tract  of 
and  in  N.  Carolina,  between  the  rivers  Dan  and 
fadkin,  in  the  co.  of  Surry,  consisting  of  100,000 
cres,  purchased  by  the  Moravians  in  1751,  and 
lamed  by  them,  from  an  estate  of  Count  Zinzen- 
lorf,  in  Austria.  In  1755,  by  an  act  of  Assem- 
bly, it  was  made  a  separate  parish,  called  Dobb's 
>arish.  It  contains  several  settlements,  of  which 
Salem  is  the  principal. 

Wachtendonck,  town  of  Prussian  Guelderland, 
eated  in  a  morass,  on  the  river  Niers,  5  ms.  S. 
|  Gueldres.    Lon.  6  7  E.,  lat.  51  23  N. 

Wab,  an  Arabic  term,  signifying  an  inhabited, 
ir,  perhaps,  more  comprehensibly,  a  habitable  tract 
urrounded  by  desert.  Oasis  has  the  same  mean- 
ng,  but,  being  derived  from  a  Greek  corruption  of 
irabic,  does  not  enter  into  names  of  places  as  do 
ie  Arabic,  wad,  and  Berber,  egzer,  extensively  in 
liorthem  Africa. 

Waddle's  Ferry,  in  the  northern  part  of  Moore 
lo.t  N.  Carolina,  by  post  road  69  ms.  SW.  by  W. 
rom  Raleigh. 

Waddington,  village,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y., 
>y  post  road  250  ms.  NNVV.  from  Albany. 

Wadesborough,  viilage  and  seat  of  justice,  An- 
ion co.,  N.  C,  on  the  S.  side  of  Brown  creek,  a 
iranch  of  the  Great  Pedee  river,  22  ms.  W.  of 
iockingham,  and  70  W.  of  Favetteville.  Lat. 
35  3  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  8  W. 

Wading  River,  and  post  town,  Suffolk  co.,  N, 
York. 

Wadreag,  Wadreagans,  names  of  a  country 
ind  its  people  in  northern  Africa,  on  the  southern 
slope  of  the  Atlas  mountains.  Wad-reag  means 
jasi#,  or  egsir  of  Ereag,  hence  the  name  is  de- 
scriptive of  the  country.  "The  Wadreagans  and 
Wurgelans  are  a  black  people,  possessing  the  moral 
raits  of  the  Berber,  and  some  of  the  physical 
raits  of  the  Negro.  They  have  woolly  hair, 
skin  of  a  bronze  or  dark  brown  color,  short  nose, 
moderately  depressed,  with  some  cartilage  in  the 
ipex.  They  are,  doubtless,  the  same  race  as  the 
Brebers  and  Nubians  of  Browne." — Hodgson. 
Tuggurt,  the  capital  or  principal  town,  is  situated 
on  or  near  the  Adjida  river,  one  of  the  streams 
which  rise  in,  and,  flowing  from  the  Atlas  moun- 
tains, is  lost  in  the  Saara  or  desert.  Tuggurt,  as 
laid  down  in  our  best  maps,  is  situated  about  300 
miles  SSE.  from  Algiers,  N.  lat.  33°  On  some 
maps  it  is  designated  Wadreag. 

Wadstena,  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
E.  Gothland.  Tt  is  seated  on  the  lake  Wetter, 
160  ms.  SW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  15  37  E.,  lat. 
58  13  N. 

Wadsworth,  one  of  the  southern  tp>.  of  Medina 
co.,  Ohio. 

Wageningen,  town  of  Dutch  Guelderland, 
seated  on  the  Leek,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Nimegaen. 
Lon.  5  31  E.,  lat.  52°  N. 

Wageria,  or  Wager  land,  fertile  territory  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  20  ms.  in  length,  and  15  in 
breadth,  bounded  on  the  NE.  by  the  Baltic  sea,  on 


the  S.  by  the  river  Trave,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Proper  Holstein  and  Stormaria.  It  is  very  fertile 
in  corn,  and  Lubec  is  the  principal  town. 

Waidsborough,  village,  Callaway  co.,  Kent.,  by 
post  road  263  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Waigats,  straits  between  Nova  Zembla  and 
Russia,  through  which  the  Dutch  attempted  to 
find  a  NE.  passage  to  China,  and  sailed  as  far  as 
75°  E.  Ion.,  in  lat.  72  25  N. 

Waihlingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia. 

Wainjleet,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  near 
the  sea,  in  a  fenny  part  of  the  country,  and  on  the 
river  Witham,  14  ms.  NE.  of  Boston,  and  130 
N.  by  E.  of  London.    Lon.  20'  E.,  lat.  53  10  N. 

Waitsfield,  town,  Washington  co.,  Vt.,  12  ms. 
SW.  from  Montpelier. 

Waitzen,  or  Waitz,  town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
Danube,  72  ms.  ESE.  of  Presburg.  Lon.  18  38 
E.,  lat.  47  29  N. 

Wakatomaka,  village,  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  80 
ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Wake,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  SW.  by  Cum^ 
berland  and  Chatham,  W.  by  Chatham  and 
Orange,  N.  by  Granville,  NE.  by  Franklin,  and 
SE.  by  Johnson  ;  length  37,  mean  width  28  ms., 
area  about  1,000  sq.  ms.  Neuse  river  winds 
through  it  from  N.  to  S,,  and  the  great  body  of 
the  co.  is  drained  by  the  various  branches  of  that 
stream.  Chief  town,  Raleigh.  Pop.  in  1820, 
20,102;  and  in  1840,  21,118.  Ctl.  lat.  35  47 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  36  W. 

Wake  Forest,  post  office,  Wake  co.,  N.  C,  18 
ms.  from  Raleigh. 

Wakefield,  town  of  Eng.,  in  the  W.  Riding  of 
Yorkshire.  It  has  a  trade  in  white  cloths  and 
tammies,  and  is  28  ms  SW.  of  York,  and  184 
NNW.  from  London.    Lon.   28°  W.,  lat.  53 

41  N.  Tp.,   Strafford  co.,   N.   H.,  situated 

about  50  ms.  NW.  of  Portsmouth.  Pop.  in  1810, 

1,166;  in  1820,  1,518.  Village,  Washington 

co.,  R.  I.,  40  ms.  from  Providence. 

Walachia,  ancient  Dacia,  province  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  225  ms  long  and  125  broad,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Moldavia  and  Transylvania,  on  the  E, 
and  S.  by  the  river  Danube,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Transylvania.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  the 
Greek  church.  Tergovists,  or  Tervis,  is  the 
capital. 

Walcheren,  principal  island  of  Zealand.  It  is 
separated  from  the  inlands  of  N.  and  S.  Beveland 
by  a  narrow  channel,  and  from  Flanders  by  th6 
mouth  of  the  Scheldt,  being  bounded  on  the  other 
sides  by  the  German  ocean.  It  is  9  ms.  long  and 
8  broad,  and,  being  low,  is  subject  to  inundations, 
but  has  good  arable  and  pasture  lands.  The  cap- 
ital of  this  island  and  of  the  whole  province  is  Mid- 
dleburg. 

Walcour,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 
in  the  county  of  Namur,  on  the  confines  of 
Hainault,  between  the  Meuse  and  Sambre.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Heura,  12  ms.  S.  of  Chaderoy, 
and  27  SW.  of  Namur.  Lon.  4  30  E.,  lat.  50 
10  N. 

Waldhorough,  town  and  port  of  entry,  Lincoln 
co.,  Maine,  22  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Wiscassct. — 
See  Waldoborough,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 

Waldeck,  principality  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Rhine,  30  ms.  long  and  20  broad,  bound- 

941 


WAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAL 


ed  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  Hesse-Cassel,  and  on  the 
W.  and  N.  by  Westphalia.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  covered  with  woods,  and  has  mines  of 
iron,  copper,  quicksilver,  and  alum. 

Waldeck,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a  prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  on  the  Steinbach,  25  ms.  WSW.  of  Cas- 
sel.    Lon.  9  4  E.,  lat.  51  10  N. 

Walden,  or  Saffron  Walden,  town  of  Eng.,  in 
Essex,  on  an  ascent  among  pleasant  fields  of  saffron, 
which  is  here  cultivated,  27  miles  NNW.  of 
Chelmsford,  and  42  N.  by  E.  of  London.  Lon. 
0  20  E.,  lat.  52  4  N. 

Walden,  town  on  a  small  branch  of  Lamoille 
river,  Caledonia  co.,  Vt,  by  post  road  74  ms.  NE. 
from  Montpelier.  Village,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y. 

Walden  burgh,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Muldau.  Lon. 
12  30  E.,  lat.  50  49  N. 

Waldenburgh,  Old,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  famous  for  its  brown  and 
earthen  ware. 

Waldenburg,  or  Wallenburg,  town  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  canton  of  Basle. 

Waldenburg,  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Hohenlohe,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  a 
mountain,  6  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Ohringen. 

Waldheim,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony- 
Here  was  formerly  a  monastery,  now  converted 
into  an  orphan-house  and  house  of  correction,  in 
which  various  manufactures  are  carried  on.  It 
is  s  tuate  on  the  Zschopa,  30  miles  southeast  of 
Leipsic. 

Waldmanchen,  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river 
Schwarza,  32  ms.  SSE.  of  Amberg. 

Waldo,  village,  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  110  ms. 
NE.  from  Portland. 

Waldoborough,  town  on  Muscungus  river,  Lin- 
coln co  ,  Maine,  22  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Wiscas- 
set,  and  72  in  a  similar  direction  from  Portland. 
It  is  the  same  as  Waldborough. 

Waldsussen,  town  of  Bavaria,  near  which  is  a 
rich  Cistertian  abbey,  whose  abbot  was  formerly 
a  prince  of  the  empire.  It  is  44  ms.  NNE.  of 
Amberg. 

Waleshut,  strong. town  of  Suabia,  in  the  grand  j 
duchy  of  Baden,  one  of  the  four  Forest  towns,  j 
seated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  at  the  en- 1 
trance  of  the  Black  Forest,  19  ms.  WSW.  of | 
Schaffhausen. 

Waldstadt,  or  TValdstetter  Cantom,  name  giv- 
en to  the  Swiss  cantons  of  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz, 
and  Underwalden.  It  signifies  forest  towns  ;  these 
cantons  containing  a  great  number  of  forests. 

Wales,  town,  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  48  ms.  NE. 

from  Portland.  Town,  Erie  co  ,  N.  Y.,  on 

Seneca  branch  of  Buffalo  creek,  20  ms.  SE.  from 
Buffalo.    Pop.  in  1820,  903. 

Wales,  principality  in  the  W.  of  Eng.,  120  ms. 
long  and  80  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Irish  sea,  W.  by  that  sea  and  St.  George's  chan- 
nel, S.  by  the  Bristol  channel,  and  E.  by  the  cos. 
of  Chester,  Salop,  Hereford,  and  Monmouth.  It 
contains  5,200,000  acres,  and  the  number  of  in- 
habitants was  in  1 80 1 ,  54 1 , 546  ;  in  1 8 1 1 ,  6 1 1 , 788; 
and  in  1821,  717,141.  The  country  is  moun- 
tainous, but  not  barren,  producing  all  the  neces- 
saries of  life  ;  the  cattle  and  sheep  are  numerous, 
but  small,  and  it  is  particular^-  famed  for  goats.  It 
942 


is  watered  by  many  rivers,  the  principal  of  which, 
and  other  particulars  are  noted  in  the  differen 
cos. — See  Great  Britain. 

Wales,  New  South,  country  of  N.  America,  ir 
New  Britain,  lying  SW.  of  Hudson's  bay,  aoc 
subject  to  Great  Britain. — See  Britain,  New,  Hud 
sort's  bay,  and  Labrador. 

Wales,  New  South,  the  east  coast  of  New 
Holland,  extending  from  43  49  to  10  37  S.  lat., 
being  the  N.  and  S.  extremities  of  that  vast  island 
This  coast  was  first  explored  by  Captain  Cook,  ic 
1770.  A  vast  chain  of  lofty  mountains  rum 
nearly  in  a  N.  and  S.  direction  further  than  the 
eye  can  trace,  about  60  ms.  inland. — See  Aus- 
tralia. 

Walheim,  village,  Caldwell  co.,  Ky.,  by  post 
road  236  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Frankfort. 

Walhof,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  duchy  of  Court 
land.    Lon.  24  25  E.,  lat.  56  35  N. 

Walhonding,  Indian  name  of  White  Woman's 
|  river,  O. — See  White  Woman's  river. 

Walkenreid,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Saxony,  in  Thuringia,  seated  on  the  Sorge, 
20  ms.  SW.  of  Halberstadt.     Lon.   21  5 
lat.  51  53  N. 

Walker,  town,  Centre  co.,  Pa.  in  Nittany 
valley,  commencing  about  5  ms.  NE.  from  Belle- 
font. 

Walker, co.,  Ala.,  bounded  by  Marion  and  Fayette 
W.,  Franklin,  Lawrence,  and  Morgan,  N.,  Blount 
E.,  and  Jefferson  and  Tuscaloosa  S.,  length  from 
S.  to  50  ms.,  mean  width.  35,  and  area  1,850 
sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the  higher  branches  of 
Tuscaloosa  river.  N.  lat.  34°  and  Ion.  W.  of 
W.  C.  intersect  near  its  centre.  Pop.  1840,  4,032. 

Walkers,  post  office,  Colleton  district,  S.  C.,' 
by  post  road  141  ms.  SSE.  from  Columbia. 

Walkerlown,  Centre  co.,  Pa. — See  Walker 
tp. ,  Centre  co. ,  Pa. 

Walkerlown,  King  and  Queen  co.,  Va.,  40 
ms.  NE.  from  Richmond. 

Wallabout,  bay  of  East  river,  N.  from  Brook- 
lyn, and  opposite  N.  Y.  The  United  States  have 
a  navy  yard  on  a  point  of  land  extending  from 
Brooklyn  to  the  N.,  having  East  river  to  the  N., 
and  the  Wallabout  to  the  S. 

Wallemtadt,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Appenzal,  9  ms.  W.  of  Sargans,  and  15 
NW.  ofCoire.    Lon.  9  14  E.,  lat.  47  1  N. 

Wallenstadt,  lake  of  Switzerland,  about  16  ma. 
in  length,  and  2  in  breadth  ;  it  is  bounded  by  ex- 
ceeding high  mountains,  except  to  the  E.  and  W. 
Through  this  lake  flows  the  Mat,  which  soon  after 
joining  the  Linth,  forms  the  river  Limmat. 

Wallerstein,  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle  be- 
longing to  the  counts  of  Oettingen,  6  ms.  SW.  ol 
Oettingen. 

Wallingford,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Berkshire, 
on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  14 
ms.  NW.  of  Reading,  and  46  W.  of  London.  Lon. 

1  I  W.,  lat.  51  36  N.  Town,  New  Haven, 

co.,  Conn.,  13  ms.  N.  from  New  Haven,  27  SW. 
by  W.  from  Hartford,  and  21  NE.  from  Derby. 
- — Town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  E.  suk  i 
Otter  river,  about  15  ms.  S.  from  Rutland. 

Wallkill.  town,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Hudson  river,  65  ms.  NNW.  from  New 
York.    Pop.  in  1820,  4,887. 

Wallkill,  small  river,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  rises  in 


WAL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAN 


Sussex  co.,  of  the  latter,  and  flowing  thence  IMNE. 
over  Orange  and  part  of  Ulste?  cos.  of  N.  Y.,  falls 
into  the  Hudson  river  3  ms.  SE.  from  the  village 
of  Esopus  or  Kingston,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  60  ms.  This  stream  is  remarkable  from  being 
the  drain  of  an  elevated  marshy  tract  called  the 
Drowned  Lands. — See  Drowned  Lands. 

Walloons)  name  formerly  given  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  a  considerable  part  of  the  Netherlands, 
and  a  part  of  Flanders  and  Brabant. 

Walloostook,  river  of  Me.,  is  the  Upper  St. 
John's,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Penob- 
scot and  Chaudiere  rivers,  atN.  lar.  46°,  and  Ion. 
7°  E.  of  W.  C.  Where  the  name  Walloostook  is 
superseded  by  St.  John  is  uncertain,  but  probably 
where  joined  by  the  St.  Francis.  Thus  far  the 
Walloostook  pursues  first  a  northern  course  of  60 
ms.,  and  thence  winding  to  NE.  by  E.  50  ms., 
receives  the  St.  Francis  from  the  N.  The  St. 
Francis  rises  in  the  highlands,  or  dividing  ridge 
between  the  St.  Lawrence  waters  and  those  of 
St.  John's,  at  not  more  than  10  ms.  from  the 
former,  at  N.  lat.  47  45;  thence  flowing  SSE., 
by  comparative  course,  50  ms.,  joins  the  Walloos- 
took. The  source  of  the  St.  Francis  is  about  130 
ms.  NE.  from  Quebec.  This  river  was  proposed  by 
the  king  of  the  Netherlands  as  part  of  the  bound- 
ary between  the  State  of  Me.  ami  Canada. 

Wall's  Old  Fort,  post  office,  Green  co  ,  Geo. 

Walney,  island  of  Eng.,  on  the  coast  of  Lan- 
cashire. 

Walnut,  NE.  town,  Fairfield  co.,  O.  Tp., 

Pickaway  co.,  O.  One  of  the  southern  tps.  of 

Gallia  co.,  O. 

Walnut  Branch,  post  office,  Fauquier  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  56  ms.  from  W.  C.,  and  111  from 
Richmond. 

Walnut  Grove,  post  office,  Kanawha  co.,  Va., 
by  post  road  387  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  W.  C, 

and  340  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond.  Post 

office,  Cabarrasco.,  N.  C.,  by  post  road  145  ms. 
SW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh.  Post  office,  Spar- 
tanburg district,  S.  C.,  by  post  road  135  ms.  NW. 

from  Columbia.  Village,  in  the  northern  part 

of  Mercer  co.,  Ky.,  between  Salt  river  and  Ken- 
tucky river,  20  ms.  S.  from  Frankfort.  Post 

office,  Montgomery  co.,  Tenn.,  108  ms.  NW. 
from  Murfreesborough. 

Walnut  Hill,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  III.,  19  ms. 
S.  from  Vandalia. 

Walnut  Hills,  high  bluff  or  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  Warren  co.,  Miss.,  13  ms.  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo. 

Walpach,  tp.,  Sussex  co.,  N.  J.,  on  the  Dela- 
ware river,  at  the  mouth  of  Flatkill,  38  ms.  above 
Easton,  Pa.    Pop.  in  1820,  822. 

Walpo,  town  of  Sclavonia,  capital  of  a  co.  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Walpo,  20  ms.  W.  of  Esseck,  and  110 
S.  of  Buda.    Lon.  19  22  E.,  lat.  45  35  N. 

Walpole,  town,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  lying  on 
the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite  to 
Westminster,  Vt.,  14  ms.  NW.  of  Keene,  10  NE. 
of  Poultney,  and  28  S.  by  E.  of  Windsor,  (the 

two  last  being  in  Vt.)  Town,  Norfolk  co., 

Mass.,  between  Stoughton  and  Med  way,  23  ms. 
SW.  of  Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,366. 

Walpole  Centre,  town,  Walpole  tp.,  Norfolk 
co.,  Mass.,  20  ms.  SW.  from  Boston. 


Walsall,  corporate  town  of  Eng.,  in  Stafford- 
shire. It  has  several  manufactures  in  iron,  such 
as  nails,  bridle  bits,  stirrups,  spurs,  buckles,  &c. 
and  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  It  is  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  15  ms.  S.  of  Stafford,  and  116  NW. 
of  London.    Lon.  I  36  W.,  lat.  52  46N. 

Walskam,  JVorth,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk, 
10  ms.  E.  of  Norwich,  and  123  NNE.  of  Lon- 
Idon.    Lon.  1  31  E.,  lat.  52  40  N. 

Walsingham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  25 
j  ms.  NW.  of  Norwich,  and  116  NNE.  of  London. 
I  Lon.  0  53  E.,  lat.  52  56  N. 

Walstadter  See,  or  Lake  of  the  Four  Cantons, 
I  one  of  the  finest  lakes  in  Switzerland.    It  consists 
of  three  principal  branches,  called  the  Lakes  of 
j  Lucern,  Schweitz,  and  Uri.    The  river  Reuss 
:  flows  through  this  lake. 

Walterborough,  village,  Colleton  district,  S.  C, 
'  on  a  branch  of  Ashpoo  river,  by  post  road  46  ms.  a 
!  little  N.  of  W.  from  Charleston,  and  by  post  road 
178  ms.  SSE.  from  Columbia. 

Waliham,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  lying 
N.  from  Charles  river,  10  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from 
Boston.  This  tp.  contains  very  extensive  manu- 
factories of  cotton  and  woollen  cloths. 

Waltham,  or  Bishop  Waliham,  town  of  Eng., 
in  Hampshire,  8  ms.  S.  of  Winchester,  and  65 
W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  1  20  W.,  lat.  50 
57  N. 

Waltham  Ahbey,  or  Waltham  Holy  Cross, 
town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  on  the  river  Lea,  which 
here  forms  several  islands,  12  ms.  N.  by  E.  of 
London.    Lon  0  3  E.,  lat.  51  42  N. 

Waltham  Cross,  or  West  Waltham,  village  of 
Eng.,  in  Hertfordshire,  which  takes  its  first  ap- 
pellation from  a  cross  erected  here  by  Edward  I. 
It  is  seated  near  the  river  Lea,  12  ms.  N.  by  E. 
of  London. 

Waltham  on  the  Would,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, 19  ms.  NE.  of  Leicester,  and  113 
N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  0  46  W.,  lat.  52 
51  N. 

Wallinbruch,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Suabia,  on  the  river  Aich. 

Walton,  considerable  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry, 
seated  on  the  Thames,  over  which  at  this  place  is 
a  handsome  bridge,  6  ms.  W.  by  S.  of  Kingston. 

 Town,  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  NW. 

side  of  Mohawk  river,  98  ms.  SW.  of  Albany. 

Walton,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  SW.  by  Newton, 
W.  by  Gwinnet,  NW.  by  Hall,  NE.  by  Oconee 
river,  or  by  Jackson  and  Clark,  and  SE.  by  Morgan 
and  Jasper.  Length  25,  mean  width  22  ms.,  area 
550  sq.  ms.  It  is  principally  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Oconee  and  Oakmulgee  rivers.  Chief  town, 
Monroe.  Pop.  in  1820,  4,192;  and  in  1840, 
10,209.  Central  lat.  33  50  N.,  lon.  W  C  6 
45  W. 

Wampsville,  village,  Madison  co.,  N.  Y. 

Wanborough,  post  office,  Edwards  co.,  111. 

Wandersltben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  LTpper  Saxony. 

Wandiwash,  town  of  Asia,  in  Hindoostan,  in 
the  Carnatic,  27  ms.  SSE.  oi'Arcot,  and  38Ni\Ws 
of  Pondicherry. 

Wandeworth,  large  village  of  England,  in  Sur- 
ry, seated  on  the  Waudle,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Thames,  5  ms.  WSW.  of  London. 

Wangen,  town  of  Bavaria,  in  Suabia.  The 

943 


WAR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAR 


inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  paper  and 
hardware.  It  is  seated  on  the  Orerarg,  17  miles 
NE.  of  Lindau,  and  30  E  of  Constance.     Lon.  9 

56  E.,  lat.  47  38  N.  Town  of  Switzerland,  in 

Upper  Argau,  seated  on  the  river  Aar.    Lon.  7 

30  E.,  lat.  47  lb'  N.  Town  of  France,  in  the 

dep.  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace, 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  and  surrounded 
by  a  wall.  It  is  8  ms.  NW.  of  Strasburg.  Lon. 
7  42  E.,  lat.  48  38  N.  N 


ma.  W.  by  N.  of  Newburg,  and  70  N.  by  W. 
the  city  of  New  York. 

Wardsburg,  village,  Christian  county,  Ky.,  21 
ms.  SW.  from  Frankfort. 

Ware,  town  of  England,  in  Herefordshire,  ( 
the  river  Lea,  by  which  a  great  trade  is  carried  r 
to  London  in  corn — 5,000  quarters  being  frequen 
ly  sent  in  a  week.  Here  are  sluices  and  weirs 
the  river,  to  preserve  it  from  floods.  It  is  21  mil 
N.  of  London.    Lon.  0  3  E.,  lat.  51  50  N.  


Wangfried,  town  in  the.  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  iTown,  Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  on  tl 

E.  side  of  Ware  river,  16  ms.  NE.  of  Springfieli 
Pop.  in  1810,  996;  and  in  1820,  1,154. 

Warbridge,  or  Wardbridge,  town  of  Eng.,  ; 
Cornwall.  It  has  a  bridge  over  the  river  Came 
which  is  the  handsomest  in  the  county,  and  suj 
ported  by  20  arches.    It  is  13  ms.  SW.  of  Came 


in  Germany.    Lon.  9  58  E.,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Wanlockhead,  village  of  Scotland,  near  the  lead 
mines  of  Dumfriesshire ;  on  that  account,  it  has 
a  considerable  number  of  smelting  houses. 
Wanstead,  village  of  England,  in  Essex. 
Wantage,  town  of  England,  in  Berkshire,  fa- 


mous for  being  the  birthplace  of  King  Alfred,  is  j  ford,  and  241  W.  by  S.  of  London.    Lon.  5 


ms.  S.  by  W. 
Lon.  1  16  E.( 


seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Ock,  12 
of  Oxford,  and  50  W.  of  London, 
lat.  61  35  N 
New  Jersey. 

Wantzenau,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep 
Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  The 
Austrians  took  this  place  in  1793. 

Wanzleben,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of!  and  114  W.  by  S.  of  London 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  principality  of  Magdeburg,  i  lat.  50  43  N 
10  ms.  WS  VV.  of  Magdeburg. 


W.,  lat.  50  36  N. 

Wareham,  town,  Plymouth  county,  Massacht 
Township  of  Warren  county,  [setts,  at  the  head  of  Buzzard's  bay,  13  ms.  NW 
of  Barnstable,  16  NE.  of  New  Bedford,  and  614 
of  by  E.  of  Boston,  in  lat.  41  48  N.,  and  lon.  70  4 

W.    Pop.  1820,  952.  Borough  and  seaport  i 

England,  in  Dorsetshire,  20  ms.  E.  of  Dorcheste 

Lon.  2  16  W 


Warehouse  Point,  12  ms.  above  Hartford,  Cor 


Wappatoo,  island  in  Columbia  river,  opposite  necticut. — See  South  Windsor . 

Warka,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 


the  mouth  of  Columbia  river. 


Wappinger's  Creek,  creek  of  Dutchess  county,  Masovia,  seated  on  the  river  Pilfa.    Lon.  20  1 


New  York,  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county 
and  flows  SSW.  into  Hudson  river,  about  7  miles 


above  Newburg.  Town,  Dutchess  co 

on  Wappinger's  creek,  81  miles  S.  from 
and  6  SE.  from  Poughkeepsie. 

Waradin,  Great,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  cap- 
ital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Sebes  Keres,  117  miles  NE.  of  Peterwaradin,  and 
150  ESE.  of  Buda.  Longitude  21  50  E.,  lati- 
tude 47  5  N. 

Waradin,  Little,  strong  town  of  Sclavonia,  cap- 
ital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Drave, 
28  miles  WSW.  of  Kamisca,  and  34  N.  by 
Zagrad.    Lon.  16  15  E.,  lat.  46  48  N. 


E.,  lat.  51  35  N. 

Warkivorth,  village  of  England,  in  Northun 


N.  Y.,  berland,  5  miles  SE.  of  Alnwick,  on  the 


klbany,  Cocket. 

Warminster,  town  of  England,  in  Wiltshire,  i 
the  source  of  the  Willy  bourn,  22  miles  NW.  < 
Salisbury,  and  97  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon. 

15  W.,  lat.  51  11  N.  Town,  Bucks  county 

Pennsylvania,  between  the  tps.  of  SouthainptO' 
and  Warrington,   10  miles  SW.  from  Newtoi, 

 Village,  Nelson  county,  Virginia,  on  Jame' 

river,  30  miles  by  land  below  Lynchburg,  and  8' 
E.  of  miles  by  post  road  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Rich 
1  mond. 


Warango/e,  the  .Arinkill  of  Ferishta,  once  the  i     Warm  Springs,  village  on  French  Broad  rivet 


•apital  of  Golconda,  in  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan 
It  is  62  miles  NNE.  of  Hydrabad.    Lon.  79 
E.,  lat.  18  6  N. 


in  the  NW.  part  of  Buncombe  co.,  North  Caro 
30  lina,  73  miles  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Knoxville,  ani 
by  post  road  234  miles  W.  from  Raleigh. 


Warburg,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  West  Goth-  Clarke  county,  Arkansas,  on  a  small  creek  flowin; 
land,   and   province  of  Holland,   with  a  castle,  into  Washitau  river.  They  are  situated  in  an  ele 


30  ms.  S.  of  Gottenburg.    Lon.  11  46  E.,  lat.  57 

12  N.  Town  of  Germany,  in  W7estphalia,  in 

the  bishopric  of  Paderborn,  formerly  imperial  and 
Hanseatic.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dymel,  20  ms.  SE. 
of  Paderborn.    Lon.  0  19  E.,  lat.  51  33  N., 

Warcop,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Westmoreland. 

Ward,  village,  Worcester  co.,  Mass. 

Warde,  town  of  Denmark,  in  North  Jutland, 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  15 
ms.  N$  of  Ripen. 

Wardhuys,  seaport  of  Danish  Lapland,  seated 
on  a  small  island  of  the  same  name,  near  the  con- 
tinent, 120  ms.  SE.  of  the  North  Cape.  Lon.  31 
6  E.,  lat.  70  22  N. 

Wardsborough,  town,  Windham  county,  Vt., 
40  ms.  S.  from  Windsor. 

Wardsbridge,  town,  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Walkill  river,  10  ms.  N.  of  Goshen,  27 
944 


vated,  healthy,  but  barren  country,  and  have  beer 
found  highly  medical.    Lat.  34  30  N. 

Warnemunde,  seaport  of  Germany,  in  Mecklen 
burg,  on  the  Baltic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Warne 
26  miles  NE.  of  Wismar.  Longitude  12  26  E 
latitude  55  4  N. 

Warner,  town,  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H.,  16  ms 
NW.  from  Concord.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,246. 

Warntnton,  town  of  Flanders,  on  the  river  Lis 
8  ms.  NW.  of  Lisle.  Longitude  3  4  E.,  lutituJ* 
50  45  N. 

Warnersville,  village,  Hardeman  county,  Ten 

nessee. 

Warren,  town,  Lincoln  county,  Maine,  30  ma 

E.  from  Wiscasset.  Town,  Grafton  co.,  N.  H 

50  ms.  N.  from  Concord.  Pop.  in  1810,  506  ;  anc 
in  1820,  544. — -Town,  Bristol  co.,  R.  Island,  or 
Warren  river,  4  miles  N.  of  Bristol,  and  12  S.  bj 


WAR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAR 


3.  of  Providence,  in  lat.  41  42  N.,  and  Ion.  71 

18  W.  Town,  Litchfield  county,  Connecticut, 

3op.  in  1810,  1,026;  and  in  1820,  875.  

Extreme  eastern  town,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  18  ms. 

3  W.  from  Montpelier.  Town,  Herkimer  co., 

V.  Y.,  10  ms.  S.  of  Herkimer.  Pop.  in  1810,  3,974; 

ind  in  1820,  2,013.  Tp.,  Somerset  co.,  N.  J. 

3opulation  in  1820,  1,452.  Village  and  seat 

>f  justice,  Warren  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
ight  bank  of  Alleghany,  on  the  point  below  the 
nouth  of  Connewango  creek.  Pop.  in  1820,  182; 
ind  in  1840,  740.    Lat.  41  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2 

;5  W.  SW.  township,  Franklin  county,  Pa. 

 Village,  Albemarle  co.,  Virginia,  on  the  left 

)ink  of  James  river,  20  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from 
Charlottesville.  Tp.  in  the  SE.  quarter  of  Jef- 
ferson co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Belmont  county,  Ohio, 

n  which  is  situated  the  village  of  Barnesville.  

Tp.,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Washing- 

on  co.,  Ohio.  Village  and  seat  of  justice  for 

Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.  It  is  situated  on  the  eastern 
•ank  of  Mahoning  river,  45  miles  SE.  from  Fair- 
>ort,  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  river,  70  ms.  N.  from 
Steubenville,  and  180  NE.  from  Columbus.  Lon. 
t  50  W.,  lat.  41  17  N.    Pop.  in  1840  1,996. 

Warren,  county  of  New  York,  bounded  by  Sa- 
atoga  S.,  Hamilton  W.,  Essex  N.,  and  Lake 
George  and  Washington  county  E.  ;  length  38 
n?.,  mean  width  28,  area  about  1,000  sq.  miles, 
t  is  drained  generally  by  the  Hudson,  and  partly 
>y  Sacondago  river.  Surface  mountainous,  and 
ioil  rocky  and  mostly  barren.  Chief  town,  Caldwell. 
Central  lat.  43  33  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  10  E.  Pop. 
n  1820,  9,453  ;  and  in  1840,  13,422. 
\  Warren,  county  of  Pennsylvania,  bounded  by 
Chautauque  and  Cattaraugus  cos.  N.,  McKean  co. 
E.,  Jefferson  and  Venango  S.,  and  Crawford  and 
Erie  W.  ;  length  32  miles,  breadth  26,  area  832 
>q.  ms.  It  is  a  remarkably  well-watered  county  ; 
Mleghany  river  winds  obliquely  through  it,  and 
within  it  receives  the  discharge  of  Chautauque 
ake,  or  Conewango  creek,  Brokenstraw  creek,  and 
several  other  large  creeks.  Surface  hilly,  but  much 
}f  the  soil  good,  and  some  highly  fertile.  Chief 
town,  Warren.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,976.  Central 
lat.  41  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  22  W. 

Warren,  county  of  North  Carolina,  bounded  by 
Mecklenburg  and  Brunswick  cos.,  Va.,  N.,  by 
Northampton  and  Halifax  cos.,  N.  C,  E.,  Franklin 
8.,  and  Granville  W.  ;  length  23  miles,  mean 
width  15,  area  345  square  miles.  Roanoke  river 
traverses  its  NE.  angle,  and  it  is  drained  by  sev- 
eral creeks  flowing  into  that  stream,  and  by  Fish- 
ing creek,  branch  of  Tar  river.  Chief  town,  War- 
reaton.  Pop.  in  1820,  11,158;  and  in  1840, 
12,929.  For  central  lat.  and  lon.,  see  Warrenton, 
Warren  co.,  N.  C. 

Warren,  county  of  Georgia,  bounded  by  Jeffer- 
son SE  ,  Great  Ogeeche  river,  or  Washington 
and  Hancock,  SW.,  Wilkes  N.,  and  Columbia 
NE.  and  E.  ;  length  38  miles,  breadth  18,  area 
about  700  sq.  ms.  Chief  town.  Warrenton.  Pop. 
m  1840,  9,789.  For  central  lat.  and  lon.,  see 
Warrenton,  Warren  co.,  Georgia. 

Warren,  county  of  Ohio,  bounded  S.  by  Cler- 
mont and  Hamilton,  W.  by  Butler,  N.  by  Mont- 
gomery and  Greene,  and  E.  by  Clinton;  length 
20,  breadth  19£  miles,  area  400  sq.  miles.  Little 
Miami  traverses  it  obliquely  from  NE.  to  SW. 
119* 


Surface  hilly,  but  with  a  soil  highly  fertile.  Sta- 
ples, grain  and  flour.  Chief  town,  Lebanon.  Pop. 
in  1820,  17,837;  and  in  1840,  23,141.  Central 
lat.  39  26  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  8  W. 

Warren,  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded  by  Al- 
len SE.,  Simpson  S.,  Logan  SW.,  Butler  NW., 
Green  river,  or  Grayson  and  Hurt,  N.,  and  Bar- 
ren E. ;  length  35,  mean  width  20  ms.,area  about 
700  sq.  miles.  Big  Barren  river  passes  through 
this  county,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equal  sec- 
tions. Chief  town,  Bowling  Green.  Population 
in  1820,  11,776;  and  in  1840,  15,446.  Central 
lat.  37  0  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9  16  W. 

Warren,  county  of  Tennessee,  bounded  by 
Franklin  S.,  Rutherford  W.,  Wilson  and  Smith 
NW.,  Caney  Fork  river,  or  White  NE.,  and 
Bledsoe  SE., ;  length  40,  mean  width  20  miles, 
area  800  sq.  ms.  It  is  principally  drained  by  the 
creeks  of  Caney  fork  river.  Chief  town,  McMin- 
ville.  Population  in  1820,  10,348;  and  in  1840, 
10,803.  Central  latitude  35  50  N.,  longitude  W. 
C.  8  40  W. 

Warren,  county,  Mississippi,  bounded  by  Mis- 
sissippi river  W.,  Yazoo  river  N.,  New  Purchase 
E.,  and  Big  Black  river,  or  Claiborne  county,  S.; 
length  30,  mean  width  11  ms.,  area  330  sq.  miles. 
Staple  cotton,  and  soil  highly  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Warrenton.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,693;  and  in  1840, 
15,820.  Central  lat.  32  18  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  14 
5  W. 

Warrenburg,  tp.,  Warren  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  Hudson,  7  miles  W.  from  Caldwell.    Pop.  in 

1810,  887;  and  in  1820,  956.  Village,  in  the 

W.  angle  of  Green  co.,  Tenn.,  70  ms.  a  little  N- 
of  E.  from  Knoxville. 

Warrensville,  tp.,  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

Warrenton,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Fauquier 
co.,  Va.,  40  ms.  WSW.  of  Washington  city.  Lat. 

38  41  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  44  W.  Village  and 

seat  of  justice,  Warren  co.,  N.  C,  56  ms.  NNE. 
from  Raleigh,  and  85  nearly  S.  from  Petersburg, 
in  Va.    It  is  the  seat  of  two  academies.    Lat.  36 

21  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  10  W.  Village  and  seat 

of  justice,  Warren  county,  Georgia,  about  40  ms. 
W.  from  Augusta.    It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 

Lat.  33  22  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  5  35  W.  Village 

and  seat  of  justice,  Warren  county,  Mississippi,  on 
Mississippi  river,  10  ms.  below  Walnut  Hills.  It 
is  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Lat.  32  17  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  14  2  W. 

Warrensiown,  tp.,  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

Warrentown,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  river,  above  the  mouth  of  Indian  Short  creek, 
14  ms.  below  Stcubenville. 

Warrington,  town  of  England,  in  Lancashire, 
It  has  large  and  considerable  manufactures  of  sail 
cloth,  cotton,  pins,  glass,  and  other  articles.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Mersey,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  18 

miles  E.  of  Liverpool.  Tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Pa.,  on 

the  NE.  limit  of  Montgomery  co.,  between  New 

Britain  and  Warminster.  Tp.,  York  co.,  Pa., 

on  the  NW.  side  of  Conewango  creek.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,274. 

Warrior  marks,  village,  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa., 
by  post  road  105  ms.  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Warsaw,  city  of  Poland,  lately  the  metropolis  of 
that  country,  and  in  the  palatinate  of  Massovia.  It 
is  built  partly  in  a  plain,  and  partly  on  a  gentle  rise 
from  the  Vistula,  extending  with  the  suburbs  of 

•945 


WAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAS 


Kraka  and  Praga  over  a  vast  extent  of  ground,  and 
containing  above  90,000  inhabitants;  Warsaw  is 
160  ms.  SE.  of  Dantzic,  130  NNE.  of  Cracow, 
and  300  NE.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  21  0  E.,  lat.  52 
14  N.  County  town  of  Gallatin  county,  Ken- 
tucky, situated  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  co., 
45  miles  nearly  due  N.  from  Frankfort.    Pop.  in 

1840,  600.  Town,  Genesee  co.,  N.  York,  on 

Allen's  creek,  20  miles  S.  from  Batavia.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,317;  and  in  1820,  1,658. 

Warta,  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Siradia,  seated  on  the  river  Warta,  12  ms.  NE. 
of  Siradia,  an  I  57  SE.  of  Posnamia.    Lon.  18  0 

E.,  lat.  51  19  N.  SE.  branch  of  the  Oder, 

rises  near  the  Cracow,  and  joins  the  Oder  at 
Custrin. 

Wartenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Silesia,  cap 
ital  of  a  lordship  of  the  same  name.  It  is  22  ms. 
NE.  of  B  res  law. 

Warwick,  county  of  Indiana,  bounded  by  Ohio 
river  S.,  Vanderburg  and  Posey  W.,  Pike  and 
Dubois  N.,  and  Spencer  E.  and  SE. ;  length  30, 
width  13  ms.,  area  410  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by 
Big  and  Little  Pigeon,  and  some  other  creeks. 
Chief  town,  Booneville.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,749; 
and  in  1840,  6,321.  Central  lat.  38  5  N.,  lon. 
W.  C.  10  10  W. 

Warwick,  the  co.  town  of  Warwickshire,  in 
Eng.,  on  the  river  Avon.  All  the  passages  to  it 
are  cut  through  the  rock,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  15  ms.  SSW.  of  Coventry,  and  93  NW. 
of  London.    Lon.  1  30  W.,  lat.  52  18  N. 

Warwick,  co.  of  Eng.,  47  ms.  long  and  30 
broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Derbyshire,  NE.  by 
Leicestershire,  E.  by  Northamptonshire,  SE.  by 
Oxfordshire,  $  W.  by  Gloucestershire,  W.  by  Wor- 
cestershire, and  NW.  by  Staffordshire.  It  con- 
tains 639,760  acres,  is  divided  into  four  hundreds 
and  one  liberty,  and  193  parishes;  has  one  city 
and  12  market  towns.  Pop.  in  1810,  208,190; 
in  1811,  228,735;  and  in  1820,  274,392. 

Warwick,  town  in  the  NE.  part  of  Franklin 
co„  Mass  .  82  ms.  NE.  from  Northampton,  and 
by  post  road  86  ms.  NW.  by*  W.  from  Boston. 
 Town,  Kent  co.,  R.  I  ,  10  ms.  S.  from  Prov- 
idence. This  is  one  of  the  most  manufacturing 
sections  of  R  I.  It  possesses  numerous  cotton 
factories,  two  banks,  and  an  academy.    Pop.  in 

1820,  3,643;  and  in  1840,  6,726/  Town, 

Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Walkill 
river,  10  ms.  S.  of  Goshen,  11  N.  of  Hamburg, 
N.  J.,  and  70  NW.  of  the  city  of  New  Y~ork. 

 Tp.,  Bucks  co.,  Penn.,  on  the  SE.  side  of 

Neshaminy  creek  below  Doylestown.    Pop.  in 

1810,  1,287;  in  1820,  1,115.  Tp.,  Lancaster 

co.,  Pa.,  between  Elizabeth  and  Rapho  tps.,  and 
joining  Dauphin  co.    Pop.  in  1810,  3,439;  in 

1820,  3,777  Village,  Cecil  co.,  Md.,  between 

Sassafras  and  Bohemia  rivers,  18  ms.  S.  of  Elk- 
ton,  27  SW.   of  Newcastle,  Del.,  and  61  SW. 

of  Philadelphia.  -Central  tp.,  Tuscarawas  co., 

Ohio. 

Warwick,  co.,  Va.,  by  James  river  SW., 
James  co.,  NW.,  York  NE.,  and  Elizabeth  co. 
SE  ;  Length  15,  width  8  ms.,  area  120  sq.  ms. 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,108;  and  in  1840,  1,456.  Ctl. 
lat.  37  8  N. 

Washington,  SE.  co.  of  Maine,  bounded  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean  S.,  Passamaquoddy  bay,  St.  Croix 
946 


; river,  and  New  Brunswick  E.,  and  Hancock  an< 
■  Penobscot  cos.,  Maine,  W.    This  co.  includes  ( 
strip  along  the  whole  E.  side  of  Maine,  and  i; 
about  250  ms.  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  but  th» 
!  really  inhabited  part  is  confined  to  about  1,000  sq 
\  ms.  along  the  seacoast.    Its  front  is  very  mucl 
!  indented  by  fine  bays.    Chief  towns,  Machias  am 
jEastport.    Pop.  in  1820,  12,744;  and  in  1840, 
'  28,327.    Ctl.  lat.  44  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9  20  E 
Washington,  co.,  Ver.,  bounded  SE.  by  Cale 
donia  and  Orange,  SW.  by  Addison,  NW.  bj 
Chittenden,  and  NE.  by  Orleans  and  Caledonia 
length  24  ms.,  width  20,  area  480  sq.  ms.    It  oc 
cupies  the  fine  valleys  drained  by  the  sources  o 
Onion  river.  Surface.,  though  mountainous,  afford 
ing  much  excellent  soil.    Chief  town,  Montpelier 
Pop.  in  1820,   14,113;  and  in  1840,  23,506 
For  ctl.  lat.  and  lon.,  see  Montpelier. 
I     Washington,  SW.  co.  of  R.  I.,  bounded  by  th« 
Atlantic  ocean  S.,  New  London  co.,  Conn.,  W.,J 
Kent  co.,  R.  L,  N.,  and  Narragansett  bay  E.  I, 
is  about  20  ms.  sq.,  with  an  area  of  400  sq.  ms 
It  is  chiefly  drained  by   the  Pawcatuck  river 
!  Surface  moderately   hilly.    Chief  town,  Soutt 
Kingston.    Pop.  in  1820,  15,687;  and  in  1840. 
;  14,324.    Ctl.  lat.  41  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  25  E 

Washington,  co.,  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Ver.  E„  I 
Pawlet  river  and  Lake  Champlain   NE.,  Iak< 
George  NW.,  Warren  co.  and  Hudson  river  W.,  < 
and  Rensselaer  co.  S.  ;  length  60  ms.,  mean  widtl 
1  15,  area  900  sq.  ms.    The  face  of  this  co.  is  very 
diversified  and  picturesque.    Much  of  the  soil  ii 
[excellent.    It  is  peculiarly  well  watered,  having 
Hudson  river  at  one  extremity,  Lake  Champlair 
at  the  other,  and  drained  by  their  confluents.  Th< 
canal  uniting  Hudson  river  and  Lake  Champlair 
traverses  Washington  co.    Chief  towns,  Sandy 
|  Hill,  Whitehall,  Union,  &c.  Pop.  1820,  38,831  , 
and  in  1840,  41,080.    Ctl.  lat.  43  25  N.,  Ion., 
:  W.  C.  3  35  E. 

Washington,  tp.,  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  20  ms 

above  Castme.  Village,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H 

iPop.  in  1320,  992.  Town,  Orange  co.,  Ver., 

43  ms.  N.  from  Windsor.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,100. 

|  The  highest  summit  of  the  White  mountains, 

N.  H.,  7,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean 

 Tp.  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  8  ms,  E.  from 

Lenox.    Pop  in  1810,  942;  in  1820,  750.  

Village,  Litchfield  co.,  Conn.,  40  ms.  SW.  by 
W.  from  Hartford,  and  10  SW.  from  Litchfield 
Pop.  in  1810,  1,575;  in  1820,  1,487.  There 
are  in  this  tp.  two  forges,  one  slitting  mill,  twr, 
marble  saw  mills,  and  several  grain  mills,  and 

other  machinery.  Town,  Dutchess  co.,  N.  Y., 

on  Washington  creek,  12  ms.  NE.  from  Pough 
keepsie.  Pop.  in  1810,  2,854;  in  1820,  2,882. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a  very  respectable  boarding  school 

belonging  to  the  society  of  Friends.  Village  ol 

Albany  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  Troy, 
and  5  ms.  N  from  Albany.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
arsenal  belonging  to  the  U.  S.  Village,  Guern- 
sey co.,  Ohio,  on  the  road  between  Wheeling  and 

Zanesville,  45  ms.  W.  from  the  former.  Tp., 

Licking  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

 Tp.,  l^iami  co.,  Ohio,  containing  the  village 

of  Piqua.  Tp.,  Montgomery  co  ,  Ohio,  con- 
taining the  villages  of  Centreville  and  Woodburn. 
 Tp.,  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  containing  the  vil- 
lage of  Circleville.  Tp.,   Preble  co.,  Ohio, 


WAS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WAS 


:ontaining  the  village  of  Eaton.  Tp.,  Scioto 

:o.,  Ohio,  containing  the  village  of  Alexandria,  on 

)hio  river.  Tp.,   Warren  co.,  Ohio.  Vil- 

age  and  seat  of  justice,  Davis  co.,  Inda.,  between 
he  two  main  branches  of  White  river,  20  ms. 
JE.  by  E.  from  Vincennes,  and  by  post  road  103 
as.  SSW.  from  Indianapolis.    Lat.  38  40  N., 

on.  W.  C.  10  4  W.  Town,  Morris  co.,  N.  J. 

>op.  in  1820,  1,876.  Tp.,  Burlington  co.,  N. 

.,  adjoining  Little  Egg  Harbor  tp.  The  soil  is 
;enerally  sandy  and  covered  with  pines.  There 
.re  in  it  at  present  two  blasting  furnaces,  Batsto 
ind  Martha,  in  operation,  and  two  forges ;  there 
vere  formerly  five  blast  furnaces,  several  forges, 
:nd  one  slitting  mill.  The  low  lands  abound  in 
iog  ore,  that  mixed  with  mountain  ore  is  manu- 
actured  into  all  kinds  of  iron  and  castings. 

Washington,  co.,  Penn.,  bounded  by  Va.  W., 
Jeaver  co.,  Penn.,  N.,  Alleghany  NE.,  Monon- 
phela  river  or  Westmoreland  and  Fayette  E.,  and 
ireen  S.  ;  length  32  ms.,  mean  width  28,  area 
188  sq.  ms.  ;  surface  generally  hilly,  but  soil  is 
[enerally  productive.  This  co  occupies  the  height 
f  land  between  Ohio  and  Monongahela  rivers,  and 
he  creeks  flow  from  its  central  parts  like  radii  from 
I  common  centre.  Chief  town,  Washington. 
Jop.  in  1820,  40,038;  and  in  1840,  41,279. 
m  lat.  40  14  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  3  20  W. 

Washington,  village,  borough,  and  seat  of  jus- 
ice,  Washington  co.,  Penn.,  on  Chartiers  creek, 
i56  ms.  SW.  from  Pittsburg.  Pop.  in  1810,  about 
1,200;  in  1820,  1,687;  and  in  1840,  2,062. 
This  is  a  very  flourishing  country  town,  with  a 
iteam  flouring  mill,  and  several  other  manufacturing 
istablishments.  Washington  college,  in  this  town 
s  under  the  direction  of  a  president  and  two  pro- 
essors,  and  contains  a  library  and  philosophical  ap- 
Daratus.  The  college  edifice  stands  to  the  E.  of 
:he  town,  is  constructed  of  stone,  three  stories 
nigh,  and  sufficiently  spacious  to  accommodate  150 
students. 

Washington,  village,  Columbia  co.,  Penn  

NW.  tp.,  Fayette  co.,  Penn.,  between  Mononga- 
hela and  Youghiogany  rivers.  SE.  tp.,  Frank- 
lin co.,  Pa.  It  contains  the  borough  of  Waynes- 
burg,  and  lies  on  the  heads  Antietam  creek.  

Tp.,  Union  co.,  Pa.,  S.  from  Middle  creek.  Pop. 
in  1810,  438;  in  1820,  1,427.  Tp.,  Lycom- 
ing co.,  Pa.,  in  the  great  bend  of  the  W.  branch 
of  the  Susquehannah,    opposite  Williamsport. 

Pop,  in  1810,  675;  in  1820,  1,743.  Village, 

Lancaster  co.,  Pa.  Tp.,  York  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 

W.  boundary  of  the  co.,  and  on  Conewago  and 
Bermudian  creeks.    Pop.  in  1810,  441 ;  in  1820, 

1,06 1 .  Tp.,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  on  Kis- 

keminitas  river,  12  ms.  N.  from  Greensburg.  Pop. 

in  1810,  1,695;  in  1820,  1,478.  Tp.,  Inda. 

co.,  Pa.,  lying  NW.  from  the  borough  of  Indiana. 
Pop.  in  1810,  755;  in  1820,  1,057;  and  in  1840, 
28,850. 

Washington,  co.,  Md.,  bounded  by  Potomac 
river  or  Va.  S.,  Alleghany  co.,  Md.,  W.,  Pa.  N., 
and  Frederick  co.,  Md.,  E  ;  length  40  ms.,  mean 
width  12,  area  480  sq.  ms.  It  is  a  very  well  wa- 
tered country  ;  it  is  traversed  by  Connolaways, 
Licking,  Conococheague,  Antietam,  and  other 
large  creeks  flowing  from  Pa.  into  Potomac  river; 
surface  very  much  broken  by  mountains  and  hills, 
though  much  of  the  river  and  creek  alluvial  soil  is 


excellent.  Chief  towns,  Hagerstown,  Hancock, 
and  Williamsport.  Pop.  in  1820,  23,075  ;  and 
in  1840,  2S,850.  Ctl.  lat.  39  35  N.,  Ion.  W.C. 
1  50  W. 

Washington  City,  capital  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  D.  C.  The  following  description  is 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  John  Sessford,  and  extracted 
from  the  National  Intelligencer: 

Washington  city,  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
the  metropolis  of  the  U.  S.  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Potomac  and  the  right  bank  of  the 
Anacostia,  in  lat.  38  53,  Ion.  0°,  being  intended 
for  a  first  meridian.  The  Tyber  runs  through  the 
middle  of  the  city,  and  may  be  conveyt  d  to  the 
high  ground  on  which  the  Capitol  stands,  and  the 
water  of  the  Tyber  and  Reedy  branch  may  be  con- 
veyed to  the  Capitol  and  the  President's  house. 

The  buildings  belonging  to  the  United  States 
are — 

The  Capitol,  a  large  and  massy  building  of 
the  Corinthian  order,  of  freestone,  composed  of  a 
central  edifice  and  two  wings ;  the  whole  front  of 
the  building  is  about  360  feet;  the  wings  were 
nearly  completed  when  the  British  army,  under 
General  Ross,  (who  was  afterwards  slain  in  a  bat- 
tle near  Baltimore,)  in  August,  1814,  made  a  sud- 
den incursion,  gained  possession  of  the  city,  set- 
ting fire  to  the  Capitol,  President's  house,  public 
offices,  &c,  not  connected  with  the  operations  of 
war,  reducing  the  whole  to  ashes,  together  with  a  val- 
uable and  extensive  library  belonging  to  Congress ; 
the  wings  are  rebuilt,  and  the  centre  nearly  com- 
pleted. The  foundation  of  the  north  wing  was  laid 
in  the  presence  of  President  Washington,  on  the 
16th  of  September,  1793,  and  that  of  the  centre  on 
the  24th  of  August,  1818,  being  the  anniversary  of 
its  destruction  by  the  British. 

The  President's  house,  built  of  freestone,  2 
stories  high,  of  the  Ionic  order,  and  covered  with 
copper,  and  distant  from  the  Capitol  about  one 
mile  and  a  half. 

Four  buildings,  erected  in  a  line  E.  and  W. 
of  the  President's  house,  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  principal  departments  of  Government  and  su- 
bordinate offices ;  the  whole  were  of  brick,  two 
stories  high,  with  freestone  basements,  and  covered 
with  slate. 

Of  the  four  original  buildings  erected  E.  and 
W.  of  the  President's  house,  the  two  western  or 
Navy  and  War  offices  remain,  as  also  does  the 
northeastern  or  State  house ;  but  that  placed  at  the 
SE.  angle,  the  Treasury,  having  been  consumed 
by  the  fire,  was  replaced  by  an  edifice  of  stone 
and  fire  proof.  It  is  about  300  feet  in  length, 
3  stories  above  the  basement. 

The  General  Post  Office  and  Patent  Offices  have 
been  replaced  for  a  like  reason  with  the  Treasury 
edifice,  with  edifices  fire-proof.  The  Treasury 
building  is  on  15th  street  W.,  with  its  centre  and 
main  entrance  opposite  F  street.  The  General  Post 
Office  faces  E  and  7th  street  W.,  and  between 
7th  and  8th  and  E  and  F. 

The  Patent  Office  stands  between  7th  and  9th 
streets  W.,  and  between  F  and  G. 

Those  three  buildings  are  as  architectural  speci- 
mens ornamental  to  the  city,  but  their  material  be- 
ing fire  proof  is  of  infinitely  more  importance  than 
their  elegance  as  mere  structures. 

A  very  extensive  navy  yard,  completely  en- 

947 


WAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAS 


closed  with  a  lofty  brick  wall,  with  a  handsome 
gate-way,  with  guard  rooms,  a  neat  dwelling  for 
the  commandant,  and  others  for  different  officers  of 
the  yard,  extensive  warehouses,  shops'  for  black- 
smiths, &c. 

A  comfortable  marine  barrack  sufficient  for  1,500 
men,  well  enclosed,  having  a  handsome  parade, 
and  a  neat  and  commodious  residence  for  the  com- 
mandant of  the  corps,  and  good  houses  for  the  sub- 
altern officers,  an  armory,  and  shops  for  the  re- 
pair of  arms,  &c. 

A  substantial  navy  magazine,  with  a  house  for 
the  keeper. 

A  fort  at  the  extreme  souihern  point  of  the  land 
in  the  city,  commands  the  channel  of  the  Poto- 
mac and  the  Eastern  branch.  The  improvements 
at  this  place  are  extensive  and  substantial,  with 
storehouses,  an  armory,  shops  in  which  are  made 
gun  carriages,  fixed  ammunition,  &c,  with  an 
extensive  open  space,  belonging  to  the  garden. 

The  Capitol  square  is  enclosed  by  a  strong  and 
handsome  iron  railing,  and  in  part  planted  with 
trees  and  shrubbery,  and  will,  in  a  short  time, 
afford  a  delightful  promenade.  Similar  improve- 
ments are  making  at  the  President's  house  and 
public  offices. 

An  extensive  window  glass  manufactory,  which 
supplies  the  market,  and  exports  to  a  considerable 
amount,  five  very  extensive  taverns,  with  accom- 
modations equal  to  any  of  a  similar  nature,  three 
banks,  a  branch  of  the  U.  States  Bank,  a  fire  in- 
surance company,  nine  printing  offices,  two  daily 
papers,  two  tri-weekly  and  two  weekly.  A  steam- 
boat runs  regularly  to  Aquia  creek,  one  to  Alexan- 
dria, and  another  from  Norfolk  to  the  city.  Five 
stages  depart  daily  to  Baltimore,  and  several  others 
to  other  places. 

The  seat  of  Government  was  removed  here  in 
the  year  1800,  during  the  Presidency  of  John 
Adams. 

The  city  was  incorporated  by  an  act  of  Con- 
gress passed  on  the  3d  of  May,  1802,  by  which  act 
the  appointment  of  mayor  was  vested  in  the  Pres- 
ident, yearly  ;  and  the  two  branches  of  the  coun- 
cil elected  by  the  people  in  a  general  ticket.  In  a 
supplementary  act  passed  May  4,  1812,  the  corpo- 
ration was  made  to  consist  of  a  mayor,  a  board  of 
aldermen,  and  a  board  of  common  council ;  the 
board  of  aldermen  to  consist  of  eight  members, 
elected  for  two  years,  two  to  be  residents  of  and 
chosen  from  each  ward  ;  the  board  of  common 
council  to  consist  of  twelve,  three  from  each  ward  ; 
the  may,  by  the  joint  ballot  of  the  two  boards, 
to  serve  for  one  year.  By  a  new  charter,  granted 
by  Congress  on  the  15th  May,  1820,  it  is  provided 
that  the  mayor  shall  be  elected  by  the  people,  to 
serve  two  years  from  the  2d  Monday  in  June;  the 
board  of  aldermen  to  consist  of  two  members  from 
each  ward,  elected  for  two  years,  and  are  ex-officio 
justices  of  the  peace  for  the  whole  county  ;  the 
board  of  common  council  to  consist  of  three  mem- 
bers from  each  ward,  to  serve  one  year  ;  and  every 
free  white  male  citizen  of  the  U.  States  of  lawful 
age,  having  resided  in  the  city  one  year  previous 
to  the  election,  being  a  resident  of  the  ward  in 
which  he  offers  to  vote,  and  shall  have  been  as- 
sessed on  the  books  of  the  corporation  for  the  year 
ending  on  the  31st  day  of  December  preceding  the 
election,  and  shall  have  paid  all  taxes  legally  as- 
948 


sessed  and  due  on  the  personal  property,  when  le 
gaily  required  to  pay  the  same,  shall  be  entitled  t 
vote  at  any  election  for  a  mayor  or  members  of 
two  boards. 

The  city  is,  by  an  act  of  the  council,  divi 
into  six  wards.    The  number  of  inhabitants 
at  different  periods,  as  follows,  ascertained  by 
official  enumeration,  viz  : 


1800- 
1803  - 
1807  - 
1810  - 
1817  - 
1820  - 


id  i 


-  a 

-  -  -  4,35! 

-  5,655' 

-  8,201 

-  11,29< 

-  13,24-; 

The  number  of  dwellings,  exclusive  of  public 
buildings  and  shops,  was,  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1822,  2,229,  of  which  1,035  were  brick,  am 
1,184  wood;  and  the  assessed  valuation  of  rea 
and  personal  property,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1821 
was  $6,568,726,  affording  a  revenue  of  $32,842  63 
in  addition  to  which  there  is  a  revenue  of  §10,000 
aiising  from  the  licenses  of  taverns,  hacknej 
coaches,  &c,  which  is  appropriated  to  the  suppon 
of  the  poor,  of  public  schools,  and  markets,  and  tc 
pay  the  officers  of  the  corporation. 

The  classified  population  of  Washington  is  ex- 
hibited in  the  following  table  : 

Population  in  1810. 

Free  white  males 
Do.     do.  females  - 


2,89£ 
3,009 


Total  whites         -          -  5,904 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed        ....  867 

Slaves          .           -          -          -  1,437; 

Total  population  in  1810    -  8,208 

Population  in  1820. 

Free  white  males      -           -           -  4,786, 

Do.  do.  females  -  -  -  4,820' 
All  other  persons,  except  Indians,  not 

taxed        -  0 

Total  whites  -  -  9,606 

F ree  persons  of  color,  males  - 

Do.  do.    females  -  946 

Slaves,  males  - 
Do.     females        -  -  -  1,065 

Total  population  in  1820    -  13,247 

Of  these  : 
Foreigners  not  naturalized 
Engaged  in  agriculture 

Do.     in  manufactures      -  -  866 

Do.     in  commerce  -      •     -  125 

For  population  in  1840  see  pages  234  and  235. 

See  Columbia,  District  of. 

The  following  matter  was  published  in  one  of 
the  public  prints  of  Philadelphia,  December  20th, 
1822,  as  a  communication  from  the  editor  of  this 
gazetteer  to  the  editor  of  that  print.  It  is  here  sub- 
joined to  the  article  Washington  city,  as  it  may  give 
some  aid  to  the  future  disquisition  on  the  question 
by  which  it  was  produced  ;  that  is,  the  occupation 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river  by  a  colony 
from  the  U.  States : 


WAS  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WAS 


Washington  is  situated  at  N.  lat.  38  54  N.  and  ■  below  Tarborough.  This  is  a  place  of  considera- 
7°  W.  from  London.  ble  commercial  importance. 

The  mouth  of  Columbia  river  is  situated  at  lat.  i  Washington,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  by  Oconee  riv- 
6  15  N.,  and  within  a  trifling  fraction  of  48°  W.  j  er,  of  Wilkinson  co.,  SW.,  Hancock  NW.,  Ogee- 
•om  W.  C,  125°  W.  from  London.  The  differ-  j chee  river,  or  Warren,  NE.,  Jefferson  E.,  and 
nee  of  lat.,  therefore,  7  21,  and  difference  of  Ion.  !  Emanuel  and  Laurens  SE.  Length  30  ms., 
8  0.  By  a  calculation  on  Mercator's  plan,  the  width  23,  area  690  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Sanders- 
*o  places  bear  from  each  other  N.  78  15  W.,  jville.  Pop.  1820,  10,627;  and  in  1840,  10.865. 
nd  S.  78  15  E.,  distant  in  geographical  miles  Central  lat.  32  56  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  48  W. 
,162,  and  in  English  m3.  2,486.  From  Wash-|  Washington,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  WTilkf3 
igton  city  to  St.  Louis,  by  Pittsburg  and  thejeo.,  Ga.,  containing,  beside  the  ordinary  co.  build- 
)hio  and  Mississippi  rivers,  1,396  ms.  From  St.  ings,  an  academy,  and  about  700  inhabitants, 
jouis  to  the  mouth  of  Columbia,  by  the  Missouri  i  About  50  ms.  WNW.  from  Augusta,  and  by  post 
nd  Columbia  rivers,  3,543  ms.  Entire  distance  road  70  ms.  NE.  from  Milledgeville.  Lat.  33  41 
-om  Washington  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  iN.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  41  W. 

,944  ms.  The  distance  from  St  Louis  to  Wash- !  Washington,  co.,  Ohio>  bounded  by  Ohio  river 
igton,  by  Shawaneetown  and  Knoxville,  1,029  SE.  and  S.,  Athens  co.  SW.  and  W.,  and  Mor- 
is .  By  Lexington,  Ky.,  1,005  ms.  By  Vin-  gan  and  Monroe  cos.  N.  Length  43  ms.,  mean 
ennes,  Cincinnati,  and  Pittsburg,  1,011ms.        jwidth  14,  area  600  sq.  ms.    Except  near  the  Ohio 

I  St.  Louis  is  38  36  N.  lat.,  12  58  W,  longitude,  and  Muskingum  rivers,  the  surface  of  this  co.  is 
iouth  of  Columbia,  46  15  N.  lat.,  47  57  W.  Ion.  j  hilly,  and  the  soil  sterile.  Muskingum  river  en- 
""hese  two  places  bear  from  each  other  at  an  angle  ]  ters  the  Ohio  nearly  at  equal  distance  from  its  NE. 

■rom  the  meridian  73  28,  are  consequently  73  28  and  SW.  angles.     Chief  town,  Marietta.  Pop. 

WW.,  and  73  28  SE.,  respectively  ;  distant  1,714  1820,  10,425  ;  and  in  1840,  20,823.  Ctl.  lat.  39 

biographical,  and  1,861  English  ms.  30  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  30  W. 

K  The  several  distances,  as  given   by  Messrs.  '     Washington,  tp.,  Columbiana  co.,  O.  Vil- 

Lfwis  and  Clark,  are  no  doubt  over  calculated  ;  lage  and  seat  of  justice  for  Fayette  co.,  Ohio,  40 

aeir  aggregate  distance  exceeds  the  direct  line  al-  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus.    Lat.  39  33  N  

aost  two  to  one,  an  excess  hardly  credible.    In  One  of  the  N  W.  tps.,  Franklin  co.,  O.  One  of 

faost  instances,  where  the  lengths  of  rivers  have  the  western  tps..  Dark  co.,  O.  Tp.,  Clermont 

[|een  estimated  by  persons  ascending  their  currents, 
be  space  passed  through  has  been  overrated,  and 
he  error  has  in  most  instances  borne  some  propor- 
ion  to  the  violence  of  the  stream. 

\  Washington,  NW.  co.  of  the  D.  C,  bounded 
>E.  by  the  city  of  Washington  and  Georgetown, 

'5W.  by  Potomac  river,  W.  and  N.  by  Md.,  and 

B.  by  East  Branch,  or  Anacostia  river.  It  ap- 
iroaches  to  the  form  of  a  right  angled  triangle,  7 
ns.  base,  by  6  perpendicular,  and  with  an  area  of 
fel  sq.  ms.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil  of  middling 
luality.  Pop.  1820,  2,729;  and  in  1840,  in- 
;luding  the  city  of  Washington,  23,745.  Central 
at.  38  56  N  ,  Ion.  W.  C.  3£'  W. 

Washington,  village  at  the  SE.  foot  of  the  Blue 
iidge,  and  at  the  head  of  Thornton's  river,  in  the 
VW.  part  of  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  65  ms.  WSW. 
rora  W.  C. 

Washington  co.,  Va.,  bounded  S  by  Tenn  , 
W.  by  Scott  co.,  Va.,  NW.  by  Russel,  N.  by 
Tazewell,  NE.  by  Wythe,  and  SE.  by  Grayson, 
length  50  ms.,  mean  width  17,  area  850  sq.  ms. 
This  co,  lies  in  the  various  valleys  of  the  two  great 
.-•ranches  of  Holston  river,  and  is  drained  by  those 
streams  and  their  numerous  confluents.  Though 
generally  hilly,  the  soil  is  fertile.  Chief  town, 
Abingdon.  Pop.  1820,  12,444;  and  in  1840, 
28,850.  Central  lat.  36  40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5° 
West. 

Washington,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Hyde  and 
Beaufort  S.,  Martin  W.,  Roanoke  river  and  Albe- 
marle sound  N.,  and  Tyrrell  co.  E.  Length  20 
ms.,  width  18,  area  360  sq.  ms.  Surface  level, 
and  in  part  marshy.  Soil  generally  thin  and  ster- 
ple.  Chief  town,  Plymouth.  Pop.  1820,  3,986  ; 
and  in  1840,  4,525.    Ctl.  lat.  35  46  N.,  Ion.  W. 

C.  22'  E. 

Washington,  village,  Beuufort  co  ,  N.  O  ,  on 
he  left  bank  of  Pamlico  or  Tar  river,  about  50  ms. 

949 


'co.,  O.,  on  Ohio  river. 

Washington,  co.,  Ia.,  bounded  by  Floyd  SE  t 

Harrison  S.,  Orange  and  Lawrence  W.,  White 
!  river  or  Jackson  N.,  and  Scott  E.  Length  24 
j  ms  ,  width  20,  area  480  sq.  ms.  Big  Blue  river 
[rises  in  this  co  ,  and  flows  S.  into  Ohio  river. 
;  Chief  town,  Salem.  Pop.  1820,  9,039;  and  in 
1 1840,  15,269.    Central  lat.  38  36  N.,  Ion.  W. 

0.  9°  W. 

I  Washington,  co.,  III.,  bounded  by  Randolph 
(S.,  St.  Clair  W.,  Madison  and  Bond  N.,  and  Jef- 
ferson E.  It  is  30  ms.  square,  consequently,  area 
900  sq.  ms.  Kaskaskias  river  passes  obliquely 
through  it.  Chief  town,  Covington.  Pop.  1820, 
1,517;  in  1840,  4,810.  Of  these  there  were  en- 
gaged in  agriculture  77,  in  manufactures  39,  and 
;in  commerce  18.  Pop.  to  the  sq.  m.,  If.  Ctl. 
'lat.  38  32  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12  22  W. 
I  Washington,  co.,  Mo.,  S.  from  Franklin,  and 
SW.  from  Jefferson  and  St.  Genevieve.  It  lies 
jon  the  heads  of  Big  Black,  Gasconade,  Merrimac, 
and  St.  Francis  rivers.  It  includes  a  great  part  of 
j  the  lead  mines  of  Mo.,  but  is  too  vaguely  defined 
I  to  admit  the  insertion  of  its  area  or  comparative 
|pop.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  hilly,  and  bro- 
ken, though  much  very  fertile  soil  lies  in  detached 
places  within  its  limits,  particularly  along  the 
banks  of  the  Merrimac,  Big  river,  and  Fourche  a 
Cosurtois.  The  mine  tract  in  the  northern  part 
I  of  this  co.  is  traversed  by  lat  38°  N.,  and  Ion.  W. 
C.  13  50  W.,  and  lies  SSW.  about  50  ms.  from 
St.  Louis.    Pop.  1840,  7,212. 

Washington,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Green  S., 
|  Nelson  W.  and  NW.,  Salt  river,  or  Franklin,  N., 
j  Mercer  E.,  and  Casey  SE.  Length  32,  mean 
width  17  ms.,  area  550  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by 
the  various  sources  of  Salt  river.  Chief  town, 
Springfield.  Pop.  1820,  15,947.  Ctl.  lat.  37  40 
N.,  Ion  W.  C.  8  15  W, 


WAS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WAT 


Washington,  co.,  Term.,  bounded  by  N.  C. 
S.,  Greene  co.,  Tenn.,  W.,  Sullivan  N.,  and 
Carter  E.  Length  22,  mean  width  17  ms.,  area 
540  sq.  ms.  Its  southern  part  is  drained  by  Nola- 
chucky  river,  and  the  northern  by  Holston.  Sur- 
face hilly  and  broken.  Chief  town,  Jonesborough. 
Pop.  1820,  9,557  ;  and  in  1840,  11,751.  Ctl. 
lat.  30  11  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  33  W. 

Washington,  co.,  Ala.,  bounded  by  Miss.  W., 
Choctaw  country  N.,  Tombigbee  river  E.,  and 
Baldwin  co.,  Ala.,  S.  Length  50,  mean  width 
20  ms.,  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Surface  moderately 
hilly,  and  soil,  except  in  a  few  places  near  the 
streams,  sterile,  and  covered  generally  with  pine. 
Chief  town,  St.  Stephen's.  Central*  lat.  31  40 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  11  20  W.    Pop.  1840,  5,300. 

Washington,  village,  Mason  co.,  Ky.,  4  miles 
NE.  from  Maysville,  containing  an  academy,  two 
churches,  and  a  printing  office.  Lat.  38  40  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  6  45  W.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Rhea  co„  Tenn.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Tenn. 
river,  about  100  ms.  below  Knoxville,  and  80  ms. 
SE.  by  E.  from  Murfreesborough.    Lat.  35  38 

N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  7  48  W.  Village  and  seat  of 

justice,  Autauga  co.  tp.,  Ala.,  on  the  right  bank 
of  Alabama  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Autauga  creek, 
23  ms.  above  Cahaba.  Lat.  32  24  N.,  Ion.  W. 
C.  9  33  W. 

Washington,  parish  of  La.,  bounded  by  Mis<=. 
N.,  Pearl  river  E.,  parish  of  St.  Tammany  S.,  and 
Tangipao  river,  or  St.  Helena,  W.  Length  45, 
mean  width  22  ms.,  area  about  1,000  sq.  miles. 
Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  generally  sterile, 
and  covered  with  pine  timber.  It  is  principally 
watered  by  the  Bogue  Chitto  and  Chifuncte  rivers. 
Pop.  1820,  2,517;  and  in  1840,  2,649.  Central 
lat.  30  50  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  13  10  W. 

Washington,  village,  and  recently  the  seat  of 
government  of  the  State  of  Miss. ,  stands  on  a  high, 
dry,  and  healthy  site,  on  the  left  bank  of  St.  Cath- 
arine creek,  6  ms.  E.  from  Natchez.  Pop.  about 
1,000.  Jefferson  college  was  incorporated  in  1802, 
and  located  in  this  town.  A  large  frame  building, 
capable  of  accommodating  about  70  students,  was 
erected,  but  it  has  not  flourished  as  a  literary  in- 
stitution beyond  the  ordinary  effects  of  an  acade- 
Lat.  31  35  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  14  15  W. 
Washington,  court  house  and  post  office,  on  the 
small  river  Sinta  Bogue,  Washington  co.,  Ala., 
12  ms.  NW.  from  Fort  St.  Stephens,  and  75  N. 
from  Mobile.    Lat.  31  39  N.,  Ion.  11  18  W. 

Washinston  Hollow,  village,  Dutchess  co.,  N. 
Y.,  on  Wappinger's  creek,  12  ms.  NE.  from 
Poughkeepsie. 

Washington  Point,  cape  formed  by  the  two 
branches  of  Elizabeth  river,  about  one  mile  above 
Norfolk,  Va.  Here  the  United  States  have  a  ma- 
rine hospital. 

Washit.au,  or  Ouachitau,  NE.  parish  of  La., 
bounded  by  the  Mississippi  river  NE.,  the  parish 
oi  Concordia  and  Ocatahoola  SE.,  Rapides  S., 
Natchitoches  W.,  and  the  territory  of  Arkansas 
N.  Length  85,  mean  width  50  ms.  ;  area  4,000 
sq.  ms.  That  part  W.  from  Washitau  river  is 
hilly,  with  a  sterile  soil  covered  with  pine  timber. 
A  similar  characteristic  is  continued  E.  of  that 
stream,  in  the  northern  section  of  the  parish,  to 
within  10  or  12  ms.  from  Mississippi  river,  E. 
from  Washitau  river,  and  in  the  S,  and  SE.  part 
950 


my. 


of  the  parish,  except  along  the  margins  of  th 
streams,  the  surface  is  liable  to  annual  submersior 
The  only  arable  land  of  considerable  extent  i 
found  along  the  Washitau,  Bartholomew,  Bayo 
Siard,  and  the  rivers  Bon  Idee  and  Bceuf.  Thei 
are,  however,  distant  from  the  watercourses  tw 
small  but  very  productive  prairies,  Mer  Rouge  an 
Jefferson.    Except  those,  and  a  few  other  sraa 
prairies,  the  whole  not  amounting  to  25  sq.  qm 
the  whole  parish  of  Washitau,  in  a  state  of  natun 
was  covered  with  a  very  heavy  forest — pine  W 
and  NW.,  and  a  mixed  mass  S.,  SE.,  and  I 
The  arable  river  alluvion  very  productive.  Ste 
pies,  cotton  and  lumber.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,89( 
Cent.  lat.  32  35  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  15°  W. 
!     Washitau,  river  of  Ark.  and  La.,  great  NI 
branch  of  Red  river.    This  stream  rises  by  thre 
large  branches  between  Arkansas  and  Red  rive 
about  15°  W.  from  Washington,  and  at  lat.  3 
30  N.    It  thence  flows  nearly  E.,  the  three  brar 
ches  uniting  above  the  Hot  Springs.  Opposit 
the  latter  place  the  Washitau  turns  S  ,  entei 
La.  at  lat.  33°  N.,  and  continues  in  that  directio 
to  lat.  31  39  N.,  where  it  receives  the  Tensa' 
from  the  SE.,  and  Ocataboola  from  the  NW.,  an 
takes  the  name  of  Black  river. — See  Black  riva 
\  Ocatahoola,  and  Tensaw.    The  Washitau  is  na^ 
j  igable,  during  spring  floods,  as  high  as  the  H( 
j  Springs,  and,  except  in  very  dry  seasons,  at  a ' 
j  times  to  the  upper  settlements  in  La.    Below  th 
j  springs,  it  is  augmented  from  the  W.^by  the  Cac 
i  do  fork,  Little  Missouri,  Saluter,  and  Derban< 
|  and  from  the  E.  by  the  Saline,  Barthelony,  an 
Bceuf  risers. 

Wassana,  city  of  Africa,  on  the  Niger,  lying 
according  to  the  best  information,  at  lat.  11°  K 
land  Ion.  17°  E.  from  London.  This  is  probabl 
the  3ame  place  mentioned  by  Ptolemy  under  th 
j  name  of  Gano,  and  marked  on  the  various  maps  ( 
Africa  as  Gano,  Gana,  Wangara,  and  Gangara.- 
See  Africa. 

Wassenhurg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Westphalh 
Wasserburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  < 

j  Bavaria,  with  a  castle.    Lon.  12  13  E.,  lat.  48 

|  North. 

I  Watauga,  SE.  branch  of  Holston  river,  ri9< 
j  by  two  sub-branches:  one,  the  main  and  northerr 

rises  in  Smith  co.,  Va.,  and,  flowing  southwes: 
|  erly  through  Washington  co.,  enters  Tennesse* 
I  and,  flowing  across  Sullivan  county,  receives  th 

Watauga  proper  from  the  SE.  ;  the  latter  rises  o 
j  the  high  table  land  of  Ashe  county,  N.  C,  and 
j  pursuing  a  N  W.  course,  passes  through  the  Iro 
I  mountain  into  Carter  co.,  Tenn.,  unites  with  th 
j  North  branch,  and  below  their  junction  continue 

northwesterly  to  join  the  main  Holston  at  Boal 

yorkingsport,  on  the  border  between  Sullivan  an 
i  Hawkins  cos. 

Watchet,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire,  o, 
|  the  Bristol  channel,  at  the  mouth  of  a  good  har 
I  bor,  much  frequented  by  coal  ships,  which  ar 
[freighted  hence  with  limestone  and  various  olhe 
j  articles.    It  is  14  ms.  NW.  of  Bridgewater,  an. 

153  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  3  25  W.,  lat 
|  51  12  N. 

Wateeoo,  island  in  the  South  sea,  discovered  b 
!  Captain  Cook.  It  is  about  6  leagues  in  circuit,  i 
i  a  beautiful  spot,  with  a  surface  covered  with  ver 
i  dure,  and  composed  of  hills  and  plains.  Fron 


WAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


WAX 


very  circumstance,  it  may  be  considered  as  indu- 
itable,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Wateeoo  derive 
leir  descent  from  the  same  stock  which  has  so  re- 
larkably  diffused  itself  over  the  immense  extent 
f  the  Southern  ocean.  Lon.  158  15  W.,  lat.  21 
S. 

Waterborough,  town,  York  co.,  Me.,  on  the 
IE.  side  of  the  river  Mousin,  15  ms.  NW.  of 
lennebunk,  41  N.  by  E.  of  Portsmouth,  in  N. 
L  and  47  W.  of  Portland.    Pop.  1820,  1,762. 

Waterbury,  town  on  Onion  river,  Washington 

3.,  Vt.,12  ms.  NW.  from  Montpelier.  Town 

n  Naugatuck  river,  New  Haven  co.,  Ct.,  19  ms, 
'NW.  from  New  Haven,  and  25  SW.  from 
lartford.    Pop.  1820,  2,882. 

Wateree,  river,  S.  C,  NE.  constituent  of  San- 
;e. — See  Catawba  river.    The  Wateree  enters  ] 
.  C.  in  York  district,  flows  SSE.  by  compara-  | 
ve  courses  120  ms.,  and  joins  the  Congaree  40  1 
is.  SE.  from  Columbia. 

Waterfurd,  co.  of  Ireland,  46  ms.  long  and  25 
road,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  St.  George's  chan- 
iel,  on  the  W.  by  Cork,  on  the  N.  and  NE. 

1  the  river  Sure,  which  separates  it  from  Tippe- 
iiry  and  Kilkenny,  and  on  the  E.  by  Waterford 

[aven,  which  parts  it  from  Wexford.  City  and 

•japort  of  Ireland,  in  a  co.  of  the  same  name.  It 
,  the  second  place  in  the  kingdom,  and  has  an 
scellent  harbor,  where  ships  of  the  greatest  bur- 
jen  may  ride  at  the  quay.  It  stands  on  the  river 
,ure,  8  ms.  N.  of  St.  George's  channel,  26  S.  of 
Kilkenny,  and  75  S.  by  W.  of  Dublin.    Lon,  6 

4  W.,  lat.  52  18  N.  Town  of  Eng.,  in  Hert- 

)rdshire,  on  the  river  Coin,  7  ms.  S.  by  W.  of 
t.  Albans,  and  14  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  0  17 
V..  lat.  51  41  N.  Town,  Oxford  co.,  Me., 

2  ms.  SW.  from  Paris.  Town,  Caledonia 

•o.,  Vt.,  on  Connecticut  river,  22. ms.  E.  from 

Iontpelier.  Town,  New  London  co.,  Ct., 

ctween  the  Thames  anJ  Nautick  rivers,  adjoining 

Jew  Londdon  to  the  NW.  Town,  Saratoga 

o,,  N.  Y.,  lying  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  and 
'{.  side  of  iMohawk  river,  opposite  to  Lansing- 
urg,  6  ms.  above  Troy,  and  1 1  above  Albany, 
t  is  joined  to  Lansingburg  by  a  fine  wooden 
ridge,  is  regularly  laid  out;  the  site  rises  by  a 
radual  acclivity  from  the  Mohawk,  and  the  build - 
igs  have  generally  a  neat  and  some  an  elegant 

ppearance.    Pop.   1820,  1,184.  Tp.,  Glou- 

esterco.,  N.  J.    Pop.  1810,  2,105;  in  1820, 

,447.  Formerly  Le  Bosuf,  village,  Erie  co., 

*a.,  between  Le  Bosuf  creek  and  lake,  15  miles 
>SE.  from  Erie.    At  high  water,  the  Le  13oeuf 

reek  is  navigable  to  this  place.  Township,  Erie 

o.,  Pa.,  including  the  foregoing  village.  Vil- 

age  at  the  NW.  foot  of  Tuscarora  mountain,  and 
>n  Tuscarora  creek,  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.,  20  miles  a 
ittle  S.  of  W.'  from  Lewistown  ;  and  by  post  road 

>2  ids.  NW.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg.  Village 

n  the  northern  part  of  Loudon  co.,  Va.,  10  ms. 
V.  from  Leesburg,  and  by  post  road  42  ms.  NW. 

Vom  W.  C.  Two  tps.,  Washington  co.,  O., 

m  Muskingum  river,  opposite  to  each  other,  10 
Tis.  above  Marietta. 

Waterloo,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 
n  Brabant,  12  ms.  S.  from  Brussels,  about  mid. 
vay  between  the  two  small  rivers  Dyle  and  Senne, 

ind  on  the  road  from  Brussels  10  Namur.  

pillage  and  seat  of  justice,  Seneca  county,  N. 


Y.,  on  Seneca  river,  at  its  falls,  5  ms.  NE.  of  and 
below  Geneva.    It  is  a  thriving  village     Lat.  42 

55  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  0  6  E  Post  office,  in  the 

extreme  SW.  angle  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pa.  ;  by  post 

road  105  ms.  W.  from  Harrisburg.  Tavern 

and  post  office,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md.,  on  the 
road  from  Baltimore  to  W.  C,  25  ms.  from  the 

latter.  Village,  Laurens  district,  S.  C,  12  ms. 

S.  from  Laurensville,  and  by  post  road  86  miles 
NW.  by  W.  from  Columbia.  Village,  Fay- 
ette co.,  Ia.  Post  office,  Lauderdale  co.,  Ala. 

Watersay,  one  of  the  western  isles  of  Scotland, 
separated  from  S.  Uist  by  Chisarauel  bay. 

Watertown,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  on 
Charles  river,  8  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Boston.    It  is 

the  seat  of  several  extensive  manufactures.  

Town,  Litchfield  co,,  Ct.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Nau- 
gatuck river,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Litchfield.  Village 

and  seat  of  justice,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Black  river,  81  ms.  NNW.  from  Uti- 
ca,  and  8  ms.  E.  from  Sackett's  Harbor.  It  is  a 
fine  flourishing  village,  built  on  a  swelling  emi- 
nence, in  a  broken  but  fertile  country.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  State  arsenal,  printing  office,  &c.  In 
1810,  pop.  of  the  tp.  1,841  ;  in  1820,  2,766  ;  and 
in  1840,  5,027. 

Waterville,  town  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Kennebec  river,  20  ms.  above  Hal- 
lowell.  The  principal  village  is  at  Teconick  falls, 
at  the  head  of  boat  navigation,  and  is  the  seat  of 
several  mills  and  manufacturing  establishments, 
and  also  a  theological  Baptist  seminary.  Pop.  in 
1810,  1,314;  in  1820,  1,719;  and  1840,  2,971. 

 Village,  Sangerfield,  Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  18 

ms.  SW.  from  Utica.  Village,  Delaware  co., 

N.  Y.,  about  50  ms.  W.  from  Hudson. 

Watervliet,  town,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y.  It  is 
about  9  ms.  N.  from  Albany,  and  contains  the 
Shaker's  village  of  Niskay una.  Pop.  1820,  2,806; 
and  in  1840  the  village  and  tp.  10,141. 

Walkins's  Store,  and  post  office,  Pittsylvania 
co.,  Va. ;  by  post  road  200  ms.  SW.  from  Rich- 
mond. 

Watkinsville,  village,  Goochland  co.,  Va.,  33 

ms.  NW.  from  Richmond.  Village,  Clark  co., 

Ga.,  63  ms.  N.  from  Milledgeville. 

Watson's  Store,  and  post  office,  Columbia  co., 
Ga.  ;  by  post  road  98  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Watlingtoriy  town  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire.  It 
is  seated  under  the  Chiltern  Hills,  on  a  brook 
which,  with  the  continued  ridge,  divides  the  coun- 
ty from  Buckinghamshire.  It  is  14  ms.  SE.  of 
Oxford,  and  46  W.  of  London.  Lon.  I  0  W., 
lat.  51  37  N. 

Watten,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the  North, 
and  late  province  of  French  Flanders,  seated  on 
the  river  Aa,  5  ms.  from  St.  Omer. 

Watton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  18  ms.  SW. 
of  Norwich,  and  95  NiNE.  of  London.  Lon.  0  53 
E.,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Watisborough,  village,  Lunenburg  co.,  Va., 
about  50  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Waverly,  post  office,  Lincoln  co.,  Mo.,  by  post 
road  93  ms.  NW.  from  St.  Charles. 

Wawarssing,  post  office,  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y.,  by 
post  road  77  ms.  from  Albany. 

Wuxholm,  fortress  on  the  coast  of  Sweden,  in 
the  Baltic,  situated  on  a  small  island,  at  the  en* 

951 


WAY  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WAY 


trance  of  the  Lake  Malar,  where  all  homeward 
bound  ships  are  searched.  It  is  16  ms.  E.  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Wayne,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  20  ms.  W. 

from  Augusta.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,051.  Town, 

Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  between  Seneca  and  Crooked 

Lakes,  30  miles  SSW.  from  Geneva.  Tp., 

Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  immediately  N.  of  Wooster.  In 
the  SW.  corner  are  salt  springs. — see  Wooster. 
 SE.  tp.,  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Co- 
lumbiana co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

 Tp.  in  the  S  W.  quarter  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

.  Tp.,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Mus- 
kingum co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Knox  co.,  Ohio.  

Tp.,  Pickaway  co.,   Ohio.  Tp.,  Scioto  co., 

Ohio,  in  which  is  situated  the  village  of  Ports- 
mouth. Tp  ,  Adams  co.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Cham- 
paign co.,  Ohio.  Northern   tp.,  Darke  co., 

Ohio.  Tp.,  Fayette  co.,  Ohio  Tp.  in  the 

NE.  corner  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.  Tp., 

Butler  co'.,  Ohio.  Tp.,  Warren  co.,  Ohio. 

Wayne,  co.  of  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  Seneca  and 
Ontario  cos.  S.,  Monroe  W.,  Lake  Ontario  N., 
and  Cayuga  co.  E.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width 
16;  area  560  sq.  ms.  This  county  is  traversed 
from  VV.  to  E.  by  a  ridge  of  hills,  from  which  a 
number  of  small  creeks  are  discharged  into  Lake 
Ontario.  The  southern  side  is  traversed  by  Mud 
creek,  along  the  valley  of  which  the  Erie  canal  has 
been  formed.  The  soil,  though  in  the  central  parts 
broken,  is  generally  fertile.  Staples,  grain,  flour, 
salted  provisions,  and  some  lumber.  Chief  town, 
Lyons.  The  population  of  this  county  was  in- 
cluded in  that  of  Seneca  and  Ontario  in  1820. 
Central  lat.  43  7  N.  The  meridian  of  W.  C. 
passes  through  Lyons,  the  seat  of  justice,  and  di- 
vides Wayne  into  two  not  very  unequal  sections. 
Pop.  in  1840,  42,057. 

Wayne,  NE.  co.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  N.  Y.  N., 
Delaware  river,  or  Delaware  co  ,  in  N.  Y.,  E., 
Pike  co.  SE.,  and  Luzerne  and  Susquehannah  cos. 
W.  Length  45  ms.,  mean  width  16  ;  area  720 
sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the  Lackawaxen  and 
other  creeks  of  the  Delaware.  Surface  hilly  and 
broken.  Soil  generally  thin  and  poor.  Chief  town, 
Bethany.  Pop.  in  "l820,  4,127;  and  in  1840, 
11,848'  Central  lat.  41  40  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1 
42  E. 

Wayne,  co.  of  N.  C,  bounded  by  Duplin  S., 
Samp>on  SW.,  Johnson  NW,,  Nash  and  Edge- 
comb  N.,  and  Greene  and  Lenoir  E.  Length  30 
ms.,  mean  width  20  ;  area  600  sq.  ms.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  Neuse  river.  Chief  town,  Waynesbo- 
rough.  Pop.  in  1820,  9,040;  and  in  1840,  10,891. 
For  central  lat.  and  Ion.,  see  Waynesbcrough, 
Wayne  co.,  N.  C. 

Wayne,  co.  of  Miss.,  bounded  by  Ala.  E., 
Greene  co.,  in  Miss.,  S.,  Covington  W.,  and  the 
Choctaw  country  N.  Length  32  ms.,  width  30  ; 
area  960  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  Chickasawhay 
and  other  branches  of  Pa^cagoula  river.  Chief 
town,  Winchester.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,323;  and  in 
1840,  2,120. 

Wayne,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Glynn  SE., 
Camden  and  Appling  !S.,  Appling  and  Tatnall 
W.,  and  Altamaha,  or  Elbert  and  Mcintosh  cos., 
NE.  Length  40  ms.,  mean  width  25  ;  area  1,000 
sq.  ms.  Turtle  river  rises  in  this  county,  and  it 
is  traversed  by  Great  and  Little  St.  Ilia.  Chief 
'952 


town,  Tuckerville.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,010;  and  11 
1840,  1,258.    Central  lat.  31  25  N.,  Ion.  W.  C 

5°  W. 

Wayne,  co.  of  Ten.,  bounded  by  Lauderd  deco. 
in  Ala.,  S.,  Hardin  co.,  Ten.,  W.,  Perry  N.,am 
Lawrence  E.  Length  24  ms.,  width  21  ;  are; 
500  sq.  m*.  It  lies  encircled  by  the  great  bend  0 
Tennessee  river,  where  that  stream  turns  N.  01 
entering  the  State  of  Ten. ;  and  though  in  no  plac 
actually  reaching  Tennessee  river,  the  creeks  c 
this  county  are  discharged  from  it  like  radii  from 
centre.  Chief  town,  Waynesborough.  Pop.  ii 
1820,  2,459  ;  and  in  1840,  7,705.  Central  lat 
35  14  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10  50  W. 

Wayne,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Ten.  S.,  Cum 
berland  co.,  in  Ky.,  W.,  Cumberland  river,  0 
Adair  and  Pulaski  cos.,  N.,  and  Whitely  E 
Length  44  ms.,  mean  width  22  ;  area  970  sq.  ms 
It  is  principally  drained  by  Big  Sinking  creek 
branch  of  the  Cumberland.  Chief  town,  Monti 
cello.  Pop.  in  1820,  7,951 ;  and  in  1840,  7,399 
Wayne,  co.  of  Mich.,  bounded  by  Detroit  rive 
and  St.  Clair  lake  SE.,  McComb  co.  NE.,  Oaklam 
NW.,  and  Monroe  SW.  and  S.  As  it  is  now  de 
fined,  it  is  about  30  ms.  long  and  20  wide,  with  ai 
area  of  600  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  level,  ris 
ing  by  a  very  gentle  acclivity  from  Lake  St.  Clai 
and  Detroit  river,  and  gradually  becoming  flat,  re 
ceding  from  these  waters.  Soil  highly  productive 
It  is  principally  drained  by  the  Riviere  Rouge 
Chief  town,  Detroit.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,574;  am 
in  1840,  24,173.  Central  lat.  42  25  N.,  Ion.  W 
G.  6  15  W. 

Wayne,  co.  of  la.,  bounded  by  OhioE.,  Unio: 
co.,  Ia.,  S.,  Fayette  SW.,  Henry  W.,  and  Ran 
dolph  N.  It  is  20  ms.  square ;  area  400  sq.  ms. 
and  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Whitewater  river 
Chief  town,  Centreville.  Pop.  in  1820,  7,951 
and  in  1840,  23,290.  Central  lat.  39  50  N.,  Ion 
W.  C.  7  55  W. 

Wayne,  co.  of  111.,  bounded  by  Johnson  am 
Union  S.,  Jackson  and  Randolph  W.,  Jeflersoi1 
N.,  and  White  ary]  Gallatin  E.  Length  36  ms. 
width  24  ;  area  864  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  th 
W.  branch  of  Little  Wabash.  Pop.  in  1820,  111 
and  in  1840,  5,133.  Central  lat.  38  30  N.,  Ion 
W.  C.  11  22  W. 

Wayne,  co.  of  Mo.,  W.  from  Washington  an 
Franklin,  and  on  the  sources  of  Gasconade  river 
Its  limits  are  too  vague  to  admit  of  specification 
Pop.  in  1820,  1,443  ;  and  in  1840,  3,403.  Cen; 
tral  lat.  37°  N. 

Wayne,  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  .Medina  %. 
Stark  E.,  Cochocton  S.,  and  Richland  W.  Lengt! 
30  ms.,  width  29  ;  area  720  sq.  ms.  It  is  gene 
rally  elevated,  with  extensive  prairies.  Si»il  0 
middling  quality.  It  is  principally  drained  by  Mo 
hicon,  Kilbuck,  and  Sugar  creeks.  Chief  town 
Wooster.  Pop.  in  1820,  1  1,393;  and  in  1840 
35,803.  For  central  lat.  and  Ion.,  see  Wooster. 
Wayne  Hotel,  post  office,  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y. 
Waynesborough,  village,  Augusta  co.,  Va.,  1 
ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Staunton,  and  30  NW.  of  Char 

lottesville.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wayn 

co.,  N.  C,  on  Neuse  river,  immediately  below  th 
mouth  of  Little  river,  50  ms.  SE.  from  Raleigh 

Lat.  35  20  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  11  W.  Villa?' 

and  seat  of  justice,  Burke  co.,  Ga  ,  on  Briar  creek 
30  ms.  S.  from  Augusta.   It  is  the  seat  of  an  ac? 


WEE 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WEI 


lemy.    Lat.  33  5  N.,  Ion.  W.  C  4  55  W.  

Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wayne  co.,  Ten.,  on 
Reinses  branch  of  Indian  creek,  120  miles  SW. 
rojn  Nashville.  Lat.  35  11  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  10 
53  W. 

Waynesburg,  village,  Franklin  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
G.  branch  of  Antietam  creek,  15  ms.  SE.  from 
[yharubersburg,  and  10  NNE.  from  Hagerstown, 

n  Md.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Greene  co., 

Pa.,  on  the  S.  fork  of  Ten  Mile  creek,  25  ms.  S. 
roni  Washington,  25  SW.  from  Brownsville,  and 
lb  NW.  from  Morgantown,  in  Va.    Lat.  39  54 

N.,  Ion.   W.  C.  3  16  W  Village,  Honey- 

>rook  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  11  ms.  NW.  by  W. 

from  Downingstown.  Village,  Stark  co.,  Ohio, 

by  post  road  156  ms.  NE.  from  Coiumbus. 

Waynesville,  village,  Wayne  co.,  Ga.,  about 

150  ms.  SSE.  from  Milledgeville.  Village  and 

ieat  of  justice,  Haywood  co.,  N.  C,  on  the  head 
3f  Big  Pigeon  river,  60  ms.  WNW.  from  Ruth- 
;rfordton,  and  293  a  very  little  S.  of  W.  from 
Raleigh.    Lat.  35  28  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  50  W. 

 Village,  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  on  Little  Miami, 

38  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus.  It  is  a  settlement 
principally  made  by  a  society  of  Friends. 
I  Waiwod,  Fr.,  Vayvode,  literally,  governor  gen- 
\tral,  title  given  particularly  to  the  governors  of 
Walachia,  Moldavia,  and  Transylvania.  Several 
'of  the  provinces  of  Poland  were  called  Way  wodats 
jThis  title  answers  to  the  Turkish  Hospodar. 

Weakly,  co.  of  Ten.,  position  and  extent  un- 
certain. 

Weakly,  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Weakly  co., 
Ten.,  112  ms.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Wear,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the  W.  part 
of  the  co.  of  Durham,  and  divides  it  into  two  parts, 
flowing  SE.  by  Stanhope  to  Bishop  Auckland,  and 
thence  NE.  by  Durham,  receives  numerous  tribu- 
tary rills  from  the  mountains,  and  falls  into  the 
German  ocean  at  Sunderland. 

Weare,  town,  Hillsborough  co  ,  N.  H.,  55  ms. 
W.  from  Portsmouth.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,781. 

Wearmouth,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Durham,  op- 
posite Sunderland.  This  place  is  famous  for  a 
bridge,  which  has  the  largest  arch  in  England,  is 
built  of  iron,  and  the  span  of  the  arch  is  236  feet. 

Weathersfield,  town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  7  ms. 
SW.  from  Windsor,  and  by  post  road  70  ms.  S. 

from  Montpelier.  Town,  Trumbull  co.,  O., 

5  ms.  SE.  from  Warren.  It  contains  a  village, 
and  a  forge  and  furnace. 

Weaver's  Mills,  and  post  office,  Alleghany  co., 
Md. 

Webb's  post  office,  Stokes  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 
road  135  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh. 

Webb's  Store,  and  post  office,  Pendleton  district, 
S.  C,  148  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 

Webster's  Store,  and  post  office,  Lancaster  co., 
Penn. 

Wedenschweil,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Zuric,  10  ms.  SE.  of  Zuric 

Weert,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Brabant,  12  ms.  W.  of  Ruremonde.  Lon.  5 
38  E  ,  lat.  51  7  N. 

Weed's  Fort,  or  Weed's  Basin  and  post  office, 
This  is  a  port  or  basin  in  the  Erie  canal,  9  ms.  E. 
from  Montezuma,  and  9  ms.  N.  from  Auburn,  and 
in  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y. 

Wcever,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  the  N. 
120* 


part  of  Shropshire,  runs  across  the  middle  of  Che- 
shire, and,  receiving  the  Dane  from  the  E.,  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey.  It 
is  navigable  to  Windford,  some  ma.  above  Nor 
wich,  in  Cheshire. 

Weibstadt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Baden,  20  miles  SE.  of  Heidelburg.  Lon. 
9  23  E.,  lat.  49  19  N. 

Weichtcrbach,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetteravia, 
and  in  the  co.,  of  Isenberg,  seated  on  the  rivet 
Kintz. 

Weiden,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  seated 
on  the  Naab,  10  ms.  NW.  of  Leuchtenberg. 
Lon.  12  10  E.,  lat.  49  24  N. 

Weil,  or  Wyl,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wutem- 
berg,  on  the  Worm,  12  ms.  W.  of  Stutgard,  and 
20  N.  of  Tubingen.  Lon.  8  50  E.,  lat.  48  46  N. 

Weilburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county  of 
Nassau,  on  the  Lahn,  22  ms.  NE.  of  Nassau,  22 
NW.  of  Frankfort,  and  29  E.  of  Mentz.  Lon. 
8  26  E.,  lat.  50  18  N. 

Weile,  or  JVedel,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
province  of  North  Jutland.  Lon.  9  30  E.,  lat. 
55  45  N. 

Weilheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  Wntemburg, 
seated  on  the  river  Lauter. 

Weiltingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Suabia.    Lon.  10  21  E.,  lat.  48  58  N. 

Weimar,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thuringia. 
— See  art.  Saxe  Weimar. 

Weimar,  grand  duchy  of  Saxe,  consisting  of 
Weimar  Proper  and  Eisenbach. 

Weingarlin,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Printza,  4  ms. 
NE.  of  Dourlach,  and  9  ms.  S.  of  Philipsburg. 
Lon.  9  30  E.,  l  it.  49  5N. 

Weinheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  10  ms.  N.  of  Heidelburg.  Lon, 
8  45  E.,  lat.  49  35  N. 

Weinsberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Wirtemberg,  famous  for  its  wines.  Lon.  9  1& 
E.,  lat.  49  15  N. 

Weisbaden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau,  where  there  are  hot  baths  in  high  esteem. 
It  is  8  ms.  NE.  of  Mentz,  and  15  W.  of  Frank 
fort.    Lon.  8.  20  E.,  lat.  49  56  N. 

Weisbrain.  — See  Vesper  in. 

Weiselmunde,  fortress  of  western  Prussia, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  below  Dantzic, 
whose  harbor  it  defends.  Lon.  18  40  E  ,  lat. 
54  24  N? 

Weisesburg,  village,  Baltimore  co  ,  Md. — See 
Wisesburg,  Baltimore  co.,  Md. 

Weissemburg,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Lauter,  10  ms.  SW.  of  Lan- 
dau, and  22  NE.  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  8  HE., 
lat.  48  53  N. 

Weissemburg,  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  bishop- 
ric of  Aichstadt.  The  inhabitants  are  Protestants, 
'it  is  seated  on  the  Rednitz,  5  ms.  N.  of  Pappen- 
'heim,  and  30  SW.  of  Nuremburg.    Lon.  II  2 

jE.,  lat.  49  4  N.  Town  of  Prussian  Germany, 

|  in  Saxony,  20  ms.  N.  by  W.  of  Wittemburg,  and 
1 20  NE.  of  Deslaw.    Lon.  12  31  E.,  lat.  52  8  N. 

Weissemburg,  or  Alba  Julia,  city  of  Transyl- 
vania, capital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  and  a 
university.  It  is  scaled  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near 
the  river  Ompias,  35  ms.  W.  of  Hermanstadt. 
Lon.  21°  E.,  lat.  46  26  N. 

953 


WEL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WEN 


Weisseniburg,  or  Stuhlweissemburg,  town  of 
Lower  Hungary,  seated  at  the  E.  end  of  the 
Plattensea,  36  ros.  SW.  of  Buda.  Lon.  18  30 
E.,  lat.  47  22  N. 

Weissemberg,  tp.,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.,  between 
Lynn  and  Macungy  tps.,  and  joining  the  co.  of 
Berks. 

Weissenfels,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 


a  considerable  corn  trade.  It  is  27  ms.  N.  of 
Swaffham.,  and  21  NNE.  of  London.  Lon.  1 
1  E.,  lat.  53  1  N. 

Wells,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  and  has  its  name  from 
the  wells  and  springs  about  it ;  and  is  the  centre 
of  a  great  manufacture  of  knit  worsted  stockings. 
It  is  16  ms.  S.  of  Bristol,  and  120  W.  of  London. 
Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia,  the  residence  of  the  j  Jj0n.  2  37  W.,  lat.  51  12  N.  Town  of  Ger- 


Duke  of  Saxe-Wei6senfels.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Saale,  17  ms.  SW.  of  Leipsic  Lon.  12  15  E., 
lat.  51  9  N. 

Welby,  village,  Prince  George's  co.,  Md., 
nearly  opposite  Alexandria,  and  about  4  ms.  be- 
low W.  C. 

We/don,  village,  Halifax  co.,  N.  C,  by  post 
road  78  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh. 

Welland,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  North- 
amptonshire, and  separates  that  co.  from  Leicester- 
shire, Rutlandshire,  and  Lincolnshire,  it  passes  by 
Market  Harborough  to  Stamford,  and  is  thence 
navigable  to  the  Fosdike  Wash,  which  it  enters 
below  Spalding. 

Welland  canal. — The  Welland  canal  (says 
a  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Commercial) 
has  now  about  1,000  men  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  new  locks  and  making  the  en- 
largement. During  the  past  winter  some  4,000 
were  employed,  and  as  soon  as  the  navigation 
ceases  it  is  expected  6,000  men  will  find  occupa- 
tion. A  greater  number  than  is  now  employed 
cannot  work  to  advantage  without  stopping  navi- 
gation. The  entire  work  will  probably  be  com- 
pleted in  1846,  but  in  1845  it  wi 
on  the  enlarged  plan. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  32  locks;  when 
the  enlarged  work  is  finished,  there  will  be  only  22, 
with  a  lift  of  from  12£  to  14  feet.  The  locks  on 
the  old  canal  are  made  of  wood  ;  the  new  ones 
are  of  granite,  made  in  the  best  manner.  Those 
at  each  entrance  from  the  hikes  are  to  be  185  feet 
long,  and  45  feet  wide ;  the  other  twenty,  150  feet 


many,  in  Upper  Austria,  seated  on  the  Trawn, 
18  ms.  S.  of  Lintz.    Lon.  13  53  E.,  lat.  48 

4  N.  Town,  York  co.,  Me.,  situated  on  the 

seashore,  6  ms.  S.  of  Kennebunk,  16  N.  of  York, 
and  26  N.  by  E.  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

Wellsborough,  village,  Tioga  co.,  Pa,,  on  the 
height  of  land  between  the  sources  of  Pine  creek, 
of  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  and 
Crooked  creek  of  Tioga  river,  about  50  ms.  8 
little  W.  of  N.  from  Williamsport. 

Wellsburg,  formerly  Charlestown,  town  and 
seat  of  justice,  Brooke  co  ,  Va.,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Ohio  river,  above  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek,  and 
15  ms.  above  Wheeling.  It  contains  about  1,000 
inhabitants,  and  some  manufactories.  Lat.  40  7 
N.,  lon.  W.  C.  3  39  W. 

Wells  River,  post  office,  Orange  co.,  Vt,  48 
ms.  northeasterly  from  Montpelier. 

Wellsville,  village,  Columbiana  co.,  O.,  by  post 
road  171  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Welsh  field,  southern  tp.,  Geauga  co.,  O. 
Welshpool,  town  of  Wales,  in  Montgomeryshire. 
It  is  the  principal  trading  town  in  the  co.,  being 
the  great  mart  for  Welsh  cottons,  flannels,  &c. 
be  navigable  j  It  is  seated  in  a  rich  vale,  on  the  river  Severn,  S 
ms.  N.  of  Montgomery,  and  169  NW.  of  Lon 
don.    Lon.  3  5  W.,  lat.  52  33  N. 
Weltenburg. — See  Abach. 
Welwyn,  village,  of  Eng.,  in  Hertfordshire,  oi- 
which  Dr.  Young  was  rector;  and  here  were 
written  his  celebrated  Night  Thoughts. 

Wem,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  on  the 
Roden,  9  ms.  N.  of  Shrewbury,  and  164  NW.  o! 


long  and  26£  feet  wide, 
will  be  28  miles.  The 


The  length  of  the  canal  j  London.    Lon.  2  40  W.,  lat.  52  50  N. 
essels  which  will  pass  I      Wendlingtn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  o 


through  the  canal  are  to  be  146  feet  long  and  26  J  Suabia.  Longitude  9  18  East,  latitude  48  38 
wide,  including  all  projections.  The  schooners 
will  generally  be  of  the  burden  of  450  tons.  It  is 
expected  that  the  chief  portion  of  the  trade  will  be 
done  by  the  new-fashioned  steamers  called  "  pro- 
pellers.''— See  Rideau  river  and  canal,  p.  768. 

Welfieet,  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Mass.',  lying  on 
Barnstable  bay,  10  ms.  N.  of  Eastham,  22  N.  of 
Chatham,  and  105  SE.  of  Boston,  by  land.  Bos- 
ton market  is  supplied  with  fish,  particularly 
oysters,  from  this  small  seaport  town. 

Wellingborough,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Nen, 
12  ms.  NE.  of  Northampton,  and  68  N.  by  W. 
of  London.    Lon.  0  59  W.,  lat.  62  16  N. 

Wellington,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire, 
seated  near  Wrekin  Hill,  12  ms.  E.  of  Shrews- 
bury, and  1.52  NW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  30  W., 
lat.  52  40  N.  Town  of  Eng.,  in  Somerset- 
shire, on  the  Tone,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Exeter,  and 
147  W.  by  S.  of  London,    Lon.  2  25  W.,  lat. 

50  57  N.  Town,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  3  ms.  S. 

from  Taunton.  Village,  Medina  co.,  O.,  by 

post  road  186  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Wells,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  which  has   the  province  of  Wermeland  to  Gothcborg.    It  i 

954 


North. 

Wendel,  tp.,  Cheshire  co.,  N.  H.,  30  ms.' 
NW.  from  Concord.    Pop.  in  1810,   447;  ir 

1820,  603.  Town,  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  If 

ms.  E.  from  Greenfield.  Pop.  in  1810,  983,  ir 
1820,  958. 

Wendover,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Buckingham 
shire,  7  ms.  SE.  of  Ailesbury,  and  35  W.  by  N 
of  London.    Lon.  3  35  W.,  lat.  51  46  N. 

V/enham,  town,  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  roa< 
from  Salem  to  Newburyport,  21  ms.  NNE.  frorr 
Boston. 

Wenlock,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Shropshire,  13 
!  ms.  SE.  of  Shrewsbury,  and  147  NW.  of  Lon 
I  don.    Lon.  2  30  W.,  lat.  52  36  N. 

Wenner,  the  largest  lake  of  Sweden,  in  Wes 
!  Gothland,  NW.  of  the  Lake  Wetter.  It  is  10( 
I  ms.  in  length,  and  in  some  places  40  in  breadth 
|  The  canal  of  Trolhattan  opens  the  trade  of  tbn 
i  fine  sheet  of  water  to  Gothenburg,  by  Wenners 

I  burg' 

j  Wennersburg,  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Goth 
i  land,  which  is  the  staple  for  all  the  iron  sent  froir 


WES  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WES 


seated  at  the  SW.  extremity  of  the  Lake  Wen- 
ner,  15  ms.  E.  of  Uddevalle. 

Wensyssel,  peninsula  of  Denmark,  which  makes 
;he  N.  part  of  North  Jutland,  bounded  on  the  S. 
jy  the  canal  of  Alburg,  on  the  E.  by  the  Catte- 
jate,  and  on  the  N.  and  W.  by  the  German  ocean, 
i  Town  of  Denmark,  in  North  Jutland,  capi- 
at of  a  prefecture  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
m  the  Ryna,  17  ms.  N  W.  of  Alburg.  Lon.  9  40 
3.,  lat.  57  4  N. 

Wentworth,  village  of  England,  in  Yorkshire,  3 

ns.  N W.  of  Rotherham  Town,  Grafton  co., 

V.  H.,  between  Stewart's  mountain  and  Baker's 

iver,  60  ms.  NW.  by  N.  from  Concord.  Village, 

Rockingham  co.,  North  Carolina,  10  ms.  E.  from 
)anbury,  and  by  post  road  126  miles  NW.  from 
laleigh. 

Weobly,  borough  of  England,  in  Herefordshire,  i 

1  ms.  NW.  of  Hereford,  and  141  WNW.  of  Lon-  \ 
,on.    Lon.  2  41  W.,  lat.  52  9  N. 

Werben,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  the  old  I 
larche  of  Brandenburg,  formerly  a  strong  passage 
n  the  river  Elbe,  but  now  all  the  fortifications  are 
uined.    It  is  seated  at  the  place  where  the  Havel 
ills  into  the  Elbe,  60  ms.  NW.  of  Berlin.  Lon. 

2  12  E.,  lat.  53  5  N. 

i  Werchteren,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 
n  Brabant,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Demer 
nd  Dyle,  9  ms,  E.  of  Mechlin.  Lon.  4  49  E., 
at.  51  0  N. 

Werden,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  in  the 
ounty  of  Marck,  The  inhabitants  are  Protestants, 
inder  the  protection  of  Prussia.  It  is  seated  on 
he  Roer,  10  ms.  NE.  of  Dusseldorf,  and  10  E.  of 
)uisberg.    Lon.  7  1  E.,  lat.  51  17  N. 

Werdenburg,  town  of  Switzerland,  subject  to 
he  canton  of  Glarus,  and  capital  of  a  country  of 
he  same  name,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  an 
minence,  commanding  a  beautiful  prospect.  It 
is  16  ms.  NE.  of  Glarus.  Lon.  9  25  E.,  lat.  46 
i8  N. 

Werdenfelds,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria. 

Werdohl,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia.    Lon.  7  22  E.,  lat.  51  14  N. 

Werle,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  West- 
ihalia,  in  the  bishopric  of  Munster,  seated  on  the 
iver  Seisk,  30  ms.  S.  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  20  E., 
at.  51  35  N.~ 

Wermeland,  or  Warmeland,  province  of  Swe- 
len,  in  West  Gothland,  100  miles  long  and  50 
iroad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Dalecarlia,  on  the  E. 
•y  Westmania  and  Nericia,  on  the  S.  by  the  lakes 
>Venner  and  Dalia,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  moun- 
ains  of  Norway.    Carlstadt  is  the  capital. 

Wern,  town  of  W estphalia,  in  the  bishopric  of 
funster,  with  a  monastery,  seated  near  the  Lippe, 
!8  ms.  S.*by  W.  of  Munster.  Lon.  7  30  E  ,  lat. 
il  35  N. 

Wernigerode,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in 
Jpper  Saxony,  with  a  trade  in  brewing  and  man- 
ufactures of  cloth  and  stuff.  Lon.  11  10  E,,  lat. 
)2  2  N. 

Werra — See  Weser. 

Wertheim,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Baden,  in 
^ranconia,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
t  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tauber  and 
rtaine,  20  ms.  W.  of  Wurtzburg.  Lon.  9  53  E., 
at.  49  46  N. 

Wesel,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  Westpha- 


lia, in  the  duchy  of  Cleves,  with  a  strong  citadel, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Rhine  and  Lippe.  It 
was  formerly  an  imperial  and  Hanseatic  town.  It 
is  25  miles  SE.  of  Cleves,  and  45  N.  of  Cologne. 
Lon.  6  37  E.,  lat.  51  27  N.  Town  of  Prus- 
sian Germany,  in  the  archbishopric  of  Treves,  20 
miles  S.  of  Coblentz,  and  46  ENE.  of  Treves. 
Lon.  7  30  E.,  lat.  50  4  N. 

Wesenburg,  fortified  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
emment  of  Esthonia,  seated  on  the  Wyss,  55  ms. 
SE.  of  Revel,  and  55  NW.  of  Narva.  Lon.  25 
48  E.,  lat,  59  10  N. 

Weser,  considerable  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  in  the  country  of  Henneberg,  being  then  call- 
ed the  Werra.  It  passes  by  Smalkald,  crosses  a 
corner  of  Thuringia,  enters  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  receives  the  Fulde  at  Munden.  It  then 
assumes  the  name  of  Weser,  runs  along  the  con- 
fines of  the  circles  of  Westphalia  and  Lower  Sax- 
ony, waters  Hamelin,  Minden,  and  Hoye,  receives 
the  A  Her  below  Verden,  and,  passing  by  Bremen, 
enters  the  German  ocean  between  the  kingdom  of 
Hanover  and  duchy  of  Oldenburg. 

Wesley,  western  tp,  of  Washington  county, 
Ohio. 

West,  one  of  the  eastern  tps.  of  Huntingdon  co., 
Pa.,  on  the  W.  branch  of  Susquehannah,  5  miies 

above  Huntingdon.  Tp.,  Columbiana  county, 

Ohio. 

West  Alexandria,  small  village  on  the  United 
States  road,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  16  miles  W. 
j  from  Washington,  and  14  a  little  N.  of  E.  from 
WTheeli ng.  The  situation  of  this  village  is  re- 
markable, as  being  on  the  extreme  height  of  land 
passed  by  the  National  road  between  the  Monon- 
gahela  and  Ohio  rivers.  Elevation  about  1,800 
feet  above  the  ocean 

West  Almond,  post  office,  Alleghany  county, 
New  York. 

West  Barnstable,  post  office,  Barnstable  county, 
Mass.,  68  ms.  SSE.  from  Boston. 

West  Becket,  town,  Berkshire  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, 30  ms.  W.  from  Northampton,  and  153 
W.  from  Boston. 

West  Bedford \  village,  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio, 
84  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

West  Bloomjield,  village,  Ontario  county,  New 
York,  12  ms.  W.  from  Canandaigua. 

Westborough,  town,  Worcester  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, 13  ms.  E.  from  Worcester. 

West  Boyleston,  post  office  on  Nashua  river, 
Worcester  co.,  Massachusetts,  by  post  road  49 
ms.  W.  from  Boston. 

West  Bradford,  town,  Essex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 29  ms.  N.  from  Boston. 

West  Brewster,  town,  Barnstable  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 20  ms.  SE.  from  Plymouth  and  60  from 
Boston. 

West  Bridgewater,  town,  Plymouth  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 34  ms.  S.  from  Boston. 

Westbrook,  tp.,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  3  ms. 

W,  from  Portland.  Village,  Middlesex  county, 

Connecticut,  43  miles  SSE.  from  Hartford.  

Village,  Bladen  co.,  North  Carolina,  by  post  road 
135  ms.  S.  from  Raleigh. 

West  Broohjield,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, between  the  two  main  branches  of  Chick  - 
opee  river,  68  ms.  W.  from  Boston. 

West  Buffalo,  tp.,  Union  county,  Pennsylva- 

955 


WES 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WES 


nia,  between  While  Deer  mountain  and  Perm's 
creek. 

West  Cambridge,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 6  ms.  IN  W.  from  Boston. 

West  Canaan,  village,  in  Canaan  tp.,  Madison 
co.,  Ohio,  about  12  miles  NE.  of  London,  (he  co. 
seat,  and  25  W.  of  Columbus. 

West  Carlisle,  village,  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  by 
post  road  87  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Westchester,  county,  New  York,  bounded  by 
Hudson  river  W.,  Putnam  co.,  N.  Y.,  N.,  Fair- 
field co.,  Connecticut  E.,  and  Long  Island  sound 
and  Harlem  river  S.  ;  length  40,  mean  width  12 
ms.,  area  480  sq.  miles.  Besides  the  Hudson,  the 
Croton  and  Bronx  are  its  principal  streams.  Sur- 
face generally  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous.  Soil 
in  most  places  productive  in  grain,  pasturage, 
and  fruit.  Chief  towns,  White  Plains,  Croton, 
Peekskill,  and  Bedford.  Pop.  in  1820,  32,638; 
and  in  1840,  48,686. 

Westchester,  village  in  the  NW.  part  of  New 
London  co.,  Connecticut,  30  ms.  SE.  from  Hart- 
ford. Town,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 

from  New  York.    Pop.  in  1810,  1,969;  and  in 

1820,  2,162.  Village,  borough,  and  seat  of 

justice,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  22  ms.  W.  from  Phila- 
delphia. Population  in  1820,  552;  and  in  1840, 
2,152.  This  borough  may  vie  with  any  other  in 
the  United  States,  of  equal  population,  in  neat- 
ness of  its  buildings,  beauty  of  site,  and  healthful 
position.  It  is  connected  with  Philadelphia  by 
a  railroad,  affording  daily  intercourse.   Lat.  38  58 

N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  28  E.  Village,  Perry  tp., 

Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio. 

West  Dedham,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 13  ms.  SW.  from  Boston. 

West  Deering,  town,  Hillsborough  county, 
New  Hampshire,  by  post  road  28  miles  SW.  from 
Concord. 

Westerns,  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Westma- 
nia,  with  a  famous  college.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable commerce  with  Stockholm,  particularly 
in  copper  and  iron  from  the  neighboring  mines. 
Westeras  is  seated  on  the  Lake  Maeler,  45  miles 
NW.  from  Stockholm.  Lon.  17  0  E.,  lat.  59 
38  N. 

Westerham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent.  This  place 
had  the  honor  of  producing  Gen.  Wolfe,  who  is  in- 
terred in  the  church.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Da- 
rent.    Lon.  0  6,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Westerloo,  town,  Albany  co.,  New  York.  Pop. 
in  1820,  3,458. 

Westerly,  village,  Merrimack  county,  N.  H. 

 Town,  Washington  co.,  Rhode  .Island,  on 

the  E.  side  of  Pawcatuck  river,  opposite  to  t>ton- 
ington,  in  Connecticut,  and  13  W.  of  Charleston, 
34  of  Newport,  and  20  E.  of  New  London. 

Western,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Massachusetts, 
22  miles  SW.  from  Worcester.    Pop.  in  1810, 

1,014;  and  in  1820,  1,112.  Town,  Oneida 

county,  New  York,  on  the  Mohawk,  5  ms  above 
Rome. 

Western  Star,  post  office,  Medina  co.,  Ohio, 
168  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

Westernport,  or  Westport,  village,  Alleghany 
co.,  Md.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Potomac  river,  be- 
tween George's  creek  and  Savage  river,  20  ms.  by 
land  above  Cumberland. 

Westerwick,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  Smoland,  I 
956 


[  seated  on  the  Baltic,  50  miles  N.  of  Calmar  and 
120  SW.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  16  0  E.,  lat.  57 
40  N. 

West  Fairlee,  tp.,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  36  ms.  SE. 
from  Montpelier. 

West  fall,  tp.,  Pickaway  county,  Ohio,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Scioto  river,  nearly  opposite  Cir- 
cleville. 

West  Farms,  village,  Westchester  co.,  New 
York,  on  Bronx  river,  10  miles  NE.  from  N  Y. 

West  Feliciana,  parish  of  Louisiana,  bounded 
W.  and  SW.  by  Mississippi  river,  separating  it 
from  Point  Coupee,  E.  by  Thompson's  creek,  sep- 
arating it  from  East  Feliciana,  and  N.  by  Wilkin- 
son county,  Mississippi.  It  lies  in  the  form  of  ■ 
triangle — base,  general  course  of  the  Mississippi 
river  30  ms.,  perpendicular  20  ms.,  and  area  GOO 
sq.  ms.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Bayou  Sara  creek. 
Eastern  part  rolling,  or  rather  hilly  ;  but  near  ihe 
Mississippi  river  flat,  and  subject  to  overflow.  Cen- 
tral lat.  30  50  N.,  lon.  14  30  W.  of  W.  C.  Chief 
town,  St.  Francisville. 

Westfield,  tp.,  Orleans  county,  Vermont,  45 

ms.  N.  from  Montpelier.  Town,  Hampden  co., 

Massachusetts,  lying  on  the  S.  side  of  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  1 1  ms.  W.  of  Springfield,  34  E. 
of  Stockbridge,  and  35  N.  by  W.  of  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut. Tp.,  Richmond  co.,  Stalen  Island, 

New  York.  Village,  Chautauque  co.,  N.  Y., 

by  post  road  358  miles  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

 Town,  Essex  county,  New  Jersey,  S  ms.  W. 

Elizabethtown.  One  of  the  southern  tps.  of 

Medina  co.,  Ohio.  Village,  Delaware  county, 

Ohio,  37  ms.  northwardly  from  Columbus. 

Westford,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Stony  river,  28  ms.  NW.  from  Boston. 

 Town  on  Brown's  river,  in  the  northern  part 

of  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  35  ms.  NW.  from  Mont- 
pelier. Tp.,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  SE. 

from  Cooperstown. 

West  Friendship,  village,  Anne  Arundel  co., 
Md.,  marked  in  the  post  office  list  58  ms.  from  W. 
C,  and  50  from  Annapolis. 

West  Galway  Church,  post  office  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  43  ms.  NW. 
from  Albany. 

West  Greenwich,  SW.  tp.,  Kent  co.,  R.  I.,  18 
ms.  SW.  from  Providence. 

Westhampton,  town,  Hampshire  eo.,  Mass.,  10 
ms.  W.  from  Northampton. 

West  Hampton,  town  on  the  S.  side  of  Long 
Island,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y.,  80  ms.  a  little  N.  of 
N.  from  N.  Y. 

West  Hanover,  town  on  Swatara  river,  Dau- 
phin co.,  Pa.,  15  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Harris- 
burg,  and  15  W.  from  Lebanon. 

West  Hartford,  town,  Hartford  co.,  Ci.,  5  ms. 
from  Hartford. 

West  Hartland,  village  in  the  NW.  part  of 
Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  25  ms.  NW.  from  Hartford. 

West  Haven,  town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  50  mil. 
W.  from  Windsor. 

West  Hebron,  town  between  Moses  Kill  and 
Fort  Edward,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  48  ms. 
W.  from  Albany. 

West  Hill,  village,  Suffolk  co.,  N.  Y. 

West  Hofcn,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 

the  Rhine.  Town  of  France,  in  the  department 

of  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace. 


WES 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WES 


West  Indies. — See  Indies,  West. 

Westland,  village,  Mecklenburg  co.,  Va.,  by 

ost  road  137  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond.  'Pp., 

ruernsey  co.,  O. 

West  Libertt/,  village  on  the  head  of  Short  creek, 
>hio  co.,  Va.,  14  ms.  NE.  from  Wheeling,  and 

0  W.  from  Washington*  Pa.  Village,  Logan 

o.,  O.  Village,  Henry  co.,  Ia.,  40  ms.  NE. 

y  E.  from  Indianapolis.  Village,  Morgan  co., 

[y.,  75  ms.  SE.  by  E.frorn  Frankfort. 

West  Lowvilk,  village,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.,  36 
is.  NE.  from  Sackett's  Harbor,  and  55  NNW 
om  Utica. 

Westmanta,  or  Westmanland,  province  of  Swe- 
en  proper,  between  Sudermania,  Gestricia,  Neri- 
ia,  and  Upland.  It  is  75  ms.  long  and  45  broad, 
nd  abounds  in  iron  and  copper  mines.  The 
ice  of  the  country  is  diversified  like  Wermeland. 
Vesteros  is  the  capital. 

West  Martinsburg,  town,  Lewis  co.,  N.  Y.,  35 
is.  NE.  from  Sackett's  Harbor,  and  50  NNW. 
om  Utica 

West  Mendon,  'town,  Monroe  co.,  N.  Y.,  12 
16.  S.  from  Rochester. 

;  West  Meredith,  town  on  Oleant  creek,  Dela- 
ware co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  S.  from  Cooperstown, 
md  104  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

1  West  Middleburg,  town,  Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y., 
t5  ms.  W.  from  Albany. 

West  Middletown,  village,  Washington  co., 
'a. — See  Middletown,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  p. 
60,  2d  column.  ^ 

West  Minot,  town  in  the  NW.  angle  of  Cura- 
erland  co.,  Me.,  46  ms.  N.  from  Portland. 

Westminster,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Middlesex,  the 
?sidence  of  the  monarchs  of  Great  Britain,  the 
?at  of  the  Parliament  and  of  the  high  courts  of 
istice,  and  constituting,  with  London  and  Souih- 
?ark,  the  metropolis  of  the  British  empire.  This 
ity  had  its  name  from  the  situation  of  its  abbey, 
nciently  called  a  minster,  in  respect  of  that  of  St. 

'aul. — See  London.  Tp.,  Worcester  county, 

lass.,  between  the  heads  of  Miller's  and  Nashua 
ivers,  50  ms.  NW.  from  Boston.    Pop.  1820, 

,634.  Town,  Windham  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  W. 

ide  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite  Walpole,  29 
is.  S.  from  Windsor,  and  18  N.  from  Brattlebo- 

augh  Village  in  the  NE.  part  of  Frederick 

o.,  Md.,  on  the  road  from  Baltimore  to  Cham- 
ersburg,  30  ms.  NW.  from  Baltimore,  and  a  sim- 
ar  distance  NE.  from  Frederick. 

Westmoreland,  co.  of  Eng.,  enclosed  between 
tiose  of  Cumberland,  York,  and  Lancaster,  the 
'st  bounding  it  on  the  N.  and  NW.,  the  second 
o  the  E.,  and  the  last  on  the  S.  and  SW.  It 
as  the  natural  boundaries  of  lakes,  streams,  and 
mountains,  almost  every  where,  except  to  the  S., 
/here  it  sinks  undistinguishably  into  Lancashire, 
'rom  the  sea  it  is  excluded  by  the  detached  part 
f  Lancashire,  and  only  just  touches  upon  the  bot- 
om  of  that  wide  sandy  wash  which  separates  the 
wo  parts  of  that  co.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
^den,  Lone,  and  Ken.  It  has  also  several  fine 
akes,  the  principal  of  which  is  Winnandermere, 
r  Windermere  water.  In  the  forest  of  Martin- 
ale,  to  the  S.  of  Ullswater,  the  breed  of  red  deer 
till  exists  in  a  wild  state.  Appleby  is  the  county 
awn.  Pop.  in  1801,41,617;  in  1811,  45,922; 
nd  in  1821,  51,359. 


Westmoreland,  town,  Cheshire  co.,  N:  H.,  op- 
posite Putney,  Vt.,  10  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from 

Keene,  and  45  SW.  from  Concord  Town, 

Oneida  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  E.  of  Oneida,  and 
about  the  same  distance  W.  of  Utica,  or  old  Fort 
Schuyler. 

Westmoreland,  cq.  of  Pa.,  bounded  by  Somer- 
set S.,  Washington  W.,  Alleghany  NW.,  Arm- 
strong and  Indiana  N.,  and  Bedford  E.  Length 
37  ms.,  width  29,  and  area  1,064  sq.  ms.  It  is  a 
well  watered  co.  The  Monongahela  forms  its  ex- 
treme western  border,  near  which  it  is  traversed 
by  the  Youghiogany.  Its  entire  northern  limit  is 
formed  by  the  Kiskiminitas,  and  its  northwestern 
by  the  Alleghany,  whilst  its  surface  is  drained  by 
the  numerous  confluents  of  these  rivers.  The  face 
of  the  country  is  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous. 
Soil  generally  productive  in  grain,  pasturage,  and 
fruit.  Chief  town,  Greensburg.  Pop.  1820, 
30,540;  and  in  1840,42,699.  Ctl.  lat.  40  18 
N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  2  32  W. 

Westmoreland,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Potomac 
river  NE.,  King  George  co.  NW.,  Rappahanock 
river  and  Richmond  S.,  and  Northumberland  SE. 
Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  5,  area  150  sq.  ms. 
Chief  town,  Leeds.  Pop.  1820,  6,901  ;  and  in 
1840,  8,019.    Ctl.  lat.  38  9  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  12' 

E.  C.  H.  and  post  office,  Westmoreland  co., 

Va.,  by  post  road  about  90  ms.  SSE.  from  W. 
C.    Lat.  38  9  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  15'  E. 

West  Nantrnill,  town,  Chester  co.,  Pa. — See 
Nantmill,  West. 

West  Newburg,  town,  Essex  co  ,  Mass.,  by 
post  road  46  ms.  NE.  from  Boston. 

Weston,  town,  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  14  miles 

W.  from  Boston.  Town,  Fairfield  co.,  Ct.,  7 

ms.  N.  from  Fairfield,  and  by  post  road  68  miles 
SW.  from  Hartford.     It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 

Pop.  1820,  2,767.  Village  and  seat  of  justice, 

Lewis  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  247  ms.  W.  from 
W.  C,  and  345  N  W.  from  Richmond. 

Westown,  town,  Orange  co.,  New  York  

Township,  Chester  county,  Penn.,  about  4  ms. 
E.  from  West  Chester,  containing  a  Friends' 
boarding  school.     Pop.  1820,  755. 

Westphalia,  formerly  one  of  the  circles  of  Ger- 
many, bounded  on  the  E.  by  Lower  Saxony,  on 
the  S.  by  Hesse,  Westerwald,  and  the  Rhine,  on 
the  W.  by  the  United  Provinces,  and  on  the  N. 
by  the  German  ocean.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Weser,  Embs,  Lippe,  and  Roer.  It  contained 
the  sovereign  bishoprics  of  Osnaburg,  Monster, 
and  Paderborn,  the  principality  of  Minden,  the 
cos.  of  Ravensburg,  Tecklenburg,  Ritburg,  Lippe, 
Lemgow,  Spigelburg,  Shauenburg,  Hoye,  Dic- 
pholt,  Deimenhorst,  Oldenburg,  Embden,  or  East 
Friesland,  Bentheim,  and  Lingen.  These  are  to 
the  N.  of  the  river  Lippe.  To  the  S.  of  it  are  the 
abbies  of  Essen  and  Verden,  the  town  of  Doit 
mund,  the  cos.  of  Marck  and  Homburg,  and  the 
duchies  of  Westphalia,  Berg,  and  Cleves.  Mun- 
ster  is  the  most  considerable  city. 

Westphalia,  formerly  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Westphalia,  40  ms.  long,  and  25  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  bishoprics  of  Munster 
and  Osnaburg  and  the  co.  of  Lippe,  on  the  W.  by 
j  that  of  Marck,  on  the  S.  by  the  territories  of  Nas- 
I  sau,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  cos.  of  Witgenstein, 
1  Hartsfeld,  WTaldeck,  and  the  landgravate  of  Hesse. 

957 


WES  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WEX 


Arensburg  is  the  capital.  See  the  various  sections 
of  the  circle  and  duchy,  under  their  respective 
heads. 

West  Point,  village  and  military  school,  Orange 
co.,  N.  Y  ,  on  the  S.  bank  of  Hudson  river,  at 
the  lower  verge  of  the  highlands,  7  ms.  from  New- 
burg.  During  the  revolutionary  war  it  was  a  mil- 
itary post  of  much  consequence.  In  1802,  the 
General  Government  of  the  U.  S.  made  it  the  seat 
of  a  military  academy.    It  is  now  under  the  super 


West  Whiteland,  town,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  2 
ms.  W.  from  Philadelphia,  and  5  E.  from  Down 
ingstown. 

West  Woodstock,  town  in  the  northwest  pai 
of  Windham  co.,  Connecticut,  39  ms.  NE.  fror 
Hartford. 

Wctherhy,  town  of  EWg  ,  in  Yorkshire.  Lon 
1  20  W.,  lat.  53  57  N. 

Wether sfield ,  town,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  on  tb 
W.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  3  ms.  S.  of  Han 


intendence  of  a  professor  and  assistant  professor,  ;  ford,  11  N.  of  Middletown,  and  43  N.  by  E.  o 
on  each  of  the  three  branches  of  mathematics,  nat-  New  Haven.    Pop.  3,961.    It  is  the  seat  of  a: 

ural  and  experimental  philosophy,  and  of  the  art  of!  academy.  Town,  Genessee  co.,  N.  Y 

engineering.  A  chaplain,  instructor  on  each  of!  Weter,  lake  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland,  SE 
the  branches  of  tactics  and   artillery?     A   sur-  j  of  the  lake  Wenner.  It  is  100  ms.  in  length,  an 


geon,  who  is  also  professor  of  chemistry,  and  a 
teacher  of  the  French  language,  a  teacher  of  draw- 
ing, and  a  master  of  sword  exercise.  The  number 
of  students,  termed  cadets,  is  limited  to  250. 

West  Point,  village,  Hardin  co.,  Ky.,  72  miles 
from  Frankfort. 

Westport,  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  theco.  of  Mayo. 
Lon.  9  22  W.,  Iat.  53  48  N. 

Westport,  town  and  seaport,  Bristol  co.,  Mass., 
near  the  mouth  of  Acoakset  river,  11  ms.  SW. 
from  New  Bedford,  22  ms.  NNE.  from  Newport, 
in  Rhode  Island,  and  by  post  road  73  ms.  S.  from  j 
Boston.    Pop.  in  1820,  2,633;  and  in  1840,1 

2,820.  Town,  Essex  co..  N.  Y.,  on  Lake  j 

Champlain.  Town  on  the  Ohio  river,  Oldham  j 

co.,  Kent.,  by  post  road  61  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from 
Frankfort,  and  22  NNE.  from  Louisville. 

West  Poultney,  town  on  Poultney  river,  Rut- 
land  co.,  Vt.,  70  ms.  NNE.  from  Albany,  in  New 
York,  and  by  post  road  96  ms.  SSW.  from  Mont-  J 
pelier. 

West  Prospect,  town,  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  10  I 
ms.  NE.  from  Belfast,  and  112  NE.  from  Port  | 
land. 


in  some  places  20  in  breadth.  Above  40  smai 
streams  enter  this  lake,  and  its  only  outlet  is  th 
river  Motala,  which  flows  E.  by  Nordkoping  int 
the  Baltic. 

Wet/eravia,  or  Weteraw,  an  extensive  distric 
of  Germany,  lying  between  the  territories  c 
Treves  and  Mentz  on  the  S.,  and  the  duchies  o 
Berg  and  Westphalia,  the  landgravate  of  Hesse 
and  bishopric  of  Fulda  on  the  N.,  having  the  Rhin 
to  the  W.,  and  Fulderto  the  E.  It  is  dividei 
into  two  parts  by  the  river  Lahn ;  the  southeri 
parts  or  Wettaiavia  proper  belongs  to  the  circle  c 
Upper  Rhine  and  the  northern  or  the  Westerwal< 
belongs  to  the  circle  of  Westphalia.  It  contain; 
several  small  cos.  This  is  one  of  those  territoria 
divisions  of  Germany,  rendered  in  a  great  mea3ur 
obsolete,  and  was  never  very  definite. 

Wettin,  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duch 
of  Magdeburg,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  seat& 
on  the  Saal,  over  which  is  a  ferry,  9  ms.  NNW 
of  Halle. 

Wettingen,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  co.  o 
Baden,  celebrated  for  its  wooden  bridge,  240  fee 
long,  of  a  single  arch,  over  the  river  Limmat.  I 


Westra,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands,  8  ms.  long,  I  is  one  mile  S.  of  Baden, 
and  from  1  to  3  broad. 


Wetumpka,  town  and  village,  situated  at  th 
West  River,  or  rather  a  small  creek  of  Chesa-  j  extreme  northern  angle  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ala. 

and  on  the  Coosa  river  a  few  miles  above  its  junc 
tion  with  Tallapoosa,  to  form  the  Alabama  river, 
and  by  post  road  110  ms.  SE.  by  E.  from  Tusca 
loosa.  N.  lat.  32  33,  lon.  9  20  W.  of  W.  C.  If 
is  described  as  a  flourishing  village  at  the  head  o 
steamboat  navigation,  and  in  a  healthy  and  fertil< 
section  of  country. 

Wetzlar,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  abou 
30  English  miles  north  from  Frankfort  on  th« 
Maine,  and  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lahn,  Disle 
and  Dillen.  Longitude  8  37  E.,  latitude  50  3J 
North.  The  Chamber  of  Wetzlar  was  the  Su 
prcme  Court  of  Germany,  formed  A.  D.  1473  bj 
the  Emperor  Frederick  IV,  at  Augsburg.  Tbi: 
court  was  ambulatory  in  its  first  age,  but  having 
been  alternately  held  at  Augsburg,  Nurembourg, 
Ratisbon,  Worms,  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  ant 
Spire,  was  finally  made  stationary  at  Wetzlar.  I 
was  the  civil  court  in  the  last  resort  of  the  empire 
and  had  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  Auli< 
Council  at  the  imperial  residence. 


peakc  bay,  in  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Md.,  8  ms.  S. 

from  Annapolis.  Village  on  West  river,  Anne 

Arundel  co.,  Md.,  by  post  road  15  ms.  SSW. 
from  Annapolis. 

West  Rutland,  town,  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  near  to 
and  W.  from  Rutland. 

West  Springfield,  town,  Hampden  co.,  Mass., 
on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  opposite 
Springfield,  18  ms.  S.  of  Northampton,  30  ms. 
W.  by  S.  of  Brookfield,  and  29  N.  of  Hartford, 
Connecticut. 

West  Stockbridge,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass., 
10  ms.  SSW.  from  Lenox.    Pop.  in  1820,  1,034. 

West  Stockholm,  town  between  Racket  and  St. 
Regis  river,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  E. 
from  Ogdensburg. 

West  Townsend,  town  on  West  river,  Wind- 
ham co.,  Vt.,  35  ms.  SSW.  from  Windsor,  and 
94  S.  from  Montpelier. 

West  Union,  post  office  on  the  United  States 

road,  8  ms.  E.  from  Wheeling  Village  and 

seat  of  justice,  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  53  m-\  SW. 
from  Chillicothe.  Lat.  38  51  N.  Tp.,  Colum- 
biana co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  in  1820,  722. 

Westville,  village,  Simpson  co.,  Miss.,  83  ms. 
from  Jackson. 

Westrosothia. — See  Gothland. 
95S 


Wevelsburg,  town  and  city  of  Westphalia,  u 
the  principality  of  Paderborn,  9  ms.  S.  of  Pa 
derborn. 

Wexford,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  o 
Munster,  38  ms.  long  and  24  broad,  bounded  or 
the  N.  by  Wicklow,  E.  by  St.  George's  channel. 


WHE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WHI 


.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  W.  by  Waterford  and 
:ilkenny,  and  NW.  by  Catherlough.  It  contains 

00  parishes,  and  is  fertile  in  corn  and  grass, 
'he  principal  rivers  are  the  Barrow  and  Slaney. 

 Borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  co.  of  the 

irae  name.  It  has  a  spacious  harbor  at  the  mouth 
f  the  Slaney,  on  a  bay  of  St.  George's  channel, 
ut  the  water  is  not  deep  enough  for  large  vessels, 
fuch  woolen  cloth  is  manufactured  here  and  in 
le  neighborhood.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
,000.  It  is  33  ms.  ENE.  of  Waterford,  and  75 
.  of  Dublin.  Longitude  6  30  W.,  latitude  52  22 
forth. 

Wexio,  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smoland,  seated 
n  the  lake  Helga,  which  contains  a  group  of 
oody  islands.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  though  small, 
id  is  50  ms.  W.  of  Calmar. 

Wey,  river  of  Eng.,  which  rises  in  Hampshire, 
dws  through  Surry  by  Godalming  and  Guil- 
ird,  and  enters  the  Thames  at  Weybridge. 

Weybridge,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Surry,  seated 
■  the  Wey  at  its  entrance  into  the  Thames,  2  ms. 
.  of  Cherbey. 

Weyhill,  village  of  Eng.,  in  Hampshire,  3  ms. 
V\  of  Andover,  famous,  for  an  annual  fair  on  the 
fHh  of  October,  for  sheep,  leather,  hops,  and 
•leese. 

1  Weymouth,  town,  of  Eng.,  in  Dorsetshire,  in- 
orporated  with  that  of  Melcomb  Regis.  A  few 
lain  and  striped  cottons  are  made  here.  Wey- 
iouih  is  130  ms.  WSW.  of  London. — See  Mel- 
mib  Regis. 

Weymouth,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  100  ms. 

E.  from  Boston.  Tp.  of  Gloucester  co..  N. 

I    At  the  village  or  furnace,  called  Weymouth 

urnace  is  a  post  office.  Village,  Medina  co., 

>hio,  186  ms.  NNE.  from  Columbus. 

WhalerCs  Store,  and  post  office,  Saratoga  co., 

r.  y. 

Wharton,  tp.,  Fayette  co.,  Pa.,  adjoining  Va., 
nd  between  Laurel  Hill  and  Sugar  Loaf  moun- 
lin,  commencing  5  ins.  SE.  from  Uniontown. 

Whartonville,  village,  Fauquier  co  ,  Va.,  about 
0  ms.  from  W\  C. 

Whatcly,  town,  Franklin  co  ,  Mass.,  10  ms. 
bove  Northampton. 

Wheat  field,  SE.  tp.  of  Indiana  co.,  Pa. 

Wheeler,  town  Steuben  co.,  N.  Y.,  8  ms. 
INW.  from  Bath. 

Wheeler  s  Springs,  Charlotte  co.,  Va.,  109  ms. 
•W.  from  Richmond. 

Wheeling,  large  creek  rising  in  Greene  and 
Vashington  cos.,  Pa.,  and,  flowing  NW.  into 
>oio  co.,  Va.,  falls  into  Ohio  river  below  the 

:>wn  of  Wheeling.  City  and  post  town  and 

eat  of  justice,  Ohio  co.,  Va  .  stands  on  the  bank 
f  Ohio  river,  immediately  above^and  below  the 
nouth  of  Wheeling  creek.  It  stands  on  a  first 
nd  second  bottom,  principally  in  one  street,  par- 
llel  to  the  river.  It  contains  the  co.  buildings 
nd  several  factories.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,567;  in 
830,  5,211  ;  and  in  1840,  8,793.  The  U.  S. 
umpike  road  reaches  the  Ohio  river  at  Wheeling, 
ontributing  greatly  to  its  increase  and  prosperity, 
vhich  is  still  more  secured  by  its  advantageous 
>osition  on  the  Ohio.  By  post  road  this  city  is 
566  ms.  westward  of  W.  C,  57  hy  land  and  100 

>y  the  river  from  Pittsburg.  Tp.  of  Belmont 

o.,  Ohio. 


Wheeluck,  village  Caledonia  co.,  Vt.,  by  post 
road  79  ms.  from  Montpelier. 

Whida,  kingdom  of  G  uinca,  on  the  Slave  coast, 

■  extending  about  10  ms.  along  the  Atlantic,  under 
I  6  29  N.  lat.  Their  trade  consisted  of  slaves  ele- 
,  phants'  teeth,  wax,  and  honey.  The  English  fac- 
i  tory  is  200  ms.  E.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  within 

land.    Xavier  or  Sabi  is  the  capital. 

j  Whitby,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk.  Ii  is  a 
considerable  town,  with  a  great  traffic  in  the  build- 
ing of  ships  and  the  carrying  business.    Its  har- 

',  bor  is  the  best  on  this  coast,  and  is  protected  by  a 

,  fine  pier;  but  it  has  no  river  communication  with 
the  interior  country. 

White,  co.  of  Tenn.,  bounded  by  Bledsoe  SE., 
Warren  W.,  or  Caney  Fork  river  SW.,  Smith 

I  NW.,  Jackson  N.,  and  Overton  NE.  ;  length  40 
ms.,  mean  width  19,  area  750  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained 
by  the  eastern  branches  of  Caney  Fork  river.  Chief 
town,  Sparta.  Pop.  in  1820,  8,701  ;  and  in  1840, 

;  10,747.  Central  lat.  36°  N.,  Ion.  W.  C  8  30 
West. 

While,  co.  of  Illinois,   bounded  by  Wabash 
river  E.,  G^allatin  co.,  S.,  Franklin  and  Jefferson 
:  W.,  and  Wayne  and  Edwards  N. ;  length  42  ms  , 
;  width  20,  area  800  s.q  ms.    Tt  is  chiefly  drained 
'  by  Little  Wabash  river,    Chief  town,  Carmi. 
Pop.  in  1820,  4,828;  and  in  1810,  7,919.  Ctl. 

■  lat.  38  8  N  ,  Ion.  W.  C.  11  5  W. 

White  Chimneys,  village,  Caroline  co.,  Va.,  30 
ms.  NNE.  from  Richmond. 

White  Clay  Creek,  rises  in  Chester  co.,  Pa., 
flows  SE  into  Newcastle  co.,  Del.,  and  joins  Red 
Clay  creek  near  their  joint  influx  into  Christiana. 

!  Hundred  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware. 

White  Creek,  town,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y. 
It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy,  36  ms.  NE.  from 
I  Albany. 

White  Day,  post  office,  Monongahela  co.,  Va., 
:  320  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

White  Deer,  village,  Lycoming  co  ,  Pa.,  10 
ms.  SSE.  from  Williamsport,  and  by  post  road  84 

ms.  N.  from  Harrisburg.  NE.  tp.,  Union  co., 

Pa.,  on  the  Susquehannah  river. 

White  Deer  Mountain.  This  small  detached 
ridgte  extends  in  a  direction  from  E.  to  W.  from 
\  the  Susquehannah  river,  along  the  southern  side 
of  Lycoming  co.,  and  separates  the  two  tps.  of  the 
same  names,  and  for  4  or  5  ms.  from  the  Susque 
hannah  forms  the  boundary  between  Union  and 
Lycoming  cos. 

White  Eyes  Plains,  post  office,  Coshocton  co. , 
!  O.  ;  by  post  road  112  ms  NE.  from  Columbus, 
Whitefield,  town,  Lincoln  co  ,  Me.,  15  ms.  N. 

!  from  Wiscasset.  Tp.  of  Coos  co.,  N.  H. 

Whitehall,  town,  Washington  co.,  N.  Y.,  at 
j  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain,  22  ms.  N.  of  Fort 
\  Edward,  and  41  W.  of  Rutland.    This  place  wa^ 
formerly  called  Skeenesborough,  from  Maj.  Skeene, 
of  the  British  army.     Whitehall  is  a  flourishing 
village,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on  V/ ood 
!  creek.    It  is  a  place  of  much  business  ;  it  has  the 
|  exterior  appearance  of  a  crowded  and  active  port. 
|  The  importance  of  this  town  is  much  enhanced  by 
!  being  the  place  of  outlet  into  Lake  Champlain  of 
1  the  canal  from  the  Hudson  to  Wood  creek.  Pop. 
|  1810,  2,110;  in  1820,  2,341;  and  1840,  3,813. 
Whitehall,  North,  tp.,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.,  on  Lc- 

959 


Will 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WHI 


high  river,  between  Heidelburg  and  South 'White- 
hall. 

Whitehall,  South,  tp.,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.,  on  Le- 
high river,  below  North  Salisbury. 

Whitehall,  village,  Columbia  co.,  Pa,,  12  ms. 
N.  .from  Danville,  and  81  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 
from  Harrieburg. 

White  Hall,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Va.,  92  ms. 

westerly  from  W.  C.  Village,  Mecklenburg 

co.,  N.  C.  ;  by  post  road  169  ms.  SW.  from  Ra- 
leigh Village,  Abbeville  district,  S.  C,  100 

ms.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Whitehaven,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland. 
It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Irish  sea,  on  the  N. 
end  of  a  great  hill,  washed  by  the  tide  on  the  W. 
side,  where  there  is  a  large  whitish  rock,  and  a 
strong  stone  wall  that  secures  the  harbor.  Near 
it  are  some  coal  mines,  some  of  which  run  a  con- 
siderable way  under  the  sea,  and  are  the  great 
source  of  its  wealth  ;  but  its  trade  is  now  extended 
to  foreign  parts.  A  packet  boat  sails  hence  weekly 
to  Douglass,  in  the  isle  of  Man.  Here  are  six 
yards  for  ship  building,  an  extensive  canvass  man- 
ufacture, three  large  roperies,  and  several  copperas 
works.  The  town  is  defended  by  batteries,  and 
has  three  neat  churches.  It  is  37  ms.  SW.  of 
Carlisle,  and  294  NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  35 

W;,  lat.  54  25  N.  Town,  Somerset  co.,  Md., 

on  Wicomico  river,  10  ms.  NNE.  from  Princess 
Anne. 

Whitehorn,  royal  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Wig- 
tonshire.  This  place  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
bishop's  see  in  Scotland. 

White  House,  village,  Hunterdon  co.,  N.  J.,  9 
ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Somerville,  and  by  post 
road  39  ms.  N.  from  Trenton. 

White  Lake,  village  on  the  Nevvburg  turnpike 
road,  Sullivan  co.,  N.  Y.,  50  ms.  NW.  by  W. 
from  Newburg,  and  by  post  road  122  ms,jSTW. 
from  Albany.  • 

Whittland,  East,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
head  of  Valley"  creek,  10  ms.  ENE.  from  Dow- 
ningslown. 

Whiteland,  Weal,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  5  ms. 
E.  from  Dovvningtown. 

Whitely,  co.,  Ky.,  bounded  by  Tenn.  S., 
Wayne  co.,  Ky.,  W.,  Rockcastle  river  or  PuJaski 
co.  NW.,  Knox  NE.  and  Harlan  E.  Length  40 
ms.,  mean  width  14;  area  560  sq.  ms.  Cumber- 
land river  traverses  it  from  SE.  to  NW.  Chief 
town,  Williamsburg.  Pop.  *1820,  2,340 ;  and 
in  1840,  4,673.    Cent.  lat.  36  50  N.,  lon.  W. 

C.  7°  W.  Court  house  and  village,  Whitely 

co.,  Ky.,  78  ms.  SSE.  from  Hartford. 

Whitely  sburg,  village,  Kent  co.,  Del.,  22  ms. 
SE.  from  Dover. 

Whitemarsh,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa., 
about  12  miles  N.  from  Philadelphia.  White- 
marsh  has  long  been  noted  for  its  elegant  and  va- 
riegated marble. 

White  Mountains,  the  highest  part  of  a  ridge 
of  mountains  in  N.  H.,  in  N.  America.  They 
extend  NE.  and  SW.  to  a  length  not  yet  ascer- 
tained The  height  of  these  mountains  above  an 
adjacent  meadow  is  reckoned,  from  observations 
made  in  1784,  to  be  5,500  feet;  and  the  meadow 
is  3,600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
snow  and  ice  cover  them  9  or  10  months  in  the 
year,  during  which  time  they  exhibit  that  bright 
9G0 


appearance  from  which  they  are  denominated  tl 
White  Mountains.  Although  they  are  70  mil 
within  land,  they  are  seen  many  leagues  off  at  se 
and  appear  like  an  exceedingly  bright  cloud  in  tl 
hoiizon.    Their  highest  summit  is  in  lat.  44°  I> 

 Post  office,  Coos  co.,  N.  H.,  117  ms.  NNI 

from  Concord. 

White  Oak,  post  office,  Rutherford  co.,  N.  C 

White  Plains,  village,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y 
15  ms.  N.  of  Kingsbridge,  and  30  of  the  city 

New  York.  Village,  Jackson  co.,  Tenw.  ;  I 

post  road  56  ms.  NE.  from  Murfreesborough. 

White  Post,  village,  Frederick  co.,  Va.,  10  m 
SSE.  from  Winchester,  and  by  post  road  78  n 
a  little  N.  of  W.  from  W.  C. 

White  River,  post  office,  Lawrence  co.,  Arl 
125  ms.  from  Little  Rock. 

White  river,  la.,  is  the  great  SE.  branch 
Wabash.  It  is  formed  by  two  branches,  both 
sing  about  lat.  40°  N.,  and  lon.  W.  C.  8°  W 
and  near  the  W.  boundary  of  the  State  of  Ohi 
Flowing  by  a  general  course  SW.  about  70  mi' 
the  two  branches  unite,  and,  continuing  bel< 
their  junction  30  ms.,  joins  the  Wabash,  betwe 
Knox  and  Gibson  cos.,  at  lat.  38  27  N.  T 
valley  of  White  river  is  a  real  curiosity  in  the  b 
drography  of  the  17.  S.  The  extreme  easte 
sources  of  Croghan's  Fork  rise  within  one  m 
from  the  bank  of  Ohio  river,  opposite  Gallatin  c 
Ky.  A  ridge  of  hills  winds  at  no  great  distan 
from  its  banks,  and  nearly  parallel  to  the  Oh 
from  the  Great  Miami  to  the  Wabash.  The  norl 
western  streams  of  this  ridge  are  discharged  ir 
either  the  White  river  or  Wabash.  The  valley 
White  river  is  in  form  of  an  ellipsis,  180  mi 
long,  with  a  mean  width  of  60,  embracing  an  ai 
of  10,800  sq.  ms.,  and  comprising  about  or 
third  part  of  the  State  of  la.  There  are  but  fe 
if  any,  equal  sections  of  the  U.  S.  exceeding 
natural  advantages  this  tract.  In  fertility  of  s 
and  mildness  of  climate  it  is  a  really  desirable 
gion.  The  streams  without  falls  arc,  except 
seasons  of  drought,  navigable  almost  to  th 
sources. 

White  river,  river  of  Ark.  and  Mo.,  rises  in  < 
southern  part  of  the  latter  and  northern  part  of! 
former  by  two  large  branches — White  river  prop 
or  NW.  branch,  and  Black  river,  or  NE.  bran< 
Both  these  rivers  are  navigable  in  seasons  of  hi 
water,  far  above  their  junction.  They  unite 
Ark.,  N.  lat.  35  30,  and  the  united  streams  fl 
thence  nearly  S.,  by  comparative  courses,  ab< 
120. ms.,  and  fall  into  Mississippi  river  30  mi 
above  the  mouth  of  Arkansas.  White  river  is 
all  seasons  navigable  below  the  mouth  of  Bl; 
river.  The  entire  length  of  this  stream,  foliowi 
either  branch,  is,  by  comparative  courses,  abc 
350  ms.  • 

White  Sand,  village,  Lawrence  co.,  Misaissip 
45  ms.  from  Jackson. 

Whitesborough,  or,  as  called  in  the  post  ofi 
list,  Whitestown,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Oi 
ida  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Mohawk  river 
ms.  NW.  from  Utica,  25  E.  of  Oneida  lake, 
NW.  of  Canajoharie,  and  85  of  Schenectar 
Pop.  of  the  tp.  in  1810,  4,912;  in  1820,  5,21 
and  in  1840,  5,156. 

White  sea,  bay  or  gulf  of  the  Frozen  ocean, 
the  N.  of  Russia,  situated  between  Russia,  L 


WIB  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WIE 


Mid,  aryl  Samojede,  at  the  bottom  of  which  stands 
Archangel.  This  was  the  only  communication 
yhich  the  Russians  had  with  the  sea,  before  the 
:onquest  of  Livonia  from  the  Swedes,  in  the  be- 
;inning  of  the  18th  century,  by  czar  Peter  the 
Jreat.  The  White  sea  opens  into  the  Arctic 
cean  at  N.  lat.  68°.  Into  this  sea  are  discharged 
he  Onega,  Dwina,  and  Mezen  rivers.  By  the 
)wina  an  extensive  commerce  is  carried  on  with 
outhern  and  central  Russia. 

White's  Store,  and  post  office,  Chenango 
o.,  N.  Y.,  238  ras.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany. 
5oat  offices  with  like  name  are,  one  Sullivan  co., 
fenn.,  and  one  in  Anson  co.,  N.  C. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  and  post  office,  water- 
ng  place,  Greenbrier  co.,  Va.,  205  ms.  W.  from 
tichmond.  There  is  a  post  office  in  Meriwether 
o.,  Ga.,  of  same  name. 

Whitesville,  village,  Anson  co.,  N.  C. ;  by 

iost  road  145  ms.  SW.  from  Raleigh.  Village 

nd  seat  of  justice,  Columbus  co.,  N.  C,  on  the 
Jeaver  Dam,  branch  of  Waccamaw  river,  60  ms. 
>.from  Fayetteville,  and  118  S.  from  Raleigh. 
,at.  34  14  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  1  46  W. 
i  Whitewater,  river  of  la.  and  0.,  is  the  SW. 
'ranch  of  Great  Miami,  into  which  it  is  discharged 
||»  ms.  above  the  junction  of  the  latter  with  Ohio. 

[  Also,  the  name  of  a  tp.,  across  the  middle  of 

vhich  runs  the  above-deseribed  river,  in  the  west- 
rn  limits  of  Hamilton  co.,  O.  Pop.  1820,  1,661. 

,  Post  office,  Dearborn  co.,  Ia. 

J  White  Woman's  river,  or  Walhonding,  one  of 
he  main  branches  of  Muskingum  river.  It  is 
ormed  by  the  confluence  of  Mohiccan  and  Owl 
:reeks,  in  the  western  part  of  Coshocton  co.,  O., 
uns  E.  by  S.  16  ms.,  receiving  in  its  progress 
Cilbuck  creek  from  the  N.,  and  forms  its  conflu- 
mce  with  Tuscarawas  river,  opposite  the  town  of 
Coshocton. 

Whiting,  town,  Addison  co.,  Vt.,  70  ms.  from 
Montpelier. 

Whitingham,  village,  Windham  co.,  Vt. ;  by 
jost  road  132  ms.  S.  from  Montpelier. 

Whitley,  tp.,  Green  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  waters  of 
Whitely  and  Dunkard  creeks.  Pop.  1810,  1,264; 

n  1820",  1,801.  County  of  Ky.,  bounded  by 

Wayne  W.,  Pulaski  and  Laurel  N.,  Knox  E., 
ind  Claiborne  and  Campbell  cos.,  of  Tenn.,  S. 
Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area  600  sq. 
us.  N.  lat.  37°  and  Ion.  7°  W.  W.  C.  inter- 
sect in  the  northern  part  of  this  co.  Pop.  1840, 
1,673. 

Whitpaine,  tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Wissahiccon  creek,  15  ins.  NNW. 
from  Philadelphia. 

Whittedsville,  town,  Buncombe  co.,  N.  C. 

Wiburg,  or  Viborg,  government  of  Russia,  for- 
merly Russian  Finland,  and  comprised  in  Kex- 
nolm  and  Carelia.  It  was  ceded  by  the  Swedes  to 
the  Russians,  partly  by  the  peace  of  Nystadf,  in 
1721,  and  partly  by  the  treaty  of  Abo,  in  1743. 
Besides  pastures,  the  country  produces  rye,  oats, 
and  barley,  but  not  sufficient  for  the  inhabitants. 

Wiburg,  seaport  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name.  The  houses  are  almost 
entirely  built  of  stone.  The  chief  exports  are 
planks,  tallow,  pitch,  and  tar.  The  surrounding 
country  is  pleasant ;  and  near  it,  at  Imatra,  is  the 
famous  cataract  of  the  Woxa,  which  makes  a  noise 
121* 


more  stunning  than  that  of  the  Rhine  at  Lauffen. 
Wiburg  stands  on  the  NE.  point  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  110  ms.  NNW.  of  Petersburgh.  Lon. 

29  10  E  ,  lat.  60  56  N.  City  of  Denmark,  in 

North  Jutland,  capital  of  a  diocess  of  the  same 
name,  and  the  seat  of  the  chief  court  of  justice  in 
the  province.  It  is  seated  on  a  lake,  in  a  penin- 
sula, 95  ms.  N.  of  Sleswick.  Lon.  9  50  E.,  lat. 
56  20  North. 

Wic,  or  Wych,  as  a  prefix,  or  as  a  termination 
of  names  of  places,  seems  to  have  come  from  an 
original  term  for  a  bay,  and  signifies  a  town  on  a 
bay  ;  this  is  shown  from  the  position  of  most  places 
having  this  prefix  or  termination  to  their  names. 

Wick,  town  of  Scotland,  in  Caithness-shire,  with 
a  harbor,  seated  on  an  inlet  of  the  German  ocean. 

Lon.  3  2  W.,  lat.  58  30  N.  Town  of  Lim- 

burg,  seated  on  the  Maese.  It  has  a  communica- 
tion with  Maestricht  by  a  bridge.  Lon.  5  41  E., 
lat.  50  52  N. 

Wich-by-Duerstede,  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Holland,  in  Utretcht,  seated  at  the  place  where  the 
Leek  branches  off  from  the  Rhine,  9  ms.  W.  of 
Rhenen,  and  15  SE.  of  Utrecht.  Lon.  5  22  E., 
lat.  52°  North. 

Wickford,  town,  Washington  co.,  R.  I.,  lying 
on  the  W.  side  of  Narragansett  bay,  24  ms.  S.  of 
Providence,  and  9  W.  of  Newport. 

Wicklow,  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
Leinster,  33  ms.  long  and  20  broad,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Dublin,  on  the  E.  by  the  Irish  sea,  on 
the  S.  by  Wexford,  on  the  W.  by  Caterlough  and 
Kildare,  and  on  the  NW.  by  Kildare.  It  is  indif- 
ferently fruitful,  contains  54  parishes,  and  sends 

10  members  to  Parliament.  Capital  of  a  co.  of 

the  same  name,  in  Ireland,  seated  >n  the  Irish  sea, 
with  a  narrow  harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Leitrim,  over  which  stands  a  rock,  instead  of  a 
castle,  surrounded  bv  a  strong  wall,  24  ms.  S.  of 
Dublin.    Lon.  6  7  W.,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Wickware,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Gloucestershire,  17 
ms.  NE.  of  Bristol,  and  111  W.  of  London.  Lon. 
2  16  W.,  lat.  51  26  N. 

Wicomico,  small  river,  or  rather  small  creek,  of 
Chesapeake  bay.  It  rises  near  Bridgeton,  Nor- 
thumberland co.,  Va.,  and  falls  into  Chesapeake 
bay  10  ms.  S.  from  Smith's  point. 

Wicomico  Church,  and  post  office,  on  Wicom- 
ico river,  Northumberland  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road 
111  ms.  SSE.  from  W.  C. 

Widdin,  town*  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  on  the 
Danube,  88  ms.  NE.  of  Nissa,  and  150  SE.  of 
Belgrade.    Lon.  24  27  E.,  lat.  44  12  N. 

Wied,  principality  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine. 

Wiedenbruck,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Westphalia.  Longitude  7  50  E.,  latitude  51  48 
North. 

Wieiun,  town  of  Great  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Siradia,  on  a  river  which  falls  into  the  Warta, 
20  ms.  S.  of  Siradia.  Lon.  18  55  E.,  lat.  51 
12  North. 

Wielitska,  village  of  Poland,  lately  included  in 
the  palatinate  of  Cracow,  but  now  comprised  in 
the  Austrian  kingdom  of  Lodomeria.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  salt  mines,  which  lie  8  ms.  SE.  of 
Cracow.  These  mines  have  been  worked  above 
600  years.  Before  the  partition  of  Poland,  in  1772, 
they  furnished  a  considerable  part  of  the  revenue  of 

961 


WIL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WIL 


the  king,  who  drew  from  them  an  average  profit  of  | 
about  $430,000. 

Wiesenteig,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia.    Lon.  10  2  E.,  lat.  48  30  N. 

Wigan,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire.  That 
most  elegant  species  of  coal,  called  Cannel,  is  found 
in  plenty  and  great  perfection  in  the  neighborhood. 
The  small  siream,  the  Douglas,  is  made  navigable 
hence  to  the  Ribble  ;  and  it  is  joined  by  a  canal 
from  Liverpool.  Wigan  is  30  ms.  S.  of  Lancaster, 
and  196  NNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  50  W.,  lat. 
53  34  North. 

Wight,  island  of  Eng.,  on  the  coast  of  Hamp- 
slvre,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel. It  is  in  length  about  13  ms.,  and  in  breadth 
21.  It  is  nearly  divided  into  two  equal  parts  by 
the  river  Cowes,  which,  rising  in  the  S.  angle, 
discharges  itself  at  the  N.  into  the  channel,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  Southampton  bay.  Its  principal 
town  is  the  borough  of  Newport;  it  likewise  con- 
tains the  two  small  boroughs  of  Newton  and  Yar- 
mouth. 

Wighton,  town  of  England,  in  the  E.  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  at  the  source  of  the  Skelster,  16  ms. 
SE.  of  York,  and  192  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon. 
40'  W.,  lat.  53  52  N. 

Wigton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland,  among 
the  moors,  12  ms.  SW.  of  Carlisle,  and  304 
NNW.  of  London.    Lon.  3  4  W.,  lat.  54  30  N. 

-  Borough  and  seaport  of  Eng.,  the  co.  town  of 

Wigtonshire,  on  a  hill  which  overlooks  the  Bay  of 
Wigton.    Lon.  4  43  W.,  lat.  55°  N. 

Wigtonshire,  co.  in  Scot.,  comprehending  the 
W.  part  of  Galloway,  and  the  Regality  of  Glenluce, 
extends  about  31  ms.  in  length  from  E.  lo  W., 
and  as  much  from  N.  to  S.,  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Ayrshire,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Irish  sea.  This 
part  of  it  stretches  into  the  sea  in  the  form  of  a  pe- 
ninsula, indented  on  both  sides  by  two  inlets,  called 
Lochrain,  and  the  Bay  of  Glenluce.  Pop.  in  1801, 
22,918;  in  1811,  26,891;  and  in  1821,  33,240. 

Wihitsch,  frontier  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Bosnia,  seated  on  a  lake  formed  by  the  river  Un- 
na,  40  ms.  SE.  of  Carlstadt.  Lon.  16  10  E.,lat. 
45  34  North. 

Wilbad,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  with  warm  baths.  Lon.  8  35  E.,  lat.  48 
43  North. 

Wilbraham,  town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  situ- 
ated on  the  W.  side  of  Ware  river,  6  ms.  NE.  of 
East  Springfield.    Pop.  2,000.  * 

Wilderness,  village  on  theNW.  border  of  Spott- 
sylvania  co.,  Va.,  18  ms.  W.  from  Fredericksburg, 
and  78  SSW.  from  W.  C. 

Wilcox,  co.,  Ala.,  bounded  by  Butler  SE., 
Monroe  S.,  Clarke  and  Marengo  W.,  Dallas  N., 
and  Montgomery  NE.  Length  55  ms.,  mean 
width  20;  area,  1,100  sq.  ms.  Alabama  river 
winds  through  it  from  N.  to  S.  nearly.  Chief 
town,  Canton.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,917;  and  in  1840, 
15,278.  Central  lat.  32°  N.,  lon.  Washington 
City  10  25  W. 

Wilfong's  Mills,  and  post  office,  Lincoln  co., 
N.  C,  by  post  road  184  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from 
Raleigh. 

Wildberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Suabia,  situated  on  the  Nagold.  Lon.  8  38  E., 
lat.  48  38  N. 

Wildehausen,  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a 
962 


small  bailiwick,  united  to  the  duchy  of  Bremen, 
(is  seated  on  the  Hunde,  18  ms.  SW.  of  Bremei 
|Lon.  8  27  E.,  lat.  52  55  N. 

Wilkes,  co.,  N.  C,  bounded  by  Iredell  SE 
Burke  SW.,  Ashe  NW.  and  N.,  and  Suny  I 
Length  40  ms.,  width  20;  area,  800  sq.  ms. 
occupies  a  valley  between  mountains,  and 
drained  by  ihe  sources  of  the  Yadkin  river.  Chi 
town,  a  small  village  at  the  court-house.  Pop.  ; 
1820,  9,967;  and  in  1840,  12,577. 

Wilkes,  co.,  Ga.,  bounded  by  Columbia  ar 
Warren  SE.,   Greene  SW.,  Oglethorpe  NW 
Broad  river,  or  Jefferson  co.  and  Lincoln  E.    It  ! 
about  22  ms.  square;  area,  484  sq.  ms.  Chi 
town,  Washington.    Pop.  in  1820,  16,912;  aiM 
in  1840,  10,148. 

Wilkesbarre,  town,  borough,  and  seat  of  ju: 
tice,  Luzerne  co.,  Pa.,  stands  upon  a  level  plai 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Susquehannah  river.  I 
was  laid  out  about  the  year  1775,  by  Colonel  Joh 
Durkee,  from  whom  it  received  its  name,  in  con 
pliment  to  Wilkes  and  Barre,  two  celebrated  men 
bers  of  the  British  Parliament,  favorable  to  th  I 
American  cause  during  the  Revolution.  Thestree 
are  laid  out  at  right  angles,  having  a  square  •  1 
about  four  acres  in  the  centre  of  the  plot,  the  sidt 
of  which  form  an  angle  of  45°  with  the  streets,  g  1 
that  the  four  principal  streets  enter  the  publi 
square  at  its  corner.    The  public  buildings  ar 
within  the  square.    From  the  main  street,  a  bridg 
crosses   Susquehannah,    connecting  Wilkesbarr 
and  Wyoming,  or  Kingston.    Pop.  of  Wilker 
barre  borough  in  1840,  1,718.    Lat.  41  13  N.' 
lon.  W.  C.  1  7  E.  :  120  ms.  NNW.  from  Phils 
delphia,  and  by  post  road  117  NE.  from  Hat 
risburg. 

Wilkesbarre,  valley  of,  commonly  called  th 
valley  of  Wyoming,  is  a  real  natural  curiosity.  Th 
Susquehanna  river  enters  the  Appalachian  systen 
of  mountains  at  Towanda,  by  breaking  the  westeri' 
chain.  Pursuing  a  SE.  course  of  50  ms.  fron 
Towanda,  the  great  volume  of  waters  in  its  rock; 
bed  rolls  through  several  chains  in  rapid  succes 
sion,  and  finally  enters  the  Wyoming  valley,  by  i 
very  marked  mountain  pass,  above  the  mouth  o 
Lackawannock  creek.  Here  the  river  turns  a 
right  angles,  and  flows  SW.  70  ms.  to  where  th< 
two  great  branches  unite  between  Northumberlam 
and  Sunbury.  The  particular  valley  of  Wyoming 
is  a  continuation  of  that  of  Lackawannock,  am 
commences  about  25  ms.  NE.  from  Wilkesbarre, 
extending  7  or  8  ms.  SW.  of  that  village.  It  ii 
therefore  something  above  32  ms.  long,  with  e 
mean  width  of  2£.  After  winding  down  this  vak 
9  ms.,  the  Susquehannah  passes  Wilkesbarre,  and 
below  the  village  6  ms.,  again  breaks  through  the 
same  ridge  by  which  it  entered.  The  latter  pas9, 
or  gap,  has  been  evidently  first  formed,  and  gradu- 
ally lowered  by  abrasion.  Above  and  below 
Wilkesbarre,  extensive  alluvial  flats,  of  different 
elevation^,  extend,  having  every  appearance  of  once 
forming  the  bottom  of  standing  water.  Wilkes- 
barre itself  stands  on  one  of  these  alluvial  plains, 
18  or  20  feet  above  the  ordinary  level  of  the  ad- 
jacent stream.  The  plains  indeed,  here,  as  every 
where  else  along  the  upper  Susquehannah,  though 
differing  in  elevation,  are  generally  in  two  stages. 
The  lower,  and  more  recent,  is  still  exposed  to  oc- 
casional submersion,  and  is  composed  of  soil  but 


t 


W1L 


WIL 


ittle  admixed  with  rounded  pebble.  The  second 
tage  is  elevated  above  any  rise  that  can  now  take 
lace  of  the  waters  of  the  Susquehannah,  and  is 
ormed  by  a  congeries  of  rounded  and  amorphous 
tones  and  sand. 

From  these  plains  the  mountains  rise  abruptly, 
lough  very  seldom  in  precipices,  and  are  mostly 
lothed  with  timber  to  their  summits.  Bald  peaks 
nd  precipices,  though  not  frequent,  do,  however, 
resent  themselves,  and  give  variety  to  this  truly 
icturesque  region. 

Appalachian  scenery,  every  where  richly  deserv- 
ig  more  attention  than  it  has  received,  presents  in 
le  Wyoming  valley  an  assemblage  of  natural 
eauties  that  cannot  be  viewed  without  the  most 
itense  interest.  Here,  at  one  coup-de-Qe.il,  are 
omhined,  the  river  winding  its  fine  volume  through 
,ieadows  and  fields;  alluvial  plains  relieved  by 
wells  of  all  forms,  and  on  all  sides  mountains  rais- 
lig  their  broken  and  steep  sides  to  the  clouds. 

J  he  mineral  wealth  of  this  mountain  valley  is  as 
tfmarkable  as  its  natural  attractions.  Iron  and 
lineral  coal  abound.  The  formation  is  seconda- 
ry ;  the  rocks  inclining  to  the  SE.  The  species  of 
pal  (anthracite)  lies  imbedded  in  inclined  strata, 
:|om  two  or  three  to  twenty  feet  in  thickness, 
nd  no  doubt  but  very  imperfectly  and  partially  ex- 
lored. 

Wilkesboro\  or  Wilkesville,  village  and  seat  of 
jistice,  Wilkes  co.,  N.  C,  on  the  Upper  Yadkin 
jiver,  50  ms.  N.  from  Lincolnton,  and  by  post 
joad  204  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Raleigh.  Lat.  36 
'  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  12  W. 

;  Wilkesville,  town,  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road 
04  ms.  SE.  from  Columbus. 

Wilkinson,  co.  of  Ga.,  bounded  by  Oconee  riv- 
Hl  or  Washington,  NE.,  Laurens  SE.,  Twiggs 
*W.,  and  Jones  NW.  Length  24  ms.,  width  20  ; 
,.rea  480  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Irwinton..  Pop.  in 
820,  6,992;  and  in  1840,  6,842. 

Wilkinson,  SW.  co.  of  Miss.,  bounded  by  New 
?cliciana,  in  La.,  S.,  Mississippi  river  W.,  Ho- 
nochitto  river,  or  Adams  co.,  Miss.,  NW.,  Ho- 
nochitto  river,  or  Franklin  co.,  NE.,  and  Amite 
3.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20  ;  area  600  sq. 
ns.  Chief  town,  Woodville.  Pop.  in  1 820,  9,718  ; 
ind  in  1840,  14,193. 

Wilkinsonville,  village,  Chesterfield  co.,  Va., 
15  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond,  and  25  NN W.  from 

Petersburg.  Village,  Johnson  co.,  III.,  on  Ohio 

iver,  about  20  ms.  above  its  mouth. 

Wdkomier,  town  of  Poland,  in  Lithuania,  in 
lie  palatinate  of  Wilna,  seated  on  the  Sweita, 
i5  miles  NW.  of  Wilna.  Lon.  24  54  E.,  lat. 
55  19  N. 

Willett,  southeastern  town  of  Cortlandt  co.,  N. 
Y.,  30  ms.  NE.  from  Owego,  and  20  SW.  by 
W.  from  Norwich. 

William,  Fort. — See  Calcutta. 

William,  Fort,  fort  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness- 
shire. 

Williams,  NW.  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by 
Mich.,  E.  by  Henry  co.,  S.  by  Paulding,  and  W. 
by  the  State  of  Indiana.  It  is  above  25  ms.  long 
from  N.  to  S.,  by  24  broad  from  E.  to  W.,  and 
contains  above  600  sq.  ms.  It  is  not  settled.  The 
principal  waters  are  the  St.  Joseph's  and  Maumee 
rivers.  It  was  constituted  in  February,  1820,  out 
of  the  New  Purchase.    Pop.  in  1840,  4,465. 


Williamsborough,  village,  and  formerly  seat  of 
justice  for  Greenville  co.,  N.  C  ,  on  the  W.  side 
of  Nutbush  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Roanoke,  17  ms. 
W.  from  Warrenton,  about  37  W.  by  N.  of  Hali- 
fax, and  49  NE.  of  Hillsborough.  Lat.  36  21  N., 
lon.  W.  C.  1  18  W. 

Williamsburg,  town,  N.  from  Sebec  river,  Pe- 
nobscot co.,  Me.,  65  ms.  N.  from  Belfast,  40 
NNW.  from  Bangor,  and  by  post  road  175  ms. 

NNE.  from  Portland.  Town,  Hampshire  co  , 

Mass.,  10  ms.  NW.  from  Northampton,  and  108 
W.  from  Boston.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,087.  Vil- 
lage, Huntingdon  co.,  Pa  ,  on  Frankstown  branch 
of  Juniata,  15  ms.  W.  from  Huntingdon,  and  by 
post  road  99  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

 —Village,  Northumberland  co.,   Pa.  Small 

village  and  post  office,  called  Independence  in  the 
post  office  list,  on  the  road  from  Washington,  th© 
county  seat,  to  Wellsburg,  17  ms.  westward  of  the 

former,  and  7  eastward  of  the  latter.  Village 

and  seat  of  justice,  James  City  co.,  and  formerly 
the  metropolis  of  Virginia.  It  is  situated  on  the  E, 
side  of  a  small  creek  that  runs  into  James  river,  in 
lat.  37  16  N.,  and  lon.  76  48  W.,  and  at  the  dis- 
tance of  12  ms.  W.  from  York,  32  E.  by  S.  from 
Richmond,  and  175  S.  by  E  from  W.  C.  This 
ancient  city  was  made  the  seat  of  colonial  govern- 
ment in  1698,  and  continued  to  enjoy  this  privilege 
till  the  Revolution.  The  streets  are  laid  out  with 
great  regularity,  and  the  public  edifices  exhibit  the 
ruins  of  comparative  grandeur,  particularly  the  cap ■= 
ital  and  college.  The  college,  called  the  College 
of  William  and  Mary,  was  endowed  by  the  royal 
Government  with  a  clear  and  certain  revenue  of 
£3,000  per  annum;  though  built  to  accommodate 
100  pupils,  it  has  seldom  more  than  40.  Attempts 
have  recently  been  made  to  revive  the  former  pros- 
perous state  of  this  institution.    Pop.  in  1820, 

1,402.  Village,  Iredell  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road 

176  ms.  W.  from  Raleigh.  District,  S.  C, 

bounded  by  Santee  river  SW.,  Sumter  district 
NW.,  Lynch's  creek,  or  Marion  district,  NE.,  and 
Georgetown  SE.  Length  40,  breadth  30  ms.  ; 
area  1,200  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  Black  river, 
branch  of  Great  Pedee.  Chief  towns,  Kingstree 
and  Williamsburg.     Pop.  in  1820,  8,716  ;  and  in 

1840,  10,327.  Village,  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

It  is  situated  on  the  E.  branch  of  Little  Miami 
river,  28  ms.  E.  from  Cincinnati,  and  8  E.  of  Ba- 
tavia,  the  county  seat.    Lat.  39  2  N.,  lon.  6  52 

W.  Post  office,  Beaver  tp.,  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio, 

situated  on  the  road  from  St.  Clairsville  to  Mc- 
Connellsville,  county  seat  of  Morgan  co.,  18  ms. 
SE.  of  Cambridge,  and  25  SW.  by  W.  of  St. 
Clairsville.  Village  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ma- 
son co.,  Ky.,  78  ms.  NE.  from  Frankfort,  and  60 

SE.  from  Cincinnati.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 

tice,  Jackson  co.,  Ten.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cum- 
berland river,  about  70  ms.  ENE.  from  Nashville. 

Lat.  36  24  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  8  38  W.  Village, 

Maury  co.,  Ten.,  52  ms.  westwardly  from  Mur- 
freesborough. 

Williamsjield,  village,  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  242 
ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 

WilUamsport,  village,  borough,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Lycoming  co.,  Pa.,  standing  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  W.  branch  of  Susquehannah,  65  ms.  S.  of 
Tioga,  36  N.  by  W.  of  Northumberland,  and  160 
NW.  of  Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1820,  624;  and 

963 


WIL 


GEOGRAPHICAL 


DICTIONARY. 


WIL 


in  1840,  1,353.  Formerly  Parkinson's  Ferry, 

village,  Washington  co.,  Pa.,  on  Monongahela 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  creek,  18  ms.  E. 

from  Washington. — See  Monongahela  city.  

Village,  Washington  co.,  Md.,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Potomac  river,  6  ms.  SW.  of  Hagerstown,  32 
NW.  of  Fredericktown,  and  78  from  Baltimore. 
 Village,  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio, 34  ms.  from  Co- 
lumbus. Village,  Morgan  co.,  Ia. 

Williamson,  co.  of  Ten.,  bounded  by  Bedford 
SE.,  Duck  river,  or  Murray  S.,  Dickson  W.,  Da- 
vidson N.,  and  Rutherford  NE.  Length  35  ms., 
mean  width  20  ;  area  700  sq.  ms.  Harpeth  river, 
branch  of  Cumberland,  rises  in  this  county,  and 
drains  its  northern  side ;  the  southern  is  watered  by 
Duck  river  and  its  branches.  Chief  town,  Frank- 
lin.   Pop.  in  1820,  20,640  ;  and  in  1840,  20,006. 

Williams's  Store,  and  post  office,  Butler  co., 
Ohio,  112  ms.  SW.  from  Columbus. 

Williamstadt,  strong  seaport  of  Holland,  built 
by  William  I.,  Prince  of  Orange,  in  1585. 

Williamston,  town,  Orange  co.,  Vt.,  between 
Washington  and  Northfield,  14  ms.  N.  of  Ran- 
dolph, about  46  N.  of  Windsor,  and  about  the 
same  distance  SE.  of  Burlington,  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  Pop.  1,650.  Village  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, Martin  co.,  N.  C,  lying  on  the  S.  side  of 
Roanoke  river,  25  ms.  W.  of  Plymouth,  53  NW. 
of  Washington,  on  Pamlico  river,  and  about  45 
SE.  of  Halifax.  Lat.  35  49  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  0 
8  W. 

W/lliamstoWn,  town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  in 
the  NW.  angle  of  the  State,  about  30  ms.  N.  from 
Lenox.  Williams  college,  located  in  this  county, 
was  incorporated  in  1793,  and  received  its  name  in 
honor  of  Colonel  Ephraim  Williams.  This  insti- 
tution is  in  a  prosperous  state,  under  the  direction 
of  a  president,  two  professors,  and  three  tutors. 
The  library,  philosophical  apparatus,  and  build- 
ings, are  ample.    Students,  about  90.    Pop.  in 

1840,  2,153.  Village,  Oswego  co.,  N.  Y.,  30 

ms.  N  W.  by  W.  from  Rome,  and  30  E.  from  Oswe- 
go. Post  office,  Lancaster  co.,  Pa.,  48  ms.  from 

Harrisburg.  Martin  co.,  N.  C. — See  Williams- 
ton,  Martin  co.,  N.  C.  Village,  Grant  co.,  Ky., 

44  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Frankfort. 

Williamsville,  town,  Windham  co.,  Vt.  

Village,  on  Ellicott's  creek,  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  12 

ms.  NE.  from  Buffalo.  Village,  Chesterfield 

co.,  Va.,  43  ms.  from  Richmond.  Village, 

Person  co.,  N.  C,  by  post  road  83  ms.  NNW. 
from  Raleigh. 

Willington,  town,  Tolland  co.,  Ct.,  8  ms.  E. 

from  Tolland,  and  26  NE.  from  Hartford.  

Village  in  the  southern  part  of  Abbeville  district, 
S.  C,  20  ms.  a  little  W.  of  S.  from  Abbeville,  and 
by  post  road  102  ms.  W.  from  Columbia. 

Willink,  village  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Erie 
co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  SE.  from  Buffalo. 

Willis's  island,  rocky  island  at  the  N.  end  of 
the  island  of  Southern  Georgia.  It  was  discovered 
in  1775,  and  is  covered  with  the  nests  of  many 
thousand  shags.    Lon.  38  29  W.,  lat.  54  0  S. 

Willisaw,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  seated  among  high  mountains  on  the  river 
Wiger,  25  ms.  NW.  of  Lucerne. 

Williston,  town,  Chittenden  co.,  Vt.,  on  the 
SW.  side  of  Onion  river,  about  10  ms.  SE.  from 
Burlington. 
964 


Willistown,  tp.,  Chester  co.,  Pa.,  between  Gc 
shen  and  Easton. 

Willoughby,  formerly  Chagrin,  extreme  north 
eastern  tp.  of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

Willow  Grove,  village,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa. 
12  ms.  N.  from  Philadelphia. 

Willow  Grove,  post  office  in  the  eastern  part  ( 
Sumter  district,  South  Carolina,  20  miles  ^NE.  b 
E.  from  Sumterville  and  67  E.  from  Columbia.  | 

Willsborough,  village  in  Essex  county,  Ne< 
York,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  an  | 
commanding  an  extensive  view  of  that  water, 
ms.  NE.  of  Elizabethtown.  It  supports  a  regule 
communication,  across  the  lake,  with  Burlingto 
and  Vergennes,  in  Vermont,  being  15  ms.  NW 
of  the  latter,  and  about  25  S  W.  of  the  former,  an 
214  N.  of  the  city  of  New  York.  Population  i 
1840,  1,658. 

Wiltshire,  village,  Van*  Wert  co.,  Ohio,  by  poi 
road  131  ms.  NW.  from  Columbus. 

Willstown,  post  office  and  Indian  village,  o 
Wills's  creek,  a  branch  of  Coosa  river.  The  vi  \ 
lage,  as  laid  down  in  Tanner's  map,  is  at  N.  lai  i 
34  29,  lon.  W.  C.  8  55  W.  It  is  within  ths 
part  of  the  Cherokee  territory  included  in  Ah  s 
bama,  about  50  ms.  a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Hunts  I 
ville. 

Wilmamtrand,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  goverr 
ment  of  Wiburg.    Lon.  27  54  E.,  lat.  61  20  |j 

Wilmington,  city  and  port  of  entry,  in  Newcai 
tie  county,  Delaware,  being  the  largest  town  i 
that  State.  It  is  seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  Chri: 
tiana  creek,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Delawan 
28  miles  S  W.  of  Philadelphia,  74  NE.  of  Bait 
more,  and  117  from  Washington  city.  The  tow 
is  incorporated,  and  governed  by  two  burgessf 
and  six  assistants,  who  are  elected  annually.  !t 
is  regularly  built,  the  houses  are  mostly  of  brick 
The  principal  foreign  trade  of  the  State  passe 
through  this  port — the  exports  in  1802  amountin 
to  440,500  dollars,  and  those  chiefly  in  domesti 
produce.  The  vicinity  of  this  town  is  remarkabli 
for  the  number,  magnitude,  and  value  of  its  mar 
ufactories;  consisting  of  cotton  and  woolen  clot 
factories,  flour  mills,  saw  mills,  powder  and  papt 
mills,  &c.  The  principal  public  edifice  is  a  poc 
house  and  hospital,  120  feet  wide  by  40  deep,  an: 
three  stories  high,  built  on  a  considerable  em 
nence  and  a  very  healthy  situation.  Lat.  39  4 
N.,  lon.  75  32  W.  Pop.  in  1820  about  6,000 
and  in  1840,  8,367. 

Wilmington,  town,  Windham  co.,  Vermont 
15  miles  W.  of  Brattleborough  and  21  K.  of  Ber 
nington,  at  the  foot  of  the  Green  mountains. — 
Town,  Essex  co.,  Vermont,  about  160  miles  N 

from  Albany.  Village,  Fluvanna  co.,  60  mile 

NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond  Seaport,  vil 

lage,  and  seat  of  justice,  New  Hanover  co.,  Nort 
Carolina,  situated  on  the  eastern  side  of  Cape  Fea 
river,  about  30  ms.  N.  from  Cape  Fear,  about  8' 
ms.  SE.  from  Fayetteville,  and  by  post  road  14* 
ms.  SSE.  from  Raleigh.    Lat.  34  19  N.,  Ion.  W 

C.  1  0  E.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Clintoi 

co.,  Ohio,  on  Todd's  fork  of  Little  Miami  river 
about  45  ms.  NW.  from  Cincinnati,  and  by  pos 
road  75  SW.  from  Columbus.  Lat.  39  28  % 
lon.  W.  C.  6  45  W. 

Wilna,  commercial  city  of  Lithuania,  in  a  pala 
tinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  university.  Th 


WIN 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WIN 


ouses  are  all  built  of  wood.  It  was  taken  by  the 
lussians  in  1794,  and  is  seated  at  the  confluence 
f  the  Vilia  and  Wilna,  15  miles  E.  of  Troki  and 
15  NE.  of  Warsaw.    Lon.  25  39  E.,  lat.  54  38 

r,  Village,  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  by  post 

)ad  176  ms.  NW.  from  Albany, 
i  Wilsdruf,  or  Wilsdorf,  town  of  Germany,  in 
le  kingdom  of  Saxony.  Longitude  13  28  E.,  lat- 
ude  51  5  N. 

I  Wilshoven,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  seat- 
I  at  the  confluence  of  the  Wils  and  Danube,  30 
is.  NW.  of  Passau. 

Wilsnach,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  the 
tiargravate  of  Brandenburg,  seated  on  a  rivulet 
lat  falls  not  far  from  it  into  the  Elbe. 
I  Wilson,  county  of  Tennessee,  bounded  NW. 
Y  Sumner,  or  Cumberland  river,  E.  by  Smith, 
IE.  by  Warren,  SW.  by  Rutherford,  and  W.  by 
'avidson  ;  length  30  miles,  mean  width  15,  area 
30  square  miles.    Chief  town,  Lebanon.  Pop. 
i  1820,  18,730;  and  in  1840,  24,460. 
I  Wilson,  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Niagara 
<>.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  NNE.  from  Buffalo. 
I  Wilson  Hill,  village,  Shelby  co.,  Alabama,  by 
Lst  road  133  ms.  NNE.  from  Cahaba. 
i  Wilsonville,  village,  Bath  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road 
|20  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Richmond. 
i|  Wilton,  borough  of  England,  in  Wiltshire*  It 
as  formerly  the  capital  of  the  county,  and  has  a 
Manufacture  of  carpets  and  thin  woolen  stuffs.  It 
I  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Willy  and  Nad- 
ler,  7  ms.  NW.  of  Salisbury  and  85  W.  by  S.  of 

iondon.    Lon.  1  52  W.,  lat.  51  5  N.  One  of 

■ie  northwestern  towns  of  Kennebeck  co.,  Maine, 

y  post  road  66  ms.  N.  from  Portland.  Town 

n  Souhegan  river,  Hillsborough  co.,  New  Hamp- 
[lire,  by  post  road  42  miles  SSW.  from  Concord. 
— Town  on  Norwalk  river,  Fairfield  co.,  Con- 
ecticut,  10  ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Fairfield,  and 

,y  post  road  77  miles  SW.  from  Hartford.  

'own,  Saratoga  co.,  New  York,  15  ms.  N  W.  from 
4allston  Spa.  This  township  was  formerly  part  of 
Northumberland.  Pop.  in  1820,  1,293. 
'  Wilts,  county  of  England,  so  called  from  the 
own  of  Wilton,  once  its  capital.  It  is  53  miles 
)ng  and  38  broad,  bounded  on  the  NE.  by  Berk- 
aire,  on  the  E.  by  Berkshire  and  Hampshire,  on 
ie  W.  by  Somersetshire,  on  the  S.  by  Dorset- 
hire  and  Hampshire,  and  on  the  N.  and  NW.  by 
Jloucester.  The  land  in  this  county  is  of  various 
uality,  but  is  generally  dry  and  elevated.  The1 
rincipal  rivers  arc  the  Upper  and  Lower  Avon, 
ie  Nadder,  Willy,  Bourne,  and  Kennet.  This 
ounty  lies  in  the  diocess  of  Salisbury,  and  contains 
9  hundreds,  one  city,  24  market  towns,  and  304 
arishes,  and  sends  34  members  to  Parliament, 
ialisbury  is  the  capital.  Pop.  in  1801,  185,107; 
a  1811,  193,828;  and  in  1821,  222,157. 

Wimbleton,  village  of  England,  in  Surry,  on  an 
levated  heath,  whence  may  be  seen  19  parish 
hurches,  exclusive  of  those  of  London  and  West- 
ninster. 

Wimmis,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
3erne,  seated  on  the  Sibnen,  18  ms;  S.  Berne  Lon. 
[  8  E.,  lat.  46  34  N. 

Wimp  fen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  seated 
»n  the  Neckar,  8  ms.  N.  of  Hailbron  and  22  E.  of 
ieidelburg.    Lon.  9  25  E.,  lat.  49  20  N. 
''   Winborn,  or  Winborn  Muster,  town  of  Eng., 


in  Dorsetshire.    It  is  a  pretty  large,  well  inhabited 
place,  between  the  Stour  and  Allen,  6  miles  N.  of 
Poole  and  102  SW.  of  London.    Lon.  2  1  W 
lat.  50  47  N. 

Wincaunton,  town  of  England,  in  Somerset- 
shire, on  the  side  of  a  hill,  34  miles  S.  of  Bath 
and  108  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lon.  2  18  W., 
lat.  51  1  N. 

Winchcomb,  town  of  England,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, in  a  deep  bottom,  16  ms.  NE.  of  Glouces- 
ter and  93  WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  0  W., 
lat.  51  55  N. 

Winchelsea,  town  of  England,  in  Sussex,  one  of 
the  Cinque  ports,  71  ms.  SW.  of  London.  Lon.  0 
44  E.,  lat.  50  58  N. 

Winchendon,  town,  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 35  miles  NW.  of  Worcester  and  65  W,  by 
N.  of  Boston. 

Winchester,  city  of  England,  in  Hampshire, 
seated  a  valley,  on  the  river  Itchen,  21  ms.  NW. 
of  Chichester  and  63  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Lon. 

1  21  W.,  lat.  51  5  N.  Town,  Cheshire  co., 

New  Hampshire,  on  Ashmelot  river,  by  post  road 
86  ms.  SW.  from  Concord.  Population  in  1820, 
1,849.  Village,  Litchfield  county,  Connecti- 
cut, 22  miles  NW.  from  Hartford.  Village, 

Guernsey  co  ,  Ohio,  33  miles  NNE.  from  Zanes- 

ville  and  45  W.  from  Wheeling.  Village  and 

seat  of  justice,  Randolph  co.,  Indiana,  on  one  of 
the  sources  of  White  river,  80  miles  NNW.  from 
Cincinnati,  and  about  80  NE.  from  Indianapolis. 

Lat.  40  11.  "N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  8  2  W.  Village 

and  seat  of  justice,  Clark  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
height  of  ground  between  Slroad's  and  Howard's 
creeks,  20  ms.  E.  from  Lexington  and  40  SE.  by 
E.  from  Frankfort.  Lat.  38  4  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  7  5 

W.    Pop.  in  1840,  1,067  Village  and  seat 

of  justice,  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee,  on  Elk  river. 
60  ms.  SSE.  from  Murfreesborough.    Lat.  35  16 

N.,  lon.  W.  C.  9  6  W.-  Village  and  seat  of 

'justice,  Wayne  co.,  Mississippi,  on  Oaktibbehau, 
branch  of  Pascagoula  river,  180  miles  E.  from 
Natchez  and  150  NE.  from  New  Orleans.  Lat 

31  39  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  11  50  W  Village  in 

the  SE.  part  of  Preble  county,  Ohio.  The  post 
office  of  this  village  is  named  Gratis which  see., 

Winchester,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Frederick 
co.,  Virginia,  on  a  branch  of  Opequan  creek,  75 
ms.  NW.  by  W.  from  Washington  citv.  Lat.  39 
10  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  10  W.  By  a  census  taken 
in  June,  1826,  this  village  contained  a  population 
of  3,489  ;  but  by  the  census  of  1840  the  popula- 
tion was  found  3,454.  This  town  is  situated  in  a 
very  productive  part  of  Virginia,  and  possesses  for 
its  relative  population  much  solid  wealth.  It  is 
situated  74  miles  a  little  N.  of  W.  from  Washing- 
ton city,  and  146  a  little  W.  of  N.  of  Richmond. 
It  appears  from  the  post  office  list  that  there  are 
post  villages  of  the  same  name  in  Cheshire,  New 
Hampshire;  Litchfield,  Connecticut;  Guernsey, 
Ohio;  Clark,  Kentucky;  Franklin,  Tennessee' 
Randolph,  Indiana;  Scott,  Illinois;  Van  Buren, 
Iowa ;  Wayne,  Mississippi ;  and  Clarke,  Mis- 
souri. 

Winchester,  Centre  village  in  Winchester  tp., 
Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut,  15  miles  NE.  from 
Litchfield  and  26  NW.  from  Hartford. 

Window,  town  of  the  duchy  of  Courland,  with 
a  castle  and  a  harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wetaw, 

965 


WIN  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WIN 


in  the  Baltic,  70  miles  NW.  of  Mittaw  and  100 
N.  of  Memel.    Lon.  22  5  E.,  lat.  57  20  N. 

Windermere-water,  or  Winander-mere,  the 
most  extensive  lake  in  Eng.,  lying  between  West- 
moreland and  Lancashire.  It  extends  10  ms.  from 
N.  to  S.,  but  in  no  part  broader  than  a  mile  ;  and 
exhibits  a  greater  variety  of  fine  landscapes  than  any 
lake  in  Eng.  Not  one  bullrush  or  swampy  reed 
defiles  the  margin  of  this  lake. 

Wind  Gap,  post  office,  Northampton  co.,  Pa., 
12  ms.  NN  W.  from  Easton,  and  63  a  little  W.  of 
S.  from  Philadelphia. 

Windham,  village,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  14 

ms.  NW.  from  Portland.  Town,  Rockingham 

co.,  N.  H.,  8  ms.  S.  by  E.  of  Londonderry,  43 
SW.  of  Portsmouth,  and  29  W.  of  Newbury  - 

port.  Village,  Windham  co.,  Vt.,  by  post  road 

90  ms.  S.  from  Montpelier.  Town,  Windham 

co.,  Conn.,  30  ms.  E.  from  Hartford,  and  12  N. 

by  W.  from  Norwich.  Town,  Greene  co.,  N. 

Y.,  containing  the  highest  summits  of  the  Kaats- 

bergs,  or  Catskill  mountains.  Village,  Portage 

co.,  Ohio,  by  post  road  220  ms.  NE.  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

Windham,  co.  of  Vt.,  bounded  E.  by  Connecti- 
cut river,  S  by  Mass.,  Bennington  W.,  and 
Windsor  N.  ;  length  35  ms.,  mean  width  20,  area 
640  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Newfane.  Pop.  in 
1820,  28,457;  and  in  1840,  27,442. 

Windham,  NE.  co.  of  Connecticut,  bounded 
by  Mass.  N.,  R.  Island  E.,  New  London  co.  in 
Conn.  S.,  and  Tolland  W,  ;  length  30  ms.,  mean 
breadth  20,  area  600  sq.  ms.  It  is  almost  entirely 
drained  by  the  various  branches  of  the  Thames ; 
surface  finely  diversified  by  hill  and  dale.  Chief 
town,  Brooklyn.  Pop.  in  1820,  31,684;  and  in 
1840,  28,080. 

WindismerA;  territory  of  Germany,  forming 
the  E.  part  of  Carniola.     Metling  is  the  capital. 

Windlingen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  in 
duchy  of  Wirtemburg,  seated  on  the  Neckar,  12 
ms.  from  Stutgard. 

Windsheirn,  imperial  town  of  Germany,  in 
Franconia.    Lon.  10  35  E.,  Iat.  49  25  N. 

Windsor,  considerable  borough  of  Eng.,  in 
Berkshire.  It  is  pleasantly  seated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Thames,  on  a  beautiful  eminence.  Windsor  is 
17  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Reading,  and  22  W.  of  London. 

Lon.  36'  W.,  lat.  51  30  N.  Town,  Kennebeck 

co.,  Maine,  36  ms.  from  Portland.  Village, 

Windsor  co.,  Vt.,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut 
river,  40  ms.  E.  by  S.  of  Rutland,  and  22  S.  by 
E.  of  Dartmouth  college,  N.  H.  The  seat  of 
government  alternates  between  this  town  and  Rut- 
land.   Lat.  43  27  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  36  E.  

 Town,  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  18  ms.  NE. 

from  Lenox.  Town,  Hartford  co.,  Conn.,  ly- 
ing on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  7  ms. 
N.  of  Hartford,  and  22  S.  by  W.  of  Springfield, 
Mass.    Pop.  in  1810,  2,868;  in  1820,  3,008. 

 Village,  Broome  co.,  N.  Y.,  by  post  road 

156  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Albany.  Town, 

York  co.,  Pa.,  on  the  SW.  side  of  Susquehannah 
river,  10  ms.  E   from  York.    Pop.  in  1820, 

2,096.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Bertie  co., 

N.  C,  on  Cashie  river,  about  100  ms.  SW.  from 
Norfolk,  in  Va.,  and  by  post  road  194  ms.  NE. 
by  E.  from  Raleigh.  Village  in  the  southeastern 


angle  of  Ashtabula  co. 
966 


Ohio,  100  ms.  NNW.  i  Lower  Rhine 


from  Pittsburg,  in  Pa.,  and  by  post  road  250  m 
NE.  from  Columbus.    Pop.  in  1840,  876. 

Windsor,  co.  of  Vt.,  bounded  by  Connectic 
river  E.,  Windham  co.  S.,  Rutland  W.,  si  1 
Orange  N.  ;  length  40  ms.,  mean  width  18,  an 
732  sq.  ms.    Chief  town,  Woodstock.  Pop. 
1820,  38,233.    Ctl.  lat.  43  35  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
30  E. 

Windward  Islands,  such  of  the  Caribbean  if , 
ands,  in  the  West  Indies  as  commence  at  Marl 
nico,  and  extend  to  Tobago. 

Windward  Passage,  strait  between  Point  Mai2 
at  the  E.  end  of  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and  Caj 
St.  Nicholas,  at  the  NW.  extremity  of  St.  D\ 
mingo. 

Winfitld,  village,  Herkimer  co  ,  N.  Y  ,  \ 
post  road  91  ms.  NW.  from  Albany. 

Winhall,  town,  Bennington  co.,  Vt.,  about  6 
ms.  NE.  from  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  25  ms.  M 
from  Bellows  falls. 

Winnenden,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia,  1 
ms.  ENE.  of  Stutgard.  Lon.  9  16  E.,  lat.  48  49  ? 

Winnicza,  strong  town  town  of  Poland,  in  P. 
dolia,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  wr 
a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Bog,  35  ms.  I 
of  Bracklow.  Longitude  28  12  E.,  lat.  49  23  P  j 

Winnipisiogee,  lake,  is  a  very  irregular  sheet 
water,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.  The  general  range  | 
this  lake  is  NW.  and  SE.,  about  22  ms.  in  lengt 
The  mean  width  is  difficult  to  estimate,  from  tl 
projecting  capes  and  deep  bays  by  which  it  is  iiJ 
dented.    The  discharge  is  to  the  SW.  into  Me; 
rimack  river,  which  it  enters  about  20  ms.  abo1 
Concord.    Mr.  Hayward,  in  his  New  Englar 
Gazetteer,  does  not  give  the  length  of  this  outlet,  bi 
states  its  fall  from  the  level  of  the  lake  to  that 
Merrimack  river,  at  232  feet.    The  outlet  is  n  t 
navigable,  and  a  project  of  a  canal  from  the  Ial 
to  the  tide  water  of  Piscataqua  river  has  bee 
formed. 

Winnsborough,  village  and  seat  of  justic 
Fairfield  district,  S.  C,  30  ms.  N.from  Colun 
bus,  and  143  ms.  NW.  from  Charleston.  Lat. J 
23  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  4  2  W. 

Winschoten,  town  of  Groningen.  It  is  6  m 
NW.  of  Dollart  bay,  and  16  SE.  of  Groningci 
Lon.  6  58  E.,  lat.  53  3  N. 

Winsen,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Saxon; 
in  the  duchy  of  Lunenburg,  seated  at  the  confli 
ence  of  the  Elbe  and  Ilmenau,  13  ms.  NW. 
Lunenburg.    Longitude  10  11  E.,  latitude  53  2, 
North.  J 

Winsheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  Franconia,  i 
the  margravate  of  Anspach.  It  is  seated  on  tl 
Aisch,  30  ms.  NW.  of  Nuremburg.  Lon.  10  3 
E.,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Window,  town  of  England,  in  Buckinghan 
shire,  7  ms.  NW.  of  Ailsbury,  and  50  WiNW.  i 
London. 

Winslow,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  situated; 
the  confluence  of  Kennebec  and  Sebasticook  river 
27  ms.  W.  of  Pittston,  and  45  N.  of  Wiscasse 
Pop.  1820,  935. 

Winster,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  5  mil' 
NW.  of  Derby,  and  152  NNW.  of  London. 

Winterberg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  ( 
Westphalia.    Lon.  8  15  E.,  lat.  51  5  N. 

Winterburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  i 


WIR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


WIS 


Winteringham,  town  in  Lincolnshire. 
Winlerthur,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
Zuric,  where  there  is  a  rich  library  and  a  min- 
al  spring.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the 
iex  Ulach,  15  ms.  NE.  of  Zuric.  Lon.  8  45 
.,  lat.  57  31  N. 

i  Wintertonnes,  NE.  cape  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk, 
ms.  N.  of  Yarmouth. 

Wintlirop,  town,  Kennebec  co.,  Me.,  10  miles 
!r.  of  Augusta,  5  NE.  of  Monmouth,  and  CO  N. 

E.  of  Portland.    Pop.  1820,  1,619. 

Winton,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Hertford  co., 
.  C,  on  Chowan  river,  about  2  ms.  below  the 
nction  of  Meherin  and  Nottaway  rivers,  by  post 
ad  153  ms.  NE.  from  Raleigh,  and  60  NW. 
>m  Norfolk,  Va.  Lat.  36  23  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1'  E. 
,Wintonbury,  village,  Hartford  co.,  Ct.,  9  ms. 
>m  Hartford. 

Winy  aw  Bay,  S.  C. 

I  Wipperfurt,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
'estphalia,  seated  near  the  source  of  the  Wipper. 
Wipra,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
r  Saxony.  Lon.  11  20  E.,  lat.  51  30  N. 
I  Wirkswort,  populous  town  of  Eng.,  in  Derby- 
are.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  near  the  source  of 
p  Ecclesborn,  and  remarkable  for  having  the 
Ubatest  lead  market  in  Eng.  It  is  13  ms.  N.  by 
T.  of  Derby,  and  1 39  NN  W.  of  London.  Lon. 
30  W.,  lat.  53  6  N. 

'  Wirtemberg,  kingdom  of  Europe  in  Germany, 
junded  on  the  E.  by  Bavaria,  and  nearly  on  all 
her  sides  by  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden.  The 
o  small  duchies  of  Hohenzollern  are  nearly  en- 
•>sed  by  Wirtemberg.  This  kingdom,  about  the 
'ddle  of  the  11th  century,  formed  a  county  in 
13  circle  of  Suabia ;  it  was  erected  into  a  duchy 
'1495,  but,  contrary  to  most  duchies  of  Germany, 
Assessed  a  free  representative  government,  which 
i  us  destroyed  when  erected  into  a  kingdom  by  Na- 
leon,  but  subsequently  restored  ;  and  Wirtemberg 
ly  now  proudly  boast  of  having  one  of  the  very 
st  organized  governments  of  the  earth.  There 
secured  liberty  of  conscience  and  of  the  press, 
uality  in  rights  of  religious  sects,  and  individual 
erty  founded  on  protection  in  property  and  in 
3  performance  of  duty  and  restraint  from  injury 
others. 

The  extreme  southern  part  is  drained  into  the 
ie  of  Constance  by  two  small  rivers,  Aach  and 
gen.  The  Danube  rising  in  Baden,  and,  flow- 
;  across  Hohenzollern,  traverses  Wirtemberg  in 
\TE.  by  E.  direction  to  Ulm.  The  central  and 
rthern  parts,  indeed  more  than  two-thirds  of  tho 
lgdom,  are  drained  by  the  confluents  of  the 
;ckar.  On  the  southwestern  and  western  bor- 
rs,  Wirtemburg  is  mountainous,  but  the  body 

the  country  is  agreeably  diversified  and  gener- 
y  fertile.    In  lat.  Wirtemberg  lies  between  47 

and  49  35  N.  Politically  it  is  divided  into 
e  following  circles : 


Circles 

Pop. 

Chief  towns. 

Pop. 

ickar  - 

jst 

nube  - 
ack  Forest 

427,000 
343,000 
360,000 
392,000 

Stutgard  - 
Elwangen 
Ulm 

Reutlingen 

32,000 
2,500 
15,000 
10,000 

fotal  - 

1,522,000 

The  entire  territorial  surface  of  the  kingdom  of 
Wirtemberg  is  only  about  7,600  sq.  m3.  ;  it  is  con- 
sequently one  of  the  best  peopled  countries  of  Eu- 
rope. T.wo-thirds  of  the  people  follow  the  re- 
formed doctrines  in  religion,  but  all  sects  are  free 
to  pursue  their  religious  rites,  if  done  peaceably. 
It  is  a  fine  country,  happy  in  its  government  and 
society,  and  abounding  in  vegetable  and  mineral 
wealth.  It  is,  in  fine,  a  model  to  show  what  the 
world  might  be. 

Wisbaden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Nassau,  capital  of  a  lordship  of  the  same 
name,  subject  to  the  prince  of  JNassau  Saarbruck. 
It  is  famous  for  its  warm  baths  and  mineral  waters, 
and  is  5  ms.  N.  of  Mentz.  Lon.  8  20  E.,  lat. 
49  56  N. 

Wisbeach,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Cambridgeshire,  in 
a  fenny  country,  in  the  lakes  of  Bly,  between  two 
rivers,  and  possesses  a  considerable  trade  in  the 
export  of  corn  and  of  oil  pressed  from  seeds  at 
mills  in  its  neighborhood.  Barges  only  can  come 
up  its  river,  large  vessels  stopping  6  ms.  below. 
It  is  89  ms.  N.  by  E.  of  London.  Lon.  6'  E., 
lat.  52  38  N. 

Wisby,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the  isle  of  Goth- 
land. It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  rock  on  the 
Baltic,  88  ms.  SE.  of  Stockholm.  Lon.  18  41 
E.,  lat.  57  36  N. 

Wiscasset,  port  of  entry  and  post  town,  in  Lin- 
coln co.,  Maine,  lying  on  theE.  side  of  Sheepscut 
river,  13  ms.  NE.  of  Bath,  18  S.  of  Pittston,and 
55  NE.  of  Portland,  in  lat.  43  28  N.,  and  lon. 
69  22  W.  It  contains  a  bank,  and  annual  ex- 
ports amount  to  $23,000.  Pop.  in  1810,  2,083; 
in  1820,  2,138;  and  in  1840,  2,314. 

Wisconsin,  Territory  of  the  U.  S.,  if  taken  in 
extenso,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  British  terri- 
tories, by  Miss,  river  W.,  Illinois  S.,  and  by  Lake 
Michigan,  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State  of 
Michigan,  and  Lake  Superior,  E.  In  lai.  it  ex- 
tends from  42  30  to  49  0  N.,  and  in  lon.  from  10 
0  to  18  30  W.  W.  C.  Measured  by  the  rhombs, 
the  area  comes  out  so  near  that  we  may  assume 
80,000  sq.  ms  This  region  comprises  the  north- 
western part  of  the  original  U.  S.  domain  by  the 
treaty  of  1783.  From  SE.  to  NW.,  by  a  diago- 
nal lin,  the  length  falls  but  little  short  of  600  ms. 
The  breadth  varies  from  200  to  60  or  70  ms.  : 
mean  breadth  about  130.  The  interior  features 
of  the  unorganized  part  are  in  fact  too  little  known 
to  admit  any  specific  description  deserving  inser- 
tion. 

Wisconsin,  organized  and  subdivided  into  cos., 
is  bounded  E.  by  Lake  Michigan,  NW.  by  Green 
Bay,  Fox,  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  W.,  or  rather 
SW.,  by  Mississippi  river,  and  S.  by  the  State  of 
Illinois.  In  lat.  it  extends  from  42  30  to  45  20, 
and  in  lon.  from  10  0  to  14  5  W.  W.  C.  From 
the  SW.  angle,  on  Mississippi  river,  to  the  NE. 
point  between  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Michigan,  the 
length  is  280  ms.  The  breadth  varies  from  near 
100  to  a  mere  point;  area  about  11,500  sq.  ms. 
The  face  of  the  country  rather  waving  than  either 
hilly  or  flat,  though  both  extremes  exist.  It  is  a 
territory  in  a  remarkable  manner  supplied  with 
navigable  streams.  Fox  river,  flowing  into  Green 
Bay,  and  Wisconsin  into  Mississippi  river,  ap- 
proach each  other  so  near  as  to  leave  but  a  short 
portage   between   their  channel?.     The  higher 

967 


WIS 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WIT 


branches  of  Rock  river  rise  in  Wisconsin,  and  flow 
into  the  State  of  Illinois.  It  has  a  coast  of  about 
200  ms.  on  Lake  Michigan,  over  which  flow  some 
small  streams,  but  the  shallowness  of  the  water  of 
the  lake  precludes  any  harbor  admitting  vessels  of 
more  than  very  moderate  draught.  The  rivers  af- 
ford much  more  extensive  navigable  facilities  than 
does  the  lake.  The  town  of  Madison,  on  what  is 
called  the  Four  Lakes,  is  the  capital  of  the  Territo- 
ry. This  town  is  situated  at  N.  lat.  43  5,  and 
Ion.  12  12  W.  of  W.  C„  and  almost  directly  S. 
of  the  portage  between  Wisconsin  and  Fox  rivers ; 
distance  about  40  ms.,  and  about  140  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  NNW.  from  Chicago,  Cook  co.,  111. 
Population  of  Wisconsin,  by  classes,  from  the 
census  of  1840. 


Whites.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

0to5 
!  5  to  10 
10  to  15  . 
15  to  20 
20  to  30 
30  to  40 
40  to  50 
50  to  60 
60  to  70 
70  to  80 
80  to  90 
90  to  100  ; 
100  and  upwards 

2,627 
1,793 
1,303 
1,344 
6,328 
3,348 
1,191 
554 
201 
55 
10 
2 

1 

2,528 
1,692 
1,289 
1,2(10 
2,713 
1,423 
612 
360 
128 
37 
7 
2 

1 

18,757 

11,992 
18,757 

Total  whites 

30~749 

Colored.— Ages. 

Males. 

Females. 

0  to  10 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 

16 

32 
28 
19 
6 
0 

21 

27 
20 
12 
4 
0 

101 

84 
101 

Total  free  colored 
Slaves 

185 
11 

Total  colored  persons 

196 

Aggregate 

30,945 

Population  of  Wisconsin,  by  counties,  from  th 
census  of  1840. 


Counties. 

Free  white 
persons. 

Free  col. 
persons. 

Slaves. 

Total 

• 

op 

9 

X 

9 

03 

mal 

.2 

mal 

alee 

mal 

fn 

Calumet 

130 

119 

14 

12 

2 

27. 

Fond  du  Lac  • 

89 

47 

1 

1* 

Crawford 

1,033 

464 

1 

4 

1,50 

St.  Croix 

510 

295 

3 

1 

80 

Racine 

1,910 

1,557 

3 

5 

3,47, 

Rock 

959 

741 

1,70 

Brown 

1,161 

922 

15 

9 

2,10 

Washington  • 

197 

146 

34! 

Manitouwoc  - 

149 

85 

1 

SB 

Cheboygan  - 
Winnebago  - 

92 

41 

ia 

78 

57 

)& 

Marquette 

14 

4 

1 

Dodge 

46 

17 

2 

2 

• 

Portage 

1,507 

112 

4 

1.62 

Dane 

183 

130 

1 

31 

Sank 

58 

44 

10 

523 

410 

TO 

Iowa 

2,555 

1,390 

21 

11 

1 

3,971 

Jefferson 

536 

377 

1 

91 

Walworth 

1,475 

1,135 

1 

2,61 

Milwaukie  - 

3,100 

2,473 

16 

16 

5,60 

Grant 

2,452 

1,426 

19 

19 

3 

7 

3.92 

Total 

18,757 

11,992 

101 

84 

4 

7 

30,94 

White  persons  of  the  foregoing  who  are- 
Deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years  of  age  -          •  1 
Do.  from  14  to  25            -              *  -  4 

Do.  total  deaf  and  dumb  5 

Do.  blind  9 
Insane  and  idiots  at— 

Public  charge  1 
Private  charge  -  -  -  7 
Colored  persons  insane  or  idiots  -  -  3 
All  persons  in  the  foregoing  employed  in- 
Mining  .  -  .  .794 
Agriculture  ....  7,047 
Commerce  -  479 
Manufactures  and  trades  -  -  -  1,814 
Navigation  on  the  ocean  -  -  -  14 
Do.  canals,  lakes,  and  rivers  •  •  209 
Learned  professions  -  -  -  259 
Pensioners  for  revolutionary  or  military  services  -  9 
Universities  or  colleges. 

Academies  and  grammar  schools       -  2 

Do.  students  in               ...  65 

Primary  and  common  schools           -  -  77 

Do  scholars  in  -  1,937  | 

Scholars  at  public  charge  -              -  -  315 

While  persons  over  20  years  of  age  who  cannot 

read  or  write               -             -  -  1,701 

968 


Wisconsin  riuer. — See  Ouisconsin.  .<  | 

Wisesburg,  village,  Baltimore  co.,  Md.,  25  ms 
NW.  from  Baltimore. 

Wiset,  small  fortified  town  of  the  kingdom  o; 
the  Netherlands,  in  the  duchy  of  Limburg,  seata 
on  the  Maese,  7  ms.  N.  of  Liege,  and  20  N  W.  o 
Limburg.    Lon.  5  40  E.,  lat.  50  41  N. 

Wischgrod,  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinatr 
of  Plocksko,  seated  on  the  Vistula,  58  ms.  NW: 
of  Warsaw.    Lon.  19  50  E.,  lat.  52  44  N. 

Wisloche,  town  of  Germany  in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Elsatz,  8  ms.  S.  o. 
Heidelburg.    Lon.  8  48  E.,  lat.  49  18  N. 

Wismar,  strong  seaport  of  Germany,  in  thi 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  seated  at  the  bottom  of  i 
bay  of  the  Baltic,  36  ms.  E.  of  Lubec,  and  61 
W.  by  S.  of  Stralsund.  Lon.  11  44  E.,  lat.  61 
54  N. 

Wiston,  corporate  town  of  Wales,  in  Pem 
brokeshire,    10  m.  N.  of  Pembroke,  and 
WNW.  of  London.    Lon.  4  52  W.,  Lat  51 
53  N. 

Witena. — See  Vetina  Gemote* 

Witepski,  town  of  Lithuania,  capital  of  a  pa 
latinateof  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is'seatet 
in  a  morass,  at  the  confluence  of  Dwina  and^Wid 
sha,  65  ms.  E.  of  Polotsk,  and  80  WNW.  of  Smo 
lensko.    Lon.  29  40  E.,  lat.  55  43  N. 

IVitham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Essex,  8  ms.  NE. 
of  Chelmsford,  and  37  ENE.  of  London.  Lon. 

41'  E.,  lat.  51  51  N.  River  of  Eng.,  in  the 

district  of  Kesteven,  in  Lincolnshire,  which,  rising 
in^the  SW.  corner,  flows  by  Lincoln,  and  enter* 
the  German  ocean  below  Boston.  It  is  but  a  shal- 
low stream,  and  abounds  in  vast  quantities  of  pike. 
From  Lincoln  it  has  a  communication  {with  tht 
Trent  by  a  navigable  canal,  called  the  Fosdike, 
cut  by  King  Henry  I. 

Witlisth,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  tht 
archbishopric  of  Treves,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  river  Leser. 


WOH 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WOM 


Wdncy..  town  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire.  Here 
.  re  manufactures  of  the  finest  blankets  and  other 
lick  woolens,  called  bearskins  and  kerseys.    It  is 

ms.  .W,  of  Oxford,  and  64  WNW.  of  Lon- 
on.    Lon.  1  18  W.,  lat.  51  52  N. 

Witshausen,  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a 
;rritory  of  the  same  name,  in  the  landgravate  of 
[esse  Cassel.  Longitude  9  46  E.,  latitude  51  24  j 
Jorth. 

Wittemberg,  strong  town  of  Prussian  Germa-j 
y,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  capital  of 
ie  duchy  of  Saxony,  with  a  famous  university. 
| .  is  the  place  where  the  general  assemblies  of  the 
rele  of  Upper  Saxony  were  held.    It  is  f?mous; 
Ur  being  the  place  where  Martin  Luther  was  pro- 
Lssor  in  the  university,  and  is  buried  in  a  chapel; 
elonging  to  the  castle.    It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe, 
i  O  ms.  NW.  of  and  below  Dresden,  and  60 
•  W.  of  Berlin.     Lon.  12  47  E.,  lat.  51  49  N. 
I   Wittenbergen,  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  circle : 
|f  Upper  Saxony.    Lon.  11  4S  E.,  lat.  53  2  N. 
|;  Wittenstein,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Livonia,  40  ms.  S.  of  Revel.    Lon.  24 
f  E.,  lat.  58  47  N. 

I  Wdtimund,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
pestphalia,  seated  near  the  German  ocean.  Lon.  j 
:  4  E.,  lat.  53  41  N. 

I  Wttt lesea- Mere,  lake  in  the  NE.  part  of  Hunt- 1 
lgdonshire,  6  ms.  long  and  3  broad.    It  is  4  ms. 
p.  of  Peterborough 

H  Wtttlich,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  the  J 
tjircle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,    and  electorate  of 
freves,  38  ms.  SW.  of  Coblentz.    Lon.  6  27  E., 
L  50  7  N. 

'  Wdtstock,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  the 
|rcle  of  Upper  Saxony,  65  ms.  NW.  of  Berlin, 
.on.  12  30  E.,  lat.  53  10  N. 
:  Wivlescomb,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire, 
HOms.  NNE.  of  Exeter,  and  155  W.  by  S.  of 
.ondon.    Lon.  3  28  W.,  lat.  51  4  N. 

Wlosimdtz,  town  of  Little  Poland,  capilal  of  a 
uchy  of  the  same  name,  in  Volhin  a,  with  a  cas- 
le.  It  is  seated  on  the  Luy,  which  falls  into  the 
,<ug,  36  ms.  VV.  of  Lucho,  and  56  N.  of  Lem- 
torg.  Lon  24  30  E.,  lat.  51  3  N. 
I  Woahoo,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  7  leagues 
IW.  of  Morotoi.  From  the  appearance  of  the 
IE  and  NW.  parts,  it  is  the  finest  island  of  the 
roup.    Lon.  157  51  W„  lat.  21  43  N. 

Woburn,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Bedfordshire,  on  a 
sing  ground,  has  a  free  school  and  a  charity 
:hool,  founded  by  the  Duke  of  Bedlord.  Near  it 
i  found  great  plenty  of  fuller's  earth.  It  is  12  ms. 
>.  of  Bedford,  and  42  NNW.  of  London.  Lon. 

2'  W.,  lat.  52  2  N.  Town,  Middlesex  co., 

lass.,  8  ms.  S.  of  Andover,  33  SW.  of  New- 
urvport,  and  11  NW.  of  Boston. 

Wodnay,  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  ofj 
'rach,  seated  on  the  Bianitz,   12  ms.  NW.  of 
ladweis,  and  56  S.  of  Prague.    Lon.  14  50  E. 
it.  42  9  N. 

Woerden,  town  of  Holland,  seated  on  the  Rhine, 
•8  ms.  S.  of  Amsterdam.  This  town  was  taken 
y  the  French,  in  1794.    Lon.  4  51  E.,  lat.  52 

i  N. 

Wohlau,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  capital  of 
duchy  of  the  same  name.    The  greatest  part  of 
ae  inhabitants  are  employed  in  a  woolen  manufac- 
lre.    It  is  seated  near  the  Oder,  20  ms.  NW.  of 
122* 


Breslaw,  and  32  SE.  of  Glogaw.  Lon.  16  54  E., 
lat.  5]  18  N. 

Wokingham. — See  Okingham. 

Wolbeck,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Westphalia. 

Wolcott,  town,  Orleans  co.,  Vt.,  by  post  road 

63  ms  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Montpelier  Tp., 

New  Haven  co.,  Ct.,  about  25  ms.  N.  from  New 
Haven.  Pop.  1820,  943.  Town  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Wayne  co.,  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  NE.  by 
E.  from  Lyons. 

Wolcottsville,  village,  Litchfield  county,  Con- 
necticut. 

Woler,  town  of  England,  in  Northumberland. 
Lon.  1  46  W.,  lat.  55  34  N. 

Wolf  borough,  town,  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  on 
Smith's  lake,  45  ms.  NE.  from  Concord. 

Wolfenbatlle,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Saxony  and  duchy  of  Brunswick,  with 
a  castle,  where  the  Duke  of  B  unswick  Wolfen- 
buttle  resides.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  places 
in  Germany.  Here  is  an  excellent  library,  with  a 
cabinet  of  curiosities  relating  to  natural  history.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Ocker,  7  ms.  S.  of  Brunswick, 
and  30  W.  of  Halberstadt.  Lon.  10  42  E.,  lat. 
52  18  N. 

Wolfersdike,  island  of  the  United  Provinces,  in 
Zealand,  between  N.  Beveland  and  S.  Beveland. 

Wolf  River,  a  stream  of  the  southwestern  angle 
of  Tenn.,  rises  in  Hardiman,  and,  flowing  nearly 
a  western  course,  enters  and  crosses  Shelby  co., 
and  joins  the  Loosahatchie  at  their  common  en- 
trance in  the  Mississippi  at  Memphis.  Post  of- 
fice on  Wolf  river,  Hardiman  co  ,  Tenn.,  by  post 
road  249  ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  Murfreesborough. 

Wolfsperg,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Carin- 
thia,  36  ms.  E.  of  Clagenfurt.  Lon.  15  10  E., 
lat.  46  56  N. 

Wolgast,  considerable  town  of  Prussian  Ger- 
many, in  Pomerania,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  with  one  of  the  best  and  largest  har- 
bors on  the  Baltic.  It  is  seated  on  the  Psin,  12 
ms.  SE.  of  Gripswald,  25  SE.  of  Stralsund,  and 
45  NW.  of  Stelin.    Lon.  14  4  E.,  lat.  54  1  N. 

Wulkoskoi,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Novogorod,  100  ms.  SE.  of  Novogorod.  Lon. 
34  20  E.,  lat.  57  30  N. 

Wolhowska,  town  of  Lithuania,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Novogrodeck,  seated  on  the  Ros,  23  miles 
SE.  of  Grodno.    Lon  24  46  E.,  lat.  53  4  N. 

Wollin,  seaport  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Saxony,  in  Prussian  Pomerania,  capital  of 
an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  the  mouth  of  the 
Oder.  It  is  10  ms.  W.  of  Cammin.  Lon.  14  39 
E.,  lat.  54  4  N. 

Wobnar,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Livonia,  seated  on  the  Aa,  38  ms.  N.  of  Riga. 
Lon  24  25  E.,  lat.  57  32  N. 

Wolverhampton,  town  of  England,  in  Stafford- 
shire. It  is  chiefly  noted  for  a  great  iron  manufac- 
ture, consisting  of  locks,  hinges,  buckles,  cork 
screws,  and  japanned  ware.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  13  ms.  S., of  Stafford,  and  124  NW.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  2  0  W.,  lat.  52  47  N. 

Wolvey,  village  of  Eng,  in  Warwickshire,  5  ms. 
SE.  of  Nuneaton.  Here  Edward  IV  was  surprised 
and  taken  prisoner  by  Richard  Nevil,  earl  of  War- 
wick. 

Womeldorff,  flourishing  village,  Berks  co.,  Pa  , 

969 


WOO  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WOO 


°n  the  E.  side  of  Tulpehocken  cieek,  about  18 
m<.  NW.  from  the  borough  of  Reading. 

Hroodt  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  Ohio  river  NW., 
Tyler  co.,  Va.,  NE.,  Lewis  co.  SE.,  and  Mason 
SW.  Length  38,  mean  width  30  ms.,  area  1,140 
«q.  ms.  It  is  chiefly  drained  by  the  Little  Kana- 
wha river.  Chief  town,  Bellville.  Pop.  1820, 
5,860  ;  and  in  1840,  7,923. 

Woodt  co.  of  Ohio,  bounded  N.  by  Maumee 
river,  E.  by  Sandusky  and  Seneca,  S.  by  Han- 
cock, and  W.  by  Henry  co.  It  is  30  miles  long 
from  N,  to  S.,  by  a  mean  of  16  from  E.  to  W., 
containing  about  480  sq.  ms.  It  is  watered  by 
Maumee  river,  Carrying  river,  Swan,  and  several 
other  creeks.  Wood  co.  was  constituted  and  or- 
ganized in  February,  1820,  but  in  August  follow- 
ing, when  the  national  census  was  taken,  it  con- 
tained but  733  inhabitants.  Chief  town,  Perrys- 
burg.    Pop.  1840,  5,357. 

Woodbridge,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  seated 
on  the  E.  side  of  a  sandy  hill,  on  the  river  Deben, 
8  ms.  from  the  sea.  It  has  docks  for  building 
ships,  carries  on  a  great  corn  trade,  is  famous  for 
refining  salt,  and  much  lime  is  burned  here  from 
fossil  sea  shells.  It  is  7  ms.  ENE.  of  Ipswich, 
and  76  NE.  of  London.    Lon.  1  25  E.,  lat.  52 

11  N.  Tp.,  New  Haven  co.,  Conn.,  about  7 

ms.  NW.  of  the  city  of  New  Haven.    Pop.  in 

1820,  1,988.  Village,  Middlesex  co=,  N.  J., 

10  ms.  NE,  from  New  Brunswick. 

Woodbury ,  village  in  Litchfield  co.,  Conn.,  10 
ms.  S.  of  Bethlehem,  and  19  N.  by  W.  of  New 

Haven.  Village  and  seat  of  justice,  Gloucester 

co.,  N.  J.,  10  ms.  S.  from  Philadelphia.  Pop.  in 
1820,  700.    Lat.  39  48  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  56  E. 

Wbodckester,  village  in  Gloucestershire,  where 
some  antiquities  have  lately  been  discovered. 

Woodford,  co.  of  Ky.,  bounded  by  Kentucky 
river  W.,  Franklin  NW.,  Scott  NE.,  Fayette  E.", 
and  Jessamine  SE.  Length  20  ms.,  mean  width 
8,  area  160  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  Versailles. 
Pop,  in  1820,  12,207;  and  in  1840,  14,740.  For 
central  lat.  and  lon.,  see  Versailles,  Woodford  co., 

Woodlawn,  post  office,  Edgefield  district,  S.  C. 

Woodruff's,  post  office,  Spartanburg  district,  S. 
C,  by  post  road  105  ms.  NW.  from  Columbia. 
 Post  office,  Washtenaw  district,  Mich. 

Woodsborough,  village,  near  the  centre  of 
Frederick  co.,  Md.,  10  ms.  NXE.  from  Frede- 
ricktown,  and  by  post  road  56  ms.  NW.  from 
W.  C. 

Wood's  Cross  Roads,  post  office,  Gloucester  co., 
Va.,  82  ms.  E.  from  Richmond. 

Woodsjield,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Monroe 
co.,  O.,  on  the  head  of  Little  Muskingum,  25  ms. 
NE.  from  Marietta,  and  by  post  road  154  ms.  E. 
from  Columbus.  Lat.  39  47  N.,  lon.  W.  C. 
4  9  W. 

Woods,  Lake  of  the,  lake  of  North  America, 
90  ms.  long,  and  30  where  broadest,  but  very 
irregular  in  its  shape.  It  lies  between  the  Win- 
nipeg and  Lake  Superior,  chiefly  in.  U.  C,  but  the 
S.  part  is  in  the  territory  of  the  U.  S.  The  lands 
on  its  banks  are  covered  with  oaks,  pines,  firs, 
&c. 

Woodpecker's  Level,  post  office,  Franklin  co., 
Va. 

Woodstock,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Oxfordshire. 
970 


It  is  chiefly  noted  for  giving  birth  to  Chaucer  th 
poet,  who  was  born,  lived,  and  died  here.  It 
8  ms.  NW.  of  Oxford,  and  62  WNW.  of  Lor 

don.    Lon.   1  15  W.,  lat.  51  52  N.  Towr, 

Oxford  co.,  Me.,  by  post  road  56  ms.  a  little  W 

of  N.  from  Portland.  Town,  Windsor  co.,  Vt 

15  ms.,  NW.from  Windsor,  and  by  post  road  7  > 

ms.  S.  from  Montpelier.  Town,  Windhai 

co.,  Conn.,  20  ms.  N.  from  Windham,  and  b 
post  road  48  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Hartford.  Poi 
in  1820,  3,017. — —Village  and  seat  of  justict 
Shenandoah  co.,  Va.,  near  the  N.  fork  of  Shenar 
doah  river,  32  ms.  SW.  from  Winchester,  and  b 
post  road  100  ms.  W.  from  W.  C.  Lat.  38  3 
IN.,  lon.  W.  C.  1  32  W. 

Woodstown,  village,  Salem  co.,  N.  J.,  1 1  m> 
N.  by  E.  from  Salem,  and  26  S.  from  Philadelphia 
Woodville,  village,  Jefferson  co.,  N.  Y,,  16 

ms.  NW.  from  Albany.  Village  in  the  we* 

em  angle  of  Culpeper  co.,  Va.,  by  post  road  9 , 
ms.  SW.  by  W.  from  W.  C,  and  128  NNW 

from  Richmond.  Village  on  Pamunkey  rivei 

Hanover  co.,  Va.,  30  ms.  a  little  W.  of  N.  fron 

Richmond.  Village,   Perquimans  co  ,  N.  C> 

! by  post  road  231  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Raleigl 

 Village,  Warren  co.,  Tenn.,  about  20  mi 

'E.  from  Murfreesborough.  Village  and  seatc; 

jjustice,  Decatur  co.,  Ala. 

Woodville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wilkinso 
|co.,  Miss.,  38  ms.  a  little  E.  of  S.  from  Natchej 
'The  vicinity  of  Woodville,  watered  by  the  branche 
'of  Buffalo  and  Bayou  Sara,  is  one  of  the  moi 
j productive  cotton  tracts  in  Miss,  or  Lou.  Thf 
[face  of  the  country  rolling,  though  not  abruptl 
broken  by  hills,  except  along  the  Mississipf 
'bluffs.  Lat.  31  7  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  14  27  W.  II 
Woolsthorpe,  a  village  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire 
j  about  6  ms.  S.  of  Grantham,  and  about  12  E.  fror 
!  Melton  Mowbray.  In  this  obscure  village,  n< 
;  marked  on  the  map  of  Eng.  published  in  Reer 
Cyplopaedia  on  25th  December,  1642,  was  borr 
j  Isaac  Newton.  The  birthplace  of  this  ornamer 
Jof  human  nature  was  indeed  rather  a  mano 
house  than  a  village,  his  father,  John  Newton,  wa 
lord  of  the  manor  of  Woolsthorpe. 

Newton  procured  the  first  rudiments  of  his  edu 
cation  at  Grantham  school,  and  on  5th  of  June 
1660,  was  admitted  into  Trinity  college,  Cam 
bridge,  in  his  18th  year.  The  mind  of  Newtoi 
must  have  received  an  early  and  unconquerabl 
bias  for  analytical  mathematics,  which  led  hir. 
to  neglect  the  ancient  geometry.  This  neglec 
was  subsequently  severely  regretted  by  himsell 
In  1664,  he  procured  a  prism,  and  with  its  ai< 
made  such  discoveries  in  optics  as  almost  to  hav 
first  raised  that  sul'ject  to  the  rank  of  a  science 
In  1666,  Newton  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Trinit 
College,  and  in  the  same  year  took  his  degree  o 
Master  of  Arts.  On  the  1 1th  of  January,  1672 
the  Royal  Society  did  itself  the  honor  to  enrol  th 
name  of  Newton  as  one  of  its  members. 

Dr.  Brewster,  in  his  eagerness  to  do  honor  t 
Newton,  ascribes  to  hirn  the  discovery  of  the  firs 
and  second  laws  of  Kepler.  The  proposition 
containing  those  laws  had  been  in  print  befor 
Newton  was  born  ;  this  illustrious  English  as 
tronomer  demonstrated  their  principles,  but  it  i 
barefaced  imposition  to  make  him  their  discoverer 
According  to  Brewster  himself,  ip  the  art.  Astroo 


WOR 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


WOR 


my  p.  560,  Kepler's  Rudolphine  tables  were 
ublished  in  1626,  and  states  expressly,  that  these 
ibles  were  founded  on  the  true  laws  of  planetary 
lotion ;  that  the  planets  moved  in  elliptic  or- 
its,  with  the  sun  in  one  of  the  foci ;  and  that  the 
Radius  Vector  described  equal  areas  in  equal  por- 
ons  of  time. 

In  1687,  Newton's  Principia  were  published  by 
»ae  Royal  Society,  under  the  protection  of  Dr. 
llalley,  and  placed  the  name  of  its  author  amongst 
jie  greatest  of  those  who  have  contributed  to  exalt 


is  Worcester.  It  crosses  the  State  from  N.  to  S., 
area  1,500  sq.  ms.  Pop.  in  1320,  73,635; 
in  1830,  82,887,  and  in  1840,  95,313.  Central 
lat.  42  23  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  5  8  E. 

Worcester,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Worces- 
ter co.,  Mass.,  46  ms.  W.  of  Boston,  34  N.  by 
W.  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  50  NE.  of  Spring- 
field, Mass.  Pop.  in  1830,  4,172;  and  in  1840, 
7,346.  This  is  esteemed  one  of  the  largest  in- 
land towns  in  the  State,  and  carries  on  some 
manufactures,  particularly  printing,   with  great 


uman  nature.    In  1699,  he  was  made  warden  of  ■  spirit.  Isaiah  Thomas,  of  this  town,  has  published 


le  mint;  and  on  the  resignation  of  John  Lord 
iomers,  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  30th  Nov., 
703.  Both  these  offices  he  held  until  his  death, 
rtany  of  his  important  works  were  published  after 
ie  Principia,   but  rather  involved  him  in  con- 


as  many  books  as  any  bookseller  in  the  U.  S.  11 
contains  the  greatest  population  of  any  inland 
town  in  New  England.  The  principal  streets  ex- 
ceed a  mile  in  length.  Beside  the  co.  buildings, 
are  a  bank,  two  printing  offices,  from  each  of 


'oversy  than  added  to  his  fame.  The  evening  of  j  which  is  issued  a  weekly  newspaper.  A  commo- 
de life  of  Newton  was  not  so  tranquil  as  is  tooidious  building  was  erected  in  1819,  for  the  cabi- 
ommonly  supposed,  nor  did  his  own  temper  al- 1  net  and  library  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
/ays  remain  unmoved  by  attack  or  contradiction,  j  Society.  The  building,  society,  and  cabinet,  may 
lough  he  attained  the  great  age  of  84  years  and  j  be  considered  as  productions  of  Isaiah  Thomas, 
iome  months.  He  died  20th  March,  1727.  With  Esq  ,  President  of  the  society, 
reat  inconsistent  pageantry,  his  remains  were      Worcester,  village,  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  74  ms. 

lid  in  Westminster  Abbey.    His  fame  demanded  j  W.  from  Albany.  Tp.,  Montgomery  co.,  Pa., 

.  more  dignified  and  less  showy  mausoleum.  His  j  between  Guined  and  Norriston,  on  the  E.  side  of 

ame  alone  would  have  been  the  most  sublime  of;  Skippack  creek.    Pop.  1820,  977.  SE.  co.  of 

11  epitaphs.  |  Md  ,  bounded  by  Del.  N.,  Atlantic  ocean  E., 

(  Woolpit,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Suffolk,  famous  for  Eastern  shore  of  Va.  S.,  and  Somerset  co..,  Md., 
■he  manufacture  of  white  bricks.  W.    Length  25  ms..  mean  wiJth  20;  area  500 

i  Woolwich,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent.  Herearejsq.  ms.  It  is  chiefly  drained  by  Pocomoke  river . 
everal  fine  docks,  rope-yards,  and  spacious  maga-i  Chief  town,  Snow  Hill.  Pop.  in  1820,  17,521  , 
tne?,  this  place  being  wholly  taken  up  and  raised  j  and  in  1840,  18,377.  Cent.  lat.  38  16  N-,  Ion. 
ny  the  works  erected  for  the  naval  service.    Thel  W.  C.  1  38  E. 

argest  ships  ride  here  safely,  and  even  at  low  War  cum,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  id 
vater.    Some  hulks  are  moored  off  this  town,  for  [North  Brabant,  seated  on  the  Maese.    Lon.  4  52 

he  reception  of  convicts,  who  are  employed  iniE.,  lat.   51   52  N.  Seaport  of  Holland,  in 

aising  gravel  from  the  river.     It  i»  10  ms.  E.  of  Friesland,  on  the  Zuider-Zee,  18  ms.  S  W.  of  Le 

London.  Lon.  0  10  E.,  lat.  51  30  N.  Town,  warden.    Lon.  5  15  E.,  lat.  53°  N. 

jincoln  co.,  Me.,  6  ms.  a  little  S.   of  W.  from!     Worden,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 


Wiscasset,  and  40  NE-  from  Portland. 

Wooster,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Wayne  co., 
on  Killbuck  creek,  60  ms.  N.  from  Zanesville, 
ind  by  post  road  93  ms.  NE.  from  Columbus. 
iop.  of  the  village,  exclusive  of  the  corporation  in 
1840,  1,993,  corporation  1,913,  aggregate  3,906. 
\s  laid  down  by  Bradford,  N.  lat.  40  50  lon.  5° 

w.  w.  c. 

Worcester,  city  of  Eng.,  in  Worcestershire, 
capital  of  that  co.  Worcester  is  seated  on  a 
?entle  ascent,  on  the  Severn,  36  ms.  NNE.  of 
Bristol,  and  1 18  WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  W., 
lat.  52  9  N. 

Worcester,  co.  of  Eng.,  30  ms.  long,  and  20  |  Quantities  of  liquorice  are  grown  in  its  vicinity, 
Droad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Shropshire  and  j  and  there  are  a  great  many  noblemen's  seats  near 
Staffordshire,  on  the  E.  by  Warwickshire,  on  the  j  it.    The  canal  from  the  Trent  to  Chesterfield 


|  Lower  Saxony. 

Wordingberg,  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  is 
land  of  Zealand.    Longitude  11  58  E.,  lat.  55  3 
North. 

Woringen,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  188  ms.  NW.  from  Cologne. 

Workington,  seaport  of  Eng.,  in  Cumberland, 
seated  on  the  Derwent,  over  which  is  a  stonp 
bridge.  In  its  neighborhood  is  a  large  iron  found 
ry.  Workington  is  7  ms.  W.  of  Cockermouth, 
and  307  N.  of  London.  Lon.  3  35  W.,  lat.  53 
4£N. 

Worksop,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Nottinghamshire 


W.  by  Herefordshire,  on  the  SE.  and  S.  by 
Gloucestershire,  being  in  circuit  124  ms.,  and 
contains  600,000  sq.  acres.  Its  chief  manufac- 
tures are  carpeting,  china  and  earthen  ware, 
woolens,  and  stockings.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Severn,  Teme,  or  Tend,  and  Avon.  Pop.  in 
1801,  139,333;  in  1811,  160,546  ;  and  in  1821, 
184,424. 

Worcester,  co.,  Mass.,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Middlesex  and  Norfolk  cos.,  ou  the  N.  by  New 
Hampshire  and  Vt.,  on  the  W.  by  Franklin, 
Hampshire,  and  Hampden  cos.,  and  on  the  S.  by 
the  States  of  R.  I.  and  Conn.  The  principal  town 


passes  by  this  place.  It  is  24  ms.  N.  of  Notting- 
ham, and  146  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1° 
W.,  lat.  53  20  N. 

Worms,  city  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Darmstadt 
It  is  famous  for  a  diet  held  in  1521,  at  which  Lu- 
ther assisted  in  person.  The  Protestants  have  a 
church  here,  where  Luther  is  represented  as  ap- 
pearing at  the  diet.  It  is  seated  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  30  ms.  above  and  nearly  due  S.  of 
Mentz,  and  42  SSW.  of  Frankfort.  Lon.  8  29 
E.,  lat.  49  32  N. 

Worsted,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Norfolk,  noted  for 
being  the  place  where  worsteds  were  first  made.  It 

971 


WUR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  WYE 


is  12  ms.  N.  of  Norwich,  and.  120  NE.  of  Lon- 
don.   Lon.  1  26  E.,  lat.  52  52  N. 

Wbrthington,  town,  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  10 
me.  W.  from  Northampton,  19  E.  from  Pitts- 
field,  and  44  NE.  from  Brookfield.    Pop.  1820, 

1,276.  Village  on  Whetstone  creek,  Franklin 

co.,  O.,  9  ms,  N.  from  Columbus. 

Wutton  Bosset,  borough  of  Eng.,  in  Wiltshire. 
It  is  seated  near  the  forest  of  Brandon,  and  is  30 
ms.  N.  of  Salisbury,  and  89  W.  of  London.  Lon. 

1  54  W.,  lat.  51  21  N. 

Wotton  Under-Edge,  town  of  Eng  ,  in  Glou- 
cestershire, 20  ms.  NE.  of  Bristol,  and  108 
WNW.  of  London.  Lon.  2  11  W.,  lat.  51  40 
North. 

Wragbyy  town  of  Eng.,  in  Lincolnshire,  11 
ms.  ENE.  of  Lincoln,  and  144  N.  of  London. 
Lon.  0  10  W.,  lat.  53  18  N. 

Wrath  Cape,  vast  promontory  of  Scotland,  in 
Sunderland,  which  forms  the  NW.  point  of  Great 
Britain.  It  is  the  dread  of  mariners;  for  against 
its  rugged  and  lofty  cliffs  the  rapid  tide  bursts  with 
incredible  fury. 

Wrcntham,  town,  Norfolk  co.,  Mass.,  26  ms. 
S.  by  W.  from  Boston,  and  19  NE.  from  Provi- 
dence.   Pop.  1820,  2,801. 

Wexham,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Denbighshire.  It 
is  the  most  populous  town  in  all  North  Wales, 
and  is  a  place  of  considerable  traffic  in  Welsh  flan- 
nels, tn  the  vicinity  of  Wexham  is  a  large  found- 
ry for  cannon  and  other  articles.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river,  in  a  country  affording  plenty  of  lead.  Lon, 
3  10  W.,  lat.  53  2  N. 

Wrightsborough,  village,  Columbia  co.,  Ga.  ; 
by  post  road  104  ms.  NE.  by  E.  from  Milledge- 
ville. 

Wrightsburg,  village,  220  ms.  NE.  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

Wrights1ou:ii>  village,  Burlington  co.,  N.  J., 
21  ms.  SSE.  from  Trenton,  and  30  NE.  by  E. 
from  Philadelphia. 

Wrightsville,  village,  on  Susquehannah  river, 
opposite  Columbia,  11  ms.  W*.  from  Lancaster. 
— — Village,  Duplin  co.,  N.  C,  89  ms.  SE.  from 
Raleigh. 

Wrinton,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somersetshire.  It 
is  the  birthplace  of  Mr.  Locke,  is  noted  for  cala- 
mine, and  seated  among  the  Mendip  hills,  11  ms. 
WNW.  of  Wells,  and  125  W.  of  London.  Lon. 

2  8  W.,  lat.  5121  N. — See  Later. 

Wrothum,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  11  miles 
WNW.  of  Maidstone,  and  24  SE.  of  London. 
Lon.  0  24  E.,  lat.  51  18  N. 

Wvtnnengburg,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in 
the  circle  ot  Westphalia.  It  is  14  ms.  S.  of  Pad- 
erborn.    Lon.  8  15  E.,  lat,  51  26  N. 

Wunsidel,  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  in  the 
circle  of  Franconia,  with  mines  of  copper  and  quar- 
ries of  marble  in  its  vicinity.  Lon.  12  24  E.,  lat. 
50  10  N. 

Wuns/orf,  town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Saxony. 

Wurgela  (Oorgelara,  meaning  "  don't  fly") 
and  Wurgelans,  names  of  a  country  and  people  of 
North  Alrica,  situated  southwestwardly  of  the 
Wadreagan  country,  but  in  the  same  physical 
section,  and,  as  shown  under  the  head  of  Wadreag, 
the  people  of  both  countries  are  similar  in  language 
and  other  characteristics. — See  Wadreag.  "Their 
972 


dialects  are  identically  the  same,  presenting  on 
modifications  of  the  great  language  of  the  Atla 
such  as  are  in  all  countries  produced  by  habitud 
and  climate.  The  Kabyles,  who  are  the  highlani 
ers  of  Africa,  call  a  man  ergaz;  the  inhabitants 
the  lowlands  of  the  Saara  adopt  the  soft  sound 
g,  and  say  erdjaz.  Themis  (fire)  they  pronoun* 
temis.  But,  amid  these  various  pronunciation 
the  Berber  language  is  always  to  be  recognised."- 
Hodgson. 

Wurtemburg.—  See  Wirternburg. 

Wurtzburg,  late  bishopric  of  Germany.  It  v<3 
formerly  bounded  by  the  co.  of  Henneburg,  tl 
duchy  of  Coburg,  the  abbey  of  Fulde,  the  arcl 
bishopric  of  Mentz,  the  marquisate  of  Anspaclt 
bishopric  Of  Bamberg,  and  the  co.  of  Werthein 
being  about  65  ms.  in  length  and  50  in  breadtl 
The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  produces  more  cot 
and  wine  than  the  inhabitants  consume.  Th 
country,*  by  modern  changes,  has  been  parcelh 
out,  and  shared  by  Bavaria,  Hesse,  Baden,  & 

 City  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  on  the  Mainii 

40  ms.  SW.  of  Bamberg,  and  200  NW.  of  V 
enna.  Lon.  10  13  E.,  lat.  49  46  N.  It  is  tl 
seat  of  one  of  the  German  universities. 

Wurzace,  town  of  Germany,  in  Suabia.  Lot 
10  5  E.,  lat.  48  6  N. 

Wurzen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  \\ 
Upper  Saxony,  and  territory  of  Leipsic,  with 
citadel.    Lon.  12  40  E.,  lat.  51  19  N. 

Wuslcrhausen,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circ 
of  Upper  Saxony.    Lon.  12  30  E.,  lat.  52  53  | 

 Town  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  the  midd 

marche  of  Brandenburg,  11  ms.  SSE.  of  Berlin. 

Wyalusing,  large  creek  of  Susquehannah  an 
Bradford  cos.,  Pa.,  rising  near  Montrose,  an; 
flowing  thence  SW.  by  W.  into  Susquehanna) 

river.  Town,  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  adjacent  1 

and  including  the  mouth  of  Wyalusing  creek,  5 
ms.  NW.  from  Wilkesbarre,  and  30  SW.  by  % 
from  Montrose. 

Wycby  Duerstede,  town  of  the  kingdom  « 
Holland,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhinr 
at  the  point  where  the  Old  and  New  Rhine  sepa- 
rate, lat.  51  58  N.,  lon.  5  20  E.  of  London 
This  town  is  in  the  province  of  Utrecht,  15  Enf 
ms.  SE.  of  the  city  of  Utrecht,  and  about  40  rut- 
up  the  Rhine  from  Rotterdam. 

Wye,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Kent,  on  the  Sfour,  1 
ms.  S.  of  Canterbuty,  and  56  SE.  of  London 

Lon,  1  4  E.,  lat.  51  10  N.  River  of  Wales; 

which  rises  on  the  confines  of  Cardiganshire,  and 
running  SE.,  divides  the  cos.  of  Radnor  and  Breck 
nock  ;  thence  crosses  Herefordshire,  passes  Here 
ford,  and,  turning  directly  S.,  runs  by  Monmouth 
and  falls  into  the  mouth  of  the  Severn  at  Chep 

stow.  River  of  Eng.,  in  Derbyshire,  which  ri 

ses  in  the  NW.  part,  above  Buxton,  and,  flowing 

SE.,  falls  into  the  Derwent  below  Bakewell.  j 

Town  of  Switzerland,  in  a  territory  of  the  abbe; 
of  St.  Gallen,  with  a  palace.  It  is  built  on  til 
eminenee,  16  ms.  SSW.  of  Constance.    Lon.  1 

4  E.,  lat.  47  34  N.  Creek  of  Md.,  separatini 

Queen  Ann  from  Talbot  co.,  and  falling  int 
Chesapeake  bay  opposite  the  south  end  of  Kent  ia 
land. 

Wye  Mills,  and  post  office,  on  the  Eaateri 
Shore,  Talbot  co.,  Md. ;  by  post  road  54  rr:s.  isE 
by'E.  from  Annapolis. 


XAT 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


YAK 


Wyl.—See  Weil. 

Wylliesburg,  on  Roanoke  river,  Charlotte  co., 
a.,  132  ms.  SW.  from  Richmond. 

Wynendale,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 

Fl  inders,  8  ms.  ENE.  of  Dixmude. 

Wyoming,  valley  of. — See  Wilkesbarre. 
.  Wyoming,  or  Kingston,  village,  Luzerne  co., 
a,,  on  Susquehannah  river,  one  mile  from  and 
rectly  opposite  Wilkesbarre.  Pop.  about  300  ; 
id  in  1840,  in  the  tp.,  2,004.  This  village 
ands,  similar  to  Wilkesbarre,  on  an  elevated 
luvial  plain  ;  they  are  in  full  view  from  each 
.her. 

Wyre,  river  of  Eng.,  in  Lancashire,  which  ri- 
s  near  Wyresdale,  6  ms.  SE.  of  Lancaster,  and, 
issing  by  Carstang,  enters  the  Irish  sea  below 
oulton. 

Wysox,  small  creek  of  Bradford  co.,  Pa.,  fall- 

ito  the  Susquehannah  5  ms.  below  Towanda.  

own  on  Wysox  creek,  Bradford  co.,  25  ms.  W. 
om  Montrose 

Wythe,  co.  Va.,  bounded  by  Grayson  SE.  and 
.,  Washington  SW.,  Tazewell  NW.,  and  Giles 
id  Montgomery  NE.  Length  46,  mean  width 
5  ms.  ;  area  1,150  sq.  ms.  It  occupies  the  di- 
ding  country  between  the  head  waters  of  Tenes- 
■e  and  Great  Kanawha.  Chief  town,  Evansham. 
op.  in  1820,  9,692;  and  in  1840,  9,375. 

Wythe  Court  House,  or  Evansham,  village 
nd  seat  of  justice,  Wythe  co.,  Va.,  58  ms.  NE. 
If  Abingdon,  31  SW.  of  Inglisville,  and  351  from 
Washington.    Lat.  36  50  N.,  Ion.  4  10  W. 

X. 

-  Xabea,  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valencia.  Lon.  0 
5,  lat.  38  40  N. 

Xacca,  or  Sacca,  seaport  of  Sicily,  with  an  old 
asile.  It  is  seated  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island, 
I  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  20  miles  SE.  of  Mazara 
ad  41  SSW.  of  Palermo.  Longitude  13  2  E., 
aitude  37  41  N. 

.  Xagua,  seaport  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of 
/uba,  one  of  the  finest  in  America,  84  miles  SE. 
f  Havana.  Lon.  80  45  W.,  lat.  22  10  N. 
t  Xalapa,  town  of  New  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
'lascala,  with  a  bishop's  see.  Lou.  98  20  W., 
t.  19  33  N. 

Xalisco,  pronounced  by  the  Spaniards  Halisco, 
nd  written,  according  to  the  orthography  of  the 
panish  language,  indifferently,  Xalisco,  or  Jalis- 
).  That  part  of  New  Spain  called  New  Gallicia 
as  designated  by  the  Aztecas  Xalisco,  and  was 
>r  civil  purposes,  under  the  viceroyalty,  subdivid- 
j  into  the  intendancies  of  Guadalaxara  and  Za- 
itecas.  Guadalaxara  has  again  received  the  an- 
ent  name,  and  is  now  the  State  of  Xalisco.  It 
i  bounded  W.  by  the  Pacific  ocean,  NW.  by  the 
late  of  Sonora  y  Cinaloa,  N.  by  Durango,  NE. 
y  Zacatexas,  E.  by  Guanaxuato,  and  SE.  and 
'.  by  Mechoacan.  Length  300,  mean  breadth  240 
is.,  area  72,000  sq.  ms. — See  Jalisco. 

Xalisco,  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guadalaxara  pro- 
•er,  seated  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  400  miles  W.  of 
lexico.    Lon.  110  5  W.,  lat.  22  30  N. 

Xativa,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia.  It  isseat- 
J  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  runs 
lie  Zucar,  32  ms.  SW.  of  Valencia  and  50  NW. 
f  Alicant.    Lon  0  14  W.,  lat.  59  4  N. 


Xavier,  or  Sabi,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Widah,  on  the  Slave  coast  of  Guinea. 

Xavier,  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  35  ms.  SE. 
of  Pampeluna. 

Xavter,  St.,  town  of  Paraguay,  in  the  province 
of  La  Plata,  200  ms.  W.  of  Rio  Janeiro.  Lon. 
50  6  W.,  lat.  24  0  S. 

Xenia,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  Greene  co., 
Ohio,  30  ms.  S.  from  Urbanna  and  50  NE.  from 
Cincinnati.  Besides  the  county  buildings,  it  con- 
tains an  academy.  Lat.  39  39  N.,  Ion.  W.  O.  6 
53  W.  This  is  amongst  the  most  neat  and  pleas- 
ant county  towns  of  Ohio.  In  1840,  the  township 
contained  a  population  of  4,913.  It  stands  16  ms. 
a  little  S.  of  E.  from  Dayton,  18  ms.  a  little  W. 
of  S.  from  Springfield,  and  61  ms.  a  little  S.  of 
W.  of  Columbus.  N.  lat.  39  38,  lon.  6  50  W.  of 
Washington  city. 

jCeres-de-Badajoz,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrama- 
dura,  and  in  the  territory  of  Trala-Guadiana,  seat- 
ed on  the  rivulet  of  Ardilla,  27  miles  SE.  of  Ba- 
dajoz.    Lon.  6  32  W.,  lat.  38  9  N. 

Xeres  de-  Guadiana,  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, seated  on  the  Guadiana,  18  miles  N.  of  Aya- 
monte.    Lon.  7  15  W.,  lat.  37  30  N. 

Xeres-de-la- Frontera,  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, famous  for  excellent  wine  ;  and  hence  is  de- 
rived the  name  of  that  we  call  Sherry.  It  seated 
on  the  Guadaleta,  5  ms.  N.  of  Port  St.  Mary  and 
110  S.  by  W.  of  Madrid.  Lon.  5  50  W.,  lat.  36 
42  N. — — Town  of  New  Spain,  in  the  audience 
of  Guadalaxara.  Longitude  104  25  W.,  latitude 
22  35  N. 

Xicoco,  an  island  of  Japan,  between  Niphon  and 
Saikoka 

Ximo,  island  of  Japan,  the  second  in  size  and 
eminence,  to  the  S W.  of  Niphon,  from  which  it  is 
divided  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is  300  miles  in 
circumference. 

Xingu. — See  Paranatinga% 

Xixona,  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  and  in  the 
territory  of  Segura,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is 
seated  among  mountains,  in  a  country  that  pro- 
duces excellent  wine,  15  miles  SW.  of  Alicant. 
Lon.  0  10  W.,  lat.  38  6  N. 

Xucar,  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  New  Cas- 
tile, in  the  Sierra  de-Cuenza.  It  passes  by  Cuen- 
za,  and,  entering  the  province  of  Valencia,  runs 
into  the  gulf  of  Valencia  at  the  town  of  Cullera. 

Xudnogrod,  town  of  Turkish  Croatia,  17  miles 
N.  of  Sebenica  and  37  E.  of  Kzara.  Lon  16  51 
E  ,  lat.  40  34  N. 

Y. 

Y,  arm  of  Zuider  Zee,  which  enters  that  sea 
5  miles  E.  of  Amsterdam.  It  forms  the  boundary 
between  North  and  South  Holland,  and  is  pro- 
nounced Ey. 

Yadkin  River. — See  Pedee. 

Yaik. — See  Ural. 

Yaik  Cossacks. — See  Cossacks. 

Yaitsk.—See  Uralsk. 

Yakutsk,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of  the  Rus- 
sian government  of  Irkutsk,  in  the  eastern  part  of 

Siberia.  Town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  a  Russian 

province  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  river 
Lena.    Lon.  129  53  E.,  lat!  62  1  N. 

973 


YAZ 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY, 


YEN 


Yale,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  island  of  Ceylon. 

Yambo,  seaport  of  Arabia,  with  a  castle,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Red  sea,  60  miles  SW.  of  Medina. 
Lon.  40  10  E.,  lat.  23  40  N. 

Yamburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Petersburg.    Lon.  28  16  E.,  lat.  59  15  N. 

Yancey's  Mills,  post  office,  Albemarle  co  ,  Va.,  j 
by  post  road  138  ms.  NW.  from  Richmond. 

Yanceyville,  Louisa  county,  Virginia,  14  miles 
S.  of  Louisa  C.  H.,  14  N.  of  Caroline  C.  H.,  and 

60  NW.  from  Richmond.  Village,  Caswell 

co.,  North  Carolina,  263  ms.  from  W.  C,  and  87 
from  Raleigh. 

Yang-tcheou,  populous  city  of- China,  in  the 
province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  45  miles  NE.  of 
Nanking. 

Yang-tse  kiang,  great  river  of  China,  wjiich 
rises  in  the  province  of  Yunman,  arid,  having 
crossed  Houquang  and  Kiang-nan,  enters  the 
Eastern  ocean  opposite  the  Isle  of  Tsong-ming, 
which  is  formed  by  the  sand  accumulated  at  its 
mouth. 

Yare,  river  in  Norfolk. 

Yarkan. — See  Ireken. 

Yarmouth,  borough  of  England,  in  Norfolk,  at  ^ 
the  mouth  of  the  Yare,  and  has  long  been  known 
as  one  of  the  principal  seaports  of  England.  Off 
the  mouth  of  the  harbor  is  a  bar,  which  prevents  j 
the  entry  of  ships  of  large  burden  ;  there  are  many  | 
sand  banks  off  the  coast,  at  a  distance  from  the 
Yarmouth  roads,  so  noted  for  frequent  shipwrecks,  j 
Yarmouth  is  27  ms.  E.  of  Norwich  and  112  NE.  j 
of  London.    Longitude  I  55  E.,  latitude  52  45  j 

N.  Borough  of  England,  in  Hampshire,  on  the  \ 

W.  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  seated  on  a  creek,  : 
8  ms.  W.  of  Newport  and  123  SW.  of  London. 
Lon.  1  28  W.,  lat.  50  40  N.  Town,  Barnsta- 
ble co.,  Massachusetts,  5  ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Barn- 
stable  and  76  SE.  of  Boston.  Population  in  1810,  , 
1,727  ;  and  in  1820,  2,332. 

Yaroslaf,  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  pro-  j 

vince  of  the  government  of  Moscow.  Town  of  i 

Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of  the  same  name, 
seated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga.  Lon.  38 
59  E.,  lat.  57  35  N. 

Yarriba. — See  Africa,  p.  25. 

Yarum,  town  of  England,  in  the  North  Riding 
of  Yorkshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Teves,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  40  ms.  NNW.  of  York 
and  231  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Lon.  1  2  W., 
lat.  54  31  N. 

Yaruki,  village  in  South  America,  in  Peru. 
Here  Ulloa  and  the  French  mathematicians  mea- 
sured an  arc  of  the  meridian. 

Yates,  county  of  New  York,  bounded  S.  by  j 
Steuben,  N.  by  Ontario,  E.  by  Seneca  lake,  and' 
W.  by  Ontario  and  Canandaigua  lake;  length  21  I 
miles,  width  12,  area  210  square  miles.  Surface 
generally  hilly,  soil  fertile  and  well  wooded.  The 
discharge  of  Crooked  lake  is  in  the  SE.  part  of 
this  county.   Chief  town,  Penn  Yan.   Central  lat. 
42  45  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  0  10  W.    Pop.  in  1840, 
20,444. 

Yates,  post  office,  Genesee  co.,  New  York. 
Yavari. — See  Araza. 

Yazoo,  river  of  Mississippi,  rises  on  the  south- 
ern border  of  Tennessee,  and,  flowing  SSW.  by 
comparative  courses  200  ms.,  falls  into  Mississippi 
974 


river  at  lat.  32  24  N.  This  river  has  interlocki 
sources  with  those  of  Tombigbee,  some  sin 
creeks  of  Tennessee,  and  Big  Black.  Its  vail 
lies  between  the  Big  Black,  Tombigbee,  and  M 
sissippi,  and  in  lat.  between  32  24  and  34  50. ' 
Yazoo,  county,  Mississippi,  on  the  Yazoo  riv< 
Yazoo  C.  H.,  post  office,  Yazoo  county,  M  I 
sissippi. 

Yell,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands,  to  the  N. 
that  called  Mainland.  It  is  12  miles  long  and 
broad,  and  has  several  good  harbors. 

Yellow  Creek  Furnace,  town,  Montgomery  « 
Tennessee,  by  post  road  118  ms.  NW.  from  Mi 
freesborough. 

Yelloio  River,  or  Hoang-Ho,  large  river  of  Asi 
which,  after  a  course  of  nearly  600  leagues  acre 
Tartary  and  China,  enters  the  Eastern  sea  tet^ 
N.  of  the  mouth  of  Yan-tse-kiang.  It  is  vej 
broad  and  rapid,  and  so  shallow  that  it  is  scarce 
navigable.  It  is  called  the  Yellow  river  becau 
the  clay  and  sand  which  it  washes  down,  esf 
cially  in  time  of  rain,  makes  its  water  appear  of' 
yellow  color.  This  is  amongst  the  greatest  rive 
in  Asia.  Rising  on  the  high  table  land  of  Mo 
golia,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  Bl  • 
river  and  May-kiang.  Fed  by  numerous  confl 
ents,  and,  by  a  very  winding  course,  eastward 
at  least  2,000  ms.  along  about  the  mean  latitude  I 
35°  N. 

Yelloiu  Sea,  Gulf  of  China,  between  the  pr 
vinces  of  Pe-tcheli  and  Chang-  tong  on  the  W 
and  the  peninsula  of  Corea  on  the  E. 

Yellow  Springs,  watering  place,  Pikeland  t[ 
Chester  co.,  Pa.,  30  ms.  NW.  from  Philadelprr 

 Village,  Huntingdon  co.,  Pa.,  56  ms,  V 

from  Harrisburg.  Village  near  the  norths 

boundary  of  Green  co.,  O.,  12  ms.  NNE.  fro 
Xenia,  and  by  post  road  65  ms.  SW.  by  W.  fro 
Columbus.  Besides  those  here  named,  there  a> 
same  name  post  offices  in  Claiborne  co.,  Tenr 
with  the  Johnson  co.,  Ia.,  and  Hampshire  co.,  V 

Yellow  S'one  river,  river  of  the  Western  Tt 
ritory  of  the  United  States,  the  great  SE.  bran* 
the  Missouri. — See  Missouri  river. 

Yellow  Water,  river  which  rises  in  Alabam 
runs  nearly  S.  into  Florida,  falls  into  Pensacc 
bay,  after  a  course  of  about  70  ms.  It  is  a  fin 
clear,  and  beautiful  stream,  rising  in  pine  woocl 

Ye?iisei,  or  Jenifa,  river  of  Siberia,  whi 
running  from  S..to  N.  enters  the  Frozen  oce 
to  the  E.  of  the  Bay  of  Oby.  The  Yanisei  is 
river  of  the  first  class,  rising  on  the  vast  plate 
of  Asia.  It  is  composed  of  three  great  branche 
the  Yenisei  proper,  Upper  Tongouska,  and  Low 
Tongouska.  The  former  by  the  name  of  Szis 
kit,  rises  about  lat.  50°  N.,  pierces  the  Altaia 
and,  flowing  northwardly,  joins  the  Upper  To 
gouska  at  lat.  57°  N.  The  Upper  Tongouska 
in  reality  the  main  stream  ;  its  higher  source,  t! 
Selenga,  rises  in  the  country  of  the  Kalkas  Mo! 
gols,  N.  lat.  49°.  Composed  of  numero' 
branches,  and  taking  the  name  of  Selenga,  lY 
elevated  river  falls  into  the  Aral  sea,  from  whii 
it  is  again  precipitated  in  the  Angara.  Au 
mented  by  innumerable  smaller  streams,  ai 
changing  its  name  to  Tongouska,  this  main  ar 
of  the  Yenisei  reaches  above  N.  lat.  60°,  whe 
it  abruptly  turns  SW.  300  ms.,  and  receives  fro 
the  S.,  near  Kemska,  the  Yenisei  proper. 


Tl 


YOR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  YOR 


jw  immense  volume  rolls  northwardly  to  above 
t.  60°,  where  it  receives  from  the  SE.  Lower 
ongouska,  and  inclining  to  NNW.,  the  Yenisei, 

lat  66°,  is  finally  augmented  by  its  last  great 
ibutary,  the  Ingouska.  Crossing  the  Arctic  cir- 
e,  and  advancing  into  the  regions  of  perpetual 
pst,  this  great  river  reaches  lat.  72°  N.,,  after  a 
imparative  course,  from  the  sources  of  the  Se- 
nga  of  2,100  ms.  Without  estimating  the  soli- 
jry  prolongation  below  the  Ingouska,  the  basin  of 
e  Yenisei  is  1,400  me.  long,  with  a  mean  width 
'  600  ms.,  area  840,000  sq.  ms.  This  basin  is 
fain  remarkable  for  its  great  difference  of  level. 

is  probable  that  the  country  of  the  Kalkas 
ongols  is  at  least  5,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
;e  ocean.— See  Angara,  Tartary,  Mongolia,  Si- 
,'ria, 

,  Yeniseisk,  or  Jeniskoi,  large  and  populous  town 
Siberia,  in  the  province  of  Tomsk,  seated  on 
e  river  Yenisei.  Lon,  92°  35  E.,  lat.  57 
5  N. 

Yen-ping,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
o-kien,  275  ms.  S.  of  Nan-king. 

Yen-tcheou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
hang-tong,  275  ms.  SE.  of  Peking. 

Yen-tching,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
'hang-tong,  and  jurisdiction  of  Tsi-nan  fou, 
here  a  kind  of  glass  is  made,  so  delicate  and 
ittle  that  it  cracks  when  exposed  to  the  smallest 
juries  of  the  air. 

i  Yeovil,  or  Ivel,  town  of  Eng.,  in  Somerset- 
lire.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  but  the 
incipal  one  is  of  gloves.  It  is  seated  on  the 
el,  20  ms.  S.  of  Wells,  and  123  W.  by  S.  of 
ondon.    Lon.  2  37  W.,  lat.  50  55  N. 

Yesd,  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi,  on  the 
ad  from  Kerman  to  Ispahan.  It  has  a  silk 
anufacture ;  and  here  are  made  the  finest  car- 
*!8  in  the  world.  It  is  200  ms.  ESE.  of  Ispa- 
in.    Lon.  56  50  E.,  lat.  32°  N. 

Yonguesville,  Fairfield  district,  S.  C,  42  ms. 
.  from  Columbus. 

i  Yonkers,  village,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.,  11 
s.  N.  of  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  and  253  from  W.  C. 
op,  in  1810,  1,305;  in  1820,  1,586. 
1  Yonne,  dep.  of  Fr.,  containing  part  of  the  late 
wviuce  of  Burgundy.  It  is  so  called  from  a  river 
iat  rises  in  the  dep.  of  Nievre,  and  passing  by 
hateau,  Chinon,  Clamenci,  Auxerre,  Joigny, 
id  Sens,  falls  into  the  Seine.  Auxerre  is  the 
ipital 

Yoriman,  province  of  Guiana,  about  150  ms. 
i  length,  on  the  river  Amazon. 

York,  city  of  Eng.,  the  capital  of  Yorkshire. 

is  the  Eboracum  of  the  Romans,  and  many 
f  their  coffins,  urns,  coins,  &c,  have  been  found 
ere.  It  has  always  been  considered  as  the  capi- 
il  of  the  north,  and,  in  point  of  rank,  as  the  se- 
Jnd  city  in  the  kingdom.  York  is  70  ms.  S.  by 
>■  of  Durham,  and  198  N.  by  W.  of  London, 
•on.  1  1  W.,  lat.  53  59  N. 

York,  co.  of  Eng.,  double  in  size  to  any  of 
lie  others,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Durham  and 
Vestmoreland,  on  the  E.  by  the  German  ocean, 
n  the  W.  by  Westmoreland  and  Lancashire,  and 
n  the  S.  by' the  cos.  of  Chester,  Derby,  Notting- 
ana  and  Lincoln.  Its  most  remarkable  natural 
lland  boundaries  are,  the  river  Tees  to  the  N., 
*e  ridge  of  hills  called  the  English  Appennines  to 


the  W.,  and  the  arm  of  the  sea  named  the  Hurn- 
ber  to  the  SW.  This  county  is  100  ms.  in  length, 
and  above  80  in  breadth.  From  its  great  extent 
it  has  been  distributed  into  three  main  divisions, 
called  Ridings.  The  seacoast,  except  tht;  south- 
ern part  of  it,  is  in  general  naked  and  dreary,  con- 
sisting of  wide  extended  moors  arid  barren  hills. 
This  co.  is  extremely  well  watered,  and  its  rivers 
aie  disposed  in  a  singularly  beautiful  manner. 
They  rise,  in  general,  in  the  mountainous  skirts  of 
the  co.,  from  the  NE.  around  to  the  SW.  ;  and, 
uniting  as  they  proceed  towards  its  centre,  like 
the  veins  of  a  spreading  leaf,  at  length  terminate 
in  one  main  trunk,  which  issues  in  the  Humber. 
The  principal  branches  are  the  Ouse,  Don,  Der- 
went,  Calder,  Aire,  Warf,  Nidd,  Ure,  and  Hull, 
all  which  terminate  in  the  Humber,  which  falls 
into  the  German  ocean  Joetween  Yorkshire  and 
Lincolnshire.  Pop.  in  1801,  858,892;  in  1811, 
973,113;  and  in  1821,  1,175,241. 

York,  city  of  U.  C,  is  in  about  43  35  N.  lat  , 
and  is  the  present  seat  of  the  government  of  U.  C. 
It  is  most  beautifully  situated  within  an  excellent 
harbor  of  the  same  name,  made  by  a  long  penin- 
sula, which  confines  a  basin  of  water  sufficiently 
large  to  contain  a  conside  able  fleet.  Pop.  about 
3,000. 

Y'ork,  SW.  co.,  of  Me.,  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic ocean  SE.,  Piscataqua  river,  or  New 
Hampshire,  SW.,  New  Hampshire  W.,  Oxford 
co.,  Me.,  N.,  and  Cumberland  NE.  Length  50, 
mean  width  20  ms.,  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Its  princi- 
pal river,  Saco.  Chief  town,  York.  Pop.  in 
1820,  46,283.  Central  lat.  43  25  N.,  lon.  W. 
C.  6  15  E. 

York,  town  and  seat  of  justice,  Yoik,  co.,  Me  , 
on  York  river,  near  the  ocean,  10  ms.  NE.  of 
Portsmouth,  16  S.  of  Wells,  and  22  of  Kenne- 
bunk,  in  lat.  43  12. N.,  and  lon.  70  49  W.  Pop. 

in  1810,  2,776;  in  1820,  3,224.  Town,  on 

the  W.  side  of  Genesee  river,  Livingston  co.,  N. 
Y.,  25  ms.  SSW.  from  Rochester,  and  40  W. 
from  Canandaigua. 

York,  co.,  Pa.,  bounded  by  Md.  S.,  Adams 
co.,  Pa.,  W.,  Cumberland  co.  NW.,  and  Susque- 
hannah  river  NE.  Length  31,  mean  width  29 
ms.,  area  900  sq.  ms.  It  is  principally  drained 
by  Connewago  and  Codorus  creeks.  Surface  gene- 
rally hilly.  Soil  varied.  Staples,  grain,  flour, 
whiskey,  fruit,  live  stock,  &c.  Chief  town,  York. 
Pop.  in  1820,  38,759.  For  central  lat.  and  lon., 
see  next  article. 

York,  village,  borough,  and  seat  of  justice, 
York  co.,  Pa.,  on  both  sides  of  Codorus  creek,  21 
ms.  SW,  by  W.  from  Lancaster,  and  11  ms. 
nearly  W.  from  Columbia,  on  the  Susquehannah. 
It  is  laid  out  on  a  plain,  with  streets  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  and  contains  the  co.  build- 
ings, jail,  academy,  and  alms-house.  Pop.  in 
1820,   3,545.    Lat.  39  57  N.,  lon.  W7.  C.  0 

17  E.  Township,  York  co.,  Pa.,  SE.  from 

the  borough  of  York.  Pop.  in  1820,  2,107. 

York  riv.r,  river  of  Va.,  formed  by  the  Pa- 
munky  and  Mattapony,  30  ms.  above  Yorktown, 
below  which  place  it  enters  Chesapeake  bay. 

York,  co.,  Va.,  bounded  by  York  river  N.  and 
NE.,  Elizabeth  city  and  Warwick  cos.  S.,  and 
James  city  co.  SW.  and  NW.  Length  40,  mean 
width  5  ms.,  area  200  sq.  ms.  Chief  town,  York. 

975 


YOU 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


YUN 


Pop.  in  1820,  14,384.  Central  lat.  13  67  N., 
Ion.  W.  C.  0  20  E. 

York,  district  of  S.  C;  bounded  by  Lincoln 
and  Rutherford  cos.,  N.  C.  N.,  Catawba  river,  or 
Lancaster  district  E.,  Chester  S.,  and  Broad 
river,  or  Union  and  Spartanburg  districts  SW. 
Length  35  breadth  22  ms.  ;  area  770  sq.  ms. 
Chief  town,  Yorkville.  Pop.  in  1820,  14,936. 
For  central  lat.  and  Ion.  see  Yorkville,  or  York 
C.  H. 

York,  C.  H.,  York  district  S.  S.— See  York- 
ville. 

York  Haven,  post  office  York  co.,  Pa.,  on  the 
Susquehannah  river,  at  the  foot  of  the  Conewaga 
falls,  15  ms.  below  Harrisburg,  and  12  ms.  N. 
from  York. 

York  Springs,  on  Bermudian  creek,  village 
Adams  co.,  Pa.,  22d  nft.  W.  from  York,  and  22 
8W.  from  Harrisburg. 

Yorktown,  village,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y. 

Yorktown,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  and  port 
of  entry  York  co.,  Va.,  on  the  S.  side  of  York 
river  12  ms.  E.  of  Williamsburg,  65  E.  by  S.  of 
Richmond,  and  29  NW.  of  Norfolk,  in  lat.  37  22 
N.,  and  Ion.  76  52  W.    Pop.  700. 

Yorkville,  village  and  seat  of  justice,  York  dis- 
trict 8.  C,  about  80  ms.  N.  from  Columbia.  Lat. 
34  58  N.,  Ion.  W.  C.  4  14  W. 

Yo-tcheou,  commercial  city  of  China,  in  the 
province  of  Hou-quang,  which  may  be  reckoned 
one  of  the  wealthiest  cities  of  China.  Its  district 
contains  one  city  of  the  second,  and  seven  of  the 
third  class,  it  is  seated  on  the  Yang-tse  kiang, 
275  ms.  SW.  of  Nan-king. 

Youghall,  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  and  province  of  Munster.  Tt  has  a  manu- 
facture of  earthenware,  and  is  seated  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Blackwater,  28 
ms.  E.  by  N.  of  Cork.  Lon.  47  5  W.,  51  59  N. 

Youghiogany,  river  of  Pa.,  and  Md.,  rises  in 
the  extreme  southwestern  angle  of  Md.,  between 
the  sources  of  the  i'otomac  and  Cheat  rivers. 
Pursuing  a  northern  course  over  Md.,  into  Pa., 
and  augmented  by  Castleman's  river,  its  northern 
branch  the  Youghiogany,  turns  to  NW.,  and 
breaking  through  Chesnut  Ridge  and  Laurel  Hill, 
joins  the  Monongahela  at  M'Keesport,  18  ms. 
above  Pittsburg.  This  is  a  fine  mountain  stream, 
which  in  all  seasons,  except  in  periods  of  long 
draught,  contains  more  than  sufficient  water  for  a 
supply  of  the  most  capacious  canal ;  general  com- 
parative course,  about  100  ms.,  30  in  Md.,  and 
70  in  Pa.  The  Youghiogany  heads  with  the 
Cheat  branch  of  Monongahela,  with  the  N.  branch 
of  the  Potomac,  and  by  Castleman's  river  with 
Juniata  and  Kiskiminitas.  Should  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio  canal  be  seriously  undertaken,  the 
channel  of  the  Youghiogany,  from  relative  posi- 
tion, presents  the  most  direct  route  to  unite  the 
waters  of  the  Potomac  with  those  of  Monongahela. 
Yough  Gludes,  post  office,  Alleghany  co.  Md. 
Young's  Tavern,  and  post  office,  Frederick  co., 
Md. 

Youngstown,  village  on  Niagara  river,  Niagara 
co.,  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  N.  from  Lewiston,  and  20  rns. 
NW,  by  W.  from  Lockport.  Village,  West- 
moreland co.,  Pa.,  at  the  western  foot  of  Chesnut 
Ridge,  11  ms.  E.  from  Gteensburg,  and  158  W. 

from  Harrisburg.  Village  in  Trumbull  co.,  O., 

976 


on  a  branch  of  Big  Beaver  river,  8  ms.  NE.  o 
Canfield,  and  about  90  N.  by  W.  of  Pittsburg 
Youngsville,  village,  Warren  co.,  Pa.,  by  posi 
road  328  ms.  NW.  from  Harrisburg. 

Ypres,  large  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium, 
in  Flanders.  It  has  a  considerable  manufacture  o 
cloth  and  serges  ;  and  every  year  in  lent  there  is  t 
well-frequented  fair.    It  is  seated  on  the  Yperlee, 

12  ms.  W.  of  Courtray,  15  NW.  of  Lisle,  anc 
130  N.  of  Paris.  Longitude  2  48  E.,  lat.  60  61 
North. 

Ysendyck,  small  but  strong  town  of  the  king 
dom  of  Belgium,  in  Flanders,  and  in  the  isie  o 
Cadsand,  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Sch-  Idt. 
called  Blie,  8  ms.  E.  of  Sluys,  and  18  NW.  oi 
Ghent.  Lon.  3  38  E  ,  lat.  51  20  N. 
Yssel. — See  Issel. 

Ysselburg,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
in  Guelderland,  12  miles  East  of  Cleves,  anc 
22  NE.  of  Gueldres.    Lon.  6  15  E.,  lat.  51 

42  N. 

Ysselmonde,  island  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland, 
in  the  province  of  Holland,  between  the  Merwe 
and  a  branch  of  the  Maese. 

Ysselstein,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  in 
the  province  of  Holland,  on  the  river  Yssel,  5  ms. 
SW.  of  Utrecht.  Lon.  5  5  E.,  lat.  52  7  N.  4 
Yssejigeaux,  town  of  Fr.,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Loire,  and  late  the  province  of  Languedoc,  10  ms. 
NE.  of  Puy. 

Ysstadt,  or  Yssdadt,  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Schonen,  26  ms.  SE.  of  Lund.  Lon. 

13  44  E.,  lat.  55  22  N. 
Ythan, — See  Eiihan. 
Yucatan  — See  Jucatan. 

Yucatan,  peninsula  and  State  of  Mexico,  desig- 
nated the  intendancy  of  Meridia,  under  the  vice- 
royalty.  Yucatan  is  bounded  by  the  Gulf  ol 
Mexico  N  W.  and  N.,  by  the  Caribbean  sea  E.,  bj 
Central  America  S.,  and  by  Chiapa  and  Tobaseo 
SW. — See  art.  America,  p.  55,  2nd  col. 

Yuen-yano,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  oi 
Hou-quang.  Its  district  contains  one  city  of  the 
second  and  six  of  the  third  class.  It  is  300  ids 
W.  of  Nanking.  • 

Yverdun,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Pays  de 
Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwick  of  the  same  name.  Ii 
is  seated  in  a  flat  situation  at  the  S.  end  of  tbe 
lake  of  Yverdun  or  Neufchatel,  on  the  rivers  Orbe 
and  Thicle,  30  ms.  SW,  of  Berne.  Lon.  6  50 
E.,  lat.  46  50  N. 

Yverdun,  Lake. — See  Neufchatel. 
Yvetot,  town  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Seine,  and  late  province  of  Normandy,  5  ms.  NE. 
of  Caudebec. 

Yu-hing-fou,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  ol 
Hohan.  Its  district  contains  two  cities  of  the  2d 
and  12  of  the  3d  class.  It  is  176  ms.  NW.  of 
Nanking. 

Yuma,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  in  the  W. 
Indies,  to  the  N.  of  Cuba,  55  ms.  in  length  and 
17  in  breadth,  Yumeto,  one  of  the  Bahama  isl- 
ands, the  West  Indies,  to  the  N.  of  the  isle  of 
Yuma,  lying  under  the  tropic  of  Cancer.  It  is  37 
ms.  in  length. 

Yun,  largest  canal  in  China,  called  also  The 
Imperial  Canal.  This  celebrated  canal,  which 
extends  from  Canton  to  Peking,  forms  a  commu- 
nication between  the  N.  and  S.  provinces. 


ZAC 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ZAN 


Yung  ping,  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
e-tcheli,  87  ms.  E.  of  Peking. 

Yun-nan,  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  opulent 
ovinces  of  China,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Se- 
huen  and  Thibet,  on  the  E.  by  Quang-si  and 
oei-tcheou,  on  the  S.  by  the  kingdoms  of  Laos 
,id  Tonquin,  and  on  the  W.  by  those  of  Burmah 
id  Pegu. 

Yun-nan,  capital  of  the  province  of  Yun-nan, 
.  China,  once  remarkable  for  its  extent  and  the 
jauty  of  its  public  buildings,  all  which  have  been 
;stroyed  by  the  Tartars,  in  their  different  inva- 
ons.    It  is  430  ms.  NW.  of  Canton. 

Yurba. — See  Araza. 

Yurcup,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  in  Cara- 
lantia.    Lon.  34  30  E.,  lat.  39  40  N. 
:  Yutaay.  — See  Araza. 

Yvoy,  town  of  Fr.,  seated  on  the  Cher.  Lon. 
1 4  E.,'lat.  49  32  N. 

z. 

Zabern,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatinate  of 
ie  Rhine,  15  ms.  W.  of  Philipsburg.  Lon.  8 
1)  E.,  lat.  49  11  N, 

Zabola,  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the  confines 
I  Moldavia,  5  ms.  SW.of  Neumark. 

Zaburn,  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
i  Lower  Rhine,  and  late  province  of  Alsace,  15 
Ls.  N.  of  Strasburg.  Lon.  7  50  E.,  lat.  48 
0  N. 

j  Zacapa,  a  large  and  flourishing  town  of  Central 
.merica,  in  the  dep.  of  Chinquimula,  famous  for 
ie  number  of  its  fine  mules,  contains  about  5,000 
ihabitants,  the  major  part  Indians,  situated  on  a 
indy  elevated  bluff,  whose  base  is  washed  by  the 
lajestic  river  Motagua,  ten  leagues  from  Gualan, 
n  the  high  road,  and  42  ms.  nearly  due  N.  from 
ruatemala,  the  capital.  N.  lat.  15  20,  Lon.  W. 
B.  14°  W. 

Zacatecas,  formerly  an  intendancy,  now  a  State 
f  Mexico,  is  bounded  NW.  by  Durango,  NE. 
y  New  Leon,  E.  by  San  Louis  Potosi,  S.  by 
ruanaxuato,  and  SW.  and  W.  by  Xalisco;  length 
00  ms.,  mean  breadth  87,  area  17,400  sq.  ms. 
t  is  a  mountainous  and  arid  tableland,  the  central 
arts  rising  to  6,500  feet  above  the  oceanic  level, 
'he  geographical  features  bear  a  strong  resem- 
lance  to  those  of  central  Asia — sandy  plains 
re  broken  by  lakes  without  outlets,  and 
bounding  with  common  salt,  soda,  and  epsom 
alt.  "  The  central  table  land  of  Asia,"  says  Hum- 
ioldt,  "  is  not  more  rich  in  soda  than  is  Mexico." 

Zacatecas  is,  next  to  Guanaxuato,  the  principal 
nining  district  of  the  Mexican  republic.  The 
irincipal  mines  are  near  the  capital  of  the  same 
lame,  and  at  Fiesnillo  and  Sombrerete  ;  but,  be- 
ides  these  three  places,  the  State  contains  the 
netalliferous  seams  of  Sierra  de  Pinos,  Chalchi- 
juitec,  San  Miguel  del  Mezquitas,  and  Mazapil. 
n  the  mine  of  Sombrerete,  the  richest  mass  was 
ound  ever  yet  discovered  in  America  or  in  the 
iarth.  The  pop.  of  this  region,  230,000,  13  to 
he  sq.  m.,  depends  much  on  mining. 

Zacatecas,  City  of,  capital  of  the  State  of  the 
*ame  name,  with  a  pop.  of  33,000,  stands  on  the 
able  land  of  Mexico,  at  an  elevation  of  6,561  feet, 
3y  the  road  390  ms.  NNW.  from  Mexico  Lat. 
23  5  N.,  lon.  W.  C.  24  35  W. 
123* 


Zachan,  or  Sochan,  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Saxony.  Lon.  15  16  E.,  lat.  63 
18  N. 

Zafra,  town  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
near  the  river  Guadaxiers,  20  ms.  S  W.  of  Medina. 
Lon.  6  12  W.,  lat.  38  19  N. 

Zugutalla,  town  of  Mexico,  200  ms.  SW.  of 
that  city,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name.    Lon.  104  35  W.,  lat.  17  50  N. 

Zagara,  famous  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, in  Livadia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  near 
Mount  Parnassus,  and  almost  always  covered  with 
snow.  It  is  the  ancient  Helicon,  from  which  is- 
sued the  fountain  Hippocrene. 

Zagrad,  strong  town  of  Sclavonia,  capital  of  a 
co.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Save,  25  ms.  NE. 
of  Carlstadt,  and  137  SW.  of  Buda.  Lon.  51 
41  E.,  lat.  46  20  N. 

Zahara,  strong  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  and  defended  by  a  cita- 
del. It  is  47  ms.  SE.  of  Seville.  Lon.  4  55  W., 
lat.  36  52  N. 

Zahara,  or  The  Desert,  vast  countries  of  Afri- 
ca.—See  Africa,  pp.  18,  &c,  26,  and  28. 

Zahna,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Saxony.    Lon.  12  40  E.,  lat.  51  53  N. 

Zaire,  large  river  of  Africa,  which  rises  in  the 
kingdom  of  Morocco,  divides  the  kingdoms  of  Loan- 
go  and  Congo,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean 
below  Sogno. — See  Africa,  page  26. 
Zambezi,  river — See  Africa,  p.  28. 
Zamora,  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon.  In 
its  environs  fine  turkois  stones  are  found.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Douero,  over  which 
is  a  bridge  of  17  arches,  135  ms.  N.  of  Salamanca, 
and  150  NW.  of  Madrid.    Lon.  5  18  W.,  lat.  41 

41  N.  Town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of  Quito. 

In  its  neighborhood  are  rich  mines  of  gold,  and 
it  is  seated  near  the  Andes,  230  ms.  S.  of  Quito. 

Lon.  75  55  W.,  lat.  5  6  S.  Town  of  Mexico, 

in  Guadalaxara,  30  ms.  SE.  of  Guadalaxara. 
ton.  104  30  W.,  lat.  20  30  N.  Town  of  Al- 
giers, in  the  province  of  Constantine,  250  ms.  W. 
of  Hamamet.    Lon.  6  25  E.,  lat.  36  20  N. 

Zamoski,  strong  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Russia, 
now  the  Austrian  kingdom  of  Lodomeria.  It  has 
a  citadel,  and  is  37  ms.  N  W.  of  Lemburg.  Lon. 
23  26  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Zampango,  town  of  Mexico  proper,  25  ms.  N. 
of  Acapulco. 

Zone,  tp.,  Logan  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  in  1820,  545. 
Zanesjield,  village,  Logan  co.,  Ohio. 
Zanesville,  village  and  seat  of  justice  for  Musk- 
ingum county,  Ohio,  containing  a  court-house  and 
public  offices.  Zanesville  stands  on  the  E.  bank 
of  Muskingum  river,  immediately  adjoining  the 
falls,  which  are  passed  by  a  canal  and  locks,  and 
on  the  dam  of  which  are  erected  numerous  mills, 
among  which  are  several  flouring  mills,  saw  mills, 
&c.  Across  the  river,  adjoining  the  town,  are 
built  two  bridges,  within  a  half  mile  of  each  other, 
the  lower  connecting  this  town  with  Putnam,  80 
miles  W.  from  Wheeling,  in  Virginia.  Latitude 
40  0  N.,  longitude  5  2  W.  By  the  census  of 
1840,  the  population  of  Zanesville  is  set  down  at 
4,766,  but  which  was  certainly  too  low,  as,  from 
the  houses  and  compactness  of  the  place,  there 
could  not  then  have  been  less  than  6,000,  and 

977 


ZEA 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ZEM 


with  Putnam  on  the  W.  side  of  the  falls,  and 
W.  and  S.  Zanesville,  there  are  now  no  doubt  be- 
tween 6,000  and  7,000  inhabitants. 

Zanfara,  kingdom  of  Negroland,  to  the  W.  of 
the  kingdom  of  Zegzeg.  The  inhabitants  are  tall 
in  stature,  of  a  very  black  complexion,  with  broad 
faces  and  savage  dispositions.  It  is  very  little 
known  to  Europeans. 

Zanguebar,  country  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa, 
between  3°  N.  and  18  S.  lat.  It  includes  several 
petty  kingdoms,  in  which  the  Portuguese  have 
settlements.  The  principal  territories  are  Momba- 
za,  Lamo,  Melinda,  Quiola,  Mosambique,  and  So- 
fala.  The  productions  are  much  the  same  as  in 
other  parts  of  Africa,  between  the  tropics. — See 
Africa,  page  28. 

Zante,  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  near  the 
coast  of  the  Morea,  17  miles  southeast  of  the  is- 
land of  Cephalonia.  It  is  24  miles  long  and  12 
broad,  and  very  fertile.  There  are  about  50  vil- 
lages, but  no  other  large  town  than  Zante,  which  is 
sealed  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island,  and  has  a  good 
harbor.  It  contains  near  20,000  inhabitants.  All  the 
houses  are  low,  on  account  of  the  frequent  earth- 
quakes. The  English  and  Dutch  have  each  a  fac 
tory  an  l  consul  here.  Longitude  21  3  E.,  lati- 
tude 37  53  N. 

Zanzibar,  island  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Zan 
guebar,  between  the  islands  of  Pemba  and  Monsia 
with  the  title  of  a  kingdom,  tributary  to  Portugal 
It  abounds  in  sugar  canes  and  citrons.  The  in 
habitants  are  Mahometans.  Lon.  38  25  E.,  lat. 
6  0  ty—  See  Africa,  page  28. 

Zara,  strong  city  of  Dalmatia,  (it  is  the  an 
cient  Jadesa,)  now  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  citadel  and  a  harbor,  on  a  small  pen- 
insula, in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  80  ms.  SW.  of  Jaic- 
za  and  150  SE.  of  Venice.  Lon.  16  6  E.,  lat.  44 
30  X. 

Zarnate,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  the 
Morea,  agreeably  seated  on  an  eminence,  20  miles 
W.  of  Misitra. 

Zarnaw,  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Sundomir,  63  ms.  N.  of  Cracow.  Lon.  19 
56  E.,  lat.  65  13  N. 

Zaslaw,  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia,  seated  on 
the  Horin,  15  miles  SE.  of  Ostrog.  Lon.  27  11 
E.,  lit.  50  20  N. 

Zatrnar,  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  small 
lake  f  irmed  by  the  river  Samos,  50  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Tockay  and  130  E.  of  Buda.  Lon.  22  34  E., 
lat.  47  50  N. 

Zator,  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  starosty  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  palatinate  of  Cracow.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  river  Vistula,  20 
miles  SW.  of  Cracow  and  50  SE.  of  Rjtiabon. 
Lon.  19  42  E.,  lat  49  54  N. 

Zavozh,  town  of  Persia,  situated  20  miles  from 
the  Caspian  sea. 

Zawili. — See  Zueela. 

Zbaraz,  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia,  70  miles 
N.  by  VV.  of  Katninieck. 

Zborow,  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
la'inate  of  Lemburg,  25  miles  VV.  of  Zbaraz  and 
52  E.  by  S.  of  Lemburg.  Lon.  25  46  E.,  lat.  49 
46  N. 

Zzaland,  island  of  Denmark,  almost  of  a  round 
form,  700  miles  in  circumfetence,  and  the  largest, 
978 


except  Iceland,  of  the  isles  belonging  to  the  king 
of  Denmark.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic, 
having  the  Cattegat  sea  on  the  N.,  the  Sound 
on  the  E.,  the  Baltic  on  the  S.,  and  the  Great 
Belt  on  the  W.  It  is  exceedingly  fertile,  pro- 
ducing grain  of  all  sorts,  and  in  great  plenty,  and 
abounding  with  excellent  pasture.  Copenhagen  is 
not  only  the  capital  of  this  island,  but  of  the  whole 
kingdom. 

Zealand,  one  of  the  provinces  of  the  kingdom 
of  Holland,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  isles  of 
Holland,  on  the  E.  by  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the  8. 
by  Dutch  Flanders,  and  on  the  VV.  and  NW.  by 
the  German  ocean.  It  is  composed  of  several  is- 
lands, the  principal  of  which  are  Walcheren, 
Schowen,  North  and  South  Beveland,  Tolen,  Duy- 
veland,  and  Wolfersdyke.  The  inhabitants  are  at 
a  great  expense  to  defend  themselves  from  the  en- 
croachments of  the  sea,  and  in  keeping  up  their 
dikes.  The  river  Scheldt  forms  most  of  these  is- 
lands ;  and  the  soil  of  them  is  fruitful,  but  the  air 
is  unhealthy,  especially  for  strangers.  The  inhab- 
itants are  excellent  seamen.  The  principal  towns 
are  Middleburg  and  Flushing. 

Zealand,  New,  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  dig- 
covered  by  Tasman  in  1642.  Lon.  181°  to  194° 
W.,  lat.  34°  to  58°  S.— See  art.  Australia. 

Zebid,  city  of  Arabia.  Lon.  43  16  E-,  lat.  14 
13  N. 

Zebu,  or  Cubu,  one  of  the  Philippines,  140 
ms.  long  ?.nd  30  broad. 

Zedic,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Barbary. 
Zegedin,  or  Seged,  town  of  Hungary,  68  miles 
N.  of  Belgrade.    Lon.  21  5  E.,  lat.  46  8  N. 

Zeighenheim,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  land- 
gravate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  30  ms.  S.  of  Cassel.  Lon. 
9  19  E.,  lat.  50  52  N. 

Zeil,  town  o{  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Suabia, 
70  ms.  S.  of  Ulm. 

Zeitgu,  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Janna. 
It  is  a  small  place,  and  seated  on  a  hill,  by  the 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  near  the  river  Ealayda,  50 
ms.  SE.  of  Larissa. 

Zeitun,  or  Zeitoun,  is  the  ancient  gulf  of  La- 
macus.  This  sheet  of  water  extends  between  the 
NW.  part  of  Negroponte  and  the  continent  of 
Greece.  It  has  two  outlets:  one,  the  celebrated 
Euripus,  now  Negroponte  ;  and  the  olher,  the  an- 
cient Artemisium,  into  the  Archipelago. 

Zeitun,  village  of  Greece,  on  the  Gulf  of  Zei- 
tun, near  the  mouth  of  the  Sperchius,  and  north 
from  the  straits  of  Thermoplyae. 

Zeitz,  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nauinburg,  with  a  well-frequented  college.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ester,  25  ms.  SW.  of  Leipsic,  and 
45  E.  of  Erfurt.    Lon.  12  8  E.,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Zell,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom  of  Han- 
over, capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  seated 
on  the  Aller,  31  ms.  NW.  of  Brunswick,  and  47 
S.  by  W.  of  Lunenburg.    Lon.  10  12  E.,  lat. 

52  49  N.  Imperial  town  of  Germany,  in  the 

circle  of  Suabia.    Lon.  8  8  E.,  lat.  48  12  N. 
Zellany. — See  Jeso. 

Zellerfeld,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Saxony,  in  the  Hartz  forest,  6  ms.  SSW. 
of  Goslar. 

Zembla,  Nova,  large  island  in  the  Northern 
ocean,  to  the  N.  of  Russia,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  strait  of  Waigate.    It  is  a  desert, 


ZOA  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ZOL 


rozen,  and  uninhabited  country,  visited  in  sura- 
ner  by  fishermen  and  hunters. 

Zemlin,  or  Zemplin,  town  of  Upper  Hungary, 
;apital  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on 
he  Bodrog,  25  ms.  SE.  of  Cassovia,  and  27  NE. 
>f  Tockay.  Lon.  21  35  E.,  lat.  48  36  N. 
I  Zenguia,  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia.  Lon.  37 
)0  E.,  lat.  36  25  N. 

Zenith,  from  Arab.,  sempt,  or  semfarras,  ver- 
'ical.  The  zenith  is  the  point  in  the  heavens  di- 
ertly  over  our  heads,  and  is  the  line  of  the  nadir 
Droduced  upwards ;  it  is  also  the  pole  ol  the  hori- 
zon. 

:  Zcnta,  town  of  Hungary,  where  the  Turks,  un- 
ler  Mustapha  II,  were  defeated  by  Prince  Eugene. 
Lon.  21  30  E.,  lat.  46  5  N. 
!  Zerbi. — See  Gerbes. 

Zerbst,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Saxony,  capita)  of  a  district  of  that  name,  in  the 
Diincipajty  of  Anhalt,  with  a  castle,  where  the 
orinces  commonly  reside.  The  inhabitants  are 
Dartly  Lutherans  and  partly  Calvinists,  and  are 
"amous  for  brewing  good  beer.  It  is  27  ms.  NW. 
jf  Wittemberg.  Longitude  12  13  E.,  lat.  52° 
Worth. 

k!  Zeriga,  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac-  Arabia,  seated 
in  a  narrow  plain,  between  mountains.  It  has 
produced  several  very  famous  Arabian  authors. 
.;  Zia,  island  of  the  Archipelago,  one  of  the  Cyc- 
lades,  to  the  SW.  of  Negroponte.  It  is  15  ms. 
long  and  8  broad,  and  well  cultivated.  It  i6  the 
[ancient  Ceos. 

!  Zibit,  territory  in  Arabia  Felix,  extending  from 
the  principality  of  Mecca  to  that  of  Mocha,  being 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  principality  of  Tehama, 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Red  sea.  The  Turks  were 
formerly  masters  of  this  country,  but  it  now  be- 
longs to  an  Arabian  prince.  Trading  town  of 

Arabia  Felix,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zibit,  150  ms.  NW.  of 
Aden. 

i    Ziget,  town  of  Hungary.    It  has  been  often 
taken  and  retaken  bv  the  Turks  and  imperialists. 
Lon.  17  42  E.,  lat. "46  21  N. 
i    Ziriczee,  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  in 
Zealand,  and  the  principal  of  the  isle  of  Schovven, 


Zoara,  fortified  town  on  the  coast  of  Barbary, 
with  a  good  harbor,  60  ms.  W.  of  Tripoli.  Lo.i. 
11  55  E.,  lat.  32  45  N. 

Zoblit-Zy  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Saxony.  The  chief  subsistence  of  the  inhab- 
itants is  working  the  serpent  stone  which  is  found 
in  the  neighborhood  into  tea  and  coffee  cups,  &c. 
A  red  species  of  this  stone  is  also  found  here, 
which  is  considered  as  the  finest,  and  therefore 
claimed  by  the  sovereign  as  his  property.  It  is  17 
ms.  S.  of  Freyburg, 

Zodiac,  Gr.  root,  zoon,  an  animal,  because  most 
of  the  signs  in  the  zodiac  are  under  the  fanciful 
names  and  figures  of  animated  beings.  It  is  that 
zone  of  the  heavens,  of  about  18°  in  breadth, 
which  contains  the  paths  of  the  planets,  except 
the  four  small  ones  between  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

Zoffingert,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  with  an  elegant  church,  and  a  public  li- 
brary, containing  several  curious  manuscripts.  It 
is  seated  near  a  large  forest,  which  contains  the 
best  pine  trees  in  all  Switzerland,  3  ms.  from  Ar- 
burg.    Lon.  7  6  E.,  lat.  47  5  N. 

Zoll  Verein,  or  Zoll  Vcrbanele,  (Tull  Associa- 
tion,) or,  as  frequently  expressed  in  English,  Cus- 
toms Union  ;  similar  to  most  leagues,  for  it  is  one. 
This  one  rose  from  small  and  isolated  beginnings. 
It  is  called  by  the  more  unassuming  title  of  Com- 
mercial Union  ;  but  the  effect,  if  not  the  aim,  of 
such  an  association  will  be  to  realize,  what  was 
long  a  fondly  cherished  theory  in  Germany,  the 
political  cement  of  a  people  the  same,  from  all 
known  ages,  in  language  and  name,  into  a  real 
nation.  The  Zoll  Verein  has  already  brought  the 
sentiment  of  German  nationality  out  of  the  regions 
of  hope  and  fancy  into  those  of  positive  and  mate- 
rial interests.  Representing,  as  it  does,  the  popu- 
lar feeling  of  Germany,  it  may  become,  under  en- 
lightened guidance,  a  bond  of  union  at  home,  and 
of  peaceable  and  profitable  foreign  intercourse.  It 
was  not  hostile  foreign  tariffs  which  originated 
the  Zoll  Verein,  but  the  former,  particularly  the 
timber  and  corn  laws  of  Great  Britain,  which 
raised  the  latter  from  local  and  detached  conven- 
tions between  minor  States  to  a  great  national  com- 
bination.   "Mr.  Robinson's  resolutions  in  1815," 


12  ms.  NE.  of  Middleburg,  and  18  SW.  of  Briel.  [says  Karke,  a  German  writer,  "had,  in  fact,  ex' 
Lon.  4  10  E.,  lat.  51  36  N.  j eluded  our  corn  from  the  ports  of  Great  Britain  ; 

Zittaw,  town  of  Germany,  in  Lusatia,  subject  'she  told  us  we  were  to  buy,  but  not  to  sell.  We 


to  the  king  of  Saxony.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neisle, 
17  ms.  SW.  of  Gorlitz,  and  25  SE.  of  Dresden. 
Lon.  15  5  E.,  lat.  50  59  N. 

Zitza,  village  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
14  ms.  NW.  of  Ionia.  According  to  Hobhouse, 
the  natural  scenery  and  the  condition  of  its  people 
are  complete  and  melancholy  contrasts.  The  sce- 
nery is  truly  grand  and  delightful,  whilst,  amid 
these  charming  landscapes,  the  poor  peasants,  un- 
der Turkish  oppression,  employed  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  a  fertile  soil  and  superintendence  of  numer- 
ous flocks,  have,  to  raise  an  exorbitant  tax,  to  sell 
their  wine,  their  oil,  corn,  their  fleeces,  and  even 
milk.  Surrounded  by  the  benefactions  of  na- 
ture, the  wretched  human  being  is  degraded  and 
starving. 

Znaim,  strong  town  of  Austrian  Germany,  in 
Moravia.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Teya,  24  ms. 
SW.  of  Brinn,  and  32  N.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  16 
40  E.,  lat.  48  38  N. 


were  not  willing  to  adopt  reprisals  ;  we  vainly- 
hoped  that  a  sense  of  her  own  interest  would  lead 
to  reciprocity.  But  we  were  disappointed,  and  we 
were  compelled  to  take  care  of  ourselves." 

The  Zoll  Verein  produced  two  effects:  first,  de- 
fence against  the  hostile  legislation  of  other  na- 
tions ;  and,  in  the  second  place,  opened  unrestrict- 
ed internal  communication  between  the  States  of 
the  Union. 

In  a  brief  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Customs 
Union,  it  will  be  found  that  the  first  steps  wore 
not  taken  by  Prussia  alone.  Formed,  as  that  mo- 
narchy has  been,  of  different  smaller  States,  there 
did  not,  until  recently,  exist,  even  within  its  own 
limits,  a  regular  system  of  imposts.  During  1816 
and  1817,  steps  were  taken  to  introduce  a  more 
simple  and  uniform  system  of  custom-house  legis- 
lation. On  the  26th  of  May,  1818,  a  new  tariff 
was  published,  which  formed  the  groundwork  to 


the  Zoll  Verein. 


Before  this  timo,  provincial  dif- 
979 


ZOL 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ZUG 


ferences  existed  in  the  Prussian  monarchy,  both  as 
to  the  mode  of  levy  and  amount.  The  tendency 
of  Germany  was  towards  union.  On  the  28th  of 
July,  1824,  a  commercial  league  was  formed  be- 
tween Bavaria,  Wurtemburg,  Hohenzollern-Sig- 
maringen,  and  Hohenzollern-Heckingen. 

The  Government  of  Prussia,  appreciating  and 
following  its  course,  directed  public  opinion,  by 
entering  into  various  treaties,  from  1819  to  1830, 
with  Grand  Ducal  Hesse,  Lippe  Detmohi,  and 
other  smaller  States.  On  March  3,  1833,  a  treaty 
was  concluded  between  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Wur- 
temburg, Electoral  and  Ducal  Hesse.  On  the 
30th  of  March,  same  year,  the  kingdom  of  Saxony 
joined  the  Association  ;  on  the  11th  of  May,  An- 
halt  and  Ducal  Saxony  united  themselves.  The 
Zoll  Verein  might  now  be  regarded  as  formed  ;  and 
it  may  be  remarked  that  Germany  has  been  and 
remains  in  progress  to  acquire,  as  far  es  uniform 
customs  are  concerned,  what  the  United  States  of 
North  America  obtained  by  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion half  a  century  past. 

The  preceding  observations  were  excited  by 
and  the  facts  obtained  from  John  Bowring's  re- 
port on  the  Prussian  Commercial  Union.  That 
statist,  with  an  apology,  introduces  the  following 
reflections ;  and  I  will  borrow  his  excuse  for  re- 
introducing them  here : 

"  It  will  ill  become  me  in  this  report,"  says 
Mr.  Bowring,  "to  discuss,  though  I  cannot  pass 
over  in  absolute  silence,  the  probable  political  con- 
sequences of  the  establishment  of  the  Zoll  Verein. 
They  certainly  were  not  lost  sight  of  by  its  found- 
ers. The  intimate  connexion  between  commer- 
cial and  political  interests  is  obvious  ;  and  the  ad- 
vocates of  the  League  did  not  fail  to  perceive  that 
no  political  alliance  would  be  so  strong  as  that 
based  upon  a  community  of  pecuniary  and  social 
interesis.  The  jarring  of  differently  constituted 
institutions,  the  local  jealousies  which  still  exert 
their  influence,  the  clashing  of  personal  and  priv- 
ileged interests  with  the  public  weal,  have  prevent- 
ed, to  a  certain  extent,  the  fusion  which  would 
otherwise  have  taken  place ;  so  that  the  political 
and  commercial  policy  are  not  always  identified. 
But  it  cannot  be  denied  that,  under  a  wise  direc- 
tion, the  machinery  of  the  Zoll  Verein  would  be- 
come a  very  mighty  political  epgine,  which  would 
be  brought  to  bear  with  great  power  on  the  future 
concerns  of  Enrope  and  the  world  at  large." — 
Vide  Bowring's  Report,  p,  7. 

Mr.  Bowring  writes  as  a  Briton,  but  with  the 
tone  and  candor  of  a  man  of  sense,  who  did  not 
suffer  his  national  feelings  to  cloud  his  judgment 
or  distort  his  faets.  Long,  however,  before  Mr. 
Bowring  wrote,  or  could  write,  on  such  a  subject, 
(because  years  before  the  Zoll  Verein  had  exist- 
ence,) the  writer  of  this  article  expressed  his  con- 
viction that  the  union,  politically,  sooner  or  later, 
of  the  Teutonic  nations  was  the  most  important  of 
all  the  coming  revolutions,  which  was  to  change 
the  destinies  of  Europe  ;  and  that  amongst  the 
curious  changes  in  human  affairs  were  the  coales- 
cing in  the  southwest  of  the  mingled  Celtic  and 
scattered  German  tribes,  and  in  the  northeast  the 
similar  union  of  the  Sclavons,  whilst  the  Teutons 
remained  divided. 

But  we  must  for  the  present  close  with  briefly 
noticing  the  new  coinage  of  the  Customs  Union. 
980 


It  has  been  decided  that  from  the  1st  of  January 
1841,  at  latest,  there  shall  be  no  other  legal  stand 
ard  than  that  of  14  thalers  (9  dollars  74  cents,  ver 
nearly,  Federal  money)  in  the  Prussian  States 
Saxe  Royal,  electorate  of  Hesse,  grand  duchy  o 
Saxony,  the  duchies  of  Saxe  Altenberg,  Saxe  Co 
bourg  and  Gotha,  the  seigniory  of  Schwartzburg 
Rudoldstadt,  the  signoral  States  of  Schwartzburg 
Sonderhausen,  the  States  of  both  branches  of  Re 
uss ;  and  of  24|  florins  (same  in  amount  as  h 
Prussian  thalers)  in  the  kingdoms  of  Bavaria  am 
Wurtemburg,  grand  duchies  of  Baden  and  Hease 
duchy  of  Saxe  Meiningen,  ducal  principality  o 
Saxe  Cobourg  and  Gotha,  duchy  of  Nassau,  prin 
cipality  of  Schwartzimrg-Rudoldstadt,  and  Frank 
fort-on-the-Maine. 

There  may  have  been  many  important  addition: 
and  changes  effected  in  the  Zoll  Verein  since  Mr 
Bowring  wrote  ;  but  we  have  introduced  the  arti 
cle  into  our  Dictionary  on  such  authority  as  w<, 
regarded  the  most  authentic. 

The  following  table  shows  the  component  States 
and  extent  and  population,  respectively,  of  "thi, 
Customs  Union,"  1840  : 


Designation  of  the  States. 


i  Prussia,  and  the  States 
|    which  have  come  to  an 
agreement  with  her  - 
Bavaria 

Saxony,  the  kingdom  - 
Wurtemberg  d~> 
Grand  duchy  of  Baden  - 
Electorate  of  Hesse  (Cas- 
|  sel) 

I  Grand  duchy  of  ilesse, 
!    (Darmstadt)  - 

Thuringian  States 

Duchy  of  Nassau 
:  Frankfort-on  the-Maine  - 


O  TO 


108,297 
31,017 
5,691 

8,085 
5,860 

3,822 

3,759 
5,943 
1,750 
IS 

174,242 


Pop.  according  to  th< 
census  agreed  upon 


1834. 


13,692,829 
4,251,118 
1,595,668 
1,627,122 
1,231,657 

640,674 

769,691 
908,478 
373,601 
63,936 

25,154,374 


1837. 


14,3I5,25< 
4,319,88 
1,652,11 
1,667,90 
1,264,61- 

652,76.' 

791,73 
931,341 
333,731 
64,00 

•26,046,33: 


I  Zolnock,  town  in  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of  j 
'county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  th< 
(Teyesse,  where  the  Sagelia  falls  into  it,  62  mile; 
NE.  of  Colocza  and  62  E.  of  Buda.  Lon.  20  5( 
E.,  lat.  47  10  N. 

Zoxe,  Greek,  zone,  a  band.  Geographicallj. 
speaking,  the  surface  of  the  earth  is  divided  intc, 
three  zones  and  two  spherical  circles.    First,  tin 
torrid  zone,  about  47  degrees  in  breadth,  or  doubh 
the  inclination  of  the  earth's  axis,  and  having  thf 
equator  as  middle  circle.    Secondly,  the  two  tern 
perate  zone^,  between  the  tropic  and  polar  circles. 
Usually,  but  very  erroneously,  those  two  portions 
of  the  spheroid  beyond  the  temperate  zones  ant 
around  the  poles  are  called  the  frigid  zones. 
Zore,  village,  Erie  co.,  New  York. 
Zorndorf,  village  of  Prussian  Germany,  in  th« 
new  marche  of  Brandenburg,  famous  for  a  battU 
between  the  king  of  Prussia  and  the  Russians,  ir 
1758. 

Zug,  small  canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  or 
the  E.  by  that  of  Zuric,  on  the  W.  by  that  oi 
Lucern  and  the  Free  Provinces,  and  on  the  S.  by 
that  of  Schweitz.  It  is  rich  in  pasturage,  and  has 
plenty  of  various  kinds  of  stone  fruit.  Town  ol 


ZUR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY.  ZYT 


witzerland,  capital  of  a  canton  of  the  same  name, 
id  the  only  walled  town  of  all  the  popular  ones, 
ands  delightfully  upon  the  edge  of  a  beautiful 
ke,  in  a  fertile  valley,  abounding  in  corn,  pas- 
ire  ground,  and  fruit  trees.  Zug  is  12  ms.  NE. 
E  Lucern  and  42  SE.  of  Basil.  Lon.  8  16  E., 
it.  47  10  N. 

Zuider-Zee^  great  bay  of  the  German  ocean, 
hich  extends  from  S.  to  N.  in  the  kingdom  of  Hol- 
nd,  between  Friesland,  Overyssel,  Guelderland, 
id  Holland. 

i  Zullickhau,  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
l  a  plain  near  the  Oder,  37  ms.  SE.  from  Frank- 
rt-on-the-Oder. 

Zulpha,  town  of  Persia,  almost  close  to  Ispahan, 
I  which  it  is  a  sort  of  a  suburb,  and  separated  from 
•  by  the  river  Zanderoud.  It  is  peopled  by  a  colony 
'  Armenians,  who  were  brought  into  Persia  by 
hah  Abbas. 

Zulpitch.  or  Zulch,  town  of  Prussian  Germany, 
.  the  duchy  of  Juliers.  It  is  seated  on  the  Nas- 
|  20  miles  S.  of  Juliers  and  20  W.  of  Bonn, 
on.  6  40  W.,  lat.  50  46  N. 

Zuric,  canton  of  Switzerland,  50  miles  long  and 
)  broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Rhine,  which 
parates  it  from  the  canton  of  Schaffhausen,  on 
I  S,  by  that  of  Schweitz,  on  the  E.  by  Thurgaw 
id  the  county  of  Tockenburg,  and  on  the  W.  by 
ie  canton  of  Zug  and  the  Free  Provinces.  It 
as  admitted  a  member  of  the  Swiss  confederacy 
!,  1351. 

Zuric,  considerable  city  of  Switzerland,  capital 
"  a  canton  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  at  the 
i  .  end  of  Lake  Zuric,  and  occupies  both  sides  of 
:ie  rapid  and  transparent  Limmat,  which  issues 
om  the  lake,  and  divides  the  town  into  two  unc- 
ial parts,  which  communicate  by  three  bridges, 
lere  are  several  manufactures,  particularly  mus- 
•ns,  cottons;  linens,  and  handkerchiefs.  Zuric  is 
5  miles  SW.  of  Constance,  40  SE.  of  Basle,  and 
'5  NE.  of  Bern.  Longitude  8  30  E.,  latitude 
7  20  N. 

Zuric,  lake  of  Switzerland,  near  ten  leagues  in 
ngth  and  one  in  breadth.  In  the  vicinity  of  Zu- 
,c,  the  edges  of  the  lake  are  skirted  with  a  con- 
nued  range  of  valleys,  which,  being  intermixed 
nong  vineyards  and  pasture  grounds,  produce  a 
lost  pleasing  effect.  The  adjacent  country  is  fine- 
'  cultivated  and  well  peopled  ;  and  the  southern 
■art  of  the  lake  appears  at  some  little  distance 
ounded  with  the  high  stupendous  mountains  of 
cheitz  and  Glarus ;  the  scenery  altogether  is  pic- 


turesque, lively,  and  diversified.  The  river  Limmat 
runs  through  the  whole  length  of  this  lake  to  the 
city  of  Zuric. 

Zurita,  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  very  near  Toledo.  Lon. 
3  17  W.,  lat.  39  50  N. 

Zurzach,  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  county  of 
Baden5  seated  on  the  Rhine. 

Zutphtn,  strong  and  considerable  town  of  Dutch 
Guelderland,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Berkel  and 
Yssel,  9  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Derventer  and  55  E. 
by  S.  of  Amsterdam.  Longitude  6  0  E.,  latitude 
52  10  N. 

Zuyst,  village  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 5  ms.  from  Utrecht.  The  Moravian  brethren 
are  employed  here  in  various  kinds  of  manufac- 
ture, and  their  workmanship  far  excels  that  of  any 
other  part  of  Holland. 

Zwickau,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Up- 
per Saxony,  formerly  imperial,  but  now  subject  to 
the  king  of  Saxony.  The  place  where  the  inhab- 
itants are  buried  is  in  Voigtland  ;  and  therefore  it 
is  commonly  said  that  they  are  Misnians  while 
alive,  but  Voigtlanders  after  they  are  dead.  Zwi- 
chau  is  seated  on  the  Muidaw,  15  miles  S.  of  Al- 
tenburg  and  20  NE.  of  Plawen.  Lon.  12  26  E., 
lat.  50  45  N. 

Zwingenburg,  town  of  Germany,  in  the  landgra- 
vate  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  8  miles  S.  of  Darmstadt 
and  12  N.  of  Worms. 

Zwoll,  town  of  Overyssel,  and  in  the  district  of 
Zailant.  It  is  defended  by  some  fortifications  ; 
and  the  canal,  which  begins  near  this  place  and 
extends  to  the  river  Yssel,  is  defended  by  several 
forts.  Near  it  is  the  mountain  of  St.  Agnes, 
where  there  was  formerly  an  Augustine  convent, 
in  which  Thomas  Kempis  lived  seventy-one  years, 
and  died  in  1471.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial 
and  Hanseatic  town,  and  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
on  the  rivers  Aa  and  Yssel,  5  miles  S.  of  Hasselt 
and  8  SE.  of  Carapen.  Longitude  6  10  E.,  lati- 
tude 52  33  N. 

Zygeth,  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  citadel. 
It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  made  by  the  river  Alma, 
50  miles  NVV.  of  Esseck.  Longitude  18  58  E., 
latitude  46  17  N. 

Zytomierz,  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Ciecirief,  70  miles  YV.  of  Kiof  and  120 
E.  of  Lucko.  Longitude  29  22  E.,  latitude  50 
35  North. 


9S1 


ADDENDA. 


COINS,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


GOLD  COINS. 

Table  of  the  principal  gold  coins  of  the  countries  and  States  with  which  the  United  States  have  com- 
mercial intercourse,  from  Kelly's  Cambist.— Vide  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States,  March  29,  1842. 


Countries. 


Austria 

Belgium 

Bremen 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Genoa 

Hamburg 

Holland 

Naples 

Portugal 

Prussia 

Russia 

Sardinia 

Sicily 

Spain 

Sweden 


Venice 


Coins. 


Sovereign 
Ducat 
William 
Ducats 

Ducats,  specie 
Guinea 
Louis 
Genovina 
Ducat 
Ducat 
Ryder 
Oncetta 
Half  johannes 
Frederick 
Imperial 
(Jarliano 
Once,  doubloon. 
Doubloon 
Pistole,  1801 
Ducat 

Sequin 
Sequin 
Ducat 


1751 


Fine  gold, 
grains. 


78.3 
53.1 
93.1 
52.3 
52.3 

118:35 
8J.35 

357.35 
52.45 
531 

140.1 
58.05 

101.25 
92.1 

181.45 

219.4 
58.1 

372. 
90.05 
51.45 

53.3 
53.3 
33.15 


Value  in  money  of  account  in  the 
countries  where  coined. 


6  2-3  florins 

4J  florins 

10  florins 

2|  rix  dollars  - 

14  marks  It  skillings 

1  pound  1  shilling 

20  francs 

96  lire 

6  marks  hanco 
|  5  florins  5  stivers 
14  florins 
3  ducats 
6,400  rees 
5  rix  dollars 
10  rubles,  say 
25  lire 
3  I  tari 
320  reals 
80  reals 
94  skillings,  or  1  rix 

skillings 
13$  lire 
22  lire 
14  lire 


dollar,  48 


Table  of  the  principal  silver  coins  of  the  countries  and  States  with  which  the  United  States  have 

commercial  intercourse,  $c. 


Countries. 


Coins. 


Austria 
Belgium  • 

Bremen 

Denmark 

England 

France 

Genoa 

Hamburg 

Holland' 

Naples 

Portugal 

Prussia 

Russia 

Sardinia 

Sicily 

Spain 

Sweden 

Venice 


Rix  dollar  convention 

Ducatoon 

Florin,  1816  - 

Rix  dollar,  specie 

Rix  dollar 

Rix  dollar 

Rixbank  dollar 

Crown,  new 

Five-franc  piece 

Seudo, 1796  - 

Rix  dollar 

Guilder  or  florin 

Ducat,  1818 

Crusado,  1809  - 

Rix  dollar  convention 

Ruble,  1802  - 

Seudo 

Seudo 

Dollar 

Rix  dollar 

Ducat 


Fine  sil- 
ver, ers. 


353.35 
445.25 
148.2 
397.25 

38S.2 
19. 
403  3 
344.45 
457.2 
397.25 
146.4 
295.05 
198.1 
359. 
273. 
324.35 
348.1 
370.45 
388.25 
280.4 


Value  in  money  of  account  in  the 
countries  where  coined. 


2  florins 

3  florins 

20,  equal  to  100  cents  • 

1  i  rix  dollar  cur.  equal  to  96  groats 

Say  80  cents. 

7  marks  6  skillings 

8  marks,  equal  to  96  skillings 
5  shillings  or  60  pence  - 

100  sous 

7  lire  12  soldi 
3  mark? 

20  st.  2f.  10  cents 

10  carlini  or  100  grani  • 

460  rees 

24  good  grochen 
100  copecks 
2£  lire  or  10  reali 
12  tari 

8  reals  Mex.  pi.  20  reals  vellon 
48  skillings 

12  lire  8  soldi  - 


Value  in 
dolls,  and 
cents. 


Standard  gold  weight  of  the  eagle,  258  grains ;  of  which  232  are  pure  gold,  and  26  alloy.  Standard  silver  is  1,485  pur» 
and  170  alloy. 

982 


ADDENDA. 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 

12  pence  being  very  near  22  cents  U.  S. 
£1,  or  sovereign  of  20s.,  $4  44,  or  $4  80,  fixed 
by  law. 

The  present  British  gold  coins  contain  1 1  pure 
gold  and  1  alloy.  The  sovereign,  or  £1  piece, 
contains  113.001  grains  fine  gold,  and  123.274 
standard  gold.  The  pound  troy  of  standard  gold  is 
coined  into  46  89-129th  sovereigns,  or  into  £46 
145.  6c?. —£3  17s.  lOd.  per  ounce. 

FRANCE. 

Accounts  are  kept  in  France  in  francs  of  10 
decimes,  or  100  centimes.  The  modern  gold  coins 
are  pieces  of  10  francs  or  20  francs.  The  silver 
coins  are  pieces  of  5  francs,  2,  1,  half,  and  quarter 
franc.  The  smaller  coins  we  do  not  notice.  The 
gold  as  well  as  silver  coins  of  France  contain 
l-10th  alloy. 

1  franc,  say  18$  cents. 

BELGIUM. 

In  this  kingdom  the  same  money  and  weights 
are  used  as  in  France. 

SPAIN. 

1  real  vellon  5  cents. 
20  do.    do.    1  dollar. 
8  reals  plate  1  dollar. 

PORTUGAL. 

1  milrei,  say  110  cents.    Custom-house  124 


cents. 

NETHERLANDS. 

100  centimes  1  florin,  say  40  cents. 

DENMARK. 

1  rixbank  dollar,  say  50  cents. 

SWEDEN. 

12  rundstycker,  say  1  skilling. 

43  skillings  I  dollar. 

Foreign  money,  as  fixed  by  laws  of  the  U.  States- 

1  franc  of  France  or  Belgium  - 

$0  18$ 

1  pound  sterling  of  G.  Britain 

4  80 

1  real  vellon  of  Spain  - 

5 

1  real  plate  of  Spain  - 

10 

1  guilder  of  the  Netherlands  - 

40 

1  rupee  of  Bengal  and  Bombay, 

60 

or  bicca  rupee 

1  milrei  of  Portugal 

1  24 

1  tale  of  China 

1  48 

1  mark- banco  of  Hamburg 

33$ 

1  florin  of  the  Netherlands 

40 

1  pagoda  of  India 

1  84 

1  rix  dollar  of  Denmark 

1  00 

1  livre  tournois  of  France 

18| 

1  pound  sterling  of  Ireland 

4  10 

1  florin  of  Saxony 

48 

1  florin  of  Bohemia 

48 

1  florin  of  Elberfeldt  - 

40 

1  florin  of  Prussia 

22| 

1  florin  of  Trieste 

48 

1  florin  of  Nuremburg  - 

40 

1  florin  of  Frankfort-on-the-Maine 

40 

1  florin  of  Aiu-tria 

48 

1  florin  of  Basil,  Switzerland  - 

41 

1  florin  of  St.  Gall,  do- 

40  36-1000 

983 

1  florin  of  Creveldt      -  -    $0  40 

1  florin  of  Augsburg  48 

1  rix  dollar  of  Prussia  68  29- 1000 

1  rix  dollar  of  Bremen  -  -         78  47-100 

1  rix  dollar  of  Sweden  -  -      1  05 

1  rix  dollar  of  Saxony  69 

1  pound  Halifax         -  4  00 

1  Rhenish  rix  dollar    -  -  60$ 

1  Geneva  livre  21 

1  silver  rouble  of  Russia  -  75 

[The  paper  rouble  varies  from  4  rouble*  65  co- 
pecks to  4  roubles  84  copecks  to  the  dollar.] 
1  dollar  of  Leghorn  90 
1  ducat  of  Naples  80 
I  rix  dollar  of  Leipsic  -  -  69| 

1  rix  dollar  of  Elberfeldt  -  69$ 

1  Leghorn  livre  (6$  tothedol.)         15  15-19 
1  Sicily  once  -  -  2  40 

1  Jamaica  pound        -  3  00 

1  Florence  livre  15 
1  Neufchatel  livre       -  -  26$ 

1  current  marc  28 
1  livre  of  Catalonia     -  -  53$ 

1  crown  of  Tuscany    -  1  05 

1  livre  of  Genoa         -  -  18| 

1  pezzo  of  Leghorn  90 
1  rupee  (sicca)  of  Bengal        -    47  35 

[AH  currencies  not  fixed  by  law  are  taken  ac- 
cording to  the  American  consul's  certificate  of  their 
intrinsic  value,  compared  with  the  American  dol- 
lar, which  must  accompany  every  invoice  of  mer- 
chandise, whether  free  or  dutiable.] 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

The  weights  and  measures  of  the  United  States 
are  the  same  as  those  of  Great  Britain. 

Avoirdupois. 

16  drams  I  ounce. 

16  ounces  I  pound. 

28  pounds  1  quarter. 

4  quaiters  100  weight — 112  lbs. 

20  hundred  weight  1  ton. 

8  bushels  (Winchester)  1  quarter  of  grain, 

Troy. 

24  grains    1  pennyweight. 
20  owts.     1  ounce. 
12  ounces  1  lb. 

[The  lb.  avoirdupois  contains  7,000  grs.  troy  and 
apothecaries  weight.  But  the  lb.  troy  being  com- 
posed of  12  ounces,  and  the  avoirdupois  lb.  of  16 
ounces,  the  relations  of  the  ounces  are — 437.5 
avoirdupois,  583.333  troy.  Consequently,  the 
ounce  troy  is  considerably  heavier  than  the  ounce 
avoirdupois,  though  the  reverse  is  the  case  with 

the  pounds,  respectively. — Stated   thus  : 

288(0    144  .8228 


7,0U0 


35U(0=l75or  .wow'  Practically,  therefore,  8,228 
lbs.  avoirdupois  are  equal  to  10,000  lbs.  troy.  The 
ounce  avoirdupois  is  to  the  ounce  troy  very  ncai  as 
75  to  100,  or  |  to  1, 

FRANCE. 

Measures  of  capacity, 

I  kilogramme  nearly  2*  lbs. 

1  hectolitre  nearly  26  4-10th  gallons. 

1  litre,  or  cul'ic  decimetre,  61  Eng.  cubic  inches. 

[The  litre  is  the  unit  of  measures  of  capacity, 


ADDENDA. 


and  is  equal  to  2.113  Eng.  pints;  and  35  litres 
equal  to  a  Winchester  bushel.] 

1  cubic  metre  is  equal  to  35.317  Eng.  cubic  feet. 
Measures  of  length. 

1  metre  is  equal  to  3.281  Eng.  feet,  or  39.372 
Eng.  inches. 

Land  measure. 

1  hectare  is  equal  to  107,644,144  Eng.  squaie 
feet,  or  a  very  slight  fraction  over  2.47  Eng.  acres. 

1  arpent,  as  used  in  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and 
Missouri,  is  the  old  arpent  of  Paris,  and  is  to  the 
Eng.  or  U.  S.  acre  as  51 1  to  605. — See  article  Ar- 
pent, in  this  Dictionary. 

[Belgian  weights  and  measures  the  same  as  in 
France.] 

SPAIN. 

100  lbs.,  equal  to  101.44  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  aroba,  equal  to  25  lbs. 
1  quintal,  equal  to  100  lbs. 
1  wine  aroba,  equal  to  4.245  gallons  U.  S. 
1  fanega,  grain,  &c,  equal  to  1.599  bushels 
U.  S. 

1  Spanish  standard  foot,  equal  to  11.128  inches 
U.  S. 

1  vara,  cloth  measure,  equal  to  33.384  inches 
U.  S. 

1  legua,  or  league,  equal  to  4.291  miles  U.  S. 

PORTUGAL. 

100  lbs.,  equal  to  101.19  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  aroba,  (32  Portuguese  lbs.,)  equal  to  32.38 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  quintal,  equal  to  128  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  moyo,  dry  measure,  equal  to  23.03  bushels 
U.  S. 

1  almuyde,  a  liquid  measure,  equal  to  4.37  gal- 
lons U.  S. 

1  foot,  long  measure,  equal  to  12.944  inches 
U.  S. 

1  palmo,  or  standard  span,  equal  to  8.64  inches 
U.  S. 

1  vara,  of  5  palmos,  equal  to  43.2  inches  U.  S. 
1  mile,  (Portuguese,)  equal  to  1.-25  U.  S.  mile. 

PRUSSIA. 

100  lbs.,  equal  to  103.11  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
50  kitto,  equal  to  100  lbs. 
1  scheffel,  equal  to  500  cwt. 
1  last,  equal  to  37 £  cwt. 

1  quintal,  100  lbs.,  equal  to  113.421  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

1  scheffel,  dry  measure,  equal  to  1.5594  bush- 
els U.  S. 

I  eimer,  liquid  measure,  equal  to  18.14  gallons 

U.  §. 

1  Prussian  foot,  equal  to  12.356  inches  U.  S. 
1  Prussian  ell,  equal  to  26.256  inches  U.  S. 
1  Prussian  mile,  equal  to  4.68  miles  U.  S. 

RUSSIA. 

100  Russian  lbs.,  equal  to  90.26  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  berquit,  400  Russian  lbs.,  equal  to  361.04 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  pood  is  40  Russian  lbs.,  equal  to  36.1054 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  chetwert,  a  dry  measure,  equal  to  5.952  bush. 

1  vedro,  a  liquid  measure,  equal  to  3.246  galis. 
U.  S. 

1  oxhoft,  equal  to  58  gallons  U.  S. 
984 


1  Russian  foot,  equal  to  13.75  inches  U.  S. 
1  arsheen,  cloth  measure,  equal  to  28  ins.  U.  S. 
1  sachm  or  Russian  fathom,  7  feetU.  S. 
1  werst,  or  Russian  mile,  equal  to  3,500  feet 
U.  S. 

[Note. — The  werst  or  verst  is  to  the  U.  S. 
statute  mile,  according  to  the  above  proportion,  as 
350  to  528,  or  decimally  the  verst  is  the  .6628 
parts  of  a  U.  S.  mile.] 

AUSTRIA. 

100  lbs.  peso  grosso,  equal  to  105.18  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

100  lbs.  peso  sottile,  equal  to  66.4  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  stajo,  a  dry  measure,  equal  to  2.27  bushels 
U.  S. 

1  maggio,  or  4  stajo,  equal  to  9.08  bushels. 

1  bigoncia,  liquid  measure,  equal  to  34.2375 
gallons  U.  S. 

1  anfora  is  4  bigonzi,  equal  to  136.95  gallons 
U.  S. 

1  braccio,  woolen' measure,  equal  to  26.61  ins. 
U.  S. 

1  braccio,  silk  measure,  equal  to  24.8  ins.  U.  S. 

1  Venetian  foot,  equal  to  13.68  inches  U.  S. 

1  funto,  equal  to  1  lb. 

1  carantano,  equal  to  100  lbs. 

100  lbs.  of  Trieste,  Austrian  Italy,  equal  to  123.6 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  stajo,  dry  measure,  A.  H.,  equal  to  2.344 
bushels  U.  S. 

1  oma  or  eimer,  liquid,  equal  to  14.94  gallons 
U.  S. 

1  ell  for  woolens,  equal  to  26.6  inches  U.  S. 
1  ell  for  silks,  equal  to  25.2  inches  U.  S. 
1  Austrian  mile,  equal  to  4.6  miles  U.  8. 

UANSEATIC  TOWNS. 

100  lbs.  of  Hamburg,  equal  to  106.8  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

1  ship  fund,  280  lbs.  Hamburg,  equal  to  299.04 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  Hamburg  foot,  equal  to  11.289  inches  U.  S. 

1  Hamburg  ell,  of  2  Hamburg  feet,  equal  to 
22.578  inches  U.  S. 

1  fass,  dry  measure,  equal  to  1.494  bushel  U. 
States. 

1  last  of  grain,  60  fasses,  equal  to  89.64  bush- 
els U.  S. 

1  ahm,  liquid  measure,  equal  to  38.25  gallons 

u.  s. 

1  Hamburg  mile,  equal  to  4.684  ms.  U.  S. 

DENMARK. 

100  lbs.,  equal  to  110.28  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  shippond,  equal  to  352.896  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  heispond,  equal  to  17^  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
[Note. — The  single  ounce  and  pound  nearly 

alike.] 

1  tvende,  or  barrel,  dry  measure,  3.9472  bushel* 

U.  S. 

1  viertel,  liquid  measure,  equal  to  2.41  gallons 

U.  S. 

1  anker,  liquid  measure,  equal  to  10  gallons  U. 

States. 

1  hogshead,  equal  to  60  gallons  U.  S. 

1  Danish  or  Rhineland  foot,  equal  to  12.356 
inches  U.  S. 

1  Danish  ell,  2  Danish  feet,  equal  to  24.712 
inches  U.  S. 

1  Danish  mile,  equal  to  4,684  U.  S.  milee. 


ADDENDA. 


SWEDEN. 

100  lbs.  victualie,  equal  to  93.76  lbs.  avoirdu- 
pois. 

1  kann,  both  dry  and  liquid,  equal  to  159^  cu- 
bic inches  U.  S. 

100  kans,  liquid  measure,  60.09  gallons  wine 
U.  S. 

100  kans,  dry  measure,  equal  to  7.42  bushels 
U.  S. 

1  tunna,  or  barrel,  say  4  bushels  U.  S. 
1  skalpound,  or  pound,  equal  to  1  lb.  avoirdu- 
pois. 

1  lispound,  equal  to  19  pounds  avoirdupois. 
1  skelpound,  equal  to  380  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  Swedish  foot,  equal  to  11.684  inches  U.  S. 
1  Swedish  ell  is  2  Swedish  feet,  equal  to  23.368 
inches  U.  S. 

1  Swedish  mile,  equal  to  6.64  miles  U.  S. 

SARDINIA. 

100  lbs.  peso  grosso  of  Genoa,  equal  to  76.875 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

100  lbs.  peso  sottile,  equal  to  69.89  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

1  mina,  dry  measure,  3.426  bushels  U.  S. 
1  mezzarola,  liquid  measure,  39.22  gallons  U. 
States. 

1  kilogramme,  equal  to  2\  lbs.  U.  S. 
1  palmo,  long  measure,  equal  to  9.725  inches 
U.  S. 

1  braccio  is  2£  palmi,  equal  to  22.692  inches 
U.  S. 

NAPLES  OR  TWO  SICILIES. 

1  cantaro,  gross,  Naples,  equal  to  196.5  lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

I  cantaro  pricolo,  equal  to  106  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  tomolo,  a  dry  measure,  equal  to  1.451  bushels 
United  States. 

1  carro,  36  tomoli,  equal  to  52.236  bushels 
United  States. 

1  barile,  a  liquid  measure,  equal  to  11  gallons 
United  States. 

1  wine  carro,  equal  to  24  barili,  264  gallons 
United  States. 

1  palmo,  long  measure,  equal  to  10.38  inches 
United  States. 

1  canna,  8  palmi,  equal  to  83.04  inches  United 
States. 

SICILY. 

100  lbs.  of  Iibras,  Sicily,  equal  to  70  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

1  cantaro  grosso,  equal  to  192.5  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  cantaro  sottile,  equal  to  175  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  salma  grosso,  a  dry  measure,  equal  to  9.77 
bushels  United  States. 

1  salma  generale,  dry  measure,  equal  to  7.85 
bushels  United  States. 

1  salma,  liquid  measure,  23.06  gallons  United 
States. 

1  palmo,  long  measure,  equal  to  9.5  inches 
United  States. 

I  canna  8  palmi,  equal  to  76  inches  U.  States. 
4|  palmi,  equal  to  1  yard. 

Promiscuous  or  various  countries. 
100  lbs.  Iibras,  Rome,  equal  to  74.77  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

I  rubbio,  dry  measure,  equal  to  8.356  bushel*. 
1  barile,  liquid  measure,  equal  to  15.490. 
124* 


1  Roman  foot,  equal  to  11.72  inches  United 
States. 

1  Roman  mile,  equal  to  7.4  furlongs  United 
States. 

MALTA. 

100  lbs.,  or  rottoli,  equal  to  174.5. 

1  salma,  dry  measure,  equal  to  8.221  bushels 
United  States. 

1  foot  of  Malta,  equal  to  11  1-6  inches  United 
States. 

1  canna,  equal  to  81.9  inches  United  States. 

SMYRNA. 

1  cantaro  or  kintal,  equal  to  129.48  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois, 

1  oke,  or  oka,  equal  to  2.833  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  killow,  dry  measure,  equal  to  1.4G6  bushels 
United  States. 

1  pic,  long  measure,  equal  to  27  inches  United 
States. 

BENGAL. 

1  factory  maund,  equal  to  74  2-3  lbs.  avoirdu- 
pois. 

1  bazar  maund,  equal  to  82  2-15  lbs.  avoirdu- 
pois. 

1  haut,  or  cubit,  equal  to  18  inches  U.  States. 

1  guz,  equal  to  1  yard  United  States. 

1  mile,  or  coss,  equal  to  1.238  U.  States. 

BOMBAY. 

1  maund,  equal  to  28  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  candy  of  20  maunds,  equal  to  560  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

1  bag  of.rice,  6  maunds,  equal  to  168  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

1  candy,  dry  measure,  equal  to  25  bushels  U. 
States. 

1  haut,  or  covid,  equal  to  18  inches  U.  S. 

MADRAS. 

1  maund,  equal  to  25  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  candy  of  20  maunds,  equal  to  500  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

1  baruay,  a  Malabar  weight,  equal  to  482.25  lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

1  garee,  a  dry  measure,  equal  to  140  bushels  U. 
States. 

1  covid,  long  measure,  equal  to  18  inches  U. 
States. 

CANTON. 

I  pecul,  equal  to  J33|  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  caty,  the  1-100  of  a  pecul,  equal  to  1.333s 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  covid,  or  cobre,  long  measure,  equal  to  14.625 
inches  U.  S. 

japan. 

1  pecul,  equal  to  130  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  caty,  the  1-100  of  a  pecul,  equal  to  1.3  lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

1  inc,  or  tattamv,  long  measure,  equal  to  6.25 
feet  U.  S. 

BENCOOLEN,  SUMATRA. 

1  bahar,  equal  to  560  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  bamboo,  liquid  measure,  equal  to  1  gallon  U. 
States. 

1  coyang  of  800  bamboos,  equal  to  800  gallons 

u.  s. 

985 


ADDENDA. 


ACHEEN,  SUMATRA. 

1  maund  of  rice,  equal  to  75  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
1  loxa  of  betel  nuts,  equal  to  10,000  nuts. 
1  loxa  of  nuts,  (when  good,)  equal  to  168  lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

BATAVIA. 

I  pecul,  equal  to  135f  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
33  Cannes,  or  kannes,  liquid  measure,  equal  to 
13  gallons  11.  S. 

1  ell,  long  measure,  equal  to  27  inches. 

COLTJMBO. 

1  candy,  equal  to  500  lbs.  avoirdupois. 


Specific  gravity  at  the  temperature  of  32°  Fahren- 
heit, the  density  of  water  being — 

Arsenic,  acid  of 
Agate  - 
Alum  - 

Amethyst  - 
Barytes,  sulphate  of  - 
Basalt  -  from  2.421 

Beryl,  oriental  - 
Borax  - 
Chalcedony  - 

Chalk  -  -        from  2.252 

Chrysolite       -  -  -  - 

Cinnabar  .... 
Coral  -  -  -         from  2.63 

Corundum 

Diamond,  oriental  - 
Diamond,  colored  varieties     from  3.523 
Diamond,  Brazilian      -        from  3.444 
Dolomite         -  -  -  - 

Emerald  *  -        from  2.600 

Felspar  -  -        from  2.438 

Flint,  black      -  -  /  - 

Garnet,  precious  - 
Glass,  crown    -  -  -  - 

Glass,  green  - 

Glass,  flint      -  -        from  2.760 

Glass,  plate  - 

Granite  -  -        from  2.613 

Gypsum         -  -       from  1.872 

Honey  stone,  Mellite  - 
Hornblende     -  -       from  3.250 

Hornstone       -  -        from  2.533 

Hyacinth        -  -       from  4.000 

Jasper  -  -       fiom  2.358 

Ironstone,  from  Carron  - 
Ironstone,  from  Lancashire 
Ivory   -  -  -  - 

Leadglance,  or  Galena  from  6.565 

Limestone,  compact     -        from  2.386 
Magnesia,  native,  hydrate  of  - 
Magnesia,  carbonate  of         from  2.220 
Malachite,  compact      -        from  3.572 
Marble,  Carrara  - 
Marble,  Parian  - 
Melanite,  or  black  garnet 
Metals — Antimony  - 


Arsenic 
Bismuth 
Brass  - 
Cadmium 
986 


from  7.824 


3.391 
2.590 
1.714 
2.750 
4.558 
to  3.000 
3.549 
1.714 
2.65 
to  2.657 
3.400 
6.902 
to  2.857 
3.710 
3.521 
to  3.550 
to  3.550 
2.600 
to  2.770 
to  2.700 
2.582 
4.230 
2.520 
2.642 
to  3.000 
2.760 
to  2.956 
to  3.000 
1.666 
to  3.830 
to  2.810 
to  4.780 
to  2.816 
3.281 
3.573 
1.825 
to  7.786 
to  3.000 
2.330 
to  2.612 
to  3.994 
2.716 
2.560 
3.700 
6.702 
5.763 
9.880 
to  8.396 
8.600 


Metals — Chromium 

- 

5.900 

Cobalt 

- 

- 

8.600 

Columbium 

- 

- 

5.600 

Copper 

- 

- 

8.900 

Gold,  cast 

- 

- 

19.258 

Gold,  hammered 

- 

- 

19.3G1 

Iridium,  hammered 

- 

- 

23.000 

Iron,  cast 

- 

- 

7.248 

Iron  bars,  forged 

- 

- 

7.778 

Lead  - 

- 

- 

11.352 

Manganese 

8.000 

Mercury,  or  quicksi 
Molybdenum  - 

ver 

13.598 

8.600 

Nickel,  cast  - 
Nickel,  forged  - 

8.279 

8.666 

Osmium  and  iridium 

,  alloy  of  - 

19.500 

Palladium 

11.800 

Platina,  forged 

# 

20.336 

Platina,  wire  of 

- 

21.042 

Platina,  plates  - 

- 

22.000 

Rhodium 

_ 

11.000 

Selenium 

4.300 

Silver  - 

- 

11.474 

Silver,  hammered 

- 

10.510 

Steel,  soft 
Steel,  tempered 

7.833 

- 

7.816 

Steel,  hardened 

- 

7.840 

Tellurium 

from 

5.700 

to  6.115 

Tellurium,  Cornish 

- 

7.291 

Tellurium,  hardened  - 

- 

7.299 

Tungsten 

_ 

- 

17.400 

Uranium 

= 

- 

9.000 

Zinc  - 

from 

6.200 

to  7.191 

Mica  - 

from 

2.650 

to  2.934 

Opal,  precious  - 

- 

2.114 

Opal,  common  - 

from 

1.958 

to  2.114 

Orpiment 

from 

3.048 

to  3.500 

Pearl,  oriental  - 

from 

2.510 

to  2.750 

Pearlstone 

- 

2.340 

Pitchstone 

from 

1.970 

to  2.720 

Plumbago,  or  graphite  - 

from 

1.987 

to  2.400 

Porcelain,  China 

- 

2,384 

Porcelain,  Sevres 

2.145 

Porphyry 

from 

2.458 

to  2.972 

Pumice  stone  - 

from 

0.752 

to  0.914 

Quartz 

from 

2.624 

to  3.750 

Realgar 

from 

3.225 

to  3.338 

Rock  crystal 

from 

2.581 

to  2.888 

Ruby,  oriental  - 

4.283 

Sapphire,  oriental 

from 

4.000 

to  4.200 

Sardonvx 

from 

2.602 

to  2.628 

Schorl " 

from 

2.922 

to  3.452 

Serpentine 

from 

2.264 

to  3.000 

Silver  glance  - 

from 

5.300 

to  7.208 

Slate,  drawing  - 

2.100 

Spar,  fluor 

from 

3.094 

to  3.791 

Spar,  calcareous 

from 

2.620 

to  2.837 

Stalactite 

from 

2.323 

to  2.546 

Stone,  Bristol  - 

from 

2.510 

to  2.640 

Stone,  grinding 

2.142 

Stone,  Portland 

2.496 

Sulphur,  native 

2.033 

Talc  - 

from 

2.080 

to  3.000 

Topaz  - 
Tourmaline 

from 

4.010 

to  4.601 

from 

3.086 

to  3.361 

Turquoise 

from 

2.500 

to  3.001 

Ultramarine 

2.362 

Water— Distilled 

1.000 

Sea  - 

1.0-20 

ADDENDA. 


Water — Dead  sea  - 
Wood— Alder  - 

Apple  tree  - 

Ash  - 

Bay  tree  - 
Beech  - 
Box,  French  - 
Box,  Dutch  - 
Brazilian,  red  - 
Campeachy  - 
Cedar,  wild  - 
Cedar,  Palestine 
Cherry  tree  - 
Citron  - 
Cocoa  - 
Crab  - 
Cork  - 

Cypress  - 
Ebony,  American 
Ebony,  Indian 
Elder - 
Elm  - 
Filbert 
Fir,  male 
Fir,  female  - 
Hazel  - 
Juniper  - 
Lemon  - 
Lignum-vitae  - 
Mahogany  - 
Maple 

Mulberry,  Spanish 
Oak-heart,  six  years  old 
Olive  - 

Orange  - 
Pear  - 
Plum  - 

Pomegranate  - 
Poplar  - 
Poplar,  white  Spanish 
Vine  - 

Walnut  - 
Willow 

Yew,  Dutch  - 

Yew,  Spanish 
Wood  stone    -  -       from  2.045  to 

Zeolite  -  -       from  2.073  to 

Zircon  -  -      from  4.385  to 

[Encyclopaedia  of  Science, 


1.248 
0.800 
0.793 
0.845 
0.822 
0.852 
0.912 
1.328 
1.031 
1.913 
0.596 
0.612 
0.715 
0.726 
1.040 
0.765 
0.240 
0.644 
1.331 
1.200 
0.695 
0.671 
0.600 
0.550 
0.498 
0.600 
0.556 
0.703 
1.333 
1.063 
0.750 
0.897 
1.170 
0.927 
0.705 
0.766 
0.785 
3.351 
0.383 
0.529 
1.327 
0.681 
0.585 
0.788 
0.788 
2.675 
2.718 
4.700 


An  Astronomical  Observatory,  a  brick  ed- 
ifice, is  now  in  progress  of  erection.  The  site  on 
the  beautiful  swelling  height  rising  from  the  left 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  below  the  mouth  of  Rock 
creek,  and  a  small  fraction  above  2  ms.  a  little  N. 
of  W.  from  the  Capitol.  Such  a  structure  has 
been  far  too  long  delayed.  Scarce  a  small  duchy  or 
principality  of  Germany  or  Italy  is  without  a  build- 
ing dedicated  to  the  observance  of  the  starry  heav- 
ens, much  less  are  States  of  the  first  order  destitute 
of  such  structures.  In  America,  the  U.  S.,  as  a 
nation,  relatively  holds  a  rank  far  above  what  any 
State  of  Europe  can  claim  above  others  in  the  same 
great  section  of  the  earth.  It  is  time  that  the 
highest  claims  of  science  should  be  heard  and 
granted  in  a  country  rapidly  rising  with  giant  force 
in  weaUh  and  numbers,  of  course,  in  power. 


Another  observatory  to  the  west  of  Washington, 
the  property  of  Georgetown  College,  is  to  be  placed 
on  a  very  respectable  footing,  competent  to  the 
observation  of  all  astronomical  data.  Most  of  the 
instruments,  we  have  heard,  are  to  be  of  German 
construction,  and  the  principal  telescope,  if  we 
mistake  not,  is  to  be  a  veritable  Frauenhofer. 
The  building  is  not  so  forward  as  that  of  the  Na- 
tional Observatory,  but  it  is  going  on  briskly,  and 
will  be  completed  perhaps  as  soon.  Too  much 
praise  cannot  be  awarded  the  learned  and  liberal 
faculty  of  the  college  for  the  spirit  they  have  dis- 
played in  this  undertaking. 

Liberia,  a  district  of  western  Africa,  so  named 
from  being  formed  into  a  colony  for  the  settlement 
of  free  colored  persons  from  the  U.  S.,  and  liber- 
ated blacks  of  Africa.  As  laid  down  by  Tanner,  in 
his  map  of  Africa,  it  extends  from  N.  lat.  4  40  to 
6  30  ;  the  southeastern  angle  being  about  70  ms. 
NW.  of  Cape  Palmas.  The  colony  extending 
thence  northwesterly  about  200  ms.,  and  bounded 
NW.  by  St.  Paul's  river.  Monrovia,  the  capital, 
is  laid  down  at  6  28  N.,  Ion.  10  50  W.  of  Lon- 
don, and  about  200  ms.  SE.  of  Sierra  Leone. 
This  colony  was  founded  in  1822  by  the  U.  States 
Colonization  Society,  from  the  most  exalted  prin- 
ciples of  humanity.  Under  circumstances  adverse 
to  a  rapid  advance,  the  Liberian  colony  has,  how- 
ever, progressed,  and  as  early  as  1830  might  be 
regarded  as  fixed.  Monrovia  has  become  a  mart  of 
no  small  importance  ;  and,  according  to  respecta- 
ble authority,  in  buildings,  public  and  private,  has 
the  aspect  of  a  civilized  city.  Mechanics  of  near- 
ly every  trade  necessary  to  cultivated  society  carry 
on  their  respective  trades.  As  yet,  the  chief  ex- 
ports are  rice,  palm  oil,  ivory,  tortoise  shell,  dye 
woods,  gold  dust,  and  some  miscellaneous  articles. 
The  climate,  s©  near  the  equator,  being  tropical,  of 
course  all  those  vegetable  products  to  which  the 
soil  and  temperature  are  adapted  may  be  cultivated. 
The  soil  is  described  as  exuberantly  fertile.  The 
amount  of  existing  pop.  we  cannot  state,  but  may 
close  our  brief  notice  by  expressing  a  wish,  which 
must,  indeed,  be  responded  to  by  the  whole  civil- 
ized world,  that  the  noble  views  of  its  founders 
may  be  realized. 

Niscayuna,  Shaker  village. — See  Watervliet, 
tp.,  Albany  co.,  N.  Y. 

Internal  improvements  in  Ohio. — The  follow- 
ing statement  shows  the  length  and  cost  of  the 
canals  and  roads  in  Ohio  : 


Ohio  canal  and  branches 
Miami  canal 
Wabash  and  Erie  canal 
Miami  extension 
Hocking  canal  - 
Walhonding 
Muskingum  river 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Milan  - 

Cincinnati  and  White  Water 
Macadamized  roads,  about 


Miles. 

Cost. 

-  334 

§4,694,934 

-  87 

1,237,555 

-  89 

2,257,164 

-  125 

2,468,307 

-  56 

842,657 

*  25 

668,264 

-  91 

1,432,235 

-  86 

420,000 

-  10 

23,392 

-  25 

100,000 

-  631 

1,981,820 

1,559 

15,926,328 

Recent  treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  China. 
— As  this  treaty  may  eventuate  consequences  of 
great  importance,  not  alone  to  the  parties  contract- 

987 


ADDENDA. 


ing,  but  also  to  the  world  eptire,  we  notice  here 
some  particulars  not  introduced  into  either  the  ar- 
ticles Asia  or  China.  Under  the  treaty,  five  ports 
are  opened  to  British  commerce,  namely :  Canton, 
Amoy,  Foucheoufoo,  Ningpo,  and  Chang-hai. 
Canton,  Chang-hai,  Foucheoufoo,  and  Ning-po- 


fou,  or  Ningpo,  will  be  found  under  their  proper 
heads,  in  the  Dictionary.  Amoy  is  also  named, 
but  not  sufficiently  described  in  regard  to  position. 
Amoy  is  on  an  island,  in  a  large  bay  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Fuhkeen,  and  about  350  ms.  a  little  N.  of 
E.  from  the  city  of  Canton. 


9SS 


m 


